Sound Changes in Imperial Languages (Empire-in-the-West)

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Archaic Imperial

Sample sentence: Liqâti ux-xucâlik um-migâmirax /liqaːti uxxuʔaːlik ummigaːmirax/

Initial Phonemic Inventory

Consonants

POA Labials Dentals Emphatics Velars Uvulars Glottals
Tenuis stops p /p/ t /t/ ṭ /tˤ/ k /k/ q /q/  ? /ʔ/
Lenis stops b /b/ d /d/ ḍ /dˤ/ g /g/ ǵ /ɢ/
Fricatives f /f/ s /s/ ṣ /sˤ/ x /x/ ḥ /χ/ h /h/
Nasals m /m/ n /n/
Liquids l /l/, r /r/
Glides y /j/ w /w/

Vowels

  • Short: /i a u/ i a u
  • Long: /iː aː uː/ ī ā ū
  • Diphthong: /ai au/ ai au

Symbols:

  • E= ṭ, q, ḍ, ḡ, ṭh, qh
  • V=any vowel
  • C=any consonant

I. Developments in Late Archaic

Sample sentence: [ɫeˈʔɑːte uxːuʔˈaːlik umːiˈɡaːmirax

Consonants

  1. l>ɫ/[+emph]
  2. f s sˤ x χ>[+voice]/V_C[+voice], V_V[-stress]
  3. h>0/V_C[+voice], V_V[-stress]
  4. tˤ dˤ sˤ>{t d s}
  5. q>ʔ
  6. ʔ>q/#_

Vowels

  1. iː uː> əi əu/E_

Emphasis spreading:

  1. i u a> e o ɑ/[+emph]
  2. iː uː aː> eː oː ɑː/[+emph]

Diphthongs:

  1. ai au> ajə awə/_[+stress]#
  2. ai au> ɛː ɔː
  3. V>ə/[-stress]_{# l r}$

II. Developments to Classical

Sample sentence: hwǣl łāthe megīmer [hwaːl ɫɑːθə məɟiːmɚ]

Consonants

  1. p t k> pʰ tʰ kʰ/_V[+stress]
  2. p t k> f θ x/V_V[-stress]
  3. b d g> β ð ɣ/V_V
  4. χ> ʜ
  5. ɢ> q/#_
  6. ɢ> ʢ
  7. Cː>C
  8. k g x> kʲ gʲ xʲ/_i(ː)

Vowels

  1. i u> ɪ ʊ
  2. e o> e o
  3. a ɑ> ɛ ɔ

III. Developments to Late Classical

Consonants

  1. kʲ gʲ xʲ> ʧ ʤ ʃ
  2. ɣ> w/V[+back]_
  3. ɣ> j/V[+front]_
  4. ð> j
  5. β> w
  6. C> Cʲ/_i(ː)
  7. C> Cʷ_u(ː)
  8. C> Cˠ/_a

Vowels

  1. ə>0
  2. V>0/C_C
  3. ɪ ɑ> ʏ ɒ/Cʷ_
  4. ɪ ʊ> ɨ ʌ/Cˠ_

Classical Imperial

Modern Standard Imperial

Advanced Capital Imperial

Examples

̝*'xirit>heɪɹt

  • xi'raːti>ʃɾɑːjθ
  • 'gimir>ˈʤɪnɚ
  • mi'gaːmir>ʔənʤɑːmɚ
  • 'χimit>ʜeɪnt
  • qas'sam>ʔə'sɑm
  • fus'sil>fə'sɪl