Záren

/Preliminary description/

Phonology

Consonants

	Bilabial	Labiodental	Alveolar	Retroflex	Palatal	Velar	Uvular
Nasal	m		n	ɳ		ŋ~ɴ
Plosive	p		t	ʈ		k	q
Affricate		p͡f	t͡s	ʈ͡ʂ		k͡x	q͡χ
Fricative		f v	θ̠ ð̠	ʂ ʐ		x~χ ɣ~ʁ
Trill			r	r͡ɽ
Lateral approximant			l	ɭ
Approximant					j

• p t ʈ k q /p t ṭ k q/
• p͡f t͡s ʈ͡ʂ k͡x q͡χ /pf ts ṭs kh qh/
• f θ̠ ʂ x~χ /f s ṣ h/
• v ð̠ ʐ ɣ~ʁ /v z ẓ ḥ/
• m n ɳ ŋ~ɴ /m n ṇ ŋ/
• l ɭ /l ḷ/
• r r͡ɽ /r ṛ/
• j /j/

Vowels

	Front		Central		Back
	Short	Long	Short	Long	Short	Long
Close	i	iː	ɨ	ɨː	u	uː
Mid			ə	əː
Open			ä	äː

• iː ɨː uː /í ý ú/
• əː /é/
• äː /á/

• i ɨ u /i y u/
• ə /e/
• ä /a/

Phonotactics

(C)(C)V(ː)(R)(C)

Accent

• penultimate primary acute accent
• ultimate secondary gravis accent

Grammar

Nouns

• noun class system (preffixal): Animate (Masculine vs Feminine), Inaminate (Abstractive vs Objective)
• nominative-genetive alignment
• 3-way agent secundative ditransitive alignment (S/A = Nominative, D = Pegative P/R = Genetive, T = Instrumental)
• cases (suffixal): Nominative, Pegative, Genitive, Instrumental, Vialis, Ablative, Lative, Locative, Benefactive
• number (suffixal): singular, plural
• definiteness (phrasal clitic): definite proper, definite distant, indefinite

Noun class + Root + Root extension(s) + Case + Number + Definiteness

Noun class

Animate	Masculine	t- / te-	tamen	man
	Feminine	j- / je-	jamen	woman
Inanimate	Abstractive	ṇ- / ṇe-	ṇamen	humanity
	Objective	-	qtem	stone

Declension

Nominative	-	tkára	wolf	subject of intransitive clauses, agent of transitive clauses
Pegative	-s / -es	tkáras	wolf	donor of a ditransitive clauses
Genitive	-n / -en	tkáran	wolf, of wolf, to wolf	possessor, patient of transitive clauses, recipient of ditransitive clauses
Instrumental	-li	tkárali	by / with wolf	instrument, method, accompaniament
Vialis	-ema / -ma	tkárama	through wolf	way, vial direction
Ablative	-t / -et	tkárat	from wolf	separation, starting point
Lative	-ví	tkáraví	to / at wolf	purposive direction
Locative	-uṣ / -ṣ	tkáraṣ	in / on / under wolf	spatial or temporal location
Benefactive	-ur / -r	tkárar	for wolf	destination, destinative recipient

Number

Singular	-	qtem	stone
Plural	-k / -yk	qtemyk	stones

Definiteness

Neutral	-	jamen	woman
Indefinite	-me	jamenme	a woman
Definite proper	-tsa	jamentsa	the woman
Definite distant	-kxy	jamenkxy	yonder woman

Verbs

• aspects (suffixal): Imperfective, Perfective (Punctual Perfective), Conclusive (Durative-Perfective), Habitual
• voices (infixal): Active vs Middle + Direct vs Causative
• noun class preffixes
• tense-moods (suffixal): Past visual, Past non-visual, Present, Future, Conditional, Jussive
• polarity (phrasal clitic): affirmative, negative
• subjective and objective persons

[Modal particle] + [Modal verb] + [Noun class + (Root + Voice) + Root extension(s) + Aspect + Tense / Mood + Subject + Object / Theme + Polarity]

Aspect

Imperfective	-	vláq	to speak
Habitual / Iterative	-ja-	vláqja	to speak many times / regularly
Conclusive (Durative-Perfective)	-ny-	vláqny	to say (after long time of the action)
Perfective (Punctual-Perfective)	-su-	vláqsu	to say (in short moment)

Voice

	Direct			Causative
Active	-	ŋáv	to see	-ra-	ŋárav	to show
Middle	-sí-	ŋásív	to see self	-ḥú-	ŋáḥúv	to show self

Tense-moods

Past visual	-ṛ-	át-ṛ-	to go (action in past, visible by subject)
Past non-visual	-z-	át-z-	to go (action in past, non-visible by subject and unconfirmed to him)
Present	-	át	to go (now)
Future	-mu-	át-mu-	to go (future action)
Conditional	-fý-	át-fý-	would to go
Jussive	-ḷá-	át-ḷá-	should to go

Person

Subject

	Singular			Plural
1.	-al	qával	I am living	-avy	qávavy	we are living
2.	-if	qávif	thou art living	-ify	qávify	you are living
3.	-a	qáva	he / she / it is living	-ak	qávak	they are living
4.	-	qáv	someone / something is living

Object

	Singular			Plural
1.	-la	tsýlla	to let me	-va	tsýlva	to let us
2.	-fi	tsýlfi	to let thee	-fe	tsýlfe	to let you
3.	-t	tsýlt	to let him / her / it	-ta	tsýlta	to let them
4.	-	tsýl	to let someone / something

Theme

	Singular			Plural
1.	-je / -j	ṭṣáje	give to me	-ma / -m	ṭṣáma	give to us
2.	-he / -h	ṭṣáhe	give to thee	-ṣa / -ṣ	ṭṣáṣa	give to you
3.	-tsu	ṭṣátsu	give to him / her / it	-tsuk	ṭṣátsuk	give to them
4.	-ṇi	ṭṣáṇi	give to someone / something

Polarity

Affirmative	-	kxín	to know
Negative	-aŋ / -ŋ	kxínaŋ	don't to know

Adjectives and adverbs

• three degrees: positive, comparative, superlative

Degrees of comparison

Positive			Comparative			Superlative
-	-ány	good	-kxe / -ekxe	-ánykxe	better	-rta / -erta	-ányrta	best
	-pfaŋkx	strong		-pfaŋkxekxe	stronger		-pfaŋkxerta	strongest
	-ḥarpfis	equine		-ḥarpfiskxe	more equine		-ḥarpfiserta	most equine

Formation of adverbs

Basal adjective		Derived adverb
-ány	good	l- / le-	lány	well
-pfaŋkx	strong		lepfaŋkx	strongly
-ḥarpfis	equine		leḥarpfis	like / as horse

Numerals

Cardinal numerals

1.	ájve
2.	paṛí
3.	tapat
4.	dyrja
5.	sopor
6.	páluq
7.	ptáte
8.	satka
9.	qlafa
10.	toṛq
11.	toṛqájve
12.	toṛqpaṛí
20.	paṛítoṛq
21.	paṛítoṛqájve
30	tapattoṛq
100.	nantor
101.	nantorájve
120.	nantorpaṛítoṛq
121.	nantorpaṛítoṛqájve
200.	paṛínantor
1.000.	toṛqnantor
10.000.	toṛqtoṛqnantor

Derived numerals

	Ordinal	Multiplicative	Reproductive	Distributive	Fractional
	-ty	-táj	-sot	-lín	-mé
1.	ájvety	ájvetáj	ájvesot	ájvelín	ájvemé
10.	toṛqty	toṛqtáj	toṛqsot	toṛqlín	toṛqmé
11.	toṛqájvety	toṛqájvetáj	toṛqájvesot	toṛqájvelín	toṛqájvemé
20.	paṛítoṛqty	paṛítoṛqtáj	paṛítoṛqsot	paṛítoṛqlín	paṛítoṛqmé
21.	paṛítoṛqájvety	paṛítoṛqájvetáj	paṛítoṛqájvesot	paṛítoṛqájvelín	paṛítoṛqájvemé
100.	nantorty	nantortáj	nantorsot	nantorlín	nantormé
101.	nantorájvety	nantorájvetáj	nantorájvesot	nantorájvelín	nantorájvemé
120.	nantorpaṛítoṛqty	nantorpaṛítoṛqtáj	nantorpaṛítoṛqsot	nantorpaṛítoṛqlín	nantorpaṛítoṛqmé
121.	nantorpaṛítoṛqájvety	nantorpaṛítoṛqájvetáj	nantorpaṛítoṛqájvesot	nantorpaṛítoṛqájvelín	nantorpaṛítoṛqájvemé
200.	paṛínantorty	paṛínantortáj	paṛínantorsot	paṛínantorlín	paṛínantormé
1000.	toṛqnantorty	toṛqnantortáj	toṛqnantorsot	toṛqnantorlín	toṛqnantormé
10.000.	toṛqtoṛqnantorty	toṛqtoṛqnantortáj	toṛqtoṛqnantorsot	toṛqtoṛqnantorlín	toṛqtoṛqnantormé

Pronouns

• obviative
• subjugating hierarchy (suffixal)
• plural roots

Adpositions

• postpositions and prepositions (mixed system)
• conjugable by subjective person

Syntax

• SOV
• head-final