Raxúl
Raxúl /raˈɕyl/ is a conlang inspired by the languages of native North America created by Freezethemoment. The language, currently being developed, was started in February 2008.
| Raxúl | |
| Alternative Names | None |
| Author | Freezzze |
| Type | Personal Artlang |
| Year began | February 2008 |
| Demographics | |
| Population | ~2 million speakers |
| Spoken in | Unkown |
| Genetic Classification | Human |
| Grammar | |
| Most Common Word-Order | SOV |
| Morphological Typology | Agglutinating |
| Morpho-syntactic Alignment | Nom-Acc & Erg-Abs |
| edit | |
Contents
Phonology
Phoneme Inventory
Consonants¹
| Labial | Dental | Palatal | Velar | Glottal | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Plosive | Plain | p | t | k | ʔ | |
| Aspirated | pʰ | tʰ | kʰ | |||
| Ejective | p’ | t’ | k’ | |||
| Voiced | b | d | g | |||
| Fricative | Plain | ɸ | x | h | ||
| Ejective | ɸ’ | x’ | ||||
| Sibilant | Plain | s | ɕ | |||
| Ejective | s’ | ɕ’ | ||||
| Approximant | ʋ | j | ||||
| Lateral | l | |||||
| Trill | r |
Vowels³
| Plain | Front | Mid | Back | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Spread | Rounded | Spread | Rounded | ||
| High | i | y | |||
| Mid | e | (ə) | o | ||
| Low | a |
| Nasal | Front | Mid | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Spread | Rounded | Spread | |
| High | ĩ | ỹ | |
| Mid | ã |
Notes:
1. All consonants, except for voiced plosives which cannot occur in coda position, may be geminated medially.
2. The contoid [h] doesn't appear at the surface level. It is phonetically realized as a voiceless pharyngeal fricative [ħ].
3. All vowels may be geminated.
4. Sibilant harmony allows either dental (/s/ and /s’/) or palatal (/ɕ/ and /ɕ’/) sibilants in one and the same word. This may affect affixes regressively.
5. The phoneme /ə/ has merged with /a/ but is still distinct in the native script and can optionally be marked in the romanisation.
Syllable structure
(C)(L)(G)V(V)(G)(L)(F)
C = Any consonant. F = Any consonant except for voiced stops. L = Liquids; /r/ and /l/. G = Glides; /ʋ/ and /j/.
Notes:
1. No gemination of consonants is allowed within a syllable.
2. Sonority hierarchy must be respected.
Orthography
Alphabet (Single Graphs)
| Grapheme | A | Ä | Ą | B | C | D | E | F | G | H | I | Į | K | L | M | N | O | P | Q | R | S | T | U | Ų | W | X | Y | ' | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Phoneme | a | (ə) | ã | b | x | d | e | ɸ | g | h | i | ĩ | k | l | - | - | o | p | ʔ | r | s | t | y | ỹ | ʋ | ɕ | j |
Stressedmarked Oral Vowels
| Grapheme | À | Ȁ | È | Ì | Ò | Ù | ||||||||||
| Phoneme | a | (ə) | e | i | o | y |
Digraphs & Trigraphs
| Grapheme | C' | F' | K' | P' | S' | T' | X' | KH | PH | TH | ||||||||||||||||||
| Phoneme | x’ | ɸ’ | k’ | p’ | s’ | t’ | ɕ’ | kʰ | pʰ | tʰ |
Stressmarked Nasal Vowels
| Grapheme | ĄN/ĄM | ĮN/ĮM | ŲN/ŲM | ĄRM/ĄRN | ĮRM/ĮRN | ŲRM/ŲRN | ĄLM/ĄLN | ĮLM/ĮLN | ŲLM/ŲLN | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Phoneme(s) | ã | ĩ | ỹ | ãr | ĩr | ũr | ãl | ĩl | ũl |
Notes:
1. An acute accent is only used in few words with irregular stress on the root. Like the name of the language «Raxúl».
Nominal Morphology
Nouns can be marked for case. The nominal case system is a Ergative-Absolutive system. The absolutive case is the unmarked case. Ergative case is marked by the suffix -ti. The Ergative case is used for subjects of a transitive sentence.
1. Sentences are considered to be transitive if only an underlying direct object is present in its syntactic nominal slot.
2. The ergative case may also be used when a subject role in a sentence considered to be intransitive needs to be emphasized.
| Ergative | -ti |
| Absolutive | Ø |
| Dative | t'a(r)- |
| Ablative | |
| Comitative | es- |
| Instrumental |
Verbal Morphology
Verbs must always be inflected for person and aspect and they can optionally be inflected for moods other than declaritive and tense other than the present. Person is marked by prefixes, aspect by suffixes.
Personal Prefixes
Personal prefixes on verbs are as their name suggests prefixed to the verb root. They may be marked for case. The order of the suffixes is as follows: Nominative - Dative - Ablative - Accusative.
1st Person
| Nominative | Neutral | Emotive | Rational | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Singular | so(th)¹- | se(th)¹- | ec- | |
| Plural | Exclusive | sow- | sa(th)¹- | es- |
| Inclusive | xoxi(t)¹- | xey- | exi(t)¹- |
2nd Person
| Nominative | Neutral | Emotive | Rational |
|---|---|---|---|
| Singular | fo(k')¹- | ||
| Plural | fosi(k')¹- |
3nd Person
| Nominative | Neutral | Emotive | Rational |
|---|---|---|---|
| Singular | wų(k)¹- | ||
| Plural | wųsi(k)¹- | ||
| Referential | |||
| Singular | ų(k)¹- | ||
| Plural | ųsi(k)¹- |
4rth Person
| Nominative | Neutral | Emotive | Rational |
|---|---|---|---|
| Singular | ke(l)¹- | ||
| Plural | kes/kix- |
Aspectual Suffixes
| 1 | 2 | 3 |
| Habitual | Perfective | Atelicity |
|---|---|---|
| -ke/k/e- | -h/wi/(wih)- | -c |
| Imperfective | ||
| -dey/ey- | ||
| Continuous | ||
| -gą/ą- |
Notes:
1. Consonants between brackets will appear on the surface if only the verb root starts in a vowel. If the first consonant of the root is the same as the final consonant of the suffix next to it, the consonant is simply geminated.
Texts and Translation Challenges
Short CBB Translation Challenges
Kixpháxąc
/kiɕˈpʰaɕãx/
kes-phax-gą-c
4.PL-Rain-CONT-ATEL
"It's raining" ~ "It keeps on raining"
Info:Sun Mar 16, 2008 2:16 pm Post subject: TC — It's raining
Others
Esphúlteq wųláptok
/esˈpʰylteʔ ʋỹˈlaptok/
es-phulteq wų-lapto-ke
COM-wolf 3.Sg.NEUT-dance-HAB
"He dances with a wolf"
Info: "Sun Mar 30, 2008 15:00"
Bąthrí sekórodeyc khwo t'awąntlo sethrąnkah
/bãˈtʰri seˈkorodejx kʰʋo t’aˈʋãtlo setʰˈrãkah/
bąs'-thri seth-koro-dey-c khwo t'ar-wątlo seth-rąka-wih
LOC-rain 1S.EMO-sing-IMPERF-ATEL and.incl DAT-child 1S-laugh-PERF
"I'm singing in the rain and once smile at a child."
Info: "Wed Apr 09, 2008 15:15"
