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| ===Conjugation of regular verbs=== | | ===Interrogative pronouns=== |
| Sample verb: mārore, ''to see''.
| | Basic interrogative pronouns display two different roots: |
|
| |
|
| ====Indicative mood====
| | *<small>''quality'':</small> '''ṫjejm-''' |
| | *<small>''quantity'':</small> '''sjowp-''' |
|
| |
|
| =====Present tense=====
| | When taking a noun role, the root is usually expanded by the nominal suffix '''-e-'''. |
| The '''present''' is a simple tense. The thematic vowel -ū- and the personal endings are added to the verbal roots:
| |
|
| |
|
| {| class="wikitable"
| | '''ṫjejm-''' → '''ṫjejm-''' + '''-e-''' → '''ṫjejme''' |
| |-
| | <small>''interr.'' → ''what?, who?''</small> |
| | style="width: 70px;"| ''<small>1<sup>st</sup> sing.</small>'' || style="width: 150px;"| <center>mārūm</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>2<sup>nd</sup> sing.</small>'' || <center>mārūt</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>3<sup>rd</sup> sing.</small>'' || <center>mārū</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>1<sup>st</sup> plur.</small>'' || <center>mārūmī</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>2<sup>nd</sup> plur.</small>'' || <center>mārūtī</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>3<sup>rd</sup> plur.</small>'' || <center>mārūvī</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>pass.</small>'' || <center>mārūkī</center>
| |
| |}
| |
| | |
| =====Imperfect tense=====
| |
| The '''imperfect''' is a simple tense. The thematic vowel -o- and the personal endings are added to the verbal roots:
| |
| | |
| {| class="wikitable"
| |
| |-
| |
| | style="width: 70px;"| ''<small>1<sup>st</sup> sing.</small>'' || style="width: 150px;"| <center>mārom</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>2<sup>nd</sup> sing.</small>'' || <center>mārot</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>3<sup>rd</sup> sing.</small>'' || <center>māro</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>1<sup>st</sup> plur.</small>'' || <center>māromī</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>2<sup>nd</sup> plur.</small>'' || <center>mārotī</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>3<sup>rd</sup> plur.</small>'' || <center>mārovī</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>pass.</small>'' || <center>mārokī</center>
| |
| |}
| |
| | |
| =====Past tense=====
| |
| The '''past''' is a simple tense. The thematic vowel -u- and the personal endings are added to the verbal roots:
| |
| | |
| {| class="wikitable"
| |
| |-
| |
| | style="width: 70px;"| ''<small>1<sup>st</sup> sing.</small>'' || style="width: 150px;"| <center>mārum</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>2<sup>nd</sup> sing.</small>'' || <center>mārut</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>3<sup>rd</sup> sing.</small>'' || <center>māru</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>1<sup>st</sup> plur.</small>'' || <center>mārumī</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>2<sup>nd</sup> plur.</small>'' || <center>mārutī</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>3<sup>rd</sup> plur.</small>'' || <center>māruvī</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>pass.</small>'' || <center>mārukī</center>
| |
| |}
| |
| | |
| =====Pluperfect tense=====
| |
| The '''pluperfect''' is a simple tense. The thematic vowel -a- and the personal endings are added to the verbal roots:
| |
| | |
| {| class="wikitable"
| |
| |-
| |
| | style="width: 70px;"| ''<small>1<sup>st</sup> sing.</small>'' || style="width: 150px;"| <center>māram</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>2<sup>nd</sup> sing.</small>'' || <center>mārat</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>3<sup>rd</sup> sing.</small>'' || <center>māra</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>1<sup>st</sup> plur.</small>'' || <center>māramī</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>2<sup>nd</sup> plur.</small>'' || <center>māratī</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>3<sup>rd</sup> plur.</small>'' || <center>māravī</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>pass.</small>'' || <center>mārakī</center>
| |
| |}
| |
| | |
| =====Future tense=====
| |
| The '''future''' tense features the following tense vocalic suffixes:
| |
| | |
| {| class="wikitable"
| |
| |-
| |
| | style="width: 70px;"| || style="width: 100px;"| <center><small>''1<sup>st</sup> conjug.''</small></center> || style="width: 100px;"| <center><small>''2<sup>nd</sup> conjug.''</small></center> || style="width: 100px;"| <center><small>''3<sup>rd</sup> conjug.''</small></center> || style="width: 100px;"| <center><small>''4<sup>th</sup> conjug.''</small></center> || style="width: 100px;"| <center><small>''5<sup>th</sup> conjug.''</small></center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | || <center>-u-</center> || <center>-u-</center> || <center>-u-</center> || <center>-u-</center> || <center>(<small>''various'')</small></center>
| |
| |}
| |
| | |
| The personal endings are added to the vocalic tense suffixes:
| |
| | |
| {| class="wikitable"
| |
| |-
| |
| | style="width: 70px;"| || style="width: 150px;"| <center><small>''1<sup>st</sup> conjug.''</small></center> || style="width: 150px;"| <center><small>''2<sup>nd</sup> conjug.''</small></center> || style="width: 150px;"| <center><small>''3<sup>rd</sup> conjug.''</small></center> || style="width: 150px;"| <center><small>''4<sup>th</sup> conjug.''</small></center> || style="width: 150px;"| <center><small>''5<sup>th</sup> conjug.''</small></center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>1<sup>st</sup> sing.</small>'' || <center>märum</center> || <center>pöħum</center> || <center>giɕum</center> || <center>hëhum</center> || <center>pum</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>2<sup>nd</sup> sing.</small>'' || <center>märud</center> || <center>pöħud</center> || <center>giɕud</center> || <center>hëhud</center> || <center>pud</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>3<sup>rd</sup> sing.</small>'' || <center>märug</center> || <center>pöħug</center> || <center>giɕug</center> || <center>hëhug</center> || <center>pug</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>1<sup>st</sup> plur.</small>'' || <center>märumy</center> || <center>pöħumy</center> || <center>giɕumy</center> || <center>hëhumy</center> || <center>pumy</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>2<sup>nd</sup> plur.</small>'' || <center>märudy</center> || <center>pöħudy</center> || <center>giɕudy</center> || <center>hëhudy</center> || <center>pudy</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>3<sup>rd</sup> plur.</small>'' || <center>märugy</center> || <center>pöħugy</center> || <center>giɕugy</center> || <center>hëhugy</center> || <center>pugy</center>
| |
| |}
| |
| | |
| =====Anterior future tense=====
| |
| The '''anterior future''' tense features the following tense vocalic suffixes (<small>being these the same as the suffixes of the pluperfect tense with an additional -w-</small>):
| |
| | |
| {| class="wikitable"
| |
| |-
| |
| | style="width: 70px;"| || style="width: 100px;"| <center><small>''1<sup>st</sup> conjug.''</small></center> || style="width: 100px;"| <center><small>''2<sup>nd</sup> conjug.''</small></center> || style="width: 100px;"| <center><small>''3<sup>rd</sup> conjug.''</small></center> || style="width: 100px;"| <center><small>''4<sup>th</sup> conjug.''</small></center> || style="width: 100px;"| <center><small>''5<sup>th</sup> conjug.''</small></center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | || <center>-ëw-</center> || <center>-yw-</center> || <center>-öw-</center> || <center>-ëw-</center> || <center>-(<small>''various'')</small>w-</center>
| |
| |}
| |
| | |
| The personal endings are added to the vocalic tense suffixes:
| |
| | |
| {| class="wikitable"
| |
| |-
| |
| | style="width: 70px;"| || style="width: 150px;"| <center><small>''1<sup>st</sup> conjug.''</small></center> || style="width: 150px;"| <center><small>''2<sup>nd</sup> conjug.''</small></center> || style="width: 150px;"| <center><small>''3<sup>rd</sup> conjug.''</small></center> || style="width: 150px;"| <center><small>''4<sup>th</sup> conjug.''</small></center> || style="width: 150px;"| <center><small>''5<sup>th</sup> conjug.''</small></center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>1<sup>st</sup> sing.</small>'' || <center>märëwm</center> || <center>pöħywm</center> || <center>giɕöwm</center> || <center>hëhëwm</center> || <center>powm</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>2<sup>nd</sup> sing.</small>'' || <center>märëwd</center> || <center>pöħywd</center> || <center>giɕöwd</center> || <center>hëhëwd</center> || <center>powd</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>3<sup>rd</sup> sing.</small>'' || <center>märëwg</center> || <center>pöħywg</center> || <center>giɕöwg</center> || <center>hëhëwg</center> || <center>powg</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>1<sup>st</sup> plur.</small>'' || <center>märëwmy</center> || <center>pöħywmy</center> || <center>giɕöwmy</center> || <center>hëhëwmy</center> || <center>powmy</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>2<sup>nd</sup> plur.</small>'' || <center>märëwdy</center> || <center>pöħywdy</center> || <center>giɕöwdy</center> || <center>hëhëwdy</center> || <center>powdy</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>3<sup>rd</sup> plur.</small>'' || <center>märëwgy</center> || <center>pöħywgy</center> || <center>giɕöwgy</center> || <center>hëhëwgy</center> || <center>powgy</center>
| |
| |}
| |
| | |
| =====Future in the past tense=====
| |
| The '''future in the past''' tense features the following tense vocalic suffixes (<small>being these the same as the suffixes of the past tense with an additional -w-</small>):
| |
| | |
| {| class="wikitable"
| |
| |-
| |
| | style="width: 70px;"| || style="width: 100px;"| <center><small>''1<sup>st</sup> conjug.''</small></center> || style="width: 100px;"| <center><small>''2<sup>nd</sup> conjug.''</small></center> || style="width: 100px;"| <center><small>''3<sup>rd</sup> conjug.''</small></center> || style="width: 100px;"| <center><small>''4<sup>th</sup> conjug.''</small></center> || style="width: 100px;"| <center><small>''5<sup>th</sup> conjug.''</small></center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | || <center>-ɑw-</center> || <center>-ëw-</center> || <center>-äw-</center> || <center>-üw-</center> || <center>-(<small>''various'')</small>w-</center>
| |
| |}
| |
| | |
| The personal endings are added to the vocalic tense suffixes:
| |
|
| |
|
| {| class="wikitable"
| | When taking an adjective role, the root is usually expanded by the adjectival suffix '''-i-'''. |
| |-
| |
| | style="width: 70px;"| || style="width: 150px;"| <center><small>''1<sup>st</sup> conjug.''</small></center> || style="width: 150px;"| <center><small>''2<sup>nd</sup> conjug.''</small></center> || style="width: 150px;"| <center><small>''3<sup>rd</sup> conjug.''</small></center> || style="width: 150px;"| <center><small>''4<sup>th</sup> conjug.''</small></center> || style="width: 150px;"| <center><small>''5<sup>th</sup> conjug.''</small></center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>1<sup>st</sup> sing.</small>'' || <center>märɑwm</center> || <center>pöħëwm</center> || <center>giɕäwm</center> || <center>hëhüwm</center> || <center>pawm</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>2<sup>nd</sup> sing.</small>'' || <center>märɑwd</center> || <center>pöħëwd</center> || <center>giɕäwd</center> || <center>hëhüwd</center> || <center>pawd</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>3<sup>rd</sup> sing.</small>'' || <center>märɑwg</center> || <center>pöħëwg</center> || <center>giɕäwg</center> || <center>hëhüwg</center> || <center>pawg</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>1<sup>st</sup> plur.</small>'' || <center>märɑwmy</center> || <center>pöħëwmy</center> || <center>giɕäwmy</center> || <center>hëhüwmy</center> || <center>pawmy</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>2<sup>nd</sup> plur.</small>'' || <center>märɑwdy</center> || <center>pöħëwdy</center> || <center>giɕäwdy</center> || <center>hëhüwdy</center> || <center>pawdy</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>3<sup>rd</sup> plur.</small>'' || <center>märɑwgy</center> || <center>pöħëwgy</center> || <center>giɕäwgy</center> || <center>hëhüwgy</center> || <center>pawgy</center>
| |
| |}
| |
|
| |
|
| ====Non-finite forms====
| | '''ṫjejm-''' → '''ṫjejm-''' + '''-i-''' → '''ṫjejmi''' |
| The non-finite verbal forms are:
| | <small>''interr.'' → ''which?''</small> |
|
| |
|
| =====Infinitive=====
| | As pronouns, these forms display a complete declension, in which the case forms according to the animacy of the referred noun. |
| The '''infinitive''' features the following vocalic suffixes:
| |
|
| |
|
| {| class="wikitable" | | {|- |
| |- | | |- |
| | style="width: 70px;"| || style="width: 100px;"| <center><small>''1<sup>st</sup> conjug.''</small></center> || style="width: 100px;"| <center><small>''2<sup>nd</sup> conjug.''</small></center> || style="width: 100px;"| <center><small>''3<sup>rd</sup> conjug.''</small></center> || style="width: 100px;"| <center><small>''4<sup>th</sup> conjug.''</small></center> || style="width: 100px;"| <center><small>''5<sup>th</sup> conjug.''</small></center> | | | || colspan="2" | <center>''who? / what?''</center> || colspan="2" | <center>''how much? / how many?''</center> |
| |- | | |- |
| | || <center>-o-</center> || <center>-ü-</center> || <center>-ë-</center> || <center>-ɑ-</center> || <center>(<small>''various'')</small></center> | | | style="width: 100px;"| || style="width: 100px;"|<center><small>''singular''</small></center> || style="width: 100px;"|<center><small>''plural''</small></center> || style="width: 100px;"|<center><small>''singular''</small></center> || style="width: 100px;"|<center><small>''plural''</small></center> |
| |}
| |
| | |
| The infinitival ending is added to the vocalic tense suffixes:
| |
| | |
| {| class="wikitable"
| |
| |- | | |- |
| | style="width: 70px;"| || style="width: 150px;"| <center><small>''1<sup>st</sup> conjug.''</small></center> || style="width: 150px;"| <center><small>''2<sup>nd</sup> conjug.''</small></center> || style="width: 150px;"| <center><small>''3<sup>rd</sup> conjug.''</small></center> || style="width: 150px;"| <center><small>''4<sup>th</sup> conjug.''</small></center> || style="width: 150px;"| <center><small>''5<sup>th</sup> conjug.''</small></center>
| | | <center><small>''ergative''</small></center> || '''ṫjejmek̇ə''' || '''ṫjejmejk̇ə''' || '''sjowpek̇ə''' || '''sjowpejk̇ə''' |
| |-
| |
| | || <center>märose</center> || <center>pöħuse</center> || <center>giɕëse</center> || <center>hëhɑse</center> || <center>pɑse</center>
| |
| |}
| |
| | |
| The infinitive is a nominal form of a verb. It is used as a verbal noun in sentences, and it can be declined. It is regarded as a class II noun.
| |
| | |
| =====Active participle=====
| |
| The '''active participle''' displays four tenses: ''present'', ''imperfect'', ''past'', and ''future''. They are built by adding the participial suffix -ty to the typical vocalic suffix of each tense:
| |
| | |
| {| class="wikitable"
| |
| |- | | |- |
| | style="width: 70px;"| || style="width: 150px;"| <center><small>''1<sup>st</sup> conjug.''</small></center> || style="width: 150px;"| <center><small>''2<sup>nd</sup> conjug.''</small></center> || style="width: 150px;"| <center><small>''3<sup>rd</sup> conjug.''</small></center> || style="width: 150px;"| <center><small>''4<sup>th</sup> conjug.''</small></center> || style="width: 150px;"| <center><small>''5<sup>th</sup> conjug.''</small></center>
| | | <center><small>''absolutive''</small></center> || '''ṫjejme''' || '''ṫjejmej''' || '''sjowpe''' || '''sjowpej''' |
| |- | | |- |
| | ''<small>present</small>'' || <center>märüty</center> || <center>pöħüty</center> || <center>giɕyty</center> || <center>hëhyty</center> || <center>pöty</center> | | | <center><small>''possessive''</small></center> || '''ṫjejmeṗu''' || '''ṫjejmejṗu''' || '''sjowpeṗu''' || '''sjowpejṗu''' |
| |- | | |- |
| | ''<small>imperfect</small>'' || <center>märoty</center> || <center>pöħoty</center> || <center>giɕëty</center> || <center>hëhɑty</center> || <center>pɑty</center> | | | <center><small>''terminative''</small></center> || '''ṫjejmeʈu''' || '''ṫjejmejʈu''' || '''sjowpeʈu''' || '''sjowpejʈu''' |
| |- | | |- |
| | ''<small>past</small>'' || <center>märɑty</center> || <center>pöħëty</center> || <center>giɕäty</center> || <center>hëhüty</center> || <center>paty</center> | | | <center><small>''ablative''</small></center> || '''ṫjejmeʡo''' || '''ṫjejmejʡo''' || '''sjowpeʡo''' || '''sjowpejʡo''' |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>future</small>'' || <center>märuty</center> || <center>pöħuty</center> || <center>giɕuty</center> || <center>hëhuty</center> || <center>puty</center>
| |
| |}
| |
| | |
| The agentive participle is an adjectival form of a verb. It is linked to nouns which actively perform an action.
| |
| | |
| As an adjectival form, it displays a complete declension, to agree with the class of the referred noun.
| |
| | |
| =====Passive participle=====
| |
| The '''passive participle''' displays four tenses: ''present'', ''imperfect'', ''past'', and ''future''. They are built by adding the participial suffix -ňi to the typical vocalic suffix of each tense:
| |
| | |
| {| class="wikitable"
| |
| |- | | |- |
| | style="width: 70px;"| || style="width: 150px;"| <center><small>''1<sup>st</sup> conjug.''</small></center> || style="width: 150px;"| <center><small>''2<sup>nd</sup> conjug.''</small></center> || style="width: 150px;"| <center><small>''3<sup>rd</sup> conjug.''</small></center> || style="width: 150px;"| <center><small>''4<sup>th</sup> conjug.''</small></center> || style="width: 150px;"| <center><small>''5<sup>th</sup> conjug.''</small></center>
| | | <center><small>''causative''</small></center> || '''ṫjejmeno''' || '''ṫjejmejno''' || '''sjowpeno''' || '''sjowpejno''' |
| |- | | |- |
| | ''<small>present</small>'' || <center>märüňi</center> || <center>pöħüňi</center> || <center>giɕyňi</center> || <center>hëhyňi</center> || <center>pöňi</center> | | | <center><small>''benefactive''</small></center> || '''ṫjejmepə''' || '''ṫjejmejpə''' || '''sjowpepə''' || '''sjowpejpə''' |
| |- | | |- |
| | ''<small>imperfect</small>'' || <center>märoňi</center> || <center>pöħoňi</center> || <center>giɕëňi</center> || <center>hëhɑňi</center> || <center>pɑňi</center> | | | <center><small>''instrumental''</small></center> || '''ṫjejmema''' || '''ṫjejmejma''' || '''sjowpema''' || '''sjowpejma''' |
| |- | | |- |
| | ''<small>past</small>'' || <center>märɑňi</center> || <center>pöħëňi</center> || <center>giɕäňi</center> || <center>hëhüňi</center> || <center>paňi</center> | | | <center><small>''locative''</small></center> || '''ṫjejmewa''' || '''ṫjejmejwa''' || '''sjowpewa''' || '''sjowpejwa''' |
| |- | |
| | ''<small>future</small>'' || <center>märuňi</center> || <center>pöħuňi</center> || <center>giɕuňi</center> || <center>hëhuňi</center> || <center>puňi</center> | |
| |} | | |} |
|
| |
|
| The passive participle is an adjectival form of a verb. It is linked to nouns which undergo an action, or inactively are in a certain state. | | The quality root can refer freely to either animate or inanimate entities. A distinction of animacy can be inferred by the context or by choice of case forms. However, some declined forms can acquire new interrogative meanings depending on the selected case: |
|
| |
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| Despite the lack of a verbal passive form, this participle is the closest form to such role. It can, however, be used only as an adjective and it is often used to build relative clauses, in which the object is the linked noun, and the subject is declined in the ''agentive'' case. In the earlier period it is not used in this role.
| | * '''ṫjejmewa''': where (<small>static location</small>) |
| | * '''ṫjejmeʈu''': where (<small>motion toward</small>) |
| | * '''ṫjejmeno ''': why (<small>cause</small>) |
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| henek märɑňi säre
| | These forms, while broadly undefined in their meaning, are usually specified by using the interrogative adjective with other generic or specific nouns: |
| <small>the woman seen by the man</small>
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| As an adjectival form, it displays a complete declension, to agree with the class of the referred noun.
| | * '''ṫjejmewa weʡewa''': in which place (<small>static location</small>) |
| | * '''ṫjejmeʈu weʡeʈu''': in which place (<small>motion toward</small>) |
