Songulda language: Difference between revisions

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== Grammars ==
Songulda is an ergative, agglutinative language.
=== Verbs ===
Verbs agree with nouns in person/number and case. The order in which affixes are tacked on is: (conditional)+(causative)+stem+(past tense)+(state)+(perfect)+(continuous)+person/number+(passive)+(conditional). Person and number is fusioned in the suffixes, which are as follow:
{| border=1
! Person/number
! Affix
! Examples
| 1<sup>st</sup> person singular
| -m (if word ends with vowel), -um/-üm (if word ends with consonant)
|-
| 1<sup>st</sup> person plural
| -o/-ö (if word ends with s), -zo (if word ends with d (making the affricate <dz>), -so/-sö (in other cases)
|-
| 2<sup>nd</sup> person singular
| -t (if word ends with l, s, d or vowel; long vowels in last syllable are shortened, last d is deleted), -tĭ (if word ends with t)
|-
| 2<sup>nd</sup> person plural
| -to/-tö (final d is deleted)
|-
| 3<sup>rd</sup> person singular
| -ta (if word ends with back vowel), -t (if word ends with üü), -üt (if word ends with ü or üs), -üsüt (if word ends with üüs; the üüs is deleted), -ülüt (if word ends with ült; the ült is deleted), -ata (in other cases)
|-
| 3<sup>rd</sup> person plural
| -to (if word ends with back vowel), -tö (if word has ü in it), -ato (in other cases)
|}
{| border=1
! Voice
! Affix
|-
| Active
| No marking
|-
| Passive
| -nu/-nü (if word ends with consonant), -nnu/-nnü (if word ends with vowel)
|}
|}

Revision as of 04:30, 18 July 2008

This article is a work in progress.
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Songulda
Songulda
Spoken in:
Conworld:
Total speakers:
Genealogical classification:
Songulda
Basic word order:
Morphological type: agglutinative
Morphosyntactic alignment: ergative
Writing system:
Created by:
Qwynegold


Phonology and phonotactics


Consonants
Bilabial Labiod. Dental Alveolar Post-alv. Palatal Velar Glottal
Nasals m n ŋː
Plosives p b t d k g
Fricatives s ʃ ʒ x h
Affricates ts tʃ dʒ
Approximants ʋ j
Trill r
Lateral Approximant l


Vowels
Front Near-front Central Near-back Back
High i y ɨ u
Near-high
High-mid
Mid e ø o
Low-mid
Near-low
Low ɑ

All the vowels and the consonants /p t k m n s x h l/ can have phonemic length.

Vowel harmony

Songulda has progressive vowel harmony, with vowels belonging to one of the three groups front, back or neutral.

Front Back Neutral
y u i
2̽ o̽ e̽
1 A

If a word root has only neutral vowels in it, then affixes belonging to the front group will be used with it.

Syllable structure

The syllable structure for non-final syllables is (O)V(ː)((C)D(ː)), and for final syllables (O)V(ː)((C)D). For both syllable types, V can be any vowel. For non-final syllables O can be any consonant except /p/ or/ŋː/, and for final syllables any consonant except /ŋː/. The C and D have certain constraints. For non-final syllables, the coda can be any of the following consonants or clusters:

m
n nd ns nʒ nx nh nts ndʒ
p
b
t
d
k
g
s st sk
ʃ
ʒ
x
h
tʃ
dʒ
ʋ ʋd ʋs
j jt jd jk jm jn jr js jx jts jdʒ jl
r rt rd rk rm rs rx rts rj
l lt ld lk lm ls lʒ lx lts ldʒ lj

For final syllables, the coda can be any of the following consonants or clusters:

m mp mt mts mtʃ
n nt nd ns nʒ nts ndʒ
ŋk
b
t
d
g gt gd gs
s sp st sk
ʒ
x
h
tʃ
dʒ
ʋ ʋt ʋd ʋs
j jt jd jk jm jn jr js jx jts jdʒ jl
r rt rd rk rm rts rj rx
l lp lt ld lk lm ls lʃ lʒ lx lts ltʃ ldʒ lj

A list of phonemes that can actually appear next to each other in a word, regardless of whether they are in the same syllable or not is here (long consonants are counted here as sequences of two consonants):

1st phoneme 2nd ph. 2nd ph. 2nd ph. 2nd ph. 2nd ph. 2nd ph. 2nd ph. 2nd ph. 2nd ph. 2nd ph. 2nd ph. 2nd ph. 2nd ph. 2nd ph. 2nd ph. 2nd ph. 2nd ph. 2nd ph. 2nd ph.
p p t s j l
b d n x dZ j
t t k m r h ts tS v j l
d b g m n r s S x h v j l
k t k s j l
g d m s Z x dZ v j l
m p b t d m n r s S Z x h ts tS dZ j l
n t d n s S Z x h ts tS dZ v j
N k g m N r l
r p b t d k g m r s S x h ts tS dZ v j
S p t k m v j l
Z b d g
x b d g m x dZ v j l
h p b t d k g m n r s x h ts tS dZ v j l
tS p k m S j
dZ b g n Z
v d g r Z x dZ l
j p b t d k g m n r s S Z x h ts tS dZ v l
l p b t d k g m n s S Z x h ts tS dZ v j l

Other phonotactic rules are: [*] /p/ can not be the first phoneme of a word. [*] Whenever a word has a voiced stop, no unvoiced stops can follow after it in the whole word. [*] There are no diphtongs.

Writing

The romanized version of Songulda, which will be used from here on, is as follows:

Romanization and pronunciation

A a, B b, C c, D d, E e, F f, G g, H h, I i, Ĭ ĭ, J j, K k, L l, M m, N n, O o, Ö ö, P p, R r, S s, T t, U u, Ü ü, V v, Y y

Letter Pronunciation
A a ɑ
B b b
CH ch tʃ
D d d
DZ dz dʒ
E e e̽
F f f
G g g
H h h
I i i
Ĭ ĭ ɨ
J j ʒ
K k k
KH kh x
L l l
M m m
N n n
NG ng ŋː
O o o̽
Ö ö ø̽
P p p
R r r
S s s
SH sh ʃ
T t t
TS ts ts
U u u
Ü ü y
V v ʋ
Y y j


Grammars

Songulda is an ergative, agglutinative language.


Verbs

Verbs agree with nouns in person/number and case. The order in which affixes are tacked on is: (conditional)+(causative)+stem+(past tense)+(state)+(perfect)+(continuous)+person/number+(passive)+(conditional). Person and number is fusioned in the suffixes, which are as follow:

Person/number Affix Examples 1st person singular -m (if word ends with vowel), -um/-üm (if word ends with consonant)
1st person plural -o/-ö (if word ends with s), -zo (if word ends with d (making the affricate <dz>), -so/-sö (in other cases)
2nd person singular -t (if word ends with l, s, d or vowel; long vowels in last syllable are shortened, last d is deleted), -tĭ (if word ends with t)
2nd person plural -to/-tö (final d is deleted)
3rd person singular -ta (if word ends with back vowel), -t (if word ends with üü), -üt (if word ends with ü or üs), -üsüt (if word ends with üüs; the üüs is deleted), -ülüt (if word ends with ült; the ült is deleted), -ata (in other cases)
3rd person plural -to (if word ends with back vowel), -tö (if word has ü in it), -ato (in other cases)
Voice Affix
Active No marking
Passive -nu/-nü (if word ends with consonant), -nnu/-nnü (if word ends with vowel)
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