Fricative loss: intervocalic *-b-, *-d-, and *-g- were lost except before front vowels, or after nasals
- *jalaga → *jálā → *jě̏la → jała "elm"
- *jabat → *jā → *jě̏ → je "oars"
- *kuuldak → *kū́llaˀ → *kylò → kiło "to hear"
- Intervocalic *-b- before front vowels become *-w-
- *häbäs → *éˀwes → *jève → jewie "withers"
- Otherwise, *-b-, *-d-, and *-g retain their phonological quality after nasal
- *lamba → *lámba → *lǫ̏bo → łębo "sheep"
|
Secondary stress becomes the primary stress, and the old stress lost
- Proto-Finnic *ármastàdak → Early Proto-Cernelian *armastā́ˀ → Late Proto-Cernelian *ormostà → Modern Cernelian romosta "to love"
- The secondary stress is expected from non-final odd-numbered syllables
- The secondary stress pattern still remained after fricative loss (see above for examples)
|
Glottalization: *h-, *-h, and *-k become early Proto-Cernelian glottalized acute -ˀ (final *-h caused lengthening of the preceding vowel)
- *habukka → *áuˀka → *ùko → uko "hawk"
- *hameh → *áˀmē → *òmě → omie "shirt"
- *raha → *ráˀa → *rȏ → ro "money"
|
Proto-Finnic front vowels *e, *ö, *ü → *e, *e, *i
- *räüstäs → *rèistes → *rȉste → rzyście
- This development also followed by fronting of *o after front vowels to *ö
- *näko, alternative *näkö → *néke → *nȅče → niecze
|
Proto-Finnic *c → *s
- *kecrä → *késre → *čȅre → czerze "wheel"
|
Proto-Finnic short *o → *a, but *oo → *ō
- *ilo → *íla → *jьlõ → iłó "joy"
|
Ruki sound law: -s- becomes -š- after velars, -i-, -r-, and -u- except preceding consonants
- *ükci → *iˀsi → *iˀši → *jь̀šь → isz "one"
- *karcina → *káršina → *kȍršьno → krószno "pen of animals"
|
Increasing stress phonemicization
- Stress in medial open syllables moved one syllable to the left
- *ínhimìnen → *iníˀminen from *iniˀmínen → jьnьmьnę̃ → iniemnią "person"
- When the stress in words with 4 syllable or more retracted to the initial syllable, the stress moved to the last syllable
- *mágatkàtemek → *mātkateméˀ from *mā́tkatemeˀ → *makotemè → makociemie "let's sleep"
|
