Modern Standard Imperial
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Phonology
Phonemic Inventory
Consonants
| POA | Labials | Dentals | Palatals | Velars | Gutturals |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Fortis stops | p /p/ | t /t/ | c /tS/ | k /k/ | q /q/ |
| Lenis stops | b /b/ | d /d/ | j /dZ/ | g /g/ | |
| Fortis fricatives | ph /f/ | th /T/ | ch /C/ | kh /x/ | qh /H\/ |
| Lenis fricatives | f /f/ | s /s/ | ç /C/ | x /x/ | gh /<\/ |
| Nasals | m /m/ | n /n/ | |||
| Liquids | l /l/ | r /R/ | |||
| Glides | (u) /w/ | (i) /j/ | (u) /w/ |
Vowels
| POA | Front Short | Front Long | Front Rounded | Near-Front Long | Central Short | Central Long | Near-Back Long | Back Short | Back Long |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Close | i /i/ | ī /i:/ | ue /y:/ | u /u/ | ū /u:/ | ||||
| Near-close | īh /I:/ | ūh /U:/ | |||||||
| Close-Mid | ē /e:/ | ō /o:/ | |||||||
| Mid | |||||||||
| Open-Mid | e /E/ | ēh /E:/ | oe /2:/ | o /O/ | ōh /O:/ | ||||
| Near-Open | |||||||||
| Open | a /a/ | ā /a:/ | ā /A:/ |