Iðâɣ morphology: Difference between revisions

Revision as of 04:53, 16 June 2025

Main article: Iðâɣ

This page gives an extensive description of Iðâɣ morphological features.

Nouns

Nouns in Iðâɣ language can end either in a vowel or in a consonant, although there is a marked tendency for the vocalic ending. Nouns ending in a consonant usually add a euphonic vowel before the normal declension endings.

Nouns are grouped into two declension classes: animate nouns or first class and inanimate nouns or second class. The first class generally includes nouns indicating animate beings, namely capable of intentional motion or action, while the second class includes inanimate objects or entities. As a rule, we can sketch out the following scheme:

1^st class: human beings, animals, deities
2^nd class: plants, objects, ideas, feelings, senses, perceptions

A noun is not irreversibly included in one of the two classes, as nouns lack clear morphological marks for each class. There is, thus, a certain amount of exceptions to this general rule.

Despite the general lack of morphological markers in the basic forms, being thus unable to distinguish the two classes, the declension patterns depend on which class a noun belongs to.

There are two morphological numbers for almost all nouns, singular and plural.

Cases

Iðâɣ nouns do decline, according to a nominative-accusative system with 4 cases:

Case	Meaning
Direct	This case marks both the subject and the direct object of a verb. It is regarded as the base form of the noun, and it is used as the vocative form.
Genitive-Dative	This case marks possession and belonging, either intentional, unintentional, or indirect, and the indirect object. These meanings are distinguished by the presence of the prepositive article.
Instrumental	This case marks the tool or the instrument which are used to perform an action or to be in a certain state. It can be used only with nouns belonging to the 2^nd class.
Locative	This case marks the place where an action is performed, or a certain state exist (stative location). It can also have a temporal value. It can be used only with nouns belonging to the 2^nd class.

The cases are usually classified in 4 groups:

Primary cases: direct, genitive-dative
Secondary cases: instrumental, locative

Other types of clause complements are conveyed using various prepositions, which can select one or more cases.

Noun declension

Nouns are declined in case and number by adding the following endings to the base form of the noun:

	1^st class		2^nd class
	singular	plural	singular	plural
direct	-	-nə	-	-nə
gen.-dat.	-re	-nore	-re	-nore
instrumental			-xa	-noxa
locative			-sah	-nosah

Some examples are shown below: a 1^st class noun, paβu, father, and a 2^nd class noun, sóɣə, house.

	paβu		sóɣə
	singular	plural	singular	plural
direct	paβu	paβunə	sóɣə	sóɣənə
gen.-dat.	paβure	paβunore	sóɣəre	sóɣənore
instrumental			sóɣəxa	sóɣənoxa
locative			sóɣəsah	sóɣənosah

As for the rules, the endings for the secondary oblique cases cannot be added to a 1^st class noun.

Nouns ending in a consonant in the singular direct case usually add a euphonic vowel before the endings of the other cases. This vowel is generally -ə-, but other vowels are also possible.

dir. piɣ → g.d. piɣəre, ...
dir. šóneh → g.d. šónehare, ...

Some irregular nouns, conversely, change their last vowel in the root before adding other endings. The commonest changes are e → a, or ə → o. A lot of these nouns display both irregular and regular forms, especially in earlier texts. In modern texts the amount of irregular forms is increasingly limited.

dir. soβe → g.d. soβere or soβare, ...
dir. sanə → g.d. sanəre or sanore, ...

Adjectives and pronouns

Adjectives closely resemble the noun form, while displaying a greater variety. Pronouns, instead, may exhibit different forms in the root form.

Adjectives

Both attributive and predicative adjectives are always placed after the nouns they specify, with a few exceptions.

îrə ô jóβé
the young man

îrə án (ô) jóβé
the man is young

All adjectives are usually deemed as indeclinable words, but they do agree in case and number with the noun they specify through the prepositive article. Attributive adjectives are always used with the prepositive article, while its usage with predicative adjectives is optional.

Declension of qualifying adjectives

Example: šúri, big, with sóɣə, house

	definite form		indefinite form
	singular	plural	singular	plural
direct	sóɣə ô šúri	sóɣənə ôn šúri	sóɣə šô šúri	sóɣənə šôn šúri
gen.-dat.	sóɣəre ôr šúri	sóɣənore ônər šúri	sóɣəre šôr šúri	sóɣənore šônər šúri
instrumental	sóɣəxa ôx šúri	sóɣənoxa ônəx šúri	sóɣəxa šôx šúri	sóɣənoxa šônəx šúri
locative	sóɣəsah ôs šúri	sóɣənosah ônəs šúri	sóɣəsah šôs šúri	sóɣənosah šônəs šúri

Numerals

The numeral system relies on a decimal base.

Cardinal numerals

The first ten cardinal numbers are noun-like forms on their own:

digit	noun form
1:	šâ
2:	áɣi
3:	miɣò
4:	gô
5:	pâ
6:	hû
7:	áša
8:	kù
9:	sô
10:	çê

Numerals from 11 to 19 are built with the construction NUM + ɣi (derived form of gu, over) + çê:

digit	noun form
11:	šâɣiçê
12:	áɣiɣiçê
13:	miɣòɣiçê
14:	gôɣiçê
15:	pâɣiçê
16:	hûɣiçê
17:	ášaɣiçê
18:	kùɣiçê
19:	sôɣiçê

The numerals for (one) hundred and (one) thousand are noun-like forms on their own:

digit	noun form
100:	náðu
1000:	ěn

The numerals for the multiples of tens and hundreds are built with the construction NUM + rə + ɸê / náðu: The nouns for the multiples of thousands are built with the construction NUM + rêntu instead:

	tens	hundreds	thousands
2x:	áɣirəɸê	áɣirənáðu	áɣirêntu
3x:	miɣòrəɸê	miɣòrənáðu	miɣòrêntu
4x:	gôrəɸê	gôrənáðu	gôrêntu
5x:	pârəɸê	pârənáðu	pârêntu
6x:	hûrəɸê	hûrənáðu	hûrêntu
7x:	ášarəɸê	ášarənáðu	ášarêntu
8x:	kùrəɸê	kùrənáðu	kùrêntu
9x:	sôrəɸê	sôrənáðu	sôrêntu

Composite numbers are built by just putting them beside, without any conjunction, in descending order:

1985: ěn sôrənáðu kùrəɸê pâ

All cardinal numerals up to these forms are meant as invariable. They can however be used without an adjoining noun by putting the definite prepositive articles before them:

ôn ěn 
the one thousand

Numerals for “million” and “billion” are formed from the word ěntu (an archaich form for thousand).

digit	noun form
1,000,000:	šúrěntu (from šúri ěntu)
1,000,000,000:	mêšúrěntu (from mê šúri ěntu)

These forms are treated as regularly declinable nouns:

digit	noun form
3,000,000,000:	miɣò mêšúrěntunə

Nouns adjoining such numerals are not preceded by any preposition and are declined in the case required by their syntactical role in the sentence, as the numerals themselves:

áɣi šúrěntunore çuɣenore
to two millions people

In the earlier modern period the idea of “zero” is introduced from Cärähə language, while borrowing the digit form. This numeral is however usually limited to mathematics:

digit	noun form
0:	xesú (from C. xesü)

Ordinal numerals

Ordinal numerals are formed by adding the adjectival ending -ɣə to the cardinal numeral form:

digit	adjective form
1^st:	šâɣə
2^nd:	áɣiɣə
3^rd:	miɣòɣə
4^th:	gôɣə
5^th:	pâɣə
6^th:	hûɣə
7^th:	ášaɣə
8^th:	kùɣə
9^th:	sôɣə
10^th:	çêɣə

Ordinal numerals for “millionth” and “billionth” are regularly formed from their corresponding cardinal forms, while their multiples are formed by unifying the separated forms in an only adjectival word:

digit	adjective form
1,000,000^th:	šúrěntuɣə
1,000,000,000^th:	mêšúrěntuɣə
3,000,000,000^th:	miɣòmêšúrěntuɣə

If the numeral form is composite, the ending is added only to the last numeral form:

25^th: áɣirəɸê pâɣə

Fractional numerals

Fractional numerals are formed by adding the derivative ending -gū́ to the cardinal numeral form, with the exceptions of the numerals zero, one, and an irregular suppletive form:

digit	full form
1:	-
2:	kúɸə
3:	miɣòɣú
4:	gôɣú
5:	pâɣú
6:	hûɣú
7:	ášaɣú
8:	kùɣú
9:	sôɣú
10:	çêɣú
11:	šâɣiçêɣú
12:	áɣiɣiçêɣú
20:	áɣirəɸêɣú
60:	hûrəɸêɣú
300:	miɣòrənáðuɣú
9000:	sôrêntuɣú

Fractional numerals for “millionth” and “billionth” are regularly formed from their corresponding cardinal forms, while their multiples are formed by unifying the separated forms in an only word:

digit	adjective form
1,000,000:	šúrěntuɣú
1,000,000,000:	mêšúrěntuɣú
3,000,000,000:	miɣòmêšúrěntuɣú

If the numeral form is composite, the ending is added only to the last numeral form:

25: áɣirəɸê pâɣú

Verbs

The verbal system of Iðâɣ language displays the following features:

tense:
- simple tenses: present, imperfect
- compound tenses: preterite, plusquamperfect, future, anterior future, future in the past
mood:
- definite moods: indicative, subjunctive, conditional
- indefinite moods: infinitive, active participle, passive participle
diathesis: active, passive

Past tenses are mostly marked by the prefix á-, known as augment, while non-past forms are unmarked. Conversely, the augment can be found also in the anterior future and in the future in the past tenses.

The citation form of verbs is the present infinitive, marked by the ending -am. From such form the verbal root can be inferred and can be changed in every other verbal form.

In simple tenses the following personal endings are added to the verbal root. In this way, verbs show their agreement with the clause subject in person and number:

1^st sing.	-ò
2^nd sing.	-əh
3^rd sing.	-
1^st plur.	-onò
2^nd plur.	-onəh
3^rd plur.	-on

Compound tenses are usually formed through an auxiliary verb (tòram, to have, or kiɣam, to come) with the forms of the participles or the infinitive. The different moods are formed by adding the following infixes to the verbal root, before the personal endings:

indicative: Ø
subjunctive: -in-
conditional: -as-

The non-finite verbal forms are meant as nominal/adjectival forms of the same verbs. They do not add the personal endings, but they are declined as nouns or adjectives with the nominal declension endings.

As verbal forms can, however, take the augment. They can also add the modal infixes before their typical endings.

The non-finite endings are:

infinitive: -am
agentive participle: -íðə
passive participle: -uɣi

The infinitival form is meant as a 2^nd class noun.

Conjugation of a regular verb (with examples of auxiliary and irregular verbs)

Sample verb: ránosam, to breastfeed, to nurse, to give suckle

Active diathesis

Indicative mood

Present tense

The present is a simple tense. The personal endings are added to the verbal roots:

1^st sing.	ránosò
2^nd sing.	ránosəh
3^rd sing.	rános
1^st plur.	ránosonò
2^nd plur.	ránosonəh
3^rd plur.	ránoson

In the 3^rd singular person, which features the null ending, irregularities may often occur, like dropping or altering the last root consonant:

íméham → ímé
to go → he/she/it goes

namíɣam → namík
to bite → he/she/it bites

There are, however, a sizeable amount of irregular verbs. Among these verbs the conjugation of the auxiliary verbs tòram, to have, and kiɣam, to come, is shown:

	tòram	kiɣam
1^st sing.	tòrò	kiɣò
2^nd sing.	tôh	kîh
3^rd sing.	tòr	kìɣ
1^st plur.	tòrô	kiɣô
2^nd plur.	tòrôh	kiɣôh
3^rd plur.	tôr	kîɣ

The present tense conveys ongoing, habitual or gnomic actions or states.

Imperfect tense

The imperfect is a simple tense. The personal endings and the augment, -á-, are added to the verbal roots:

1^st sing.	áránosò
2^nd sing.	áránosəh
3^rd sing.	árános
1^st plur.	áránosonò
2^nd plur.	áránosonəh
3^rd plur.	áránoson

In the 3^rd singular person, which features the null ending, irregularities may often occur, like dropping or altering the last root consonant:

íméham → ěmé
to go → he/she/it was going

namíɣam → ánamík
to bite → he/she/it was biting

However, most irregularities occur in the verbal root, due to the augment. The augment prefix can merge with the verbal root, with possible prominent alterations, resulting in a sort of a past root, different from the basic verbal root. As an example, the verbs íméham, to go, and lîβam, to see:

	íméham	lîβam
1^st sing.	ěmehò	êβò
2^nd sing.	ěméhəh	êβéh
3^rd sing.	ěmé	êp
1^st plur.	ěméhonò	êβonò
2^nd plur.	ěméhonəh	êβonəh
3^rd plur.	ěméhon	êβon

Among the irregulatr verbs the conjugation of the auxiliary verbs tòram, to have, and kiɣam, to come, is shown:

	tòram	kiɣam
1^st sing.	áðòrò	áɣiɣò
2^nd sing.	áðôh	áɣîh
3^rd sing.	áðòr	áɣìɣ
1^st plur.	áðòrô	áɣiɣô
2^nd plur.	áðòrôh	áɣiɣôh
3^rd plur.	áðôr	áɣîɣ

The 3^rd singular person in the imperfect tense usually display both the typical irregularities of the null ending and the typical irregularities of the augment merging. Thus it is normally cited in dictionary to exemplify the irregularities of the verbs:

lîβam (êp)
to see

The imperfect tense conveys ongoing or habitual actions or states in the past.

Preterite tense

The preterite is a compound tense. It is built with the indicative present forms of the verb tòram, to have, with the active past participle of the conjugated verb:

1^st sing.	tòrò áránosíðə
2^nd sing.	tôh áránosíðə
3^rd sing.	tòr áránosíðə
1^st plur.	tòrô áránosíðə
2^nd plur.	tòrôh áránosíðə
3^rd plur.	tôr áránosíðə

This tense in regarded as essentially regular, being the only irregularities in the participial formation.

The preterite tense conveys completed actions or states in the past.

Plusquamperfect tense

The plusquamperfect is a compound tense. It is built with the indicative imperfect forms of the verb tòram, to have, with the active past participle of the conjugated verb:

1^st sing.	áðòrò áránosíðə
2^nd sing.	áðôh áránosíðə
3^rd sing.	áðòr áránosíðə
1^st plur.	áðòrô áránosíðə
2^nd plur.	áðòrôh áránosíðə
3^rd plur.	áðôr áránosíðə

This tense in regarded as essentially regular, being the only irregularities in the participial formation.

The plusquamperfect tense conveys completed actions or states before another past action or state.

Future tense

The future is a compound tense. It is built with the indicative present forms of the verb kiɣam, to come, with the present infinitive of the conjugated verb:

1^st sing.	kiɣò ránosam
2^nd sing.	kîh ránosam
3^rd sing.	kìɣ ránosam
1^st plur.	kiɣô ránosam
2^nd plur.	kiɣôh ránosam
3^rd plur.	kîɣ ránosam

This tense in regarded as essentially regular.

The future tense conveys actions or states which will be completed or ongoing in the future.

Anterior future tense

The anterior future is a compound tense. It is built with the indicative present forms of the verb kiɣam, to come, with the imperfect infinitive of the conjugated verb:

1^st sing.	kiɣò áránosam
2^nd sing.	kîh áránosam
3^rd sing.	kìɣ áránosam
1^st plur.	kiɣô áránosam
2^nd plur.	kiɣôh áránosam
3^rd plur.	kîɣ áránosam

This tense in regarded as essentially regular.

The anterior future tense conveys completed conveys actions or states which will be completed before another future action or state.

Future in the past tense

The future in the past is a compound tense. It is built with the indicative imperfect forms of the verb kiɣam, to come, with the present infinitive of the conjugated verb:

1^st sing.	áɣiɣò ránosam
2^nd sing.	áɣîh ránosam
3^rd sing.	áɣìɣ ránosam
1^st plur.	áɣiɣô ránosam
2^nd plur.	áɣiɣôh ránosam
3^rd plur.	áɣîɣ ránosam

This tense in regarded as essentially regular.

The future in the past tense conveys completed conveys actions or states which would be completed after another past action or state.

Subjunctive mood

The subjunctive mood is mostly used in dependent clauses, in the so-called personal constructional. It usage in main clauses is quite limited, except for its role as an imperative form. It can also convey exhortation or wish.

In simple tenses, the subjunctive widely features the infix -in-, which is placed between the root and the personal endings. Thus, other normal consonantal dropping or alteration anomalies in the indicative mood do not take place.

Present tense

The present is a simple tense. The infix -in- and the personal endings are added to the verbal roots:

1^st sing.	ránosinò
2^nd sing.	ránosinəh
3^rd sing.	ránosin
1^st plur.	ránosinonò
2^nd plur.	ránosinonəh
3^rd plur.	ránosinon

Forms in the subjunctive tend to be more regular than their counterparts in the indicative mood. There are, however, a limited amount of verbs with irregular subjunctive forms. Among these verbs the conjugation of the auxiliary verbs tòram, to have, and kiɣam, to come, is shown:

	tòram	kiɣam
1^st sing.	tìnò	kiɣinò
2^nd sing.	tìnəh	kinîh
3^rd sing.	tìn	kìɣin
1^st plur.	tìnô	kiɣinô
2^nd plur.	tìnôh	kiɣinôh
3^rd plur.	tîn	kîɣin

Usages of the subjuntive present forms in the dependent clause are diverse. As an imperative, only the 2^nd person forms are used, while other forms have an exhortative value. The sense of wish is conveyed only in the 3^rd person.

Imperfect tense

The imperfect is a simple tense. The infix -in-, the personal endings and the augment, -á-, are added to the verbal roots:

1^st sing.	áránosinò
2^nd sing.	áránosinəh
3^rd sing.	áránosin
1^st plur.	áránosinonò
2^nd plur.	áránosinonəh
3^rd plur.	áránosinon

Most irregularities occur in the verbal root, due to the augment. The augment prefix can merge with the verbal root, with possible prominent alterations, resulting in a sort of a past root, different from the basic verbal root. As an example, the verbs íméham, to go, and lîβam, to see:

	íméham	lîβam
1^st sing.	ěmehinò	êβinò
2^nd sing.	ěméhinəh	êβinéh
3^rd sing.	ěméhin	êβin
1^st plur.	ěméhinonò	êβinonò
2^nd plur.	ěméhinonəh	êβinonəh
3^rd plur.	ěméhinon	êβinon

Among the irregulatr verbs the conjugation of the auxiliary verbs tòram, to have, and kiɣam, to come, is shown:

	tòram	kiɣam
1^st sing.	áðìnò	áɣiɣinò
2^nd sing.	áðìnəh	áɣinîh
3^rd sing.	áðìn	áɣìɣin
1^st plur.	áðìnô	áɣiɣinô
2^nd plur.	áðìnôh	áɣiɣinôh
3^rd plur.	áðîn	áɣîɣin

The usages of the subjunctive imperfect tense are essentially limited to dependent clauses, where they can, however, be very diverse.

Preterite tense

The preterite is a compound tense. It is built with the subjunctive present forms of the verb tòram, to have, with the active past participle of the conjugated verb:

1^st sing.	tìnò áránosíðə
2^nd sing.	tìnəh áránosíðə
3^rd sing.	tìn áránosíðə
1^st plur.	tìnô áránosíðə
2^nd plur.	tìnôh áránosíðə
3^rd plur.	tîn áránosíðə

This tense in regarded as essentially regular, being the only irregularities in the participial formation.

The usages of the subjunctive preterite tense are essentially limited to dependent clauses, where they can, however, be very diverse.

Plusquamperfect tense

The plusquamperfect is a compound tense. It is built with the subjunctive imperfect forms of the verb tòram, to have, with the active past participle of the conjugated verb:

1^st sing.	áðìnò áránosíðə
2^nd sing.	áðìnəh áránosíðə
3^rd sing.	áðìn áránosíðə
1^st plur.	áðìnô áránosíðə
2^nd plur.	áðìnôh áránosíðə
3^rd plur.	áðîn áránosíðə

This tense in regarded as essentially regular, being the only irregularities in the participial formation.

The usages of the subjunctive plusquamperfect tense are essentially limited to dependent clauses, where they can, however, be very diverse.

Future tense

The future is a compound tense. It is built with the subjunctive present forms of the verb kiɣam, to come, with the present infinitive of the conjugated verb:

1^st sing.	kiɣinò ránosam
2^nd sing.	kinîh ránosam
3^rd sing.	kìɣin ránosam
1^st plur.	kiɣinô ránosam
2^nd plur.	kiɣinôh ránosam
3^rd plur.	kîɣin ránosam

This tense in regarded as essentially regular.

The usages of the subjunctive future tense are essentially limited to dependent clauses, where they can, however, be very diverse.

Anterior future tense

The anterior future is a compound tense. It is built with the subjunctive present forms of the verb kiɣam, to come, with the imperfect infinitive of the conjugated verb:

1^st sing.	kiɣinò áránosam
2^nd sing.	kinîh áránosam
3^rd sing.	kìɣin áránosam
1^st plur.	kiɣinô áránosam
2^nd plur.	kiɣinôh áránosam
3^rd plur.	kîɣin áránosam

This tense in regarded as essentially regular.

The usages of the subjunctive anterior future tense are essentially limited to dependent clauses, and in sporadic cases.

Future in the past tense

The future in the past is a compound tense. It is built with the subjunctive imperfect forms of the verb kiɣam, to come, with the present infinitive of the conjugated verb:

1^st sing.	áɣiɣinò ránosam
2^nd sing.	áɣinîh ránosam
3^rd sing.	áɣìɣin ránosam
1^st plur.	áɣiɣinô ránosam
2^nd plur.	áɣiɣinôh ránosam
3^rd plur.	áɣîɣin ránosam

This tense in regarded as essentially regular.

The usages of the subjunctive future in the past tense are essentially limited to dependent clauses, and in very sporadic cases.

Conditional mood

The conditional mood is used to convey wish and probability. It is regularly used both in main and dependent clauses.

In simple tenses, the subjunctive widely features the infix -as-, which is placed between the root and the personal endings. Thus, other normal consonantal dropping or alteration anomalies in the indicative mood do not take place.

Present tense

The present is a simple tense. The infix -as- and the personal endings are added to the verbal roots:

1^st sing.	ránosasò
2^nd sing.	ránosasəh
3^rd sing.	ránosas
1^st plur.	ránosasonò
2^nd plur.	ránosasonəh
3^rd plur.	ránosason

Forms in the conditional tend to be more regular than their counterparts in the indicative mood. There are, however, a limited amount of verbs with irregular subjunctive forms. Among these verbs the conjugation of the auxiliary verbs tòram, to have, and kiɣam, to come, is shown:

	tòram	kiɣam
1^st sing.	tàsò	kiɣasò
2^nd sing.	tàsəh	kjâh
3^rd sing.	tàs	kjàɣ
1^st plur.	tàsô	kiɣasô
2^nd plur.	tàsôh	kiɣasôh
3^rd plur.	tâs	kjâɣ

The conditional present tense conveys its meanings in the present and in the near future. It has also diverse usages in the dependent clauses

Imperfect tense

The imperfect is a simple tense. The infix -as-, the personal endings and the augment, -á-, are added to the verbal roots:

1^st sing.	áránosasò
2^nd sing.	áránosasəh
3^rd sing.	áránosas
1^st plur.	áránosasonò
2^nd plur.	áránosasonəh
3^rd plur.	áránosason

Most irregularities occur in the verbal root, due to the augment. The augment prefix can merge with the verbal root, with possible prominent alterations, resulting in a sort of a past root, different from the basic verbal root. As an example, the verbs íméham, to go, and lîβam, to see:

	íméham	lîβam
1^st sing.	ěmehasò	êβasò
2^nd sing.	ěméhasəh	êβaséh
3^rd sing.	ěméhas	êβas
1^st plur.	ěméhasonò	êβasonò
2^nd plur.	ěméhasonəh	êβasonəh
3^rd plur.	ěméhason	êβason

Among the irregulatr verbs the conjugation of the auxiliary verbs tòram, to have, and kiɣam, to come, is shown:

	tòram	kiɣam
1^st sing.	áðàsò	áɣiɣasò
2^nd sing.	áðàsəh	áɣjâh
3^rd sing.	áðàs	áɣjàɣ
1^st plur.	áðàsô	áɣiɣasô
2^nd plur.	áðàsôh	áɣiɣasôh
3^rd plur.	áðâs	áɣjâɣ

The conditional imperfect tense conveys its meanings in the past and in the near future of a past event. It has also diverse usages in the dependent clauses

Preterite tense

The preterite is a compound tense. It is built with the conditional present forms of the verb tòram, to have, with the active past participle of the conjugated verb:

1^st sing.	tàsò áránosíðə
2^nd sing.	tàsəh áránosíðə
3^rd sing.	tàs áránosíðə
1^st plur.	tàsô áránosíðə
2^nd plur.	tàsôh áránosíðə
3^rd plur.	tâs áránosíðə

This tense in regarded as essentially regular, being the only irregularities in the participial formation.

The usages of the conditional preterite tense are essentially limited to dependent clauses.

Plusquamperfect tense

The plusquamperfect is a compound tense. It is built with the conditional imperfect forms of the verb tòram, to have, with the active past participle of the conjugated verb:

1^st sing.	áðàsò áránosíðə
2^nd sing.	áðàsəh áránosíðə
3^rd sing.	áðàs áránosíðə
1^st plur.	áðàsô áránosíðə
2^nd plur.	áðàsôh áránosíðə
3^rd plur.	áðâs áránosíðə

This tense in regarded as essentially regular, being the only irregularities in the participial formation.

The usages of the conditional plusquamperfect tense are essentially limited to dependent clauses.

Future tense

The future is a compound tense. It is built with the conditional present forms of the verb kiɣam, to come, with the present infinitive of the conjugated verb:

1^st sing.	kiɣasò ránosam
2^nd sing.	kjâh ránosam
3^rd sing.	kjàɣ ránosam
1^st plur.	kiɣasô ránosam
2^nd plur.	kiɣasôh ránosam
3^rd plur.	kjâɣ ránosam

This tense in regarded as essentially regular.

The usages of the conditional future tense are essentially limited to dependent clauses.

Anterior future tense

The anterior future is a compound tense. It is built with the conditional present forms of the verb kiɣam, to come, with the imperfect infinitive of the conjugated verb:

1^st sing.	kiɣasò áránosam
2^nd sing.	kjâh áránosam
3^rd sing.	kjàɣ áránosam
1^st plur.	kiɣasô áránosam
2^nd plur.	kiɣasôh áránosam
3^rd plur.	kjâɣ áránosam

This tense in regarded as essentially regular.

The usages of the conditional anterior future tense are extremely limited, usually to dependent clauses.

Future in the past tense

The future in the past is a compound tense. It is built with the conditional imperfect forms of the verb kiɣam, to come, with the present infinitive of the conjugated verb:

1^st sing.	áɣiɣasò ránosam
2^nd sing.	áɣjâh ránosam
3^rd sing.	áɣjàɣ ránosam
1^st plur.	áɣiɣasô ránosam
2^nd plur.	áɣiɣasôh ránosam
3^rd plur.	áɣjâɣ ránosam

This tense in regarded as essentially regular.

The usages of the conditional future in the past tense are extremely limited, usually to dependent clauses.

@@ Line 822: / Line 822: @@
 The usages of the subjunctive future in the past tense are essentially limited to dependent clauses, and in very sporadic cases.
+=====Conditional mood=====
+The '''conditional''' mood is used to convey wish and probability. It is regularly used both in main and dependent clauses.
+In simple tenses, the subjunctive widely features the infix -as-, which is placed between the root and the personal endings. Thus, other normal consonantal dropping or alteration anomalies in the indicative mood do not take place.
+======Present tense======
+The '''present''' is a simple tense. The infix -as- and the personal endings are added to the verbal roots:
+{| class="wikitable"
+|-
+| style="width: 70px;"| ''<small>1<sup>st</sup> sing.</small>'' || style="width: 140px;"| <center>ránosasò</center>
+|-
+| ''<small>2<sup>nd</sup> sing.</small>'' || <center>ránosasəh</center>
+|-
+| ''<small>3<sup>rd</sup> sing.</small>'' || <center>ránosas</center>
+|-
+| ''<small>1<sup>st</sup> plur.</small>'' || <center>ránosasonò</center>
+|-
+| ''<small>2<sup>nd</sup> plur.</small>'' || <center>ránosasonəh</center>
+|-
+| ''<small>3<sup>rd</sup> plur.</small>'' || <center>ránosason</center>
+|}
+Forms in the conditional tend to be more regular than their counterparts in the indicative mood. There are, however, a limited amount of verbs with irregular subjunctive forms. Among these verbs the conjugation of the auxiliary verbs tòram, ''to have'', and kiɣam, ''to come'', is shown:
+{| class="wikitable"
+|-
+| style="width: 70px;"| || style="width: 140px;"| <center><small>''tòram''</small></center> || style="width: 140px;"| <center><small>''kiɣam''</small></center>
+|-
+| ''<small>1<sup>st</sup> sing.</small>'' || <center>tàsò</center> || <center>kiɣasò</center>
+|-
+| ''<small>2<sup>nd</sup> sing.</small>'' || <center>tàsəh</center> || <center>kjâh</center>
+|-
+| ''<small>3<sup>rd</sup> sing.</small>'' || <center>tàs</center> || <center>kjàɣ</center>
+|-
+| ''<small>1<sup>st</sup> plur.</small>'' || <center>tàsô</center> || <center>kiɣasô</center>
+|-
+| ''<small>2<sup>nd</sup> plur.</small>'' || <center>tàsôh</center> || <center>kiɣasôh</center>
+|-
+| ''<small>3<sup>rd</sup> plur.</small>'' || <center>tâs</center> || <center>kjâɣ</center>
+|}
+The conditional present tense conveys its meanings in the present and in the near future. It has also diverse usages in the dependent clauses
+======Imperfect tense======
+The '''imperfect''' is a simple tense. The infix -as-, the personal endings and the augment, -á-, are added to the verbal roots:
+{| class="wikitable"
+|-
+| style="width: 70px;"| ''<small>1<sup>st</sup> sing.</small>'' || style="width: 140px;"| <center>áránosasò</center>
+|-
+| ''<small>2<sup>nd</sup> sing.</small>'' || <center>áránosasəh</center>
+|-
+| ''<small>3<sup>rd</sup> sing.</small>'' || <center>áránosas</center>
+|-
+| ''<small>1<sup>st</sup> plur.</small>'' || <center>áránosasonò</center>
+|-
+| ''<small>2<sup>nd</sup> plur.</small>'' || <center>áránosasonəh</center>
+|-
+| ''<small>3<sup>rd</sup> plur.</small>'' || <center>áránosason</center>
+|}
+Most irregularities occur in the verbal root, due to the augment. The augment prefix can merge with the verbal root, with possible prominent alterations, resulting in a sort of a past root, different from the basic verbal root. As an example, the verbs íméham, ''to go'', and lîβam, ''to see'':
+{| class="wikitable"
+|-
+| style="width: 70px;"| || style="width: 140px;"| <center><small>''íméham''</small></center> || style="width: 140px;"| <center><small>''lîβam''</small></center>
+|-
+| ''<small>1<sup>st</sup> sing.</small>'' || <center>ěmehasò</center> || <center>êβasò</center>
+|-
+| ''<small>2<sup>nd</sup> sing.</small>'' || <center>ěméhasəh</center> || <center>êβaséh</center>
+|-
+| ''<small>3<sup>rd</sup> sing.</small>'' || <center>ěméhas</center> || <center>êβas</center>
+|-
+| ''<small>1<sup>st</sup> plur.</small>'' || <center>ěméhasonò</center> || <center>êβasonò</center>
+|-
+| ''<small>2<sup>nd</sup> plur.</small>'' || <center>ěméhasonəh</center> || <center>êβasonəh</center>
+|-
+| ''<small>3<sup>rd</sup> plur.</small>'' || <center>ěméhason</center> || <center>êβason</center>
+|}
+Among the irregulatr verbs the conjugation of the auxiliary verbs tòram, ''to have'', and kiɣam, ''to come'', is shown:
+{| class="wikitable"
+|-
+| style="width: 70px;"| || style="width: 140px;"| <center><small>''tòram''</small></center> || style="width: 140px;"| <center><small>''kiɣam''</small></center>
+|-
+| ''<small>1<sup>st</sup> sing.</small>'' || <center>áðàsò</center> || <center>áɣiɣasò</center>
+|-
+| ''<small>2<sup>nd</sup> sing.</small>'' || <center>áðàsəh</center> || <center>áɣjâh</center>
+|-
+| ''<small>3<sup>rd</sup> sing.</small>'' || <center>áðàs</center> || <center>áɣjàɣ</center>
+|-
+| ''<small>1<sup>st</sup> plur.</small>'' || <center>áðàsô</center> || <center>áɣiɣasô</center>
+|-
+| ''<small>2<sup>nd</sup> plur.</small>'' || <center>áðàsôh</center> || <center>áɣiɣasôh</center>
+|-
+| ''<small>3<sup>rd</sup> plur.</small>'' || <center>áðâs</center> || <center>áɣjâɣ</center>
+|}
+The conditional imperfect tense conveys its meanings in the past and in the near future of a past event. It has also diverse usages in the dependent clauses
+======Preterite tense======
+The '''preterite''' is a compound tense. It is built with the conditional present forms of the verb tòram, ''to have'', with the active past participle of the conjugated verb:
+{| class="wikitable"
+|-
+| style="width: 70px;"| ''<small>1<sup>st</sup> sing.</small>'' || style="width: 150px;"| <center>tàsò áránosíðə</center>
+|-
+| ''<small>2<sup>nd</sup> sing.</small>'' || <center>tàsəh áránosíðə</center>
+|-
+| ''<small>3<sup>rd</sup> sing.</small>'' || <center>tàs áránosíðə</center>
+|-
+| ''<small>1<sup>st</sup> plur.</small>'' || <center>tàsô áránosíðə</center>
+|-
+| ''<small>2<sup>nd</sup> plur.</small>'' || <center>tàsôh áránosíðə</center>
+|-
+| ''<small>3<sup>rd</sup> plur.</small>'' || <center>tâs áránosíðə</center>
+|}
+This tense in regarded as essentially regular, being the only irregularities in the participial formation.
+The usages of the conditional preterite tense are essentially limited to dependent clauses.
+======Plusquamperfect tense======
+The '''plusquamperfect''' is a compound tense. It is built with the conditional imperfect forms of the verb tòram, ''to have'', with the active past participle of the conjugated verb:
+{| class="wikitable"
+|-
+| style="width: 70px;"| ''<small>1<sup>st</sup> sing.</small>'' || style="width: 150px;"| <center>áðàsò áránosíðə</center>
+|-
+| ''<small>2<sup>nd</sup> sing.</small>'' || <center>áðàsəh áránosíðə</center>
+|-
+| ''<small>3<sup>rd</sup> sing.</small>'' || <center>áðàs áránosíðə</center>
+|-
+| ''<small>1<sup>st</sup> plur.</small>'' || <center>áðàsô áránosíðə</center>
+|-
+| ''<small>2<sup>nd</sup> plur.</small>'' || <center>áðàsôh áránosíðə</center>
+|-
+| ''<small>3<sup>rd</sup> plur.</small>'' || <center>áðâs áránosíðə</center>
+|}
+This tense in regarded as essentially regular, being the only irregularities in the participial formation.
+The usages of the conditional plusquamperfect tense are essentially limited to dependent clauses.
+======Future tense======
+The '''future''' is a compound tense. It is built with the conditional present forms of the verb kiɣam, ''to come'', with the present infinitive of the conjugated verb:
+{| class="wikitable"
+|-
+| style="width: 70px;"| ''<small>1<sup>st</sup> sing.</small>'' || style="width: 150px;"| <center>kiɣasò ránosam</center>
+|-
+| ''<small>2<sup>nd</sup> sing.</small>'' || <center>kjâh ránosam</center>
+|-
+| ''<small>3<sup>rd</sup> sing.</small>'' || <center>kjàɣ ránosam</center>
+|-
+| ''<small>1<sup>st</sup> plur.</small>'' || <center>kiɣasô ránosam</center>
+|-
+| ''<small>2<sup>nd</sup> plur.</small>'' || <center>kiɣasôh ránosam</center>
+|-
+| ''<small>3<sup>rd</sup> plur.</small>'' || <center>kjâɣ ránosam</center>
+|}
+This tense in regarded as essentially regular.
+The usages of the conditional future tense are essentially limited to dependent clauses.
+======Anterior future tense======
+The '''anterior future''' is a compound tense. It is built with the conditional present forms of the verb kiɣam, ''to come'', with the imperfect infinitive of the conjugated verb:
+{| class="wikitable"
+|-
+| style="width: 70px;"| ''<small>1<sup>st</sup> sing.</small>'' || style="width: 150px;"| <center>kiɣasò áránosam</center>
+|-
+| ''<small>2<sup>nd</sup> sing.</small>'' || <center>kjâh áránosam</center>
+|-
+| ''<small>3<sup>rd</sup> sing.</small>'' || <center>kjàɣ áránosam</center>
+|-
+| ''<small>1<sup>st</sup> plur.</small>'' || <center>kiɣasô áránosam</center>
+|-
+| ''<small>2<sup>nd</sup> plur.</small>'' || <center>kiɣasôh áránosam</center>
+|-
+| ''<small>3<sup>rd</sup> plur.</small>'' || <center>kjâɣ áránosam</center>
+|}
+This tense in regarded as essentially regular.
+The usages of the conditional anterior future tense are extremely limited, usually to dependent clauses.
+======Future in the past tense======
+The '''future in the past''' is a compound tense. It is built with the conditional imperfect forms of the verb kiɣam, ''to come'', with the present infinitive of the conjugated verb:
+{| class="wikitable"
+|-
+| style="width: 70px;"| ''<small>1<sup>st</sup> sing.</small>'' || style="width: 150px;"| <center>áɣiɣasò ránosam</center>
+|-
+| ''<small>2<sup>nd</sup> sing.</small>'' || <center>áɣjâh ránosam</center>
+|-
+| ''<small>3<sup>rd</sup> sing.</small>'' || <center>áɣjàɣ ránosam</center>
+|-
+| ''<small>1<sup>st</sup> plur.</small>'' || <center>áɣiɣasô ránosam</center>
+|-
+| ''<small>2<sup>nd</sup> plur.</small>'' || <center>áɣiɣasôh ránosam</center>
+|-
+| ''<small>3<sup>rd</sup> plur.</small>'' || <center>áɣjâɣ ránosam</center>
+|}
+This tense in regarded as essentially regular.
+The usages of the conditional future in the past tense are extremely limited, usually to dependent clauses.

Iðâɣ morphology: Difference between revisions

Revision as of 04:53, 16 June 2025

Nouns

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Noun declension

Adjectives and pronouns

Adjectives

Declension of qualifying adjectives

Numerals

Cardinal numerals

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Fractional numerals

Verbs

Conjugation of a regular verb (with examples of auxiliary and irregular verbs)

Active diathesis

Indicative mood

Present tense

Imperfect tense

Preterite tense

Plusquamperfect tense

Future tense

Anterior future tense

Future in the past tense

Subjunctive mood

Present tense

Imperfect tense

Preterite tense

Plusquamperfect tense

Future tense

Anterior future tense

Future in the past tense

Conditional mood

Present tense

Imperfect tense

Preterite tense

Plusquamperfect tense

Future tense

Anterior future tense

Future in the past tense

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