Classical Kasshian paradigms/nouns

Inflection paradigms for nouns and adjectives in Classical Kasshian.

Gender prefix paradigms

All paradigms will be given with adjectives in the absolutive case.

Hard consonant

Example adjective: nesni (tall, high)

Gender	Singular	Dual	Plural
I	chinesni	chennesnii
II	nanesni	nannesnii
III	sunesni	sonnesnii
IV	çinesni	çefnesnii
V	lanesni	lafnesnii
VI	wanesni	wafnesnii
VII	pinesni	pefnesnii
IX	tonnesni	tonninesnii	tonnanesnii

A-dropping

Example adjective: tanama (serene)

Gender	Singular	Dual	Plural
I	chentama	chettanamai
II	nantama	nattanamai
III	sontama	sottanamai
IV	çentama	çeftanamai
V	lantama	laftanamai
VI	wantama	waftanamai
VII	pentama	peftanamai
IX	tontanama	tonnentamai	tonnantamai

Ka-subtype

Example adjective: katūsanta (nameless)

Gender	Singular	Dual	Plural
I	chītūsanta	chekkatūsantai
II	nātūsanta	nakkatūsantai
III	sūtūsanta	sokkatūsantai
IV	çītūsanta	çefkatūsantai
V	lātūsanta	lafkatūsantai
VI	wātūsanta	wafkatūsantai
VII	pītūsanta	pefkatūsantai
IX	tonkatūsanta	tonnītūsantai	tonnātūsantai

Ga-subtype

Example adjective: gazhinu (red)

Gender	Singular	Dual	Plural
I	chīzhinu	cheggazhimi
II	nāzhinu	naggazhimi
III	sūzhinu	soggazhimi
IV	çīzhinu	çevgazhimi
V	lāzhinu	lavgazhimi
VI	wāzhinu	wavgazhimi
VII	pīzhinu	pevgazhimi
IX	tongazhinu	tonnīzhimi	tonnāzhimi

Vowel-initial

Example adjective: anashi (silent)

Gender	Singular	Dual	Plural
I	chanashi	tranashii
II	nanashi	nranashii
III	swanashi	sranashii
IV	çanashi	çifanashii
V	lanashi	lafanashii
VI	wanashi	wafanashii
VII	pyanashi	pifanashii
IX	tonkanashi	tunyanashii	tonnanashii

L-initial

Type 1

Example adjective: lācha (other)

Gender	Singular	Dual	Plural
I	trācha	chellāchasshi
II	nrācha	nallāchasshi
III	srācha	sollāchasshi
IV	klācha	çiflachasshi
V	lalācha	laflāchasshi
VI	walācha	waflāchasshi
VII	plācha	piflāchasshi
IX	tunrācha	tonnilāchasshi	tonnalāchasshi

Ly-/Lw-initial

Lwa (much/many) is the only known example of a type 1 l-initial adjective with initial lw-, and there are no known type 1 ly-initial adjective. Due to its meaning, lwa can only occur in the plural or in the singular of genders VI and VII

Gender	Singular	Plural
I		chellwai
II		nallwai
III		sollwai
IV		çeflwai
V		laflwai
VI	walwa	waflwai
VII	pilwa	peflwai
IX		tonnalwai

Type 2

Example adjective: lakon (lakom- before vowels) (acceptable)

Gender	Singular	Dual	Plural
I	trakon	chellakommi
II	nrakon	nallakommi
III	srakon	sollakommi
IV	klakon	çeffakommi
V	lalakon	laffakommi
VI	walakon	waffakommi
VII	plakon	peffakommi
IX	tonnakon	tonnilakommi	tonnalakommi

Ly-/Lw-initial

Example adjective: lyonglev (ill-advised)

Gender	Singular	Dual	Plural
I	chilyonglev	chellyonglevvi
II	nalyonglev	nallyonglevvi
III	sulyonglev	sollyonglevvi
IV	çilyonglev	çeffyonglevvi
V	lalyonglev	laffyonglevvi
VI	walyonglev	waffyonglevvi
VII	pilyonglev	peffyonglevvi
IX	tonnyonglev	tonnilyonglevvi	tonnalyonglevvi

Y-initial

Example adjective: yanta (cute)

Gender	Singular	Dual	Plural
I	chanta	chilyantai
II	nyanta	nalyantai
III	shanta	sulyantai
IV	çanta	çifyantai
V	lyanta	lafyantai
VI	uyanta	wafyantai
VII	pyanta	pifyantai
IX	tonçanta	tonnyantai	tonnaintai

W-initial

Example adjective: waka (tired)

Gender	Singular	Dual	Plural
I	paka	chilwakai
II	maka	nalwakai
III	swaka	sulwakai
IV	quaka	çifakai
V	lwaka	lafakai
VI	waka	wafakai
VII	paka	pifakai
IX	tonquaka	tumakai	tonnaukai

Case-number paradigms

Vowel-final

Simple

Example nouns: çimyala (cat), sukasshi (Kasshi), lasossu (snake), wavassai (fingernail), navau (adj. "clean", gender I used)

Case	çimyala			sukasshi			lasossu			wavassai			chinavau
	Singular	Plural		Singular	Plural		Singular	Plural		Singular	Plural		Singular	Plural
Absolutive	çimyala	çevmyalai		sukasshi	sokkasshii		lasossu	lafsosswi		wavassai	wavvassai		chinavau	chennavau
Ergative	çimyalal	çevmyalail		sukasshel	sokkasshel		lasossol	lafsosswel		wavassail	wavvassail		chinavaul	chennavaul
Genitive	çimyalaf	çevmyalaif		sukasshef	sokkasshef		lasossof	lafsosswef		wavassaif	wavvassaif		chinavauf	chennavauf
Dative	çimyalaz	çevyalaiz		sukasshez	sokkasshez		lasossoz	lafsosswez		wavvassaiz	wavvassaiz		chinavauz	chennavauz
Instrumental	çimyalani	çevmyalaini		sukasshini	sokkasshiini		lasossuni	lafsosswini		wavassaini	wavvassaini		chinavauni	chennavauni
Benefactive	çimyalan	çevmyalain		sukasshen	sokkasshen		lasosson	lafsosswen		wavassain	wavvassain		chinavaun	chennavaun
Commitative	çimyalanan	çevmyalainan		sukasshinan	sokkasshiinan		lasossunan	lafsosswinan		wavassainan	wavvassainan		chinavaunan	chennavaunan

Note that, since nouns ending in -i, -ai, and -au distinguish number only in the gender-prefix for most cases, genders I-III nouns ending in those sounds and starting with consonant clusters fail to distinguish number in many cases, for example, sublagi (fool):

Case	Singular	Plural
Absolutive	sublagi	sublagii
Ergative	sublagel
Genitive	sublagef
Dative	sublagez
Instrumental	sublagini	sublagiini
Benefactive	sublagen
Commitative	sublaginan	sublagiinan

With sound-changes

Types of sound-change with example nouns or adjective:

• tu/du/nu -> pi/bi/mi (pyunu, "line")
• pu/bu/mu/fu/vu -> pi/bi/mi/fi/vi (piplafu "noise")
• -yu -> -iwi (vazhu, "black", given here in gender VI)
• -yu -> -i (wagashu, "night")
• -ç being underlying -çi (wacheç, "arm")

Case	pyunu			piplafu			wavazhu			wagashu			wacheç
	Singular	Plural		Singular	Plural		Singular	Plural		Singular	Plural		Singular	Plural
Absolutive	pyunu	pifyumi		piplafu	pefplafi		wavazhu	wavvazhiwi		wagashu	wavgashi		wacheç	wafchiçii
Ergative	pyunol	pifyumel		piplafol	pefplafel		wavazhol	wavvazhiwel		wagashol	wavgashel		wachiçel	wafchiçel
Genitive	pyunof	pifyumef		piplafof	pefplafef		wavazhof	wavvazhiwef		wagashof	wavgashef		wachiçef	wafchiçef
Dative	pyunoz	pifyumez		piplafoz	pefplafez		wavazhoz	wavvazhiwez		wagashoz	wavgazhez		wachiçez	wafchiçez
Instrumental	pyununi	pifyumini		piplafuni	pefplafini		wavazhuni	wavvazhiwini		wagashuni	wavgashini		wachiçini	wafchiçiini
Benefactive	pyunon	pifyumen		piplafon	pefplafen		wavazhon	wavvazhiwen		wagashon	wavgashen		wachiçen	wafchiçen
Commitative	pyununan	pifyuminan		piplafunan	pefplafinan		wavazhunan	wavvazhiwinan		wagashunan	wavgashinan		wachiçinan	wafchiçiinan

Consonant-final

Non-geminating

Example noun: chiglajez (leader of a city)

Case	Singular	Plural
Absolutive	chiglajez	chiglajizhi
Ergative	chiglajizal	chiglajizhel
Genitive	chiglajizaf	chiglajizhef
Dative	chiglajizaz	chiglajizhez
Instrumental	chiglajezni	chiglajizhini
Benefactive	chiglajezna	chiglajizhen
Commitative	chiglajeznan	chiglajizhinan

Geminating

Example noun: nrakos (man)

Case	Singular	Plural
Absolutive	nrakos	nallakosshi
Ergative	nrakusal	nallakosshel
Genitive	nrakusaf	nallakosshef
Dative	nrakusaz	nallakosshez
Instrumental	nrakosni	nallakosshini
Benefactive	nrakosna	nallakosshen
Commitative	nrakosnan	nallakosshinan

L-dropping

Example adjective: magel (complicated), in gender VI

Case	Singular	Plural
Absolutive	wamagel	wafmagelli
Ergative		wafmagellel
Genitive	wamagef	wafmagellef
Dative	wamagez	wafmagellez
Instrumental	wamagenni	wafmagellini
Benefactive	wamagenna	wafmagellen
Commitative	wamagennan	wafmagellinan

Stem-changing

Hidden consonant

Example noun: trāna (friend)

Case	Singular	Plural
Absolutive	trāna(s)	chellānasshi
Ergative	trānasal	chellānasshel
Genitive	trānasaf	chellānassef
Dative	trānasaz	chellānassez
Instrumental	trānasni	chellānasshini
Benefactive	trānasna	chellānasshen
Commitative	trānasnan	chellānasshinan

A-dropping

Example noun: klasta (bird)

Case	Singular	Plural
Absolutive	klasta	çiflasshi
Ergative	klastal	çiflasshel
Genitive	klastaf	çiflasshef
Dative	klastaz	çiflasshez
Instrumental	klastani	çiflasshini
Benefactive	klastan	çiflasshen
Commitative	klastanan	çiflasshinan

Alternating

Example nouns: pyalef (path), wiflav (theme), wapikas (wing), wainisaz (revelation)

Case	pyalef			wiflav			wapikas			wainisaz
	Singular	Plural		Singular	Plural		Singular	Plural		Singular	Plural
Absolutive	pyalef	pifyalipi		wiflav	wafiflabi		wapikas	wafpikachi		wainisaz	wafyanisaji
Ergative	pyalipal	pifyalipel		wiflabal	wafiflabel		wapikatal	wafpikachel		wainisadal	wafyanisajel
Genitive	pyalipaf	pifyalipef		wiflabaf	wafiflabef		wapikataf	wafpikachef		wainisadaf	wafyanisajef
Dative	pyalipaz	pifyalipez		wiflabaz	wafiflabez		wapikataz	wafpikachez		wainisadaz	wafyanisajez
Instrumental	pyalempi	pifyalipini		wiflambi	wafiflabini		wapikanchi	wafpikachini		wainisanji	wafyanisajini
Benefactive	pyalempa	pifyalipan		wiflamba	wafiflaben		wapikanta	wafpikachen		wainisanda	wafyanisajen
Commitative	pyalempan	pifyalipinan		wiflamban	wafiflabinan		wapikantan	wafpikachinan		wainisandan	wafyanisajinan

Long vowels

Long vowel I

Example nouns: piflā (machine), winī (time), sunestū (relative)

Case	piflā			winī			sunestū
	Singular	Plural		Singular	Plural		Singular	Plural
Absolutive	piflā	pefflaç		winī	wafineç		sunestū	sonnestoç
Ergative	piflakal	pefflaçel		winikal	wafiniçel		sunestukal	sonnestuçel
Genitive	piflakaf	pefflaçef		winikaf	wafiniçef		sunestukaf	sonnestuçef
Dative	piflakaz	pefflaçez		winikaz	wafiniçez		sunestukaz	sonnestuçez
Instrumental	piflançi	pefflaçini		winençi	wafiniçini		sunestonçi	sonnestuçini
Benefactive	piflanka	pefflaçen		winenka	wafiniçen		sunestonka	sonnestuçen
Commitative	piflankan	pefflaçinan		winenkan	wafiniçinan		sunestonkan	sonnestuçinan

Long vowel II

Example nouns: chimitā (father's sister), sutrunī (hand), chimanū (grandmother's sister)

Case	chimitā			sutrunī			chimanū
	Singular	Plural		Singular	Plural		Singular	Plural
Absolutive	chimitā	chemmitai		sutrunī	sutrunii		chimanū	chemmami
Ergative	chimitagal	chemmitail		sutrunigal	sutrunel		chimanugal	chemmamel
Genitive	chimitagaf	chemmitaif		sutrunigaf	sutrunef		chimanugaf	chemmamef
Dative	chimitagaz	chemmitaiz		sutrunigaz	sutrunez		chimanugaz	chemmamez
Instrumental	chimitang'i	chemmitaini		sutruning'i	sutruniini		chimanung'i	chemmamini
Benefactive	chimitanga	chemmitain		sutrunenga	sutrunen		chimanonga	chemmamina
Commitative	chimitangan	chemmitainan		sutrunengan	sutruniinan		chimanongan	chemmaminan

Long vowel III

Example noun: chivā (that one), tanī (adj., "public", given in gender VI) chikalū (niece)

Case	chivā			watanī			chikalū
	Singular	Plural		Singular	Plural		Singular	Plural
Absolutive	chivā	chevvai		watanī	waftanii		chikalū	chekkalwi
Ergative	chival	chevvail		watanel	waftanel		chikalol	chekkalwel
Genitive	chivaf	chevvaif		watanef	waftanef		chikalof	chekkalwef
Dative	chivaz	chevvaiz		watanez	waftanez		chikaloz	chekkalwez
Instrumental	chivāni	chevvaini		watanīni	waftaniini		chikalūni	chekkalwini
Benefactive	chivan	chevvaini		watanen	waftanen		chikalon	chekkalwen
Commitative	chivānan	chevvainan		watanīnan	waftaniinan		chekalūnan	chekkalwinan

Long vowel IV

Example nouns: plalā (piece), walchī (boat), wātū (name)

Case	plalā			walchī			wātū
	Singular	Plural		Singular	Plural		Singular	Plural
Absolutive	plalā	piflalai		walchī	wafalchii		wātū	wafkatwi
Ergative	plalal	piflalail		walchal	wafalchel		wātwal	wafkatwel
Genitive	plalaf	piflalaif		walchaf	wafalchef		wātwaf	wafkatwef
Dative	plalaz	piflalaiz		walchaz	wafalchez		wātwaz	wafkatwez
Instrumental	plalang'i	piflalaini		walching'i	wafalchiini		wātung'i	wafkatwini
Benefactive	plalang'a	piflalain		walching'a	wafalchen		wātung'a	wafkatwen
Commitative	plalang'an	piflalainan		walching'an	wafalchiinan		wātung'an	wafkatwinan

In some dialects, -ng'- is replaced by -ng- or by -n-. Note that in dialects that replace -ng'- with -n-, type IV nouns ending in -ā only differ in the absolutive and benefactive singular from nouns ending in -a.