Cärähə morphology

Main article: Cärähə

This page gives an extensive description of Cärähə morphological features.

Nouns

Nouns in Cärähə language end predominantly in a vowel. A certain amount of nouns, however, ends in a consonant; in this case a euphonic vowel, mostly -ə-, is added at the end of noun before the normal declension endings.

Nouns display neither gender nor class distinction. There are, however, two morphological numbers for almost all nouns, singular and plural. Whether a noun is deemed as definite or indefinite, a form of article is generally used and placed before it, with a few exceptions.

There is no case system.

Articles

There are two articles, the indefinite article, xah, and the definite article, äs. The definite article agrees with the noun in number, while the indefinite article displays only the singular form.

	singular	plural
indefinite	xah	-
definite	äs	äsən

Both articles are always placed before the noun.

The definite article, both in its singular and plural forms, can merge with some prepositions to form the so-called articled prepositions. Such forms will be analyzed in a following section.

Plural

Nouns are declined in number by adding the following ending to the base form of the noun:

singular	plural
-	-nə

Some examples are shown below: bäb́ə, father, and sohə, house.

bäb́ə		sohə
singular	plural	singular	plural
bäb́ə	bäb́ənə	sohə	sohənə

Nouns ending in a consonantin their base form, mostly loanwords, usually add a euphonic vowel before the endings of the other cases. This vowel is generally -ə-, but other vowels are also possible, like -ü-.

Some irregular nouns, conversely, change their last vowel in the root before adding the plural ending. The commonest change is ə → u. A lot of these nouns display both irregular and regular forms, especially in earlier texts. In modern texts the amount of irregular forms is extremely limited, with a strong tendency towards regularization by analogy.

sing. bäb́ənə → plur. bäb́unə.

Adjectives and pronouns

Adjectives closely resemble the noun form, usually showing the same exceptions of nouns. Pronouns, instead, may exhibit different forms in the root form.

Adjectives

Attributive adjectives are always placed after the nouns they specify, with a few exceptions, while predicative adjectives are always placed after the verb.

äs wīrə çoba
the young man

äs wīrə cän çoba 
the man is young

All adjectives agree in number with the noun they specify, being declined with the nominal ending.

Declension of qualifying adjectives

Adjectival declension follow the same rules as the nominal declension, with the same exceptions.

Example: xürü, big, with sohə, house

singular	plural
sohə xürü	sohənə xürünə

Personal pronouns

Personal pronouns feature a distinction between three forms. The first form is used as the subject of the clauses, for every kind of verbs. The second form is used as the direct object of the clause, for transitive verbs, and with every preposition requiring the direct case. The third form is used as the indirect object of the clause, for ditransitive verbs.

Moreover, the first two persons (1^st and 2^nd) have two different roots, exhibiting thus a mixed declension. On the other hand, the 3^rdperson has only one root, displaying, however, a similar irregular declension.

	1st sing.	2nd sing.	3rd sing.	1st plur.	2nd plur.	3rd plur.
subject	üd́ə	ird́ə	jäsrə	üd́unə	ird́unə	jäsrunə
direct object	çə	nä	jäs	çunə	nänə	jäsnə
indirect object	çərä	närä	järä	çunərä	nänərä	jäsnərä

When used alone, the forms for the direct and indirect object tend to be placed before the conjugated verb in the sentence. Their positioning after the verb is regarded as a marked position.

Examples:

üd́ə jäs rurīsü wī
I didn't see him

üd́ə rurīsü wī jäs
As for him, I didn't see him

Anyway, these pronouns are placed after the negative adverb.

Interrogative pronouns

Basic interrogative pronouns display two different forms: one for animate entities (who?) and one for inanimate entities (what?).

• what: sä
• who: xa

Both pronouns display only the singular number forms.

gö xa guŕähir süci?
whom did you give water to?

There are also other interrogative pronouns (and adverbs):

• säruɕ: where (static location and motion toward)
• säruk: why (cause)
• säcuho: when
• sämün: how much
• säŕap: how

There are also the following interrogative adjectives:

• sähə: which
• sämüni: how much / many

In earlier texts the interrogative adjective xahə can be found, which is placed exclusively before nouns referring to animate entities. Usage of this form is regarded as obsolete in the modern language.

Such adjectives, like the demonstrative adjectives, tend to be placed before their nouns and they are never used with the article.

Within an interrogative clause, pronouns usually are usually moved at the beginning of the sentence. Their syntactical position is regarded as extremely marked.

sämüninə çähinə xehīxir?
how many sheep do you have?

In addition, like other parts of the sentences, they can be introduced by prepositions:

gü xa sähiŕuhir?
whom are you talking about?

Numerals

The numeral system relies on a decimal base.

Cardinal numerals

The first ten cardinal numbers are noun-like forms on their own:

digit	noun form
1:	xahə
2:	hähü
3:	mügo
4:	gori
5:	sehi
6:	türä
7:	xäsä
8:	cuhi
9:	ɕoçə
10:	pehə

Numerals from 11 to 19 are built with the construction NUM + nä + pehə, with some irregularities:

digit	noun form
11:	xanäpehə
12:	hähünäpehə
13:	mügonäpehə
14:	gorinäpehə
15:	sehinäpehə
16:	türänäpehə
17:	xäsänäpehə
18:	cuhinäpehə
19:	ɕoçunäpehə

The numerals for (one) hundred and (one) thousand are noun-like forms on their own:

digit	noun form
100:	naćə
1000:	wüha

The numerals for the multiples of tens, hundreds and thousands are built with the construction NUM + ped́unə / naćunə / wühad́unə, with some irregularities:

	tens	hundreds	thousands
2x:	hähüped́unə	hähünaćunə	hähüwühad́unə
3x:	mügoped́unə	mügonaćunə	mügowühad́unə
4x:	goriped́unə	gorinaćunə	goriwühad́unə
5x:	sehiped́unə	sehinaćunə	sehiwühad́unə
6x:	türäped́unə	türänaćunə	türäwühad́unə
7x:	xäsäped́unə	xäsänaćunə	xäsäwühad́unə
8x:	cuhiped́unə	cuhinaćunə	cuhiwühad́unə
9x:	ɕoçuped́unə	ɕoçunaćunə	ɕoçuwühad́unə

The numerals for “million” and “billion” are nominal forms on their own (both are adapted loanwords from Iðâɣ language):

digit	noun form
1,000,000:	sürentə (from I. šúrěntu)
1,000,000,000:	mesürentə (from I. mêšúrěntu)

These forms are treated as regularly declinable nouns:

digit	noun form
3,000,000:	mügo sürentənə
6,000,000,000:	türä mesürentənə

Nouns adjoining such numerals are introduced by the preposition cär, or, in some dialectal variants, directly without any preposition:

hähü sürentənə cär pühänə
two millions people

mügo mesürentənə pühänə
three billions people (dialectal variant)

Composite numbers are built by just putting them beside, without any conjunction, in descending order:

• 1985: wüha ɕoçənaćunə cuhiped́unə sehi

When cardinal numbers have an adjective-like function, or when they are used as as simple count forms, they are meant as indeclinable forms (except for "million" and "billion").

äs sohə cäsən mügo maɟudünə çərä 
my three friends' house

xahə, hähü, mügo, gori, ...
one, two, three, four, ...

Every numeral, however, can also have a pronominal function. In this case, it is possible to use them without an adjoining noun, by using the article, usually the definite one.

äs sohə cäsən mügo
the house of those three (people)

äsən wüha
the one thousand

There is, moreover, an additional pronoun-like irregular numeral, hähühü, meaning "both". It is meant as an indeclinable form, and it is never used with any article. The verb agrees with this form in the plural number.

äs sohə cär hähühü
the house of both (of them)

hähühü süxähun
they both walked out

In the earlier modern period mathematicians conceive and introduce the idea of “zero”, and its digit form. The noun for this new numeral, xesüɕä, is created from the Biwdiw word xēsjušɛ, nothing. This name is then quickly shortened to its first two syllables. This numeral is however usually limited to mathematics:

digit	noun form
0:	xesü

Ordinal numerals

Ordinal numerals are formed by adding the ordinal ending -ro to the cardinal numeral form, with some irregularities:

digit	adjective form
1st:	xahuro
2nd:	hähüro
3rd:	mügoro
4th:	goriro
5th:	sehiro
6th:	türäro
7th:	xäsäro
8th:	cuhiro
9th:	ɕoçuro
10th:	pehuro
11th:	xanäpehuro
12th:	hähünäpehuro
20th:	hähüped́unuro
60th:	türäped́unuro

Ordinal numerals for “millionth” and “billionth” are slightly irregularly formed from their corresponding cardinal forms, while their multiples are formed by unifying the separated forms in an only adjectival word:

digit	adjective form
1,000,000th:	sürenturo
1,000,000,000th:	mesürenturo
3,000,000,000th:	mügomesürenturo

If the numeral form is composite, the ending is added only to the last numeral form:

• 25^th: hähüped́unə sehiro

Verbs

The verbal system of Cärähə language displays the following features:

• tense:
  • simple tenses: present, past
  • compound tenses: present continuous, past continuous, perfect, pluperfect, future, anterior future, future in the past
• mood:
  • definite moods: indicative, subjunctive, optative, potential
  • indefinite moods: infinitive, active participle, passive participle
• diathesis: active, passive

Each verb has two roots, the present root (R_pres) and the past root (R_past). The base form is the present root, while the past root is usually derived fromt he present one. . The perfective root is usually derived from the imperfective one through an introflexive process of vowel switching:

CV1CV2C → CV2CV1C

Example:

Rimp = moɕäd- → Rprf = mäɕod-

This process may give rise to irregular root forms.

Rpres = ǵärug- → Rpast = guŕäg-

In disyllabic verbal root, all vowels are involved in the switching process.

However, multisyllabic verbal roots can be formed through morphological derivation by adding prefixes or suffixes or both of them. These morphological affixes are usually not involved in the switching process. The vowels involved are those belonging to the original disyllabic root:

Rpres = secerun- → Rpast = securen-

Rpres = sühisuh- → Rpast = sihüsuh-

Rpres = x́äsähirih- → Rpast = x́äsihärih-

Some verbs, many of them neologisms or loanwords, derive their past root from the present one by adding the suffix -ig, without any vowel switching:

CV1CV2C → CV1CV2Cig

Example:

Rpres = çurühuh- → Rpast = çurühuhig-

The verb cänühä, to be, display a totally irregular past root:

Rpres = cän- → Rpast = häcän-

Likewise, other monosyllabic verbs are treated as irregular verbs.

The citation form of verbs is the present infinitive, marked by the ending -ühä. From such form the present verbal root can be inferred and can be changed in every other verbal form.

All verbs are divided in two classes, depending on the outcome of the third singular person. In the first class (class I), the ending -äh is used, with some possible irregularities, while in the second class (class II), a null ending is used, with a more regular outcome. Verbs with a past root built with the suffix -ig- belong always to the class II, creating thus a subgroup, known as class IIg.

In simple tenses the following personal endings are added to the verbal root. In this way, verbs show their agreement with the clause subject in person and number:

	class I	class II
1st sing.	-ü	-ü
2nd sing.	-ir	-ir
3rd sing.	-́äh	-
1st plur.	-unü	-unü
2nd plur.	-unir	-unir
3rd plur.	-uńäh	-un

The different moods are formed by adding the following infixes to the verbal root, before the personal endings:

• indicative: Ø
• subjunctive: -ün-
• optative: -us-
• potential: -äɕ-

The non-finite verbal forms are meant as nominal/adjectival forms of the same verbs. They do not add the personal endings, but they are declined as nouns or adjectives with the nominal declension endings. As verbal forms can, however, be formed on both roots.

The non-finite endings are:

• infinitive: -ühä
• active participle: -īdə
• passive participle: -́uhi

The passive particle ending may cause irregularities to arise in the roots.

Conjugation of regular verbs

Sample verbs: as a class I verb, moɕädühä, to pick up, to collect, as a class II verb, xixehühä, to fall, as a class IIg verb, pürücühä, to hit

Active diathesis

Indicative mood

Present tense

The present is a simple tense. The personal endings are added to the present root:

	class I	class II	class IIg
1st sing.	moɕädü	xixehü	pürücü
2nd sing.	moɕädir	xixehir	pürücir
3rd sing.	moɕäd́äh	xixeg	pürüc
1st plur.	moɕädunü	xixehunü	pürücunü
2nd plur.	moɕädunir	xixehunir	pürücunir
3rd plur.	moɕäduńäh	xixehun	pürücun

In the 3^rd singular person, which features the ending -́äh or null ending, irregularities may often occur.

The ending -́äh always causes palatalization of the preceding consonant, if this consonant has a palatalized counterpart.

rīrusühä → rīruśäh
to see → he/she/it sees

If the involved consonant does not have any palatalized counterparts, the ending is added to the root without any further palatalizing effect.

The null ending causes less often irregularities, like altering the last root consonant:

ṕőrühä → ṕőw
to fly→ he/she/it flies

Past tense

The past is a simple tense. The personal endings are added to the past root:

	class I	class II	class IIg
1st sing.	mäɕodü	xexihü	pürücigü
2nd sing.	mäɕodir	xexihir	pürücigir
3rd sing.	mäɕod́äh	xexig	pürücig
1st plur.	mäɕodunü	xexihunü	pürücigunü
2nd plur.	mäɕodunir	xexihunir	pürücigunir
3rd plur.	mäɕoduńäh	xexihun	pürücigun

In the 3^rd singular person, which features the ending -́äh or null ending, irregularities may often occur.

The ending -́äh always causes palatalization of the preceding consonant, if this consonant has a palatalized counterpart.

rīrusühä → rurīśäh
to see → he/she/it saw

If the involved consonant does not have any palatalized counterparts, the ending is added to the root without any further palatalizing effect.

The null ending causes less often irregularities, like altering the last root consonant:

ṕőrühä → ṕöw
to fly→ he/she/it flew

In the class IIg irregularities never occur in the past tense.

Present continuous tense

The present countinuous is a compound tense. It is built with the indicative present forms of the verb cänühä, to be, with the active present participle of the conjugated verb, agreeing in number with the clause subject:

	class I	class II	class IIg
1st sing.	cänü moɕädīdə	cänü xixehīdə	cänü pürücīdə
2nd sing.	cänir moɕädīdə	cänir xixehīdə	cänir pürücīdə
3rd sing.	cän moɕädīdə	cän xixehīdə	cän pürücīdə
1st plur.	cänunü moɕädīdənə	cänunü xixehīdənə	cänunü pürücīdənə
2nd plur.	cänunir moɕädīdənə	cänunir xixehīdənə	cänunir pürücīdənə
3rd plur.	cänun moɕädīdənə	cänun xixehīdənə	cänun pürücīdənə

This tense is regarded as essentially regular, being the only irregularities in the participial formation.

The 3^rd person of the auxiliary verb cänühä, essere, displays only the short form, regardless of the class of the conjugated verb.

Past continuous tense

The past countinuous is a compound tense. It is built with the indicative past forms of the verb cänühä, to be, with the active present participle of the conjugated verb, agreeing in number with the clause subject:

	class I	class II	class IIg
1st sing.	häcänü moɕädīdə	häcänü xixehīdə	häcänü pürücīdə
2nd sing.	häcänir moɕädīdə	häcänir xixehīdə	häcänir pürücīdə
3rd sing.	häcän moɕädīdə	häcän xixehīdə	häcän pürücīdə
1st plur.	häcänunü moɕädīdənə	häcänunü xixehīdənə	häcänunü pürücīdənə
2nd plur.	häcänunir moɕädīdənə	häcänunir xixehīdənə	häcänunir pürücīdənə
3rd plur.	häcänun moɕädīdənə	häcänun xixehīdənə	häcänun pürücīdənə

This tense is regarded as essentially regular, being the only irregularities in the participial formation.

The 3^rd person of the auxiliary verb cänühä, essere, displays only the short form, regardless of the class of the conjugated verb.

Perfect tense

The perfect is a compound tense. It is built with the indicative present forms of the verb cänühä, to be, with the active past participle of the conjugated verb, agreeing in number with the clause subject:

	class I	class II	class IIg
1st sing.	cänü mäɕodīdə	cänü xexihīdə	cänü pürücigīdə
2nd sing.	cänir mäɕodīdə	cänir xexihīdə	cänir pürücigīdə
3rd sing.	cän mäɕodīdə	cän xexihīdə	cän pürücigīdə
1st plur.	cänunü mäɕodīdənə	cänunü xexihīdənə	cänunü pürücigīdənə
2nd plur.	cänunir mäɕodīdənə	cänunir xexihīdənə	cänunir pürücigīdənə
3rd plur.	cänun mäɕodīdənə	cänun xexihīdənə	cänun pürücigīdənə

This tense is regarded as essentially regular, being the only irregularities in the participial formation.

The 3^rd person of the auxiliary verb cänühä, essere, displays only the short form, regardless of the class of the conjugated verb.

Pluperfect tense

The pluperfect is a compound tense. It is built with the indicative past forms of the verb cänühä, to be, with the active past participle of the conjugated verb, agreeing in number with the clause subject:

	class I	class II	class IIg
1st sing.	häcänü mäɕodīdə	häcänü xexihīdə	häcänü pürücigīdə
2nd sing.	häcänir mäɕodīdə	häcänir xexihīdə	häcänir pürücigīdə
3rd sing.	häcän mäɕodīdə	häcän xexihīdə	häcän pürücigīdə
1st plur.	häcänunü mäɕodīdənə	häcänunü xexihīdənə	häcänunü pürücigīdənə
2nd plur.	häcänunir mäɕodīdənə	häcänunir xexihīdənə	häcänunir pürücigīdənə
3rd plur.	häcänun mäɕodīdənə	häcänun xexihīdənə	häcänun pürücigīdənə

This tense is regarded as essentially regular, being the only irregularities in the participial formation.

The 3^rd person of the auxiliary verb cänühä, essere, displays only the short form, regardless of the class of the conjugated verb.

Future tense

The future is a compound tense. It is built with the indicative present forms of the verb cänühä, to be, with the active present infinitive of the conjugated verb:

	class I	class II	class IIg
1st sing.	cänü moɕädühä	cänü xixehühä	cänü pürücühä
2nd sing.	cänir moɕädühä	cänir xixehühä	cänir pürücühä
3rd sing.	cän moɕädühä	cän xixehühä	cän pürücühä
1st plur.	cänunü moɕädühä	cänunü xixehühä	cänunü pürücühä
2nd plur.	cänunir moɕädühä	cänunir xixehühä	cänunir pürücühä
3rd plur.	cänun moɕädühä	cänun xixehühä	cänun pürücühä

This tense is regarded as essentially regular.

The 3^rd person of the auxiliary verb cänühä, essere, displays only the short form, regardless of the class of the conjugated verb.

Anterior future tense

The anterior future is a compound tense. It is built with the indicative present forms of the verb cänühä, to be, with the active past infinitive of the conjugated verb:

	class I	class II	class IIg
1st sing.	cänü mäɕodühä	cänü xexihühä	cänü pürücigühä
2nd sing.	cänir mäɕodühä	cänir xexihühä	cänir pürücigühä
3rd sing.	cän mäɕodühä	cän xexihühä	cän pürücigühä
1st plur.	cänunü mäɕodühä	cänunü xexihühä	cänunü pürücigühä
2nd plur.	cänunir mäɕodühä	cänunir xexihühä	cänunir pürücigühä
3rd plur.	cänun mäɕodühä	cänun xexihühä	cänun pürücigühä

This tense is regarded as essentially regular.

The 3^rd person of the auxiliary verb cänühä, essere, displays only the short form, regardless of the class of the conjugated verb.

Future in the past tense

The future in the past is a compound tense. It is built with the indicative past forms of the verb cänühä, to be, with the active present infinitive of the conjugated verb:

	class I	class II	class IIg
1st sing.	häcänü moɕädühä	häcänü xixehühä	häcänü pürücühä
2nd sing.	häcänir moɕädühä	häcänir xixehühä	häcänir pürücühä
3rd sing.	häcän moɕädühä	häcän xixehühä	häcän pürücühä
1st plur.	häcänunü moɕädühä	häcänunü xixehühä	häcänunü pürücühä
2nd plur.	häcänunir moɕädühä	häcänunir xixehühä	häcänunir pürücühä
3rd plur.	häcänun moɕädühä	häcänun xixehühä	häcänun pürücühä

This tense is regarded as essentially regular.

The 3^rd person of the auxiliary verb cänühä, essere, displays only the short form, regardless of the class of the conjugated verb.

Subjunctive mood

The subjunctive mood is mostly used in dependent clauses. Its usage in main clauses is quite limited, except for its role as an imperative an exhortative form.

The subjunctive widely features the infix -ün-, which is placed between the root and the personal endings.

Present tense

The present is a simple tense. The infix -ün- and the personal endings are added to the present root:

	class I	class II	class IIg
1st sing.	moɕädünü	xixehünü	pürücünü
2nd sing.	moɕädünir	xixehünir	pürücünir
3rd sing.	moɕädüńäh	xixehün	pürücün
1st plur.	moɕädünunü	xixehünunü	pürücünunü
2nd plur.	moɕädünunir	xixehünunir	pürücünunir
3rd plur.	moɕädünuńäh	xixehünun	pürücünun

In the 3^rd singular person, in the classes II and IIg irregularities never occur, while in the class I, the ending palatalizes the subjunctive infix into -üń-.

Past tense

The past is a simple tense. The infix -ün- and the personal endings are added to the past root:

	class I	class II	class IIg
1st sing.	mäɕodünü	xexihünü	pürücigünü
2nd sing.	mäɕodünir	xexihünir	pürücigünir
3rd sing.	mäɕodüńäh	xexihün	pürücigün
1st plur.	mäɕodünunü	xexihünunü	pürücigünunü
2nd plur.	mäɕodünunir	xexihünunir	pürücigünunir
3rd plur.	mäɕodünuńäh	xexihünun	pürücigünun

In the 3^rd singular person, in the classes II and IIg irregularities never occur, while in the class I, the ending palatalizes the subjunctive infix into -üń-.

Present continuous tense

The present countinuous is a compound tense. It is built with the subjunctive present forms of the verb cänühä, to be, with the active present participle of the conjugated verb, agreeing in number with the clause subject:

	class I	class II	class IIg
1st sing.	cänünü moɕädīdə	cänünü xixehīdə	cänünü pürücīdə
2nd sing.	cänünir moɕädīdə	cänünir xixehīdə	cänünir pürücīdə
3rd sing.	cänün moɕädīdə	cänün xixehīdə	cänün pürücīdə
1st plur.	cänünunü moɕädīdənə	cänünunü xixehīdənə	cänünunü pürücīdənə
2nd plur.	cänünunir moɕädīdənə	cänünunir xixehīdənə	cänünunir pürücīdənə
3rd plur.	cänünun moɕädīdənə	cänünun xixehīdənə	cänünun pürücīdənə

This tense is regarded as essentially regular, being the only irregularities in the participial formation.

The 3^rd person of the auxiliary verb cänühä, essere, displays only the short form, regardless of the class of the conjugated verb.

Past continuous tense

The past countinuous is a compound tense. It is built with the subjunctive past forms of the verb cänühä, to be, with the active present participle of the conjugated verb, agreeing in number with the clause subject:

	class I	class II	class IIg
1st sing.	häcänünü moɕädīdə	häcänünü xixehīdə	häcänünü pürücīdə
2nd sing.	häcänünir moɕädīdə	häcänünir xixehīdə	häcänünir pürücīdə
3rd sing.	häcänün moɕädīdə	häcänün xixehīdə	häcänün pürücīdə
1st plur.	häcänünunü moɕädīdənə	häcänünunü xixehīdənə	häcänünunü pürücīdənə
2nd plur.	häcänünunir moɕädīdənə	häcänünunir xixehīdənə	häcänünunir pürücīdənə
3rd plur.	häcänünun moɕädīdənə	häcänünun xixehīdənə	häcänünun pürücīdənə

This tense is regarded as essentially regular, being the only irregularities in the participial formation.

The 3^rd person of the auxiliary verb cänühä, essere, displays only the short form, regardless of the class of the conjugated verb.

Perfect tense

The perfect is a compound tense. It is built with the subjunctive present forms of the verb cänühä, to be, with the active past participle of the conjugated verb, agreeing in number with the clause subject:

	class I	class II	class IIg
1st sing.	cänünü mäɕodīdə	cänünü xexihīdə	cänünü pürücigīdə
2nd sing.	cänünir mäɕodīdə	cänünir xexihīdə	cänünir pürücigīdə
3rd sing.	cänün mäɕodīdə	cänün xexihīdə	cänün pürücigīdə
1st plur.	cänünunü mäɕodīdənə	cänünunü xexihīdənə	cänünunü pürücigīdənə
2nd plur.	cänünunir mäɕodīdənə	cänünunir xexihīdənə	cänünunir pürücigīdənə
3rd plur.	cänünun mäɕodīdənə	cänünun xexihīdənə	cänünun pürücigīdənə

This tense is regarded as essentially regular, being the only irregularities in the participial formation.

The 3^rd person of the auxiliary verb cänühä, essere, displays only the short form, regardless of the class of the conjugated verb.

Pluperfect tense

The pluperfect is a compound tense. It is built with the subjunctive past forms of the verb cänühä, to be, with the active past participle of the conjugated verb, agreeing in number with the clause subject:

	class I	class II	class IIg
1st sing.	häcänünü mäɕodīdə	häcänünü xexihīdə	häcänünü pürücigīdə
2nd sing.	häcänünir mäɕodīdə	häcänünir xexihīdə	häcänünir pürücigīdə
3rd sing.	häcänün mäɕodīdə	häcänün xexihīdə	häcänün pürücigīdə
1st plur.	häcänünunü mäɕodīdənə	häcänünunü xexihīdənə	häcänünunü pürücigīdənə
2nd plur.	häcänünunir mäɕodīdənə	häcänünunir xexihīdənə	häcänünunir pürücigīdənə
3rd plur.	häcänünun mäɕodīdənə	häcänünun xexihīdənə	häcänünun pürücigīdənə

This tense is regarded as essentially regular, being the only irregularities in the participial formation.

The 3^rd person of the auxiliary verb cänühä, essere, displays only the short form, regardless of the class of the conjugated verb.

Future tense

The future is a compound tense. It is built with the subjunctive present forms of the verb cänühä, to be, with the active present infinitive of the conjugated verb:

	class I	class II	class IIg
1st sing.	cänünü moɕädühä	cänünü xixehühä	cänünü pürücühä
2nd sing.	cänünir moɕädühä	cänünir xixehühä	cänünir pürücühä
3rd sing.	cänün moɕädühä	cänün xixehühä	cänün pürücühä
1st plur.	cänünunü moɕädühä	cänünunü xixehühä	cänünunü pürücühä
2nd plur.	cänünunir moɕädühä	cänünunir xixehühä	cänünunir pürücühä
3rd plur.	cänünun moɕädühä	cänünun xixehühä	cänünun pürücühä

This tense is regarded as essentially regular.

The 3^rd person of the auxiliary verb cänühä, essere, displays only the short form, regardless of the class of the conjugated verb.

Anterior future tense

The anterior future is a compound tense. It is built with the subjunctive present forms of the verb cänühä, to be, with the active past infinitive of the conjugated verb:

	class I	class II	class IIg
1st sing.	cänünü mäɕodühä	cänünü xexihühä	cänünü pürücigühä
2nd sing.	cänünir mäɕodühä	cänünir xexihühä	cänünir pürücigühä
3rd sing.	cänün mäɕodühä	cänün xexihühä	cänün pürücigühä
1st plur.	cänünunü mäɕodühä	cänünunü xexihühä	cänünunü pürücigühä
2nd plur.	cänünunir mäɕodühä	cänünunir xexihühä	cänünunir pürücigühä
3rd plur.	cänünun mäɕodühä	cänünun xexihühä	cänünun pürücigühä

This tense is regarded as essentially regular.

The 3^rd person of the auxiliary verb cänühä, essere, displays only the short form, regardless of the class of the conjugated verb.

Future in the past tense

The future in the past is a compound tense. It is built with the subjunctive past forms of the verb cänühä, to be, with the active present infinitive of the conjugated verb:

	class I	class II	class IIg
1st sing.	häcänünü moɕädühä	häcänünü xixehühä	häcänünü pürücühä
2nd sing.	häcänünir moɕädühä	häcänünir xixehühä	häcänünir pürücühä
3rd sing.	häcänün moɕädühä	häcänün xixehühä	häcänün pürücühä
1st plur.	häcänünunü moɕädühä	häcänünunü xixehühä	häcänünunü pürücühä
2nd plur.	häcänünunir moɕädühä	häcänünunir xixehühä	häcänünunir pürücühä
3rd plur.	häcänünun moɕädühä	häcänünun xixehühä	häcänünun pürücühä

This tense is regarded as essentially regular.

The 3^rd person of the auxiliary verb cänühä, essere, displays only the short form, regardless of the class of the conjugated verb.

Optative mood

The optative mood is used to convey wish and desire. It is regularly used both in main and dependent clauses.

The optative widely features the infix -us-, which is placed between the root and the personal endings.

Present tense

The present is a simple tense. The infix -us- and the personal endings are added to the present root:

	class I	class II	class IIg
1st sing.	moɕädusü	xixehusü	pürücusü
2nd sing.	moɕädusir	xixehusir	pürücusir
3rd sing.	moɕäduśäh	xixehus	pürücus
1st plur.	moɕädusunü	xixehusunü	pürücusunü
2nd plur.	moɕädusunir	xixehusunir	pürücusunir
3rd plur.	moɕädusuńäh	xixehusun	pürücusun

In the 3^rd singular person, in the classes II and IIg irregularities never occur, while in the class I, the ending palatalizes the optative infix into -uś-.

Past tense

The past is a simple tense. The infix -us- and the personal endings are added to the past root:

	class I	class II	class IIg
1st sing.	mäɕodusü	xexihusü	pürücigusü
2nd sing.	mäɕodusir	xexihusir	pürücigusir
3rd sing.	mäɕoduśäh	xexihus	pürücigus
1st plur.	mäɕodusunü	xexihusunü	pürücigusunü
2nd plur.	mäɕodusunir	xexihusunir	pürücigusunir
3rd plur.	mäɕodusuńäh	xexihusun	pürücigusun

In the 3^rd singular person, in the classes II and IIg irregularities never occur, while in the class I, the ending palatalizes the optative infix into -uś-.

Present continuous tense

The present countinuous is a compound tense. It is built with the optative present forms of the verb cänühä, to be, with the active present participle of the conjugated verb, agreeing in number with the clause subject:

	class I	class II	class IIg
1st sing.	cänusü moɕädīdə	cänusü xixehīdə	cänusü pürücīdə
2nd sing.	cänusir moɕädīdə	cänusir xixehīdə	cänusir pürücīdə
3rd sing.	cänus moɕädīdə	cänus xixehīdə	cänus pürücīdə
1st plur.	cänusunü moɕädīdənə	cänusunü xixehīdənə	cänusunü pürücīdənə
2nd plur.	cänusunir moɕädīdənə	cänusunir xixehīdənə	cänusunir pürücīdənə
3rd plur.	cänusun moɕädīdənə	cänusun xixehīdənə	cänusun pürücīdənə

This tense is regarded as essentially regular, being the only irregularities in the participial formation.

The 3^rd person of the auxiliary verb cänühä, essere, displays only the short form, regardless of the class of the conjugated verb.

Past continuous tense

The past countinuous is a compound tense. It is built with the optative past forms of the verb cänühä, to be, with the active present participle of the conjugated verb, agreeing in number with the clause subject:

	class I	class II	class IIg
1st sing.	häcänusü moɕädīdə	häcänusü xixehīdə	häcänusü pürücīdə
2nd sing.	häcänusir moɕädīdə	häcänusir xixehīdə	häcänusir pürücīdə
3rd sing.	häcänus moɕädīdə	häcänus xixehīdə	häcänus pürücīdə
1st plur.	häcänusunü moɕädīdənə	häcänusunü xixehīdənə	häcänusunü pürücīdənə
2nd plur.	häcänusunir moɕädīdənə	häcänusunir xixehīdənə	häcänusunir pürücīdənə
3rd plur.	häcänusun moɕädīdənə	häcänusun xixehīdənə	häcänusun pürücīdənə

This tense is regarded as essentially regular, being the only irregularities in the participial formation.

The 3^rd person of the auxiliary verb cänühä, essere, displays only the short form, regardless of the class of the conjugated verb.

Perfect tense

The perfect is a compound tense. It is built with the optative present forms of the verb cänühä, to be, with the active past participle of the conjugated verb, agreeing in number with the clause subject:

	class I	class II	class IIg
1st sing.	cänusü mäɕodīdə	cänusü xexihīdə	cänusü pürücigīdə
2nd sing.	cänusir mäɕodīdə	cänusir xexihīdə	cänusir pürücigīdə
3rd sing.	cänus mäɕodīdə	cänus xexihīdə	cänus pürücigīdə
1st plur.	cänusunü mäɕodīdənə	cänusunü xexihīdənə	cänusunü pürücigīdənə
2nd plur.	cänusunir mäɕodīdənə	cänusunir xexihīdənə	cänusunir pürücigīdənə
3rd plur.	cänusun mäɕodīdənə	cänusun xexihīdənə	cänusun pürücigīdənə

This tense is regarded as essentially regular, being the only irregularities in the participial formation.

The 3^rd person of the auxiliary verb cänühä, essere, displays only the short form, regardless of the class of the conjugated verb.

Pluperfect tense

The pluperfect is a compound tense. It is built with the optative past forms of the verb cänühä, to be, with the active past participle of the conjugated verb, agreeing in number with the clause subject:

	class I	class II	class IIg
1st sing.	häcänusü mäɕodīdə	häcänusü xexihīdə	häcänusü pürücigīdə
2nd sing.	häcänusir mäɕodīdə	häcänusir xexihīdə	häcänusir pürücigīdə
3rd sing.	häcänus mäɕodīdə	häcänus xexihīdə	häcänus pürücigīdə
1st plur.	häcänusunü mäɕodīdənə	häcänusunü xexihīdənə	häcänusunü pürücigīdənə
2nd plur.	häcänusunir mäɕodīdənə	häcänusunir xexihīdənə	häcänusunir pürücigīdənə
3rd plur.	häcänusun mäɕodīdənə	häcänusun xexihīdənə	häcänusun pürücigīdənə

This tense is regarded as essentially regular, being the only irregularities in the participial formation.

The 3^rd person of the auxiliary verb cänühä, essere, displays only the short form, regardless of the class of the conjugated verb.

Future tense

The future is a compound tense. It is built with the optative present forms of the verb cänühä, to be, with the active present infinitive of the conjugated verb:

	class I	class II	class IIg
1st sing.	cänusü moɕädühä	cänusü xixehühä	cänusü pürücühä
2nd sing.	cänusir moɕädühä	cänusir xixehühä	cänusir pürücühä
3rd sing.	cänus moɕädühä	cänus xixehühä	cänus pürücühä
1st plur.	cänusunü moɕädühä	cänusunü xixehühä	cänusunü pürücühä
2nd plur.	cänusunir moɕädühä	cänusunir xixehühä	cänusunir pürücühä
3rd plur.	cänusun moɕädühä	cänusun xixehühä	cänusun pürücühä

This tense is regarded as essentially regular.

The 3^rd person of the auxiliary verb cänühä, essere, displays only the short form, regardless of the class of the conjugated verb.

Anterior future tense

The anterior future is a compound tense. It is built with the optative present forms of the verb cänühä, to be, with the active past infinitive of the conjugated verb:

	class I	class II	class IIg
1st sing.	cänusü mäɕodühä	cänusü xexihühä	cänusü pürücigühä
2nd sing.	cänusir mäɕodühä	cänusir xexihühä	cänusir pürücigühä
3rd sing.	cänus mäɕodühä	cänus xexihühä	cänus pürücigühä
1st plur.	cänusunü mäɕodühä	cänusunü xexihühä	cänusunü pürücigühä
2nd plur.	cänusunir mäɕodühä	cänusunir xexihühä	cänusunir pürücigühä
3rd plur.	cänusun mäɕodühä	cänusun xexihühä	cänusun pürücigühä

This tense is regarded as essentially regular.

The 3^rd person of the auxiliary verb cänühä, essere, displays only the short form, regardless of the class of the conjugated verb.

Future in the past tense

The future in the past is a compound tense. It is built with the optative past forms of the verb cänühä, to be, with the active present infinitive of the conjugated verb:

	class I	class II	class IIg
1st sing.	häcänusü moɕädühä	häcänusü xixehühä	häcänusü pürücühä
2nd sing.	häcänusir moɕädühä	häcänusir xixehühä	häcänusir pürücühä
3rd sing.	häcänus moɕädühä	häcänus xixehühä	häcänus pürücühä
1st plur.	häcänusunü moɕädühä	häcänusunü xixehühä	häcänusunü pürücühä
2nd plur.	häcänusunir moɕädühä	häcänusunir xixehühä	häcänusunir pürücühä
3rd plur.	häcänusun moɕädühä	häcänusun xixehühä	häcänusun pürücühä

This tense is regarded as essentially regular.

The 3^rd person of the auxiliary verb cänühä, essere, displays only the short form, regardless of the class of the conjugated verb.

Potential mood

The potential mood is used to convey potentiality and probability. It is regularly used both in main and dependent clauses.

The potential widely features the infix -äɕ-, which is placed between the root and the personal endings. This infix can cause irregularities, because it palatalizes every consonant, which has a palatalized counteparts. This makes the potential the richest mood in irregularities.

Present tense

The present is a simple tense. The infix -äɕ-, which often palatalizes the last consonant of the root, and the personal endings are added to the present root:

	class I	class II	class IIg
1st sing.	moɕäd́äɕü	xixeh́äɕü	pürüćäɕü
2nd sing.	moɕäd́äɕir	xixeh́äɕir	pürüćäɕir
3rd sing.	moɕäd́äɕäh	xixeh́äɕ	pürüćäɕ
1st plur.	moɕäd́äɕunü	xixeh́äɕunü	pürüćäɕunü
2nd plur.	moɕäd́äɕunir	xixeh́äɕunir	pürüćäɕunir
3rd plur.	moɕäd́äɕuńäh	xixeh́äɕun	pürüćäɕun

Since the consonant of the potential infix -äɕ- has no palatalized counterpart, in the 3^rd singular person the personal endings of the classes can cause no further irregularities.

Past tense

The past is a simple tense. The infix -äɕ-, which often palatalizes the last consonant of the root, and the personal endings are added to the past root:

	class I	class II	class IIg
1st sing.	mäɕod́äɕü	xexih́äɕü	pürüciǵäɕü
2nd sing.	mäɕod́äɕir	xexih́äɕir	pürüciǵäɕir
3rd sing.	mäɕod́äɕäh	xexih́äɕ	pürüciǵäɕ
1st plur.	mäɕod́äɕunü	xexih́äɕunü	pürüciǵäɕunü
2nd plur.	mäɕod́äɕunir	xexih́äɕunir	pürüciǵäɕunir
3rd plur.	mäɕod́äɕuńäh	xexih́äɕun	pürüciǵäɕun

Since the consonant of the potential infix -äɕ- has no palatalized counterpart, in the 3^rd singular person the personal endings of the classes can cause no further irregularities.

Present continuous tense

The present countinuous is a compound tense. It is built with the potential present forms of the verb cänühä, to be, with the active present participle of the conjugated verb, agreeing in number with the clause subject:

	class I	class II	class IIg
1st sing.	cäńäɕü moɕädīdə	cäńäɕü xixehīdə	cäńäɕü pürücīdə
2nd sing.	cäńäɕir moɕädīdə	cäńäɕir xixehīdə	cäńäɕir pürücīdə
3rd sing.	cäńäɕ moɕädīdə	cäńäɕ xixehīdə	cäńäɕ pürücīdə
1st plur.	cäńäɕunü moɕädīdənə	cäńäɕunü xixehīdənə	cäńäɕunü pürücīdənə
2nd plur.	cäńäɕunir moɕädīdənə	cäńäɕunir xixehīdənə	cäńäɕunir pürücīdənə
3rd plur.	cäńäɕun moɕädīdənə	cäńäɕun xixehīdənə	cäńäɕun pürücīdənə

This tense is regarded as essentially regular, being the only irregularities in the participial formation.

The 3^rd person of the auxiliary verb cänühä, essere, displays only the short form, regardless of the class of the conjugated verb.

Past continuous tense

The past countinuous is a compound tense. It is built with the potential past forms of the verb cänühä, to be, with the active present participle of the conjugated verb, agreeing in number with the clause subject:

	class I	class II	class IIg
1st sing.	häcäńäɕü moɕädīdə	häcäńäɕü xixehīdə	häcäńäɕü pürücīdə
2nd sing.	häcäńäɕir moɕädīdə	häcäńäɕir xixehīdə	häcäńäɕir pürücīdə
3rd sing.	häcäńäɕ moɕädīdə	häcäńäɕ xixehīdə	häcäńäɕ pürücīdə
1st plur.	häcäńäɕunü moɕädīdənə	häcäńäɕunü xixehīdənə	häcäńäɕunü pürücīdənə
2nd plur.	häcäńäɕunir moɕädīdənə	häcäńäɕunir xixehīdənə	häcäńäɕunir pürücīdənə
3rd plur.	häcäńäɕun moɕädīdənə	häcäńäɕun xixehīdənə	häcäńäɕun pürücīdənə

This tense is regarded as essentially regular, being the only irregularities in the participial formation.

The 3^rd person of the auxiliary verb cänühä, essere, displays only the short form, regardless of the class of the conjugated verb.

Perfect tense

The perfect is a compound tense. It is built with the potential present forms of the verb cänühä, to be, with the active past participle of the conjugated verb, agreeing in number with the clause subject:

	class I	class II	class IIg
1st sing.	cäńäɕü mäɕodīdə	cäńäɕü xexihīdə	cäńäɕü pürücigīdə
2nd sing.	cäńäɕir mäɕodīdə	cäńäɕir xexihīdə	cäńäɕir pürücigīdə
3rd sing.	cäńäɕ mäɕodīdə	cäńäɕ xexihīdə	cäńäɕ pürücigīdə
1st plur.	cäńäɕunü mäɕodīdənə	cäńäɕunü xexihīdənə	cäńäɕunü pürücigīdənə
2nd plur.	cäńäɕunir mäɕodīdənə	cäńäɕunir xexihīdənə	cäńäɕunir pürücigīdənə
3rd plur.	cäńäɕun mäɕodīdənə	cäńäɕun xexihīdənə	cäńäɕun pürücigīdənə

This tense is regarded as essentially regular, being the only irregularities in the participial formation.

The 3^rd person of the auxiliary verb cänühä, essere, displays only the short form, regardless of the class of the conjugated verb.

Pluperfect tense

The pluperfect is a compound tense. It is built with the potential past forms of the verb cänühä, to be, with the active past participle of the conjugated verb, agreeing in number with the clause subject:

	class I	class II	class IIg
1st sing.	häcäńäɕü mäɕodīdə	häcäńäɕü xexihīdə	häcäńäɕü pürücigīdə
2nd sing.	häcäńäɕir mäɕodīdə	häcäńäɕir xexihīdə	häcäńäɕir pürücigīdə
3rd sing.	häcäńäɕ mäɕodīdə	häcäńäɕ xexihīdə	häcäńäɕ pürücigīdə
1st plur.	häcäńäɕunü mäɕodīdənə	häcäńäɕunü xexihīdənə	häcäńäɕunü pürücigīdənə
2nd plur.	häcäńäɕunir mäɕodīdənə	häcäńäɕunir xexihīdənə	häcäńäɕunir pürücigīdənə
3rd plur.	häcäńäɕun mäɕodīdənə	häcäńäɕun xexihīdənə	häcäńäɕun pürücigīdənə

This tense is regarded as essentially regular, being the only irregularities in the participial formation.

The 3^rd person of the auxiliary verb cänühä, essere, displays only the short form, regardless of the class of the conjugated verb.

Future tense

The future is a compound tense. It is built with the potential present forms of the verb cänühä, to be, with the active present infinitive of the conjugated verb:

	class I	class II	class IIg
1st sing.	cäńäɕü moɕädühä	cäńäɕü xixehühä	cäńäɕü pürücühä
2nd sing.	cäńäɕir moɕädühä	cäńäɕir xixehühä	cäńäɕir pürücühä
3rd sing.	cäńäɕ moɕädühä	cäńäɕ xixehühä	cäńäɕ pürücühä
1st plur.	cäńäɕunü moɕädühä	cäńäɕunü xixehühä	cäńäɕunü pürücühä
2nd plur.	cäńäɕunir moɕädühä	cäńäɕunir xixehühä	cäńäɕunir pürücühä
3rd plur.	cäńäɕun moɕädühä	cäńäɕun xixehühä	cäńäɕun pürücühä

This tense is regarded as essentially regular.

The 3^rd person of the auxiliary verb cänühä, essere, displays only the short form, regardless of the class of the conjugated verb.

Anterior future tense

The anterior future is a compound tense. It is built with the potential present forms of the verb cänühä, to be, with the active past infinitive of the conjugated verb:

	class I	class II	class IIg
1st sing.	cäńäɕü mäɕodühä	cäńäɕü xexihühä	cäńäɕü pürücigühä
2nd sing.	cäńäɕir mäɕodühä	cäńäɕir xexihühä	cäńäɕir pürücigühä
3rd sing.	cäńäɕ mäɕodühä	cäńäɕ xexihühä	cäńäɕ pürücigühä
1st plur.	cäńäɕunü mäɕodühä	cäńäɕunü xexihühä	cäńäɕunü pürücigühä
2nd plur.	cäńäɕunir mäɕodühä	cäńäɕunir xexihühä	cäńäɕunir pürücigühä
3rd plur.	cäńäɕun mäɕodühä	cäńäɕun xexihühä	cäńäɕun pürücigühä

This tense is regarded as essentially regular.

The 3^rd person of the auxiliary verb cänühä, essere, displays only the short form, regardless of the class of the conjugated verb.

Future in the past tense

The future in the past is a compound tense. It is built with the potential past forms of the verb cänühä, to be, with the active present infinitive of the conjugated verb:

	class I	class II	class IIg
1st sing.	häcäńäɕü moɕädühä	häcäńäɕü xixehühä	häcäńäɕü pürücühä
2nd sing.	häcäńäɕir moɕädühä	häcäńäɕir xixehühä	häcäńäɕir pürücühä
3rd sing.	häcäńäɕ moɕädühä	häcäńäɕ xixehühä	häcäńäɕ pürücühä
1st plur.	häcäńäɕunü moɕädühä	häcäńäɕunü xixehühä	häcäńäɕunü pürücühä
2nd plur.	häcäńäɕunir moɕädühä	häcäńäɕunir xixehühä	häcäńäɕunir pürücühä
3rd plur.	häcäńäɕun moɕädühä	häcäńäɕun xixehühä	häcäńäɕun pürücühä

This tense is regarded as essentially regular.

The 3^rd person of the auxiliary verb cänühä, essere, displays only the short form, regardless of the class of the conjugated verb.

Non-finite forms

The non-finite verbal forms are:

Infinitive

It is regarded as the citation form of the verb, and it is not conjugated in person or number. It has, however, a present and a past form, respectively built on the present root and on the past root. It is marked by the ending -ühä.

	class I	class II	class IIg
present	moɕädühä	xixehühä	pürücühä
past	mäɕodühä	xexihühä	pürücigühä

The infinitive is a nominal form of a verb and it can be declined also in the plural number in this function. In this function it is also usually adjoined by the articles.

äs xemunühä
the food

Participle

There are two participial forms, the active participle and the passive participle. Both infinitives have a present and a past form, respectively built on the present root and on the preterite root. As they are adjectival forms, they are both declined as such.

The active participle is formed through the ending -īdə, added to both roots.

	class I	class II	class IIg
present	moɕädīdə	xixehīdə	pürücīdə
past	mäɕodīdə	xexihīdə	pürücigīdə

The passive participle is formed through the ending -́uhi, added to both roots.

	class I	class II	class IIg
present	moɕäd́uhi	xixeh́uhi	pürüćuhi
past	mäɕod́uhi	xexih́uhi	pürüciǵuhi

Irregularities tend to occur often in the forms of the passive particles, since the ending -́uhi systematically palatalizes all preceding consonants, which have a palatalized counterpart. This makes the potential one of the richest moods in irregularities.

The active participle is an adjectival form of a verb. It is linked to nouns which actively perform an action. It is sometimes used to build relative clauses. As an adjectival form it is declined in number, even in its verbal function.

The passive participle is an adjectival form of a verb. It is linked to nouns which undergo an action, or inactively are in a certain state. It is widely used both in the verbal conjugation to build the passive forms and as an adjective. As an adjectival form it is declined in number, even in its verbal function.

Besides its verbal or adjectival role, in some cases the participle may be used as noun, if preceded by the article.

äs mäɕod́uhi
the harvest

Passive diathesis

The passive diathesis displays only compound forms, in every mood and tense. These forms are always built through the auxiliary verb cänühä, to be with the various forms of the passive participle.

The usage of the different moods and tenses is exactly the same as the active diathesis. However, the passive diathesis completely lacks any continuous tense. The passive particles always agree with the clause subject in number.

Indicative mood

Tense	Construction
present	indicative present forms of cänühä + present passive participle
past	indicative past forms of cänühä + present passive participle
perfect	indicative present forms of cänühä + past passive participle
plusperfect	indicative past forms of cänühä + past passive participle
future	indicative future forms of cänühä + present passive participle
anterior future	indicative future forms of cänühä + past passive participle
future in the past	indicative future in the past forms of cänühä + past passive participle

Examples (for each tense only the 1^st person singular form of the verb moɕädühä is shown):

Tense	Example
present	cänü moɕäd́uhi, ...
past	häcänü moɕäd́uhi, ...
perfect	cänü mäɕod́uhi, ...
plusperfect	häcänü mäɕod́uhi, ...
future	cänü cänühä moɕäd́uhi, ...
anterior future	cänü cänühä mäɕod́uhi, ...
future in the past	häcänü häcänühä mäɕod́uhi, ...

Subjunctive mood

Tense	Construction
present	subjunctive present forms of cänühä + present passive participle
past	subjunctive past forms of cänühä + present passive participle
perfect	subjunctive present forms of cänühä + past passive participle
plusperfect	subjunctive past forms of cänühä + past passive participle
future	subjunctive future forms of cänühä + present passive participle
anterior future	subjunctive future forms of cänühä + past passive participle
future in the past	subjunctive future in the past forms of cänühä + past passive participle

Examples (for each tense only the 1^st person singular form of the verb moɕädühä is shown):

Tense	Example
present	cänünü moɕäd́uhi, ...
past	häcänünü moɕäd́uhi, ...
perfect	cänünü mäɕod́uhi, ...
plusperfect	häcänünü mäɕod́uhi, ...
future	cänünü cänühä moɕäd́uhi, ...
anterior future	cänünü cänühä mäɕod́uhi, ...
future in the past	häcänünü häcänühä mäɕod́uhi, ...

Optative mood

Tense	Construction
present	optative present forms of cänühä + present passive participle
past	optative past forms of cänühä + present passive participle
perfect	optative present forms of cänühä + past passive participle
plusperfect	optative past forms of cänühä + past passive participle
future	optative future forms of cänühä + present passive participle
anterior future	optative future forms of cänühä + past passive participle
future in the past	optative future in the past forms of cänühä + past passive participle

Examples (for each tense only the 1^st person singular form of the verb moɕädühä is shown):

Tense	Example
present	cänusü moɕäd́uhi, ...
past	häcänusü moɕäd́uhi, ...
perfect	cänusü mäɕod́uhi, ...
plusperfect	häcänusü mäɕod́uhi, ...
future	cänusü cänühä moɕäd́uhi, ...
anterior future	cänusü cänühä mäɕod́uhi, ...
future in the past	häcänusü häcänühä mäɕod́uhi, ...

Potential mood

Tense	Construction
present	potential present forms of cänühä + present passive participle
past	potential past forms of cänühä + present passive participle
perfect	potential present forms of cänühä + past passive participle
plusperfect	potential past forms of cänühä + past passive participle
future	potential future forms of cänühä + present passive participle
anterior future	potential future forms of cänühä + past passive participle
future in the past	potential future in the past forms of cänühä + past passive participle

Examples (for each tense only the 1^st person singular form of the verb moɕädühä is shown):

Tense	Example
present	cäńäɕü moɕäd́uhi, ...
past	häcäńäɕü moɕäd́uhi, ...
perfect	cäńäɕü mäɕod́uhi, ...
plusperfect	häcäńäɕü mäɕod́uhi, ...
future	cäńäɕü cänühä moɕäd́uhi, ...
anterior future	cäńäɕü cänühä mäɕod́uhi, ...
future in the past	häcäńäɕü häcänühä mäɕod́uhi, ...

Infinitive mood

Tense	Construction
present	infinitive form of cänühä + present passive participle
past	infinitive form of cänühä + past passive participle

Examples (only the infinitival forms of the verb moɕädühä are shown):

Tense	Example
present	cänühä moɕäd́uhi
past	cänühä mäɕod́uhi

Negation

The verbal negation is conveyed by the negative adverb wī. This adverb is placed after the conjugated verbal form, namely after either the main verb, an auxiliary, or a modal verb, but before other unconjugated verbal forms.

äs subä cerun → äs subä cerun wī
the dog is sleeping → The dog isn't sleeping

äs subä ṕäs cerunühä → äs subä ṕäs wī cerunühä
the dog can sleep → The dog cannot sleep

Double negatives are generally allowed, and often used.