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======Passive participle======
====Passive diathesis====
The '''passive participle''' displays a ''present'' and a ''past'' form, both simple. It is formed by adding the passive participial ending to the verbal roots, while the past form is also formed through the augment, qa-:
The ''passive diathesis'' displays only compound forms, in every mood and tense. These forms are always built through the auxiliary verb qɛňika, ''to be'' with the various forms of the passive participle.


The usage of the different moods and tenses is exactly the same as the active diathesis. Notably, modal forms are conveyed by the auxiliary verb, while the aspectual and temporal forms are conveyed only by the participles.
Moreover, the passive participle always agrees with the subject of the sentence in number.
Examples:
çũžõ qɛňikažõ çiçacukỹ
<small>the fields will be cultivated</small>
=====Indicative mood=====
{| class="wikitable"
{| class="wikitable"
|-
|-
| style="width: 70px;"| || style="width: 150px;"| <center><small>''conj. I''</small></center> || style="width: 150px;"| <center><small>''conj. II''</small></center> || style="width: 150px;"| <center><small>''conj. III''</small></center> || style="width: 150px;"| <center><small>''conj. IV''</small></center> || style="width: 150px;"| <center><small>''conj. V''</small></center>
| style="width: 150px;"| <center><small>''Tense''</small></center> || <center><small>''Construction''</small></center>
|-
| '''''imperfective present'''''  || imperfective present passive participle + indicative present forms of qäɳika
|-
| '''''imperfective past''''' || imperfective past passive participle + indicative present forms of qäɳika
|-
|-
| ''<small>present</small>'' || <center>čö̃kuki</center> || <center>njeh́uki</center> || <center>qüqjerüki</center> || <center>žemü̃ki</center> || <center>tumoki</center>
| '''''perfective present'''''  || perfective present passive participle + indicative present forms of qäɳika
|-
|-
| ''<small>past</small>'' || <center>qačö̃kuki</center> || <center>qanjeh́uki</center> || <center>qaqüqjerüki</center> || <center>qažemü̃ki</center> || <center>qatumoki</center>
| '''''perfective past'''''  || perfective past passive participle + indicative present forms of qäɳika
|}
|}


There are, however, a certain amount of irregular verbs in each conjugation for the passive participle. Most irregularities are caused by the augment. Such irregularities are clearly shown in the dictionary. Among these verbs the conjugation of some verbs, with non-specifical irregularities, is shown:  
Examples (<small>for each tense only the 1<sup><small>st</small></sup> person singular form is shown</small>):


{| class="wikitable"
{| class="wikitable"
|-
|-
| style="width: 70px;"| || style="width: 150px;"| <center><small>''šỹkika''</small></center> || style="width: 150px;"| <center><small>''dävörika''</small></center> || style="width: 150px;"| <center><small>''očezika''</small></center>
| style="width: 150px;"| <center><small>''Tense''</small></center> || <center><small>''Example''</small></center>
|-
| '''''imperfective present'''''  || śośiruki qäɳoh, ...
|-
| '''''imperfective past'''''  || qaśośiruki qäɳoh, ...
|-
|-
| ''<small>past</small>'' || <center>qa'''ž'''ỹkuki</center> || <center>qa'''ð'''ävöruki</center> || <center>q'''e'''čezuki</center>
| '''''imperfective present''''' || śiśoruki qäɳoh, ...
|-
| '''''imperfective past''''' || qaśiśoruki qäɳoh, ...
|}
|}


The passive participle is an adjectival form of a verb. It is linked to nouns which undergo an action, or inactively are in a certain state. It is often used as a verbal adjective in sentences, to build relative clauses. 
=====Subjunctive mood=====
{| class="wikitable"
|-
| style="width: 150px;"| <center><small>''Tense''</small></center> || <center><small>''Construction''</small></center>
|-
| '''''imperfective present'''''  || imperfective present passive participle + subjunctive present forms of qäɳika
|-
| '''''imperfective past'''''  || imperfective past passive participle + subjunctive present forms of qäɳika
|-
| '''''perfective present'''''  || perfective present passive participle + subjunctive present forms of qäɳika
|-
| '''''perfective past'''''  || perfective past passive participle + subjunctive present forms of qäɳika
|}


As an adjectival form, it displays a complete declension. It is also largely used within the verbal conjugation in the passive diathesis formation, being always declined.
Examples (<small>for each tense only the 1<sup><small>st</small></sup> person singular form is shown</small>):
 
{| class="wikitable"
|-
| style="width: 150px;"| <center><small>''Tense''</small></center> || <center><small>''Example''</small></center>
|-
| '''''imperfective present'''''  || śośiruki qäɳiɳoh, ...
|-
| '''''imperfective past'''''  || qaśośiruki qäɳiɳoh, ...
|-
| '''''imperfective present'''''  || śiśoruki qäɳiɳoh, ...
|-
| '''''imperfective past'''''  || qaśiśoruki qäɳiɳoh, ...
|}
 
=====Conditional mood=====
{| class="wikitable"
|-
| style="width: 150px;"| <center><small>''Tense''</small></center> || <center><small>''Construction''</small></center>
|-
| '''''imperfective present'''''  || imperfective present passive participle + conditional present forms of qäɳika
|-
| '''''imperfective past'''''  || imperfective past passive participle + conditional present forms of qäɳika
|-
| '''''perfective present'''''  || perfective present passive participle + conditional present forms of qäɳika
|-
| '''''perfective past'''''  || perfective past passive participle + conditional present forms of qäɳika
|}
 
Examples (<small>for each tense only the 1<sup><small>st</small></sup> person singular form is shown</small>):
 
{| class="wikitable"
|-
| style="width: 150px;"| <center><small>''Tense''</small></center> || <center><small>''Example''</small></center>
|-
| '''''imperfective present'''''  || śośiruki qäɳoçoh, ...
|-
| '''''imperfective past'''''  || qaśośiruki qäɳoçoh, ...
|-
| '''''imperfective present'''''  || śiśoruki qäɳoçoh, ...
|-
| '''''imperfective past'''''  || qaśiśoruki qäɳoçoh, ...
|}
 
=====Infinitive mood=====
{| class="wikitable"
|-
| style="width: 150px;"| <center><small>''Tense''</small></center> || <center><small>''Construction''</small></center>
|-
| '''''imperfective present'''''  || imperfective present passive participle + infinitive forms of qäɳika
|-
| '''''imperfective past'''''  || imperfective past passive participle + infinitive  forms of qäɳika
|-
| '''''perfective present'''''  || perfective present passive participle + infinitive  forms of qäɳika
|-
| '''''perfective past'''''  || perfective past passive participle + infinitive  forms of qäɳika
|}
 
Examples:
 
{| class="wikitable"
|-
| style="width: 150px;"| <center><small>''Tense''</small></center> || <center><small>''Example''</small></center>
|-
| '''''imperfective present'''''  || śośiruki qäɳika
|-
| '''''imperfective past'''''  || qaśośiruki qäɳika
|-
| '''''imperfective present'''''  || śiśoruki qäɳika
|-
| '''''imperfective past'''''  || qaśiśoruki qäɳika
|}

Revision as of 06:04, 2 September 2025

Passive diathesis

The passive diathesis displays only compound forms, in every mood and tense. These forms are always built through the auxiliary verb qɛňika, to be with the various forms of the passive participle.

The usage of the different moods and tenses is exactly the same as the active diathesis. Notably, modal forms are conveyed by the auxiliary verb, while the aspectual and temporal forms are conveyed only by the participles.

Moreover, the passive participle always agrees with the subject of the sentence in number.

Examples: 

çũžõ qɛňikažõ çiçacukỹ
the fields will be cultivated
Indicative mood
Tense
Construction
imperfective present imperfective present passive participle + indicative present forms of qäɳika
imperfective past imperfective past passive participle + indicative present forms of qäɳika
perfective present perfective present passive participle + indicative present forms of qäɳika
perfective past perfective past passive participle + indicative present forms of qäɳika

Examples (for each tense only the 1st person singular form is shown):

Tense
Example
imperfective present śośiruki qäɳoh, ...
imperfective past qaśośiruki qäɳoh, ...
imperfective present śiśoruki qäɳoh, ...
imperfective past qaśiśoruki qäɳoh, ...
Subjunctive mood
Tense
Construction
imperfective present imperfective present passive participle + subjunctive present forms of qäɳika
imperfective past imperfective past passive participle + subjunctive present forms of qäɳika
perfective present perfective present passive participle + subjunctive present forms of qäɳika
perfective past perfective past passive participle + subjunctive present forms of qäɳika

Examples (for each tense only the 1st person singular form is shown):

Tense
Example
imperfective present śośiruki qäɳiɳoh, ...
imperfective past qaśośiruki qäɳiɳoh, ...
imperfective present śiśoruki qäɳiɳoh, ...
imperfective past qaśiśoruki qäɳiɳoh, ...
Conditional mood
Tense
Construction
imperfective present imperfective present passive participle + conditional present forms of qäɳika
imperfective past imperfective past passive participle + conditional present forms of qäɳika
perfective present perfective present passive participle + conditional present forms of qäɳika
perfective past perfective past passive participle + conditional present forms of qäɳika

Examples (for each tense only the 1st person singular form is shown):

Tense
Example
imperfective present śośiruki qäɳoçoh, ...
imperfective past qaśośiruki qäɳoçoh, ...
imperfective present śiśoruki qäɳoçoh, ...
imperfective past qaśiśoruki qäɳoçoh, ...
Infinitive mood
Tense
Construction
imperfective present imperfective present passive participle + infinitive forms of qäɳika
imperfective past imperfective past passive participle + infinitive forms of qäɳika
perfective present perfective present passive participle + infinitive forms of qäɳika
perfective past perfective past passive participle + infinitive forms of qäɳika

Examples:

Tense
Example
imperfective present śośiruki qäɳika
imperfective past qaśośiruki qäɳika
imperfective present śiśoruki qäɳika
imperfective past qaśiśoruki qäɳika
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