User:Bukkia/sandboxVIII: Difference between revisions

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==Italian==
===Interrogative pronouns===
''La pecora e i cavalli''
Basic interrogative pronouns display two different roots:
#''Una pecora, che non aveva lana, vide due cavalli.''
#''Il primo cavallo trainava un carro pesante,''
#''il secondo cavallo trasportava un uomo.''
#''La pecora disse ai cavalli:''
#''“Soffro perché l’uomo sfrutta i cavalli”''
#''Ma i cavalli le dissero:''
#''“Ascolta, pecora,''
#''noi soffriamo''
#''perché l’uomo si cuce dei vestiti con la vostra lana''
#''e le pecore rimangono senza lana.”''
#''Sentito ciò, la pecora fuggì nei campi.''


==Piti languages==
*<small>''quality'':</small> '''ṫjejm-'''
===Proto-Piti===
*<small>''quantity'':</small> '''sjowp-'''
'''jaŋe ŋuːʔetiʔina'''
#'''phoːχaŋil ʔaʔæɳiːtoli jaŋeli ŋuːʔetiʔi ʔaloliːṕ(æt́).'''
#'''ʂaːʔokoli ŋuːʔetili suŋeː ŋæɬot́u ʔaɬoːʔæm(æt́),'''
#'''ʔakikoli ŋuːʔetili phuːka ʔaŋaŋok(æt́).'''
#'''jaŋeli ŋuːʔeti(ʔi)χæ(ʔi) ʔaʈeŋæɬ(æt́):'''
#'''“thuːʔakoɬ phuːkali ŋuːʔetiʂu ṕuːŋakoːrikakhu”'''
#'''poː ŋuːʔeti(ʔi)li(ʔi) æt́tuχæ/æt́loχæ ʔaʈeŋæɬ(ʔi)(æt́)(ʔi):'''
#'''“kheɬoːruŋiɳer, jaŋe,'''
#'''joʔi thuːʔak(ʔi)oɬ(ʔi)'''
#'''ʂætukʰu/ʂælokʰu phuːkali ræʂoχukhat́u ertuʂu/næʂu phoːχakhæ kʰat́oɬiɳ(æt́)'''
#'''ɳuː jaŋe phoːχaŋil ʔæɳuŋiɳ(æt́).”'''
#'''niŋtuʂu/niŋloʂu ʔakheɬoːrikakhu, jaŋeli ṕonuχæ ʔaɬæṕuːḱ(æt́).'''


====Kī́rtako====
When taking a noun role, the root is usually expanded by the nominal suffix '''-e-'''.
jage gū́ʔetinona
 
#phṓɣagil ʔaʔɑñī́toli jageli ʔaki gū́ʔetino ʔalolī́pɑt.
'''ṫjejm-''' → '''ṫjejm-''' + '''-e-''' → '''ṫjejme'''
#šā́ʔokoli gū́ʔetili sugḗkī́to gɑwotu ʔawṓʔɑmɑt,
<small>''interr.'' → ''what?, who?''</small>
#ʔakikoli gū́ʔetili phū́ka ʔagagokɑt.
 
#jageli gū́ʔetinoɣɑ ʔatsegɑwɑt:
When taking an adjective role, the root is usually expanded by the adjectival suffix '''-i-'''.
#“šī́jakow phū́kali gū́ʔetišu pū́gakṓriñɑmekhu”
 
#pṓ gū́ʔetinoli ɑktuɣɑ ʔatsegɑwonɑt:
'''ṫjejm-''' → '''ṫjejm-''' + '''-i-''' → '''ṫjejmi'''
#“khewṓrugiñer, jage,
<small>''interr.'' → ''which?''</small> 
#jono thū́ʔakonow
 
#šɑkhu phū́kali pā́ktā́no ertunošu phṓɣakhɑ khatowiñɑt
As pronouns, these forms display a complete declension, in which the case forms according to the animacy of the referred noun.
#ñū́ jage phṓɣagil ʔɑñugiñ.”
 
#niwošu ʔɑkhewṓriñɑmekhu jageli ponunoɣɑ ʔaʔḗmiɣekɑt.
{|-
=====Iðâɣ=====
|-
jaše no gôðinə
| || colspan="2" | <center>''who? / what?''</center> || colspan="2" | <center>''how much? / how many?''</center>
#jaše ì î áðòr çóhe tòr êβíðə áɣi gôðinə.
|-
#gôði ô šâɣə ǒm góðə ô sǒɣíðə,
| style="width: 100px;"| || style="width: 100px;"|<center><small>''singular''</small></center> || style="width: 100px;"|<center><small>''plural''</small></center> || style="width: 100px;"|<center><small>''singular''</small></center> || style="width: 100px;"|<center><small>''plural''</small></center>
#gôði ô áɣiɣə áɣaɣok çúɣe.
|-
#jaše tòr áséðə gôðinore:
| <center><small>''ergative''</small></center> || '''ṫjejmek̇ə''' || '''ṫjejmejk̇ə''' || '''sjowpek̇ə''' || '''sjowpejk̇ə'''
#“šêɣò šax çúɣe púɣaɣórin gôðinə“.
|-
#pó gôðinə tôr áséðə àture:
| <center><small>''absolutive''</small></center> || '''ṫjejme''' || '''ṫjejmej''' || '''sjowpe''' || '''sjowpej'''
#“hôruɣinəh, jaše,
|-
#òtun šêɣonò
| <center><small>''possessive''</small></center> || '''ṫjejmeṗu''' || '''ṫjejmejṗu''' || '''sjowpeṗu''' || '''sjowpejṗu'''
#šax çúɣe haðen pâtánə çóhexa ôx nanəre
|-
#nú jašenə ánuɣinon çəs çóhere“.
| <center><small>''terminative''</small></center> || '''ṫjejmeʈu''' || '''ṫjejmejʈu''' || '''sjowpeʈu''' || '''sjowpejʈu'''
#šax áðìn áxôríðə nî, jaše tòr ěméhəɣíðə kô ponunore.
|-
| <center><small>''ablative''</small></center> || '''ṫjejmeʡo''' || '''ṫjejmejʡo''' || '''sjowpeʡo''' || '''sjowpejʡo'''
|-
| <center><small>''causative''</small></center> || '''ṫjejmeno''' || '''ṫjejmejno''' || '''sjowpeno''' || '''sjowpejno'''
|-
| <center><small>''benefactive''</small></center> || '''ṫjejmepə''' || '''ṫjejmejpə''' || '''sjowpepə''' || '''sjowpejpə'''
|-
| <center><small>''instrumental''</small></center> || '''ṫjejmema''' || '''ṫjejmejma''' || '''sjowpema''' || '''sjowpejma'''
|-
| <center><small>''locative''</small></center> || '''ṫjejmewa''' || '''ṫjejmejwa''' || '''sjowpewa''' || '''sjowpejwa'''
|}
 
The quality root can refer freely to either animate or inanimate entities. A distinction of animacy can be inferred by the context or by choice of case forms. However, some declined forms can acquire new interrogative meanings depending on the selected case:
 
* '''ṫjejmewa''': where (<small>static location</small>)
* '''ṫjejmeʈu''': where (<small>motion toward</small>)
* '''ṫjejmeno ''': why (<small>cause</small>)
 
These forms, while broadly undefined in their meaning, are usually specified by using the interrogative adjective with other generic or specific nouns:
 
* '''ṫjejmewa weʡewa''': in which place (<small>static location</small>)
* '''ṫjejmeʈu weʡeʈu''': in which place (<small>motion toward</small>)

Latest revision as of 02:22, 26 September 2025

Interrogative pronouns

Basic interrogative pronouns display two different roots:

  • quality: ṫjejm-
  • quantity: sjowp-

When taking a noun role, the root is usually expanded by the nominal suffix -e-. 

ṫjejm- → ṫjejm- + -e- → ṫjejme
interr. → what?, who?

When taking an adjective role, the root is usually expanded by the adjectival suffix -i-. 

ṫjejm- → ṫjejm- + -i- → ṫjejmi
interr. → which?

As pronouns, these forms display a complete declension, in which the case forms according to the animacy of the referred noun.

who? / what?
how much? / how many?
singular
plural
singular
plural
ergative
 ṫjejmek̇ə ṫjejmejk̇ə sjowpek̇ə sjowpejk̇ə
absolutive
 ṫjejme ṫjejmej sjowpe sjowpej
possessive
 ṫjejmeṗu ṫjejmejṗu sjowpeṗu sjowpejṗu
terminative
 ṫjejmeʈu ṫjejmejʈu sjowpeʈu sjowpejʈu
ablative
 ṫjejmeʡo ṫjejmejʡo sjowpeʡo sjowpejʡo
causative
 ṫjejmeno ṫjejmejno sjowpeno sjowpejno
benefactive
 ṫjejmepə ṫjejmejpə sjowpepə sjowpejpə
instrumental
 ṫjejmema ṫjejmejma sjowpema sjowpejma
locative
 ṫjejmewa ṫjejmejwa sjowpewa sjowpejwa

The quality root can refer freely to either animate or inanimate entities. A distinction of animacy can be inferred by the context or by choice of case forms. However, some declined forms can acquire new interrogative meanings depending on the selected case:

  • ṫjejmewa: where (static location)
  • ṫjejmeʈu: where (motion toward)
  • ṫjejmeno : why (cause)

These forms, while broadly undefined in their meaning, are usually specified by using the interrogative adjective with other generic or specific nouns:

  • ṫjejmewa weʡewa: in which place (static location)
  • ṫjejmeʈu weʡeʈu: in which place (motion toward)
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