Ugric/vocab
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A table of Common Ugric vocabulary scavenged from various sources.
To gage the distribution and regularity of these, I'm listing the main varieties of Mansi and Khanty separately.
(Methodological note: in most previous research, a Hungarian reflex has been considered necessary for considering a word to be Common Ugric — although the existence of Ob-Ugric as a separate branch has never been demonstrated.)
| Word | Hungarian | SMs | WMs | EMs | NMs | EKh | SKh | NKh | Notes |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 'to stick into' | akad- | takn- | - | *tåxn- | taxn- | *ɬooɣɯɯn- | tooxən- | *tooxən- | Hu. *ʊ > a / _[-VCD]? |
| 'to bild; to fix' | alkot- | alt- | olt- | oolt- | oolt- | *aaLt- | *oottə- | *aaLtə- | |
| által | ?? | ||||||||
| 'father' | apa | cf. PU *ëppə 'father-in-law' > HU ipa | |||||||
| 'stream; lake' | ár | - | tuur | tuur | tuur(†ə) | *ɬaar | toor | *Laar | ← II; cf. Fi. sarajas, P. *šoor. VS tur |
| ara | - | - | - | - | |||||
| 'younger mtrnl relat.' | ara | - | LM oår | - | oor | ooľii | *oorti | ||
| 'gold; copper' | arany | tarəń | *tariń | tårəń | - | *ɬoorńə | - | - | ← II |
| aszik | ?? | ||||||||
| 'valley, †river; to dry' | aszó | taaš- | tooš- | tooš- | toos- | *soos | sas | *sas | From StarLing. Cf. BSl *saušas 'dry'! |
| 'to swear; to say' | átkoz | - | - | - | - | aat- | - | - | Weak. |
| atval | - | - | - | - | |||||
| 'to wet; to dive' | áz- | - | - | - | - | *ɬastə- | tastə- | Kz ɬostə- | z : s? ∅z : st?? |
| bërke | - | - | - | ?? | |||||
| csigolya | ?? | ||||||||
| 'sprout' | csíra | ćürkiit- | śirk | śɪrk | śirka | - | - | - | cf. Fi. sirkka?! |
| csókol | - | - | - | ||||||
| 'knot' | cseg ~ csög |
- | śäŋkəl | śiŋkəl-t- | - | - | - | - | Or Hu ~ P+Kh *ćuŋə 'finger joint'? P *džek 'block'?? |
| csuhé | |||||||||
| 'to thro' | †tob- | - | - | - | toomp- | - | - | - | Weak, onomat.? Std H dob- |
| 'hill, island' | domb | toomp | to/ump | tomp | tomp | - | - | - | Bad |
| 'dog' | ëb | äämp | *öämp | *öämp | aamp | äämp | ȧȧmp | *ȧȧmp | |
| 'to harden' | edz- | - | - | *öät- | - | äät- | aat- | aat-- | also cf. Kh *ii₂təp 'steel' |
| 'inside; at home' | *jʊ- | jüw | jüw | juw | juw | jooɣ | jox | joxii | |
| 'blade' | él | iľmət | iľəm | iľəm | eelmi | - | - | - | Ms. shortening? |
| 'to mix' | elegyëdik | tilt- | teelit- | U telit- | teel(iɣt)- | *ɬiiLəɣtə- | - | *LiiL(ət)- | |
| 'other side' | elv | äləm | *öäləm | *öäləm | aaləm | J aaɬəm | aatəm | - | |
| 'to caress; to kiss' | enyel(ëg-) | üńəwl- | ińjəl- | ińəjl- | ańiɣl- | - | - | - | |
| 'glue' | enyv | iľəm | P iľəm ~ VS jeeľəm |
iľəm | eeľəm | eejəm | ȧȧjəm | ȧȧjəm | Ms. shortening? |
| 'strawberry' | epër | äpərjek | *ääpərjeex | - | - | - | - | - | |
| 'squirrel' | evet | - | - | - | - | *jiipə(t) | - | - | |
| 'fat' | faggyú | - | - | - | - | pooľť | puuť | puuť | |
| 'to tire' | fárad | - | - | - | powrəmat- | - | - | - | |
| 'to separate' | fejt- | - | pääj- | pääj- | - | - | - | "paajit-" | |
| 'bridle' | fék | pääk | - | - | Check Ms. | ||||
| 'to burst' | fekély | - | - | päxl- | pokl- | - | - | - | |
| 'black' | fekete | - | - | - | - | peɣtə | peɣtə | puutii | |
| fël | ?? | ||||||||
| fér | - | - | - | ?? | |||||
| 'eye of needle, backside' | fok | - | - | pʊ/up | pup | poɣ | pow | pow | Check EMs. |
| 'to flow' | foly- | poľćiit- | *poľśt- | polśiit- | poľśət- | - | palťəma- | *poɭi- | |
| 'type of duck' | fú | - | - | - | - | paaj | - | - | Weak. Cf. Sk. *pake? |
| '(to) stick' | ful(ánk) | - | pulp | pʊlp | - | *puuL- | puutəp | - | Ms. shortening? |
| 'grass' | fű | pom | #puum | U pom ~ M puum |
pum | VVj paam ~ Sgt poom |
puum | *poom | |
| fülik | - | - | - | ?? | |||||
| 'to stick in' | gyakik | - | - | M jɤɤkʷ- | - | V jooɣɯɯ- | - | Kz jaxəs- | Or H. ~ Fi/Ma *d₂okka- |
| '(to) plane' | dial. gyarol- | jar | jarə | jar | jor | - | - | - | std gyalu' < gyalló < *ďarl-ɜw? Ms also *jar-ɣ- 'to plane' |
| 'root' | gyökér gyökere- |
jükäär | jeekər | jeekʷər | jeekʷar | - | - | - | |
| 'to spit' | hagyap- | - | kuľkəs- | O kuľk- | xuľxas- | - | - | - | |
| '(to have) fever' | hagy(máz) | - | - | xoš | - | kaańť- | - | xaaś- | Or H. ~ PU *kod₂ka 'spirit' (máz < 'sickness'). Kh "C" xoońť- |
| 'to bend' | hajol- | - | kooj- | xojt- | - | - | - | - | |
| 'to drive' | hajt | - | xujt- | kujt- | xujt- | - | - | - | Cf. PIE *h₂aǵ-? |
| 'mound; tussock' | hant | - | LM komšəl | - | xoməs | - | - | xoməs | |
| 'woodpecker' | harkály | karkaaj | *koorki | *koorki | xooxra | *kajarkɯɯ | xaxraaj | xaŋraa | |
| 'to burst' | hasad | kaśl- | - | xaśl- | xaśl- | - | - | - | |
| 'swan' | hattyú | kotaaŋ | *kʷatəŋ | *kʷåtəŋ | xotaŋ | kotəŋ | xotəŋ | xotəŋ | ← Turkic |
| 'to wither; to end' | hërvad | - | - | - | - | Tj korəɣɬə- | - | - | Weak. |
| '7' | hét | säät | *söät | *söät | saat | *ɬääpət | taapət | *Lääpət | ← Toch./II, perhaps separately |
| 'to get fat' | híz- | koot- | kuut- | U xuut- | xuut- | VV kaatəɣtə- | xoot-tə- | Kz xɔɔt-ɬə- | |
| 'beaver' | hód | końťəl | kʷontəľ | kuńťəľ | xuntəľ | - | - | - | ← Turkic |
| 'near' | hoz(zá) | - | - | - | - | kuuťəŋ | - | xośaa' | *ć > z?! |
| húz | - | - | - | ||||||
| i(afia) | |||||||||
| 'small, young' | i(fjú) | - | - | - | - | ääj | ȧȧj | *ȧȧj | |
| iránt | |||||||||
| 'joint' | íz | - | - | - | - | jöt | jet | jiit | better here than ~ FP *jäsə(n) |
| 'good' | jó java- |
jomaas | *jaməs | jåməs | jomas | jem | jem | jiim | Or Kh. ~ F *imeh |
| 'to come' | jut- | jokt- | *joxʷt- | joxt- | joxt- | *joɣət- | joxət- | joxət- | |
| 'mood; hate' | kedv | - | känt | - | kant | - | *kent | kant | |
| keserű | - | - | - | ||||||
| keshed | |||||||||
| ki | |||||||||
| köles | - | - | - | ||||||
| könnyű | |||||||||
| 'to hum, moo, growl' | könyörög- | - | - | kenɣ- | keenɣ- | *köönəɣ- | kenəj- | Kz keeni- | |
| köszörül | - | - | - | ||||||
| 'slow' | lassú | ?? | |||||||
| 'loose; wide' | laza | - | *laś | *låś | loś | ɭať | lať | *ɭaś | |
| lë(ány) | |||||||||
| 'to step' | lép | ||||||||
| les | |||||||||
| 'horse' | ló lova- |
low | luw | lʊ | luw | *looɣ | taaw | *Laaw | |
| 'shin; foot' | loll | lʌjəl | *lɤɤl låjl- |
*lɤɤl låjl- |
laaɣəl | *ɭaaɣəɭ | laaxəl | - | |
| 'person' | magyar, megyer |
mäńćii | *möäńś | *möäńś | maańśi | *maańť | *moońť | *maaś | *mäńćɜ ~ *mańćɜ ← II *manuš |
| 'willow' | malát | - | - | - | - | *maɣLïï | *maxtə | *moxLa | |
| 'palm' | marok | - | - | - | - | muurəs | muurəs | - | |
| 'to dive' | márt- | moors- | *muurs- | muurs- | muurs- | *maraa- | *mar- | *mar- | |
| 'warm' | meleg | määliit | *möältəp | *möältəp | maaltip | *meeɭəŋk | - | *meeɭək | |
| 'to be proper; to fit' | mélt- | - | - | - | - | meel- | - | - | |
| 'deep' | mély | mäl ~ miľ |
mil | mil | mil | *meL | met | *mäL | P. ńiľ |
| 'stallion; herd' | mén | - | - | - | - | - | - | maanəŋ | Weak. |
| 'to tear' | mënyül- | mänəmt- | *mänəmt- | *määnəmt- | manəm- | - | *meneemə- | *meeɳəm- | |
| mer | |||||||||
| mered | |||||||||
| mese | - | - | - | - | |||||
| mét(háló) | |||||||||
| meztelen | - | - | - | ||||||
| "to smile" | mosolyog | mos- | mus- | mʊsət- | musat- | - | - | - | |
| -nÁl | - | - | - | ||||||
| "sun, day" | nap | ||||||||
| nevet | - | - | - | ||||||
| "woods, hurdle; to bind" | nyék | - | neew- | neeɣ- | neeɣ- | - | neewəj | - | k ~ *ɣ?? Semantics wtf? Cf Mong. *neke- "to weave" |
| "to pull" | nyer | ńärəmt- | ńir- | ńerəmt- | - | ńer- | ńer- | *ńär- | |
| "8" | nyolc | ńolalu | ńallow | ńållåw | ńoləlow | ńɯɯLəɣ | ńiitə | *ńiiɣəL | Check Ms. Cf. PU *neljä "4"?! |
| oldal | |||||||||
| ólom | - | - | - | ||||||
| olt | |||||||||
| "whip" | ostor | aśtər | - | oośtər | oośtər | - | - | - | ← II |
| óv | |||||||||
| óv | - | - | - | ||||||
| ragad | - | - | - | - | |||||
| rajta | - | - | - | ||||||
| rokkan | |||||||||
| "to kick; to wade" | rúg | - | - | - | - | röŋkää- | roŋk- | ruuŋk- | Weak. Check Kh. |
| "(to) press" | sajtó | - | - | - | - | - | čuujət- | *šoojLə- | |
| -sÁg | - | - | - | ||||||
| "rapids" | sellő | särľii | särlə | (-) | saarla | - | - | - | |
| sötét | |||||||||
| süpped | - | - | - | ||||||
| süt | - | - | - | ||||||
| "adze" | szalu | - | - | - | sowli | *suuɣəL | sooxət | - | |
| "stem, leg" | szár | sar | sar | sår | sor | *so₂r | suur | *soor | |
| "to turn" | szédül | - | - | säjɣ- | - | seejəɣ- | sajɣ- | - | |
| "peg" | szëg | süŋ | *säŋkʷə | "KL" säŋkʷ | saŋkʷ | - | - | - | ← II *śaŋku |
| "edge" | szél | - | - | seel | seel | *siiL | - | *siiL | |
| "salt" | szik | ćik | śäx | śäx | (-) | - | - | - | |
| "word" | szó | - | - | "sauŋ" | sow | *soɣ | sox | sox | ← Turkic |
| szorgalom | |||||||||
| szőke | - | - | - | - | |||||
| szőr | - | - | - | ||||||
| szül | - | - | - | ||||||
| táj | - | - | - | - | |||||
| tál | - | - | - | ||||||
| táltos | |||||||||
| tekint | - | - | - | - | |||||
| "place" | tér | - | - | - | - | ||||
| téved | |||||||||
| tidó | |||||||||
| "throat" | torok | tor | tur | tʊr | tur | tuur | tüür | *tuur | |
| "fire" | tűz tüze- |
täwət | *töäwt | *töäwt | - | *töɣət | *tüüt | *tuut | Cf. Mongolian tǖdeg "bonfire" |
| "to despise; to puke" | utál | - | åjt- | ajt- | aajət- | *aaɣət- | aaxət- | *aaxət- | Bad. Maybe FP *oksə- ~ Ms *ɤɤjət- → Kh? |
| "grandparent; woman" | ük | jükää | P jeek | U eekʷə | eekʷa | - | - | - | |
| "animal mother" | üsző | - | - | - | - | V ees | - | O ȧs | |
| "to wait" | vár | oor- | P wur-- | uur- | uur- | - | - | - | |
| "kidney; penis" | vese | üćəw | P wäśəɣ | U wääśəj | wośiɣ | - | - | - | Weak. |
| "pole" | záp | šapəl | P šoplə | *soopəl | soopla | - | - | - | |
| "corner" | zug ~ szug |
- | - | - | - | soŋ | soŋ | suuŋ | |
| "to shrink" | zsugorodik | ćäŋkʷər- | P śaŋkər- ~ LM śuŋkər- |
śiŋkər- | śuŋkər- | - | - | - | |
| Cases with g ~ *ɣ | |||||||||
| "branch" | ág | taw | *taɣ | *tåɣ | tow | *ɬaɣʷɯɯ | tawə | *Lowə | (Fi. hanka ← Gmc) |
| "to drip" | buzog- | pask- | *pɤɤss- | *pɤɤsɣ- | paasɣ- | *paasəɣ- | *poosɣə- | *paasii- | cf. WU #piśa- "drop"?! |
| "to grasp" | fog | pow- | puw- | pʊw- | puw- | - | - | - | cf. F *püü-tä- 'to catch'! |
| "saddle" | nyerëg | näwrää | *naaɣər | nåɣər | - | nööɣər | - | - | |
| "to race; to gallop; jump" | száguld- | šoom- | šuum- | *šuum- | - | *saaɣəL(t)- *suuɣəm |
*saaxət(t)- *sooxəm |
*saaxəlt- *sooxəm |
Kaz. sixəɬ- |
| "quiver" | tëgëz | - | P tääwt | täwt | tawt | tüüɣət | tiiwət | *tiiwət | |
| Derivational cases | |||||||||
| "hay padding" | alom | - | - | - | - | *ɯɯLəm | iitəm | *iiLəm | < PU *ëla-ma |
| "cover" | fëdél | - | *päntəl | päntəl | - | - | - | from PU *pintä- "to cover" > fëd-, *pänt- | |
| Cognates elsewhere in Uralic known by now (from Honti '97) | |||||||||
| "hip, butt" | ágyék | ońćii | *uńś | uńś | *uuńś | - | - | - | PU *onśa "meat, part"; ← II |
| "to listen" | †hadl- | kʷantaal- | *koontl- | *koontl- | xoontl- | *kuuntəɣL- | xuuntt- | - | PU *konta-lə- (cf. F. *kuuntëlë-) |
| "to step on; to climb" | hág- | kʌʌŋk- | *kɤɤŋk- | *kɤɤŋk- | xaaŋx- | VV kaaŋət- | xooŋx- | *xooŋx- | PU *këŋkə- "to climb". Surgut kuuŋət- |
| "hair" | haj | - | kooj | U xooj | xooj | - | - | - | PU *kajə "stalk (of grass etc.)" |
| "footprint; to press" | nyom | ńal- | - | ńåləmt- | ńol- | *ńoLt- | ńattə- | *ńaLt- | PU *ńulə-(mɜ-). Cf Ma. *nʊmərɣə- |
| Rejectable | |||||||||
| 'to follow tracks' | kísér | - | - | - | - | köť- | köť- | *kuuś- | Kh better < *küjɜ- (StUE4) |
| 'smoke' | füst | - | *pašəm | *påšəm | posim | - | - | *poosəŋ | Hu better ← Iranian (and Kh. ← EMs?) |
Sources
- Honti, László. Az ugor alapnyelv kérdézéhez. Budapest, 1997.
- UEW = Rédei, Karoly. Uralisches Etymologisches Wörterbuch. 1988.
