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| ==Italian== | | ===Interrogative pronouns=== |
| ''La pecora e i cavalli''
| | Basic interrogative pronouns display two different roots: |
| #''Una pecora, che non aveva lana, vide due cavalli.''
| |
| #''Il primo cavallo trainava un carro pesante,''
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| #''il secondo cavallo trasportava un uomo.''
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| #''La pecora disse ai cavalli:''
| |
| #''“Soffro perché l’uomo sfrutta i cavalli”''
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| #''Ma i cavalli le dissero:''
| |
| #''“Ascolta, pecora,''
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| #''noi soffriamo''
| |
| #''perché l’uomo si cuce dei vestiti con la vostra lana''
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| #''e le pecore rimangono senza lana.”''
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| #''Sentito ciò, la pecora fuggì nei campi.''
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|
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|
| ==Piti languages==
| | *<small>''quality'':</small> '''ṫjejm-''' |
| ===Proto-Piti===
| | *<small>''quantity'':</small> '''sjowp-''' |
| '''jaŋe ŋuːʔetiʔina'''
| |
| #'''phoːχaŋil ʔaʔæɳiːtoli jaŋeli ŋuːʔetiʔi ʔaloliːṕ(æt́).'''
| |
| #'''ʂaːʔokoli ŋuːʔetili suŋeː ŋæɬot́u ʔaɬoːʔæm(æt́),'''
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| #'''ʔakikoli ŋuːʔetili phuːka ʔaŋaŋok(æt́).'''
| |
| #'''jaŋeli ŋuːʔeti(ʔi)χæ(ʔi) ʔaʈeŋæɬ(æt́):'''
| |
| #'''“thuːʔakoɬ phuːkali ŋuːʔetiʂu ṕuːŋakoːrikakhu”'''
| |
| #'''poː ŋuːʔeti(ʔi)li(ʔi) æt́tuχæ/æt́loχæ ʔaʈeŋæɬ(ʔi)(æt́)(ʔi):'''
| |
| #'''“kheɬoːruŋiɳer, jaŋe,'''
| |
| #'''joʔi thuːʔak(ʔi)oɬ(ʔi)'''
| |
| #'''ʂætukʰu/ʂælokʰu phuːkali ræʂoχukhat́u ertuʂu/næʂu phoːχakhæ kʰat́oɬiɳ(æt́)'''
| |
| #'''ɳuː jaŋe phoːχaŋil ʔæɳuŋiɳ(æt́).”'''
| |
| #'''niŋtuʂu/niŋloʂu ʔakheɬoːrikakhu, jaŋeli ṕonuχæ ʔaɬæṕuːḱ(æt́).'''
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| ====Kī́rtako====
| | When taking a noun role, the root is usually expanded by the nominal suffix '''-e-'''. |
| jage gū́ʔetinona
| |
| #phṓɣagil ʔaʔɑñī́toli jageli ʔaki gū́ʔetino ʔalolī́pɑt.
| |
| #šā́ʔokoli gū́ʔetili sugḗkī́to gɑwotu ʔawṓʔɑmɑt,
| |
| #ʔakikoli gū́ʔetili phū́ka ʔagagokɑt.
| |
| #jageli gū́ʔetinoɣɑ ʔatsegɑwɑt:
| |
| #“šī́jakow phū́kali gū́ʔetišu pū́gakṓriñɑmekhu”
| |
| #pṓ gū́ʔetinoli ɑktuɣɑ ʔatsegɑwonɑt:
| |
| #“khewṓrugiñer, jage,
| |
| #jono thū́ʔakonow
| |
| #šɑkhu phū́kali pā́ktā́no ertunošu phṓɣakhɑ khatowiñɑt
| |
| #ñū́ jage phṓɣagil ʔɑñugiñ.”
| |
| #niwošu ʔɑkhewṓriñɑmekhu jageli ponunoɣɑ ʔaʔḗmiɣekɑt.
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|
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| =====Iðâɣ=====
| | '''ṫjejm-''' → '''ṫjejm-''' + '''-e-''' → '''ṫjejme''' |
| jaše no gôðinə
| | <small>''interr.'' → ''what?, who?''</small> |
| #jaše ì î áðòr çóhe tòr êβíðə áɣi gôðinə.
| |
| #gôði ô šâɣə ǒm góðə ô sǒɣíðə,
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| #gôði ô áɣiɣə áɣaɣok çúɣe.
| |
| #jaše tòr áséðə gôðinore:
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| #“šêɣò šax çúɣe púɣaɣórin gôðinə“.
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| #pó gôðinə tôr áséðə àture:
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| #“hôruɣinəh, jaše,
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| #òtun šêɣonò
| |
| #šax çúɣe haðen pâtánə çóhexa ôx nanəre
| |
| #nú jašenə ánuɣinon çəs çóhere“.
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| #šax áðìn áxôríðə nî, jaše tòr ěméhəɣíðə kô ponunore.
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| =====Lændixu=====
| | When taking an adjective role, the root is usually expanded by the adjectival suffix '''-i-'''. |
| æl‘ jažɛl‘ ñu æn‘ gowθ‘inol‘
| |
| #jažɛl‘ hji he joh hejhjiθu fowhal‘ ojh loʎiɸjiθu æx‘ gowθ‘inol‘.
| |
| #æl‘ šæwxul‘ gowθ‘il‘ joh vowmjiθu gæboθul‘ sužeciθul‘,
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| #æl‘ æxixul‘ gowθ‘il‘ joh gagociθu fuxal‘.
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| #æl‘ jažɛl‘ ojh cɛgæbjiθu kowf æn’a gowθ’inoha:
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| #“ ju šijaxæh šæθuxu æl‘ fuxal‘ pugaxowræh æn‘ gowθ‘inol‘“.
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| #pow æn‘ gowθ‘inol‘ æsa onæh cɛgæbjiθu:
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| #“howbɛrugiñæh, jažɛ,
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| #jun šijaxæh
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| #šæθuxu æl‘ fuxal‘ haθobonæh pæstænol‘ je æha æpjinoraha fowhaha
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| #ñu æn‘ jažɛnol‘ ɛñugonæh fɛs fowhaha“.
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| #šæθuxu joh hɛbowrjiθu nibu, æl‘ jažɛl‘ ojh emjiciθu kowf æn’a ponunoha.
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|
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|
| ====Ancient Figo====
| | '''ṫjejm-''' → '''ṫjejm-''' + '''-i-''' → '''ṫjejmi''' |
| jon nōdīna
| | <small>''interr.'' → ''which?''</small> |
| #fōhaxe fes ēnīduli jonəli nōdī alolīčeš.
| |
| #ɕōwguli nōdili sunē nɛhošu alōmeš,
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| #ogiguli nōdili fūga ēšmegeš.
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| #jonəli nōdihej acenɛheš:
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| #“ɕījasow fūgali nōdiɕunu čūnagōrigaxu”.
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| #pō nōdilī šɛhe acenɛheši:
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| #“xōhərunočər, jon,
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| #joj ɕījasohi
| |
| #hīduxu fūgali rɛɕohuxanu ertuɕunu fōhaxe xošohočeš
| |
| #ňū jonənu fōhaxe fes ɛňunočešon”.
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| #ninluɕu axehōrigaxu, jonəli fēfihenu alečūšeš.
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|
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| =====Modern Figo=====
| | As pronouns, these forms display a complete declension, in which the case forms according to the animacy of the referred noun. |
| jõnər nor nudirĩ
| |
| #θanc ejid wĩs šweduɣur jõnər ug nudĩ řirušjid jẽh.
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| #šwoɣur nudir suňe ňež arumjid wẽh,
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| #uɣiɣur nudir foɣa noneǧid wẽh.
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| #jõnər nudišũ kwov čwiçid jẽh:
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| #“šiješid wẽv çidux foɣar nudĩ šonaɣurjid wũš”.
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| #wo nudirĩ iš kwov čwiçidũ jẽžõ:
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| #“xworuňid wũšr, jõ,
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| #ortũ šiješidũ wẽnõ
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| #çidux foɣar ičihnã ertũšuš θancəš xud xožujid wũš
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| #ňo jõnərĩ fwoš fes weňuǧidũ wũžõ”.
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| #çidux nĩr axuřid jũš, jõnər fjifišũ kwov rošižid jẽh.
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|
| ====Biwdiw==== | | {|- |
| çɛgi nɛlu bɛrsihiw
| | |- |
| #pōxɛšu xēhīxiwgɛ hɛhīsīduliw çɛgiliw hɛlulīšɛc bɛrsihiw.
| | | || colspan="2" | <center>''who? / what?''</center> || colspan="2" | <center>''how much? / how many?''</center> |
| #ʂāhuguliw bɛrsiliw hɛwōcɛmjɛc sjugēgīdu wābrimu,
| | |- |
| #hɛgiwguliw bɛrsiliw hɛgɛgugjɛc pūgɛ.
| | | style="width: 100px;"| || style="width: 100px;"|<center><small>''singular''</small></center> || style="width: 100px;"|<center><small>''plural''</small></center> || style="width: 100px;"|<center><small>''singular''</small></center> || style="width: 100px;"|<center><small>''plural''</small></center> |
| #çɛgiliw hɛʈigjɛʎɛc bɛrsihiwxjɛ:
| | |- |
| #“tūhɛg ūdjuxjɛ pūgɛliw bɛrsišu šūgɛgōriwňiwgɛku”.
| | | <center><small>''ergative''</small></center> || '''ṫjejmek̇ə''' || '''ṫjejmejk̇ə''' || '''sjowpek̇ə''' || '''sjowpejk̇ə''' |
| #bō bɛrsihiwliw hɛʈigjɛliwcɛc jɛšluxjɛ:
| | |- |
| #“kilōrjugiwňir, çɛgi,
| | | <center><small>''absolutive''</small></center> || '''ṫjejme''' || '''ṫjejmej''' || '''sjowpe''' || '''sjowpej''' |
| #tuhɛg ūdjuhiwxjɛ
| | |- |
| #šɛdjuku pūgɛliw çīrmunušu čīg irdjunušu pōxɛšu kɛculiwňɛc
| | | <center><small>''possessive''</small></center> || '''ṫjejmeṗu''' || '''ṫjejmejṗu''' || '''sjowpeṗu''' || '''sjowpejṗu''' |
| #ňū çɛgi pis pōxɛšu tōhixiwň”.
| | |- |
| #niwlušu hɛkilōriwňiwgɛku çɛgiliw hɛʎɛšūč šunjunuxjɛ.
| | | <center><small>''terminative''</small></center> || '''ṫjejmeʈu''' || '''ṫjejmejʈu''' || '''sjowpeʈu''' || '''sjowpejʈu''' |
| | |- |
| | | <center><small>''ablative''</small></center> || '''ṫjejmeʡo''' || '''ṫjejmejʡo''' || '''sjowpeʡo''' || '''sjowpejʡo''' |
| | |- |
| | | <center><small>''causative''</small></center> || '''ṫjejmeno''' || '''ṫjejmejno''' || '''sjowpeno''' || '''sjowpejno''' |
| | |- |
| | | <center><small>''benefactive''</small></center> || '''ṫjejmepə''' || '''ṫjejmejpə''' || '''sjowpepə''' || '''sjowpejpə''' |
| | |- |
| | | <center><small>''instrumental''</small></center> || '''ṫjejmema''' || '''ṫjejmejma''' || '''sjowpema''' || '''sjowpejma''' |
| | |- |
| | | <center><small>''locative''</small></center> || '''ṫjejmewa''' || '''ṫjejmejwa''' || '''sjowpewa''' || '''sjowpejwa''' |
| | |} |
|
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| =====Gəjlnigo=====
| | The quality root can refer freely to either animate or inanimate entities. A distinction of animacy can be inferred by the context or by choice of case forms. However, some declined forms can acquire new interrogative meanings depending on the selected case: |
| ež heǵ ňɔ ežno bejśino
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| #heǵ ša hejhəjdo əjs pɔhe ejjužəjdo egəj bejśino.
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| #ež šawgo bejś ɔcceməjdo ɔšɔ avrimo,
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| #ežd egəjgo bejś gegugəjdo pɔge.
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| #ež heǵ ecegəjdo gɔ ežnore bejśinore:
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| #“hore tɔjg hedduk ež pɔge hɔgegɔh ežno bejśino“.
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| #bɔ ežno bejśino hore ecegəjduno:
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| #“kɔjrrugih hɔh, heǵ,
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| #hunure tɔjg
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| #hedduk ež pɔge keccɔ həjmono čəjg əjddunužore pɔhere
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| #ňɔ ežno heǵino tɔjhun pis pɔhere“.
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| #hedduk ježlo ekɔjrəjdo nɔ, ež heǵ evožečəjdo gɔ ežnore hunnonore.
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|
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| =====Cärähə=====
| | * '''ṫjejmewa''': where (<small>static location</small>) |
| äs çähi nü äsən bärsinə
| | * '''ṫjejmeʈu''': where (<small>motion toward</small>) |
| #çähi xīhə xīhex́äh wī poxä rurīśäh hähü bärsinə.
| | * '''ṫjejmeno ''': why (<small>cause</small>) |
| #äs xahuhə bärsi wäɟöḿäh wäbrimə śuhehīdə,
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| #äs hähühə bärsi guhäh́äh pühä.
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| #äs çähi sihäŕäh gösən bärsinə:
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| #“çərä tühäg säd́uk äs pühä sühähoŕäh äsən bärsinə“.
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| #bo äsən bärsinə järä sihäruńäh:
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| #“ koriŕuhünir, çähi,
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| #çunərä tühäg
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| #säd́uk äs pühä käɟuŕäh çīrmənə cīh äs poxä nänərä
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| #nü äsən çähinə tohixun pis poxä“.
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| #xīruk häcän kirorīdə nürə, äs çähi ŕäsüc gösən suńənə.
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|
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| =====Viwdiwgu=====
| | These forms, while broadly undefined in their meaning, are usually specified by using the interrogative adjective with other generic or specific nouns: |
| çɛɣi nɛlu ɣānähihiw
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| #çɛɣi xī hīzīdu xihīxiwgɛ pōxɛrɛ lulīžīdu ɣānähihiw.
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| #ṡāhugu ɣānähi vōcɛmīdu vōrṡō vāvrimu,
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| #hɛɣiwgu ɣānähi gɛɣuɣīdu pūɣɛ.
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| #çɛɣi tsiɣɛlīdu ɣānähihiwxjɛ:
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| #“tūhɛg çuxjɛ šɛdjuk pūɣɛ šūɣɛɣōrünjɛc ɣānähü”.
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| #vō ɣānähihiw tsiɣɛlīduhiw jɛšxjɛ:
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| #“kōlirjuɣiwňir, çɛɣi,
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| #tūhɛg çuhiwxjɛ
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| #šɛdjuk pūɣɛ kɛcuʝɛc çīrmū čīg pōxɛrɛ njörɛ
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| #nɛlu çɛɣü tōhixün pis pōxɛrɛ”.
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| #šɛdjuk jɛšlu kilōrīdu niwlu, çɛɣi ʝɛžūčīdu šunjūxjɛ.
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|
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| ====Jeʂtəra====
| | * '''ṫjejmewa weʡewa''': in which place (<small>static location</small>) |
| əlnaʂ ḱiht́onona
| | * '''ṫjejmeʈu weʡeʈu''': in which place (<small>motion toward</small>) |
| #ʔalolīṕət́ əlnaʂəliə ʔaʔəɳītoliə fōhagiəl ʔakiə ḱiht́ono.
| |
| #ʔalōʔəmət́ ḱiht́oliə ʂāʔokol t́ūʂpa sugē,
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| #ʔagagokət́ ḱiht́oliə ʔakiəkol fūka.
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| #ʔaʈegələt́ əlnaʂəliə ḱiht́oxəno:
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| #“ðūʔakol ṕūgakōrəmexəw fūkaliə ḱiht́o”.
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| #pō ʔaʈegələt́on ḱiht́oliəno ət́əxə:
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| #“xelōrugiəɳer, əlnaʂ,
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| #ðūʔakolon jono
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| #ʂəloxəw xat́oliəɳət́ fūkaliə eʔðegono ḱīg fōhara ertəwrano
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| #ɳū ðōʔehōriəɳon əlnaʂəno fōhagiəl”.
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| #ʔaxelōrəmexəw niəglo, ʔalūṕəḱ əlnaʂ ṕonəwxəno.
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| ==Βaβar languages==
| |
| ===Βaβar===
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| βā i sansa
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| #tɬʼanʈ ɣuç n-sūrā βā gaɸɴ sansɴ ɸāquɣ.
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| #rārm sans knāɖaβuɴ drāzɴ krutsʼ,
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| #gaɸəsq sans βarɴ zrkiʂiɣ.
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| #βā sansaɟ ɸīɣ:
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| #“kxʼrānquš qašn βar sansaɴ šnɣaɴsiɣ“.
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| #a sansa ɣuç ɸīç:
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| #“ɟnʐid, βā,
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| #žī kxʼrānqūža
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| #qašn βar iʈʂʼiknāɴ tɬʼanʈiqək īxuɣ
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| #i βwa tɬʼanʈiq rim susuβūç“.
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| #qašn ʂum ʐīdirā sūɣ, βā ārxaʈ ɣmʈʂʼwiɣ.
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| ==Memniqiju languages==
| |
| ===Memniq===
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| ylnaś ka ëćoht
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| #jaťererk ylnaś pëhomuś lënom lët ëćohtim iʔyqim.
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| #cśerpe ćihto țeʔiju cuśpam pëkpofuśim,
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| #pterke ćihto yʔaiju ćonuhim.
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| #emert ylnaś ëćohtoʔ:
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| #“joťʔehu xušțö lqüxaŕot oćnuh ëćohtim“.
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| #emertet së ëćoht ʔțëʔ:
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| #“foxasuŕ, ylnaś,
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| #ťʔehem lu
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| #xušțö śhäqet oćnuh ülemʔümim ćuħ lënoʔ aŕeš
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| #ka ʔanaħäke lonśi ëqti lënoš“.
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| #xušțö fosülŕ ʔți, ŕoʔon ylnaś ruh ruktuʔoʔ.
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| ==Rebti languages==
| |
| ===Æbbro===
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| beeha iihhažepu
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| #gomoojjo beeha bunaano iihhažeppii tuurkarapudd.
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| #aargondu iihha ppooromantuno maanogono rrantasomuud,
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| #bunaandu iihha retine bumæšmiigemiid.
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| #beeha iihhažehee kaažimapudd:
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| #“roo haahomom iihhažene retiśi ræniśśtemetibbii“.
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| #mo iihhaže taahoo kaažimapudd:
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| #“ppukorab, beeha,
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| #roožo haahomom
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| #kerriśedehiine retiśi šeežerræ gomooddoo pokadotubbuu
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| #iź beehaśi gomoojjo hanoodotubbuu“.
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| #naano korabapotubbuu, beeha eertæhiimo mikpimeśæpiid.
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| ==Pı̇ħ languages==
| |
| ===Pı̇ħ===
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| '''mɛ̇h aj xju̇jħ'''
| |
| #'''ɬė kɛ̇wn nɔ̇ʔ qọw ɴjạ sėjn mɛ̇h mɛ̇s xju̇jħ rjɛ̇w su̇h xȯ.'''
| |
| #'''xȯħ sė xju̇jħ tjawk ħı̇kɬjı̇k ɬạw ɴjạ,'''
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| #'''mɛ̇s sė xju̇jħ qɛ̣ħ hụppjȧjt ɴjạ.'''
| |
| #'''mɛ̇h xju̇jħ ɬoj xȯ:'''
| |
| #'''“ŋọ ħawk ɴjạ, qɛ̣ħ xju̇jħ pụtpụt muħ”.'''
| |
| #'''ɬa xju̇jħ ɬė ɬoj xȯ:'''
| |
| #'''“tohrjos sjı̇, mɛ̇h,'''
| |
| #'''ŋọ ʔẹ ħawk ɴjạ'''
| |
| #'''qɛ̣ħ kjuɴɬjı̇h sȧ ʔẹ sėj kɛ̇wn ŋȧʔ sjun muħ'''
| |
| #'''aj mɛ̇h kɛ̇wn ʔɔwp ʔjɛ̇n muħ”.'''
| |
| #'''ʔẹq ʔạ rjos xȯ muħ, mɛ̇h ɸjit toh mı̣ɸxowr xȯ.
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| '''
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| ====Pı̀====
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| mɛ̄̀ æ̀ ɕʊ̄̃
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| #bē ɔ̄̀ hó̱ ña̱ kø̄m sɪ̌ mɛ̄̀ rǿ sū̀ xō mɛ̱s ɕʊ̄̃.
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| #xṑ sē ɕʊ̄̃ bó̱ ña̱ tő̱k ı́çjı̄̃,
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| #mɛ̱s sē ɕʊ̄̃ u̱ppǣ̃t ña̱ hɛ̱.
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| #mɛ̄̀ bɑ̀ xō ɕʊ̄̃:
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| #“gø̱ ő̱k ña̱, émʊ hɛ̱ pu̱tpu̱t ɕʊ̄̃”.
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| #ba ɕʊ̄̃ bɑ̀ xō bē:
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| #“tòró̱s šı́, mɛ̄̀,
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| #gø̱ ő̱k ña̱
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| #émʊ hɛ̱ šú̱n çú̱njı̄̃ gā̀ sæ̱̏ sē kø̄m
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| #æ̀ mɛ̄̀ ɛ́ ő̱p kø̄m”.
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| #émʊ bē ró̱s xō éh, mɛ̄̀ mı̱fxʊ́r xō tò fı̱́t.
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