Záren: Difference between revisions

From FrathWiki
Jump to navigationJump to search
Line 381: Line 381:
|-
|-
! 1.
! 1.
| -
|  
|  
|  
|  
|  
| -
|
|  
|  
|  
|  
|-
|-
! 2.
! 2.
| -
|  
|  
|  
|  
|  
| -
|
|  
|  
|  
|  
|-
|-
! 3.
! 3.
| -
|  
|  
|  
|  
|  
| -
|
|  
|  
|  
|  
|-
|-
! 4.
! 4.
|  
| -
|  
|  
|  
|  
Line 411: Line 411:


=====Object=====
=====Object=====


{| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 100%;"
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 100%;"
Line 418: Line 419:
|-
|-
! 1.
! 1.
| -
|  
|  
|  
|  
|  
| -
|
|  
|  
|  
|  
|-
|-
! 2.
! 2.
| -
|  
|  
|  
|  
|  
| -
|
|  
|  
|  
|  
|-
|-
! 3.
! 3.
| -
|  
|  
|  
|  
|  
| -
|
|  
|  
|  
|  
|-
|-
! 4.
! 4.
|  
| -
|  
|  
|  
|  
Line 448: Line 449:


=====Theme=====
=====Theme=====


{| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 100%;"
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 100%;"
Line 455: Line 457:
|-
|-
! 1.
! 1.
| -
|  
|  
|  
|  
|  
| -
|
|  
|  
|  
|  
|-
|-
! 2.
! 2.
| -
|  
|  
|  
|  
|  
| -
|
|  
|  
|  
|  
|-
|-
! 3.
! 3.
| -
|  
|  
|  
|  
|  
| -
|
|  
|  
|  
|  
|-
|-
! 4.
! 4.
|  
| -
|  
|  
|  
|  

Revision as of 08:36, 30 April 2014

/Preliminary description/

Phonology

Consonants

Bilabial Labiodental Alveolar Retroflex Palatal Velar Uvular
Nasal m n ɳ ŋ~ɴ
Plosive p t ʈ k q
Affricate p͡f t͡s ʈ͡ʂ k͡x q͡χ
Fricative f v θ̠ ð̠ ʂ ʐ x~χ ɣ~ʁ
Trill r r͡ɽ
Lateral approximant l ɭ
Approximant j
  • p t ʈ k q /p t ṭ k q/
  • p͡f t͡s ʈ͡ʂ k͡x q͡χ /pf ts ṭs kh qh/
  • f θ̠ ʂ x~χ /f s ṣ h/
  • v ð̠ ʐ ɣ~ʁ /v z ẓ ḥ/
  • m n ɳ ŋ~ɴ /m n ṇ ŋ/
  • l ɭ /l ḷ/
  • r r͡ɽ /r ṛ/
  • j /j/

Vowels

Front Central Back
Short Long Short Long Short Long
Close i iː ɨ ɨː u uː
Mid ə əː
Open ä äː
  • iː ɨː uː /í ý ú/
  • əː /é/
  • äː /á/
  • i ɨ u /i y u/
  • ə /e/
  • ä /a/

Phonotactics

(C)(C)V(ː)(R)(C)

Accent

  • penultimate primary acute accent
  • ultimate secondary gravis accent

Grammar

Nouns

  • noun class system (preffixal): Animate (Masculine vs Feminine), Inaminate (Abstractive vs Objective)
  • nominative-genetive alignment
  • 3-way agent secundative ditransitive alignment (S/A = Nominative, D = Pegative P/R = Genetive, T = Instrumental)
  • cases (suffixal): Nominative, Pegative, Genitive, Instrumental, Vialis, Ablative, Lative, Locative, Benefactive
  • number (suffixal): singular, plural
  • definiteness (phrasal clitic): definite proper, definite distant, indefinite

Noun class + Root + Root extension(s) + Case + Number + Definiteness

Noun class

Animate Masculine t- / te- tamen man
Feminine j- / je- jamen woman
Inanimate Abstractive ṇ- / ṇe- ṇamen humanity
Objective - qtem stone

Declension

Nominative - tkára wolf subject of intransitive clauses, agent of transitive clauses
Pegative -s / -es tkáras wolf donor of a ditransitive clauses
Genitive -n / -en tkáran wolf, of wolf, to wolf possessor, patient of transitive clauses, recipient of ditransitive clauses
Instrumental -li tkárali by / with wolf instrument, method, accompaniament
Vialis -ema / -ma tkárama through wolf way, vial direction
Ablative -t / -et tkárat from wolf separation, starting point
Lative -ví tkáraví to / at wolf purposive direction
Locative -uṣ / -ṣ tkáraṣ in / on / under wolf spatial or temporal location
Benefactive -ur / -r tkárar for wolf destination, destinative recipient

Number

Singular - qtem stone
Plural -k / -yk qtemyk stones

Definiteness

Neutral - jamen woman
Indefinite -me jamenme a woman
Definite proper -tsa jamentsa the woman
Definite distant -kxy jamenkxy yonder woman

Verbs

  • aspects (suffixal): Imperfective, Perfective (Punctual Perfective), Conclusive (Durative-Perfective), Habitual
  • voices (infixal): Active vs Middle + Direct vs Causative
  • noun class preffixes
  • tense-moods (suffixal): Past visual, Past non-visual, Present, Future, Conditional, Jussive
  • polarity (phrasal clitic): affirmative, negative
  • subjective and objective persons

[Modal particle] + [Modal verb] + [Noun class + (Root + Voice) + Root extension(s) + Aspect + Tense / Mood + Subject + Object / Theme + Polarity]

Aspect

Imperfective - vláq to speak
Habitual / Iterative -ja- vláqja to speak many times / regularly
Conclusive (Durative-Perfective) -ny- vláqny to say (after long time of the action)
Perfective (Punctual-Perfective) -su- vláqsu to say (in short moment)

Voice

Direct Causative
Active - ŋáv to see -ra- ŋárav to show
Middle -sí- ŋásív to see self -ḥú- ŋáḥúv to show self

Tense-moods

Past visual -ṛ- át-ṛ- to go (action in past, visible by subject)
Past non-visual -z- át-z- to go (action in past, non-visible by subject and unconfirmed to him)
Present - át to go (now)
Future -mu- át-mu- to go (future action)
Conditional -fý- át-fý- would to go
Jussive -ḷá- át-ḷá- should to go

Person

Subject
Singular Plural
1. - -
2. - -
3. - -
4. -
Object
Singular Plural
1. - -
2. - -
3. - -
4. -
Theme
Singular Plural
1. - -
2. - -
3. - -
4. -

Adjectives

  • three degrees: positive, comparative, superlative

Pronouns

  • obviative
  • subjugating hierarchy (suffixal)
  • plural roots

Adpositions

  • postpositions and prepositions (mixed system)
  • conjugable by subjective person

Syntax

  • SOV
  • head-final
Retrieved from "http://www.frathwiki.com/index.php?title=Záren&oldid=78765"