Kithran Lexicon
Lexicon
This page contains a categorized lexicon of the Kithran language, including pronouns, numerals, and other core vocabulary. The lexicon reflects primarily Classical Kithran usage, with occasional notes on historical development.
For grammatical structure and usage rules, see Kithran.
Pronouns
Personal Pronouns
| Person | Pronoun | Accusative | Genitive | Dative | Instrumental |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1st singular | alla | allim | allum | allnun | allnam |
| 2nd singular | sho | shim | shum | shnun | shnam |
| 2nd plural | ersho | ershim | ershum | ershnun | ershnam |
| 1st plural (inclusive) | fanna | fannim | fannum | fannun | fannam |
| 1st plural (exclusive) | finna | finnim | finnum | finnun | finnam |
| 3rd plural | ezho | ezhim | ezhum | ezhnun | ezhnam |
| 3rd singular masculine | ra | rim | rum | ranun | ranam |
| 3rd singular feminine | na | nim | num | nanun | nanam |
| 3rd singular neuter | ta | tim | tum | tanun | tanam |
Possessive Pronouns
| Person | Possessive Pronoun |
|---|---|
| 1st singular | alle |
| 2nd singular | she |
| 2nd plural | ershe |
| 1st plural (inclusive) | fanne |
| 1st plural (exclusive) | finne |
| 3rd plural | ezhe |
| 3rd singular masculine | re |
| 3rd singular feminine | ne |
| 3rd singular neuter | te |
Possession in Kithran is commonly expressed using possessive pronouns. Genitive forms of personal pronouns may also be used to express possession, especially in formal, poetic, or emphatic contexts, corresponding to an "of X" construction.
- alle yaba – my house
- yaba allum – the house of me (formal / poetic)
Demonstrative Pronouns
| Meaning | Pronoun |
|---|---|
| this (singular) | din |
| that (singular) | dawm |
| these (plural) | disha |
| those (plural) | dashum |
Negative Pronouns
| Meaning | Pronoun |
|---|---|
| none | nen |
| nothing | nedo |
| nobody / no one | nezho |
| neither | niba |
Negative pronouns like niba can be used in combination with verbs or conjunctions to express negation across multiple subjects or objects.
Negative pronouns inherently express negation and do not normally require additional negative particles. Double negation is possible but generally avoided in standard usage.
Numerals
Cardinal Numbers
| Number | Kithran |
|---|---|
| 1 | ani |
| 2 | nayn |
| 3 | tha |
| 4 | kadra |
| 5 | kubra |
| 6 | sati |
| 7 | seba |
| 8 | thama |
| 9 | tisha |
| 10 | shol |
| 100 | shen |
| 1,000 | mishen |
| 1,000,000 | mighnan |
Number Formation
Multiplication is expressed by placing the multiplier before the higher magnitude.
- nayn shol – 20 (2 × 10)
- tha shen – 300 (3 × 100)
- kadra mishen – 4,000 (4 × 1,000)
Addition is expressed by placing the smaller number after the larger one, connected by the conjunction e ("and").
- shol e nayn – 12 (10 + 2)
- shen e kadra shol e kubra – 145 (100 + 40 + 5)
- nayn mishen e shol e thama – 2,018 (2,000 + 10 + 8)
In casual speech, the conjunction e may be omitted.
Syntax of Numbers
When used as modifiers, cardinal numbers precede the noun.
- nayn hadis – two gifts
Zero
Early Kithran lacked a distinct numeral for zero. Absence or null quantity was instead expressed using the word nen ("none").
In Late Classical Kithran, as mathematics became more prominent, the term nil was borrowed from another language and adopted as a numeral meaning "zero".
Ordinal Numbers
Kithran ordinal numbers are primarily formed using distinct ordinal forms. The system remains base-10.
| Ordinal | Kithran |
|---|---|
| 1st | ano |
| 2nd | nayno |
| 3rd | tho |
| 4th | kadro |
| 5th | kubro |
| 6th | sato |
| 7th | sebo |
| 8th | thamo |
| 9th | tisho |
| 10th | shio |
| 11th | shano |
| 12th | shnayno |
The 11th and 12th ordinals have distinct forms. These originally developed within an earlier timekeeping system and were later generalized in Classical Kithran, similar to the English forms "eleven" and "twelve".
Formation of Higher Ordinals
For compound numbers, only the final numeral is converted into its ordinal form.
- shol sebo – 17th
- nayn shol tho – 23rd
As with cardinal numbers, the conjunction e may be omitted in casual speech.
Temporal Vocabulary
This section lists lexical items used to express time reference and duration in Kithran. These terms are used in conjunction with the Kithran time system.
Units of Time
| Meaning | Kithran |
|---|---|
| hour | gen |
| day | yawm |
| month | ikkam |
| year | tero |
- Tha yawm – three days
- tisho yawm – ninth day
- seba ikkam – seven months
Day-Night Division
| Meaning | Kithran |
|---|---|
| daytime (sunrise to sunset) | dan |
| nighttime (sunset to sunrise) | bun |
Clock time is typically expressed using ordinal numbers together with dan or bun. For details on time expression and syntax, see the Time System section of the main Kithran page.
Subdivisions of Time
| Meaning | Kithran | Notes |
|---|---|---|
| half-hour | satigen | literally "half gen" |
| quarter-hour | kadrigen | literally "quarter gen" |
| short moment | simish | vague, non-measured duration |
Durations are formed by combining a cardinal number with gen. In written form, these elements are merged.
- kadragen – four hours
Negation Vocabulary
This section lists lexical items used to express negation in Kithran. These forms function as particles or operators rather than pronouns.
Core Negation Particles
| Meaning | Kithran | Notes |
|---|---|---|
| no | nan | general negation |
| not | nem | placed before verbs or objects |
| do not (negative imperative) | nar | used with commands |
| never | naram | absolute negation of time |
Emphatic and Coordinating Negation
| Meaning | Kithran | Notes |
|---|---|---|
| not even | nemi (...) niya | emphasized element placed between |
| and not / or not / nor | nare | negative conjunction |
Negation particles in Kithran typically precede the element they negate. Double negation is grammatically possible but generally avoided in standard usage.
