Cažorih morphology
- Main article: Cažorih
This page gives an extensive description of Cažorih morphological features.
Nouns
Nouns in Cažorih can end either in a vowel or in a consonant in their basic form. Nouns ending in a consonant usually add a vowel in their declension. There is no clear tendency on which vowel is to be added and the vowel is deemed as part of the noun root.
Nouns display neither gender nor class distinction. There are, however, two morphological numbers for almost all nouns, singular and plural, and a limited case system.
Cases
Cažorih nouns do decline, according to a nominative-accusative system with 4 cases:
| Nominative | This case marks the subject of a verb. It is regarded as the citation form of the noun. |
| Accusative | This case marks the direct object of a verb. It is also used with some postpositions. It is regarded as the base form of the noun, and it is used as the vocative form. |
| Genitive | This case marks possession and belonging, either intentional, unintentional, or indirect. |
| Dative | This case marks primarily the indirect object. |
Noun declension
Nouns are declined for number with different models, depending on the last phoneme of the root.
Nouns, whose root ends in a consonant, add the so-called root vowel and change it:
Nouns, whose root ends in a vowel, change this last vowel. If the last vowel of the noun root is nasal, it keeps the nasalization while changing in the plural form. The general vowel changes are:
| (Some nouns, regarded as irregular, undergo this change) | ||
| (Some nouns, regarded as irregular, undergo this change) | ||
Nouns are also declined in case by adding the following endings to the base form of the noun:
| -h | |
| - | |
| -β | |
| -ž |
Here is an example of a noun, whose root ends in a vowel: tõčah, village.
| tõčah | tõčeh | |
| tõča | tõče | |
| tõčaβ | tõčeβ | |
| tõčaž | tõčež | |
Nouns, whose root ends in a consonant, add the so-called root vowel before the case endings. While this vowel can be either -ɛ-, -i-, or -u-, there is no clear rule in the choice.
Here is an example of a noun, whose root ends in a consonant: lozɛh, dog.
| lozɛh | lozeh | |
| loz | loze | |
| lozɛβ | lozeβ | |
| lozɛž | lozež | |
Some nouns of the consonantal root group, whose roots end in a consonant cluster, can insert an euphonic vowel -ə- between these consonants in the accusative singular form.
Here is an example of a noun, whose root ends in a consonant cluster: fihnih, harvest.
| fihnih | fihnoh | |
| fihən | fihno | |
| fihniβ | fihnoβ | |
| fihniž | fihnož | |
Adjectives and pronouns
Adjectives closely resemble the noun form, usually showing the same exceptions of nouns, but differing in their last vowel. Pronouns, instead, may exhibit different forms in the root form.
Adjectives
Attributive adjectives are always placed before the nouns they specify, while predicative adjectives are always placed after them or before the verb.
sẽh ǧɛ̃h the young man
ǧɛ̃h sẽh imo the man is young
All adjectives agree in case and number with the noun they specify, being declined with the nominal endings. They thus display a complete declension set, not belonging inherently to one of the two classes.
nubih tõh sẽβ ǧɛ̃β gɛ šɔʔ tõča foro the young man’s new house is located in the nearby village
Declension of qualifying adjectives
Adjectival declension follow the same rules as the nominal declension, with the same exceptions.
All adjectives agree in case and number with the noun they specify, being declined with the nominal endings.
Examples: sẽh, young, and nubih, new, with two nouns, rõh, father, and tõh, house.
| sẽh rõh | sĩh rẽh | |
| sẽ rõ | sĩ rẽ | |
| sẽβ rõβ | sĩβ rẽβ | |
| sẽž rõž | sĩž rẽž | |
| nubih tõh | nuboh tẽh | |
| nub tõ | nubo tẽ | |
| nubiβ tõβ | nuboβ tẽβ | |
| nubiž tõž | nubož tẽž | |
Personal pronouns
The personal pronouns are:
| õh | ih | ɔh | õmeh | ideh | ɔxeh | |
| õ | i | ɔ | õme | ide | ɔxe | |
| õβ | iβ | ɔβ | õmeβ | ideβ | ɔxeβ | |
| õž | iž | ɔž | õmež | idež | ɔxež |
The forms for the genitive case cannot convey possession or belonging, conveying only other roles of such case. Either possession or belonging are conveyed through possessive adjectives.
There are, moreover, some archaic forms for the personal pronouns, formed by the merging of ancient postpositions with the same pronouns. Their usage is increasingly regarded as obsolete both in spoken and written language.
- õžufə: with me, together with me
- ižufə: with you, together with you
- ɔžufə: with him/her/it, together with him/her/it
- õmežufə: with us, together with us
- idežufə: with you, together with you
- ɔxežufə: with them, together with them
- õβudə: from me, by me
- iβudə: from you, by you
- ɔβudə: from him/her/it, by him/her/it
- õmeβudə: from us, by us
- ideβudə: from you, by you
- ɔxeβudə: from them, by them
Numerals
The numeral system relies on a decimal base.
Cardinal numerals
The first ten cardinal numbers are forms on their own:
| šɛr | |
| mɔž | |
| bĩ | |
| čor | |
| ʔeβ | |
| kaɣ | |
| juʔ | |
| ty | |
| ped | |
| lõ |
Numerals from 11 to 19 are built with the construction NUM + ɛnɛ + lõ, with some irregularities:
| šɛrɛnɛlõ | |
| mɔžɛnɛlõ | |
| binɛnɛlõ | |
| čorɛnɛlõ | |
| ʔeβɛnɛlõ | |
| kaɣɛnɛlõ | |
| juʔɛnɛlõ | |
| tynɛlõ | |
| pedɛnɛlõ |
The numerals for (one) hundred and (one) thousand are forms on their own:
| ʔoh | |
| hoʔ |
The numerals for tens, hundreds and thousands are:
| lome | |
| ʔohe | |
| hoʔe |
The numerals for the multiples of tens, hundreds and thousands are built with the construction NUM + lome / ʔohe / hoʔe, with some irregularities:
| mɔšlome | mɔšʔohe | mɔšhoʔe | |
| bĩlome | bĩʔohe | bĩhoʔe | |
| čorlome | čorʔohe | čorhoʔe | |
| ʔeβlome | ʔeβʔohe | ʔeβhoʔe | |
| kaɣlome | kaʔohe | kahoʔe | |
| juʔlome | juʔohe | juhoʔe | |
| tylome | toʔohe | tohoʔe | |
| pedlome | peʔohe | pehoʔe |
All cardinal numerals up to these forms are meant as invariable.
Composite numbers are built by just putting them beside, without any conjunction, in descending order:
- 1985: hoʔ pehoʔe tylome ʔeβ
Numerals for “million” and “billion” are loanwords from modern Figo language:
| čãčãh (from m.F. čãčãr) | |
| mešurentuh (from m.F. mešurentur) |
These forms are treated as regularly declinable nouns:
| bĩ čãčẽ | |
| kaɣ mešurẽto |
If these numerals are used as simple count forms, they are declined in the accusative case. Inside of a structured sentence, they are declined according the case required by their syntactical role. Nouns adjoining such numerals are introduced by the preposition mɔ and are declined in the accusative case:
šɛr čãčãh mɔ fi one million people
mɔž mešurẽtož mɔ fi to two billions people
In the earlier modern period the idea of “zero” is introduced from modern Figo language. This numeral is however usually limited to mathematics:
| xesu (from m.F. xesu) |
Ordinal numerals
Ordinal numerals are formed by adding the adjectival ending -irih (-ir) to the cardinal numeral form:
šɛr → šɛririh one → first
If the numeral form ends with a -e, this is replaced by the adjectival ending -irih (-ir):
tylome → tylomirih eighty → eightieth
If the numeral form ends in another vowel, the adjectival ending becomes -rih (-r):
čãčã → čãčãrih million → millionth
The first ten ordinal numerals, with some examples of additional numerals, are, with some irregularities:
| šɛririh (šɛrir) | |
| mɔžirih (mɔžir) | |
| binirih (binir) | |
| čoririh (čorir) | |
| ʔeβirih (ʔeβir) | |
| kaɣirih (kaɣir) | |
| juʔirih (juʔir) | |
| terih (ter) | |
| pedirih (pedir) | |
| lomirih (lomir) | |
| šɛrɛnɛlomirih (šɛrɛnɛlomir) | |
| mɔžɛnɛlomirih (mɔžɛnɛlomir) | |
| mɔšlomirih (mɔšlomir) | |
| bĩlomirih (bĩlomir) | |
| kaʔohirih (kaʔohir) | |
| pehoʔirih (pehoʔir) |
Ordinal numerals for “millionth” and “billionth” are quite regularly formed from their corresponding cardinal forms, while their multiples are formed by unifying the separated forms in an only adjectival word:
| čãčãrih (čãčãr) | |
| mešurẽturih (mešurẽtur) | |
| bĩmešurẽturih (bĩmešurẽtur) |
If the numeral form is composite, the comparative ending is added to every form, and they agree with their adjoining noun in case and number:
- 378th: bĩʔohirih juʔlomirih terih
Verbs
The verbal system of Cažorih language displays the following features:
- tense:
- simple tenses: present, past, future
- compound tenses: present continuous, past continuous, perfect, pluperfect, future continuous, anterior future, future in the past
- mood:
- definite moods: indicative, subjunctive, imperative
- indefinite moods: infinitive, active participle, passive participleù
- diathesis: active, passive
The simple tenses are distinguished by a typical vowel, while compound tenses are formed with the verb imɔr, to be, as an auxiliary verb, and a participial form.
The citation form of verbs is the present infinitive, marked by the ending -ɔr. From such form the verbal root can be inferred and can be changed in every other verbal form.
The following personal endings are then added to the root in the definite moods. In this way, verbs show their agreement with the clause subject in person and number:
| 1st sing. | ||
| 1st sing. | ||
| 2nd sing. | ||
| 3rd sing. | ||
| 1st plur. | ||
| 2nd plur. | ||
| 3rd plur. |
The first singular person is significantly identified by the nasalisation of the previous vowel, while it is absent in the imperative mood. The third singular person has no proper ending and it is identified by the typical vowel of the tense of by its absence, namely by a null ending.
The non-finite verbal forms are meant as nominal/adjectival forms of the same verbs. They do not add the personal endings, but they are declined as nouns or adjectives with the nominal declension endings.
As verbal forms, however, they can be built on the various temporal forms.
The non-finite endings are:
- infinitive: -r
- active participle: -ex/-ux
- passive participle: -nix
Conjugation of regular verbs
Sample verb: morɔr, to see.
Active diathesis
Indicative mood
Present tense
The present is a simple tense. The thematic vowel -o- and the personal endings are added to the verbal roots:
| 1st sing. | |
| 2nd sing. | |
| 3rd sing. | |
| 1st plur. | |
| 2nd plur. | |
| 3rd plur. |
Some verbs display an alteration of the unstressed vowel in the verbal root, usually changing an [o] into an [a]. As an example, the conjugation of the present tense of the verb soβɔr, to know, is shown.
| 1st sing. | |
| 2nd sing. | |
| 3rd sing. | |
| 1st plur. | |
| 2nd plur. | |
| 3rd plur. |
There are, however, a certain amount of irregular verbs in the present tense. These verbs usually add a different thematic vowel from -o-. As an example, the conjugation of the present tense of the verb for, to wash, is shown.
| 1st sing. | |
| 2nd sing. | |
| 3rd sing. | |
| 1st plur. | |
| 2nd plur. | |
| 3rd plur. |
Past tense
The past is a simple tense. The thematic vowel -u- and the personal endings are added to the verbal roots:
| 1st sing. | |
| 2nd sing. | |
| 3rd sing. | |
| 1st plur. | |
| 2nd plur. | |
| 3rd plur. |
The 3rd singular person features the null ending, namely the absence of the thematic vowel itself. Thus, irregularities may often occur, like dropping or altering the last root consonant, or nasalizing the remaining vowel.
As an example, the conjugation of the past tense of the verbs imɔr, to be, and zbonɔr, to flee', is shown.
| 1st sing. | ||
| 2nd sing. | ||
| 3rd sing. | ||
| 1st plur. | ||
| 2nd plur. | ||
| 3rd plur. |
There are, however, a certain amount of irregular verbs in the past tense. These verbs usually add a different thematic vowel from -u-. As an example, the conjugation of the past tense of the verb for, to wash, is shown.
| 1st sing. | |
| 2nd sing. | |
| 3rd sing. | |
| 1st plur. | |
| 2nd plur. | |
| 3rd plur. |
Future tense
The future is a simple tense. The future infix -ɔbo- and the personal endings are added to the verbal roots:
| 1st sing. | |
| 2nd sing. | |
| 3rd sing. | |
| 1st plur. | |
| 2nd plur. | |
| 3rd plur. |
Some verbs display an alteration of the unstressed vowel in the verbal root, usually changing an [o] into an [a]. As an example, the conjugation of the future tense of the verb soβɔr, to know, is shown.
| 1st sing. | |
| 2nd sing. | |
| 3rd sing. | |
| 1st plur. | |
| 2nd plur. | |
| 3rd plur. |
There are, however, a certain amount of irregular verbs in the future tense. These verbs usually add a slightly different version of the infix. As an example, the conjugation of the future tense of the verb for, to wash, is shown.
| 1st sing. | |
| 2nd sing. | |
| 3rd sing. | |
| 1st plur. | |
| 2nd plur. | |
| 3rd plur. |
Present continuous tense
The present continuous is a compound tense. It is built with the active present participle of the conjugated verb, declined in number according to the clause subject, and the indicative present forms of the verb imɔr, to be. The participle is always in the accusative case (/meant as its base form):
| 1st sing. | |
| 2nd sing. | |
| 3rd sing. | |
| 1st plur. | |
| 2nd plur. | |
| 3rd plur. |
This tense is regarded as essentially regular, being the only irregularities in the participial formation.
Past continuous tense
The past continuous is a compound tense. It is built with the active present participle of the conjugated verb, declined in number according to the clause subject, and the indicative past forms of the verb imɔr, to be. The participle is always in the accusative case (/meant as its base form):
| 1st sing. | |
| 2nd sing. | |
| 3rd sing. | |
| 1st plur. | |
| 2nd plur. | |
| 3rd plur. |
This tense is regarded as essentially regular, being the only irregularities in the participial formation.
Perfect tense
The perfect is a compound tense. It is built with the active past participle of the conjugated verb, declined in number according to the clause subject, and the indicative present forms of the verb imɔr, to be. The participle is always in the accusative case (/meant as its base form):
| 1st sing. | |
| 2nd sing. | |
| 3rd sing. | |
| 1st plur. | |
| 2nd plur. | |
| 3rd plur. |
This tense is regarded as essentially regular, being the only irregularities in the participial formation.
Pluperfect tense
The pluperfect continuous is a compound tense. It is built with the active past participle of the conjugated verb, declined in number according to the clause subject, and the indicative past forms of the verb imɔr, to be. The participle is always in the accusative case (/meant as its base form):
| 1st sing. | |
| 2nd sing. | |
| 3rd sing. | |
| 1st plur. | |
| 2nd plur. | |
| 3rd plur. |
This tense is regarded as essentially regular, being the only irregularities in the participial formation.
Future continuous tense
The future continuous is a compound tense. It is built with the active present participle of the conjugated verb, declined in number according to the clause subject, and the indicative future forms of the verb imɔr, to be. The participle is always in the accusative case (/meant as its base form):
| 1st sing. | |
| 2nd sing. | |
| 3rd sing. | |
| 1st plur. | |
| 2nd plur. | |
| 3rd plur. |
This tense is regarded as essentially regular, being the only irregularities in the participial formation.
Anterior future tense
The anterior future is a compound tense. It is built with the active future participle of the conjugated verb, declined in number according to the clause subject, and the indicative present forms of the verb imɔr, to be. The participle is always in the accusative case (/meant as its base form):
| 1st sing. | |
| 2nd sing. | |
| 3rd sing. | |
| 1st plur. | |
| 2nd plur. | |
| 3rd plur. |
This tense is regarded as essentially regular, being the only irregularities in the participial formation.
Future in the past tense
The future in the past is a compound tense. It is built with the active future participle of the conjugated verb, declined in number according to the clause subject, and the indicative past forms of the verb imɔr, to be. The participle is always in the accusative case (/meant as its base form):
| 1st sing. | |
| 2nd sing. | |
| 3rd sing. | |
| 1st plur. | |
| 2nd plur. | |
| 3rd plur. |
This tense is regarded as essentially regular, being the only irregularities in the participial formation.
Subjunctive mood
The subjunctive mood is mostly used in dependent clauses.
In simple tenses, the subjunctive widely features the infix -əβ-, which is placed between the root and the thematic vowels. The infix itself can be undergo alterations in the 3rd singular person, but other normal consonantal dropping or alteration anomalies in the indicative mood do not take place.
Present tense
The present is a simple tense. The infix -əβ-, the thematic vowel -o-, and the personal endings are added to the verbal roots:
| 1st sing. | |
| 2nd sing. | |
| 3rd sing. | |
| 1st plur. | |
| 2nd plur. | |
| 3rd plur. |
Some verbs display an alteration of the unstressed vowel in the verbal root, usually changing an [o] into an [a]. As an example, the conjugation of the present tense of the verb soβɔr, to know, is shown.
| 1st sing. | |
| 2nd sing. | |
| 3rd sing. | |
| 1st plur. | |
| 2nd plur. | |
| 3rd plur. |
There are, however, a certain amount of irregular verbs in the present tense. These verbs usually add a slightly different version of the infix. As an example, the conjugation of the present tense of the verb for, to wash, is shown.
| 1st sing. | |
| 2nd sing. | |
| 3rd sing. | |
| 1st plur. | |
| 2nd plur. | |
| 3rd plur. |
Past tense
The past is a simple tense. The infix -əβ-, the thematic vowel -u-, and the personal endings are added to the verbal roots:
| 1st sing. | |
| 2nd sing. | |
| 3rd sing. | |
| 1st plur. | |
| 2nd plur. | |
| 3rd plur. |
There are, however, a certain amount of irregular verbs in the past tense. These verbs usually add a slightly different version of the infix. As an example, the conjugation of the past tense of the verb for, to wash, is shown.
| 1st sing. | |
| 2nd sing. | |
| 3rd sing. | |
| 1st plur. | |
| 2nd plur. | |
| 3rd plur. |
Future tense
The future is a simple tense. The infix -əβ-, the future infix -ɔbo-, and the personal endings are added to the verbal roots:
| 1st sing. | |
| 2nd sing. | |
| 3rd sing. | |
| 1st plur. | |
| 2nd plur. | |
| 3rd plur. |
Some verbs display an alteration of the unstressed vowel in the verbal root, usually changing an [o] into an [a]. As an example, the conjugation of the future tense of the verb soβɔr, to know, is shown.
| 1st sing. | |
| 2nd sing. | |
| 3rd sing. | |
| 1st plur. | |
| 2nd plur. | |
| 3rd plur. |
There are, however, a certain amount of irregular verbs in the future tense. These verbs usually add a slightly different version of the infix. As an example, the conjugation of the future tense of the verb for, to wash, is shown.
| 1st sing. | |
| 2nd sing. | |
| 3rd sing. | |
| 1st plur. | |
| 2nd plur. | |
| 3rd plur. |
Present continuous tense
The present continuous is a compound tense. It is built with the active present participle of the conjugated verb, declined in number according to the clause subject, and the subjunctive present forms of the verb imɔr, to be. The participle is always in the accusative case (/meant as its base form):
| 1st sing. | |
| 2nd sing. | |
| 3rd sing. | |
| 1st plur. | |
| 2nd plur. | |
| 3rd plur. |
This tense is regarded as essentially regular, being the only irregularities in the participial formation.
Past continuous tense
The past continuous is a compound tense. It is built with the active present participle of the conjugated verb, declined in number according to the clause subject, and the subjunctive past forms of the verb imɔr, to be. The participle is always in the accusative case (/meant as its base form):
| 1st sing. | |
| 2nd sing. | |
| 3rd sing. | |
| 1st plur. | |
| 2nd plur. | |
| 3rd plur. |
This tense is regarded as essentially regular, being the only irregularities in the participial formation.
Perfect tense
The perfect is a compound tense. It is built with the active past participle of the conjugated verb, declined in number according to the clause subject, and the subjunctive present forms of the verb imɔr, to be. The participle is always in the accusative case (/meant as its base form):
| 1st sing. | |
| 2nd sing. | |
| 3rd sing. | |
| 1st plur. | |
| 2nd plur. | |
| 3rd plur. |
This tense is regarded as essentially regular, being the only irregularities in the participial formation.
Pluperfect tense
The pluperfect continuous is a compound tense. It is built with the active past participle of the conjugated verb, declined in number according to the clause subject, and the indicative past forms of the verb imɔr, to be. The participle is always in the accusative case (/meant as its base form):
| 1st sing. | |
| 2nd sing. | |
| 3rd sing. | |
| 1st plur. | |
| 2nd plur. | |
| 3rd plur. |
This tense is regarded as essentially regular, being the only irregularities in the participial formation.
Future continuous tense
The future continuous is a compound tense. It is built with the active present participle of the conjugated verb, declined in number according to the clause subject, and the indicative future forms of the verb imɔr, to be. The participle is always in the accusative case (/meant as its base form):
| 1st sing. | |
| 2nd sing. | |
| 3rd sing. | |
| 1st plur. | |
| 2nd plur. | |
| 3rd plur. |
This tense is regarded as essentially regular, being the only irregularities in the participial formation.
Anterior future tense
The anterior future is a compound tense. It is built with the active future participle of the conjugated verb, declined in number according to the clause subject, and the subjunctive present forms of the verb imɔr, to be. The participle is always in the accusative case (/meant as its base form):
| 1st sing. | |
| 2nd sing. | |
| 3rd sing. | |
| 1st plur. | |
| 2nd plur. | |
| 3rd plur. |
This tense is regarded as essentially regular, being the only irregularities in the participial formation.
Future in the past tense
The future in the past is a compound tense. It is built with the active future participle of the conjugated verb, declined in number according to the clause subject, and the indicative past forms of the verb imɔr, to be. The participle is always in the accusative case (/meant as its base form):
| 1st sing. | |
| 2nd sing. | |
| 3rd sing. | |
| 1st plur. | |
| 2nd plur. | |
| 3rd plur. |
This tense is regarded as essentially regular, being the only irregularities in the participial formation.
Imperative mood
The imperative mood is used to convey commands and orders. It is mostly used in main clauses.
It displays only one tense, with specific personal endings. It has no forms for the 1st singular person.
Present tense
The present is a simple tense. The thematic vowel -o- and the imperative personal endings are added to the verbal roots:
| 1st sing. | |
| 2nd sing. | |
| 3rd sing. | |
| 1st plur. | |
| 2nd plur. | |
| 3rd plur. |
The 2nd and 3rd singular persons display the same ending. There is no morphological difference between the two persons, which are distinguished only by the context in the sentence.
Some verbs display an alteration of the unstressed vowel in the verbal root, usually changing an [o] into an [a]. As an example, the conjugation of the imperative present tense of the verb soβɔr, to know, is shown.
| 1st sing. | |
| 2nd sing. | |
| 3rd sing. | |
| 1st plur. | |
| 2nd plur. | |
| 3rd plur. |
There are, however, a certain amount of irregular verbs in the present tense. These verbs usually add a different thematic vowel from -o-. As an example, the conjugation of the present tense of the verb for, to wash, is shown.
| 1st sing. | |
| 2nd sing. | |
| 3rd sing. | |
| 1st plur. | |
| 2nd plur. | |
| 3rd plur. |
Non-finite forms
The non-finite verbal forms are:
Infinitive
The infinitive is regarded as the citation form of the verb, and it is not conjugated in person or number. It is marked by the ending -r.
It displays three tenses, present, past, and future, formed through the thematic vowels and the future infix:
There are, however, a certain amount of irregular verbs in the infinitive. These verbs usually add different thematic vowels and a slightly different version of the future infix. As an example, the conjugation of the infinitive of the verb for, to wash, is shown.
Active participle
The active participle displays three tenses, present, past, and future, formed through different vocalic endings:
The active participle is an adjectival form of a verb. It is linked to nouns which actively perform an action.
There are, however, a certain amount of irregular verbs in the infinitive. These verbs usually add different vocalic endings. As an example, the conjugation of the infinitive of the verb for, to wash, is shown.
The past form of the active participle usually does not have distinctive singular and plural forms.
Passive participle
The passive participle displays three tenses, present, past, and future, formed through the thematic vowels and the future infix. It is marked by the ending -nih:
The passive participle is an adjectival form of a verb. It is linked to nouns which undergo an action, or inactively are in a certain state.
This participle is mostly used in the formation of the passive diathesis form, with the auxiliary verb imɔr, to be.
Passive diathesis
The passive diathesis displays only compound forms, in every mood and tense. These forms are always built through the auxiliary verb imɔr, to be with the various forms of the passive participle, which always agrees with the clause subject in number.
The usage of the different moods and tenses is exactly the same as the active diathesis.
Indicative mood
| present | present passive participle + indicative present forms of imɔr |
| present continuous | present passive participle + indicative present continuous forms of imɔr |
| past | past passive participle + indicative present forms of imɔr |
| past continuous | past passive participle + indicative present continuous forms of imɔr |
| perfect | present passive participle + indicative past forms of imɔr |
| pluperfect | past passive participle + indicative past forms of imɔr |
| future | future passive participle + indicative present forms of imɔr |
| future continuous | future passive participle + indicative present continuous forms of imɔr |
| anterior future | present passive participle + indicative future forms of imɔr |
| future in the past | past passive participle + indicative future forms of imɔr |
Examples (for each tense only the 1st person singular form is shown):
| present | moronih imõ, ... |
| present continuous | moronih ime imõ, ... |
| past | morunih imõ, ... |
| past continuous | morunih ime imõ, ... |
| perfect | moronih imũ, ... |
| pluperfect | morunih imũ, ... |
| future | morɔbonih imõ, ... |
| future continuous | morɔbonih ime imõ, ... |
| anterior future | moronih imɔbõ, ... |
| future in the past | morunih imɔbõ, ... |
Subjunctive mood
| present | present passive participle + subjunctive present forms of imɔr |
| present continuous | present passive participle + subjunctive present continuous forms of imɔr |
| past | past passive participle + subjunctive present forms of imɔr |
| past continuous | past passive participle + subjunctive present continuous forms of imɔr |
| perfect | present passive participle + subjunctive past forms of imɔr |
| pluperfect | past passive participle + subjunctive past forms of imɔr |
| future | future passive participle + subjunctive present forms of imɔr |
| future continuous | future passive participle + subjunctive present continuous forms of imɔr |
| anterior future | present passive participle + subjunctive future forms of imɔr |
| future in the past | past passive participle + subjunctive future forms of imɔr |
Examples (for each tense only the 1st person singular form is shown):
| present | moronih iməβõ, ... |
| present continuous | moronih ime iməβõ, ... |
| past | morunih iməβõ, ... |
| past continuous | morunih ime iməβõ, ... |
| perfect | moronih iməβũ, ... |
| pluperfect | morunih iməβũ, ... |
| future | morɔbonih iməβõ, ... |
| future continuous | morɔbonih ime iməβõ, ... |
| anterior future | moronih iməβɔbõ, ... |
| future in the past | morunih iməβɔbõ, ... |
Imperative mood
| present | present passive participle + imperative present forms of imɔr |
Examples (for each tense only the 2nd person singular form is shown):
| present | moronih imodɔ, ... |
Infinitive mood
| present | present passive participle + present infinitive of imɔr |
| past | past passive participle + present infinitive of imɔr |
| future | future passive participle + present infinitive of imɔr |
Examples:
| present | moronih imɔr |
| past | morunih imɔr |
| future | morɔbonih imɔr |
Negation
The verbal negation is conveyed by the negative adverb rə, used before a word beginning in a consonant, or ər, used before a word beginning in a vowel. This adverb is placed before the verb, usually after other non-verbal elements in the sentence.
lozɛh ožoβa šoro → lozɛh ožoβa rə šoro the dog always sleeps → the dog doesn't sleep always
lozɛh fyx oh→ lozɛh fyx ər oh the dog bit the man → the dog didn't bite the man
In sentences with a compound tense, the negative adverb is placed between the participle and the auxiliary verb.
lozɛh šore imo → lozɛh šore ər imo the dog is sleeping → the dog isn't sleeping
Double negatives are generally not allowed; the presence of another negative element in the sentence inhibits the negative adverb.
