Miwonša

Phonology

Consonants

	labial	alveolar	post-alveolar	palatal	velar	glottal
plosive	p pʼ (b)	t tʼ (d)		c cʼ	k kʼ (g)
nasal	m	n		ɲ	(ŋ)
fricative	f (v)	s z (sʲ zʲ)	ʃ ʒ	ɕ	(x)	h
affricate		ts	tʃ dʒ	(tɕ tɕʼ)
trills		r
laterals		l (ɬ)		(ʎ)
approximants	w ʍ			j

Vowels

Monophthongs:

	front	central	back
high	i ĩ		u ũ
central	ɛ ɛ̃		ɔ ɔ̃
low		a ã

Diphthongs:

	front	central	back
high	iʊ̯		uɪ̯
central	ɛɪ̯		ɔɪ̯
low		aɪ̯ aʊ̯

Verbs

Finite Verbs forms

The slot model

slot 1	slot 2		slot 3		slot 4		slot 5
VERB STEM	-wa-/-ya-	PAST	-im-	1SG.NOM	-im-	1SG.ACC	-an	IND.IPFV
			-iš-	2SG.NOM	-iš	2SG.ACC	-Ø-/-at-	IND.PFV
			-iw-/-if-/-it	3SG.NOM	-iw-/-it	3SG.ACC	-ui/-ao	IND.FUT
			-am-	1PL.NOM	-am-	1PL.ACC	-ai	COND
			-aš-	2PL.NOM	-aš-	2PL.ACC	-ai/-Ø	IPFV
			-aw-/-af-/-at	3PL.NOM	-aw-/-at	2PL.ACC
					-ar-	PASS
					-ast-	REFL
					-ahw-	RECP
					-asj-	IMPERS

Agreement rules

Type of Subject	Type of Object	Subject Agreement	Object Agreement	Example sentence	Translation
noun	no object	NO	NO	Kaika lufjan.	The cat is sleeping.
pronoun	no object	YES	NO	Woi lufiwan.	He is sleeping.
omitted pronoun	no object	YES	NO	Lufiwan.	He is sleeping.
phrase	no object	NO	NO	Luzjan, sta ši anhi.	It's nice (literally: It makes happy) that you are here.
noun	nouns	NO	NO
	pronouns	YES	YES
	omitted pronouns	YES	YES
	phrase	NO	NO
(omitted) pronoun	nouns	YES	NO
	pronouns	YES	YES
	omitted pronouns	YES	YES
	phrase	YES	NO
phrase	nouns	NO	NO
	pronouns	YES	NO
	omitted pronouns	YES	NO