User:Bukkia/sandboxVIII: Difference between revisions

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==Italian==
===Interrogative pronouns===
''La pecora e i cavalli''
Basic interrogative pronouns display two different roots:
#''Una pecora, che non aveva lana, vide due cavalli.''
#''Il primo cavallo trainava un carro pesante,''
#''il secondo cavallo trasportava un uomo.''
#''La pecora disse ai cavalli:''
#''“Soffro perché l’uomo sfrutta i cavalli”''
#''Ma i cavalli le dissero:''
#''“Ascolta, pecora,''
#''noi soffriamo''
#''perché l’uomo si cuce dei vestiti con la vostra lana''
#''e le pecore rimangono senza lana.”''
#''Sentito ciò, la pecora fuggì nei campi.''


==Piti languages==
*<small>''quality'':</small> '''ṫjejm-'''
===Proto-Piti===
*<small>''quantity'':</small> '''sjowp-'''
'''jaŋe ŋuːʔetiʔina'''
#'''phoːχaŋil ʔaʔæɳiːtoli jaŋeli ŋuːʔetiʔi ʔaloliːṕ(æt́).'''
#'''ʂaːʔokoli ŋuːʔetili suŋeː ŋæɬot́u ʔaɬoːʔæm(æt́),'''
#'''ʔakikoli ŋuːʔetili phuːka ʔaŋaŋok(æt́).'''
#'''jaŋeli ŋuːʔeti(ʔi)χæ(ʔi) ʔaʈeŋæɬ(æt́):'''
#'''“thuːʔakoɬ phuːkali ŋuːʔetiʂu ṕuːŋakoːrikakhu”'''
#'''poː ŋuːʔeti(ʔi)li(ʔi) æt́tuχæ/æt́loχæ ʔaʈeŋæɬ(ʔi)(æt́)(ʔi):'''
#'''“kheɬoːruŋiɳer, jaŋe,'''
#'''joʔi thuːʔak(ʔi)oɬ(ʔi)'''
#'''ʂætukʰu/ʂælokʰu phuːkali ræʂoχukhat́u ertuʂu/næʂu phoːχakhæ kʰat́oɬiɳ(æt́)'''
#'''ɳuː jaŋe phoːχaŋil ʔæɳuŋiɳ(æt́).”'''
#'''niŋtuʂu/niŋloʂu ʔakheɬoːrikakhu, jaŋeli ṕonuχæ ʔaɬæṕuːḱ(æt́).'''


====Kī́rtako====
When taking a noun role, the root is usually expanded by the nominal suffix '''-e-'''.
jage gū́ʔetinona
#phṓɣagil ʔaʔɑñī́toli jageli ʔaki gū́ʔetino ʔalolī́pɑt.
#šā́ʔokoli gū́ʔetili sugḗkī́to gɑwotu ʔawṓʔɑmɑt,
#ʔakikoli gū́ʔetili phū́ka ʔagagokɑt.
#jageli gū́ʔetinoɣɑ ʔatsegɑwɑt:
#“šī́jakow phū́kali gū́ʔetišu pū́gakṓriñɑmekhu”
#pṓ gū́ʔetinoli ɑktuɣɑ ʔatsegɑwonɑt:
#“khewṓrugiñer, jage,
#jono thū́ʔakonow
#šɑkhu phū́kali pā́ktā́no ertunošu phṓɣakhɑ khatowiñɑt
#ñū́ jage phṓɣagil ʔɑñugiñ.”
#niwošu ʔɑkhewṓriñɑmekhu jageli ponunoɣɑ ʔaʔḗmiɣekɑt.


=====Iðâɣ=====
'''ṫjejm-''' → '''ṫjejm-''' + '''-e-''' → '''ṫjejme'''
jaše no gôðinə
<small>''interr.'' → ''what?, who?''</small>
#jaše ì î áðòr çóhe tòr êβíðə áɣi gôðinə.
#gôði ô šâɣə ǒm góðə ô sǒɣíðə,
#gôði ô áɣiɣə áɣaɣok çúɣe.
#jaše tòr áséðə gôðinore:
#“šêɣò šax çúɣe púɣaɣórin gôðinə“.
#pó gôðinə tôr áséðə àture:
#“hôruɣinəh, jaše,
#òtun šêɣonò
#šax çúɣe haðen pâtánə çóhexa ôx nanəre
#nú jašenə ánuɣinon çəs çóhere“.
#šax áðìn áxôríðə nî, jaše tòr ěméhəɣíðə kô ponunore.


=====Lændixu=====
When taking an adjective role, the root is usually expanded by the adjectival suffix '''-i-'''.
æl‘ jažɛl‘ ñu æn‘ gowθ‘inol‘
#jažɛl‘ hji he joh hejhjiθu fowhal‘ ojh loʎiɸjiθu æx‘ gowθ‘inol‘.
#æl‘ šæwxul‘ gowθ‘il‘ joh vowmjiθu gæboθul‘ sužeciθul‘,
#æl‘ æxixul‘ gowθ‘il‘ joh gagociθu fuxal‘.
#æl‘ jažɛl‘ ojh cɛgæbjiθu kowf æn’a gowθ’inoha:
#“ ju šijaxæh šæθuxu æl‘ fuxal‘ pugaxowræh æn‘ gowθ‘inol‘“.
#pow æn‘ gowθ‘inol‘ æsa onæh cɛgæbjiθu:
#“howbɛrugiñæh, jažɛ,
#jun šijaxæh
#šæθuxu æl‘ fuxal‘ haθobonæh pæstænol‘ je æha æpjinoraha fowhaha
#ñu æn‘ jažɛnol‘ ɛñugonæh fɛs fowhaha“.
#šæθuxu joh hɛbowrjiθu nibu, æl‘ jažɛl‘ ojh emjiciθu kowf æn’a ponunoha.


====Ancient Figo====
'''ṫjejm-''' → '''ṫjejm-''' + '''-i-''' → '''ṫjejmi'''
jon nōdīna
<small>''interr.'' → ''which?''</small> 
#fōhaxe fes ēnīduli jonəli nōdī alolīčeš.
#ɕōwguli nōdili sunē nɛhošu alōmeš,
#ogiguli nōdili fūga ēšmegeš.
#jonəli nōdihej acenɛheš:
#“ɕījasow fūgali nōdiɕunu čūnagōrigaxu”.
#pō nōdilī šɛhe acenɛheši:
#“xōhərunočər, jon,
#joj ɕījasohi
#hīduxu fūgali rɛɕohuxanu ertuɕunu fōhaxe xošohočeš
#ňū jonənu fōhaxe fes ɛňunočešon”.
#ninluɕu axehōrigaxu, jonəli fēfihenu alečūšeš.


=====Modern Figo=====
As pronouns, these forms display a complete declension, in which the case forms according to the animacy of the referred noun.
jõnər nor nudirĩ
#θanc ejid wĩs šweduɣur jõnər ug nudĩ řirušjid jẽh.
#šwoɣur nudir suňe ňež arumjid wẽh,
#uɣiɣur nudir foɣa noneǧid wẽh.
#jõnər nudišũ kwov čwiçid jẽh:
#“šiješid wẽv çidux foɣar nudĩ šonaɣurjid wũš”.
#wo nudirĩ iš kwov čwiçidũ jẽžõ:
#“xworuňid wũšr, jõ,
#ortũ šiješidũ wẽnõ
#çidux foɣar ičihnã ertũšuš θancəš xud xožujid wũš
#ňo jõnərĩ fwoš fes weňuǧidũ wũžõ”.
#çidux nĩr axuřid jũš, jõnər fjifišũ kwov rošižid jẽh.


====Biwdiw====
{|-
çɛgi nɛlu bɛrsihiw
|-
#pōxɛšu xēhīxiwgɛ hɛhīsīduliw çɛgiliw hɛlulīšɛc bɛrsihiw.
| || colspan="2" | <center>''who? / what?''</center> || colspan="2" | <center>''how much? / how many?''</center>
#ʂāhuguliw bɛrsiliw hɛwōcɛmjɛc sjugēgīdu wābrimu,
|-
#hɛgiwguliw bɛrsiliw hɛgɛgugjɛc pūgɛ.
| style="width: 100px;"| || style="width: 100px;"|<center><small>''singular''</small></center> || style="width: 100px;"|<center><small>''plural''</small></center> || style="width: 100px;"|<center><small>''singular''</small></center> || style="width: 100px;"|<center><small>''plural''</small></center>
#çɛgiliw hɛʈigjɛʎɛc bɛrsihiwxjɛ:
|-
#“tūhɛg ūdjuxjɛ pūgɛliw bɛrsišu šūgɛgōriwňiwgɛku”.
| <center><small>''ergative''</small></center> || '''ṫjejmek̇ə''' || '''ṫjejmejk̇ə''' || '''sjowpek̇ə''' || '''sjowpejk̇ə'''
#bō bɛrsihiwliw hɛʈigjɛliwcɛc jɛšluxjɛ:
|-
#“kilōrjugiwňir, çɛgi,
| <center><small>''absolutive''</small></center> || '''ṫjejme''' || '''ṫjejmej''' || '''sjowpe''' || '''sjowpej'''
#tuhɛg ūdjuhiwxjɛ
|-
#šɛdjuku pūgɛliw çīrmunušu čīg irdjunušu pōxɛšu kɛculiwňɛc
| <center><small>''possessive''</small></center> || '''ṫjejmeṗu''' || '''ṫjejmejṗu''' || '''sjowpeṗu''' || '''sjowpejṗu'''
#ňū çɛgi pis pōxɛšu tōhixiwň”.
|-
#niwlušu hɛkilōriwňiwgɛku çɛgiliw hɛʎɛšūč šunjunuxjɛ.
| <center><small>''terminative''</small></center> || '''ṫjejmeʈu''' || '''ṫjejmejʈu''' || '''sjowpeʈu''' || '''sjowpejʈu'''
|-
| <center><small>''ablative''</small></center> || '''ṫjejmeʡo''' || '''ṫjejmejʡo''' || '''sjowpeʡo''' || '''sjowpejʡo'''
|-
| <center><small>''causative''</small></center> || '''ṫjejmeno''' || '''ṫjejmejno''' || '''sjowpeno''' || '''sjowpejno'''
|-
| <center><small>''benefactive''</small></center> || '''ṫjejmepə''' || '''ṫjejmejpə''' || '''sjowpepə''' || '''sjowpejpə'''
|-
| <center><small>''instrumental''</small></center> || '''ṫjejmema''' || '''ṫjejmejma''' || '''sjowpema''' || '''sjowpejma'''
|-
| <center><small>''locative''</small></center> || '''ṫjejmewa''' || '''ṫjejmejwa''' || '''sjowpewa''' || '''sjowpejwa'''
|}


=====Gəjlnigo=====
The quality root can refer freely to either animate or inanimate entities. A distinction of animacy can be inferred by the context or by choice of case forms. However, some declined forms can acquire new interrogative meanings depending on the selected case:
ež heǵ ňɔ ežno bejśino
#heǵ ša hejhəjdo əjs pɔhe ejjužəjdo egəj bejśino.
#ež šawgo bejś ɔcceməjdo ɔšɔ avrimo,
#ežd egəjgo bejś gegugəjdo pɔge.
#ež heǵ ecegəjdo gɔ ežnore bejśinore:
#“hore tɔjg hedduk ež pɔge hɔgegɔh ežno bejśino“.
#bɔ ežno bejśino hore ecegəjduno:
#“kɔjrrugih hɔh, heǵ,
#hunure tɔjg
#hedduk ež pɔge keccɔ həjmono čəjg əjddunužore pɔhere
#ňɔ ežno heǵino tɔjhun pis pɔhere“.
#hedduk ježlo ekɔjrəjdo nɔ, ež heǵ evožečəjdo gɔ ežnore hunnonore.


=====Cärähə=====
* '''ṫjejmewa''': where (<small>static location</small>)
äs çähi nü äsən bärsinə
* '''ṫjejmeʈu''': where (<small>motion toward</small>)
#çähi xīhə xīhex́äh wī poxä rurīśäh hähü bärsinə.
* '''ṫjejmeno ''': why (<small>cause</small>)
#äs xahuhə bärsi wäɟöḿäh wäbrimə śuhehīdə,
#äs hähühə bärsi guhäh́äh pühä.
#äs çähi sihäŕäh gösən bärsinə:
#“çərä tühäg säd́uk äs pühä sühähoŕäh äsən bärsinə“.
#bo äsən bärsinə järä sihäruńäh:
#“ koriŕuhünir, çähi,
#çunərä tühäg
#säd́uk äs pühä käɟuŕäh çīrmənə cīh äs poxä nänərä
#nü äsən çähinə tohixun pis poxä“.
#xīruk häcän kirorīdə nürə, äs çähi ŕäsüc gösən suńənə.


=====Viwdiwgu=====
These forms, while broadly undefined in their meaning, are usually specified by using the interrogative adjective with other generic or specific nouns:  
çɛɣi nɛlu ɣānähihiw
#çɛɣi xī hīzīdu xihīxiwgɛ pōxɛrɛ lulīžīdu ɣānähihiw.
#ṡāhugu ɣānähi vōcɛmīdu vōrṡō vāvrimu,
#hɛɣiwgu ɣānähi gɛɣuɣīdu pūɣɛ.
#çɛɣi tsiɣɛlīdu ɣānähihiwxjɛ:
#“tūhɛg çuxjɛ šɛdjuk pūɣɛ šūɣɛɣōrünjɛc ɣānähü”.
#vō ɣānähihiw tsiɣɛlīduhiw jɛšxjɛ:
#“kōlirjuɣiwňir, çɛɣi,
#tūhɛg çuhiwxjɛ
#šɛdjuk pūɣɛ kɛcuʝɛc çīrmū čīg pōxɛrɛ njörɛ
#nɛlu çɛɣü tōhixün pis pōxɛrɛ”.
#šɛdjuk jɛšlu kilōrīdu niwlu, çɛɣi ʝɛžūčīdu šunjūxjɛ.


====Jeʂtəra====
* '''ṫjejmewa weʡewa''': in which place (<small>static location</small>)
əlnaʂ ḱiht́onona
* '''ṫjejmeʈu weʡeʈu''': in which place (<small>motion toward</small>)
#ʔalolīṕət́ əlnaʂəliə ʔaʔəɳītoliə fōhagiəl ʔakiə ḱiht́ono.
#ʔalōʔəmət́ ḱiht́oliə ʂāʔokol t́ūʂpa sugē,
#ʔagagokət́ ḱiht́oliə ʔakiəkol fūka.
#ʔaʈegələt́ əlnaʂəliə ḱiht́oxəno:
#“ðūʔakol ṕūgakōrəmexəw fūkaliə ḱiht́o”.
#pō ʔaʈegələt́on ḱiht́oliəno ət́əxə:
#“xelōrugiəɳer, əlnaʂ,
#ðūʔakolon jono
#ʂəloxəw xat́oliəɳət́ fūkaliə eʔðegono ḱīg fōhara ertəwrano
#ɳū ðōʔehōriəɳon əlnaʂəno fōhagiəl”.
#ʔaxelōrəmexəw niəglo, ʔalūṕəḱ əlnaʂ ṕonəwxəno.

Latest revision as of 02:22, 26 September 2025

Interrogative pronouns

Basic interrogative pronouns display two different roots:

  • quality: ṫjejm-
  • quantity: sjowp-

When taking a noun role, the root is usually expanded by the nominal suffix -e-. 

ṫjejm- → ṫjejm- + -e- → ṫjejme
interr. → what?, who?

When taking an adjective role, the root is usually expanded by the adjectival suffix -i-. 

ṫjejm- → ṫjejm- + -i- → ṫjejmi
interr. → which?

As pronouns, these forms display a complete declension, in which the case forms according to the animacy of the referred noun.

who? / what?
how much? / how many?
singular
plural
singular
plural
ergative
 ṫjejmek̇ə ṫjejmejk̇ə sjowpek̇ə sjowpejk̇ə
absolutive
 ṫjejme ṫjejmej sjowpe sjowpej
possessive
 ṫjejmeṗu ṫjejmejṗu sjowpeṗu sjowpejṗu
terminative
 ṫjejmeʈu ṫjejmejʈu sjowpeʈu sjowpejʈu
ablative
 ṫjejmeʡo ṫjejmejʡo sjowpeʡo sjowpejʡo
causative
 ṫjejmeno ṫjejmejno sjowpeno sjowpejno
benefactive
 ṫjejmepə ṫjejmejpə sjowpepə sjowpejpə
instrumental
 ṫjejmema ṫjejmejma sjowpema sjowpejma
locative
 ṫjejmewa ṫjejmejwa sjowpewa sjowpejwa

The quality root can refer freely to either animate or inanimate entities. A distinction of animacy can be inferred by the context or by choice of case forms. However, some declined forms can acquire new interrogative meanings depending on the selected case:

  • ṫjejmewa: where (static location)
  • ṫjejmeʈu: where (motion toward)
  • ṫjejmeno : why (cause)

These forms, while broadly undefined in their meaning, are usually specified by using the interrogative adjective with other generic or specific nouns:

  • ṫjejmewa weʡewa: in which place (static location)
  • ṫjejmeʈu weʡeʈu: in which place (motion toward)
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