Nodrostic
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Nodrostaj
Phonology & Orthography
Consonants
| Bilabial | Labiodental | Dental | Alveolar | Postalveolar | Palatal | Velar | Uvular | Glottal | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Plosive | /p b/ p b | /t d/ t d | /k g/ c g | /q ɢ/ c g | /ʔ/ x | ||||
| Affricate | /ts/ ç | /tʃ/ ṫ | |||||||
| Nasal | /m/ m | /n/ n | /ŋ/ ng | /ɴ/ ng | |||||
| Trill | /r/ r | ||||||||
| Fricative | /f/ f | /θ/ z | /s/ s | /ʃ/ ṡ | /x/ k | /χ/ k | /h/ h | ||
| Lateral Fricative | /ɮ/ l | ||||||||
| Approximant | /ʋ/ v | /j/ j |
- /p t k q/ are realized as [p̚ t̚ k̚ q̚] word finally
- /b d g ɢ/ are realized as [β ð ɣ ʁ] after a vowel and before another vowel, a sibilant, or a liquid
- /k ɡ ŋ x/ and /q ɢ ɴ χ/ are in complementary distribution with the former occurring in a syllable containing front vowels and the latter occurring in a syllable containing back vowels
- /hm hn hŋ hɴ hr hɮ/ are realized as [m̥ n̥ ŋ̥ ɴ̥ r̥ ɬ]
- /r ɮ/ are realized as [r̥ ɬ] word finally
- geminated consonants are represented by doubling the consonants
Vowels
| Front | Central | Back | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Close | /iː yː/ ii yy | /uː/ uu | |
| Near-close | /ɪ ʏ/ i y | /ʊ/ u | |
| Close-mid | /eː øː/ ee öö | /oː/ oo | |
| Open-mid | /ɛ œ/ e ö | /ɜː/ aa | /ɔ/ o |
| Open | /a/ a |
- when unstressed, vowels become more central
- /a/ and /ɜː/ is realized as [ɑ] and [ʌː], respectively, when before or after a uvular consonant
Vowel Harmony
The vowel harmony of Nodrostic is based on front/back harmony.
| Front | e | ee | ö | öö | y | yy |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Back | a | aa | o | oo | u | uu |
| Neutral | i ii | |||||
- a word whose vowels are only i or ii would take the front variants' affixing
Syllable Structure & Phonotactics
Morphology
Nouns
Verbs
Intransitive
The argument of an intransitive verb is realized through suffixes added to a verb stem.
| SG | DL | PL | |
|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | -ös/os | -ösel/osal | -ösenee/osanaa |
| 2 | -d | -del/dal | -denee/danaa |
| 3 | -eset/asat | -esetel/asatal | -esetenee/asatanaa |
Transitive
The agent and object of a transitive verb is realized through suffixes added to a verb stem.
(row = agent, column = object)
| 1.SG | 2.SG | 3.SG | 1.DU | 2.DU | 3.DU | 1.PL | 2.PL | 3.PL | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1.SG | -ösen/osan | -den/dan | -eseten/asatan | -öselen/osalan | -delen/dalan | - esetelen/asatalan | -öseneeven/osanaajan | -deneeven/danaajan | -eseteneeven/asatanaajan |
| 2.SG | -ösyge/osuga | -dyge/duga | -esetyge/asatuga | -öselyge/osaluga | -delyge/daluga | -esetelyge/asataluga | -öseneevyge/osanaajuga | -deneevyge/danaajuga | -eseteneevyge/asatanaajuga |
| 3.SG | |||||||||
| 1.DU | |||||||||
| 2.DU | |||||||||
| 3.DU | |||||||||
| 1.PL | |||||||||
| 2.PL | |||||||||
| 3.PL |
