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Onschen
Ossmalic


{{infobox
{{infobox
|bg=#9966CC
|bg=#9966CC
|name=Onschen
|name=Ossmalic
|native=Ӯсціе
|native=мэ́ӈ оссэма́л
|pronounce=/õːʃt͡ʃe/
|pronounce=[ˈmə́ŋ òs.ˈsmál]
|in=Onstsamidzo
|in=Ossmal
|script=Sealbone Script
|script=Sealbone Script
|tree=Language isolate
|tree=Language isolate
Line 14: Line 14:
|creator=[[User:Ahzoh|Malcolm G. Holborne]]}}
|creator=[[User:Ahzoh|Malcolm G. Holborne]]}}


28 consonants:
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;"
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;"
|+Onschen Consonantal Phonemes
|+ Consonant phonemes of Ossmalic
|-
|-  
!colspan=2 rowspan=2|
! style="width: 7em;" rowspan="2" |
!rowspan=2|Bilabial
! style="width: 3.5em;" rowspan="2" | Labial
!colspan=2|Coronal
! colspan="2" | Coronal
!rowspan=2|Palatal
! style="width: 3.5em;" rowspan="2" | Palatal
!rowspan=2|Velar
! colspan="2" | Velar
|-
|-
!Central
! style="width: 3.5em;" | hard
!Lateral
! style="width: 3.5em;" | soft
! style="width: 3.5em;" | hard
! style="width: 3.5em;" | soft
|-
|-
!rowspan=2|Nasal
! Nasal
!Plain
| '''м''' /m/
| '''м''' [m]
| '''н''' /n̪/
| '''н/ӈ''' [n̪] ||
| '''нь''' /n̪ʲ/
|
|
|
| '''ӈ''' /ŋ/
| '''ӈь''' /ŋʲ/
|-
|-
!Pal.
! Stop
|
| '''п''' /p/
| '''ні/ӈі''' [n̪ʲ] ||
| '''т''' /t̪/
|
| '''ть''' /t̪ʲ/
|
|
| '''к''' /k/
| '''кь''' /kʲ/
|-
|-
!rowspan=2|Stop
! Fricative
!Plain
| rowspan="2" | '''в''' /ʋ/
| '''п''' [p] '''б''' [b]
| '''с''' /s/
| '''т''' [t̪] '''д''' [d̪] ||
| '''сь''' /sʲ/
|
| rowspan="2" | '''і''' /j/
| '''к''' [k] '''г''' [g]
| '''х''' /x/
| '''хь''' /xʲ/
|-
|-
!Pal.
! Approximant
| '''л''' /l/
| '''ль''' /lʲ/
|
|
| '''ті''' [t̪ʲ] '''ді''' [d̪ʲ] ||
|
|
| '''кі''' [kʲ] '''гі''' [gʲ]
|-
|-
!colspan=2|Affricate
|}
|
 
| '''ц''' [t͡s] '''ѕ''' [d͡z] ||
{|class="wikitable article-table" style="text-align:center;"
| '''ці/ч''' [t͡ʃ] '''ѕі/џ''' [d͡ʒ]
|+Monophthongs
|
|-
|-
!rowspan=2|Fricative
! style="width: 3em;" | Type
!Plain
! style="width: 3.4em;" | Front
| '''ф''' [f]
! style="width: 3.4em;" | Back
| '''с''' [s] ||
| rowspan=2| '''сі/ш''' [ʃ]
| '''х''' [x]
|-
|-
!Pal.
!Close
|
| '''и''' /i/
| ||
| '''у''' /u/
| '''хі''' [xʲ]
|-
|-
!rowspan=2|Liquid
!Mid
!Plain
| '''е''' /e/
|
| '''о''' /o/
| '''р''' [r] || '''л''' [l]
| rowspan=2| '''і''' [j]
|
|-
|-
!Pal.
!Open
|
|colspan=2| '''а''' /a/
| '''рі''' [rʲ] || '''лі''' [lʲ]
|
|-
!colspan=2|Click
|
| '''ҭ''' [ǀ] || '''ԯ''' [ǁ]
| '''қ''' [ǂ]
|
|-
|-
|}
|}


{| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;"
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;"
|+ Consonant phonemes of Onschen
|-
! rowspan="2" colspan="2" |
! rowspan="2" | Labial
! colspan="2" | Coronal
! rowspan="2" | Palatal
! colspan="2" | Velar
|- style="font-size: small;"
! hard
! soft
! hard
! soft
|-
|-
! colspan="2" | Nasal
!
| m
! colspan="10" | Short
|n̪
! rowspan="3" style="width: 1.5em;" |  
|n̪ʲ
! colspan="10" | Long
|
|
|
|-
|-
! rowspan="2" | Stop
! Origin
! {{small|voiceless}}
| style="width: 1.5em;" | æ
| p
| style="width: 1.5em;" | e
| t̪
| style="width: 1.5em;" | ø
|t̪ʲ
| style="width: 1.5em;" | i
|
| style="width: 1.5em;" | y
| k || kʲ
| style="width: 1.5em;" | ɑ
| style="width: 1.5em;" | ɤ
| style="width: 1.5em;" | o
| style="width: 1.5em;" | ɯ
| style="width: 1.5em;" | u
 
| style="width: 1.5em;" | æː
| style="width: 1.5em;" | eː
| style="width: 1.5em;" | øː
| style="width: 1.5em;" | iː
| style="width: 1.5em;" | yː
| style="width: 1.5em;" | ɑː
| style="width: 1.5em;" | ɤː
| style="width: 1.5em;" | oː
| style="width: 1.5em;" | ɯː
| style="width: 1.5em;" | uː
|-
|-
! {{small|voiced}}
! style="width: 4em;" | Result
| b
| ʲa
| d̪
| ʲe
|d̪ʲ
| ʲo
|
| ʲĭ
| g || gʲ
| ʲŭ
| a
| e
| o
| ĭ
| ŭ
| ʲa
| ʲe
| ʲo
| ʲi
| ʲu
| a
| e
| o
| i
| u
|-
|-
! rowspan="2" | Affricate
! {{small|voiceless}}
|
|t͡s
|t͡sʲ
|
|
|
|-
! {{small|voiced}}
|
|d͡z
|d͡zʲ
|
|
|
|-
! colspan="2" | Fricative
| f
| s
| sʲ
|
| x || xʲ
|-
! colspan="2" | Approximant
|
|l
| lʲ
|j
|  ||
|-
! rowspan="2" |Click
!{{small|voiceless}}
|
|ǀ
|ǀʲ
|ǂ
|
|
|-
!{{small|voiced}}
|
|ᶢǀ
|ᶢǀʲ
|ᶢǂ
|
|
|}
|}




{|class="wikitable article-table" style="text-align:center;"
Tone is not explicitly marked in writing but inferred based on historical voicing distinctions and consonant clusters:
|+Vowel Phonemes
 
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;"
|+ Tones Inferred by Consonants
! style="width: 5em;" | Consonant
! style="width: 5em;" | High
! style="width: 5em;" | Low
|-
! rowspan="5" | Stop
| '''па''' /pá/
| '''ба''' /pà/
|-
|-
! rowspan=2| Type
| '''та''' /t̪á/
! colspan=2| Front
| '''да''' /t̪à/
! colspan=2| Back
|-
|-
!<small>Oral</small>
| '''тьа''' /t̪ʲá/
!<small>Nasal</small>
| '''дьа''' /t̪ʲà/
!<small>Oral</small>
!<small>Nasal</small>
|-
|-
!Close
| '''ка''' /ká/
| '''и''' [i] ||
| '''га''' /kà/
| '''у''' [u] ||
|-
|-
!Mid
| '''кьа''' /kʲá/
| '''е''' [e] || '''ӣ''' [ẽː]
| '''гьа''' /kʲà/
| '''о''' [o] || '''ӯ''' [õː]
|-
|-
!Open
! rowspan="4" | Fricative
|colspan=4| '''а''' [a]
| '''са''' /sá/
|}
| —
 
{|class="wikitable article-table" style="text-align:center;"
|+Diphthongs
|-
|-
! rowspan=2| Type
| '''сьа''' /sʲá/
! colspan=2| Front
| —
! colspan=2| Back
|-
|-
!<small>Oral</small>
| '''ха''' /xá/
!<small>Nasal</small>
| —
!<small>Oral</small>
!<small>Nasal</small>
|-
|-
!Mid-Rising
| '''хьа''' /xʲá/
| '''еі''' [ei̯] || '''ӣі''' [ẽi̯]
| —
| '''оі''' [oi̯] || '''ӯі''' [õi̯]
|-
|-
!Open-Rising
! rowspan="7" | Sonorant
|colspan=4| '''аі''' [ai̯]
| —
|}
| '''ма''' /mà/
 
{| class="wikitable article-table" style="text-align:center;"
! rowspan="2" | Mood
! rowspan="2" | Person
! colspan="3" | Non-Future
! colspan="3" | Future
|-
|-
! 1.ABS
| —
! 2.ABS
| '''на''' /n̪à/
! 3.ABS
! 1.ABS
! 2.ABS
! 3.ABS
|-
|-
! rowspan="8" | Indicative
| —
! SG
| '''ньа''' /n̪ʲà/
| ӈ-VERB-а
| ӈ-VERB-е
| ӈ-VERB-ат
| VERB-а
| VERB-е
| VERB-ат
|-
|-
! PL
| —
| и-ӈ-VERB-а
| '''ӈа''' /ŋà/
| и-ӈ-VERB-е
| и-ӈ-VERB-ат
| и-VERB-а
| и-VERB-е
| и-VERB-ат
|-
|-
! 1s.ERG
| —
| то-ӈ-VERB-а
| '''ӈьа''' /ŋʲà/
| то-ӈ-VERB-е
| то-ӈ-VERB-ат
| то-VERB-а
| то-VERB-е
| то-VERB-ат
|-
|-
! 1p.ERG
| —
| ту-ӈ-VERB-а
| '''ла''' /là/
| ту-ӈ-VERB-е
| ту-ӈ-VERB-ат
| ту-VERB-а
| ту-VERB-е
| ту-VERB-ат
|-
|-
! 2s.ERG
| —
| хіа-ӈ-VERB-а
| '''льа''' /lʲà/
| хіа-ӈ-VERB-е
| хіа-ӈ-VERB-ат
| хіа-VERB-а
| хіа-VERB-е
| хіа-VERB-ат
|-
|-
! 2p.ERG
! rowspan="2" | Semivowel
| хіе-ӈ-VERB-а
| —
| хіе-ӈ-VERB-е
| '''ва''' /wà/
| хіе-ӈ-VERB-ат
| хіе-VERB-а
| хіе-VERB-е
| хіе-VERB-ат
|-
|-
! 3s.ERG
| —
| ло-ӈ-VERB-а
| '''іа''' /jà/
| ло-ӈ-VERB-е
| ло-ӈ-VERB-ат
| ло-VERB-а
| ло-VERB-е
| ло-VERB-ат
|-
|-
! 3p.ERG
| лу-ӈ-VERB-а
| лу-ӈ-VERB-е
| лу-ӈ-VERB-ат
| лу-VERB-а
| лу-VERB-е
| лу-VERB-ат
|}
|}
Tone possibly indicated on vowels instead:
:'''а́ е́ и́ э́ о́ у́'''
:'''а̀ ѐ ѝ э̀ о̀ у̀'''
Animate:
:''ма̀дсьаі'' "human" [sg], ''???'' "people" [pl]
:''сьо́лаі'' "river" [sg], ''???'' "rivers" [pl]
:''хва́лаі'' "horse" [sg], ''???'' "horses" [pl]
:''кхьва́наі'' "god" [sg], ''???'' "gods" [pl]
:''дэ̀лхаі'' ??? [sg]
Inanimate:
:''сэма́л'' "mountain" [sg], ''сэма̀ль'' "mountains" [pl]
:''сьо́л'' "lake" [sg], ''сьо́ль'' "lakes" [pl]
:''ду̀д'' "house" [sg], ''ду̀дь'' "houses" [pl]
:''мэ́ӈ'' "language" [sg], ''мэ̀ӈь'' "languages" [pl]
===Adjective prefixes===
====Colours====
:''маг-'' "black, dark"
:''ос-'' "white, light"
:''тьил-'' "immoral, wicked, evil"

Latest revision as of 19:03, 25 May 2025

Ossmalic



Ossmalic
мэ́ӈ оссэма́л
Pronounced: [ˈmə́ŋ òs.ˈsmál]
Spoken: Ossmal
Writing system: Sealbone Script
Genealogy: Language isolate
Typology
Morphological type:  ???
Morphosyntactic alignment: ergative-absolutive
Basic word order: VSO
Credits
Creator: Malcolm G. Holborne


28 consonants:

Consonant phonemes of Ossmalic
Labial Coronal Palatal Velar
hard soft hard soft
Nasal м /m/ н /n̪/ нь /n̪ʲ/ ӈ /ŋ/ ӈь /ŋʲ/
Stop п /p/ т /t̪/ ть /t̪ʲ/ к /k/ кь /kʲ/
Fricative в /ʋ/ с /s/ сь /sʲ/ і /j/ х /x/ хь /xʲ/
Approximant л /l/ ль /lʲ/
Monophthongs
Type Front Back
Close и /i/ у /u/
Mid е /e/ о /o/
Open а /a/
Short Long
Origin æ e ø i y ɑ ɤ o ɯ u æː eː øː iː yː ɑː ɤː oː ɯː uː
Result ʲa ʲe ʲo ʲĭ ʲŭ a e o ĭ ŭ ʲa ʲe ʲo ʲi ʲu a e o i u


Tone is not explicitly marked in writing but inferred based on historical voicing distinctions and consonant clusters:

Tones Inferred by Consonants
Consonant High Low
Stop па /pá/ ба /pà/
та /t̪á/ да /t̪à/
тьа /t̪ʲá/ дьа /t̪ʲà/
ка /ká/ га /kà/
кьа /kʲá/ гьа /kʲà/
Fricative са /sá/ —
сьа /sʲá/ —
ха /xá/ —
хьа /xʲá/ —
Sonorant — ма /mà/
— на /n̪à/
— ньа /n̪ʲà/
— ӈа /ŋà/
— ӈьа /ŋʲà/
— ла /là/
— льа /lʲà/
Semivowel — ва /wà/
— іа /jà/

Tone possibly indicated on vowels instead:

а́ е́ и́ э́ о́ у́
а̀ ѐ ѝ э̀ о̀ у̀


Animate:

ма̀дсьаі "human" [sg], ??? "people" [pl]
сьо́лаі "river" [sg], ??? "rivers" [pl]
хва́лаі "horse" [sg], ??? "horses" [pl]
кхьва́наі "god" [sg], ??? "gods" [pl]
дэ̀лхаі ??? [sg]

Inanimate:

сэма́л "mountain" [sg], сэма̀ль "mountains" [pl]
сьо́л "lake" [sg], сьо́ль "lakes" [pl]
ду̀д "house" [sg], ду̀дь "houses" [pl]
мэ́ӈ "language" [sg], мэ̀ӈь "languages" [pl]


Adjective prefixes

Colours

маг- "black, dark"
ос- "white, light"
тьил- "immoral, wicked, evil"
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