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| Line 1: |
Line 1: |
| This chart strives to document all regular sound correspondences between:
| | === 梗攝（開口舒聲） Geng She (Kaikou, Nasal Coda) === |
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| * Middle Chinese and major modern Chinese languages
| |
| * Middle Chinese and loans in Japanese, Korean and Vietnamese
| |
| | |
| This chart uses the following default Romanizations:
| |
| | |
| * Baxter's orthography, for Middle Chinese
| |
| * Hanyu Pinyin, for Mandarin (Beijing)
| |
| * Jyutping, for Cantonese
| |
| * Pe̍h-ōe-jī, for Hokkien
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| * Pinfa, for Hakka
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| * Wugniu, for Shanghainese
| |
| * Pre-1945 kana (歴史的仮名遣い) Romanized in faux-''Wāpuro'', for Japanese
| |
| * Revised Romanization, for Modern Korean
| |
| | |
| Abbreviations that are used throughout:
| |
| | |
| Onset classes:
| |
| * P = MC labials (p,ph,b,m)
| |
| * F = LMC labiodentals (p,ph,b,m)
| |
| * T = MC dental plosives and nasals (t,th,d,n)
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| * TR = MC retroflex plosives (tr,trh,dr), '''excluding''' nr
| |
| * S = MC dental sibilants (ts,tsh,dz,s,z)
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| * SR = MC retroflex sibilants (tsr,tsrh,dzr,sr)
| |
| * SY = MC palatal sibilants (tsy,tsyh,dzy,sy,zy) '''and''' ny
| |
| * K = MC velars and laryngeals (k,kh,g,ŋ,x,h,ʔ,y,hj)
| |
| | |
| Readings:
| |
| * COL = colloquial reading (白讀)
| |
| * LIT = literary reading (文讀)
| |
| * See the explanation on [[:Wikipedia:en:Literary_and_colloquial_readings_of_Chinese_characters|Wikipedia]]
| |
| | |
| Tones:
| |
| * 1 = Ping tone (平聲)
| |
| * 2 or X = Shang tone (上聲)
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| * 3 or H = Qu tone (去聲)
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| * 4 = Ru tone (入聲)
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| | |
| Chongniu (重紐) classes:
| |
| * CN-A = chongniu class A
| |
| * CN-B = chongniu class B
| |
| * See the rimes section for further information
| |
| | |
| == Onsets ==
| |
| | |
| === The onsets of Middle Chinese ===
| |
| | |
| Each onset is given with a traditional label (i.e. an exemplary character that uses the onset) as well as Baxter's notation for the onset. The actual phonetic values are subject to debate.
| |
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| {| {{bluetable2|lightbluebg}}
| |
| | 幫 p || 滂 ph || 並 b || 明 m || ||
| |
| |-
| |
| | 端 t || 透 th || 定 d || 泥 n || 來 l ||
| |
| |-
| |
| | 知 tr || 徹 trh || 澄 dr || 娘 nr || ||
| |
| |-
| |
| | 精 ts || 清 tsh || 從 dz || || 心 s || 邪 z
| |
| |-
| |
| | 莊 tsr || 初 tsrh || 崇 dzr || || 生 sr || （俟 zr)
| |
| |-
| |
| | 章 tsy || 昌 tsyh || 常 dzy || 日 ny || 書 sy || 船 zy
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| |-
| |
| | 見 k || 溪 kh || 群 g || 疑 ng || ||
| |
| |-
| |
| | 影 ʔ || || 以 y || || 曉 x || 匣 h
| |
| |}
| |
| | |
| (俟 zr is a controversial reconstructed phoneme. It makes the chart more symmetrical, but if it existed it was marginal at best.)
| |
| | |
| Traditional Chinese philology conflated some onsets and split others, due to later sound changes. The traditional analysis, though inaccurate as a description of (Early) MC, is still influential, and also useful in analyzing later sound changes, so the differences between the traditional analysis and the reconstruction given above are listed here, as follows:
| |
| | |
| First, the tsr- and tsy- rows are traditionally conflated as follows:
| |
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| {| {{bluetable2|lightbluebg}}
| |
| ! Traditional labels !! 照 !! 穿 !! 牀 !! 審 !! 禪
| |
| |-
| |
| | Retroflexes || 莊 tsr || 初 tsrh || 崇 dzr || 生 sr ||（俟 zr)
| |
| |-
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| | Palatals || 章 tsy || 昌 tsyh || 常 dzy || 書 sy || 船 zy
| |
| |}
| |
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| Second, the p- row is split as follows:
| |
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| {| {{bluetable2|lightbluebg}}
| |
| ! Early MC !! 幫 p !! 滂 ph !! 並 b !! 明 m
| |
| |-
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| | Later labials || 幫 || 滂 || 並 || 明
| |
| |-
| |
| | Later labiodentals || 非 || 敷 || 奉 || 微
| |
| |}
| |
| | |
| Though this split is late/post-MC, it is reflected in most Chinese varieties, as well as in Vietnamese and literary Min readings, as an opposition between bilabials and labiodentals, and so the split is included in the onsets chart below. The conditions for the labiodentals are:
| |
| # The third-division (三等) and ''hekou'' (合口) rimes of 虞 ju, 微 jwɨj, 廢 jwojH, 凡 jom, 元 jwon, 文 jun, 陽 jwang, as well as
| |
| # (Excluding the onset 明 m) The third-division rimes of 東 juwng, 鍾 jowng, 尤 juw
| |
| (See the rimes section for an explanation of rime categories)
| |
| | |
| Third, the traditional onset category 喻 has been reanalyzed as a conflation of two distinct MC onsets: 云 and 以. Furthermore, 云 is now often analyzed as merely an allophone of 匣 h before third-division rimes (匣 h does not otherwise appear before third-division rimes). Baxter's orthography reflects this analysis: 云 and 匣 are both written as "h" while 以 is written as "y". The onset chart here goes for maximum separation: 匣, 云 and 以 each gets its own separate row.
| |
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| === Onset correspondences (general) ===
| |
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| Though we have tried our best, a chart like the following is prone to clutter if we attempted to include every single variation. Thus, some details are '''omitted from the main chart'''. They are instead explained in notes that follow the main chart.
| |
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| {| {{bluetable2|lightbluebg}}
| |
| |- class="c"
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| ! rowspan=2 | Onset
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| ! colspan=3 | Middle Chinese
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| ! rowspan=2 | Mandarin <br /> Beijing
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| ! rowspan=2 | Yue <br /> Canton
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| ! rowspan=2 | Minnan <br /> Amoy
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| ! rowspan=2 | Hakka <br /> Moiyan
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| ! rowspan=2 | Wu <br /> Shanghai
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| ! colspan=2 | Japanese
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| ! colspan=2 | Korean
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| ! rowspan=2 | Vietnamese
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| |- class="c"
| |
| ! <small>Karlgren</small><ref name="karlgren">[[Wikipedia:Bernhard Karlgren|Bernhard Karlgren]], also known as 高本漢.</ref>
| |
| ! <small>Baxter</small><ref name="baxter">[http://www-personal.umich.edu/~wbaxter/ William Baxter].</ref>
| |
| ! <small>IPA</small><ref name="panwuyun">Values suggested by Pan Wuyun (潘悟雲).</ref>
| |
| ! Go-On
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| ! Kan-On
| |
| ! Middle*<ref name="donggukjeongun">The hanja and prescriptive han'gŭl are spellings from the ''Dongguk Jeongun'' (東國正韻 [[Wikipedia:Ko:동국정운|동국정운]]).</ref>
| |
| ! Modern
| |
| |-
| |
| ! 幫
| |
| | p
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| | p
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| | [p]
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| | b [p] <br /> but p [pʰ]<br /> (迫畔叛佩僕<br />譜圃瀑蹼)<br /> and m [m] (秘泌)
| |
| | b [p] <br /> but p [pʰ]<br /> (編遍佩譜圃豹鄙謗)<br /> and m [m] (剝)
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| | p [p]
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| | b [p]
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| | p [p]
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| | h [h]
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| | h [h]
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| | 彆 ㅂ [p]
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| | b [p] <br />
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| p [pʰ] /_[a,je,jo,il,<br />ip,ɛŋ,um,jʌn,jʌm]
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| | b [ɓ] <br />
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| t [t] (CN-A)
| |
| |-
| |
| ! 滂
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| | p'
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| | ph
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| | [pʰ]
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| | p [pʰ] <br /> but b [p] (玻繽怖)
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| | p [pʰ] <br /> but b [p] (玻繽品怖坡)
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| | ph [pʰ]
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| | p [pʰ]
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| | ph [pʰ]
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| | h [h]
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| | h [h]
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| | 漂 ㅍ [pʰ]
| |
| | b [p] <br />
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| p [pʰ] /_[a,je,o,jo,il,<br />ɛŋ,um,jʌn,jʌk,jʌm]
| |
| | ph [f] <br />
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| th [tʰ] (CN-A)
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| |-
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| ! 並
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| | b'
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| | b
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| | [b]
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| | p [pʰ] /_1 <br />
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| b [p] /_234 <br /> but p [pʰ] (佩)
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| | p [pʰ] /_1,<br />'''COL'''2<br /> (棒婢被蚌抱倍蓓) <br />
| |
| b [p] /_34,'''LIT'''2 <br /> but p [pʰ] (佩)
| |
| | p [p]
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| | p [pʰ]
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| | b [b]
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| | b [b]
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| | h [h]
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| | 步 ㅃ [p']
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| | b [p] <br />
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| p [pʰ] /_[a,je,jo,il,ɛŋ]
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| | b [ɓ] <br />
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| th [tʰ] (CN-A)
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| |-
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| ! 明
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| | m
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| | m
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| | [m]
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| | m [m] <br /> but w [w] (戊)
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| | m [m]
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| | b [b]
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| | m [m]
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| | m [m]
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| | m [m]
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| | b [b] <br />
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| m [m] <br> (Geng She)
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| | 彌 ㅁ [m]
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| | m [m]
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| | m [m] <br />
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| d [z ~ j] (CN-A)
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| |-
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| ! 非
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| | p
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| | p
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| | [f]
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| | f [f]
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| | f [f]
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| | h [h]
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| | f [f]
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| | f [f]
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| | h [h]
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| | h [h]
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| | 彆 ㅂ [p]
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| | b [p] <br />
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| p [pʰ] /_[je,uŋ]
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| | ph [f]
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| |-
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| ! 敷
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| | p'
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| | ph
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| | [fʰ]
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| | f [f] <br /> but p [pʰ] (捧)
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| | f [f] <br /> but p [pʰ] (捧)
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| | h [h]
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| | f [f]
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| | f [f]
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| | h [h]
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| | h [h]
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| | 漂 ㅍ [pʰ]
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| | b [p] <br />
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| p [pʰ] /_[je,uŋ]
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| | ph [f]
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| |-
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| ! 奉
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| | b'
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| | b
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| | [v]
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| | f [f]
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| | f [f]
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| | h [h]
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| | f [f] <br />
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| some p [pʰ]
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| | v [v]
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| | b [b]
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| | h [h]
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| | 步 ㅃ [p']
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| | b [p] <br /> but p [pʰ] (乏吠)
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| | ph [f]
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| |-
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| ! 微
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| | m
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| | m
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| | [ɱ]
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| | w [w] <br /> but m [m] (曼)<br />(Old Mandarin: [ʋ])
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| | m [m]
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| | b [b]
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| | v [v] <br />
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| some m [m]
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| | '''LIT''': v [v] <br />
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| '''COL''': m [m]
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| | m [m]
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| | b [b]
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| | 彌 ㅁ [m]
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| | m [m]
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| | v [v]
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| |-
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| ! 端
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| | t
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| | t
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| | [t]
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| | d [t]<br /> but n [n] (鳥)
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| | d [t]<br /> but t [tʰ] (禱)<br /> and n [n] (鳥)
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| | t [t]
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| | d [t]
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| | t [t]
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| | t [t]
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| | t [t]
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| | 斗 ㄷ [t]
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| | d [t]<br /> (palatalized in DIV4)
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| | đ [ɗ]
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| |-
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| ! 透
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| | t'
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| | th
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| | [tʰ]
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| | t [tʰ]
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| | t [tʰ]
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| | th [tʰ]
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| | t [tʰ]
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| | th [tʰ]
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| | t [t]
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| | t [t]
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| | 呑 ㅌ [tʰ]
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| | t [tʰ]<br />
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| some d [t]<br /> (palatalized in DIV4)
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| | th [tʰ]
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| |-
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| ! 定
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| | d'
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| | d
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| | [d]
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| | t [tʰ] /_1 <br /> but d [t] (鼕) <br />
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| d [t] /_234 <br /> but t [tʰ] <br /> (挺艇鋌特突<br />沓蹋袒慟)
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| | t [tʰ] /_1,<br />'''COL'''2 <br /> (盾挺艇鋌怠殆肚斷) <br /> but d [t] (鼕) <br />
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| d [t] /_34,'''LIT'''2 <br /> but t [tʰ] (袒)
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| | t [t]
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| | t [tʰ]
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| | d [d]
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| | d [d]
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| | t [t]
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| | 覃 ㄸ [t']
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| | d [t]<br />
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| some t [tʰ]<br /> (palatalized in DIV4)
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| | đ [ɗ]
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| |-
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| ! 泥
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| | n
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| | n
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| | [n]
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| | n [n]
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| | n [n]
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| | l [l]
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| | n [n]
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| | n [n]
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| | n [n]
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| | d [d] <br /> but n [n] <br /> (寧薴)
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| | 那 ㄴ [n]
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| | n [n]
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| | n [n]
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| |-
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| ! 來
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| | l
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| | l
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| | [l]
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| | l [l] <br /> but n [n] (弄)
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| | l [l] <br /> but d [t] (隸)
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| | l [l]
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| | l [l]
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| | l [l]
| |
| | r [ɺ]
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| | r [ɺ]
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| | 閭 ㄹ [ɾ]
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| | r [ɾ]
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| | l [l]
| |
| |-
| |
| ! 知
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| | t̂
| |
| | tr
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| | [ʈ]
| |
| | zh [tʂ] <br /> but ch [tʂʰ] (輟) <br /> and d [t] (爹)
| |
| | z [ts] <br /> but c [tsʰ] (貯) <br /> and d [t] (涿啄琢爹)
| |
| | t [t]
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| | z [ts]
| |
| | ts [ts]
| |
| | t [t]
| |
| | t [t]
| |
| | 斗 ㄷ [t]
| |
| | d [tɕ] (/_[i,j]) <br />
| |
| t [tʰ] /_æwk <br />
| |
| t [tɕʰ] (DIV4)
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| | tr [ʈ]
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| |-
| |
| ! 徹
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| | t̂'
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| | trh
| |
| | [ʈʰ]
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| | ch [tʂʰ]<br /> but zh [tʂ] (祉)
| |
| | c [tsʰ]<br /> but z [ts] (祉)
| |
| | th [tʰ]
| |
| | c [tsʰ]
| |
| | tsh [tsʰ]
| |
| | t [t]
| |
| | t [t]
| |
| | 呑 ㅌ [tʰ]
| |
| | t [tɕʰ] (/_[i,j]) <br />
| |
| some d [tɕ] <br />
| |
| t [tʰ] (DIV2)
| |
| | s [ʂ]
| |
| |-
| |
| ! 澄
| |
| | d̂'
| |
| | dr
| |
| | [ɖʰ]
| |
| | ch [tʂʰ] /_1 <br />
| |
| zh [tʂ] /_234 <br /> but z [ts] (擇澤) <br />and ch [tʂʰ] (澈) <br /> and d [t] (瞪)
| |
| | c [tsʰ] /_1,<br /> '''COL'''2 (峙重柱) <br />
| |
| z [ts] /_34,'''LIT'''2 <br /> but c [tsʰ] (澈)<br /> and d [t] (秩)
| |
| | t [t]
| |
| | c [tsʰ]
| |
| | z [z]
| |
| | d [d]
| |
| | t [t]
| |
| | 覃 ㄸ [t']
| |
| | d [tɕ] (/_[i,j])<br />
| |
| some t [tɕʰ]<br />
| |
| d [t] /_a#<br />
| |
| t [tʰ] /_æk,æwk
| |
| | tr [ʈ]
| |
| |-
| |
| ! 娘
| |
| | n
| |
| | nr
| |
| | [ɳ]
| |
| | n [n] <br /> but w [w] (諉)
| |
| | n [n] <br /> but w [w] (諉)<br /> and j [j] (釀)
| |
| | l [l]
| |
| | n [n] <br /> but n [n̩] (女)
| |
| | gn [ȵ]
| |
| | n [n]
| |
| | d [d] <br /> but n [n] <br /> (檸獰)
| |
| | 那 ㄴ [n]
| |
| | n [n]
| |
| | n [n]
| |
| |-
| |
| ! 精
| |
| | ts
| |
| | ts
| |
| | [ts]
| |
| | z [ts] <br /> but c [tsʰ] (雀挫)
| |
| | z [ts] <br /> but c [tsʰ] (挫)
| |
| | ch [ts]
| |
| | z [ts]
| |
| | ts [ts]
| |
| | s [s]
| |
| | s [s]
| |
| | 即 ㅈ [ts]
| |
| | j [tɕ]
| |
| | t [t]
| |
| |-
| |
| ! 清
| |
| | ts'
| |
| | tsh
| |
| | [tsʰ]
| |
| | c [tsʰ] <br /> but z [ts] (緝竣)
| |
| | c [tsʰ] <br /> but z [ts] (竣)
| |
| | chh [tsʰ]
| |
| | c [tsʰ]
| |
| | tsh [tsʰ]
| |
| | s [s]
| |
| | s [s]
| |
| | 侵 ㅊ [tsʰ]
| |
| | ch [tɕʰ]
| |
| | th [tʰ]
| |
| |-
| |
| ! 從
| |
| | dz'
| |
| | dz
| |
| | [dz]
| |
| | c [tsʰ] /_1 <br /> but d [t] (蹲) <br />
| |
| z [ts] /_234 <br /> but c [tsʰ] (攢萃悴瘁)
| |
| | c [tsʰ] /_1,<br /> '''COL'''2 (坐) <br />
| |
| z [ts] /_34,'''LIT'''2 <br /> but c [tsʰ] (攢) <br /> and s [s] (萃悴瘁)
| |
| | ch [ts]
| |
| | c [tsʰ]
| |
| | z [z]
| |
| | z [z]
| |
| | s [s]
| |
| | 慈 ㅉ [ts']
| |
| | j [tɕ]<br />
| |
| ch [tɕʰ]
| |
| | t [t]
| |
| |-
| |
| ! 心
| |
| | s
| |
| | s
| |
| | [s]
| |
| | s [s] <br /> but sh [ʂ] (珊姍) <br /> and c [tsʰ] (賜棲鞘粹) <br /> and z [ts] (燥噪峻)
| |
| | s [s] <br /> but c [tsʰ] <br /> (棲賽塞速賜肖鞘燥噪) <br /> and z [ts] (峻)
| |
| | s [s]
| |
| | s [s]
| |
| | s [s]
| |
| | s [s]
| |
| | s [s]
| |
| | 戍 ㅅ [s]
| |
| | s [s]
| |
| | t [t]
| |
| |-
| |
| ! 邪
| |
| | z
| |
| | z
| |
| | [z]
| |
| | s [s] <br /> but ∅ (嶼) <br /> and c [tsʰ] in<br /> MC zi1 (詞祠辭)<br /> and MC zjuw1 (囚)
| |
| | c [tsʰ] /_1,<br /> '''COL'''2 (似) <br />
| |
| z [ts] /_34,'''LIT'''2 <br /> but s [s] <br />
| |
| (旋羨遂隧殉緒)
| |
| | s [s]
| |
| | s [s]
| |
| | z [z]
| |
| | z [z]
| |
| | s [s]
| |
| | 邪 ㅆ [s']
| |
| | s [s]
| |
| | t [t]
| |
| |-
| |
| ! 照莊
| |
| | tṣ
| |
| | tsr
| |
| | [tʂ]
| |
| | zh [tʂ] <br /> but z [ts]<br /> (阻俎詛鄒責仄)
| |
| | z [ts]
| |
| | ch [ts]
| |
| | z [ts]
| |
| | ts [ts]
| |
| | s [s]
| |
| | s [s]
| |
| | 即 ㅈ [ts]
| |
| | j [tɕ]
| |
| | tr [ʈ]
| |
| |-
| |
| ! 穿初
| |
| | tṣ'
| |
| | tsrh
| |
| | [tʂʰ]
| |
| | ch [tʂʰ] <br /> but c [tsʰ]<br /> (策冊測惻廁篡)<br /> and zh [tʂ] (錚)
| |
| | c [tsʰ]<br /> but z [ts] (錚) <br /> and s [s] (篡)
| |
| | chh [tsʰ]
| |
| | c [tsʰ]
| |
| | tsh [tsʰ]
| |
| | s [s]
| |
| | s [s]
| |
| | 侵 ㅊ [tsʰ]
| |
| | ch [tɕʰ]
| |
| | s [ʂ]
| |
| |-
| |
| ! 床崇
| |
| | dẓ'
| |
| | dzr
| |
| | [dʐʰ]
| |
| | ch [tʂʰ] /_1 <br /> but c [ts] (岑) <br />
| |
| zh [tʂ] /_234 <br /> but sh [ʂ] (士事柿)
| |
| | c [tsʰ] /_1,<br />'''COL'''2 (柿) <br /> but s [s] (潺愁崇)<br />
| |
| z [ts] /_34,'''LIT'''2 <br /> but s [s] (士事)
| |
| | ch [ts]
| |
| | c [tsʰ]
| |
| | z [z]
| |
| | z [z]
| |
| | s [s]
| |
| | 慈 ㅉ [ts']
| |
| | s [s]<br />
| |
| ch [tɕʰ]<br />
| |
| j [tɕ]
| |
| | s [ʂ]
| |
| |-
| |
| ! 審生
| |
| | ṣ
| |
| | sr
| |
| | [ʂ]
| |
| | sh [ʂ] <br /> but ch [tʂʰ] (產) <br /> and s [s] <br />
| |
| (灑澀縮瑟色嗇森)
| |
| | s [s] <br /> but c [tsʰ] (產刷杉)
| |
| | s [s]
| |
| | s [s]
| |
| | s [s]
| |
| | s [s]
| |
| | s [s]
| |
| | 戍 ㅅ [s]
| |
| | s [s] <br /> but ss [s'] (雙)
| |
| | s [ʂ]
| |
| |- style="background-color:gray"
| |
| ! 禪俟
| |
| | ź
| |
| | zr
| |
| | [ʐ]
| |
| | s [s]
| |
| | z [ts]
| |
| | s [s]
| |
| | s [s]
| |
| | z [z]
| |
| | z [z]
| |
| | s [s]
| |
| | 邪 ㅆ [s']
| |
| | s [s]
| |
| | th [tʰ]
| |
| |-
| |
| ! 照章
| |
| | tś
| |
| | tsy
| |
| | [tɕ]
| |
| | zh [tʂ] <br /> but ch [tʂʰ] (捶)<br /> and d [t] (盹)
| |
| | z [ts] <br /> but c [tsʰ] (捶診疹)<br /> and d [t] (盹)
| |
| | ch [ts]
| |
| | z [ts]
| |
| | ts [ts]
| |
| | s [s]
| |
| | s [s]
| |
| | 即 ㅈ [ts]
| |
| | j [tɕ]
| |
| | ch [c]
| |
| |-
| |
| ! 穿昌
| |
| | tś'
| |
| | tsyh
| |
| | [tɕʰ]
| |
| | ch [tʂʰ] <br /> but sh [ʂ] (樞瀋)
| |
| | c [tsʰ] <br /> but s [s] (樞瀋)
| |
| | chh [tsʰ]
| |
| | c [tsʰ]
| |
| | tsh [tsʰ]
| |
| | s [s]
| |
| | s [s]
| |
| | 侵 ㅊ [tsʰ]
| |
| | ch [tɕʰ]
| |
| | x [s]
| |
| |-
| |
| ! 床船
| |
| | dź'
| |
| | zy
| |
| | [ʑ]
| |
| | sh [ʂ] /_234 <br />
| |
| _1: <br /> ch [tʂʰ] (船乘唇) <br /> sh [ʂ] (神繩蛇)
| |
| | s [s]
| |
| | s [s]
| |
| | s [s]
| |
| | z [z]
| |
| | z [z]
| |
| | s [s]
| |
| | 慈 ㅉ [ts']
| |
| | s [s]
| |
| | th [tʰ]
| |
| |-
| |
| ! 審書
| |
| | ś
| |
| | sy
| |
| | [ɕ]
| |
| | sh [ʂ] <br /> but ch [tʂʰ] (弛翅舂)
| |
| | s [s] <br /> but c [tsʰ] <br /> (始弛矢設束翅奢) <br /> and z [ts] (舂)
| |
| | s [s]
| |
| | s [s]
| |
| | s [s]
| |
| | s [s]
| |
| | s [s]
| |
| | 戍 ㅅ [s]
| |
| | s [s]
| |
| | th [tʰ]
| |
| |-
| |
| ! 禪常
| |
| | ź
| |
| | dzy
| |
| | [dʑ]
| |
| | sh [ʂ] /_234 <br /> but r [ɻ] (瑞)<br />
| |
| _1: <br /> ch [tʂʰ] (most)<br /> sh [ʂ]<br />
| |
| (時匙誰韶殊裳)
| |
| | s [s]<br /> but c [tsʰ] (恃)
| |
| | s [s]
| |
| | s [s]
| |
| | z [z]
| |
| | z [z]
| |
| | s [s]
| |
| | 邪 ㅆ [s']
| |
| | s [s] <br /> j [tɕ] <br /> ch [tɕʰ] <br /> but ss [s'] (氏)
| |
| | th [tʰ]
| |
| |-
| |
| ! 日
| |
| | ńź
| |
| | ny
| |
| | [ȵ]
| |
| | r [ɻ] <br />
| |
| er [aɚ] < <br />
| |
| MC nye,nyij,nyi
| |
| | j [j]
| |
| | j [dz], <br /> l [l]
| |
| | ng [ŋ] <br />
| |
| some y [j]
| |
| | z [z] <br />
| |
| gn [ȵ] /_[i,y]
| |
| | n [n]
| |
| | z [z]
| |
| | 穰 ㅿ [z]
| |
| | j [j] <br />
| |
| ∅ /_[i]
| |
| | nh [ɲ]
| |
| |-
| |
| ! 見
| |
| | k
| |
| | k
| |
| | [k]
| |
| | g [k]<br /> but k [kʰ]<br />
| |
| (扛礦昆柯膾愧榷)<br />
| |
| and h [x] (梟懈偕) <br />
| |
| and w [w] (蝸)
| |
| | g(w) [k(ʷ)] <br /> but k(w) [kʰ(ʷ)] <br /> (概溉丐給汲級冀規會<br />膾劊愧拘駒溝箍礦羯<br />竭訣決抉蹶厥襟昆) <br /> and h [h] (梟懈)<br /> and w [w] (蝸媧) <br /> and ∅ (柯)
| |
| | k [k]
| |
| | g [k]
| |
| | k [k]
| |
| | k [k]
| |
| | k [k]
| |
| | 君 ㄱ [k]
| |
| | g [k]
| |
| | c/k/q(u) [k]
| |
| gi [z ~ j] <br />
| |
| (DIV2; kaikou)
| |
| |-
| |
| ! 溪
| |
| | k'
| |
| | kh
| |
| | [kʰ]
| |
| | k [kʰ] <br /> but h [x] <br /> (隙恢詼墟溪)
| |
| | unlabialized: h [h] <br /> some k [kʰ] <br />
| |
| labialized: kw [kʰʷ] <br /> f [f] /MC codas <br /> j,n,t (DIV1,2) <br /> but p [pʰ] (棵)<br /> and gw [kʷ] (隙)
| |
| | kh [kʰ]
| |
| | k [kʰ]
| |
| | kh [kʰ]
| |
| | k [k]
| |
| | k [k]
| |
| | 快 ㅋ [kʰ]
| |
| | g [k] <br /> but kk [k'] (喫)
| |
| | kh [x]
| |
| |-
| |
| ! 群
| |
| | g'
| |
| | g
| |
| | [g]
| |
| | k [kʰ] /_1 <br /> but g [k] (畿鯨) <br />
| |
| g [k] /_234 <br /> but k [kʰ] (匱饋)
| |
| | k(w) [kʰ(ʷ)] /_1,<br /> '''COL'''2 (近臼舅菌) <br /> but g [k] (畿) <br />
| |
| g(w) [k(ʷ)] /_34,'''LIT'''2<br /> but k(w) [kʰ(ʷ)] (匱及)
| |
| | k [k]
| |
| | k [kʰ]
| |
| | g [g]
| |
| | g [ɡ]
| |
| | k [k]
| |
| | 虯 ㄲ [k']
| |
| | g [k]
| |
| | c/k/q(u) [k]
| |
| |-
| |
| ! 疑
| |
| | ng
| |
| | ng
| |
| | [ŋ]
| |
| | null <br /> but n [n] <br /> (擬孽逆虐凝牛倪霓)<br /> and g [k] (疙圪岌) <br /> and k [kʰ] (聵) <br /> and r [ɻ] (阮)<br />(Old Mandarin: [ŋ])
| |
| | ng [ŋ] <br />
| |
| j [j] (most DIV3,4) <br />
| |
| ng [ŋ̩] < MC ngu <br /> but k [kʰ] (岌聵)<br /> and w [w] (鮠玩頑)
| |
| | g [g]
| |
| | ng [ŋ] <br />
| |
| also n [n̩] < <br> MC ngu,ngjo
| |
| | ng [ŋ] <br />
| |
| some gh [ɦ] <br />
| |
| | g [ɡ]
| |
| | g [ɡ]
| |
| | 業 ㆁ [ŋ]
| |
| | ∅
| |
| | ng/ngh [ŋ] <br />
| |
| nh [ɲ] <br /> (DIV2; kaikou)
| |
| |-
| |
| ! 影
| |
| | '
| |
| | ʔ
| |
| | [ʔ]
| |
| | null <br /> but h [x] (穢)
| |
| | unlabialized: ∅ <br /> but n [n] (凹) <br /> j [j] (DIV3,4) <br />
| |
| labialized: w [w]
| |
| | ∅
| |
| | ∅ (kaikou) <br />
| |
| v [v] (hekou)
| |
| | ∅
| |
| | ∅
| |
| | ∅
| |
| | 挹 ㆆ [ʔ]
| |
| | ∅
| |
| | ∅ [ʔ]<br />
| |
| nh [ɲ] (CN-A)
| |
| |-
| |
| ! 曉
| |
| | x
| |
| | x
| |
| | [h]
| |
| | h [x] <br /> but k [kʰ] (況迄訖)
| |
| | unlabialized: h [h] <br /> but ng [ŋ] (迄訖) <br /> and j [j] (欣)
| |
| labialized: f [f] <br /> but k(w) [kʰ(ʷ)] (吸賄) <br /> and gw [kʷ] (轟)
| |
| | h [h]
| |
| | h [h] (kaikou) <br />
| |
| f [f] (hekou)
| |
| | h [h]
| |
| | k [k]
| |
| | k [k]
| |
| | 虛 ㅎ [h]
| |
| | h [h]
| |
| | h [h]
| |
| |-
| |
| ! 匣
| |
| | ɣ
| |
| | h
| |
| | [ɦ]
| |
| | h [x] <br /> but g [k] (迥) <br /> and k [kʰ] (潰洽) <br /> and ∅ (完皖莞肴螢熒)
| |
| | unlabialized: h [h] <br /> but ng [ŋ] (肴) <br /> j [j] /MC codas <br /> m,n,ng (DIV4)
| |
| labialized: w [w] <br /> but gw [kʷ] (迥)<br /> and k(ʷ) [kʰ(ʷ)] (潰繪攜)
| |
| | h [h]
| |
| | h [h] (kaikou) <br />
| |
| f [f] (hekou)
| |
| | gh [ɦ]
| |
| | g [ɡ]
| |
| | k [k]
| |
| | 洪 ㆅ [h']
| |
| | h [h]
| |
| | h [h] <br /> but th [tʰ] (話)
| |
| |-
| |
| ! 喻云
| |
| | j
| |
| | hj
| |
| | [ɦj]
| |
| | null <br /> but h [x] (彙彗雄熊)
| |
| | unlabialized: j [j] <br /> h [h] < MC hjuwng <br />
| |
| labialized: [w]
| |
| | ∅
| |
| | y [j] <br />
| |
| v /MC codas <br /> j,ŋ,k (hekou)
| |
| | gh [ɦ]
| |
| | ∅
| |
| | ∅
| |
| | 欲 ㅇ [∅] <br />
| |
| 業 ㆁ [ŋ] (DIV3)
| |
| | ∅
| |
| | h [h] (kaikou) <br />
| |
| v [v] (hekou)
| |
| |-
| |
| ! 喻以
| |
| | ∅
| |
| | y
| |
| | [j]
| |
| | null <br /> but g [k] (捐) <br /> and k [kʰ] (鉛)
| |
| | unlabialized: j [j] <br /> but g [k] (捐) <br />
| |
| labialized: w [w]
| |
| | ∅
| |
| | y [j] <br /> but g [k] (捐) <br />
| |
| v < MC ywij
| |
| | gh [ɦ] <br /> but k [k] (捐)
| |
| | ∅
| |
| | ∅
| |
| | 欲 ㅇ [∅] <br />
| |
| 業 ㆁ [ŋ] (DIV3)
| |
| | ∅
| |
| | d [z ~ j] <br /> but q(u) [k] (捐)
| |
| |-
| |
| ! rowspan=2 | Onset
| |
| ! <small>Karlgren</small>
| |
| ! <small>Baxter</small>
| |
| ! <small>IPA</small>
| |
| ! rowspan=2 | Mandarin <br /> Beijing
| |
| ! rowspan=2 | Yue <br /> Canton
| |
| ! rowspan=2 | Minnan <br /> Amoy
| |
| ! rowspan=2 | Hakka <br /> Moiyan
| |
| ! rowspan=2 | Wu <br /> Shanghai
| |
| ! Go-On
| |
| ! Kan-On
| |
| ! Middle*
| |
| ! Modern
| |
| ! rowspan=2 | Vietnamese
| |
| |-
| |
| ! colspan=3 | <center>Middle Chinese</center>
| |
| ! colspan=2 | Japanese
| |
| ! colspan=2 | Korean
| |
| |}
| |
| | |
| === Notes ===
| |
| '''Mandarin — Beijing'''
| |
| | |
| This following major shift between Old Mandarin and Modern Mandarin is completely omitted from the above chart:
| |
| {| {{bluetable2|lightbluebg}}
| |
| | z [ts]
| |
| | rowspan = 3 | and
| |
| | g [k]
| |
| | rowspan = 3 | >
| |
| | j [tɕ]
| |
| | rowspan = 3 | / _i [i], ü [y]
| |
| |-
| |
| | c [tsʰ]
| |
| | k [kʰ]
| |
| | q [tɕʰ]
| |
| |-
| |
| | s [s]
| |
| | h [x]
| |
| | x [ɕ]
| |
| |}
| |
| | |
| Furthermore, the modern semivowels are analyzed as epenthetic consonants occuring when the onset is null:
| |
| {| {{bluetable2|lightbluebg}}
| |
| | i [i]
| |
| | rowspan = 7 | >
| |
| | yi [ji]
| |
| | rowspan = 7 | /
| |
| | rowspan = 3 | #_#
| |
| |-
| |
| | ü [y]
| |
| | yu [ɥy]
| |
| |-
| |
| |-
| |
| | u [u]
| |
| | wu [wu]
| |
| |-
| |
| | i [i]
| |
| | y [j]
| |
| | rowspan = 2 | #_V
| |
| |-
| |
| | ü [y]
| |
| | yu [ɥ]
| |
| |-
| |
| | rowspan = 2 | u [u]
| |
| | w [w ~ ʋ]
| |
| | #_V except #_o#
| |
| |-
| |
| | w [w]
| |
| | #_o#
| |
| |}
| |
| | |
| For example, MC onset 以 y tends to correspond to modern y [j] or yu [ɥ], but the correspondence chart gives the modern reflex of 以 y as '''null'''; y [j] or yu [ɥ] are then synchronically produced using this sound change. This also correctly predicts situations where MC 以 y does not give modern y [j] or yu [ɥ], e.g. 惟 ywij > wéi [ʋei], where y > null and [ʋ] is produced by the Mandarin rime uei [uei], the regular descendent of MC -wij.
| |
| | |
| '''Yue — Canton'''
| |
| | |
| The MC velars and laryngeals 見溪群影曉匣喻以 (k kh g ʔ x h hj y) are each given two modern reflexes, a unlabialized reflex and a labialized one. Which one occurs depends on the rime. While the outcome typically corresponds to the distinction in the MC ''kaikou''-''hekou'' rime categories, this is often inconsistent as numerous MC hekou rimes produce unlabialized onsets, while the MC kaikou rime u produces labialized onsets. The rime correspondence tables below specify when labialization occurs with the symbol "w [ʷ]" in the Cantonese columns. (Furthermore, unless otherwise noted, where a rime correspondence is denoted with "w [ʷ]", the labialization is neutralized after MC onset ng = Cantonese onset ng [ŋ].) Furthermore, labialization always occurs when the Cantonese rime is one of u ui un ut [uː uːi uːn uːt] (but not ung uk [ʊŋ ʊk]). The most common reflexes are as follows:
| |
| | |
| {| {{bluetable2|lightbluebg}}
| |
| ! Onset
| |
| ! [C]
| |
| ! [Cʷ], [Cuː]
| |
| |-
| |
| | 見 k
| |
| | g [k]
| |
| | gw [kʷ]
| |
| |-
| |
| | 溪 kh
| |
| | h [h] <br> (k [kʰ])
| |
| | kw [kʰʷ], <br> f [f]
| |
| |-
| |
| | 群 g
| |
| | g [k] /_12 <br> k [kʰ] /_34
| |
| | gw [kʷ] /_12 <br> kw [kʰʷ] /_34
| |
| |-
| |
| | 影 ʔ
| |
| | ∅, <br> j [j]
| |
| | w [w]
| |
| |-
| |
| | 曉 x
| |
| | h [h]
| |
| | f [f]
| |
| |-
| |
| | 匣 h
| |
| | h [h], <br> j [j]
| |
| | w [w]
| |
| |-
| |
| | 喻 hj
| |
| | j [j]
| |
| | w [w]
| |
| |-
| |
| | 以 y
| |
| | j [j]
| |
| | w [w]
| |
| |}
| |
| | |
| Up until the early 20th century, Cantonese had alveolo-palatal sibilants [tɕ tɕʰ ɕ] corresponding to Middle Chinese retroflex and palatal onsets, but these have since merged into the plain alveolar sibilants /ts tsʰ s/. As a corollary, /ts tsʰ s/ may be pronounced palatalized, especially before the front high vowels.
| |
| | |
| The following changes, disapproved of by prescriptivists, are ongoing:
| |
| * n [n] > l [l] (onset)
| |
| * ng [ŋ], ∅ > [ŋ ~ ∅] (onset)
| |
| * gw kw [kʷ kʰʷ] > g k [k kʰ] / _ong,ok [ɔːŋ ɔːk]
| |
| * ng k [ŋ k] > n t [n t] (coda)
| |
| * ng [ŋ̩] > m [m̩] (syllabic)
| |
| | |
| '''Minnan — Amoy'''
| |
| | |
| Because the Min branch branched off from a stage of Chinese prior to the development of Middle Chinese, the charts consider only the pronunciations taken from the literary layer of Min vocabulary since it is largely based on Late Middle Chinese. As such, numerous features that are commonly found in colloquial readings are not seen in the correspondence charts, with the following describing some of the notable ones:
| |
| | |
| * Final glottal stops and vowel nasalization are largely absent in literary readings, where codas closely match those from Middle Chinese. Due of the absence of nasalization, the nasal allophones of Hokkien consonants b l g [b l g] > m n ng [m n ŋ] do not surface in literary readings.
| |
| * Labiodentalization of p- row onsets is normally absent in Min, but literary readings in Hokkien reflect the late/post-MC split with h [h] corresponding with MC 幫 p, 滂 ph, and 並 b.
| |
| | |
| In addition, Hokkien exhibits the following allophones:
| |
| | |
| * ch chh j s [ts tsʰ dz s] > [tɕ tɕʰ dʑ ɕ] / _i [i]
| |
| | |
| '''Hakka — Moiyan'''
| |
| | |
| This following shift is omitted from the above chart:
| |
| {| {{bluetable2|lightbluebg}}
| |
| | z [ts]
| |
| | rowspan = 3 | >
| |
| | j [tɕ]
| |
| | rowspan = 3 | / _i [i]
| |
| |-
| |
| | c [tsʰ]
| |
| | q [tɕʰ]
| |
| |-
| |
| | s [s]
| |
| | x [ɕ]
| |
| |}
| |
| | |
| The following sound changes are not reflected in Pinfa nor in the chart:
| |
| * g k h ng [k kʰ h ŋ] > [c cʰ ç ȵ] / _i [i]
| |
| | |
| The semivowel y [j] is normally treated as a null consonant followed by i [i], just like in Mandarin. However, its consonantal value is overtly displayed in the onset chart due to how consistently it appears with the corresponding historical onsets.
| |
| | |
| '''Wu — Shanghai'''
| |
| | |
| This following shift is omitted from the above chart:
| |
| {| {{bluetable2|lightbluebg}}
| |
| | ts [ts]
| |
| | rowspan = 4 | and
| |
| | k [k]
| |
| | rowspan = 6 | >
| |
| | c [tɕ]
| |
| | rowspan = 6 | / _i [i,y]
| |
| |-
| |
| | tsh [tsʰ]
| |
| | kh [kʰ]
| |
| | ch [tɕʰ]
| |
| |-
| |
| | s [s]
| |
| | h [h]
| |
| | sh [ɕ]
| |
| |-
| |
| | n [n]
| |
| | ng [ŋ]
| |
| | gn [ȵ]
| |
| |-
| |
| | colspan = 3 | g [g]
| |
| | j [dʑ]
| |
| |-
| |
| | colspan = 3 | z [z]
| |
| | zh [ʑ]
| |
| |-
| |
| |}
| |
| | |
| One exception is gn [ȵ] as a consistent outcome of Middle Chinese onsets 娘 nr and 日 ny.
| |
| | |
| Also note that for onset gh [ɦ], Wugniu denotes "ghi ghu" as "y w" when preceding a vowel, and as "yi wu" otherwise. Likewise, the syllables [ɦm ɦŋ] are denoted as "m ng".
| |
| | |
| '''Japanese'''
| |
| | |
| The following consonants have allophones before i [i], y [j] and u [u]. (The influx of Western borrowings are changing many of these allophones into phonemes in their own right, but for the purposes of analyzing Chinese borrowings, they can be treated as allophones.)
| |
| | |
| {| {{bluetable2|lightbluebg}}
| |
| ! C >
| |
| ! /i [i], y[j]
| |
| ! /u [u]
| |
| |-
| |
| | t [t] >
| |
| | ch [tɕ]
| |
| | ts [ts]
| |
| |-
| |
| | d [d] >
| |
| | j [ʑ]
| |
| | z [z]
| |
| |-
| |
| | s [s] >
| |
| | sh [ɕ]
| |
| | s [s]
| |
| |-
| |
| | z [z] >
| |
| | j [ʑ]
| |
| | z [z]
| |
| |-
| |
| | n [n] >
| |
| | n [ɲ]
| |
| | n [n]
| |
| |-
| |
| | h [h] >
| |
| | h [ç]
| |
| | f [ɸ]
| |
| |}
| |
| | |
| | |
| '''Middle Korean'''
| |
| The prescriptive spellings and pronunciations were ultimately ignored:
| |
| * The "muddy" (全濁) onsets were pronounced (and spelt) with plain consonants instead of emphatic consonants;
| |
| * The ''kh-'' (溪) onset tended to be pronounced without aspiration;
| |
| * The ''l-'' (來) onset was pronounced ㄴ [n] when word-initial (i.e. the first character of a compound) (but see the note below about North Korean);
| |
| * The ''ny-'' (日) onset was not pronounced when word-initial;
| |
| * The ''ng-'' (疑) onset was not pronounced at all.
| |
| | |
| '''Modern Korean'''
| |
| This change is omitted from the chart:
| |
| {| {{bluetable2|lightbluebg}}
| |
| | d [t]
| |
| | rowspan = 2 | >
| |
| | j [tɕ]
| |
| | rowspan = 2 | / _i [i], _y- [j-]
| |
| |-
| |
| | t [tʰ]
| |
| | ch [tɕʰ]
| |
| |}
| |
| Following which: y [j] > null /tɕ_ and tɕʰ_. While the result of this change is reflected as such in the orthography, reflexes of T and TR that underwent those
| |
| changes are expressed in the charts here as d/t + y-.
| |
| | |
| Furthermore:
| |
| * r [ɾ] > n [n] / #_ (this change has been reversed in North Korea due to spelling pronunciation)
| |
| * following which: n [n] > Ø / _[i,j]
| |
| | |
| Korean also has an extensive consonant sandhi system. For example:
| |
| * b d j g s [p t tɕ k s] > [p' t' tɕ' k' s'] after consonants (in compounds)
| |
| | |
| '''Vietnamese'''
| |
| | |
| The IPA transcriptions assume maximal diaphonemic distinctions according to the orthography, with the exception of d [z ~ j] and gi [z ~ j], which are not contrastive in any major dialect. However, no modern dialect maintains maximal distinctions, with details on the major dialectal realizations of the onsets given below:
| |
| | |
| {| {{bluetable2|lightbluebg}}
| |
| ! C_
| |
| ! Hanoi
| |
| ! Saigon
| |
| |-
| |
| | v [v]
| |
| | [v]
| |
| | rowspan = 3 | [j]
| |
| |-
| |
| | d [z ~ j]
| |
| | rowspan = 3 | [z]
| |
| |-
| |
| | gi [z ~ j]
| |
| |-
| |
| | r [r]
| |
| | [r]
| |
| |-
| |
| | ch [c]
| |
| | rowspan = 2 | [tɕ]
| |
| | [c]
| |
| |-
| |
| | tr [ʈ]
| |
| | [ʈ]
| |
| |-
| |
| | x [s]
| |
| | rowspan = 2 | [s]
| |
| | [s]
| |
| |-
| |
| | s [ʂ]
| |
| | [ʂ]
| |
| |-
| |
| | qu [kw]
| |
| | [kw]
| |
| | [w]
| |
| |}
| |
| | |
| Despite the above correspondences, a shift is ongoing in some Southern (Saigon) speakers where v, ch, tr, x, and s may be merged with the Northern (Hanoi) pronunciation. In addition, kh [x] may still be pronounced as [kʰ] in the South, but this is becoming increasingly non-standard.
| |
| | |
| == Rimes ==
| |
| | |
| MC rimes are traditionally grouped into four divisions (等). The divisions might have had something to do with the vowels and/or medials (semivowels before the main vowel). The divisions are also useful as categories in MC phonotactics. In Baxter's orthography:
| |
| * third-division rimes are written with "i", or with "j" followed by any other vowel;
| |
| * first-division rimes are written with back vowels "a", "o" or "u";
| |
| * second-division rimes are written with low front vowels "æ" or "ɛ" (which had a tendency to merge with each other);
| |
| * fourth-division rimes are written with "e", which later tended to shift to "je" thereby merging with the third-division rimes
| |
| | |
| Baxter further categorized the large third-division into three categories:
| |
| * "Independent" rimes, limited to coming after labials and velars/laryngeals, with a tendency to merge with other, more fully distributed rimes
| |
| * "Mixed" rimes, with a more complete distribution after several series of onset consonants;
| |
| * "Chongniu" rimes. These rimes are distributed widely just liked "mixed" rimes. Furthermore, a distinction referred to as ''chongniu'' (重紐) was made among characters with labial or velar/laryngeal onsets. The nature of this distinction is unknown but it was likely phonemic. The two categories can be referred to as type A and type B. (They are also, confusingly, called "division-four chongniu rimes" and "division-three chongniu rimes", based on their placement in rime books, even though the rimes themselves are division-three (do not confuse with ''actual'' division-four rimes).) The distinction is represented in Baxter's orthography with an extra -i- or -j- for those characters in chongniu type A rimes.
| |
| | |
| Like several modern southern Sinitic languages, MC permitted the consonant codas of -p, -t, -k, -m, -n and -ng. Baxter also uses the notations of -wk and -wng in a few rimes, which might reflect MC phonology. In MC, rimes ending on stops (-ap, -at, -ak) are treated as belonging to the corresponding rimes ending on nasals (-am, -an, -ang).
| |
| | |
| Within many of the rime categories, characters were further divided into ''kaikou'' (開口) and ''hekou'' (合口), which probably referred to the presence of some kind of labialization (denoted as an additional -w- in Baxter's orthography). This distinction was generally neutralized with both labial onsets and labial codas. Instead, rimes with labial codas (in Baxter's orthography, those in -w, -m and -wng) are classified as ''kaikou''. (The pair of 魚 jo and 虞 ju are ''kaikou'' and ''hekou'' respectively.)
| |
| | |
| Syllables with labial onsets are also put into ''kaikou'' or ''hekou'' rime categories, but because the distinction is neutralized, if a given ''kaikou'' rime occurs with labials, its corresponding ''hekou'' rime would (usually) not occur with labials, and vice versa. In particular:
| |
| * In the second and fourth divisions, labial onsets are paired with ''kaikou'' rimes
| |
| * In the first division, labial onsets are paired with ''kaikou'' rimes, except for 戈 -wa, 灰 -woj, 桓 -wan and 魂 -won.
| |
| * In the third division "independent" category, labial onsets are paired with ''hekou'' rimes.
| |
| * In the third division "mixed" category, labial onsets are paired with ''hekou'' rimes, except for 之 -i and 蒸 -ing.
| |
| * In the third division "with ''chongniu''" category, labial onsets are paired with ''kaikou'' rimes.
| |
| | |
| The rimes were, later on, grouped into categories called ''she'' (攝) based on similarity to each other.
| |
| | |
| Rimes:
| |
| | |
| {| {{bluetable2|lightbluebg}}
| |
| |-
| |
| ! rowspan = 2 | ''She'' Name
| |
| ! colspan = 2; rowspan = 2 | Division One
| |
| ! colspan = 2; rowspan = 2 | Division Two
| |
| ! colspan = 3 | Division Three
| |
| ! rowspan = 2 | Division Four
| |
| |-
| |
| ! "Independent"
| |
| ! "Mixed"
| |
| ! "with Chongniu"
| |
| |-
| |
| ! rowspan = 2 | 果 Guo
| |
| | 歌 a || || || || || 歌 ja || ||
| |
| |-
| |
| | 戈 wa || || || || || 戈 jwa || ||
| |
| |-
| |
| ! rowspan = 2 | 假 Jia
| |
| | || || 麻 æ || || || 麻 jæ || ||
| |
| |-
| |
| | || || 麻 wæ || || || || ||
| |
| |-
| |
| ! rowspan = 2 | 止 Zhi
| |
| | || || || || 微 jɨj || 之 i || 支 je 脂 ij ||
| |
| |-
| |
| | || || || || 微 jwɨj || || 支 jwe 脂 wij ||
| |
| |-
| |
| ! rowspan = 2 | 蟹 Xie
| |
| | 泰 ajH || 咍 oj || 夬 æjH || 皆 ɛj 佳 ɛɨ || 廢 jojH || || 祭 jejH || 齊 ej
| |
| |-
| |
| | 泰 wajH || 灰 woj || 夬 wæjH || 皆 wɛj 佳 wɛɨ || 廢 jwojH || || 祭 jwejH || 齊 wej
| |
| |-
| |
| ! rowspan = 2 | 遇 Yu
| |
| | 模 u || || || || || 魚 jo || ||
| |
| |-
| |
| || || || || || || 虞 ju || ||
| |
| |-
| |
| ! 效 Xiao
| |
| | 豪 aw || || 肴 æw || || || || 宵 jew || 蕭 ew
| |
| |-
| |
| ! 流 Liu
| |
| | 侯 uw || || || || || 尤 juw || 幽 iw ||
| |
| |-
| |
| ! rowspan = 2 | 咸 Xian
| |
| | 談 am || 覃 om || 銜 æm || 咸 ɛm || 嚴 jæm || || 鹽 jem || 添 em
| |
| |-
| |
| | || || || || 凡 jom || || ||
| |
| |-
| |
| ! 深 Shen
| |
| | || || || || || || 侵 im ||
| |
| |-
| |
| ! rowspan = 2 | 山 Shan
| |
| | 寒 an || || 刪 æn || 山 ɛn || 元 jon || || 仙 jen || 先 en
| |
| |-
| |
| | 桓 wan || || 刪 wæn || 山 wɛn || 元 jwon || || 仙 jwen || 先 wen
| |
| |-
| |
| ! rowspan = 2 | 臻 Zhen
| |
| | || 痕 on || || || 欣 jɨn || || 真臻 in ||
| |
| |-
| |
| | || 魂 won || || || 文 jun || || 真諄 win ||
| |
| |-
| |
| ! rowspan = 2 | 宕 Dang
| |
| | 唐 ang || || || || || 陽 jang || ||
| |
| |-
| |
| | 唐 wang || || || || || 陽 jwang || ||
| |
| |-
| |
| ! rowspan = 2 | 曾 Zeng
| |
| | || 登 ong || || || || 蒸 ing || ||
| |
| |-
| |
| | || 登 wong || || || || 蒸 wing || ||
| |
| |-
| |
| ! rowspan = 2 | 梗 Geng
| |
| | || || 庚 æng || 耕 ɛng || || || 庚 jæng / 清 jeng || 青 eng
| |
| |-
| |
| | || || 庚 wæng || 耕 wɛng || || || 庚 jwæng / 清 jweng || 青 weng
| |
| |-
| |
| ! 江 Jiang
| |
| | || || 江 æwng || || || || ||
| |
| |-
| |
| ! 通 Tong
| |
| | 東 uwng || 冬 owng || || || || 東 juwng 鍾 jowng || ||
| |
| |}
| |
| * This table is organized according to Baxter's notation. The actual MC vowels continue to be debated.
| |
| * Some rimes occur only in the departing tone (''qusheng''). These are marked with "-H", Baxter's notation for that tone.
| |
| * -p, -t and -k rimes are implied for -m, -n and -ng rimes, respectively.
| |
| * The pair of 嚴 -jæm and 凡 -jom, which are classified as ''kaikou'' and ''hekou'' respectively, are actually in complementary distribution, the former coming after velar onsets and the latter after labial onsets.
| |
| * Baxter analyzes the rimes of 庚 jæng and 清 jeng as forming a chongniu type-B / type-A pair. He also classifies 幽 iw rimes as a "chongniu" type rime that has only type-B rimes in it, on the basis of the placement and description of the 幽 iw rime in the rime books.
| |
| | |
| Permissible onset-rime combinations ("no" does not necessarily mean that there are no characters given in those combinations in the rime books, but that such exceptions are so sparse and/or obscure that they are possibly exceptions/mistakes):
| |
| | |
| {| {{bluetable2|lightbluebg}}
| |
| |- class="c"
| |
| ! rowspan = 2 |
| |
| ! colspan = 2 | Divisions 1 & 4
| |
| ! colspan = 2 | Division 2
| |
| ! colspan = 2 | Division 3 "Independent"
| |
| ! colspan = 2 | Division 3 "Mixed"
| |
| ! colspan = 2 | Division 3 "Chongniu"
| |
| |-
| |
| ! ''Kaikou''
| |
| ! ''Hekou''
| |
| ! ''Kaikou''
| |
| ! ''Hekou''
| |
| ! ''Kaikou''
| |
| ! ''Hekou''
| |
| ! ''Kaikou''
| |
| ! ''Hekou''
| |
| ! ''Kaikou''
| |
| ! ''Hekou''
| |
| |-
| |
| | p,ph,b,m
| |
| | colspan = 2 | Yes
| |
| | colspan = 2 | Yes
| |
| | colspan = 2 | Yes
| |
| | colspan = 2 | Yes
| |
| | colspan = 2 | Yes + Chongniu
| |
| |-
| |
| | t,th,d,n
| |
| | Yes
| |
| | Some D1 rimes
| |
| | style="background-color:gray" | 打
| |
| | style="background-color:gray" | No
| |
| | style="background-color:gray" | No
| |
| | style="background-color:gray" | No
| |
| | style="background-color:gray" | No
| |
| | style="background-color:gray" | No
| |
| | style="background-color:gray" | 地
| |
| | style="background-color:gray" | No
| |
| |-
| |
| | tr,trh,dr,nr
| |
| | style="background-color:gray" | No
| |
| | style="background-color:gray" | No
| |
| | Yes
| |
| | style="background-color:gray" | No
| |
| | style="background-color:gray" | No
| |
| | style="background-color:gray" | No
| |
| | Yes
| |
| | Yes
| |
| | Yes
| |
| | Yes
| |
| |-
| |
| | l
| |
| | Yes
| |
| | Some D1 rimes
| |
| | Limited
| |
| | style="background-color:gray" | No
| |
| | style="background-color:gray" | No
| |
| | style="background-color:gray" | No
| |
| | Yes
| |
| | Yes
| |
| | Yes
| |
| | Yes
| |
| |-
| |
| | ts,tsh,dz,s
| |
| | Yes
| |
| | Some D1 rimes
| |
| | style="background-color:gray" | No
| |
| | style="background-color:gray" | No
| |
| | style="background-color:gray" | No
| |
| | style="background-color:gray" | No
| |
| | Yes
| |
| | Yes
| |
| | Yes
| |
| | Yes
| |
| |-
| |
| | z
| |
| | style="background-color:gray" | No
| |
| | style="background-color:gray" | No
| |
| | style="background-color:gray" | No
| |
| | style="background-color:gray" | No
| |
| | style="background-color:gray" | No
| |
| | style="background-color:gray" | No
| |
| | Yes
| |
| | Yes
| |
| | Yes
| |
| | Yes
| |
| |-
| |
| | tsr,tsrh,dzr,sr
| |
| | style="background-color:gray" | No
| |
| | style="background-color:gray" | No
| |
| | Yes
| |
| | Limited
| |
| | style="background-color:gray" | No
| |
| | style="background-color:gray" | No
| |
| | Yes
| |
| | Yes
| |
| | Yes
| |
| | Yes
| |
| |-
| |
| | tsy,tsyh,zy,sy,dzy,ny
| |
| | style="background-color:gray" | No
| |
| | style="background-color:gray" | No
| |
| | style="background-color:gray" | No
| |
| | style="background-color:gray" | No
| |
| | style="background-color:gray" | No
| |
| | style="background-color:gray" | No
| |
| | Yes
| |
| | Yes
| |
| | Yes
| |
| | Yes
| |
| |-
| |
| | k,kh,ng,x,h,ʔ
| |
| | Yes
| |
| | Yes
| |
| | Yes
| |
| | Yes
| |
| | Yes
| |
| | Yes
| |
| | Yes
| |
| | Yes
| |
| | Yes + Chongniu
| |
| | Yes + Chongniu
| |
| |-
| |
| | g
| |
| | style="background-color:gray" | No
| |
| | style="background-color:gray" | No
| |
| | style="background-color:gray" | No
| |
| | style="background-color:gray" | No
| |
| | Yes
| |
| | Yes
| |
| | Yes
| |
| | Yes
| |
| | Yes + Chongniu
| |
| | Yes + Chongniu
| |
| |-
| |
| | y
| |
| | style="background-color:gray" | No
| |
| | style="background-color:gray" | No
| |
| | style="background-color:gray" | No
| |
| | style="background-color:gray" | No
| |
| | style="background-color:gray" | No
| |
| | style="background-color:gray" | No
| |
| | Yes
| |
| | Yes
| |
| | Yes
| |
| | Yes
| |
| |}
| |
| * Division 1 and 4 rimes occurred in similar environments.
| |
| * Division 3 rimes could occur in the most environments, and were also the most frequent (over 50% of characters).
| |
| * The dental stops (t, th, d) were in complementary distribution with the retroflex stops, retroflex sibilants, and palatal sibilants.
| |
| | |
| Some of the onset-rime combinations attested in rime books correspond to extremely rare characters. Owing to the difficulty of ascertaining the pronunciation of those characters in modern languages, the modern reflexes of those combinations have been omitted (for now). Accordingly, those combinations are not included in the "Distribution" columns of the following charts.
| |
| | |
| === 果攝 Guo She ===
| |
| | |
| {| {{bluetable2|lightbluebg}}
| |
| |-
| |
| ! rowspan = 2 | Rime
| |
| ! colspan="3" | Middle Chinese
| |
| ! rowspan = 2 | C_
| |
| ! rowspan = 2 | Mandarin <br> Beijing
| |
| ! rowspan = 2 | Yue <br> Canton
| |
| ! rowspan = 2 | Minnan <br> Amoy
| |
| ! rowspan = 2 | Hakka <br> Moiyan
| |
| ! rowspan = 2 | Wu <br> Shanghai
| |
| ! colspan = 2 | Japanese
| |
| ! rowspan = 2 | Korean
| |
| ! rowspan="2" | Vietnamese
| |
| ! rowspan="2" | Old Mandarin
| |
| |-
| |
| ! <small>Karlgren</small>
| |
| ! <small>Baxter</small>
| |
| ! <small>LMC</small><ref name="pulleybank">Late Middle Chinese; reconstruction from [[Wikipedia:Edwin G. Pulleyblank|Edwin G. Pulleyblank]] (蒲立本).</ref>
| |
| ! Go-On
| |
| ! Kan-On
| |
| |-
| |
| ! rowspan = 3 | 歌一開
| |
| | rowspan = 3 | â
| |
| | rowspan = 3 | a
| |
| | rowspan="3" |a
| |
| | T,l
| |
| | uo [uo] <br> but a [ɑ] (他它大那娜)
| |
| | o [ɔː] <br> but aa [aː] (他它那)
| |
| | o [o]
| |
| | o [o] <br> but a [a] (他它那)
| |
| | u [u] <br> but [a] (他它那)
| |
| | a [a]
| |
| |a [a]
| |
| | a [a]
| |
| |a [a]
| |
| | ɔ
| |
| |-
| |
| | S
| |
| | uo [uo]
| |
| | o [ɔː]
| |
| | o [o]
| |
| | o [o]
| |
| | u [u]
| |
| | a [a]
| |
| |a [a]
| |
| | a [a] <br> wa [wa] /ts_
| |
| |a [a]
| |
| | ɔ
| |
| |-
| |
| | K
| |
| | e [ɤ] <br> but uo [uo] (我) <br> and a [ɑ] (阿)
| |
| | o [ɔː] <br> but a [aː] (阿)
| |
| | o [o] <br> but oa [ua] (我)
| |
| | o [o] <br> but ê [e] (個)
| |
| | u [u]
| |
| | a [a]
| |
| |a [a]
| |
| | a [a] <br> but ae [ɛ] (個)
| |
| |a [a]
| |
| | ɔ
| |
| |-
| |
| ! rowspan = 4 | 戈一合
| |
| | rowspan = 4 | uâ
| |
| | rowspan = 4 | wa
| |
| | rowspan="4" |ua
| |
| | P
| |
| | o [uo] <br> but a [ɑ] (爸)
| |
| | o [ɔː] <br> but aa [aː] (爸)
| |
| | o [o] <br> but a [a] (爸)
| |
| | o [o] <br> but a [a] (爸)
| |
| | u [u] <br> but a [a] (爸)
| |
| | a [a]
| |
| |a [a]
| |
| | a [a]
| |
| |a [a]
| |
| | wɔ
| |
| |-
| |
| | T,l
| |
| | uo [uo]
| |
| | o [ɔː]
| |
| | o [o]
| |
| | o [o]
| |
| | u [u]
| |
| | a [a]
| |
| |a [a]
| |
| | a [a]
| |
| |oa [wa]
| |
| | wɔ
| |
| |-
| |
| | S
| |
| | uo [uo]
| |
| | o [ɔː]
| |
| | o [o]
| |
| | o [o]
| |
| | u [u]
| |
| | a [a]
| |
| |a [a]
| |
| | wa [wa]
| |
| also a [a] and <br /> wae [wɛ] /s_
| |
| |oa [wa]
| |
| | wɔ
| |
| |-
| |
| | K
| |
| | uo [uo] /k,ng,ʔ_ <br /> but e [ɤ] (戈) <br />
| |
| e [ɤ] /kh,x_ <br /> but uo [uo] (禍和<sub>去</sub>)
| |
| | wo [ʷɔː] <br /> fo [fɔː] < kh_
| |
| | o [o]
| |
| | o [o] <br />
| |
| uo [uo] /k_23
| |
| | u [u]
| |
| | wa [a]
| |
| [wa] < h_
| |
| |a [a]
| |
| | wa [wa] <br /> but wae [wɛ] (倭)
| |
| |oa/(q)ua [wa]
| |
| | wɔ
| |
| |-
| |
| ! 戈三開
| |
| | i̯â
| |
| | ja
| |
| |ia
| |
| | K
| |
| | ie [iɛ] (茄)
| |
| | e [ɛː] (茄)
| |
| | a [a]
| |
| | io [io]
| |
| | a [a], ia [ia]
| |
| | ya [ja]
| |
| |ya [ja]
| |
| | a [a] (茄)
| |
| |a [a]
| |
| | jɛ/ɥɛ (Trigault)
| |
| |-
| |
| ! 戈三合
| |
| | i̯wâ
| |
| | jwa
| |
| |ya
| |
| | K
| |
| | üe [yɛ] (瘸靴)
| |
| | e [ɛː] (瘸) <br /> oe [œː] (靴)
| |
| | e [e] (瘸) <br /> ia [ia] (靴)
| |
| | io [io]
| |
| | ioe [yø] (靴)
| |
| | e [e]
| |
| | a [a]
| |
| | a [a] (瘸) <br /> wa [wa] (靴)
| |
| |oa/(q)ua [wa]
| |
| | ɥɛ/wɛ (MGZY),<br />ɥɛ (Trigault)
| |
| |}
| |
| | |
| === 假攝 Jia She ===
| |
| | |
| {| {{bluetable2|lightbluebg}}
| |
| |-
| |
| ! rowspan = 2 | Rime
| |
| ! colspan="3" | Middle Chinese
| |
| ! rowspan = 2 | C_
| |
| ! rowspan = 2 | Mandarin <br> Beijing
| |
| ! rowspan = 2 | Yue <br> Canton
| |
| ! rowspan = 2 | Minnan <br> Amoy
| |
| ! rowspan = 2 | Hakka <br> Moiyan
| |
| ! rowspan = 2 | Wu <br> Shanghai
| |
| ! colspan = 2 | Japanese
| |
| ! rowspan = 2 | Korean
| |
| ! rowspan="2" | Vietnamese
| |
| ! rowspan="2" | Old Mandarin
| |
| |-
| |
| ! <small>Karlgren</small>
| |
| ! <small>Baxter</small>
| |
| ! <small>LMC</small>
| |
| ! Go-On
| |
| ! Kan-On
| |
| |-
| |
| ! rowspan = 4 | 麻二開
| |
| | rowspan = 4 | a
| |
| | rowspan = 4 | æ
| |
| | rowspan="3" |aː
| |
| | P
| |
| | a [ɑ]
| |
| | aa [aː]
| |
| | a [a]
| |
| | a [a]
| |
| | o [o]
| |
| | e [e]
| |
| | a [a]
| |
| | a [a]
| |
| |a [a]
| |
| | a
| |
| |-
| |
| | TR,nr
| |
| | a [ɑ]
| |
| | aa [aː]
| |
| | a [a]
| |
| | a [a]
| |
| | o [o]
| |
| | ya [ja]
| |
| | a [a]
| |
| | a [a], ya [ja]
| |
| |a [a]
| |
| | a
| |
| |-
| |
| | SR
| |
| | a [ɑ]
| |
| | aa [aː]
| |
| | a [a]
| |
| | a [a]
| |
| | o [o]
| |
| | ya [ja]
| |
| | a [a]
| |
| | a [a]
| |
| |a [a]
| |
| | a
| |
| |-
| |
| |jaː
| |
| | K
| |
| | ia [iɑ]
| |
| | aa [aː]
| |
| | a [a]
| |
| | a [a]
| |
| | ia [ia]
| |
| | e [e]
| |
| | a [a]
| |
| | a [a]
| |
| |a [a]
| |
| | ja
| |
| |-
| |
| ! rowspan = 2 | 麻二合
| |
| | rowspan = 2 | wa
| |
| | rowspan = 2 | wæ
| |
| | rowspan="2" |waː
| |
| | SR
| |
| | a [ɑ] (傻)
| |
| | o [ɔː] (傻)
| |
| | a [a] (傻)
| |
| | o [o] (傻)
| |
| | a [a] (傻)
| |
| | a [a] (傻)
| |
| | a [a] (傻)
| |
| | a [a] (傻)
| |
| |
| |
| | wa
| |
| |-
| |
| | K
| |
| | ua [uɑ]
| |
| | waa [ʷaː]
| |
| | ua [ua]
| |
| | a [a] <br />
| |
| ua [ua] /k,kh_
| |
| | o [o]
| |
| | we [e]
| |
| | wa [a]
| |
| [wa] /ʔ_
| |
| | wa [wa]
| |
| |oa/(q)ua [wa]
| |
| | wa
| |
| |-
| |
| ! rowspan = 3 | 麻三開
| |
| | rowspan = 3 | i◌̯a
| |
| | rowspan = 3 | jæ
| |
| | rowspan="3" |ia
| |
| | SY
| |
| | e [ɤ]
| |
| | e [ɛː]
| |
| | ia [ia]
| |
| | a [a]
| |
| | o [o] <br> but a [a] (惹)
| |
| | ya [ja]
| |
| | ya [ja]
| |
| | a [a]
| |
| |a [a]
| |
| | jɛ
| |
| |-
| |
| | S
| |
| | ie [iɛ]
| |
| | e [ɛː]
| |
| | ia [ia]
| |
| | ia [ia]
| |
| | ia [ia]
| |
| | ya [ja]
| |
| | ya [ja]
| |
| | a [a]
| |
| also eo [ʌ] /ts_
| |
| |a [a]
| |
| | jɛ
| |
| |-
| |
| | y
| |
| | ie [iɛ]
| |
| | je [jɛː]
| |
| | ia [ia]
| |
| | ia [ia]
| |
| | ia [ia]
| |
| | ya [ja]
| |
| | ya [ja]
| |
| | ya [ja]
| |
| |a [a]
| |
| | jɛ
| |
| |}
| |
| | |
| === 止攝（開口） Zhi She (Kaikou) ===
| |
| | |
| {| {{bluetable2|lightbluebg}}
| |
| |-
| |
| ! rowspan = 2 | Rime
| |
| ! colspan="3" | Middle Chinese
| |
| ! rowspan = 2 | C_
| |
| ! rowspan = 2 | Mandarin <br> Beijing
| |
| ! rowspan = 2 | Yue <br> Canton
| |
| ! rowspan = 2 | Minnan <br> Amoy
| |
| ! rowspan = 2 | Hakka <br> Moiyan
| |
| ! rowspan = 2 | Wu <br> Shanghai
| |
| ! colspan = 2 | Japanese
| |
| ! rowspan = 2 | Korean
| |
| ! rowspan="2" | Vietnamese
| |
| ! rowspan="2" | Old Mandarin
| |
| |-
| |
| ! <small>Karlgren</small>
| |
| ! <small>Baxter</small>
| |
| ! <small>LMC</small>
| |
| ! Go-On
| |
| ! Kan-On
| |
| |-
| |
| ! rowspan = 7 | 支三開
| |
| | rowspan = 7 | ie̯
| |
| | rowspan = 7 | j(i)e
| |
| |ji
| |
| | P
| |
| | i [i] <br />
| |
| ei [ei] for <br /> some p,b_ (碑卑被)
| |
| | ei [ei]
| |
| | i [i]
| |
| | i [i]
| |
| | i [i] <br /> but e [e] (碑卑)
| |
| | i [i]
| |
| | i [i]
| |
| | i [i]
| |
| |i [i]
| |
| | i
| |
| |-
| |
| | rowspan="2" |i
| |
| | l,nr
| |
| | i [i]
| |
| | ei [ei]
| |
| | i [i]
| |
| | i [i]
| |
| | i [i]
| |
| | i [i]
| |
| | i [i]
| |
| | i [i] <br /> but yeo [jʌ] (麗)
| |
| |i [i]
| |
| | i
| |
| |-
| |
| | TR
| |
| | i [ʅ]
| |
| | i [iː]
| |
| | i [i]
| |
| | i [ʅ]
| |
| | y [ʅ]
| |
| | i [i]
| |
| | i [i]
| |
| | i [i]
| |
| |i [i]
| |
| | i (MGZY),<br/>ɨ (Trigault)
| |
| |-
| |
| |ɨ
| |
| | SR
| |
| | i [ʅ]
| |
| | i [iː]
| |
| | u [u]
| |
| | i [ʅ]
| |
| | i [ʅ]
| |
| | i [i]
| |
| | i [i]
| |
| | a [a] (arae a)
| |
| |
| |
| | ɨ
| |
| |-
| |
| |i
| |
| | SY
| |
| | i [ʅ] <br />
| |
| er [ɑɚ] /ny_
| |
| | i [iː]
| |
| | i [i]
| |
| | i [ʅ]
| |
| | y [ʅ]] <br />
| |
| gher [ɦəl] /ny_
| |
| | i [i]
| |
| | i [i]
| |
| | i [i]
| |
| |i [i]
| |
| | i (MGZY);<br/>ɨ, ɯ˞ (Trigault)
| |
| |-
| |
| |ɨ
| |
| | S
| |
| | i [ɿ] <br /> but i [i] (徙璽)
| |
| | i [iː] <br /> but aai [aːi] (徙璽)
| |
| | u [u]
| |
| | i [ʅ] <br /> but ai [ai] (徙璽)
| |
| | y [ʅ]
| |
| | i [i]
| |
| | i [i]
| |
| | a [a] (arae a)
| |
| |i [i]
| |
| ư [ɨ] / tsh_
| |
| | ɨ (MGZY),<br/>ɯ (Trigault)
| |
| |-
| |
| |ji
| |
| | K
| |
| | i [i]
| |
| | ei [ei] <br />
| |
| kei [kʰei] /kh_ <br />
| |
| i [iː] /ng,ʔ,y_ <br /> but ngai [ŋɐi] (蟻)
| |
| | i [i]
| |
| | i [i]
| |
| | i [i]
| |
| | i [i]
| |
| | i [i]
| |
| | i [i] <br />
| |
| ui [ɰi] /x,ŋ,ʔ_
| |
| |i [i]
| |
| | (j)i (MGZY),<br/>i (Trigault)
| |
| |-
| |
| ! rowspan = 7 | 脂三開
| |
| | rowspan = 7 | i
| |
| | rowspan = 7 | (j)ij
| |
| |ji
| |
| | P
| |
| | i [i] <br /> but some ei [ei] <br /> (悲美備眉湄媚魅)
| |
| | ei [ei]
| |
| | i [i]
| |
| | i [i]
| |
| | i [i]
| |
| | i [i]
| |
| | i [i]
| |
| | i [i]
| |
| | i [i]
| |
| | i
| |
| |-
| |
| | rowspan="2" |i
| |
| | d,l,nr
| |
| | i [i]
| |
| | ei [ei]
| |
| | i [i]
| |
| | i [i]
| |
| | i [i]
| |
| | i [i]
| |
| | i [i]
| |
| | i [i]
| |
| | i [i] <br /> but ia [iə̯] (地) <br /> and ơi [əj] (利)
| |
| | i
| |
| |-
| |
| | TR
| |
| | i [ʅ]
| |
| | i [iː]
| |
| | i [i]
| |
| | i [ʅ]
| |
| | y [ʅ]
| |
| | i [i]
| |
| | i [i]
| |
| | i [i]
| |
| |i [i]
| |
| | i (MGZY),<br/>ɨ (Trigault)
| |
| |-
| |
| |ɨ
| |
| | sr
| |
| | i [ʅ]
| |
| | i [iː]
| |
| | u [u]
| |
| | i [ʅ]
| |
| | y [ʅ]
| |
| | i [i]
| |
| | i [i]
| |
| | a [a] (arae a)
| |
| |
| |
| | ɨ
| |
| |-
| |
| |i
| |
| | SY
| |
| | i [ʅ] <br />
| |
| er [ɑɚ] /ny_ <br />
| |
| | i [iː]
| |
| | i [i]
| |
| | i [ʅ]
| |
| | y [ʅ] <br />
| |
| i [i] /ny_
| |
| | i [i]
| |
| | i [i]
| |
| | i [i]
| |
| |i [i]
| |
| | i (MGZY);<br/>ɨ, ɯ˞ (Trigault)
| |
| |-
| |
| |ɨ
| |
| | S
| |
| | i [ɿ]
| |
| | i [iː] <br /> but ei [ei] (死四)
| |
| | u [u]
| |
| | i [ʅ]
| |
| | y [ʅ]
| |
| | i [i]
| |
| | i [i]
| |
| | a [a] (arae a)
| |
| i [i] /z_
| |
| |ư [ɨ]
| |
| | ɨ (MGZY),<br/>ɯ (Trigault)
| |
| |-
| |
| |ji
| |
| | K
| |
| | i [i]
| |
| | ei [ei] <br />
| |
| i [iː] /ng,ʔ,y_
| |
| | i [i]
| |
| | i [i]
| |
| | i [i]
| |
| | i [i]
| |
| | i [i]
| |
| | i [i]
| |
| ui [ɰi] /x,ŋ,ʔ_ <br /> (CN-B)
| |
| |i [i]
| |
| | (j)i (MGZY),<br/>i (Trigault)
| |
| |-
| |
| ! rowspan = 6 | 之三開
| |
| | rowspan = 6 | i
| |
| | rowspan = 6 | i
| |
| | rowspan="2" |i
| |
| | l,nr
| |
| | i [i]
| |
| | ei [ei] <br /> but eoi [ɵy] (裏)
| |
| | i [i]
| |
| | i [i]
| |
| | i [i]
| |
| | i [i]
| |
| | i [i]
| |
| | i [i]
| |
| |i [i]
| |
| | i
| |
| |-
| |
| | TR
| |
| | i [ʅ]
| |
| | i [iː]
| |
| | i [i]
| |
| | i [ʅ]
| |
| | y [ʅ]
| |
| | i [i]
| |
| | i [i]
| |
| | i [i]
| |
| |i [i]
| |
| | i (MGZY),<br/>ɨ (Trigault)
| |
| |-
| |
| |ɨ
| |
| | SR
| |
| | i [ʅ] <br /> but e [ɤ] (廁)
| |
| | i [iː]
| |
| | u [u]
| |
| | i [ʅ]
| |
| | y [ʅ]
| |
| | i [i]
| |
| | i [i]
| |
| | i [i] /_1<br />
| |
| a [a] /_23<br />(arae a)
| |
| |i [i]
| |
| ư [ɨ] /sr_
| |
| | ɨ
| |
| |-
| |
| |i
| |
| | SY
| |
| | i [ʅ] <br />
| |
| er [ɑɚ] /ny_
| |
| | i [iː]
| |
| | i [i]
| |
| | i [ʅ]
| |
| | y [ʅ]
| |
| | i [i]
| |
| | i [i]
| |
| | i [i]
| |
| |i [i]
| |
| | i (MGZY);<br/>ɨ, ɯ˞ (Trigault)
| |
| |-
| |
| |ɨ
| |
| | S
| |
| | i [ɿ]
| |
| | i [iː]
| |
| | u [u]
| |
| | i [ʅ]
| |
| | y [ʅ]
| |
| | i [i]
| |
| | i [i]
| |
| | a [a] (arae a)
| |
| |ư [ɨ]
| |
| i [i] /s_
| |
| | ɨ (MGZY),<br/>ɯ (Trigault)
| |
| |-
| |
| |ji
| |
| | K
| |
| | i [i]
| |
| | ei [ei] /k,kh,g,x_ <br />
| |
| i [iː] /ng,ʔ,h,y_
| |
| | i [i]
| |
| | i [i]
| |
| | i [i]
| |
| | o [o] <br />
| |
| i [i] /ʔ,h,y_
| |
| | i [i]
| |
| | i [i] <br />
| |
| ui [ɰi] /x,ŋ,ʔ_
| |
| |i [i]
| |
| | i
| |
| |-
| |
| ! 微三開
| |
| | e̯i
| |
| | jɨj
| |
| |ji
| |
| | K
| |
| | i [i]
| |
| | ei [ei] /k,kh,g,x_ <br />
| |
| i [iː] /ng,ʔ,h,y_
| |
| | i [i]
| |
| | i [i]
| |
| | i [i]
| |
| | e [e]
| |
| | i [i]
| |
| | i [i] <br />
| |
| ui [ɰi] /x,ŋ,ʔ_
| |
| |i [i]
| |
| | i
| |
| |}
| |
| | |
| === 止攝（合口） Zhi She (Hekou) ===
| |
| | |
| {| {{bluetable2|lightbluebg}}
| |
| |-
| |
| ! rowspan = 2 | Rime
| |
| ! colspan="3" | Middle Chinese
| |
| ! rowspan = 2 | C_
| |
| ! rowspan = 2 | Mandarin <br> Beijing
| |
| ! rowspan = 2 | Yue <br> Canton
| |
| ! rowspan = 2 | Minnan <br> Amoy
| |
| ! rowspan = 2 | Hakka <br> Moiyan
| |
| ! rowspan = 2 | Wu <br> Shanghai
| |
| ! colspan = 2 | Japanese
| |
| ! rowspan = 2 | Korean
| |
| ! rowspan="2" | Vietnamese
| |
| ! rowspan="2" | Old Mandarin
| |
| |-
| |
| ! <small>Karlgren</small>
| |
| ! <small>Baxter</small>
| |
| ! <small>LMC</small>
| |
| ! Go-On
| |
| ! Kan-On
| |
| |-
| |
| ! rowspan = 6 | 支三合
| |
| | rowspan = 6 | wie̯
| |
| | rowspan = 6 | jw(i)e
| |
| | rowspan="2" |yj
| |
| | l
| |
| | ei [ei]
| |
| | eoi [ɵy]
| |
| | ui [ui]
| |
| | ui [ui]
| |
| | e [e]
| |
| | ui [ui]
| |
| | ui [ui]
| |
| | u [u]
| |
| |uy [wi]
| |
| | ue̯ ~ uj
| |
| |-
| |
| | TR
| |
| | uei [uei]
| |
| | eoi [ɵy]
| |
| | ui [ui]
| |
| | ui [ui]
| |
| | oe [ø]
| |
| | ui [ui]
| |
| | ui [ui]
| |
| | yu [ju]
| |
| |uy [wi]
| |
| | ue̯ ~ uj
| |
| |-
| |
| |uj
| |
| | SR
| |
| | uai [uai]
| |
| | eoi [ɵy]
| |
| | oe [ue]
| |
| | ui [ui] <br /> but oi [oi] (衰)
| |
| | oe [ø]
| |
| | ui [ui]
| |
| | ui [ui]
| |
| | oe [we], wi [wi]
| |
| |uy [wi]
| |
| | ue̯ ~ uj
| |
| |-
| |
| | rowspan="2" |yj
| |
| | SY
| |
| | uei [uei]
| |
| | eoi [ɵy]
| |
| | ui [ui]
| |
| | ui [ui] <br /> but oi [oi] (吹炊睡)
| |
| | oe [ø]
| |
| | ui [ui]
| |
| | ui [ui]
| |
| | u [u]
| |
| wi [wi] /tsyh_ <br />
| |
| e [e] /ny_ <br /> but we [we] (惴)
| |
| |uy [wi]
| |
| | ue̯ ~ uj
| |
| |-
| |
| | S
| |
| | uei [uei]
| |
| | eoi [ɵy]
| |
| | ui [ui]
| |
| | ui [ui]
| |
| | oe [ø]
| |
| | ui [ui]
| |
| | ui [ui]
| |
| | u [u]
| |
| |uy [wi]
| |
| | ue̯ ~ uj
| |
| |-
| |
| |jyj
| |
| | K
| |
| | uei [uei]
| |
| | wai [ʷɐi] <br> ngai [ŋɐi] < ng_ <br> wai [wɐi] < x_23
| |
| | ui [ui]
| |
| | ui [ui]
| |
| | ue [ue]
| |
| | ui [i]
| |
| | ui [i]
| |
| | yu [ju] (CN-A)
| |
| wi [wi] (CN-B) <br /> we [we] (CN-B) <br />
| |
| /k,kh,g_1,x_3
| |
| |uy [wi]
| |
| | ue̯/ye̯ (MGZY)<br />wəj (Trigault)
| |
| |-
| |
| ! rowspan = 6 | 脂三合
| |
| | rowspan = 6 | wi
| |
| | rowspan = 6 | (j)wij
| |
| | rowspan="2" |yj
| |
| | l
| |
| | ei [ei]
| |
| | eoi [ɵy]
| |
| | ui [ui]
| |
| | ui [ui]
| |
| | e [e]
| |
| | ui [ui]
| |
| | ui [ui]
| |
| | yu [ju], u [u], oe [we]
| |
| |uy [wi]
| |
| | ue̯ ~ uj
| |
| |-
| |
| | TR
| |
| | uei [uei]
| |
| | eoi [ɵy]
| |
| | ui [ui]
| |
| | ui [ui]
| |
| | oe [ø]
| |
| | ui [ui]
| |
| | ui [ui]
| |
| | u [u]
| |
| |uy [wi]
| |
| | ue̯ ~ uj
| |
| |-
| |
| |uj
| |
| | SR
| |
| | uai [uai]
| |
| | eoi [ɵy]
| |
| | oe [ue]
| |
| | ui [ui]
| |
| | e [e]
| |
| | ui [ui]
| |
| | ui [ui]
| |
| | oe [we]
| |
| |uy [wi]
| |
| | ue̯ ~ uj
| |
| |-
| |
| | rowspan="2" |yj
| |
| | SY
| |
| | uei [uei]
| |
| | eoi [ɵy]
| |
| | ui [ui]
| |
| | ui [ui]
| |
| | oe [ø]
| |
| | ui [ui]
| |
| | ui [ui]
| |
| | u [u]
| |
| |uy [wi]
| |
| | ue̯ ~ uj
| |
| |-
| |
| | S
| |
| | uei [uei]
| |
| | eoi [ɵy]
| |
| | ui [ui]
| |
| | ui [ui]
| |
| | oe [ø]
| |
| | ui [ui]
| |
| | ui [ui]
| |
| | wi [wi]
| |
| u [u] /s,z_
| |
| |uy [wi]
| |
| | ue̯ ~ uj
| |
| |-
| |
| |jyj
| |
| | K
| |
| | uei [uei] <br /> but i [i] (遺季悸) <br />
| |
| | wai [ʷɐi]
| |
| | ui [ui]
| |
| | ui [ui] <br /> but i [i] (季) <br />
| |
| vi [vi] < h,y_
| |
| | ue [ue] <br /> but i [i] (季) <br />
| |
| vi [vi] < h,y_
| |
| | ui [i]
| |
| | ui [i]
| |
| | yu [u]
| |
| we [we], yu [ju], <br />
| |
| wi [wi] /k,kh,g_ (CN-B) <br /> ui [ɰi] /x_ (CN-B)
| |
| |uy [wi]
| |
| | ue̯/ye̯/(wi) (MGZY)<br />wəj (Trigault)
| |
| |-
| |
| ! rowspan = 2 | 微三合
| |
| | rowspan = 2 | we̯i
| |
| | rowspan = 2 | jwɨj
| |
| | rowspan="2" |yj
| |
| | F
| |
| | ei [ei]
| |
| | ei [ei] <br /> but ai [ɐi] (沸費)
| |
| | ui [ui]
| |
| | i [i] <br />
| |
| | i [i]
| |
| | i [i]
| |
| | i [i]
| |
| | i [i]
| |
| |uy [wi]
| |
| | i
| |
| |-
| |
| | K
| |
| | uei [uei]
| |
| | wai [ʷɐi] <br /> ngai [ŋɐi] < ng_ <br> wai [wɐi] < x_3
| |
| | ui [ui]
| |
| | i [i] <br />
| |
| ui [ui] /k,ŋ_
| |
| | ue [ue]
| |
| | we [e]
| |
| wi [i] < h_
| |
| | i [i]
| |
| | i [i]
| |
| wi [wi]
| |
| /ʔ,h_,x_1 <br />
| |
| we [we] /x_23
| |
| |i [i]
| |
| uy [wi] /k,ng,x,ʔ_
| |
| | ue̯/ye̯ (MGZY)<br />wəj (Trigault)
| |
| |}
| |
| | |
| === 蟹攝（開口） Xie She (Kaikou) ===
| |
| | |
| {| {{bluetable2|lightbluebg}}
| |
| |-
| |
| ! rowspan = 2 | Rime
| |
| ! colspan="3" | Middle Chinese
| |
| ! rowspan = 2 | C_
| |
| ! rowspan = 2 | Mandarin <br> Beijing
| |
| ! rowspan = 2 | Yue <br> Canton
| |
| ! rowspan = 2 | Minnan <br> Amoy
| |
| ! rowspan = 2 | Hakka <br> Moiyan
| |
| ! rowspan = 2 | Wu <br> Shanghai
| |
| ! colspan = 2 | Japanese
| |
| ! rowspan = 2 | Korean
| |
| ! rowspan="2" | Vietnamese
| |
| ! rowspan="2" | Old Mandarin
| |
| |-
| |
| ! <small>Karlgren</small>
| |
| ! <small>Baxter</small>
| |
| ! <small>LMC</small>
| |
| ! Go-On
| |
| ! Kan-On
| |
| |-
| |
| ! rowspan = 4 | 咍一開
| |
| | rowspan = 4 | âi
| |
| | rowspan = 4 | oj
| |
| | rowspan="4" |aj
| |
| | P
| |
| | ei [ei]
| |
| | ui [uːi]
| |
| | oe [ue]
| |
| | i [i]
| |
| | e [e]
| |
| | ai [ai]
| |
| | ai [ai]
| |
| | ae [ɛ] (arae a?)
| |
| |ôi [oj]
| |
| | aj
| |
| |-
| |
| | T,l
| |
| | ai [ai]
| |
| | oi [ɔːi] <br /> but aai [aːi] (乃態)
| |
| | ai [ai]
| |
| | ai [ai] <br /> (also oi [oi])
| |
| | e [e]
| |
| | ai [ai]
| |
| | ai [ai]
| |
| | ae [ɛ] (arae a?)
| |
| |ai [aj]
| |
| | aj
| |
| |-
| |
| | S
| |
| | ai [ai]
| |
| | oi [ɔːi] <br /> but aai [aːi] (猜)
| |
| | ai [ai]
| |
| | ai [ai] <br /> (also oi [oi])
| |
| | e [e]
| |
| | ai [ai]
| |
| | ai [ai]
| |
| | ae [ɛ] (arae a?)
| |
| |ai [aj]
| |
| | aj
| |
| |-
| |
| | K
| |
| | ai [ai]
| |
| | oi [ɔːi] <br /> but koi [kʰɔːi] (慨)
| |
| | ai [ai]
| |
| | oi [oi]
| |
| | e [e]
| |
| | ai [ai]
| |
| | ai [ai]
| |
| | ae [ɛ] (arae a?)
| |
| |ai [aj]
| |
| | aj
| |
| |-
| |
| ! rowspan = 4 | 泰一開
| |
| | rowspan = 4 | âi-
| |
| | rowspan = 4 | ajH
| |
| | rowspan="4" |aj
| |
| | P
| |
| | ei [ei]
| |
| | ui [uːi]
| |
| | oe [ue]
| |
| | i [i]
| |
| | e [e]
| |
| | ai [ai]
| |
| | ai [ai]
| |
| | ae [ɛ]
| |
| |ai [aj]
| |
| | aj
| |
| |-
| |
| | T,l
| |
| | ai [ai]
| |
| | aai [aːi] <br />
| |
| oi [ɔːi] /n_
| |
| | ai [ai]
| |
| | ai [ai]
| |
| | a [a]
| |
| | ai [ai]
| |
| | ai [ai]
| |
| | ae [ɛ]
| |
| oe [we] /l_
| |
| |ai [aj]
| |
| | aj
| |
| |-
| |
| | S
| |
| | ai [ai]
| |
| | oi [ɔːi]
| |
| | ai [ai]
| |
| | ai [ai]
| |
| | a [a]
| |
| | ai [ai]
| |
| | ai [ai]
| |
| | ae [ɛ]
| |
| |ai [aj]
| |
| | aj
| |
| |-
| |
| | K
| |
| | ai [ai]
| |
| | oi [ɔːi] <br /> but aai [aːi] (艾)
| |
| | ai [ai]
| |
| | oi [oi]
| |
| | e [e]
| |
| | ai [ai]
| |
| | ai [ai]
| |
| | ae [ɛ]
| |
| |ai [aj]
| |
| | aj
| |
| |-
| |
| ! rowspan = 3 | 皆二開
| |
| | rowspan = 3 | ăi
| |
| | rowspan = 3 | ɛj
| |
| | rowspan="2" |aːj
| |
| | P
| |
| | ai [ai]
| |
| | aai [aːi]
| |
| | ai [ai]
| |
| | ai [ai]
| |
| | a [a]
| |
| | e [e]
| |
| | ai [ai]
| |
| | ae [ɛ]
| |
| |ai [aj]
| |
| | aj
| |
| |-
| |
| | SR
| |
| | ai [ai]
| |
| | aai [aːi]
| |
| | ai [ai]
| |
| | ai [ai]
| |
| | e [e]
| |
| | e [e]
| |
| | ai [ai]
| |
| | ae [ɛ]
| |
| |ai [aj]
| |
| | aj
| |
| |-
| |
| |jaːj
| |
| | K
| |
| | ie [iɛ] <br /> but a [ɑ] (尬) <br />
| |
| also ai [ai] < h_ <br />
| |
| kaai [kʰaːi] < kh_
| |
| | aai [aːi]
| |
| | ai [ai]
| |
| | ai [ai] <br />
| |
| iai [iai] /k_ <br /> but ê [e] (街尬)
| |
| | a [a]
| |
| | e [e]
| |
| | ai [ai]
| |
| | ae [ɛ]
| |
| also ye [je] /k,h_
| |
| |ai [aj]
| |
| ơi [əj] /k_3
| |
| | jaj
| |
| |-
| |
| ! rowspan = 2 | 夬二開
| |
| | rowspan = 2 | ai-
| |
| | rowspan = 2 | æjH
| |
| | rowspan="2" |aːj
| |
| | P
| |
| | ai [ai]
| |
| | aai [aːi]
| |
| | ai [ai]
| |
| | ai [ai]
| |
| | a [a]
| |
| | e [e]
| |
| | ai [ai]
| |
| | ae [ɛ]
| |
| |ai [aj]
| |
| | aj
| |
| |-
| |
| | dzr
| |
| | ai [ai] (寨)
| |
| | aai [aːi] (寨)
| |
| | ai [ai]
| |
| | ai [ai]
| |
| | e [e]
| |
| | ai [ai]
| |
| | ai [ai]
| |
| | yae [jɛ]
| |
| |ai [aj]
| |
| | aj
| |
| |-
| |
| ! rowspan = 3 | 佳二開
| |
| | rowspan = 3 | ai
| |
| | rowspan = 3 | ɛɨ
| |
| | rowspan="2" |aːj
| |
| | P
| |
| | ai [ai]
| |
| | aai [aːi]
| |
| | ai [ai]
| |
| | ai [ai] (also a [a])
| |
| | a [a]
| |
| | e [e]
| |
| | ai [ai]
| |
| | ae [ɛ], a [a]
| |
| |ai [aj]
| |
| | aj
| |
| |-
| |
| | SR
| |
| | ai [ai]
| |
| | aai [aːi]
| |
| | ai [ai]
| |
| | ai [ai]
| |
| | a [a]
| |
| | e [e]
| |
| | ai [ai]
| |
| | a [a] <br /> but wae [wɛ] (灑曬)
| |
| |ai [aj]
| |
| | aj
| |
| |-
| |
| |jaːj
| |
| | K
| |
| | ie [iɛ] /k,h_ <br> but ia [iɑ] (佳) <br />
| |
| ia [iɑ] /ng_ <br />
| |
| ai [ai] /ʔ_ <br> but wa [ʋɑ] (娃)
| |
| | aai [aːi] <br /> but waa [waː] (娃) <br /> and ai [ɐi] (矮)
| |
| | ai [ai] <br /> but oa [ua] (娃)
| |
| | ai [ai] <br /> but a [a] (娃) <br /> and ê [e] (街) <br /> and iai [iai] (解)
| |
| | a [a] <br /> but ia [ia] (佳解) <br /> and ya [ɦia] (崖涯) <br /> and ua [ua] (娃)
| |
| | e [e]
| |
| | ai [ai]
| |
| | ae [ɛ]
| |
| a [a] /k_1 <br />
| |
| hae [hɛ] < k_23 <br />
| |
| ye [je] (鞋)
| |
| |ai [aj] <br /> but oa [wa] <br /> (娃)
| |
| | jaj
| |
| |-
| |
| ! 廢三開
| |
| | i̯ɒi-
| |
| | jojH
| |
| |iaj
| |
| | ŋ
| |
| | i [i]
| |
| | aai [aːi]
| |
| | e [e]
| |
| | i [i]
| |
| | e [e]
| |
| | e [e]
| |
| | ai [ai]
| |
| | ye [je]
| |
| |ai [aj], ê [e]
| |
| | i
| |
| |-
| |
| ! rowspan = 7 | 祭三開
| |
| | rowspan = 7 | i̯äi-
| |
| | rowspan = 7 | j(i)ejH
| |
| |jiaj
| |
| | P
| |
| | i [i] <br />
| |
| ei [ei] / m_
| |
| | ai [ɐi]
| |
| | e [e]
| |
| | i [i]
| |
| | i [i]
| |
| | e [e] <br />
| |
| | ei [eː]
| |
| | ye [je]
| |
| |ê [e]
| |
| | i
| |
| |-
| |
| | rowspan="2" |iaj
| |
| | l
| |
| | i [i]
| |
| | ai [ɐi]
| |
| | e [e]
| |
| | i [i]
| |
| | i [i]
| |
| | e [e]
| |
| | ei [eː]
| |
| | yeo [jʌ] <br /> but ye [je] (例)
| |
| |ê [e]
| |
| | i
| |
| |-
| |
| | TR
| |
| | i [ʅ]
| |
| | ai [ɐi]
| |
| | e [e]
| |
| | i [ʅ]
| |
| | y [ʅ]
| |
| | ai [ai]
| |
| | ei [eː]
| |
| | ye [je]
| |
| |ê [e]
| |
| | i (MGZY), <br />ɨ (Trigault)
| |
| |-
| |
| | aj
| |
| | SR
| |
| | i [ʅ]
| |
| | ai [ɐi]
| |
| | e [e]
| |
| | i [ʅ]
| |
| | y [ʅ]
| |
| | e [e]
| |
| | ei [eː]
| |
| | e [e]
| |
| |ê [e]
| |
| | ɨ
| |
| |-
| |
| | rowspan="2" |iaj
| |
| | SY
| |
| | i [ʅ]
| |
| | ai [ɐi]
| |
| | e [e]
| |
| | i [ʅ]
| |
| | y [ʅ]
| |
| | e [e]
| |
| | ei [eː]
| |
| | e [e]
| |
| eo [ʌ] /zy_
| |
| |ê [e]
| |
| | i (MGZY), <br />ɨ (Trigault)
| |
| |-
| |
| | ts
| |
| | i [i]
| |
| | ai [ɐi]
| |
| | e [e]
| |
| | i [i]
| |
| | i [i]
| |
| | ai [ai]
| |
| | ei [eː]
| |
| | e [e]
| |
| |ê [e]
| |
| | i
| |
| |-
| |
| |jiaj
| |
| | K
| |
| | i [i]
| |
| | ai [ɐi] <br />
| |
| | e [e]
| |
| | i [i]
| |
| | i [i]
| |
| | e [e] <br />
| |
| ei [eː] < y_
| |
| | ei [eː]
| |
| | e [e]
| |
| ye [je] /ng,y_ <br />
| |
| ae [ɛ] /ʔ_
| |
| |ê [e]
| |
| | (ji (MGZY),<br />i (Trigault))
| |
| |-
| |
| ! rowspan = 4 | 齊四開
| |
| | rowspan = 4 | iei
| |
| | rowspan = 4 | ej
| |
| |jiaj
| |
| | P
| |
| | i [i]
| |
| | ai [ɐi]
| |
| | e [e]
| |
| | i [i]
| |
| | i [i]
| |
| | ai [ai]
| |
| | ei [eː]
| |
| | i [i]
| |
| also pye [pʰje] < p,b_
| |
| |ê [e]
| |
| | i
| |
| |-
| |
| | rowspan="2" |iaj
| |
| | T,l
| |
| | i [i]
| |
| | ai [ɐi]
| |
| | e [e]
| |
| | i [i] <br /> but ai [ai] (低底娣) <br /> and oi [oi] (梯)
| |
| | i [i]
| |
| | ai [ai]
| |
| | ei [eː]
| |
| | ye [je] <br /> also yeo [jʌ] /t_ <br /> and i [i] /l_
| |
| i [i] /n_
| |
| |ê [e]
| |
| | i
| |
| |-
| |
| | S
| |
| | i [i]
| |
| | ai [ɐi]
| |
| | e [e]
| |
| | i [i] <br /> but ê [e] (砌洗細壻)
| |
| | i [i]
| |
| | ai [ai]
| |
| | ei [eː]
| |
| | e [e]
| |
| also eo [ʌ] /s,tsh_
| |
| |ê [e]
| |
| | i
| |
| |-
| |
| |jiaj
| |
| | K
| |
| | i [i]
| |
| | ai [ɐi] <br />
| |
| kai [kʰai] < kh_
| |
| | e [e]
| |
| | i [i] <br /> but ê [e] (雞契係) <br /> and hai [hai] (溪)
| |
| | i [i]
| |
| | e [e]
| |
| | ei [eː]
| |
| | ye [je]
| |
| |ê [e]
| |
| | ji (MGZY),<br />i (Trigault)
| |
| |}
| |
| | |
| === 蟹攝（合口） Xie She (Hekou) ===
| |
| | |
| {| {{bluetable2|lightbluebg}}
| |
| |-
| |
| ! rowspan = 2 | Rime
| |
| ! colspan="3" | Middle Chinese
| |
| ! rowspan = 2 | C_
| |
| ! rowspan = 2 | Mandarin <br> Beijing
| |
| ! rowspan = 2 | Yue <br> Canton
| |
| ! rowspan = 2 | Minnan <br> Amoy
| |
| ! rowspan = 2 | Hakka <br> Moiyan
| |
| ! rowspan = 2 | Wu <br> Shanghai
| |
| ! colspan = 2 | Japanese
| |
| ! rowspan = 2 | Korean
| |
| ! rowspan="2" | Vietnamese
| |
| ! rowspan="2" | Old Mandarin
| |
| |-
| |
| ! <small>Karlgren</small>
| |
| ! <small>Baxter</small>
| |
| ! <small>LMC</small>
| |
| ! Go-On
| |
| ! Kan-On
| |
| |-
| |
| ! rowspan = 4 | 灰一合
| |
| | rowspan = 4 | uâi
| |
| | rowspan = 4 | woj
| |
| | rowspan="4" |uaj
| |
| | P
| |
| | ei [ei]
| |
| | ui [uːi]
| |
| | oe [ue]
| |
| | i [i], oi [oi]
| |
| | e [e]
| |
| | ai [ai], e [e]
| |
| | ai [ai]
| |
| | ae [ɛ]
| |
| |uy [wi]
| |
| | ue̯ ~ uəj
| |
| |-
| |
| | T,l
| |
| | uei [uei] <br />
| |
| ei [ei] /n,l_
| |
| | eoi [ɵy] <br /> but oi [ɔːi] (內)
| |
| | ui [ui]
| |
| | ui [ui] <br /> but oi [oi] (堆碓)
| |
| | e [e]
| |
| | ai [ai]
| |
| | ai [ai]
| |
| | oe [we]
| |
| ae [ɛ] /T_3 <br />
| |
| except 退 (oe)
| |
| |uy [wi]
| |
| | ue̯ ~ uj
| |
| |-
| |
| | S
| |
| | uei [uei]
| |
| | eoi [ɵy]
| |
| | ui [ui], oe [ue]
| |
| | ui [ui]
| |
| | oe [ø]
| |
| | ai [ai]
| |
| | ai [ai]
| |
| | oe [we] /_12
| |
| wae [wɛ] /s_3 <br />
| |
| wi [wi] /tsh_3
| |
| |uy [wi]
| |
| | ue̯ ~ uj
| |
| |-
| |
| | K
| |
| | uei [uei] <br /> but uai [uai] (塊)
| |
| | ui [uːi] <br /> but wai [ʷɐi] (傀塊盔) <br />
| |
| wai [ʷɐi] < k,ng_
| |
| | ui [ui] <br />
| |
| oe [ue] /kh_1
| |
| | ui [ui] <br />
| |
| i [i] /x,h_ <br /> but oi [oi] (灰恢煨)
| |
| | ue [ue]
| |
| | we [e]
| |
| | wai [ai]
| |
| [wai] /ʔ_
| |
| | oe [we]
| |
| ae [ɛ] /k,ng_3
| |
| |uy [wi]
| |
| | ue̯ ~ uəj
| |
| |-
| |
| ! rowspan = 3 | 泰一合
| |
| | rowspan = 3 | wâi-
| |
| | rowspan = 3 | wajH
| |
| | rowspan="3" |uaj
| |
| | T
| |
| | uei [uei]
| |
| | eoi [ɵy]
| |
| | oe [ue]
| |
| | ui [ui]
| |
| | oe [ø]
| |
| | ai [ai]
| |
| | ai [ai]
| |
| | ae [ɛ]
| |
| |uê [we]
| |
| | ue̯ ~ uj
| |
| |-
| |
| | S
| |
| | uei [uei]
| |
| | eoi [ɵy]
| |
| | oe [ue]
| |
| | ui [ui]
| |
| | oe [ø]
| |
| | ai [ai]
| |
| | ai [ai]
| |
| | oe [we]
| |
| |ôi [oj]
| |
| | ue̯ ~ uj
| |
| |-
| |
| | K
| |
| | uei [uei] <br /> but kuai [kʰuai] (膾儈) <br /> and wai [ʋai] (外)
| |
| | kui2 [kʰuːi˧˥] < k_ <br />
| |
| wai3 [wɐi˧] < x_ <br />
| |
| oi [ɔːi] (外) <br />
| |
| wui6 [wuːi˨] (會) <br />
| |
| kui2 [kʰuːi˧˥] (繪）
| |
| | oe [ue]
| |
| | uai [uai] <br /> but oi [oi] (外) <br />
| |
| i [i] /h_
| |
| | ue [ue] <br /> but a [a] (外)
| |
| | we [e]
| |
| | wai [ai]
| |
| | oe [we]
| |
| |oai/(q)uai [waj]
| |
| ôi [oj] /h_
| |
| | ue̯ ~ uəj
| |
| |-
| |
| ! 皆二合
| |
| | wăi
| |
| | wɛj
| |
| |waːj
| |
| | K
| |
| | uai [uai]
| |
| | waai [ʷaːi]
| |
| | oai [uai]
| |
| | uai [uai] <br />fai [fai] < h_
| |
| | ua [ua]
| |
| | we [e]
| |
| | wai [ai]
| |
| [wai] /h_
| |
| | oe [we]
| |
| we [we] /x_
| |
| |oai/(q)uai [waj] <br />
| |
| uy [wi] /x,ʔ_
| |
| | waj
| |
| |-
| |
| ! 夬二合
| |
| | wai-
| |
| | wæjH
| |
| |waːj
| |
| | K
| |
| | uai [uai] <br /> but ua [uɑ] (話)
| |
| | waai [ʷaːi] <br /> but waa [waː] (話)
| |
| | oai [uai]
| |
| | uai [uai] <br /> but fa [fa]<br />or va [va] (話)
| |
| | ua [ua] <br /> also o [o] (話)
| |
| | we [e]
| |
| | wai [ai]
| |
| | wae [wɛ] <br /> but wa [wa] (話)
| |
| oe [we] /ʔ_
| |
| |oai/(q)uai [waj]
| |
| | waj
| |
| |-
| |
| ! 佳二合
| |
| | wai
| |
| | wɛɨ
| |
| |waːj
| |
| | K
| |
| | ua [uɑ] <br /> but uo [uo] (蝸)
| |
| | waa [ʷaː] <br /> but wo [wɔː] (蝸媧)
| |
| | oa [ua] <br /> but o [o] (蝸)
| |
| | ua [ua] /k_ <br /> but vo [vo] (蝸媧) <br />
| |
| a [a] /h,ʔ_
| |
| | ua [ua] <br /> but o [o] (畫)
| |
| | we [e]
| |
| | wai [ai]
| |
| | wa [wa] /x,h,ʔ_
| |
| wae [wɛ] /k,kh_
| |
| |oai/(q)uai [waj]
| |
| | waj
| |
| |-
| |
| ! rowspan = 2 | 廢三合
| |
| | rowspan = 2 | i̯wɒi-
| |
| | rowspan = 2 | jwojH
| |
| | rowspan="2" |yaj
| |
| | F
| |
| | ei [ei]
| |
| | ai [ɐi]
| |
| | ui [ui], i [i]
| |
| | i [i] <br /> but poi [pʰoi] (吠)
| |
| | i [i]
| |
| | o [o]
| |
| | ai [ai]
| |
| | ye [je]
| |
| |ê [e]
| |
| | (ue̯ ~ uəj?)
| |
| |-
| |
| | K
| |
| | hui [xuei] < x,ʔ_ (喙穢)
| |
| | ui [uːi] /x_ <br />
| |
| wai [wɐi] < ʔ_
| |
| | oe [ue]
| |
| | ê [e]
| |
| | ue [ue]
| |
| | we [e]
| |
| | wai [ai]
| |
| [wai] /ʔ_
| |
| | ye [je]
| |
| |uê [we]
| |
| | (ue̯ ~ uəj?)
| |
| |-
| |
| ! rowspan = 4 | 祭三合
| |
| | rowspan = 4 | i̯wäi-
| |
| | rowspan = 4 | jw(i)ejH
| |
| | rowspan="3" |yaj
| |
| | TR
| |
| | uei [uei]
| |
| | eoi [ɵy]
| |
| | oe [ue]
| |
| | oi [oi]
| |
| | oe [ø]
| |
| | ai [ai]
| |
| | ei [eː]
| |
| |
| |
| |uê [we]
| |
| | ue̯ ~ uj
| |
| |-
| |
| | SY
| |
| | uei [uei]
| |
| | eoi [ɵy]
| |
| | oe [ue]
| |
| | oi [oi]
| |
| | oe [ø]
| |
| | e(i) [e(ː)]
| |
| | ei [eː]
| |
| | we [we] /tsy_<br />
| |
| e [e] /sy,ny_
| |
| |uê [we]
| |
| | ue̯ ~ uj
| |
| |-
| |
| | S
| |
| | uei [uei]
| |
| | eoi [ɵy]
| |
| | oe [ue]
| |
| | oi [oi]
| |
| | oe [ø]
| |
| | ai [ai]
| |
| | ei [eː]
| |
| | wi [wi] /tsh_
| |
| e [e] /s_
| |
| |uê [we]
| |
| | ue̯ ~ uj
| |
| |-
| |
| |jyaj
| |
| | K
| |
| | uei [uei] <br /> but wei [ʋei] (衛) <br />
| |
| rui [ɻuei] < y_
| |
| | wai [ʷɐi] <br />
| |
| eoi [ɵy] /y_
| |
| | oe [ue]
| |
| | gui [kui] < k_ <br />
| |
| fi [fi] < h_ <br />
| |
| yui [iui] < y_
| |
| | ue [ue]
| |
| | we [e]
| |
| also ei [eː] /y_
| |
| | wei [eː]
| |
| | wi [wi] /k,h_
| |
| ye [je] /y_
| |
| |uê [we]
| |
| | ye̯ (MGZY),<br />
| |
| wəj (Trigault)
| |
| |-
| |
| ! 齊四合
| |
| | iwei
| |
| | wej
| |
| |jyaj
| |
| | K
| |
| | uei [uei] <br /> but ie [iɛ] (攜)
| |
| | wai [ʷɐi]
| |
| | oe [ue]
| |
| | ui [ui] <br />
| |
| fi < h_ <br /> but hi [hi] (攜)
| |
| | ue [ue] <br /> but i [i] (攜)
| |
| | we [e]
| |
| | wei [eː]
| |
| | yu [ju] /_1
| |
| ye [je] /_3
| |
| |uê [we]
| |
| | ye̯ (MGZY),<br />
| |
| wəj (Trigault)
| |
| |}
| |
| | |
| === 遇攝 Yu She ===
| |
| | |
| {| {{bluetable2|lightbluebg}}
| |
| |-
| |
| ! rowspan = 2 | Rime
| |
| ! colspan="3" | Middle Chinese
| |
| ! rowspan = 2 | C_
| |
| ! rowspan = 2 | Mandarin <br> Beijing
| |
| ! rowspan = 2 | Yue <br> Canton
| |
| ! rowspan = 2 | Minnan
| |
| ! rowspan = 2 | Hakka <br> Moiyan
| |
| ! rowspan = 2 | Wu <br> Shanghai
| |
| ! colspan = 2 | Japanese
| |
| ! rowspan = 2 | Korean
| |
| ! rowspan="2" | Vietnamese
| |
| ! rowspan="2" | Old Mandarin
| |
| |-
| |
| ! <small>Karlgren</small>
| |
| ! <small>Baxter</small>
| |
| ! <small>LMC</small>
| |
| ! Go-On
| |
| ! Kan-On
| |
| |-
| |
| ! rowspan = 4 | 模一開
| |
| | rowspan = 4 | uo
| |
| | rowspan = 4 | u
| |
| | rowspan="4" |uə̆
| |
| | P
| |
| | u [u]
| |
| | ou [ou]
| |
| | o͘ [ɔ]
| |
| | u [u]
| |
| | u [u]
| |
| | u [u]
| |
| | o [o]
| |
| | o [o]
| |
| some u [u]
| |
| |ô [o]
| |
| | u
| |
| |-
| |
| | T,l
| |
| | u [u]
| |
| | ou [ou]
| |
| | o͘ [ɔ]
| |
| | u [u]
| |
| | u [u]
| |
| | u [u]
| |
| | o [o]
| |
| | o [o]
| |
| u [u] /t_3,d_23
| |
| |ô [o]
| |
| | u
| |
| |-
| |
| | S
| |
| | u [u] <br /> but uo [uo] (措錯)
| |
| | ou [ou]
| |
| | o͘ [ɔ]
| |
| | i [ʅ]
| |
| | u [u]
| |
| | u [u]
| |
| | o [o]
| |
| | o [o]
| |
| |ô [o]
| |
| | u
| |
| |-
| |
| | K
| |
| | u [u]
| |
| | u [uː] <br />
| |
| ng [ŋ̩] < ng_
| |
| | o͘ [ɔ]
| |
| | u [u] <br />
| |
| fu [u] < x,h_ <br />
| |
| vu [vu] < ʔ_ <br />
| |
| n [n̩] < ng_12
| |
| | u [u] <br />
| |
| also ng [ɦŋ] < ng_
| |
| | u [u]
| |
| | o [o]
| |
| wo [o] /ʔ_
| |
| | o [o]
| |
| |ô [o]
| |
| | u
| |
| |-
| |
| ! rowspan = 6 | 魚三開
| |
| | rowspan = 6 | i̯wo
| |
| | rowspan = 6 | jo
| |
| | rowspan="2" |iə̆
| |
| | l,nr
| |
| | ü [y] <br /> but u [u] (廬蘆)
| |
| | eoi [ɵy]
| |
| | u [u]
| |
| | i [i] /l_ <br /> but u (廬蘆) <br />
| |
| n [n̩] (女)
| |
| | iu [y]
| |
| | yo [jo]
| |
| | yo [jo]
| |
| | yeo [jʌ]
| |
| |ư [ɨ]
| |
| | y
| |
| |-
| |
| | TR
| |
| | u [u]
| |
| | yu [yː] <br /> but eoi [ɵy] (除)
| |
| | u [u]
| |
| | u [u]
| |
| | y [ʅ]
| |
| | yo [jo]
| |
| | yo [jo]
| |
| | yeo [jʌ]
| |
| |ư [ɨ]
| |
| | y (MGZY),<br /> ʉ (Trigault)
| |
| |-
| |
| |əə̆
| |
| | SR
| |
| | u [u] <br /> but uo [uo] (所)
| |
| | o [ɔː]
| |
| | o͘ [ɔ]
| |
| | i [ʅ] <br /> but o [o] (所)
| |
| | u [u]
| |
| | yo [jo]
| |
| | o [o]
| |
| | o [o]
| |
| also eo [ʌ] /tsr,dzr_
| |
| |ư [ɨ]
| |
| | u
| |
| |-
| |
| | rowspan="3" |iə̆
| |
| | SY
| |
| | u [u]
| |
| | yu [yː]
| |
| | u [u]
| |
| | u [u] <br />
| |
| i [i] < ny_
| |
| | y [ʅ] <br />
| |
| zy [zʅ] or lu [lu] /ny_
| |
| | yo [jo]
| |
| | yo [jo]
| |
| | eo [ʌ]
| |
| |ư [ɨ]
| |
| | y (MGZY),<br /> ʉ (Trigault)
| |
| |-
| |
| | S
| |
| | ü [y]
| |
| | eoi [ɵy]
| |
| | u [u]
| |
| | i [i]
| |
| | iu [y]
| |
| | yo [jo]
| |
| | yo [jo]
| |
| | eo [ʌ]
| |
| |ư [ɨ]
| |
| | y
| |
| |-
| |
| | K
| |
| | ü [y]
| |
| | eoi [ɵy] <br />
| |
| yu [yː] /ng,ʔ,y_
| |
| | u [u]
| |
| | i [i] <br /> but n [n̩] (魚漁)
| |
| | iu [y] <br /> but ng [ɦŋ] (魚)
| |
| | o [o]
| |
| | yo [jo]
| |
| | eo [ʌ]
| |
| yeo [jʌ] /y_
| |
| |ư [ɨ]
| |
| | y
| |
| |-
| |
| ! rowspan = 7 | 虞三合
| |
| | rowspan = 7 | i̯u
| |
| | rowspan = 7 | ju
| |
| | rowspan="3" |yə̆
| |
| | F
| |
| | u [u]
| |
| | u [uː] <br />
| |
| ou [ou] /m_
| |
| | u [u]
| |
| | u [u]
| |
| | u [u]
| |
| | u [u]
| |
| | u [u]
| |
| | u [u]
| |
| |u [u]
| |
| | u
| |
| |-
| |
| | l
| |
| | ü [y]
| |
| | eoi [ɵy]
| |
| | o͘ [ɔ]
| |
| | êu [eu]
| |
| | eu [ɤ]
| |
| | u [u]
| |
| | u [u]
| |
| | u [u]
| |
| |u [u]
| |
| | y
| |
| |-
| |
| | TR
| |
| | u [u]
| |
| | yu [yː]
| |
| | u [u]
| |
| | u [u] <br />
| |
| i [i] < nr_
| |
| | y [ʅ]
| |
| | u [u]
| |
| | yu [ju]
| |
| | yu [ju]
| |
| |u [u]
| |
| | y (MGZY),<br /> ʉ (Trigault)
| |
| |-
| |
| |uə̆
| |
| | SR
| |
| | u [u]
| |
| | o [ɔː] <br /> but ou [ou] (數)
| |
| | o͘ [ɔ]
| |
| | u [u]
| |
| | u [u]
| |
| | u [u]
| |
| | yu [ju]
| |
| | u [u]
| |
| |u [u]
| |
| | u
| |
| |-
| |
| | rowspan="3" |yə̆
| |
| | SY
| |
| | u [u]
| |
| | yu [yː]
| |
| | u [u]
| |
| | u [u] <br />
| |
| i [i] /ny_
| |
| | y [ʅ] <br />
| |
| zy [zʅ] or lu [lu] /ny_
| |
| | u [u]
| |
| | yu [ju]
| |
| | u [u]
| |
| |u [u]
| |
| | y (MGZY),<br /> ʉ (Trigault)
| |
| |-
| |
| | S
| |
| | ü [y]
| |
| | eoi [ɵy]
| |
| | u [u]
| |
| | i [i]
| |
| | iu [y]
| |
| | u [u]
| |
| | yu [ju]
| |
| | u [u]
| |
| wi [wi] /tsh_23
| |
| |u [u]
| |
| | y
| |
| |-
| |
| | K
| |
| | ü [y]
| |
| | eoi [ɵy] <br />
| |
| keoi [kʰɵy] /kh_ <br />
| |
| yu [yː] /ng,ʔ,h,y_
| |
| | u [u]
| |
| | i [i]
| |
| | iu [y]
| |
| | u [u]
| |
| | u [u]
| |
| | u <br />
| |
| yu [ju] /y_
| |
| |u [u]
| |
| | y
| |
| |}
| |
| | |
| === 效攝 Xiao She ===
| |
| | |
| {| {{bluetable2|lightbluebg}}
| |
| |-
| |
| ! rowspan = 2 | Rime
| |
| ! colspan="3" | Middle Chinese
| |
| ! rowspan = 2 | C_
| |
| ! rowspan = 2 | Mandarin <br> Beijing
| |
| ! rowspan = 2 | Yue <br> Canton
| |
| ! rowspan = 2 | Minnan <br> Amoy
| |
| ! rowspan = 2 | Hakka <br> Moiyan
| |
| ! rowspan = 2 | Wu <br> Shanghai
| |
| ! colspan = 2 | Japanese
| |
| ! rowspan = 2 | Korean
| |
| ! rowspan="2" | Vietnamese
| |
| ! rowspan="2" | Old Mandarin
| |
| |-
| |
| ! <small>Karlgren</small>
| |
| ! <small>Baxter</small>
| |
| ! <small>LMC</small>
| |
| ! Go-On
| |
| ! Kan-On
| |
| |-
| |
| ! rowspan = 4 | 豪一開
| |
| | rowspan = 4 | âu
| |
| | rowspan = 4 | aw
| |
| | rowspan="4" |aw
| |
| | P
| |
| | ao [ɑu]
| |
| | ou [ou]
| |
| | o [o]
| |
| | au [au]
| |
| | au [ɔ]
| |
| | au [oː]
| |
| | au [oː]
| |
| | o [o]
| |
| |ao [aw]
| |
| | aw
| |
| |-
| |
| | T,l
| |
| | ao [ɑu]
| |
| | ou [ou]
| |
| | o [o]
| |
| | au [au]
| |
| | au [ɔ]
| |
| | au [oː]
| |
| | au [oː]
| |
| | o [o]
| |
| |ao [aw]
| |
| | aw
| |
| |-
| |
| | S
| |
| | ao [ɑu]
| |
| | ou [ou]
| |
| | o [o]
| |
| | au [au]
| |
| | au [ɔ]
| |
| | au [oː]
| |
| | au [oː]
| |
| | o [o]
| |
| |ao [aw]
| |
| | aw
| |
| |-
| |
| | K
| |
| | ao [ɑu]
| |
| | ou [ou] <br /> but kaau [kʰaːu] (靠) <br />
| |
| haau [haːu] < kh_2
| |
| | o [o]
| |
| | au [au]
| |
| | au [ɔ]
| |
| | au [oː]
| |
| | au [oː]
| |
| | o [o]
| |
| |ao [aw]
| |
| | aw
| |
| |-
| |
| ! rowspan = 5 | 肴二開
| |
| | rowspan = 5 | au
| |
| | rowspan = 5 | æw
| |
| | rowspan="4" |aːw
| |
| | P
| |
| | ao [ɑu]
| |
| | aau [aːu]
| |
| | au [au]
| |
| | au [au]
| |
| | au [ɔ]
| |
| | eu [joː]
| |
| | au [oː]
| |
| | o [o]
| |
| |ao [aw]
| |
| | aw
| |
| |-
| |
| | nr
| |
| | ao [ɑu]
| |
| | aau [aːu]
| |
| | au [au]
| |
| | au [au]
| |
| | iau [iɔ]
| |
| | eu [joː]
| |
| | au [oː]
| |
| | yo [jo], o [o]
| |
| |ao [aw]
| |
| | aw
| |
| |-
| |
| | TR
| |
| | ao [ɑu]
| |
| | aau [aːu]
| |
| | au [au]
| |
| | au [au]
| |
| | au [ɔ]
| |
| | eu [joː]
| |
| | au [oː]
| |
| | yo [jo]
| |
| o [o] /dr_3
| |
| |ao [aw]
| |
| | aw
| |
| |-
| |
| | SR
| |
| | ao [ɑu]
| |
| | aau [aːu]
| |
| | au [au]
| |
| | au [au]
| |
| | au [ɔ]
| |
| | eu [joː]
| |
| | au [oː]
| |
| | o [o]
| |
| |ao [aw]
| |
| | aw
| |
| |-
| |
| |jaːw
| |
| | K
| |
| | iao [iɑu]
| |
| | aau [aːu]
| |
| | au [au]
| |
| | au [au]
| |
| | iau [iɔ]
| |
| | you [joː]
| |
| | au [oː]
| |
| | yo [jo]
| |
| |ao [aw]
| |
| | jɛw (MGZY),<br />jaw (Trigault)
| |
| |-
| |
| ! rowspan = 6 | 宵三開
| |
| | rowspan = 6 | i̯äu
| |
| | rowspan = 6 | j(i)ew
| |
| |jiaw
| |
| | P
| |
| | iao [iɑu]
| |
| | iu [iːu]
| |
| | iau [iau]
| |
| | iau [iau]
| |
| | iau [iɔ]
| |
| | eu [joː]
| |
| | eu [joː]
| |
| | yo [jo]
| |
| |iêu [iə̯w]
| |
| | ɛw (MGZY),<br />jaw (Trigault)
| |
| |-
| |
| | rowspan="4" |iaw
| |
| | l
| |
| | iao [iɑu]
| |
| | iu [iːu]
| |
| | iau [iau]
| |
| | iau [iau]
| |
| | iau [iɔ]
| |
| | eu [joː]
| |
| | eu [joː]
| |
| | yo [jo]
| |
| |iêu [iə̯w]
| |
| | ɛw (MGZY),<br />jaw~e̯aw (Trigault)
| |
| |-
| |
| | TR
| |
| | ao [ɑu]
| |
| | iu [iːu]
| |
| | iau [iau]
| |
| | au [au]
| |
| | au [ɔ]
| |
| | eu [joː]
| |
| | eu [joː]
| |
| | yo [jo]
| |
| |iêu [iə̯w]
| |
| | ɛw (MGZY),<br />aw (Trigault)
| |
| |-
| |
| | SY
| |
| | ao [ɑu]
| |
| | iu [iːu]
| |
| | iau [iau]
| |
| | au [au] <br />
| |
| iau [iau] /ny_
| |
| | au [ɔ] <br />
| |
| iau [iɔ] /ny_
| |
| | eu [joː]
| |
| | eu [joː]
| |
| | o [o]
| |
| |iêu [iə̯w]
| |
| | ɛw (MGZY),<br />aw (Trigault)
| |
| |-
| |
| | S
| |
| | iao [iɑu]
| |
| | iu [iːu]
| |
| | iau [iau]
| |
| | iau [iau]
| |
| | iau [iɔ]
| |
| | eu [joː]
| |
| | eu [joː]
| |
| | o [o]
| |
| |iêu [iə̯w]
| |
| | jɛw (MGZY),<br />jaw (Trigault)
| |
| |-
| |
| |jiaw
| |
| | K
| |
| | iao [iɑu]
| |
| | iu [iːu]
| |
| | iau [iau]
| |
| | iau [iau]
| |
| | iau [iɔ]
| |
| | eu [joː]
| |
| | eu [joː]
| |
| | yo [jo]
| |
| |iêu [iə̯w]
| |
| | jɛw (MGZY),<br />jaw (Trigault)
| |
| |-
| |
| ! rowspan = 3 | 蕭四開
| |
| | rowspan = 3 | ieu
| |
| | rowspan = 3 | ew
| |
| | rowspan="2" |iaw
| |
| | T
| |
| | iao [iɑu]
| |
| | iu [iːu]
| |
| | iau [iau]
| |
| | iau [iau]
| |
| | iau [iɔ]
| |
| | eu [joː]
| |
| | eu [joː]
| |
| | yo [jo]
| |
| |iêu [iə̯w]
| |
| | jɛw (MGZY),<br />jaw (Trigault)
| |
| |-
| |
| | S
| |
| | iao [iɑu]
| |
| | iu [iːu]
| |
| | iau [iau]
| |
| | iau [iau]
| |
| | iau [iɔ]
| |
| | eu [joː]
| |
| | eu [joː]
| |
| | o [o]
| |
| |iêu [iə̯w]
| |
| | jɛw (MGZY),<br />jaw (Trigault)
| |
| |-
| |
| |jiaw
| |
| | K
| |
| | iao [iɑu]
| |
| | iu [iːu]
| |
| | iau [iau]
| |
| | iau [iau]
| |
| | iau [iɔ]
| |
| | eu [joː]
| |
| | eu [joː]
| |
| | yo [jo]
| |
| |iêu [iə̯w]
| |
| | jɛw (MGZY),<br />jaw (Trigault)
| |
| |}
| |
| | |
| === 流攝 Liu She ===
| |
| {| {{bluetable2|lightbluebg}}
| |
| |-
| |
| ! rowspan = 2 | Rime
| |
| ! colspan="3" | Middle Chinese
| |
| ! rowspan = 2 | C_
| |
| ! rowspan = 2 | Mandarin <br> Beijing
| |
| ! rowspan = 2 | Yue <br> Canton
| |
| ! rowspan = 2 | Minnan <br> Amoy
| |
| ! rowspan = 2 | Hakka <br> Moiyan
| |
| ! rowspan = 2 | Wu <br> Shanghai
| |
| ! colspan = 2 | Japanese
| |
| ! rowspan = 2 | Korean
| |
| ! rowspan="2" | Vietnamese
| |
| ! rowspan="2" | Old Mandarin
| |
| |-
| |
| ! <small>Karlgren</small>
| |
| ! <small>Baxter</small>
| |
| ! <small>LMC</small>
| |
| ! Go-On
| |
| ! Kan-On
| |
| |-
| |
| ! rowspan = 4 | 侯一開
| |
| | rowspan = 4 | ə◌̯u
| |
| | rowspan = 4 | uw
| |
| | rowspan="4" |əw
| |
| | P
| |
| | ou [ou] <br />
| |
| u [u] /m_X (母牡) <br /> but ou [ou] (某) <br />
| |
| ao [ɑu] /m_H
| |
| | au [ɐu] <br /> but ou [ou] (母)
| |
| | o͘ [ɔ]
| |
| | iau [iau] <br />
| |
| au [au] /m_X <br /> but u [u] (母)
| |
| | eu [ɤ] <br /> but u [u] (母)
| |
| | u [u]
| |
| | ou [oː]
| |
| | u [u] <br /> but o [o] (母)
| |
| |âu [ə̆w]
| |
| | uw ~ əw
| |
| |-
| |
| | T,l
| |
| | ou [ou]
| |
| | au [ɐu]
| |
| | o͘ [ɔ]
| |
| | êu [eu]
| |
| | eu [ɤ]
| |
| | u [u]
| |
| | ou [oː]
| |
| | u [u]
| |
| |âu [ə̆w]
| |
| | ɨw ~ əw
| |
| |-
| |
| | S
| |
| | ou [ou]
| |
| | au [ɐu]
| |
| | o͘ [ɔ]
| |
| | êu [eu]
| |
| | eu [ɤ]
| |
| | u [u]
| |
| | ou [oː]
| |
| | u [u]
| |
| |âu [ə̆w]
| |
| | ɨw ~ əw
| |
| |-
| |
| | K
| |
| | ou [ou]
| |
| | au [ɐu] <br />
| |
| kau [kʰɐu] < kh_13
| |
| | o͘ [ɔ]
| |
| | êu [eu]
| |
| | eu [ɤ]
| |
| | u [u]
| |
| | ou [oː]
| |
| | u [u]
| |
| |âu [ə̆w]
| |
| | ɨw ~ əw
| |
| |-
| |
| ! rowspan = 7 | 尤三開
| |
| | rowspan = 7 | iə◌̯u
| |
| | rowspan = 7 | juw
| |
| | rowspan="3" |iw/
| |
| məw
| |
| | F
| |
| | u [u] <br /> but ou [ou] (否缶) <br />
| |
| ou [ou] /m_ <br /> but ao [ɑu] (矛)
| |
| | au [ɐu], u [u] <br />
| |
| au [ɐu] /m_ <br /> but aau [aːu] (矛) <br />
| |
| | u [u] <br /> but o͘ [ɔ] (否缶)
| |
| o͘ [ɔ] /m_ <br /> but au [au] (矛)
| |
| | u [u], êu [eu] <br /> but au [au] (矛)
| |
| | u [u], eu [ɜ]
| |
| | u [u]
| |
| | uu [uː], <br /> ou [oː]
| |
| | u [u]
| |
| o [o] /m_
| |
| |u [u]
| |
| âu [ə̆w] /m_
| |
| | uw ~ əw
| |
| |-
| |
| | l,nr
| |
| | iou [iou]
| |
| | au [ɐu]
| |
| | iu [iu]
| |
| | iu [iu]
| |
| | ieu [iɤ]
| |
| | u [u] /l_
| |
| yu [ju] /nr_
| |
| | iu [juː]
| |
| | yu [ju]
| |
| |ưu [ɨw]
| |
| | iw (MGZY),<br />jəw (Trigault)
| |
| |-
| |
| | TR
| |
| | ou [ou]
| |
| | au [ɐu]
| |
| | iu [iu]
| |
| | u [u]
| |
| | eu [ɤ]
| |
| | iu [juː]
| |
| | iu [juː]
| |
| | yu [ju]
| |
| |u [u]
| |
| | iw (MGZY),<br />əw (Trigault)
| |
| |-
| |
| |əw
| |
| | SR
| |
| | ou [ou]
| |
| | au [ɐu]
| |
| | iu [iu]
| |
| | u [u]
| |
| | eu [ɤ]
| |
| | yu [ju]
| |
| | uu [uː]
| |
| | u [u]
| |
| |ưu [ɨw]
| |
| | ɨw ~ əw
| |
| |-
| |
| | rowspan="2" |iw
| |
| | SY
| |
| | ou [ou]
| |
| | au [ɐu]
| |
| | iu [iu]
| |
| | u [u] <br />yiu [jiu] < ny_
| |
| | eu [ɤ]
| |
| | yu [ju]
| |
| | iu [juː]
| |
| | u [u]
| |
| |u [u]
| |
| | iw (MGZY),<br />əw (Trigault)
| |
| |-
| |
| | S
| |
| | iou [iou]
| |
| | au [ɐu]
| |
| | iu [iu]
| |
| | iu [iu]
| |
| | ieu [iɤ]
| |
| | yu [ju]
| |
| | iu [juː]
| |
| | u [u]
| |
| |u [u]
| |
| | iw (MGZY),<br />jəw (Trigault)
| |
| |-
| |
| |iw
| |
| | K
| |
| | iou [iou]
| |
| | au [ɐu] <br /> jau [jɐu] < kh,x_
| |
| | iu [iu]
| |
| | iu [iu]
| |
| | ieu [iɤ]
| |
| | u [u] <br />
| |
| iu [juː], <br /> yu [ju] /y_
| |
| | iu [juː]
| |
| | u [u]
| |
| yu [ju] /y_,<br />x_1,h_23
| |
| |ưu [ɨw]
| |
| | iw (MGZY),<br />jəw (Trigault)
| |
| |-
| |
| ! rowspan = 2 | 幽三開
| |
| | rowspan = 2 | i̯ěu
| |
| | rowspan = 2 | jiw
| |
| | rowspan="2" |jiw
| |
| | P
| |
| | iao [iɑo] /p_ <br />
| |
| iou [iou] /m_
| |
| | iu [iːu] /p_ <br />
| |
| au [ɐu]/ m_
| |
| | iu [iu]
| |
| | iau [iau]
| |
| | iau [iɔ]
| |
| | iu [juː]
| |
| | iu [juː]
| |
| | yo [jo]
| |
| yu [ju] /m_
| |
| |âu [ə̆w]
| |
| | iw (MGZY),<br />jəw (Trigault)
| |
| |-
| |
| | K
| |
| | iou [iou]
| |
| | au [ɐu]
| |
| | iu [iu]
| |
| | êu [eu] <br />
| |
| iu [iu] /ʔ_
| |
| | ieu [iɤ]
| |
| | iu [juː]
| |
| | iu [juː]
| |
| | yu [ju]
| |
| |âu [ə̆w]
| |
| | (j)iw (MGZY),<br />jəw (Trigault)
| |
| |}
| |
| | |
| === 咸攝（舒聲） Xian She (Nasal Coda) ===
| |
| | |
| {| {{bluetable2|lightbluebg}}
| |
| |-
| |
| ! rowspan = 2 | Rime
| |
| ! colspan="3" | Middle Chinese
| |
| ! rowspan = 2 | C_
| |
| ! rowspan = 2 | Mandarin <br> Beijing
| |
| ! rowspan = 2 | Yue <br> Canton
| |
| ! rowspan = 2 | Minnan <br> Amoy
| |
| ! rowspan = 2 | Hakka <br> Moiyan
| |
| ! rowspan = 2 | Wu <br> Shanghai
| |
| ! colspan = 2 | Japanese
| |
| ! rowspan = 2 | Korean
| |
| ! rowspan="2" | Vietnamese
| |
| ! rowspan="2" | Old Mandarin
| |
| |-
| |
| ! <small>Karlgren</small>
| |
| ! <small>Baxter</small>
| |
| ! <small>LMC</small>
| |
| ! Go-On
| |
| ! Kan-On
| |
| |-
| |
| ! rowspan = 3 | 談一開
| |
| | rowspan = 3 | âm
| |
| | rowspan = 3 | am
| |
| | rowspan="3" |am
| |
| | T,l
| |
| | an [an]
| |
| | aam [aːm]
| |
| | am [am]
| |
| | am [am]
| |
| | e [e]
| |
| |an [aɴ]
| |
| |an [aɴ]
| |
| |am [am]
| |
| |am [am]
| |
| | am > an
| |
| |-
| |
| | S
| |
| | an [an]
| |
| | aam [aːm]
| |
| | am [am]
| |
| | am [am] <br /> but iam [iam] (暫)
| |
| | e [e]
| |
| |an [aɴ]
| |
| |an [aɴ]
| |
| |am [am]
| |
| |am [am]
| |
| | am > an
| |
| |-
| |
| | K
| |
| | an [an]
| |
| | am [ɐm]
| |
| | am [am]
| |
| | am [am]
| |
| | oe [ø]
| |
| |an [aɴ]
| |
| |an [aɴ]
| |
| |am [am]
| |
| |am [am]
| |
| | am > an
| |
| |-
| |
| ! rowspan = 3 | 覃一開
| |
| | rowspan = 3 | â.m
| |
| | rowspan = 3 | om
| |
| | rowspan="3" |am
| |
| | T,l
| |
| | an [an]
| |
| | aam [aːm]
| |
| | am [am]
| |
| | am [am]
| |
| | e [e] /t,d,l_ <br />
| |
| oe [ø] /th,n_
| |
| |on [oɴ]
| |
| |an [aɴ]
| |
| |am [am]
| |
| |am [am]
| |
| | am > an
| |
| |-
| |
| | S
| |
| | an [an]
| |
| | aam [aːm]
| |
| | am [am]
| |
| | am [am]
| |
| | oe [ø]
| |
| |on [oɴ]
| |
| |an [aɴ]
| |
| |am [am]
| |
| |am [am]
| |
| | am > an
| |
| |-
| |
| | K
| |
| | an [an]
| |
| | am [ɐm]
| |
| | am [am]
| |
| | am [am]
| |
| | oe [ø] <br />
| |
| e [e] /kh,x_
| |
| |on [oɴ]
| |
| |an [aɴ]
| |
| |am [am]
| |
| |am [am]
| |
| | am > an
| |
| |-
| |
| ! rowspan = 2 | 銜二開
| |
| | rowspan = 2 | am
| |
| | rowspan = 2 | æm
| |
| |aːm
| |
| | SR
| |
| | an [an]
| |
| | aam [aːm]
| |
| | am [am]
| |
| | am [am]
| |
| | e [e]
| |
| |en [eɴ]
| |
| |an [aɴ]
| |
| |am [am]
| |
| |am [am]
| |
| | am > an
| |
| |-
| |
| |jaːm
| |
| | K
| |
| | ian [iɛn]
| |
| | aam [aːm]
| |
| | am [am]
| |
| | am [am]
| |
| | e [e]
| |
| |en [eɴ]
| |
| |an [aɴ]
| |
| |am [am]
| |
| |am [am]
| |
| | jam > jɛn
| |
| |-
| |
| ! rowspan = 4 | 咸二開
| |
| | rowspan = 4 | ăm
| |
| | rowspan = 4 | ɛm
| |
| | rowspan="3" |aːm
| |
| | l
| |
| | ian [iɛn] (臉)
| |
| | im [iːm] (臉)
| |
| | ian [ian] (臉)
| |
| | iên [ien] (臉)
| |
| | i [i] (臉)
| |
| |en [eɴ]
| |
| |an [aɴ]
| |
| |am [am]
| |
| |iên [iə̯n]
| |
| | am > an
| |
| |-
| |
| | TR
| |
| | an [an]
| |
| | aam [aːm]
| |
| | am [am]
| |
| | am [am]
| |
| | e [e]
| |
| |en [eɴ]
| |
| |an [aɴ]
| |
| |yam [jam]
| |
| am [am] /nr_
| |
| |am [am]
| |
| | am > an
| |
| |-
| |
| | SR
| |
| | an [an]
| |
| | aam [aːm]
| |
| | am [am]
| |
| | am [am]
| |
| | e [e]
| |
| |en [eɴ]
| |
| |an [aɴ]
| |
| |am [am]
| |
| |am [am]
| |
| | am > an
| |
| |-
| |
| |jaːm
| |
| | K
| |
| | ian [iɛn] <br /> but an [an] (黯)
| |
| | aam [aːm] <br /> but aan [aːn] (醶) <br /> and am [ɐm] (黯)
| |
| | am [am]
| |
| | am [am]
| |
| | e [e] <br /> but oe [ø] (函黯)
| |
| |en [eɴ]
| |
| |an [aɴ]
| |
| |am [am]
| |
| |am [am]
| |
| | jam > jɛn
| |
| |-
| |
| ! 嚴三開
| |
| | i̯ɒm
| |
| | jæm
| |
| |iam
| |
| | K
| |
| | ian [iɛn]
| |
| | im [iːm]
| |
| | iam [iam]
| |
| | iam [iam]
| |
| | i [i]
| |
| |on [oɴ]
| |
| |en [eɴ]
| |
| |eom [ʌm] <br /> but heum [hɯm] (欠)
| |
| |iêm [iə̯m]
| |
| | ɛm > jɛn
| |
| |-
| |
| ! 凡三合
| |
| | i̯wɒm
| |
| | jom
| |
| |iam
| |
| | F
| |
| | an [an]
| |
| | aan [aːn]
| |
| | oan [uan]
| |
| | am [fam]
| |
| | e [e]
| |
| |on [oɴ]
| |
| |an [aɴ]
| |
| |eom [ʌm]
| |
| | am [am]
| |
| | am > an
| |
| |-
| |
| ! rowspan = 6 | 鹽三開
| |
| | rowspan = 6 | i̯äm
| |
| | rowspan = 6 | j(i)em
| |
| |jiam
| |
| | P
| |
| | ian [iɛn]
| |
| | in [iːn]
| |
| | ian [ian]
| |
| | iên [ien]
| |
| | i [i]
| |
| |en [eɴ]
| |
| |en [eɴ]
| |
| |yeom [jʌm]
| |
| |iêm [iə̯m]
| |
| | ɛm > jɛn
| |
| |-
| |
| | rowspan="4" |iam
| |
| | l,nr
| |
| | ian [iɛn]
| |
| | im [iːm]
| |
| | iam [iam]
| |
| | iam [iam]
| |
| | i [i] /l_ <br /> oe [ø] /nr_
| |
| |en [eɴ]
| |
| |en [eɴ]
| |
| |yeom [jʌm] /l_ <br /> but jeom [tɕʌm] (粘)
| |
| |iêm [iə̯m]
| |
| | ɛm > jɛn
| |
| |-
| |
| | TR
| |
| | an [an]
| |
| | im [iːm]
| |
| | iam [iam]
| |
| | am [am]
| |
| | oe [ø]
| |
| |en [eɴ]
| |
| |en [eɴ]
| |
| |yeom [jʌm]
| |
| |iêm [iə̯m]
| |
| | ɛm > ɛn
| |
| |-
| |
| | SY
| |
| | an [an]
| |
| | im [iːm]
| |
| | iam [iam]
| |
| | am [am] <br />
| |
| iam [iam] /ny_
| |
| | oe [ø]
| |
| |en [eɴ]
| |
| |en [eɴ]
| |
| |eom [ʌm]
| |
| |iêm [iə̯m]
| |
| | ɛm > ɛn
| |
| |-
| |
| | S
| |
| | ian [iɛn]
| |
| | im [iːm]
| |
| | iam [iam]
| |
| | iam [iam]
| |
| | i [i]
| |
| |en [eɴ]
| |
| |en [eɴ]
| |
| |am [am]
| |
| |iêm [iə̯m]
| |
| | ɛm > jɛn
| |
| |-
| |
| |jiam
| |
| | K
| |
| | ian [iɛn]
| |
| | im [iːm]
| |
| | iam [iam]
| |
| | iam [iam]
| |
| | i [i]
| |
| |en [eɴ]
| |
| |en [eɴ]
| |
| |yeom [jʌm] /kh,g,h,y_
| |
| eom [ʌm] /k,x,ng,ʔ_
| |
| |iêm [iə̯m]
| |
| | (j)ɛm > jɛn
| |
| |-
| |
| ! rowspan = 3 | 添四開
| |
| | rowspan = 3 | iem
| |
| | rowspan = 3 | em
| |
| | rowspan="2" |iam
| |
| | T,l
| |
| | ian [iɛn]
| |
| | im [iːm]
| |
| | iam [iam]
| |
| | iam [iam]
| |
| | i [i]
| |
| |en [eɴ]
| |
| |en [eɴ]
| |
| |yeom [jʌm]
| |
| |iêm [iə̯m]
| |
| | ɛm > jɛn
| |
| |-
| |
| | S
| |
| | ian [iɛn]
| |
| | im [iːm]
| |
| | iam [iam]
| |
| | iam [iam]
| |
| | i [i]
| |
| |en [eɴ]
| |
| |en [eɴ]
| |
| |am [am]
| |
| eom [ʌm] /s_
| |
| |iêm [iə̯m]
| |
| | ɛm > jɛn
| |
| |-
| |
| |jiam
| |
| | K
| |
| | ian [iɛn]
| |
| | im [iːm]
| |
| | iam [iam]
| |
| | iam [iam]
| |
| | i [i]
| |
| |en [eɴ]
| |
| |en [eɴ]
| |
| |yeom [jʌm]
| |
| |iêm [iə̯m]
| |
| | jɛm > jɛn
| |
| |}
| |
| | |
| === 咸攝（入聲） Xian She (Plosive Coda) ===
| |
| | |
| {| {{bluetable2|lightbluebg}}
| |
| |-
| |
| ! rowspan = 2 | Rime
| |
| ! colspan="3" | Middle Chinese
| |
| ! rowspan = 2 | C_
| |
| ! rowspan = 2 | Mandarin <br> Beijing
| |
| ! rowspan = 2 | Yue <br> Canton
| |
| ! rowspan = 2 | Minnan <br> Amoy
| |
| ! rowspan = 2 | Hakka <br> Moiyan
| |
| ! rowspan = 2 | Wu <br> Shanghai
| |
| ! colspan = 2 | Japanese
| |
| ! rowspan = 2 | Korean
| |
| ! rowspan="2" | Vietnamese
| |
| ! rowspan="2" | Old Mandarin
| |
| |-
| |
| ! <small>Karlgren</small>
| |
| ! <small>Baxter</small>
| |
| ! <small>LMC</small>
| |
| ! Go-On
| |
| ! Kan-On
| |
| |-
| |
| ! rowspan = 2 | 盍一開
| |
| | rowspan = 2 | âp
| |
| | rowspan = 2 | ap
| |
| | rowspan="2" |ap
| |
| | T,l
| |
| | a [a]
| |
| | aap [aːp]
| |
| | ap [ap]
| |
| | ab [ap]
| |
| | aq [aʔ]
| |
| |apu [oː]
| |
| |apu [oː]
| |
| |ap [ap]
| |
| |ap [ap]
| |
| | a(ʔ)
| |
| |-
| |
| | K
| |
| | e [ɤ]
| |
| | ap [ɐp]
| |
| | ap [ap]
| |
| | ab [ap]
| |
| | eq [əʔ]
| |
| |apu [oː]
| |
| |apu [oː]
| |
| |ap [ap]
| |
| |ap [ap]
| |
| | ɔ(ʔ)
| |
| |-
| |
| ! rowspan = 3 | 合一開
| |
| | rowspan = 3 | â.p
| |
| | rowspan = 3 | op
| |
| | rowspan="3" |ap
| |
| | T,l
| |
| | a [a]
| |
| | aap [aːp]
| |
| | ap [ap]
| |
| | ab [ap]
| |
| | aq [aʔ]
| |
| |opu [oː]
| |
| |opu [oː]
| |
| |ap [ap]
| |
| |ap [ap]
| |
| | a(ʔ)
| |
| |-
| |
| | S
| |
| | a [a]
| |
| | aap [aːp]
| |
| | ap [ap]
| |
| | ab [ap]
| |
| | aq [aʔ]
| |
| |opu [oː]
| |
| |opu [oː]
| |
| |ap [ap]
| |
| |ap [ap]
| |
| | a(ʔ)
| |
| |-
| |
| | K
| |
| | e [ɤ]
| |
| | ap [ɐp]
| |
| | ap [ap]
| |
| | ab [ap]
| |
| | eq [əʔ]
| |
| |opu [oː]
| |
| |opu [oː]
| |
| |ap [ap]
| |
| hap [hap] < k,kh_
| |
| |ap [ap]
| |
| | ɔ(ʔ)
| |
| |-
| |
| ! 狎二開
| |
| | ap
| |
| | æp
| |
| |jaːp
| |
| | K
| |
| | ia [iɑ]
| |
| | aap [aːp] <br /> but aat [aːt] (壓)
| |
| | ap [ap]
| |
| | ab [ap]
| |
| | aq [aʔ] <br /> iaq [iaʔ] /k_
| |
| |epu [joː]
| |
| |apu [oː]
| |
| |ap [ap]
| |
| |ap [ap]
| |
| | jɛ(ʔ) > ja(ʔ)
| |
| |-
| |
| ! rowspan = 3 | 洽二開
| |
| | rowspan = 3 | ăp
| |
| | rowspan = 3 | ɛp
| |
| | rowspan="2" |aːp
| |
| | TR
| |
| | a [a]
| |
| | aap [aːp]
| |
| | ap [ap]
| |
| | ab [ap]
| |
| | aq [aʔ]
| |
| |epu [joː]
| |
| |apu [oː]
| |
| |
| |
| |
| |
| | a(ʔ)
| |
| |-
| |
| | SR
| |
| | a [a]
| |
| | aap [aːp]
| |
| | ap [ap]
| |
| | ab [ap]
| |
| | aq [aʔ]
| |
| |epu [joː]
| |
| |apu [oː]
| |
| |ap [ap]
| |
| |ap [ap]
| |
| | a(ʔ)
| |
| |-
| |
| |jaːp
| |
| | K
| |
| | ia [iɑ]
| |
| | aap [aːp] <br /> but ap [ɐp] (恰)
| |
| | ap [ap]
| |
| | ab [ap]
| |
| | aq [aʔ] <br /> also iaq [iaʔ] /h_
| |
| |epu [joː]
| |
| |apu [oː]
| |
| |yeop [jʌp]
| |
| eup [ɯp] /kh_ <br />
| |
| ap [ap] /x_
| |
| |ap [ap]
| |
| | jɛ(ʔ) > ja(ʔ)
| |
| |-
| |
| ! 業三開
| |
| | i̯ɒp
| |
| | jæp
| |
| |iap
| |
| | K
| |
| | ie [iɛ]
| |
| | ip [iːp]
| |
| | iap [iap]
| |
| | iab [iap]
| |
| | iq [iɪʔ]
| |
| |opu [oː]
| |
| |epu [joː]
| |
| |eop [ʌp]
| |
| yeop [jʌp] /x_
| |
| |iêp [iə̯p]
| |
| | jɛ(ʔ)
| |
| |-
| |
| ! 乏三合
| |
| | i̯wɒp
| |
| | jop
| |
| |iap
| |
| | F
| |
| | fa [a]
| |
| | faat [faːt] (法) <br /> fat [fɐt] (乏)
| |
| | oat [uat]
| |
| | fab [fap] (法) <br /> fad [fat] (乏)
| |
| | faq [faʔ] (法) <br /> vaq [vaʔ] (乏)
| |
| |opu [oː]
| |
| |apu [oː]
| |
| |beop [pʌp] (法)
| |
| pip [pʰip] (乏)
| |
| |phap [fap]
| |
| | (f)a(ʔ)
| |
| |-
| |
| ! rowspan = 5 | 葉三開
| |
| | rowspan = 5 | i̯äp
| |
| | rowspan = 5 | j(i)ep
| |
| | rowspan="4" |iap
| |
| | l,nr
| |
| | ie [iɛ]
| |
| | ip [iːp] <br /> but it [iːt] (捷睫)
| |
| | iap [iap]
| |
| | liab [liap] < l_ <br />
| |
| ngiab [ŋiap] < nr_
| |
| | aq [aʔ] /l_ <br /> iq [iɪʔ] /nr_
| |
| |epu [joː]
| |
| |epu [joː]
| |
| |yeop [jʌp] <br /> but seop [sʌp] (聶)
| |
| |iêp [iə̯p]
| |
| | jɛ(ʔ)
| |
| |-
| |
| | TR
| |
| | e [ɤ]
| |
| | ip [iːp]
| |
| | iap [iap]
| |
| | ab [ap]
| |
| | aq [aʔ]
| |
| |epu [joː]
| |
| |epu [joː]
| |
| |yeop [jʌp]
| |
| ap [ap] /trh_
| |
| |iêp [iə̯p]
| |
| | jɛ(ʔ) > ɛ(ʔ)
| |
| |-
| |
| | SY
| |
| | e [ɤ]
| |
| | ip [iːp]
| |
| | iap [iap]
| |
| | ab [ap]
| |
| | eq [əʔ]
| |
| |epu [joː]
| |
| |epu [joː]
| |
| |eop [ʌp] <br /> but yeop [ʌp] (喦)
| |
| |iêp [iə̯p]
| |
| | jɛ(ʔ) > ɛ(ʔ)
| |
| |-
| |
| | S
| |
| | ie [iɛ]
| |
| | ip [iːp]
| |
| | iap [iap]
| |
| | iab [iap]
| |
| | iq [iɪʔ]
| |
| |epu [joː]
| |
| |epu [joː]
| |
| |eop [ʌp]
| |
| |iêp [iə̯p]
| |
| | jɛ(ʔ)
| |
| |-
| |
| |jiap
| |
| | K
| |
| | ie [iɛ]
| |
| | ip [iːp]
| |
| | iap [iap]
| |
| | iab [iap]
| |
| | iq [iɪʔ]
| |
| |epu [joː]
| |
| |epu [joː]
| |
| |eop [ʌp]
| |
| yeop [jʌp] /h,y_
| |
| |iêp [iə̯p]
| |
| | jɛ(ʔ)
| |
| |-
| |
| ! rowspan = 3 | 帖四開
| |
| | rowspan = 3 | iep
| |
| | rowspan = 3 | ep
| |
| | rowspan="2" |iap
| |
| | T
| |
| | ie [iɛ]
| |
| | ip [iːp]
| |
| | iap [iap]
| |
| | iab [iap]
| |
| | iq [iɪʔ]
| |
| |epu [joː]
| |
| |epu [joː]
| |
| |yeop [jʌp]
| |
| |iêp [iə̯p]
| |
| | jɛ(ʔ)
| |
| |-
| |
| | S
| |
| | ie [iɛ]
| |
| | ip [iːp]
| |
| | iap [iap]
| |
| | iab [iap]
| |
| | iq [iɪʔ]
| |
| |epu [joː]
| |
| |epu [joː]
| |
| |heop [hʌp] < ts_
| |
| eop [ʌp] /s_
| |
| |iêp [iə̯p]
| |
| | jɛ(ʔ)
| |
| |-
| |
| |jiap
| |
| | K
| |
| | ie [iɛ] <br /> but ia [iɑ] (頰俠)
| |
| | ip [iːp] <br /> but aap [aːp] (頰俠)
| |
| | iap [iap]
| |
| | iab [iap]
| |
| | iaq [iaʔ] <br /> but iq [iɪʔ] (頰俠)
| |
| |epu [joː]
| |
| |epu [joː]
| |
| |hyeop [hjʌp] < k,kh,x,h_ <br /> but gyeop [kjʌp] (唊)
| |
| |iêp [iə̯p]
| |
| | jɛ(ʔ)
| |
| |}
| |
| | |
| === 深攝 Shen She ===
| |
| | |
| {| {{bluetable2|lightbluebg}}
| |
| |-
| |
| ! rowspan = 2 | Rime
| |
| ! colspan="3" | Middle Chinese
| |
| ! rowspan = 2 | C_
| |
| ! rowspan = 2 | Mandarin <br> Beijing
| |
| ! rowspan = 2 | Yue <br> Canton
| |
| ! rowspan = 2 | Minnan <br> Amoy
| |
| ! rowspan = 2 | Hakka <br> Moiyan
| |
| ! rowspan = 2 | Wu <br> Shanghai
| |
| ! colspan = 2 | Japanese
| |
| ! rowspan = 2 | Korean
| |
| ! rowspan="2" | Vietnamese
| |
| ! rowspan="2" | Old Mandarin
| |
| |-
| |
| ! <small>Karlgren</small>
| |
| ! <small>Baxter</small>
| |
| ! <small>LMC</small>
| |
| ! Go-On
| |
| ! Kan-On
| |
| |-
| |
| ! rowspan = 7 | 侵三開
| |
| | rowspan = 7 | i̯əm
| |
| | rowspan = 7 | (j)im
| |
| |jim
| |
| | P
| |
| | ing [iɪŋ] (稟) <br /> in [in] (品)
| |
| | an [ɐn]
| |
| | in [in]
| |
| | in [in]
| |
| | in [in]
| |
| |in [iɴ]
| |
| |in [iɴ]
| |
| |um [um]
| |
| |âm [ə̆m]
| |
| | im > in
| |
| |-
| |
| | rowspan="2" |im
| |
| | l,nr
| |
| | in [in]
| |
| | am [ɐm]
| |
| | im [im]
| |
| | im [im]
| |
| | in [in]
| |
| |in [iɴ]
| |
| |in [iɴ]
| |
| |im [im]
| |
| |âm [ə̆m]
| |
| | im > in
| |
| |-
| |
| | TR
| |
| | en [ən]
| |
| | am [ɐm]
| |
| | im [im]
| |
| | em [əm]
| |
| | en [ən]
| |
| |in [iɴ]
| |
| |in [iɴ]
| |
| |im [im]
| |
| |âm [ə̆m]
| |
| | im > ɨn
| |
| |-
| |
| |əm
| |
| | SR
| |
| | en [ən]
| |
| | am [ɐm]
| |
| | im [im]
| |
| | êm [em]
| |
| | en [ən]
| |
| |in [iɴ]
| |
| |in [iɴ]
| |
| |am [am]
| |
| |âm [ə̆m]
| |
| | ɨm > ɨn
| |
| |-
| |
| | rowspan="2" |im
| |
| | SY
| |
| | en [ən]
| |
| | am [ɐm]
| |
| | im [im]
| |
| | em [əm] <br />
| |
| im [im] /ny_
| |
| | en [ən] <br />
| |
| in [in] /ny_
| |
| |in [iɴ]
| |
| |in [iɴ]
| |
| |im [im]
| |
| |âm [ə̆m]
| |
| | im > ɨn
| |
| |-
| |
| | S
| |
| | in [in] <br /> but ün [yn] (尋潯)
| |
| | am [ɐm]
| |
| | im [im]
| |
| | im [im]
| |
| | in [in]
| |
| |in [iɴ]
| |
| |in [iɴ]
| |
| |im [im]
| |
| |âm [ə̆m]
| |
| | im > in
| |
| |-
| |
| |jim
| |
| | K
| |
| | in [in]
| |
| | am [ɐm] <br /> jam [jɐm] < kh,x_
| |
| | im [im]
| |
| | im [im]
| |
| | in [in]
| |
| |on [oɴ]
| |
| |in [iɴ]
| |
| |eum [ɯm]
| |
| |âm [ə̆m]
| |
| | (j)im > in
| |
| |-
| |
| ! rowspan = 6 | 緝三開
| |
| | rowspan = 6 | i̯əp
| |
| | rowspan = 6 | (j)ip
| |
| | rowspan="2" |ip
| |
| | l
| |
| | i [i]
| |
| | ap [ɐp] <br /> but aap [aːp] (立<sub>白</sub>)
| |
| | ip [ip]
| |
| | êb [ep] <br /> but ib [ip] (立)
| |
| | iq [iɪʔ]
| |
| |ipu [juː]
| |
| |ipu [juː]
| |
| |ip [ip]
| |
| |âp [ə̆p]
| |
| | i(ʔ)
| |
| |-
| |
| | TR
| |
| | e [ɤ] (蟄) <br /> or i [ʅ] (縶)
| |
| | at [ɐt] (蟄) <br /> or ap [ɐp] (縶)
| |
| | ip [ip]
| |
| | eb [əp] <br />
| |
| ib [ip] /nr_
| |
| | eq [əʔ]
| |
| |ipu [juː]
| |
| |ipu [juː]
| |
| |ip [ip]
| |
| |âp [ə̆p]
| |
| | i(ʔ) > ə(ʔ)
| |
| |-
| |
| |əp
| |
| | SR
| |
| | i [ʅ]
| |
| | ap [ɐp] <br /> but aap [aːp] (澀<sub>白</sub>)
| |
| | ip [ip]
| |
| | êb [ep]
| |
| | eq [əʔ]
| |
| |ipu [juː]
| |
| |ipu [juː]
| |
| |eup [ɯp] /tsr_
| |
| ap [ap] /sr_
| |
| |âp [ə̆p]
| |
| | ʅ(ʔ) > ə(ʔ)
| |
| |-
| |
| | rowspan="2" |ip
| |
| | SY
| |
| | i [ʅ] <br /> ru [ɻu] < ny_
| |
| | ap [ɐp]
| |
| | ip [ip]
| |
| | eb [əp] <br />
| |
| ib [ip] /ny_
| |
| | eq [əʔ]
| |
| |ipu [juː]
| |
| |ipu [juː]
| |
| |ip [ip]
| |
| eup [ɯp] /sy_
| |
| |âp [ə̆p]
| |
| | i(ʔ) > ə(ʔ)<br />but > ɵ(ʔ) (入)
| |
| |-
| |
| | S
| |
| | i [i]
| |
| | ap [ɐp] (緝輯) <br /> or aap [aːp] (集習襲)
| |
| | ip [ip]
| |
| | ib [ip]
| |
| | iq [iɪʔ]
| |
| |ipu [juː]
| |
| |ipu [juː]
| |
| |ip [ip]
| |
| eup [ɯp] /z_
| |
| |âp [ə̆p]
| |
| | i(ʔ)
| |
| |-
| |
| |jip
| |
| | K
| |
| | i [i] <br /> but ei [ei] (給<sub>白</sub>)
| |
| | ap [ɐp] <br />
| |
| jap [jɐp] < kh_
| |
| | ip [ip]
| |
| | ib [ip]
| |
| | iq [iɪʔ]
| |
| |opu [oː]
| |
| ipu [juː] /ʔ_
| |
| |ipu [juː]
| |
| |eup [ɯp]
| |
| |âp [ə̆p]
| |
| | (j)i(ʔ)
| |
| |}
| |
| | |
| === 山攝（開口舒聲） Shan She (Kaikou, Nasal Coda) ===
| |
| | |
| {| {{bluetable2|lightbluebg}}
| |
| |-
| |
| ! rowspan = 2 | Rime
| |
| ! colspan="3" | Middle Chinese
| |
| ! rowspan = 2 | C_
| |
| ! rowspan = 2 | Mandarin <br> Beijing
| |
| ! rowspan = 2 | Yue <br> Canton
| |
| ! rowspan = 2 | Minnan <br> Amoy
| |
| ! rowspan = 2 | Hakka <br> Moiyan
| |
| ! rowspan = 2 | Wu <br> Shanghai
| |
| ! colspan = 2 | Japanese
| |
| ! rowspan = 2 | Korean
| |
| ! rowspan="2" | Vietnamese
| |
| ! rowspan="2" | Old Mandarin
| |
| |-
| |
| ! <small>Karlgren</small>
| |
| ! <small>Baxter</small>
| |
| ! <small>LMC</small>
| |
| ! Go-On
| |
| ! Kan-On
| |
| |-
| |
| ! rowspan = 3 | 寒一開
| |
| | rowspan = 3 | ân
| |
| | rowspan = 3 | an
| |
| | rowspan="3" |an
| |
| | T,l
| |
| | an [an]
| |
| | aan [aːn]
| |
| | an [an]
| |
| | an [an]
| |
| | e [e]
| |
| |an [aɴ]
| |
| |an [aɴ]
| |
| |an [an]
| |
| |an [an]
| |
| | an
| |
| |-
| |
| | S
| |
| | an [an]
| |
| | aan [aːn]
| |
| | an [an]
| |
| | an [an]
| |
| | e [e]
| |
| |an [aɴ]
| |
| |an [aɴ]
| |
| |an [an]
| |
| |an [an]
| |
| | an
| |
| |-
| |
| | K
| |
| | an [an]
| |
| | on [ɔːn]
| |
| | an [an]
| |
| | on [on]
| |
| | oe [ø]
| |
| |an [aɴ]
| |
| |an [aɴ]
| |
| |an [an]
| |
| |an [an]
| |
| | an
| |
| |-
| |
| ! rowspan = 3 | 刪二開
| |
| | rowspan = 3 | an
| |
| | rowspan = 3 | æn
| |
| | rowspan="2" |aːn
| |
| | P
| |
| | an [an]
| |
| | aan [aːn]
| |
| | an [an]
| |
| | an [an]
| |
| | e [e]
| |
| |en [eɴ]
| |
| |an [aɴ]
| |
| |an [an]
| |
| |an [an]
| |
| | an
| |
| |-
| |
| | SR
| |
| | an [an]
| |
| | aan [aːn]
| |
| | an [an]
| |
| | an [an]
| |
| | e [e]
| |
| |en [eɴ]
| |
| |an [aɴ]
| |
| |an [an]
| |
| |an [an]
| |
| | an
| |
| |-
| |
| |jaːn
| |
| | K
| |
| | ian [iɛn]
| |
| | aan [aːn]
| |
| | an [an]
| |
| | ian [ian]
| |
| | i [i]
| |
| |en [eɴ]
| |
| |an [aɴ]
| |
| |an [an]
| |
| |an [an]
| |
| | jan
| |
| |-
| |
| ! rowspan = 4 | 山二開
| |
| | rowspan = 4 | ăn
| |
| | rowspan = 4 | ɛn
| |
| | rowspan="3" |aːn
| |
| | P
| |
| | an [an]
| |
| | aan [aːn]
| |
| | an [an]
| |
| | an [an]
| |
| | e [e]
| |
| |en [eɴ]
| |
| |an [aɴ]
| |
| |an [an]
| |
| |an [an]
| |
| iên [iə̯n] /b_
| |
| | an
| |
| |-
| |
| | TR
| |
| | an [an]
| |
| | aan [aːn]
| |
| | an [an]
| |
| | an [an]
| |
| | e [e]
| |
| |en [eɴ]
| |
| |an [aɴ]
| |
| |an [an]
| |
| |an [an]
| |
| | an
| |
| |-
| |
| | SR
| |
| | an [an]
| |
| | aan [aːn]
| |
| | an [an]
| |
| | an [an]
| |
| | e [e]
| |
| |en [eɴ]
| |
| |an [aɴ]
| |
| |an [an]
| |
| |an [an]
| |
| | an
| |
| |-
| |
| |jaːn
| |
| | K
| |
| | ian [iɛn]
| |
| | aan [aːn]
| |
| | an [an]
| |
| | ian [ian] <br />
| |
| an [an] /h_
| |
| | i [i]
| |
| |en [eɴ]
| |
| |an [aɴ]
| |
| |an [an]
| |
| |an [an]
| |
| | jan
| |
| |-
| |
| ! 元三開
| |
| | i̯ɒn
| |
| | jon
| |
| |ian
| |
| | K
| |
| | ian [iɛn] <br /> but üan [yɛn] (軒)
| |
| | in [iːn]
| |
| | ian [ian]
| |
| | ian [ian]
| |
| | i [i]
| |
| |on [oɴ]
| |
| |en [eɴ]
| |
| |eon [ʌn]
| |
| |iên [iə̯n] <br /> but ôn [on] (言)
| |
| | ɛn > jɛn
| |
| |-
| |
| ! rowspan = 7 | 仙三開
| |
| | rowspan = 7 | i̯än
| |
| | rowspan = 7 | j(i)en
| |
| |jian
| |
| | P
| |
| | ian [iɛn]
| |
| | in [iːn]
| |
| | ian [ian]
| |
| | iên [ien]
| |
| | i [i]
| |
| |en [eɴ]
| |
| |en [eɴ]
| |
| |yeon [jʌn]
| |
| |iên [iə̯n]
| |
| | ɛn > jɛn
| |
| |-
| |
| | rowspan="2" |ian
| |
| | l
| |
| | ian [iɛn]
| |
| | in [iːn]
| |
| | ian [ian]
| |
| | iên [ien]
| |
| | i [i]
| |
| |en [eɴ]
| |
| |en [eɴ]
| |
| |yeon [jʌn]
| |
| |iên [iə̯n]
| |
| | ɛn > jɛn
| |
| |-
| |
| | TR
| |
| | an [an]
| |
| | in [iːn]
| |
| | ian [ian]
| |
| | an [an]
| |
| | oe [ø] <br />
| |
| i [i] /nr_
| |
| |en [eɴ]
| |
| |en [eɴ]
| |
| |yeon [jʌn]
| |
| |iên [iə̯n]
| |
| | ɛn
| |
| |-
| |
| | an
| |
| | SR
| |
| | an [an]
| |
| | in [iːn]
| |
| | an [an]
| |
| | an [an]
| |
| | e [e]
| |
| |en [eɴ]
| |
| |en [eɴ]
| |
| |an [an]
| |
| |iên [iə̯n]
| |
| | an
| |
| |-
| |
| | rowspan="2" |ian
| |
| | SY
| |
| | an [an]
| |
| | in [iːn]
| |
| | ian [ian]
| |
| | an [an] <br />
| |
| yan [ian] < ny_
| |
| | oe [ø]
| |
| |en [eɴ]
| |
| |en [eɴ]
| |
| |eon [ʌn]
| |
| |iên [iə̯n]
| |
| | ɛn
| |
| |-
| |
| | S
| |
| | ian [iɛn]
| |
| | in [iːn]
| |
| | ian [ian]
| |
| | iên [ien]
| |
| | i [i]
| |
| |en [eɴ]
| |
| |en [eɴ]
| |
| |eon [ʌn]
| |
| |iên [iə̯n]
| |
| | ɛn > jɛn
| |
| |-
| |
| |jian
| |
| | K
| |
| | ian [iɛn]
| |
| | in [iːn]
| |
| | ian [ian]
| |
| | ian [ian]
| |
| | i [i]
| |
| |en [eɴ]
| |
| |en [eɴ]
| |
| |eon [ʌn]
| |
| yeon [jʌn] /kh,y_ <br /> (CN-B)
| |
| |iên [iə̯n]
| |
| | (j)ɛn > jɛn
| |
| |-
| |
| ! rowspan = 4 | 先四開
| |
| | rowspan = 4 | ien
| |
| | rowspan = 4 | en
| |
| |jian
| |
| | P
| |
| | ian [iɛn]
| |
| | in [iːn]
| |
| | ian [ian]
| |
| | iên [ien]
| |
| | i [i]
| |
| |en [eɴ]
| |
| |en [eɴ]
| |
| |yeon [jʌn]
| |
| |iên [iə̯n]
| |
| | ɛn > jɛn
| |
| |-
| |
| | rowspan="2" |ian
| |
| | T,l
| |
| | ian [iɛn]
| |
| | in [iːn]
| |
| | ian [ian]
| |
| | iên [ien]
| |
| | i [i]
| |
| |en [eɴ]
| |
| |en [eɴ]
| |
| |yeon [jʌn]
| |
| |iên [iə̯n]
| |
| uyên [wiə̯n] / l_
| |
| | ɛn > jɛn
| |
| |-
| |
| | S
| |
| | ian [iɛn]
| |
| | in [iːn]
| |
| | ian [ian]
| |
| | iên [ien]
| |
| | i [i]
| |
| |en [eɴ]
| |
| |en [eɴ]
| |
| |eon [ʌn]
| |
| |iên [iə̯n]
| |
| | ɛn > jɛn
| |
| |-
| |
| |jian
| |
| | K
| |
| | ian [iɛn]
| |
| | in [iːn]
| |
| | ian [ian]
| |
| | ian [ian]
| |
| | i [i]
| |
| |en [eɴ]
| |
| |en [eɴ]
| |
| |yeon [jʌn]
| |
| |iên [iə̯n]
| |
| also uyên [wiə̯n] /h_
| |
| | (j)ɛn > jɛn
| |
| |}
| |
| | |
| === 山攝（開口入聲） Shan She (Kaikou, Plosive Coda) ===
| |
|
| |
|
| {| {{bluetable2|lightbluebg}} | | {| {{bluetable2|lightbluebg}} |
| Line 4,891: |
Line 15: |
| ! rowspan="2" | Vietnamese | | ! rowspan="2" | Vietnamese |
| ! rowspan="2" | Old Mandarin | | ! rowspan="2" | Old Mandarin |
| |-
| |
| ! <small>Karlgren</small>
| |
| ! <small>Baxter</small>
| |
| ! <small>LMC</small>
| |
| ! Go-On
| |
| ! Kan-On
| |
| |-
| |
| ! rowspan = 3 | 曷一開
| |
| | rowspan = 3 | ât
| |
| | rowspan = 3 | at
| |
| | rowspan="3" |at
| |
| | T,l
| |
| | a [ɑ]
| |
| | aat [aːt]
| |
| | at [at]
| |
| | ad [at]
| |
| | aq [aʔ]
| |
| |ati [atɕi], atu [atsu]
| |
| |atu [atsu]
| |
| |al [al]
| |
| |at [at]
| |
| | a(ʔ)
| |
| |-
| |
| | S
| |
| | a [ɑ]
| |
| | aat [aːt]
| |
| | at [at]
| |
| | ad [at]
| |
| | aq [aʔ]
| |
| |ati [atɕi], atu [atsu]
| |
| |atu [atsu]
| |
| |al [al]
| |
| |at [at]
| |
| | a(ʔ)
| |
| |-
| |
| | K
| |
| | e [ɤ]
| |
| | ot [ɔːt] <br /> aat [aːt] < ng,ʔ_
| |
| | at [at]
| |
| | od [ot]
| |
| | eq [əʔ]
| |
| |ati [atɕi], atu [atsu]
| |
| |atu [atsu]
| |
| |al [al]
| |
| |at [at]
| |
| | ɔ(ʔ)
| |
| |-
| |
| ! rowspan = 3 | 黠二開
| |
| | rowspan = 3 | at
| |
| | rowspan = 3 | æt
| |
| | rowspan="2" |aːt
| |
| | P
| |
| | a [ɑ]
| |
| | aat [aːt]
| |
| | at [at]
| |
| | ad [at]
| |
| | aq [aʔ]
| |
| |eti [etɕi], etu [etsu]
| |
| |atu [atsu]
| |
| |al [al]
| |
| |at [at]
| |
| | (a(ʔ)?)
| |
| |-
| |
| | SR
| |
| | a [ɑ]
| |
| | aat [aːt]
| |
| | at [at]
| |
| | ad [at]
| |
| | aq [aʔ]
| |
| |eti [etɕi], etu [etsu]
| |
| |atu [atsu]
| |
| |al [al]
| |
| |at [at]
| |
| | a(ʔ)
| |
| |-
| |
| |jaːt
| |
| | K
| |
| | ia [iɑ]
| |
| | at [ɐt]
| |
| | at [at]
| |
| | ad [at] (瞎) <br /> od [ot] (轄)
| |
| | aq [aʔ]
| |
| |eti [etɕi], etu [etsu]
| |
| |atu [atsu]
| |
| |al [al]
| |
| |at [at]
| |
| | jɛ(ʔ) > ja(ʔ)
| |
| |-
| |
| ! rowspan = 3 | 鎋二開
| |
| | rowspan = 3 | ăt
| |
| | rowspan = 3 | ɛt
| |
| | rowspan="2" |aːt
| |
| | P
| |
| | a [ɑ]
| |
| | aat [aːt]
| |
| | at [at]
| |
| | ad [at]
| |
| | aq [aʔ]
| |
| |eti [etɕi], etu [etsu] <br /> but ati [atɕi] (八)
| |
| |atu [atsu]
| |
| |al [al]
| |
| |at [at]
| |
| | (a(ʔ)???)
| |
| |-
| |
| | SR
| |
| | a [ɑ]
| |
| | aat [aːt]
| |
| | at [at]
| |
| | ad [at]
| |
| | aq [aʔ]
| |
| |eti [etɕi], etu [etsu]
| |
| |atu [atsu]
| |
| |al [al]
| |
| |at [at]
| |
| | (a(ʔ)???)
| |
| |-
| |
| |jaːt
| |
| | K
| |
| | ia [iɑ]
| |
| | aat [aːt]
| |
| | at [at]
| |
| |
| |
| | aq [aʔ]
| |
| |eti [etɕi], etu [etsu]
| |
| |atu [atsu]
| |
| |al [al]
| |
| |iêt [iə̯t]
| |
| | jɛ(ʔ) > ja(ʔ)
| |
| |-
| |
| ! 月三開
| |
| | i̯ɒt
| |
| | jot
| |
| |iat
| |
| | K
| |
| | ie [iɛ]
| |
| | it [iːt]
| |
| | iat [iat]
| |
| | iad [iat]
| |
| | iq [iɪʔ]
| |
| |oti [otɕi], otu [otsu]
| |
| |etu [etsu]
| |
| |al [al]
| |
| |iêt [iə̯t]
| |
| | jɛ(ʔ)
| |
| |-
| |
| ! rowspan = 7 | 薛三開
| |
| | rowspan = 7 | i̯ät
| |
| | rowspan = 7 | j(i)et
| |
| |jiat
| |
| | P
| |
| | ie [iɛ]
| |
| | it [iːt]
| |
| | iat [iat]
| |
| | ied [iat]
| |
| | iq [iɪʔ]
| |
| |eti [etɕi], etu [etsu]
| |
| |etu [etsu]
| |
| |yeol [jʌl]
| |
| |iêt [iə̯t]
| |
| | jɛ(ʔ)
| |
| |-
| |
| | rowspan="2" |iat
| |
| | l
| |
| | ie [iɛ]
| |
| | it [iːt]
| |
| | iat [iat]
| |
| | iêd [iet]
| |
| | iq [iɪʔ]
| |
| |eti [etɕi], etu [etsu]
| |
| |etu [etsu]
| |
| |yeol [jʌl]
| |
| |iêt [iə̯t]
| |
| | jɛ(ʔ)
| |
| |-
| |
| | TR
| |
| | e [ɤ]
| |
| | it [iːt]
| |
| | iat [iat]
| |
| | ad [at]
| |
| | eq [əʔ]
| |
| |eti [etɕi], etu [etsu]
| |
| |etu [etsu]
| |
| |yeol [jʌl]
| |
| |iêt [iə̯t]
| |
| | jɛ(ʔ) > ɛ(ʔ)
| |
| |-
| |
| | at
| |
| | SR
| |
| | e [ɤ]
| |
| | aat [aːt]
| |
| |
| |
| |
| |
| |
| |
| |eti [etɕi], etu [etsu]
| |
| |etu [etsu]
| |
| |al [al]
| |
| |iêt [iə̯t]
| |
| | (ʅ(ʔ) > ə(ʔ)????)
| |
| |-
| |
| | rowspan="2" |iat
| |
| | SY
| |
| | e [ɤ]
| |
| | it [iːt]
| |
| | iat [iat]
| |
| | ad [at] <br />
| |
| iad [iat] /ny_
| |
| | eq [əʔ] <br />
| |
| iq [iɪʔ] /ny_
| |
| |eti [etɕi], etu [etsu]
| |
| |etu [etsu]
| |
| |eol [ʌl]
| |
| |iêt [iə̯t]
| |
| | jɛ(ʔ) > ɛ(ʔ)
| |
| |-
| |
| | S
| |
| | ie [iɛ] <br /> but üe [yɛ] (薛)
| |
| | it [iːt]
| |
| | iat [iat]
| |
| | ied [iet]
| |
| | iq [iɪʔ]
| |
| |eti [etɕi], etu [etsu]
| |
| |etu [etsu]
| |
| |eol [ʌl]
| |
| |iêt [iə̯t]
| |
| | jɛ(ʔ)
| |
| |-
| |
| |jiat
| |
| | K
| |
| | ie [iɛ]
| |
| | it [iːt]
| |
| | iat [iat]
| |
| | iad [iat]
| |
| | iq [iɪʔ]
| |
| |eti [etɕi], etu [etsu]
| |
| |etu [etsu]
| |
| |eol [ʌl]
| |
| |iêt [iə̯t]
| |
| | jɛ(ʔ)
| |
| |-
| |
| ! rowspan = 4 | 屑四開
| |
| | rowspan = 4 | iet
| |
| | rowspan = 4 | et
| |
| |jiat
| |
| | P
| |
| | ie [iɛ]
| |
| | it [iːt]
| |
| | iat [iat]
| |
| | iêd [iet]
| |
| | iq [iɪʔ]
| |
| |eti [etɕi], etu [etsu]
| |
| |etu [etsu]
| |
| |yeol [jʌl]
| |
| |iêt [iə̯t]
| |
| | jɛ(ʔ)
| |
| |-
| |
| | rowspan="2" |iat
| |
| | T,l
| |
| | ie [iɛ]
| |
| | it [iːt]
| |
| | iat [iat]
| |
| | iêd [iet]
| |
| | iq [iɪʔ]
| |
| |eti [etɕi], etu [etsu]
| |
| |etu [etsu]
| |
| |yeol [jʌl] /th,d,n,l_
| |
| il [il] /t,d_
| |
| |iêt [iə̯t]
| |
| | jɛ(ʔ)
| |
| |-
| |
| | S
| |
| | ie [iɛ]
| |
| | it [iːt]
| |
| | iat [iat]
| |
| | iêd [iet]
| |
| | iq [iɪʔ]
| |
| |eti [etɕi], etu [etsu]
| |
| |etu [etsu]
| |
| |eol [ʌl]
| |
| |iêt [iə̯t]
| |
| | jɛ(ʔ)
| |
| |-
| |
| |jiat
| |
| | K
| |
| | ie [iɛ]
| |
| | it [iːt]
| |
| | iat [iat]
| |
| | iad [iat]
| |
| | iq [iɪʔ]
| |
| |eti [etɕi], etu [etsu]
| |
| |etu [etsu]
| |
| |yeol [jʌl]
| |
| eol [ʌl] /ng_
| |
| |iêt [iə̯t]
| |
| êt [et] /k_ (結)
| |
| | jɛ(ʔ)<br />(can be /j/+/jɛ/)
| |
| |}
| |
|
| |
| === 山攝（合口舒聲） Shan She (Hekou, Nasal Coda) ===
| |
|
| |
| {| {{bluetable2|lightbluebg}}
| |
| |-
| |
| ! rowspan = 2 | Rime
| |
| ! colspan="3" | Middle Chinese
| |
| ! rowspan = 2 | C_
| |
| ! rowspan = 2 | Mandarin <br> Beijing
| |
| ! rowspan = 2 | Yue <br> Canton
| |
| ! rowspan = 2 | Minnan <br> Amoy
| |
| ! rowspan = 2 | Hakka <br> Moiyan
| |
| ! rowspan = 2 | Wu <br> Shanghai
| |
| ! colspan = 2 | Japanese
| |
| ! rowspan = 2 | Korean
| |
| ! rowspan="2" | Vietnamese
| |
| ! rowspan="2" | Old Mandarin
| |
| |-
| |
| ! <small>Karlgren</small>
| |
| ! <small>Baxter</small>
| |
| ! <small>LMC</small>
| |
| ! Go-On
| |
| ! Kan-On
| |
| |-
| |
| ! rowspan = 4 | 桓一合
| |
| | rowspan = 4 | uân
| |
| | rowspan = 4 | wan
| |
| | rowspan="4" |uan
| |
| | P
| |
| | an [an]
| |
| | un [uːn] <br /> but aan [aːn] <br /> (饅幔漫)
| |
| | oan [uan]
| |
| | an [an]
| |
| | oe [ø]
| |
| |an [aɴ]
| |
| |an [aɴ]
| |
| |an [an]
| |
| |an [an]
| |
| | ɔn > wɔn
| |
| |-
| |
| | T,l
| |
| | uan [uan]
| |
| | yun [yːn]
| |
| | oan [uan]
| |
| | on [on]
| |
| | oe [ø]
| |
| |an [aɴ]
| |
| |an [aɴ]
| |
| |an [an]
| |
| |oan [wan]
| |
| | ɔn > wɔn
| |
| |-
| |
| | S
| |
| | uan [uan]
| |
| | yun [yːn]
| |
| | oan [uan]
| |
| | on [on]
| |
| | oe [ø]
| |
| |an [aɴ]
| |
| |an [aɴ]
| |
| |an [an]
| |
| |oan [wan]
| |
| | ɔn > wɔn
| |
| |-
| |
| | K
| |
| | uan [uan]
| |
| | un [uːn] <br />
| |
| wun [wuːn] < ng_
| |
| | oan [uan]
| |
| | uon [uon] /k_ <br />
| |
| fon [fon] < x_1,h_2 <br />
| |
| von [von] < x,h,ʔ_3 <br />
| |
| van [van] < h,ʔ_1 <br /> but yan [ian] (丸院)
| |
| | uoe [uø]
| |
| |wan [aɴ]
| |
| [waɴ] /ʔ_
| |
| |wan [aɴ]
| |
| [waɴ] /ʔ_
| |
| |wan [wan]
| |
| |oan/(q)uan [wan]
| |
| | ɔn > wɔn
| |
| |-
| |
| ! rowspan = 2 | 刪二合
| |
| | rowspan = 2 | wan
| |
| | rowspan = 2 | wæn
| |
| | rowspan="2" |waːn
| |
| | SR
| |
| | uan [uan]
| |
| | aan [aːn]
| |
| | oan [uan]
| |
| | on [on]
| |
| | oe [ø]
| |
| |en [eɴ]
| |
| |an [aɴ]
| |
| |an [an]
| |
| |oan [wan]
| |
| | wan
| |
| |-
| |
| | K
| |
| | uan [uan]
| |
| | waan [ʷaːn] <br />
| |
| waan [waːn] < ng_
| |
| | oan [uan]
| |
| | uan [uan] /k_ <br />
| |
| an [an] /h,ʔ_
| |
| | ue [ue]
| |
| |wen [eɴ]
| |
| |wan [aɴ]
| |
| [waɴ] /ʔ_
| |
| |wan [wan]
| |
| |oan/(q)uan [wan]
| |
| | wan
| |
| |-
| |
| ! 山二合
| |
| | wăn
| |
| | wɛn
| |
| |waːn
| |
| | K
| |
| | uan [uan]
| |
| | waan [ʷaːn]
| |
| | oan [uan]
| |
| | uan [uan]
| |
| | ue [ue]
| |
| |wen [eɴ]
| |
| |wan [aɴ]
| |
| |wan [wan]
| |
| |uyên [wiə̯n]
| |
| | wan
| |
| |-
| |
| ! rowspan = 2 | 元三合
| |
| | rowspan = 2 | i̯wɒn
| |
| | rowspan = 2 | jwon
| |
| | rowspan="2" |yan
| |
| | F
| |
| | an [an]
| |
| | aan [aːn]
| |
| | oan [uan]
| |
| | an [an]
| |
| | e [e]
| |
| |on [oɴ]
| |
| |an [aɴ]
| |
| |eon [ʌn] /_1
| |
| an [an] /_23
| |
| |iên [iə̯n], an [an]
| |
| an [an] /m_
| |
| | (f)an
| |
| |-
| |
| | K
| |
| | üan [yɛn] <br /> but ruan [ɻuan] (阮) <br />
| |
| wan [ʋan] < ʔ_X
| |
| | yun [yːn]
| |
| | oan [uan]
| |
| | ian [ian]
| |
| | ioe [yø]
| |
| |on [oɴ]
| |
| won [oɴ] /ʔ_
| |
| |wen [eɴ]
| |
| |won [wʌn]
| |
| |uyên [wiə̯n]
| |
| | ɥɛn
| |
| |-
| |
| ! rowspan = 6 | 仙三合
| |
| | rowspan = 6 | i̯wän
| |
| | rowspan = 6 | jw(i)en
| |
| | rowspan="2" |yan
| |
| | l
| |
| | ian [iɛn] (戀) <br /> or uan [uan] (孌)
| |
| | yun [yːn]
| |
| | oan [uan]
| |
| | iên [ien]
| |
| | i [i]
| |
| |en [eɴ]
| |
| |en [eɴ]
| |
| |yeon [jʌn]
| |
| |uyên [wiə̯n]
| |
| | ɥɔn > ɥɛn
| |
| |-
| |
| | TR
| |
| | uan [uan]
| |
| | yun [yːn]
| |
| | oan [uan]
| |
| | on [on]
| |
| | oe [ø]
| |
| |en [eɴ]
| |
| |en [eɴ]
| |
| |yeon [jʌn]
| |
| |uyên [wiə̯n]
| |
| | ɥɛn > wɛn
| |
| |-
| |
| |uan
| |
| | SR
| |
| | uan [uan]
| |
| | yun [yːn]
| |
| | oan [uan]
| |
| | on [on]
| |
| | oe [ø]
| |
| |en [eɴ]
| |
| |en [eɴ]
| |
| |eon [ʌn]
| |
| |uyên [wiə̯n]
| |
| oan [wan] /dzr_
| |
| | wan
| |
| |-
| |
| | rowspan="2" |yan
| |
| | SY
| |
| | uan [uan]
| |
| | yun [yːn]
| |
| | oan [uan]
| |
| | on [on] <br />
| |
| ion [ion] /ny_
| |
| | oe [ø] <br />
| |
| ioe [yø] /ny_
| |
| |en [eɴ]
| |
| |en [eɴ]
| |
| |eon [ʌn]
| |
| |uyên [wiə̯n]
| |
| | ɥɛn > wɛn
| |
| |-
| |
| | S
| |
| | üan [yɛn]
| |
| | yun [yːn]
| |
| | oan [uan]
| |
| | iên [ien]
| |
| | i [i]
| |
| |en [eɴ]
| |
| |en [eɴ]
| |
| |eon [ʌn]
| |
| |uyên [wiə̯n] <br /> but oan [wan] (全)
| |
| | ɥɛn
| |
| |-
| |
| |jyan
| |
| | K
| |
| | üan [yɛn] <br /> but ian [iɛn] (沿鉛)
| |
| | yun [yːn]
| |
| | oan [uan] <br />
| |
| ian [ian] /j_
| |
| | ian [ian]
| |
| | ioe [yø]
| |
| |wen [eɴ]
| |
| |wen [eɴ]
| |
| |yeon [jʌn] (CN-A)
| |
| won [wʌn] (CN-B) <br /> but yeon [jʌn] /y_
| |
| |uyên [wiə̯n]
| |
| iên [iə̯n] /h_
| |
| | ɥɛn (CN-A)<br />ɥɔn (CN-B)<br />jɥɛn /y_<br />(MGZY);<br />> ɥɛn (Trigault)
| |
| |-
| |
| ! 先四合
| |
| | iwen
| |
| | wen
| |
| |jyan
| |
| | K
| |
| | üan [yɛn] <br /> but ian [iɛn] (縣)
| |
| | yun [yːn]
| |
| | ian [ian] <br />
| |
| oan [uan] /k,x_
| |
| | ian [ian]
| |
| | ioe [yø]
| |
| |wen [eɴ]
| |
| |wen [eɴ]
| |
| |yeon [jʌn]
| |
| |uyên [wiə̯n]
| |
| | ɥɛn
| |
| |}
| |
|
| |
| === 山攝（合口入聲） Shan She (Hekou, Plosive Coda) ===
| |
|
| |
| {| {{bluetable2|lightbluebg}}
| |
| |-
| |
| ! rowspan = 2 | Rime
| |
| ! colspan="3" | Middle Chinese
| |
| ! rowspan = 2 | C_
| |
| ! rowspan = 2 | Mandarin <br> Beijing
| |
| ! rowspan = 2 | Yue <br> Canton
| |
| ! rowspan = 2 | Minnan <br> Amoy
| |
| ! rowspan = 2 | Hakka <br> Moiyan
| |
| ! rowspan = 2 | Wu <br> Shanghai
| |
| ! colspan = 2 | Japanese
| |
| ! rowspan = 2 | Korean
| |
| ! rowspan="2" | Vietnamese
| |
| ! rowspan="2" | Old Mandarin
| |
| |-
| |
| ! <small>Karlgren</small>
| |
| ! <small>Baxter</small>
| |
| ! <small>LMC</small>
| |
| ! Go-On
| |
| ! Kan-On
| |
| |-
| |
| ! rowspan = 4 | 末一合
| |
| | rowspan = 4 | uât
| |
| | rowspan = 4 | wat
| |
| | rowspan="4" |uat
| |
| | P
| |
| | o [uo]
| |
| | ut [uːt]
| |
| | oat [uat]
| |
| | ad [at]
| |
| | eq [əʔ]
| |
| |ati [atɕi], atu [atsu]
| |
| |atu [atsu]
| |
| | al [al]
| |
| |at [at]
| |
| | wɔ(ʔ) > ɔ(ʔ)
| |
| |-
| |
| | T,l
| |
| | uo [uo]
| |
| | yut [yːt]
| |
| | oat [uat]
| |
| | od [ot]
| |
| | eq [əʔ]
| |
| |ati [atɕi], atu [atsu]
| |
| |atu [atsu]
| |
| |al [al]
| |
| |oat [wat]
| |
| | wɔ(ʔ) > ɔ(ʔ)
| |
| |-
| |
| | S
| |
| | uo [uo]
| |
| | yut [yːt]
| |
| | oat [uat]
| |
| | od [ot]
| |
| | eq [əʔ]
| |
| |ati [atɕi], atu [atsu]
| |
| |atu [atsu]
| |
| |al [al]
| |
| |oat [wat]
| |
| | wɔ(ʔ) > ɔ(ʔ)
| |
| |-
| |
| | K
| |
| | uo [uo] <br />
| |
| kuo [kʰuo] /k_
| |
| | kut [kʰuːt] <br /> but fut [fuːt] (闊) <br />
| |
| wut [wuːt] < h_ <br />
| |
| waat [waːt] < ʔ_ <br />
| |
| | oat [uat]
| |
| | fad [fat] (活闊) <br /> guad [kuat] (括)
| |
| | uaq [uaʔ] <br /> but ueq [uəʔ] (活闊)
| |
| |wati [atɕi], watu [atsu]
| |
| wati [watɕi] /ʔ_
| |
| |watu [atsu]
| |
| [watsu] /ʔ_
| |
| |wal [wal]
| |
| al [al] /ʔ_
| |
| |oat/(q)uat [wat]
| |
| | wɔ(ʔ)
| |
| |-
| |
| ! rowspan = 2 | 黠二合
| |
| | rowspan = 2 | wat
| |
| | rowspan = 2 | wæt
| |
| | rowspan="2" |waːt
| |
| | SR
| |
| | ua [uɑ]
| |
| | aat [aːt]
| |
| | oat [uat]
| |
| | od [ot]
| |
| | eq [əʔ]
| |
| |eti [etɕi]
| |
| |atu [atsu]
| |
| |al [al]
| |
| |oat [wat]
| |
| | wa(ʔ)
| |
| |-
| |
| | K
| |
| | ua [uɑ]
| |
| | waat [ʷaːt]
| |
| | oat [uat]
| |
| | uad [uat]
| |
| | uaq [uaʔ]
| |
| |weti [etɕi]
| |
| |watu [atsu]
| |
| [watsu] /ʔ_
| |
| |wal [wal]
| |
| |oat/(q)uat [wat]
| |
| | wa(ʔ)
| |
| |-
| |
| ! 鎋二合
| |
| | wăt
| |
| | wɛt
| |
| |waːt
| |
| | K
| |
| | ua [uɑ]
| |
| | waat [ʷaːt]
| |
| | oat [uat]
| |
| | vad [vat] < h_
| |
| | uaq [uaʔ]
| |
| |weti [etɕi]
| |
| |watu [atsu]
| |
| [watsu] /ʔ_
| |
| |wal [wal]
| |
| al [al] /ʔ_
| |
| |ôt [ot]
| |
| | wa(ʔ)
| |
| |-
| |
| ! rowspan = 2 | 月三合
| |
| | rowspan = 2 | i̯wɒt
| |
| | rowspan = 2 | jwot
| |
| | rowspan="2" |yat
| |
| | F
| |
| | a [ɑ]
| |
| | at [ɐt] <br /> aat [aːt] /p_
| |
| | oat [uat]
| |
| | ad [at]
| |
| | aq [aʔ]
| |
| |oti [otɕi], otu [otsu]
| |
| |atu [atsu]
| |
| |eol [ʌl]
| |
| also wol [wʌl] /b_
| |
| |iêt [iə̯t] <br /> but at [at] (閥)
| |
| | (f)a(ʔ)
| |
| |-
| |
| | K
| |
| | üe [yɛ]
| |
| | yut [yːt]
| |
| | oat [uat]
| |
| | iad [iat]
| |
| | ioq [ioʔ], iuq [yɪʔ]
| |
| |oti [otɕi], atu [atsu]
| |
| woti [otɕi] < h_
| |
| |wetu [etsu]
| |
| |wol [wʌl]
| |
| |uyêt [wiə̯t]
| |
| iêt [iə̯t] /h_
| |
| | ɥɛ(ʔ),<br />wɛ(ʔ) k_ (and 闕)<br />> ɥɛ(ʔ)
| |
| |-
| |
| ! rowspan = 6 | 薛三合
| |
| | rowspan = 6 | i̯wät
| |
| | rowspan = 6 | jw(i)et
| |
| | rowspan="2" |yat
| |
| | l
| |
| | üe [yɛ] <br /> but ie [iɛ] (劣)
| |
| | yut [yːt]
| |
| | oat [uat]
| |
| | od [ot]
| |
| | iq [iɪʔ]
| |
| |eti [etɕi], etu [etsu]
| |
| |etu [etsu]
| |
| |yeol [jʌl]
| |
| |iêt [iə̯t]
| |
| | ɥɛ(ʔ)
| |
| |-
| |
| | TR
| |
| | uo [uo]
| |
| | yut [yːt]
| |
| | oat [uat]
| |
| | od [ot]
| |
| | eq [əʔ], oq [oʔ]
| |
| |eti [etɕi], etu [etsu]
| |
| |etu [etsu]
| |
| |yeol [jʌl]
| |
| |uyêt [wiə̯t]
| |
| | ɥɛ(ʔ) > wɛ(ʔ)
| |
| |-
| |
| |uat
| |
| | SR
| |
| | uo [uo]
| |
| | yut [yːt]
| |
| | oat [uat]
| |
| | od [ot]
| |
| | eq [əʔ], oq [oʔ]
| |
| |eti [etɕi], etu [etsu]
| |
| |etu [etsu]
| |
| |wal [wal]
| |
| |uyêt [wiə̯t]
| |
| | (wa(ʔ)???)
| |
| |-
| |
| | rowspan="2" |yat
| |
| | SY
| |
| | uo [uo]
| |
| | yut [yːt]
| |
| | oat [uat]
| |
| | od [ot]
| |
| | eq [əʔ], oq [oʔ]
| |
| |eti [etɕi], etu [etsu]
| |
| |etu [etsu]
| |
| |eol [ʌl]
| |
| |uyêt [wiə̯t]
| |
| iêt [iə̯t] /ny_
| |
| | ɥɛ(ʔ) > wɛ(ʔ)
| |
| |-
| |
| | S
| |
| | üe [yɛ]
| |
| | yut [yːt]
| |
| | oat [uat]
| |
| | iêd [iet]
| |
| | iq [iɪʔ]
| |
| |eti [etɕi], etu [etsu]
| |
| |etu [etsu]
| |
| |eol [ʌl]
| |
| |uyêt [wiə̯t]
| |
| | ɥɛ(ʔ)
| |
| |-
| |
| |jyat
| |
| | K
| |
| | üe [yɛ]
| |
| | yut [yːt]
| |
| | oat [uat]
| |
| | iad [iat]
| |
| | ioq [ioʔ], iuq [yɪʔ]
| |
| |weti [etɕi]
| |
| |wetu [etsu]
| |
| |yeol [jʌl]
| |
| eol [ʌl] /k,ʔ_
| |
| |uyêt [wiə̯t]
| |
| | ɥɛ(ʔ)
| |
| |-
| |
| ! 屑四合
| |
| | iwet
| |
| | wet
| |
| |jyat
| |
| | K
| |
| | üe [yɛ] <br /> but ie [iɛ] (血<sub>白</sub>)
| |
| | yut [yːt] <br />
| |
| kyut [kʰyːt] < k,kh_
| |
| | oat [uat] <br />
| |
| iat [iat] /x,h_
| |
| | iad [iat]
| |
| | ioq [ioʔ], iuq [yɪʔ]
| |
| |weti [etɕi]
| |
| |wetu [etsu]
| |
| |yeol [jʌl]
| |
| |uyêt [wiə̯t]
| |
| | ɥɛ(ʔ)
| |
| |}
| |
|
| |
| === 臻攝（開口） Zhen She (Kaikou) ===
| |
| {| {{bluetable2|lightbluebg}}
| |
| |-
| |
| ! rowspan = 2 | Rime
| |
| ! colspan="3" | Middle Chinese
| |
| ! rowspan = 2 | C_
| |
| ! rowspan = 2 | Mandarin <br> Beijing
| |
| ! rowspan = 2 | Yue <br> Canton
| |
| ! rowspan = 2 | Minnan <br> Amoy
| |
| ! rowspan = 2 | Hakka <br> Moiyan
| |
| ! rowspan = 2 | Wu <br> Shanghai
| |
| ! colspan = 2 | Japanese
| |
| ! rowspan = 2 | Korean
| |
| ! rowspan="2" | Vietnamese
| |
| ! rowspan="2" | Old Mandarin
| |
| |-
| |
| ! <small>Karlgren</small>
| |
| ! <small>Baxter</small>
| |
| ! <small>LMC</small>
| |
| ! Go-On
| |
| ! Kan-On
| |
| |-
| |
| ! rowspan = 2 | 痕一開
| |
| | rowspan = 2 |ən
| |
| | rowspan = 2 |on
| |
| | rowspan="2" |ən
| |
| | th
| |
| | un [uən] (吞)
| |
| | an [ɐn] (吞)
| |
| | un [un] (吞)
| |
| | un [un] (吞)
| |
| | en [ən] (吞)
| |
| | on [oɴ] (吞)
| |
| | on [oɴ] (吞)
| |
| |an [an] (吞)
| |
| |ôn [on] (吞)
| |
| |ɨn > un
| |
| |-
| |
| | K
| |
| | en [ən]
| |
| | an [ɐn]<br />
| |
| jan [jɐn] < ʔ_
| |
| | un [un]
| |
| | ên [en]
| |
| | en [ən]
| |
| | on [oɴ]
| |
| | on [oɴ]
| |
| |eun [ɯn] /_1
| |
| an [an] /_23 <br /> but eun [ɯn] (很)
| |
| |ân [ə̆n]
| |
| |ɨn ~ ən
| |
| |-
| |
| ! 欣三開
| |
| | jən
| |
| | jɨn
| |
| |in
| |
| | K
| |
| | in [in]
| |
| | an [ɐn]<br />
| |
| | un [un]
| |
| | in [in] <br />
| |
| iun [iun] /g,ng_
| |
| | in [in]
| |
| | on [oɴ]
| |
| | in [iɴ]
| |
| |eun [ɯn]
| |
| |ân [ə̆n]
| |
| |(j)in > in
| |
| |-
| |
| ! rowspan = 6 | 真三開
| |
| | rowspan = 6 | jĕn
| |
| | rowspan = 6 | (j)in
| |
| |jin
| |
| | P
| |
| | in [in]
| |
| | an [ɐn]
| |
| | in [in]
| |
| | in [in]
| |
| | in [in]
| |
| | in [iɴ]
| |
| | in [iɴ]
| |
| |in [in]
| |
| |ân [ə̆n]
| |
| |in
| |
| |-
| |
| | rowspan="4" |in
| |
| | l
| |
| | in [in]
| |
| | eon [ɵn]
| |
| | in [in]
| |
| | in [in]
| |
| | in [in]
| |
| | in [iɴ]
| |
| | in [iɴ]
| |
| |in [in]
| |
| |ân [ə̆n]
| |
| |in
| |
| |-
| |
| | TR
| |
| | en [ən]
| |
| | an [ɐn]
| |
| | in [in]
| |
| | en [ən]
| |
| | en [ən]
| |
| | in [iɴ]
| |
| | in [iɴ]
| |
| |in [in]
| |
| |ân [ə̆n]
| |
| |in > ɨn
| |
| |-
| |
| | SY
| |
| | en [ən]
| |
| | an [ɐn]
| |
| | in [in]
| |
| | en [ən] <br />
| |
| iun [iun] /ny_ <br /> but yin [in] (仁)
| |
| | en [ən]
| |
| | in [iɴ]
| |
| | in [iɴ]
| |
| |in [in]
| |
| |ân [ə̆n]
| |
| |in > ɨn
| |
| |-
| |
| | S
| |
| | in [in] <br /> but ün [yn] (訊汛)
| |
| | eon [ɵn] <br />
| |
| an [ɐn] /tsh,s_1
| |
| | in [in]
| |
| | in [in]
| |
| | in [in]
| |
| | in [iɴ]
| |
| | in [iɴ]
| |
| |in [in]
| |
| |ân [ə̆n]
| |
| |in
| |
| |-
| |
| |jin
| |
| | K
| |
| | in [in]
| |
| | an [ɐn] <br />
| |
| | in [in]
| |
| | in [in] <br />
| |
| iun [iun] /g,ng_
| |
| | in [in]
| |
| | in [iɴ] (CN-A)<br />
| |
| on [oɴ] (CN-B)
| |
| | in [iɴ]
| |
| |in [in] /k,h,ʔ,y_ <br /> but eon [ʌn] (巾)
| |
| eun [ɯn] /kh,g,x,ng_
| |
| |ân [ə̆n]
| |
| |jin > in (CN-A)<br />in (CN-B)
| |
| |-
| |
| ! 臻三開
| |
| | jɛn
| |
| | in
| |
| |ən
| |
| | SR
| |
| | en [ən]
| |
| | an [ɐn] <br />
| |
| eon [ɵn] /tsr_
| |
| | in [in]
| |
| | in [in]
| |
| | en [ən]
| |
| | in [iɴ]
| |
| | in [iɴ]
| |
| |in [in]
| |
| |ân [ə̆n]
| |
| ăn [ăn] /tsr_
| |
| |ɨn
| |
| |-
| |
| ! 麧一開
| |
| | ət
| |
| | ot
| |
| |ət
| |
| | h
| |
| | e [ɤ]
| |
| | at [ɐt]
| |
| |
| |
| | êd [et](?)
| |
| |
| |
| | oti [otɕi], otu [otsu]
| |
| | otu [otsu]
| |
| |eol [ʌl]
| |
| |ôt [ot]
| |
| |(ɨ(ʔ)????)
| |
| |-
| |
| ! 迄三開
| |
| | jət
| |
| | jɨt
| |
| |it
| |
| | K
| |
| | i [i]
| |
| | at [ɐt]
| |
| | it [it]
| |
| | id [it]
| |
| | iq [iɪʔ]
| |
| | oti [otɕi]
| |
| | itu [itsu]
| |
| |eul [ɯl] <br /> but eol [ʌl] (乞)
| |
| |ât [ə̆t]
| |
| |i(ʔ) ~ ɪ(ʔ)
| |
| |-
| |
| ! rowspan = 6 | 質三開
| |
| | rowspan = 6 | jĕt
| |
| | rowspan = 6 | (j)it
| |
| |jit
| |
| | P
| |
| | i [i]
| |
| | at [ɐt] <br /> but it [iːt] (必)
| |
| | it [it]
| |
| | id [it] <br />
| |
| êd [et] /m_
| |
| | iq [iɪʔ]
| |
| | iti [itɕi]
| |
| | itu [itsu]
| |
| |il [il]
| |
| |ât [ə̆t]
| |
| |i(ʔ) ~ ɪ(ʔ)
| |
| |-
| |
| | rowspan="4" |it
| |
| | l
| |
| | i [i]
| |
| | eot [ɵt]
| |
| | it [it]
| |
| | id [it]
| |
| | iq [iɪʔ]
| |
| | iti [itɕi]
| |
| | itu [itsu]
| |
| |yul [jul]
| |
| |ât [ə̆t]
| |
| |i(ʔ) ~ ɪ(ʔ)
| |
| |-
| |
| | TR
| |
| | i [ʅ]
| |
| | at [ɐt] <br /> but dit [tiːt] (秩)
| |
| | it [it]
| |
| | ed [ət]
| |
| | eq [əʔ]
| |
| | iti [itɕi]
| |
| | itu [itsu]
| |
| |il [il]
| |
| |ât [ə̆t]
| |
| |i(ʔ) > ə(ʔ)
| |
| |-
| |
| | SY
| |
| | i [ʅ]
| |
| | at [ɐt]
| |
| | it [it]
| |
| | ed [ət] <br/>
| |
| id [it] /ny_
| |
| | eq [əʔ]
| |
| also iq [iɪʔ] /ny_
| |
| | iti [itɕi]
| |
| | itu [itsu]
| |
| |il [il]
| |
| |ât [ə̆t]
| |
| |i(ʔ) > ə(ʔ)
| |
| |-
| |
| | S
| |
| | i [i]
| |
| | at [ɐt]
| |
| | it [it]
| |
| | id [it]
| |
| | iq [iɪʔ]
| |
| | iti [itɕi]
| |
| | itu [itsu]
| |
| |il [il], eul [ɯl]
| |
| |ât [ə̆t]
| |
| |i(ʔ) ~ ɪ(ʔ)
| |
| |-
| |
| |jit
| |
| | K
| |
| | i [i]
| |
| | at [ɐt] <br /> but yut [yːt] (乙)
| |
| | it [it]
| |
| | id [it] <br /> but iad [iat] (乙)
| |
| | iq [iɪʔ]
| |
| | oti [otɕi], otu [otsu]
| |
| | itu [itsu]
| |
| |il [il] <br /> but eul [ɯl] (乙)
| |
| |ât [ə̆t]
| |
| |ji(ʔ) > ɪ(ʔ) (CN-A)<br />i(ʔ) > ɪ(ʔ) (CN-B)
| |
| |-
| |
| ! 櫛三開
| |
| | jɛt
| |
| | it
| |
| |ət
| |
| | SR
| |
| | e [ɤ] (瑟) <br /> i [ʅ] (櫛<sub>陸</sub>蝨) <br /> ie [iɛ] (櫛<sub>台</sub>)
| |
| | at [ɐt] <br /> but it [iːt] (櫛)
| |
| | it [it]
| |
| | id [it] (瑟) <br /> êd [et] (蝨) <br /> iêd [iet] (櫛)
| |
| | əq [əʔ]
| |
| | iti [itɕi]
| |
| | itu [itsu]
| |
| |eul [ɯl] <br /> but il [il] (蟋)
| |
| |ât [ə̆t]
| |
| |ʅ(ʔ) > ə(ʔ)
| |
| |}
| |
|
| |
| === 臻攝（合口） Zhen She (Hekou) ===
| |
| {| {{bluetable2|lightbluebg}}
| |
| |-
| |
| ! rowspan = 2 | Rime
| |
| ! colspan="3" | Middle Chinese
| |
| ! rowspan = 2 | C_
| |
| ! rowspan = 2 | Mandarin <br> Beijing
| |
| ! rowspan = 2 | Yue <br> Canton
| |
| ! rowspan = 2 | Minnan <br> Amoy
| |
| ! rowspan = 2 | Hakka <br> Moiyan
| |
| ! rowspan = 2 | Wu <br> Shanghai
| |
| ! colspan = 2 | Japanese
| |
| ! rowspan = 2 | Korean
| |
| ! rowspan="2" | Vietnamese
| |
| ! rowspan="2" | Old Mandarin
| |
| |-
| |
| ! <small>Karlgren</small>
| |
| ! <small>Baxter</small>
| |
| ! <small>LMC</small>
| |
| ! Go-On
| |
| ! Kan-On
| |
| |-
| |
| ! rowspan = 4 | 魂一合
| |
| | rowspan = 4 |uən
| |
| | rowspan = 4 |won
| |
| | rowspan="4" |un
| |
| | P
| |
| | en [ən]
| |
| | an [ɐn], un [uːn]
| |
| | un [un]
| |
| | un [un]
| |
| | en [ən]
| |
| |on [oɴ]
| |
| |on [oɴ]
| |
| |un [un] <br /> but on [on] (本)
| |
| |ôn [on]
| |
| also an [an] (本)
| |
| | un > wən
| |
| |-
| |
| | T,l
| |
| | un [uən] <br />
| |
| en [ən] /n_
| |
| | eon [ɵn] <br />
| |
| yun [yːn] /d_1,n_
| |
| | un [un]
| |
| | un [un]
| |
| | en [ən]
| |
| |on [oɴ]
| |
| |on [oɴ]
| |
| |on [on], un [un]
| |
| |ôn [on]
| |
| uân [wə̆n] /l_
| |
| | un
| |
| |-
| |
| | S
| |
| | un [uən] <br />
| |
| ün [yn] /s_3
| |
| | yun [yːn] <br />
| |
| eon [ɵn] /ts_1,s_3
| |
| | un [un]
| |
| | un [un]
| |
| | en [ən]
| |
| |on [oɴ]
| |
| |on [oɴ]
| |
| |on [on]
| |
| also un [un] /ts,dz_
| |
| |ôn [on]
| |
| | un
| |
| |-
| |
| | K
| |
| | un [uən]
| |
| | wan [ʷɐn] <br />
| |
| kwan [kʰʷɐn] < kh_ <br />
| |
| wan [wɐn] < ng_
| |
| | un [un]
| |
| | un [un]
| |
| | uen [uən]
| |
| |on [oɴ]
| |
| won [oɴ] /ʔ_
| |
| |on [oɴ]
| |
| won [oɴ] /ʔ_
| |
| |on [on]
| |
| |ôn [on]
| |
| | un > wən
| |
| |-
| |
| ! rowspan = 2 | 文三合
| |
| | rowspan = 2 | juən
| |
| | rowspan = 2 | jun
| |
| | rowspan="2" |yn
| |
| | F
| |
| | en [ən]
| |
| | an [ɐn]
| |
| | un [un]
| |
| | un [un]
| |
| | en [ən]
| |
| |un [uɴ]
| |
| |un [uɴ]
| |
| |un [un]
| |
| |ân [ə̆n]
| |
| | wən > ən<br />un > ʋən /ɱ_
| |
| |-
| |
| | K
| |
| | ün [yn]
| |
| | wan [ʷɐn]
| |
| | un [un]
| |
| | iun [iun] <br /> but ian [ian] (員)
| |
| un [un] /x,ʔ_
| |
| | iun [yn], ion [ioŋ]
| |
| |un [uɴ]
| |
| |un [uɴ]
| |
| |un [un]
| |
| on [on] /ʔ_
| |
| |uân [wə̆n]
| |
| ân [ə̆n] /h_
| |
| | yn
| |
| |-
| |
| ! 真三合
| |
| | juĕn
| |
| | win
| |
| |yn
| |
| | K
| |
| | ün [yn] <br /> but iong [yʊŋ] (窘)
| |
| | wan [ʷɐn]
| |
| | un [un]
| |
| | iun [iun]
| |
| | iun [yn]
| |
| |on [oɴ]
| |
| in [iɴ] /h_
| |
| |in [iɴ]
| |
| |yun [jun]
| |
| un [un] /h_
| |
| |uân [wə̆n]
| |
| vân [və̆n] < h_
| |
| | yn
| |
| |-
| |
| ! rowspan = 5 | 淳三合
| |
| | rowspan = 5 | juĕn
| |
| | rowspan = 5 | (j)win
| |
| | rowspan="4" |yn
| |
| | l
| |
| | un [uən]
| |
| | eon [ɵn]
| |
| | un [un]
| |
| | un [un]
| |
| | ən [ən]
| |
| |in [iɴ]
| |
| |in [iɴ]
| |
| |yun [jun]
| |
| |uân [wə̆n]
| |
| | yn (MGZY),<br /> yn~un (Trigault)
| |
| |-
| |
| | TR
| |
| | un [uən]
| |
| | eon [ɵn]
| |
| | un [un]
| |
| | un [un]
| |
| | en [ən]
| |
| |yun [juɴ]
| |
| |yun [juɴ]
| |
| |un [un] /trh_
| |
| yun [jun] /tr_
| |
| |uân [wə̆n]
| |
| | yn > ʉn
| |
| |-
| |
| | SY
| |
| | un [uən]
| |
| | eon [ɵn]
| |
| | un [un]
| |
| | un [un] <br />
| |
| yun [iun] < ny_
| |
| | ən [ən]
| |
| |yun [juɴ]
| |
| |yun [juɴ]
| |
| |un [un]
| |
| |uân [wə̆n]
| |
| | yn > ʉn
| |
| |-
| |
| | S
| |
| | ün [yn] <br />
| |
| un [uən] /ts_1,s_2
| |
| | eon [ɵn]
| |
| | un [un]
| |
| | un [un]
| |
| | iun [yn]
| |
| |yun [juɴ]
| |
| |yun [juɴ]
| |
| |un [un]
| |
| |uân [wə̆n]
| |
| | yn
| |
| |-
| |
| |jyn
| |
| | K
| |
| | ün [yn] <br /> but in [in] (尹)
| |
| | wan [ʷɐn]
| |
| | un [un]
| |
| | iun [iun]
| |
| | iun [yn], ion [ioŋ] <br /> but in [in] (尹)
| |
| | in [iɴ]
| |
| | in [iɴ]
| |
| |yun [jun]
| |
| |uân [wə̆n]
| |
| | yn
| |
| |-
| |
| ! rowspan = 4 | 沒一合
| |
| | rowspan = 4 |uət
| |
| | rowspan = 4 |wot
| |
| | rowspan="4" |ut
| |
| | P
| |
| | o [uo]<br /> but ei [ei] (沒<sub>白</sub>)
| |
| | ut [uːt]
| |
| | ut [ut]
| |
| | ud [ut]
| |
| | eq [əʔ]
| |
| |oti [otɕi], otu [otsu]
| |
| |otu [otsu]
| |
| |al [al]
| |
| |ôt [ot]
| |
| | u(ʔ) > ʊ(ʔ)
| |
| |-
| |
| | T,l
| |
| | u [u]
| |
| | eot [ɵt] <br /> also at [ɐt] /n_ <br />
| |
| at [ɐt] /d_
| |
| | ut [ut]
| |
| | ud [ut]
| |
| | eq [əʔ]
| |
| |oti [otɕi], otu [otsu]
| |
| |otu [otsu]
| |
| |ol [ol]
| |
| ul [ul] /n_ <br />
| |
| yul [ul] /l_
| |
| |ôt [ot]
| |
| | u(ʔ) > ʊ(ʔ)
| |
| |-
| |
| | S
| |
| | u [u]
| |
| | yut [yːt] <br /> but eot [ɵt] (卒)
| |
| | ut [ut]
| |
| | ud [ut]
| |
| | eq [əʔ]
| |
| |oti [otɕi], otu [otsu]
| |
| |otu [otsu]
| |
| |ol [ol]
| |
| |ôt [ot]
| |
| | u(ʔ) > ʊ(ʔ)
| |
| |-
| |
| | K
| |
| | u [u]
| |
| | wat [ʷɐt]
| |
| | ut [ut]
| |
| | ud [ut]
| |
| | ueq [uəʔ] <br /> but oq [oʔ] (忽淴)
| |
| |oti [otɕi], otu [otsu]
| |
| |otu [otsu]
| |
| |ol [ol]
| |
| ul [ul] /k_
| |
| |ôt [ot]
| |
| | u(ʔ) > ʊ(ʔ)
| |
| |-
| |
| ! rowspan = 2 | 物三合
| |
| | rowspan = 2 |juət
| |
| | rowspan = 2 |jut
| |
| | rowspan="2" |yt
| |
| | F
| |
| | u [u] <br /> but uo [uo] (佛)
| |
| | at [ɐt]
| |
| | ut [ut]
| |
| | ud [ut]
| |
| | eq [əʔ]
| |
| |oti [otɕi], otu [otsu]
| |
| |utu [otsu]
| |
| |ul [ul]
| |
| |ât [ə̆t]
| |
| | u(ʔ) > ʊ(ʔ)
| |
| |-
| |
| | K
| |
| | ü [y] <br />
| |
| üe [yɛ] /k,g,ng_
| |
| | wat [ʷɐt] <br /> but wat [wɐt] (屈)
| |
| | ut [ut]
| |
| | iud [iut]
| |
| | ioq [ioʔ], iuq [yɪʔ]
| |
| |uti [utɕi]
| |
| |utu [otsu]
| |
| |ul [ul]
| |
| |uât [wə̆t]
| |
| | y(ʔ) > ʏ(ʔ)
| |
| |-
| |
| ! 質三合
| |
| | juĕt
| |
| | wit
| |
| |yt
| |
| | K
| |
| | ü [y]
| |
| | at [ɐt]
| |
| |
| |
| |
| |
| |
| |
| | iti [itɕi]
| |
| | itu [itsu]
| |
| |yul [jul]
| |
| |
| |
| | y(ʔ) > ʏ(ʔ)
| |
| |-
| |
| ! rowspan = 6 | 術三合
| |
| | rowspan = 6 | juĕt
| |
| | rowspan = 6 | (j)wit
| |
| | rowspan="2" |yt
| |
| | l
| |
| | ü [y]
| |
| | eot [ɵt]
| |
| | ut [ut]
| |
| | ud [ut], id [it]
| |
| | iq [iɪʔ]
| |
| |iti [itɕi]
| |
| |itu [itsu]
| |
| |yul [jul]
| |
| |uât [wə̆t]
| |
| | y(ʔ) > ʏ(ʔ)
| |
| |-
| |
| | TR
| |
| | u [u]
| |
| | eot [ɵt]
| |
| | ut [ut]
| |
| | od [ot]
| |
| | oq [oʔ]
| |
| |yuti [jutɕi], yutu [jutsu]
| |
| |yutu [jutsu]
| |
| |yul [jul]
| |
| |uât [wə̆t]
| |
| | y(ʔ) > ʊ(ʔ)
| |
| |-
| |
| |ut
| |
| | SR
| |
| | uai [uai]
| |
| | eot [ɵt]
| |
| | ut [ut]
| |
| | ud [ut]
| |
| | eq [əʔ]
| |
| |yuti [jutɕi], yutu [jutsu]
| |
| |yutu [jutsu]
| |
| |ol [ol]
| |
| |uât [wə̆t]
| |
| | waj/u/wa(ʔ)..
| |
| |-
| |
| | rowspan="2" |yt
| |
| | SY
| |
| | u [u]
| |
| | eot [ɵt]
| |
| | ut [ut]
| |
| | ud [ut]
| |
| | eq [əʔ]
| |
| |yuti [jutɕi], yutu [jutsu]
| |
| |yutu [jutsu]
| |
| |ul [ul]
| |
| |uât [wə̆t]
| |
| | y(ʔ) > ʊ(ʔ)
| |
| |-
| |
| | S
| |
| | ü [y]
| |
| | eot [ɵt]
| |
| | ut [ut]
| |
| | ud [ut]
| |
| | ioq [ioʔ], iuq [yɪʔ] <br /> but iq [iɪʔ] (戌)
| |
| |yuti [jutɕi], yutu [jutsu]
| |
| |yutu [jutsu]
| |
| |ol [ol]
| |
| ul [ul] /s_
| |
| |uât [wə̆t]
| |
| | y(ʔ) > ʏ(ʔ)
| |
| |-
| |
| |jyt
| |
| | K
| |
| | ü [y]
| |
| | wat [ʷɐt]
| |
| | ut [ut]
| |
| | id [it]
| |
| | ioq [ioʔ], iuq [yɪʔ]
| |
| |iti [itɕi], itu [itsu]
| |
| |itu [itsu]
| |
| |yul [jul]
| |
| |uât [wə̆t]
| |
| | y(ʔ) > ʏ(ʔ)
| |
| |}
| |
|
| |
| === 宕攝 Dang She ===
| |
| {| {{bluetable2|lightbluebg}}
| |
| |-
| |
| ! rowspan = 2 | Rime
| |
| ! colspan="3" | Middle Chinese
| |
| ! rowspan = 2 | C_
| |
| ! rowspan = 2 | Mandarin <br> Beijing
| |
| ! rowspan = 2 | Yue <br> Canton
| |
| ! rowspan = 2 | Minnan <br> Amoy
| |
| ! rowspan = 2 | Hakka <br> Moiyan
| |
| ! rowspan = 2 | Wu <br> Shanghai
| |
| ! colspan = 2 | Japanese
| |
| ! rowspan = 2 | Korean
| |
| ! rowspan="2" | Vietnamese
| |
| ! rowspan="2" | Old Mandarin
| |
| |-
| |
| ! <small>Karlgren</small>
| |
| ! <small>Baxter</small>
| |
| ! <small>LMC</small>
| |
| ! Go-On
| |
| ! Kan-On
| |
| |-
| |
| ! rowspan = 4 | 唐一開
| |
| | rowspan = 4 | âng
| |
| | rowspan = 4 | ang
| |
| | rowspan="4" |aŋ
| |
| | P
| |
| | ang [ɑŋ]
| |
| | ong [ɔːŋ]
| |
| | ong [ɔŋ]
| |
| | ong [oŋ]
| |
| | aon [ɑ̃]
| |
| |au [oː]
| |
| |au [oː]
| |
| |ang [aŋ]
| |
| |ang [aŋ]
| |
| | aŋ
| |
| |-
| |
| | T,l
| |
| | ang [ɑŋ]
| |
| | ong [ɔːŋ]
| |
| | ong [ɔŋ]
| |
| | ong [oŋ]
| |
| | aon [ɑ̃]
| |
| |au [oː]
| |
| |au [oː]
| |
| |ang [aŋ]
| |
| |ang [aŋ]
| |
| ương [ɨə̯ŋ] /d_1
| |
| | aŋ
| |
| |-
| |
| | S
| |
| | ang [ɑŋ]
| |
| | ong [ɔːŋ]
| |
| | ong [ɔŋ]
| |
| | ong [oŋ]
| |
| | aon [ɑ̃]
| |
| |au [oː]
| |
| |au [oː]
| |
| |ang [aŋ]
| |
| |ang [aŋ]
| |
| ương [ɨə̯ŋ] /tsh_
| |
| | aŋ
| |
| |-
| |
| | K
| |
| | ang [ɑŋ]
| |
| | ong [ɔːŋ] <br />
| |
| kong [kʰɔːŋ] < kh_3
| |
| | ong [ɔŋ]
| |
| | ong [oŋ]
| |
| | aon [ɑ̃]
| |
| |au [oː]
| |
| |au [oː]
| |
| |ang [aŋ]
| |
| |ang [aŋ]
| |
| ương [ɨə̯ŋ] /k_
| |
| | aŋ
| |
| |-
| |
| ! rowspan = 6 | 陽三開
| |
| | rowspan = 6 | i̯ang
| |
| | rowspan = 6 | jang
| |
| | rowspan="2" |iaŋ
| |
| | l,nr
| |
| | iang [iɑŋ]
| |
| | oeng [œːŋ]
| |
| | iong [iɔŋ]
| |
| | iong [ioŋ]
| |
| | ian [iã]
| |
| |au [oː]
| |
| |au [oː]
| |
| |yang [jaŋ] <br /> but ang [aŋ] (釀)
| |
| |ương [ɨə̯ŋ]
| |
| | jaŋ
| |
| |-
| |
| | TR
| |
| | ang [ɑŋ]
| |
| | oeng [œːŋ]
| |
| | iong [iɔŋ]
| |
| | ong [oŋ]
| |
| | an [ã]
| |
| |yau [joː]
| |
| |yau [joː]
| |
| |yang [jaŋ]
| |
| |ương [ɨə̯ŋ]
| |
| | aŋ
| |
| |-
| |
| |aːŋ
| |
| | SR
| |
| | uang [uɑŋ]
| |
| | ong [ɔːŋ] <br /> /tsr,tsrh,dzr_ <br />
| |
| oeng [œːŋ] /sr_
| |
| | ong [ɔŋ]
| |
| | ong [oŋ]
| |
| | aon [ɑ̃]
| |
| |yau [joː], au [oː]
| |
| |yau [joː], au [oː]
| |
| |ang [aŋ]
| |
| |ang [aŋ]
| |
| ương [ɨə̯ŋ] /sr_
| |
| | ɨ̯aŋ > o̯aŋ
| |
| |-
| |
| | rowspan="3" |iaŋ
| |
| | SY
| |
| | ang [ɑŋ]
| |
| | oeng [œːŋ]
| |
| | iong [iɔŋ]
| |
| | ong [oŋ] <br />
| |
| yong [ioŋ] < ny_
| |
| | aon [ɑ̃] <br />
| |
| ian [iã] < ny_
| |
| |yau [joː], au [oː]
| |
| |yau [joː], au [oː]
| |
| |ang [aŋ]
| |
| |ương [ɨə̯ŋ]
| |
| | aŋ
| |
| |-
| |
| | S
| |
| | iang [iɑŋ]
| |
| | oeng [œːŋ]
| |
| | iong [iɔŋ]
| |
| | iong [ioŋ]
| |
| | ian [iã]
| |
| |yau [joː], au [oː]
| |
| |yau [joː], au [oː]
| |
| |ang [aŋ]
| |
| |ương [ɨə̯ŋ]
| |
| | jaŋ
| |
| |-
| |
| | K
| |
| | iang [iɑŋ]
| |
| | oeng [œːŋ]
| |
| | iong [iɔŋ]
| |
| | iong [ioŋ]
| |
| | ian [iã]
| |
| |au [oː]
| |
| yau [joː] /ʔ,y_
| |
| |yau [oː]
| |
| |ang [aŋ]
| |
| yang [jaŋ] /x,y_
| |
| |ương [ɨə̯ŋ]
| |
| | jaŋ
| |
| |-
| |
| ! rowspan = 4 | 鐸一開
| |
| | rowspan = 4 | âk
| |
| | rowspan = 4 | ak
| |
| | rowspan="4" |ak
| |
| | P
| |
| | o [uo]
| |
| | ok [ɔːk]
| |
| | ok [ɔk]
| |
| | og [ok]
| |
| | oq [oʔ]
| |
| |aku [aku]
| |
| |aku [aku]
| |
| |ak [ak]
| |
| |ac [ak]
| |
| | aw(ʔ) > a(ʔ)
| |
| |-
| |
| | T,l
| |
| | uo [uo]
| |
| | ok [ɔːk]
| |
| | ok [ɔk]
| |
| | og [ok]
| |
| | oq [oʔ]
| |
| |aku [aku]
| |
| |aku [aku]
| |
| |ak [ak]
| |
| |ac [ak]
| |
| | aw(ʔ) > a(ʔ)
| |
| |-
| |
| | S
| |
| | uo [uo]
| |
| | ok [ɔːk]
| |
| | ok [ɔk]
| |
| | og [ok]
| |
| | oq [oʔ]
| |
| |aku [aku]
| |
| |aku [aku]
| |
| |ak [ak]
| |
| |ac [ak]
| |
| | aw(ʔ) > a(ʔ)
| |
| |-
| |
| | K
| |
| | e [ɤ]
| |
| | ok [ɔːk]
| |
| | ok [ɔk]
| |
| | og [ok]
| |
| | oq [oʔ]
| |
| |aku [aku]
| |
| |aku [aku]
| |
| |ak [ak]
| |
| |ac [ak] <br /> but ach [ajk] (格)
| |
| | aw(ʔ) > a(ʔ)
| |
| |-
| |
| ! rowspan = 5 | 藥三開
| |
| | rowspan = 5 | i̯ak
| |
| | rowspan = 5 | jak
| |
| | rowspan="5" |iak
| |
| | l
| |
| | '''LIT''' <br /> üe [yɛ]
| |
| | oek[œːk]
| |
| | iok [iɔk]
| |
| | iog [iok]
| |
| | iaq [iaʔ]
| |
| |aku [aku]
| |
| |aku [aku]
| |
| |yak [jak]
| |
| |ươc [ɨə̯k]
| |
| | ɛw(ʔ) > ja(ʔ)
| |
| |-
| |
| | TR
| |
| | '''LIT''' <br /> uo [uo] <br /> '''COL''' <br /> ao [ɑu] (著)
| |
| | oek[œːk]
| |
| | iok [iɔk]
| |
| | og [ok]
| |
| | aq [aʔ]
| |
| |yaku [jaku]
| |
| |yaku [jaku]
| |
| |yak [jak]
| |
| |ươc [ɨə̯k]
| |
| | ɛw(ʔ) > ja(ʔ)
| |
| |-
| |
| | SY
| |
| | '''LIT''' <br /> uo [uo] <br /> '''COL''' <br /> ao [ɑu] (勺)
| |
| | oek[œːk]
| |
| | iok [iɔk]
| |
| | og [ok]
| |
| | oq [oʔ] <br />
| |
| aq [aʔ] /ny_
| |
| |aku [aku]
| |
| |yaku [jaku]
| |
| |ak [ak]
| |
| |ươc [ɨə̯k]
| |
| | ɛw(ʔ) > a(ʔ)
| |
| |-
| |
| | S
| |
| | '''LIT''' <br /> üe [yɛ] <br /> '''COL''' <br /> iao [iɑu] (雀嚼削)
| |
| | oek[œːk]
| |
| | iok [iɔk]
| |
| | iog [iok]
| |
| | iaq [iaʔ]
| |
| |aku [aku]
| |
| |yaku [jaku]
| |
| |ak [ak]
| |
| |ươc [ɨə̯k]
| |
| | jaw(ʔ) > ja(ʔ)
| |
| |-
| |
| | K
| |
| | '''LIT''' <br /> üe [yɛ] <br /> '''COL''' <br /> iao [iɑu] (腳藥鑰)
| |
| | oek[œːk]
| |
| | iok [iɔk]
| |
| | iog [iok]
| |
| | iaq [iaʔ]
| |
| |aku [aku]
| |
| yaku [jaku] /ʔ,y_
| |
| |yaku [jaku]
| |
| |ak [ak]
| |
| yak [jak] /ʔ,y_
| |
| |ươc [ɨə̯k]
| |
| | ɛw(ʔ) > ja(ʔ)
| |
| |-
| |
| ! 唐一合
| |
| | wâng
| |
| | wang
| |
| |uaŋ
| |
| | K
| |
| | uang [uɑŋ]
| |
| | wong [ʷɔːŋ]
| |
| | ong [ɔŋ]
| |
| | uong [uoŋ] /k_ <br />
| |
| ong [oŋ] /x,h,ʔ_
| |
| | uaon [uɑ̃]
| |
| |wau [oː]
| |
| |wau [oː]
| |
| |wang [waŋ]
| |
| |oang/(q)uang [waŋ]
| |
| | waŋ/ɔŋ > waŋ
| |
| |-
| |
| ! rowspan = 2 | 陽三合
| |
| | rowspan = 2 | i̯wang
| |
| | rowspan = 2 | jwang
| |
| | rowspan="2" |yaŋ
| |
| | F
| |
| | ang [ɑŋ]
| |
| | ong [ɔːŋ]
| |
| | ong [ɔŋ]
| |
| | ong [oŋ]
| |
| | aon [ɑ̃]
| |
| |au [oː]
| |
| |au [oː]
| |
| |ang [aŋ]
| |
| |ong [awŋ], ang [aŋ], <br /> ương [ɨə̯ŋ]
| |
| ong [awŋ] /m_
| |
| | (f)aŋ
| |
| |-
| |
| | K
| |
| | uang [uɑŋ]
| |
| | wong [ʷɔːŋ] <br />
| |
| hong [hɔːŋ] < kh_
| |
| | ong [ɔŋ]
| |
| | ong [oŋ] <br />
| |
| iong [ioŋ] /kh_
| |
| | uaon [uɑ̃]
| |
| |wau [oː]
| |
| |yau [joː]
| |
| au [oː] < h,y_
| |
| |wang [waŋ]
| |
| |uông [uə̯ŋ]
| |
| ương [ɨə̯ŋ] /h_
| |
| | waŋ,<br />ɥaŋ _h > o̯aŋ
| |
| |-
| |
| ! 鐸一合
| |
| | wâk
| |
| | wak
| |
| |uak
| |
| | K
| |
| | uo [uo]
| |
| | wok [ʷɔːk]
| |
| | ok [ɔk]
| |
| | uog [uok] /k,kh_ <br />
| |
| og [ok] /x,h_
| |
| | oq [oʔ]
| |
| |waku [aku]
| |
| [waku] < h,ʔ_
| |
| |waku [aku]
| |
| [waku] < h,ʔ_
| |
| |wak [wak]
| |
| |oach/(q)uach [wajk]
| |
| | waw(ʔ) > wa(ʔ)
| |
| |-
| |
| ! rowspan = 2 | 藥三合
| |
| | rowspan = 2 | i̯wak
| |
| | rowspan = 2 | jwak
| |
| | rowspan="2" |yak
| |
| | b
| |
| | fu [fu] (縛)
| |
| | bok [pɔːk]
| |
| | ok [ɔk]
| |
| | piog [pʰiok]
| |
| | boq [boʔ]
| |
| |aku [aku]
| |
| |aku [aku]
| |
| |ak [ak]
| |
| |
| |
| | (f)aw(ʔ) > (f)a(ʔ)
| |
| |-
| |
| | K
| |
| | üe [yɛ]
| |
| | wok [wɔːk] <br />
| |
| fok [fɔːk] < k,x_
| |
| | iok [iɔk]
| |
| | iog [iok]
| |
| | ioq [ioʔ]
| |
| |waku [aku]
| |
| |yaku [jaku]
| |
| waku [waku] /ʔ_
| |
| |wak [wak]
| |
| |quăc [kwăk] < k_
| |
| | ɥɛw(ʔ) > ɥɛ(ʔ)
| |
| |}
| |
|
| |
| === 曾攝 Zeng She ===
| |
| {| {{bluetable2|lightbluebg}}
| |
| |-
| |
| ! rowspan = 2 | Rime
| |
| ! colspan="3" | Middle Chinese
| |
| ! rowspan = 2 | C_
| |
| ! rowspan = 2 | Mandarin <br> Beijing
| |
| ! rowspan = 2 | Yue <br> Canton
| |
| ! rowspan = 2 | Minnan <br> Amoy
| |
| ! rowspan = 2 | Hakka <br> Moiyan
| |
| ! rowspan = 2 | Wu <br> Shanghai
| |
| ! colspan = 2 | Japanese
| |
| ! rowspan = 2 | Korean
| |
| ! rowspan="2" | Vietnamese
| |
| ! rowspan="2" | Old Mandarin
| |
| |-
| |
| ! <small>Karlgren</small>
| |
| ! <small>Baxter</small>
| |
| ! <small>LMC</small>
| |
| ! Go-On
| |
| ! Kan-On
| |
| |-
| |
| ! rowspan = 5 | 登一開
| |
| | rowspan = 5 | əng
| |
| | rowspan = 5 | ong
| |
| | rowspan="5" |əə̆ŋ
| |
| | P
| |
| | eng [ɤŋ]
| |
| | ang [ɐŋ]
| |
| | eng [iŋ]
| |
| | ên [en]
| |
| | an [ã]
| |
| |ou [oː]
| |
| |ou [oː]
| |
| |ung [uŋ]
| |
| ong [oŋ] /m_
| |
| |ăng [ăŋ]
| |
| | ɨŋ > əŋ
| |
| |-
| |
| | T
| |
| | eng [ɤŋ]
| |
| | ang [ɐŋ]
| |
| | eng [iŋ]
| |
| | ên [en]
| |
| | en [ən]
| |
| |ou [oː]
| |
| |ou [oː]
| |
| |eung [ɯŋ]
| |
| |ăng [ăŋ]
| |
| | ɨŋ > əŋ
| |
| |-
| |
| | l
| |
| | eng [ɤŋ]
| |
| | ing [ɪŋ]
| |
| | eng [iŋ]
| |
| | in [in]
| |
| |
| |
| |ou [oː]
| |
| |ou [oː]
| |
| |eung [ɯŋ]
| |
| |ăng [ăŋ]
| |
| | ɨŋ > əŋ
| |
| |-
| |
| | S
| |
| | eng [ɤŋ]
| |
| | ang [ɐŋ]
| |
| | eng [iŋ]
| |
| | ên [en]
| |
| | en [ən]
| |
| |ou [oː]
| |
| |ou [oː]
| |
| |eung [ɯŋ]
| |
| |ăng [ăŋ]
| |
| | ɨŋ > əŋ
| |
| |-
| |
| | K
| |
| | eng [ɤŋ] <br /> but en [ən] (肯)
| |
| | ang [ɐŋ]
| |
| | eng [iŋ]
| |
| | ên [en]
| |
| | en [ən]
| |
| |ou [oː]
| |
| |ou [oː]
| |
| |eung [ɯŋ] <br /> but ang [aŋ] /h_
| |
| |ăng [ăŋ]
| |
| | ɨŋ > əŋ
| |
| |-
| |
| ! rowspan = 7 | 蒸三開
| |
| | rowspan = 7 | i̯əng
| |
| | rowspan = 7 | ing
| |
| | rowspan="3" |iə̆ŋ
| |
| | P
| |
| | ing [iɪŋ]
| |
| | ing [ɪŋ]
| |
| | eng [iŋ]
| |
| | ên [en]
| |
| | in [in]
| |
| |you [joː]
| |
| |you [joː]
| |
| |ing [iŋ]
| |
| |ăng [ăŋ]
| |
| | iŋ
| |
| |-
| |
| | l
| |
| | ing [iɪŋ]
| |
| | ing [ɪŋ]
| |
| | eng [iŋ]
| |
| | in [in]
| |
| | in [in]
| |
| |you [joː]
| |
| |you [joː]
| |
| |eung [ɯŋ]
| |
| |ăng [ăŋ]
| |
| | iŋ
| |
| |-
| |
| | TR
| |
| | eng [ɤŋ]
| |
| | ing [ɪŋ]
| |
| | eng [iŋ]
| |
| | en [ən]
| |
| | en [ən]
| |
| |you [joː]
| |
| |you [joː]
| |
| |ing [iŋ]
| |
| |ưng [ɨŋ]
| |
| | iŋ > ɨŋ
| |
| |-
| |
| |əə̆ŋ
| |
| | SR
| |
| | eng [ɤŋ]
| |
| | ang [ɐŋ]
| |
| |
| |
| |
| |
| |
| |
| |you [joː]
| |
| |you [joː]
| |
| |eung [ɯŋ]
| |
| |ăng [ăŋ]
| |
| | (ɨŋ > əŋ?)
| |
| |-
| |
| | rowspan="3" |iə̆ŋ
| |
| | SY
| |
| | eng [ɤŋ]
| |
| | ing [ɪŋ]
| |
| | eng [iŋ]
| |
| | en [ən] <br />
| |
| yin [in] < ny_
| |
| | en [ən]
| |
| |you [joː]
| |
| |you [joː]
| |
| |eung [ɯŋ]
| |
| ing [iŋ] /tsyh,ny_
| |
| |ưng [ɨŋ]
| |
| ăng [ăŋ] /sy,dzy_
| |
| | iŋ > ɨŋ
| |
| |-
| |
| | S
| |
| | eng [ɤŋ]
| |
| | ang [ɐŋ]
| |
| | eng [iŋ]
| |
| | ên [en]
| |
| | en [ən]
| |
| |you [joː]
| |
| |you [joː]
| |
| |eung [ɯŋ]
| |
| |ăng [ăŋ]
| |
| | iŋ
| |
| |-
| |
| | K
| |
| | ing [iɪŋ] <br /> but ün [yn] (孕)
| |
| | ing [ɪŋ] <br /> but jan [jɐn] (孕)
| |
| | eng [iŋ]
| |
| | in [in] <br /> but ên [en] (凝)
| |
| | in [in] <br /> but iun [yn] <br /> or ion [ion] (孕)
| |
| |ou [oː]
| |
| also you [joː] /k,kh,g,x_
| |
| |you [joː]
| |
| |eung [ɯŋ]
| |
| ing [iŋ] /y_
| |
| |ăng [ăŋ]
| |
| ưng [ɨŋ] /k_
| |
| | iŋ
| |
| |-
| |
| ! rowspan = 4 | 德一開
| |
| | rowspan = 4 | ək
| |
| | rowspan = 4 | ok
| |
| | rowspan="4" |ək
| |
| | P
| |
| | '''LIT''' <br /> o [uo] <br /> '''COL''' <br /> ei [ei] (北)
| |
| | ak [ɐk]
| |
| | ak [ak]
| |
| | êd [et]
| |
| | oq [oʔ]
| |
| |oku [oku]
| |
| |oku [oku]
| |
| |uk [uk]
| |
| |ăc [ăk]
| |
| | ue̯(ʔ) > ɛ(ʔ)
| |
| |-
| |
| | T,l
| |
| | '''LIT''' <br /> e [ɤ] <br /> '''COL''' <br /> ei [ei] (得忒勒肋)
| |
| | ak [ɐk]
| |
| | ek [ik]
| |
| | êd [et] <br /> but id [it] (特)
| |
| | eq [əʔ]
| |
| |oku [oku]
| |
| |oku [oku]
| |
| |euk [ɯk] <br /> but ok [ok] (德)
| |
| |ăc [ăk]
| |
| ưc [ɨk] /t_
| |
| | ɨj(ʔ) > ɛ(ʔ)
| |
| |-
| |
| | S
| |
| | '''LIT''' <br /> e [ɤ] <br /> '''COL''' <br /> ei [ei] (賊塞)
| |
| | ak [ɐk]
| |
| | ek [ik]
| |
| | êd [et]
| |
| | eq [əʔ]
| |
| |oku [oku]
| |
| |oku [oku]
| |
| |ik [ik] (則) <br /> eok [ʌk] (賊) <br /> aek [ɛk] (塞)
| |
| |ăc [ăk]
| |
| | ɨj(ʔ) > ɛ(ʔ)
| |
| |-
| |
| | K
| |
| | '''LIT''' <br /> e [ɤ] <br /> '''COL''' <br /> ei [ei] (黑)
| |
| | ak [ɐk]
| |
| | ek [ik]
| |
| | êd [et]
| |
| | eq [əʔ]
| |
| |oku [oku]
| |
| |oku [oku]
| |
| |euk [ɯk] <br /> but ak [ak] (刻) <br /> and aek [ɛk] (劾)
| |
| |ăc [ăk]
| |
| | ɨj(ʔ) > ɛ(ʔ)
| |
| |-
| |
| ! rowspan = 7 | 職三開
| |
| | rowspan = 7 | i̯ək
| |
| | rowspan = 7 | ik
| |
| | rowspan="3" |iə̆k
| |
| | P
| |
| | i [i]
| |
| | ik [ɪk]
| |
| | ek [ik]
| |
| | id [it]
| |
| | iq [iɪʔ]
| |
| |iki [iki]
| |
| |yoku [joku]
| |
| |yeok [jʌk] <br /> but pip [pʰip] <br /> (逼偪愊)
| |
| |ưc [ɨk]
| |
| | i(ʔ) ~ ɪ(ʔ)
| |
| |-
| |
| | l,nr
| |
| | i [i]
| |
| | ik [ɪk]
| |
| | ek [ik]
| |
| | id [it]
| |
| | iq [iɪʔ]
| |
| |iki [iki] /l_
| |
| yoku [joku] /nr_
| |
| |yoku [joku]
| |
| |yeok [jʌk] /l_
| |
| ik [ik] /nr_
| |
| |ưc [ɨk]
| |
| | i(ʔ) ~ ɪ(ʔ)
| |
| |-
| |
| | TR
| |
| | i [ʅ]
| |
| | ik [ɪk]
| |
| | ek [ik]
| |
| | ed [ət]
| |
| | eq [əʔ]
| |
| |iki [iki]
| |
| |yoku [joku]
| |
| |ik [ik] <br /> but yeok [jʌk] (陟)
| |
| |ăc [ăk]
| |
| ưc [ɨk] /dr_
| |
| | i(ʔ) > ə(ʔ)
| |
| |-
| |
| |ək
| |
| | SR
| |
| | '''LIT''' <br /> e [ɤ] <br /> and onset is <br /> plain alveolar <br /> '''COL''' <br /> ai [ai] (色)
| |
| | ak [ɐk] /tsr,tsrh,dzr_ <br />
| |
| ik [ɪk] /sr_
| |
| | ek [ik]
| |
| | êd [et]
| |
| | eq [əʔ]
| |
| |iki [iki]
| |
| |yoku [joku]
| |
| |euk [ɯk]
| |
| aek [ɛk] /sr_
| |
| |ăc [ăk]
| |
| | ɨj(ʔ) > ə(ʔ)
| |
| |-
| |
| | rowspan="3" |iə̆k
| |
| | SY
| |
| | i [ʅ]
| |
| | ik [ɪk]
| |
| | ek [ik]
| |
| | ed [ət]
| |
| | eq [əʔ]
| |
| |iki [iki]
| |
| |yoku [joku]
| |
| |ik [ik]
| |
| |ưc [ɨk]
| |
| | i(ʔ) > ə(ʔ)
| |
| |-
| |
| | S
| |
| | i [i]
| |
| | ik [ɪk]
| |
| | ek [ik]
| |
| | id [it]
| |
| | iq [iɪʔ]
| |
| |iki [iki], oku [oku]
| |
| |yoku [joku]
| |
| |ik [ik] /s_
| |
| euk [ɯk] /ts_ <br />
| |
| except 稷 (ik)
| |
| |ưc [ɨk]
| |
| | i(ʔ) ~ ɪ(ʔ)
| |
| |-
| |
| | K
| |
| | i [i]
| |
| | ik [ɪk]
| |
| | ek [ik]
| |
| | id [it]
| |
| | iq [iɪʔ]
| |
| |oku [oku]
| |
| |yoku [joku]
| |
| |euk [ɯk]
| |
| eok [ʌk] /ng,ʔ_ <br />
| |
| ik [ik] /y_
| |
| |ưc [ɨk]
| |
| | i(ʔ) ~ ɪ(ʔ)
| |
| |-
| |
| ! 登一合
| |
| | wəng
| |
| | wong
| |
| |uə̆ŋ
| |
| | K
| |
| | ong [ʊŋ]
| |
| | gwang [kʷɐŋ] < k,h_ <br />
| |
| wang [wɐŋ] < x_
| |
| | ong [ɔŋ]
| |
| | ên [en]
| |
| | on [oŋ]
| |
| |ou [oː]
| |
| |ou [oː]
| |
| |oeng [weŋ] /k_
| |
| ong [oŋ] /h_ <br />
| |
| ung [uŋ] /x_
| |
| |oăng/(q)uăng [wăŋ]
| |
| | uŋ
| |
| |-
| |
| ! 德一合
| |
| | wək
| |
| | wok
| |
| |uə̆k
| |
| | K
| |
| | uo [uo]
| |
| | gwok [kʷɔːk] < k_ <br />
| |
| waak [waːk] < h_
| |
| | ok [ɔk] /k <br />
| |
| ek [ik] /h_
| |
| | uêd [uet] /k <br />
| |
| êd [et] /h_
| |
| | oq [oʔ]
| |
| |oku [oku]
| |
| waku [waku] < h_
| |
| |oku [oku]
| |
| |uk [uk] /k_
| |
| ok [ok] /h_
| |
| |oăc [wăk] /h_
| |
| quôc [kuə̯k ~ wə̆k] <br /> < k_ (國)
| |
| | ue̯(ʔ) ><br />wɛ(ʔ) ~ ʊ(ʔ)
| |
| |-
| |
| ! 職三合
| |
| | i̯wək
| |
| | wik
| |
| |yə̆k
| |
| | K
| |
| | ü [y]
| |
| | gwik [kʷɪk] < x_ <br />
| |
| wik [wɪk] < h_
| |
| | ek [ik]
| |
| | êd [et]
| |
| | ioq [ioʔ], iuq [yɪʔ]
| |
| |oku [oku]
| |
| wiki [iki] < h_
| |
| |yoku [joku]
| |
| |yeok [jʌk]
| |
| |ưc [ɨk]
| |
| | ue̯(ʔ) > ʏ(ʔ)
| |
| |}
| |
|
| |
| === 梗攝（開口舒聲） Geng She (Kaikou, Nasal Coda) ===
| |
|
| |
| {| {{bluetable2|lightbluebg}}
| |
| |-
| |
| ! rowspan = 2 | Rime
| |
| ! colspan="3" | Middle Chinese
| |
| ! rowspan = 2 | C_
| |
| ! rowspan = 2 | Mandarin <br> Beijing
| |
| ! rowspan = 2 | Yue <br> Canton
| |
| ! rowspan = 2 | Minnan <br> Amoy
| |
| ! rowspan = 2 | Hakka <br> Moiyan
| |
| ! rowspan = 2 | Wu <br> Shanghai
| |
| ! colspan = 2 | Japanese
| |
| ! rowspan = 2 | Korean
| |
| ! rowspan="2" |Vietnamese
| |
| ! rowspan="2" | Phags-Pa <br> (Old Mandarin)
| |
| |- | | |- |
| ! <small>Karlgren</small> | | ! <small>Karlgren</small> |
| Line 7,209: |
Line 37: |
| |anh [ajŋ], ang [aŋ] | | |anh [ajŋ], ang [aŋ] |
| anh [ajŋ] /m_ | | anh [ajŋ] /m_ |
| | hing, (m)ung | | | ɨŋ, uŋ m_ ><br />əŋ |
| |- | | |- |
| | (t) | | | (t) |
| Line 7,233: |
Line 61: |
| |raeng [ɾɛŋ] (冷) | | |raeng [ɾɛŋ] (冷) |
| |lanh [lajŋ] (冷) | | |lanh [lajŋ] (冷) |
| | ling / lhing (冷) | | | liŋ (冷) /<br \>lɨŋ > ləŋ (冷) |
| |- | | |- |
| | nr | | | nr |
| Line 7,245: |
Line 73: |
| |yeong [jʌŋ] | | |yeong [jʌŋ] |
| |anh [ajŋ], inh [ɪjŋ] | | |anh [ajŋ], inh [ɪjŋ] |
| | hing | | | (ɨŋ>əŋ? iŋ?) |
| |- | | |- |
| | TR | | | TR |
| Line 7,257: |
Line 85: |
| |yeong [jʌŋ], aeng [ɛŋ] | | |yeong [jʌŋ], aeng [ɛŋ] |
| |anh [ajŋ] | | |anh [ajŋ] |
| | hing | | | ɨŋ > əŋ |
| |- | | |- |
| | SR | | | SR |
| Line 7,270: |
Line 98: |
| ang [aŋ] (傖) | | ang [aŋ] (傖) |
| |anh [ajŋ] | | |anh [ajŋ] |
| | hing | | | ɨŋ > əŋ |
| |- | | |- |
| |jaːjŋ | | |jaːjŋ |
| Line 7,286: |
Line 114: |
| |anh [ajŋ] | | |anh [ajŋ] |
| also ang [aŋ] (行) | | also ang [aŋ] (行) |
| | eeing | | | jiŋ > əŋ |
| |- | | |- |
| ! rowspan = 4 | 耕二開 | | ! rowspan = 4 | 耕二開 |
| Line 7,304: |
Line 132: |
| aeng [ɛŋ] /_12 | | aeng [ɛŋ] /_12 |
| |anh [ajŋ] | | |anh [ajŋ] |
| | hing | | | ɨŋ > əŋ |
| |- | | |- |
| | TR | | | TR |
| Line 7,316: |
Line 144: |
| |yeong [jʌŋ] <br /> but jeung [tɕɯŋ] (橙) | | |yeong [jʌŋ] <br /> but jeung [tɕɯŋ] (橙) |
| |anh [ajŋ] <br /> but inh [ɪjŋ] (丁) | | |anh [ajŋ] <br /> but inh [ɪjŋ] (丁) |
| | hing | | | ɨŋ > əŋ |
| |- | | |- |
| | SR | | | SR |
| Line 7,328: |
Line 156: |
| |aeng [ɛŋ] <br /> but eong [ʌŋ] (淨埩) | | |aeng [ɛŋ] <br /> but eong [ʌŋ] (淨埩) |
| |anh [ajŋ] | | |anh [ajŋ] |
| | hing | | | ɨŋ > əŋ |
| |- | | |- |
| |jaːjŋ | | |jaːjŋ |
| Line 7,347: |
Line 175: |
| also aeng [ɛŋ] /kh,h,ʔ_ | | also aeng [ɛŋ] /kh,h,ʔ_ |
| |anh [ajŋ] <br /> but oanh [wajŋ] (鶯) | | |anh [ajŋ] <br /> but oanh [wajŋ] (鶯) |
| | hing | | | jiŋ > əŋ |
| |- | | |- |
| ! rowspan = 3 | 庚三開 | | ! rowspan = 3 | 庚三開 |
| Line 7,365: |
Line 193: |
| ênh [əjŋ] /_3 <br /> | | ênh [əjŋ] /_3 <br /> |
| also anh [ajŋ] (命) | | also anh [ajŋ] (命) |
| | ing | | | iŋ |
| |- | | |- |
| |ajŋ | | |ajŋ |
| Line 7,378: |
Line 206: |
| |aeng [ɛŋ] | | |aeng [ɛŋ] |
| |inh [ɪjŋ] | | |inh [ɪjŋ] |
| | ing | | | ɨŋ > əŋ |
| |- | | |- |
| |iajŋ | | |iajŋ |
| Line 7,392: |
Line 220: |
| |anh [ajŋ] | | |anh [ajŋ] |
| inh [ɪjŋ] /k,g_13 <br /> ênh [əjŋ] /ng_ (迎) | | inh [ɪjŋ] /k,g_13 <br /> ênh [əjŋ] /ng_ (迎) |
| | eeing | | | jiŋ > iŋ |
| |- | | |- |
| ! rowspan = 6 | 清三開 | | ! rowspan = 6 | 清三開 |
| Line 7,408: |
Line 236: |
| |yeong [jʌŋ] | | |yeong [jʌŋ] |
| |inh [ɪjŋ] | | |inh [ɪjŋ] |
| | hing, (m)ung | | | iŋ |
| |- | | |- |
| | rowspan="4" |iajŋ | | | rowspan="4" |iajŋ |
| Line 7,421: |
Line 249: |
| |yeong [jʌŋ] | | |yeong [jʌŋ] |
| |anh [ajŋ], inh [ɪjŋ] | | |anh [ajŋ], inh [ɪjŋ] |
| | ing | | | iŋ |
| |- | | |- |
| | TR | | | TR |
| Line 7,433: |
Line 261: |
| |yeong [jʌŋ] | | |yeong [jʌŋ] |
| |inh [ɪjŋ] | | |inh [ɪjŋ] |
| | ing | | | iŋ > ɨŋ |
| |- | | |- |
| | SY | | | SY |
| Line 7,446: |
Line 274: |
| |inh [ɪjŋ] | | |inh [ɪjŋ] |
| anh [ajŋ] /sy,zy_ | | anh [ajŋ] /sy,zy_ |
| | ing | | | iŋ > ɨŋ |
| |- | | |- |
| | S | | | S |
| Line 7,459: |
Line 287: |
| |inh [ɪjŋ] | | |inh [ɪjŋ] |
| anh [ajŋ] /tsh_ | | anh [ajŋ] /tsh_ |
| | ing | | | iŋ |
| |- | | |- |
| |jiajŋ | | |jiajŋ |
| Line 7,473: |
Line 301: |
| |inh [ɪjŋ] | | |inh [ɪjŋ] |
| anh [ajŋ] /ʔ_ | | anh [ajŋ] /ʔ_ |
| | eeing | | | jiŋ > iŋ (CN-A)<br />iŋ (CN-B) |
| |- | | |- |
| ! rowspan = 4 | 青四開 | | ! rowspan = 4 | 青四開 |
| Line 7,489: |
Line 317: |
| |yeong [jʌŋ] | | |yeong [jʌŋ] |
| |inh [ɪjŋ] | | |inh [ɪjŋ] |
| | ing | | | iŋ |
| |- | | |- |
| | rowspan="2" |iajŋ | | | rowspan="2" |iajŋ |
| Line 7,503: |
Line 331: |
| |yeong [jʌŋ] | | |yeong [jʌŋ] |
| |inh [ɪjŋ] | | |inh [ɪjŋ] |
| | ing | | | iŋ |
| |- | | |- |
| | S | | | S |
| Line 7,516: |
Line 344: |
| |inh [ɪjŋ] | | |inh [ɪjŋ] |
| anh [ajŋ] /tsh_ | | anh [ajŋ] /tsh_ |
| | ing | | | iŋ |
| |- | | |- |
| |jiajŋ | | |jiajŋ |
| Line 7,530: |
Line 358: |
| |inh [ɪjŋ] | | |inh [ɪjŋ] |
| anh [ajŋ] /kh_ | | anh [ajŋ] /kh_ |
| | ing | | | jiŋ > iŋ |
| |}
| |
| | |
| === 梗攝（開口入聲） Geng She (Kaikou, Plosive Coda) ===
| |
| | |
| {| {{bluetable2|lightbluebg}}
| |
| |-
| |
| ! rowspan = 2 | Rime
| |
| ! colspan="3" | Middle Chinese
| |
| ! rowspan = 2 | C_
| |
| ! rowspan = 2 | Mandarin <br> Beijing
| |
| ! rowspan = 2 | Yue <br> Canton
| |
| ! rowspan = 2 | Minnan <br> Amoy
| |
| ! rowspan = 2 | Hakka <br> Moiyan
| |
| ! rowspan = 2 | Wu <br> Shanghai
| |
| ! colspan = 2 | Japanese
| |
| ! rowspan = 2 | Korean
| |
| ! rowspan="2" |Vietnamese
| |
| ! rowspan="2" | Phags-Pa <br> (Old Mandarin)
| |
| |-
| |
| ! <small>Karlgren</small>
| |
| ! <small>Baxter</small>
| |
| ! <small>LMC</small>
| |
| ! Go-On
| |
| ! Kan-On
| |
| |-
| |
| ! rowspan = 4 | 陌二開
| |
| | rowspan = 4 | ɒk
| |
| | rowspan = 4 | æk
| |
| | rowspan="3" |aːjk
| |
| | P
| |
| | '''LIT''' <br /> o [uo] <br /> '''COL''' <br /> ai [ai] (伯百拍白)
| |
| | aak [aːk] <br />
| |
| ak [ɐk] /m_
| |
| | ek [ik]
| |
| | ag [ak], og [ok]
| |
| | aq [aʔ]
| |
| |yaku [jaku]
| |
| |aku [aku]
| |
| |aek [ɛk]
| |
| some ak [ak]
| |
| |ach [ajk]
| |
| | ay(!)
| |
| |-
| |
| | TR
| |
| | '''LIT''' <br /> e [ɤ] <br /> and onset may be <br /> plain alveolar (澤擇)<br /> '''COL''' <br /> ai [ai] (宅)
| |
| | aak [aːk]
| |
| | ek [ik]
| |
| | êd [et]
| |
| | aq [aʔ], eq [əʔ]
| |
| |yaku [jaku]
| |
| |aku [aku]
| |
| |aek [ɛk], yaek [jɛk]
| |
| |ach [ajk]
| |
| | ay(!)
| |
| |-
| |
| | SR
| |
| | '''LIT''' <br /> e [ɤ] <br /> and onset may be <br /> plain alveolar (嘖)<br /> '''COL''' <br /> ai [ai] (窄)
| |
| | aak [aːk]
| |
| | ek [ik]
| |
| | ag [ak]
| |
| | aq [aʔ]
| |
| |yaku [jaku]
| |
| |aku [aku]
| |
| |aek [ɛk] <br /> but ak [ak] (窄岝)
| |
| |ach [ajk]
| |
| | ay(!)
| |
| |-
| |
| |jaːjk
| |
| | K
| |
| | e [ɤ] <br /> but ia [iɑ] (嚇)
| |
| | aak [aːk]
| |
| | ek [ik]
| |
| | ag [ak]
| |
| | aq [aʔ]
| |
| |yaku [jaku]
| |
| |aku [aku]
| |
| |yeok [jʌk] /k,x,h_
| |
| aek [ɛk] /kh,ng_
| |
| |ach [ajk]
| |
| | yay(!)
| |
| |-
| |
| ! rowspan = 4 | 麥二開
| |
| | rowspan = 4 | ɛk
| |
| | rowspan = 4 | ɛk
| |
| | rowspan="3" |aːjk
| |
| | P
| |
| | '''LIT''' <br /> o [uo] <br /> '''COL''' <br /> ai [ai] (擘麥脈)
| |
| | aak [aːk] <br />
| |
| ak [ɐk] /m_
| |
| | ek [ik]
| |
| | ag [ak]
| |
| | aq [aʔ]
| |
| |yaku [jaku]
| |
| |aku [aku]
| |
| |yeok [jʌk]
| |
| aek [ɛk] /m_
| |
| |ach [ajk]
| |
| | ay(!)
| |
| |-
| |
| | TR
| |
| | '''COL''' <br /> ai [ai] (摘)
| |
| | aak [aːk]
| |
| | ek [ik]
| |
| | ag [ak]
| |
| | aq [aʔ]
| |
| |yaku [jaku]
| |
| |aku [aku]
| |
| |yeok [jʌk] <br /> but aek [ɛk] (宅)
| |
| |ich [ɪjk]
| |
| | ay(!)
| |
| |-
| |
| | SR
| |
| | '''LIT''' <br /> e [ɤ] <br /> and onset is <br /> plain alveolar (責策冊)<br /> '''COL''' <br /> ai [ai] (債??)
| |
| | aak [aːk]
| |
| | ek [ik]
| |
| | ag [ak], <br /> êd [et], <br /> id [it]
| |
| | aq [aʔ] <br />
| |
| eq [əʔ] /tsr_
| |
| |yaku [jaku]
| |
| |aku [aku]
| |
| |aek [ɛk]
| |
| |ach [ajk]
| |
| | ay(!)
| |
| |-
| |
| |jaːjk
| |
| | K
| |
| | e [ɤ]
| |
| | aak [aːk]
| |
| | ek [ik]
| |
| | ag [ak] <br /> but êd [et] (革)
| |
| | eq [əʔ] <br /> but aq [aʔ] (隔膈)
| |
| |yaku [jaku]
| |
| |aku [aku]
| |
| |yeok [jʌk] <br /> but gyeok [kjʌk] (繳)
| |
| aek [ɛk] /ʔ_
| |
| |ach [ajk]
| |
| | yay(!)
| |
| |-
| |
| ! rowspan = 2 | 陌三開
| |
| | rowspan = 2 | i̯ɒk
| |
| | rowspan = 2 | jæk
| |
| | rowspan="2" |iajk
| |
| | P
| |
| | i [i]
| |
| | ik [ɪk]
| |
| | ek [ik]
| |
| | id [it]
| |
| | iq [iɪʔ]
| |
| |yaku [jaku]
| |
| |eki [eki]
| |
| |ak [ak] (欂)
| |
| yeok [jʌk] (碧)
| |
| |ich [ɪjk]
| |
| | i/ay
| |
| |-
| |
| | K
| |
| | i [i] <br /> but ü [y] (劇)
| |
| | ik [ɪk] <br />
| |
| ek [ɛːk] < g_ <br /> gwik [kʷɪk], <br /> kwik [kʰʷɪk] /kh_
| |
| | ek [ik]
| |
| | iag [iak] <br /> but id [it] (隙)
| |
| | iq [iɪʔ] <br /> but ioq [ioʔ], <br /> iuq [yɪʔ] (屐)
| |
| |yaku [jaku]
| |
| |eki [eki]
| |
| |euk [ɯk]
| |
| yeok [jʌk] /ng_
| |
| |ich [ɪjk]
| |
| | i/yay
| |
| |-
| |
| ! rowspan = 5 | 昔三開
| |
| | rowspan = 5 | i̯äk
| |
| | rowspan = 5 | j(i)ek
| |
| |jiajk
| |
| | P
| |
| | i [i]
| |
| | ik [ɪk]
| |
| | ek [ik]
| |
| | id [it]
| |
| | iq [iɪʔ]
| |
| |yaku [jaku]
| |
| |eki [eki]
| |
| |yeok [jʌk]
| |
| |ich [ɪjk]
| |
| | i
| |
| |-
| |
| | rowspan="3" |iajk
| |
| | TR
| |
| | i [ʅ]
| |
| | aak [aːk]
| |
| | ek [ik]
| |
| | ed [ət]
| |
| | eq [əʔ]
| |
| |yaku [jaku]
| |
| |eki [eki]
| |
| |yeok [jʌk]
| |
| |ich [ɪjk]
| |
| | i
| |
| |-
| |
| | SY
| |
| | i [ʅ]
| |
| | ek [ɛːk] <br /> but ik [ɪk] (適斥)
| |
| | ek [ik]
| |
| | ag [ak] <br /> but ed [ət] (適斥)
| |
| | aq [aʔ] <br /> but eq [əʔ] (適)
| |
| |yaku [jaku]
| |
| |eki [eki]
| |
| |eok [ʌk]
| |
| |ich [ɪjk]
| |
| | i
| |
| |-
| |
| | S
| |
| | i [i]
| |
| | ik [ɪk]
| |
| | ek [ik]
| |
| | id [it]
| |
| | iq [iɪʔ]
| |
| |yaku [jaku]
| |
| |eki [eki]
| |
| |eok [ʌk]
| |
| |ich [ɪjk]
| |
| | i
| |
| |-
| |
| |jiajk
| |
| | K
| |
| | i [i]
| |
| | ik [ɪk]
| |
| | ek [ik]
| |
| | id [it]
| |
| | iq [iɪʔ]
| |
| |yaku [jaku]
| |
| |eki [eki]
| |
| |ik [ik] /ʔ_
| |
| yeok [jʌk] /y_ <br /> but aek [ɛk] (腋掖液)
| |
| |ich [ɪjk]
| |
| | eei
| |
| |-
| |
| ! rowspan = 4 | 錫四開
| |
| | rowspan = 4 | iek
| |
| | rowspan = 4 | ek
| |
| |jiajk
| |
| | P
| |
| | i [i]
| |
| | ik [ɪk]
| |
| | ek [ik]
| |
| | id [it]
| |
| | iq [iɪʔ]
| |
| |yaku [jaku]
| |
| |eki [eki]
| |
| |yeok [jʌk]
| |
| |ich [ɪjk]
| |
| | i
| |
| |-
| |
| | rowspan="2" |iajk
| |
| | T,l
| |
| | i [i]
| |
| | ik [ɪk]
| |
| | ek [ik]
| |
| | id [it]
| |
| | iq [iɪʔ]
| |
| |yaku [jaku]
| |
| |eki [eki]
| |
| |yeok [jʌk]
| |
| |ich [ɪjk]
| |
| | i
| |
| |-
| |
| | S
| |
| | i [i]
| |
| | ik [ɪk]
| |
| | ek [ik]
| |
| | id [it]
| |
| | iq [iɪʔ]
| |
| |yaku [jaku]
| |
| |eki [eki]
| |
| |eok [ʌk]
| |
| |ich [ɪjk]
| |
| | i
| |
| |-
| |
| |jiajk
| |
| | K
| |
| | i [i]
| |
| | ik [ɪk]
| |
| | ek [ik]
| |
| | id [it]
| |
| | iq [iɪʔ]
| |
| |yaku [jaku]
| |
| |eki [eki]
| |
| |yeok [jʌk] <br /> but ik [ik] (鷁喫)
| |
| |ich [ɪjk]
| |
| | eei
| |
| |}
| |
| | |
| === 梗攝（合口） Geng She (Hekou) ===
| |
| | |
| {| {{bluetable2|lightbluebg}}
| |
| |-
| |
| ! rowspan = 2 | Rime
| |
| ! colspan="3" | Middle Chinese
| |
| ! rowspan = 2 | C_
| |
| ! rowspan = 2 | Mandarin <br> Beijing
| |
| ! rowspan = 2 | Yue <br> Canton
| |
| ! rowspan = 2 | Minnan <br> Amoy
| |
| ! rowspan = 2 | Hakka <br> Moiyan
| |
| ! rowspan = 2 | Wu <br> Shanghai
| |
| ! colspan = 2 | Japanese
| |
| ! rowspan = 2 | Korean
| |
| ! rowspan="2" |Vietnamese
| |
| ! rowspan="2" | Phags-Pa <br> (Old Mandarin)
| |
| |-
| |
| ! <small>Karlgren</small>
| |
| ! <small>Baxter</small>
| |
| ! <small>LMC</small>
| |
| ! Go-On
| |
| ! Kan-On
| |
| |-
| |
| ! 庚二合
| |
| | wɒng
| |
| | wæng
| |
| |waːjŋ
| |
| | K
| |
| | uang [uɑŋ] <br /> but eng [ɤŋ] (橫)
| |
| | wong [ʷɔːŋ] <br /> but waang [waːŋ] (橫)
| |
| | ong [ɔŋ] <br /> but eng [iŋ] (横)
| |
| | uang [uaŋ] <br /> but ang [aŋ] (横)
| |
| | uaon [uɑ̃] <br /> but uan [uã] (横)
| |
| |wau [oː]
| |
| |wau [oː]
| |
| |wang [waŋ],<br/>oeng [weŋ]
| |
| yeong [jʌŋ] /ʔ_
| |
| |oang/(q)uang [waŋ]
| |
| | ung
| |
| |-
| |
| ! 耕二合
| |
| | wɛng
| |
| | wɛng
| |
| |waːjŋ
| |
| | K
| |
| | ung [ʊŋ]
| |
| | wang [wɐŋ] <br />
| |
| gwang [kʷɐŋ] < x_
| |
| | ong [ɔŋ]
| |
| | ang [aŋ] <br /> but ên [en] (宏)
| |
| | on [oŋ]
| |
| |wau [oː]
| |
| |wau [oː]
| |
| |oeng [weŋ]
| |
| ong [oŋ] /ʔ_
| |
| |oanh [wajŋ]
| |
| | ung
| |
| |-
| |
| ! 庚三合
| |
| | i̯wɒng
| |
| | jwæng
| |
| |yajŋ
| |
| | K
| |
| | iong [yʊŋ] <br /> but rong [ɻʊŋ] <br /> (榮蠑嶸) <br /> and ing [iɪŋ] (憬璟瑩)
| |
| | wing [ʷɪŋ] <br /> but ing [ɪŋ] (憬璟兄瑩)
| |
| | eng [iŋ]
| |
| | in [in] /k_ <br /> iung [iuŋ] /x_ <br /> iun [iun] /h_ <br /> but iung [iuŋ] (榮)
| |
| | ion [ioŋ] <br />
| |
| in [in] /k_
| |
| |yau [joː]
| |
| |ei [eː]
| |
| |yeong [jʌŋ]
| |
| |oanh [wajŋ] /ʔ_ <br />
| |
| inh [ɪjŋ] /h_ <br />
| |
| uynh [wɪjŋ] /x_
| |
| | eeung (yeeung)
| |
| |-
| |
| ! rowspan = 2 | 清三合
| |
| | rowspan = 2 | i̯wäng
| |
| | rowspan = 2 | jw(i)eng
| |
| |yajŋ
| |
| | s
| |
| | ing [iɪŋ]
| |
| | ing [ɪŋ]
| |
| |
| |
| |
| |
| |
| |
| |yau [joː]
| |
| |ei [eː]
| |
| |eong [ʌŋ]
| |
| |
| |
| | eeung
| |
| |-
| |
| |jyajŋ
| |
| | K
| |
| | ing [iɪŋ] <br /> but iong [yʊŋ] (瓊)
| |
| | ing [ɪŋ] <br />
| |
| wing6 [wɪŋ˨] < y_2
| |
| | eng [iŋ]
| |
| | ên [en], iun [iun] <br /> but in [in], <br /> iang [iaŋ] (營)
| |
| | in [in] <br /> but ion [ioŋ] (瓊)
| |
| |yau [joː]
| |
| |ei [eː]
| |
| |yeong [jʌŋ]
| |
| |uynh [wɪjŋ]
| |
| inh [ɪjŋ] /y_
| |
| | eeung
| |
| |-
| |
| ! 青四合
| |
| | iweng
| |
| | weng
| |
| |jyajŋ
| |
| | K
| |
| | jiong [tɕyʊŋ] <br />
| |
| ying [jiɪŋ] < h_1
| |
| | gwing [kʷɪŋ] <br />
| |
| jing [jɪŋ] < h_1
| |
| | keng [kiŋ] <br />
| |
| eng [iŋ] < h_1
| |
| | guên [kuen] <br />
| |
| yin [jin] < h_1
| |
| | cion [tɕioŋ] <br />
| |
| yon [ɦioŋ] < h_1
| |
| |yau [joː]
| |
| |ei [eː]
| |
| | yeong [jʌŋ]
| |
| |uynh [wɪjŋ]
| |
| | eeung (/eeing)
| |
| |-
| |
| ! rowspan = 2 | 陌二合
| |
| | rowspan = 2 | wɒk
| |
| | rowspan = 2 | wæk
| |
| | rowspan="2" |waːjk
| |
| | nr
| |
| | uo [uo]
| |
| | ok [ɔːk]
| |
| |
| |
| |
| |
| |
| |
| |
| |
| |
| |
| |
| |
| |
| |
| | way
| |
| |-
| |
| | K
| |
| | uo [uo]
| |
| | waak [waːk] < x <br /> wok [wɔːk] < h_ <br /> gwik [kʷɪk] < k_ (虢)
| |
| |
| |
| |
| |
| |
| |
| |
| |
| |
| |
| |oek [wek]
| |
| |quach [kwajk] < k_
| |
| | way
| |
| |-
| |
| ! 麥二合
| |
| | wɛk
| |
| | wɛk
| |
| |waːjk
| |
| | K
| |
| | uo [uo] <br /> but ua [uɑ] (劃)
| |
| | gwok [kʷɔːk] < k_ <br />
| |
| waak [waːk] < h_ <br /> but wok [wɔːk] (獲)
| |
| | ek [ik] <br />
| |
| ok [ɔk] /k_
| |
| | ag [ak] <br />
| |
| uêd [uet] /k_
| |
| | oq [oʔ], <br /> uaq [uaʔ], <br /> ueq [uəʔ]
| |
| |waku [aku], <br /> oku [oku]
| |
| waku [waku] <br /> < h_
| |
| |waku [aku], <br /> yaku [jaku]
| |
| |oek [wek]
| |
| |quăc [kwăk] < k_
| |
| hoach [hwajk] < h_
| |
| | way
| |
| |-
| |
| ! 陌三合
| |
| | i̯wɒk
| |
| | jwæk
| |
| |yajk
| |
| | ʔ
| |
| | huo [xuo] (擭)
| |
| | wok [wɔːk]
| |
| |
| |
| |
| |
| |
| |
| |yaku [jaku]
| |
| |weki [eki]
| |
| |wak [wak]
| |
| |oach [wajk]
| |
| | (ywi? ue?)
| |
| |-
| |
| ! 昔三合
| |
| | i̯wäk
| |
| | jwiek
| |
| |jyajk
| |
| | y
| |
| | yi [ji] (役疫)
| |
| | jik [jɪk]
| |
| | ek [ik]
| |
| | yid [jit]
| |
| | yoq [ɦioʔ], <br /> yuq [ɦyɪʔ]
| |
| |yaku [jaku]
| |
| |weki [eki]
| |
| |yeok [jʌk]
| |
| |dich [zɪjk ~ jɨt]
| |
| | ywi (y+wi)
| |
| |-
| |
| ! 錫四合
| |
| | iwek
| |
| | wek
| |
| |jyajk
| |
| | K
| |
| | ü [y]
| |
| | gwik [kʷɪk]
| |
| |
| |
| |
| |
| |
| |
| |yaku [jaku]
| |
| |weki [eki]
| |
| |yeok [jʌk]
| |
| |
| |
| | (ywi? ue?)
| |
| |}
| |
| | |
| === 江攝 Jiang She ===
| |
| {| {{bluetable2|lightbluebg}}
| |
| |-
| |
| ! rowspan = 2 | Rime
| |
| ! colspan="3" | Middle Chinese
| |
| ! rowspan = 2 | C_
| |
| ! rowspan = 2 | Mandarin <br> Beijing
| |
| ! rowspan = 2 | Yue <br> Canton
| |
| ! rowspan = 2 | Minnan
| |
| ! rowspan = 2 | Hakka <br> Moiyan
| |
| ! rowspan = 2 | Wu <br> Shanghai
| |
| ! colspan = 2 | Japanese
| |
| ! rowspan = 2 | Korean
| |
| ! rowspan="2" | Vietnamese
| |
| ! rowspan="2" | Old Mandarin
| |
| |-
| |
| ! <small>Karlgren</small>
| |
| ! <small>Baxter</small>
| |
| ! <small>LMC</small>
| |
| ! Go-On
| |
| ! Kan-On
| |
| |-
| |
| ! rowspan = 4 | 江二開
| |
| | rowspan = 4 | ång
| |
| | rowspan = 4 | æwng
| |
| | rowspan="3" |aːwŋ
| |
| | P
| |
| | ang [ɑŋ]
| |
| | ong [ɔːŋ]
| |
| | ang [aŋ]
| |
| | ong [oŋ] <br /> but ung [uŋ] (棒)
| |
| | aon [ɑ̃]
| |
| | ou [oː]
| |
| | au [oː]
| |
| | ang [aŋ]
| |
| |ang [aŋ]
| |
| | aŋ
| |
| |-
| |
| | TR
| |
| | uang [wɑŋ]
| |
| | oeng [œːŋ]
| |
| | ong [ɔŋ]
| |
| | ong [oŋ]
| |
| | aon [ɑ̃]
| |
| | ou [oː]
| |
| | au [oː]
| |
| | ang [aŋ]
| |
| |ang [aŋ]
| |
| | waŋ
| |
| |-
| |
| | SR
| |
| | uang [wɑŋ]
| |
| | oeng [œːŋ]
| |
| | ong [ɔŋ]
| |
| | ung [uŋ]
| |
| | aon [ɑ̃]
| |
| | ou [oː]
| |
| | au [oː]
| |
| | ang [aŋ]
| |
| |ong [awŋ]
| |
| | waŋ
| |
| |-
| |
| |jaːwŋ
| |
| | K
| |
| | iang [jɑŋ] <br /> but ang [ɑŋ] (扛缸港)
| |
| | ong [ɔːŋ]
| |
| | ang [aŋ]
| |
| | ong [oŋ]
| |
| | aon [ɑ̃]
| |
| | ou [oː]
| |
| | au [oː]
| |
| | ang [aŋ]
| |
| |ang [aŋ]
| |
| ông [əwŋ] /kh_
| |
| | jaŋ
| |
| |-
| |
| ! rowspan = 4 | 覺二開
| |
| | rowspan = 4 | åk
| |
| | rowspan = 4 | æwk
| |
| | rowspan="3" |aːwk
| |
| | P
| |
| | '''LIT'''<br />
| |
| o [uo] <br /> but u [u] (朴) <br />
| |
| '''COL''' <br />
| |
| ao [ɑu] (剝雹) <br /> or iao [iɑu] (朴)
| |
| | ok [ɔːk]
| |
| | ok [ɔk]
| |
| | og [ok]
| |
| | oq [oʔ]
| |
| | oku [oku]
| |
| | aku [aku]
| |
| | ak [ak]
| |
| |ac [ak]
| |
| | aw(ʔ) > ɔ(ʔ)
| |
| |-
| |
| | TR
| |
| | '''LIT'''<br />
| |
| uo [uo] <br />
| |
| | oek [œːk] <br />
| |
| ok [ɔːk], uk [ʊk] /dr_
| |
| | ok [ɔk]
| |
| | og [ok]
| |
| | oq [oʔ]
| |
| | aku [aku]
| |
| | aku [aku]
| |
| | ak [ak]
| |
| |ac [ak]
| |
| | waw(ʔ) ><br />wa(ʔ)~ɔ(ʔ)
| |
| |-
| |
| | SR
| |
| | '''LIT'''<br />
| |
| uo [uo] <br />
| |
| | ok [ɔːk] <br />
| |
| uk [ʊk] /tsr,tsrh_
| |
| | ok [ɔk]
| |
| | og [ok]
| |
| | oq [oʔ]
| |
| | aku [aku]
| |
| | aku [aku]
| |
| | ak [ak]
| |
| |ac [ak]
| |
| | waw(ʔ) ><br />wa(ʔ)~ɔ(ʔ)
| |
| |-
| |
| |jaːwk
| |
| | K
| |
| | '''LIT'''<br />
| |
| üe [yɛ]<br /> but iao [iɑu] (殼) <br />
| |
| uo [uo] / ʔ_<br />
| |
| '''COL''' <br />
| |
| iao [iɑu] (角)<br />
| |
| and e [ɤ] (殼)
| |
| | ok [ɔːk] <br />
| |
| kok [kʰɔːk] < kh_ <br />
| |
| ak [ɐk] < ʔ_
| |
| | ak [ak]
| |
| | og [ok]
| |
| | oq [oʔ] <br /> but ioq [ioʔ], <br /> iuq [yɪʔ] (確珏)
| |
| | aku [aku]
| |
| | aku [aku]
| |
| | ak [ak]
| |
| |ac [ak] <br /> but oc [awk] (學)
| |
| | jaw(ʔ) ><br />ja(ʔ)~jɔ(ʔ)
| |
| |}
| |
| | |
| === 通攝（舒聲） Tong She (Nasal Coda) ===
| |
| | |
| {| {{bluetable2|lightbluebg}}
| |
| |-
| |
| ! rowspan = 2 | Rime
| |
| ! colspan="3" | Middle Chinese
| |
| ! rowspan = 2 | C_
| |
| ! rowspan = 2 | Mandarin <br> Beijing
| |
| ! rowspan = 2 | Yue <br> Canton
| |
| ! rowspan = 2 | Minnan <br> Amoy
| |
| ! rowspan = 2 | Hakka <br> Moiyan
| |
| ! rowspan = 2 | Wu <br> Shanghai
| |
| ! colspan = 2 | Japanese
| |
| ! rowspan = 2 | Korean
| |
| ! rowspan="2" | Vietnamese
| |
| ! rowspan="2" | Old Mandarin
| |
| |-
| |
| ! <small>Karlgren</small>
| |
| ! <small>Baxter</small>
| |
| ! <small>LMC</small>
| |
| ! Go-On
| |
| ! Kan-On
| |
| |-
| |
| ! rowspan = 4 | 東一開
| |
| | rowspan = 4 |ung
| |
| | rowspan = 4 |uwng
| |
| | rowspan="4" |əwŋ
| |
| | P
| |
| | eng [ɤŋ]
| |
| | ung [ʊŋ]
| |
| | ong [ɔŋ]
| |
| | ung [uŋ]
| |
| | on [oŋ]
| |
| | u [u]
| |
| | ou [oː]
| |
| | ong [oŋ]
| |
| |ông [əwŋ]
| |
| | uŋ
| |
| |-
| |
| | T,l
| |
| | ong [ʊŋ]
| |
| | ung [ʊŋ]
| |
| | ong [ɔŋ]
| |
| | ung [uŋ]
| |
| | on [oŋ]
| |
| | uu [uː]
| |
| u [u] /l_
| |
| | ou [oː]
| |
| | ong [oŋ]
| |
| |ông [əwŋ]
| |
| | uŋ
| |
| |-
| |
| | S
| |
| | ong [ʊŋ]
| |
| | ung [ʊŋ]
| |
| | ong [ɔŋ]
| |
| | ung [uŋ]
| |
| | on [oŋ]
| |
| | u [u]
| |
| | ou [oː]
| |
| | ong [oŋ]
| |
| |ông [əwŋ]
| |
| | uŋ
| |
| |-
| |
| | K
| |
| | ong [ʊŋ] <br />
| |
| weng [ʋɤŋ] < ʔ_
| |
| | ung [ʊŋ] <br />
| |
| jung [jʊŋ] < ʔ_12
| |
| | ong [ɔŋ]
| |
| | ung [uŋ]
| |
| | on [oŋ]
| |
| | u [u]
| |
| | ou [oː]
| |
| | ong [oŋ]
| |
| |ông [əwŋ]
| |
| | uŋ
| |
| |-
| |
| ! rowspan = 3 | 冬一開
| |
| | rowspan = 3 | uong
| |
| | rowspan = 3 | owng
| |
| | rowspan="3" |əwŋ
| |
| | T
| |
| | ong [ʊŋ]
| |
| | ung [ʊŋ]
| |
| | ong [ɔŋ]
| |
| | ung [uŋ]
| |
| | on [oŋ]
| |
| | ou [oː]
| |
| | ou [oː]
| |
| | ong [oŋ]
| |
| |ông [əwŋ]
| |
| | uŋ
| |
| |-
| |
| | S
| |
| | ong [ʊŋ]
| |
| | ung [ʊŋ]
| |
| | ong [ɔŋ]
| |
| | ung [uŋ]
| |
| | on [oŋ]
| |
| | o [o]
| |
| | ou [oː]
| |
| | ong [oŋ]
| |
| |ông [əwŋ]
| |
| | uŋ
| |
| |-
| |
| | k
| |
| | ong [ʊŋ]
| |
| | ung [ʊŋ]
| |
| | ong [ɔŋ]
| |
| | ung [uŋ]
| |
| | on [oŋ]
| |
| | o [o]
| |
| | ou [oː]
| |
| | ong [oŋ]
| |
| |ông [əwŋ]
| |
| | uŋ
| |
| |-
| |
| ! rowspan = 7 | 東三開
| |
| | rowspan = 7 | i̯ung
| |
| | rowspan = 7 | juwng
| |
| | rowspan="3" |iwŋ/
| |
| məwŋ
| |
| | F
| |
| | eng [ɤŋ]
| |
| | ung [ʊŋ]
| |
| | ong [ɔŋ]
| |
| | ung [uŋ]
| |
| | on [oŋ]
| |
| | u [u], uu [uː]
| |
| | (y)ou [(j)oː]
| |
| | ung [uŋ] <br /> but ong [oŋ] (鳳賵)
| |
| ong [oŋ] /m_
| |
| |ung [ʊwŋ], <br /> ương [ɨə̯ŋ] /b_ <br />
| |
| ong [awŋ] /p,ph_ <br />
| |
| ông [əwŋ] /m_
| |
| | (f)uŋ
| |
| |-
| |
| | l
| |
| | ong [ʊŋ]
| |
| | ung [ʊŋ]
| |
| | iong [iɔŋ]
| |
| | ung [uŋ]
| |
| | on [oŋ]
| |
| | u [u], uu [uː]
| |
| | yuu [juː]
| |
| | yung [juŋ]
| |
| |ung [ʊwŋ]
| |
| | juŋ > uŋ
| |
| |-
| |
| | TR
| |
| | ong [ʊŋ]
| |
| | ung [ʊŋ]
| |
| | iong [iɔŋ]
| |
| | ung [uŋ]
| |
| | on [oŋ]
| |
| | yuu [juː], yu [ju]
| |
| | yuu [juː]
| |
| | yung [juŋ]
| |
| |ung [ʊwŋ] <br /> but ong [awŋ] (仲)
| |
| | (j)uŋ > uŋ
| |
| |-
| |
| |əwŋ
| |
| | dzr
| |
| | ong [ʊŋ]
| |
| | ung [ʊŋ]
| |
| | iong [iɔŋ]
| |
| | ung [uŋ]
| |
| | on [oŋ]
| |
| | uu [uː]
| |
| | yuu [juː]
| |
| | ung [uŋ], ong [oŋ]
| |
| |ung [ʊwŋ]
| |
| | uŋ
| |
| |-
| |
| | rowspan="3" |iwŋ
| |
| | SY
| |
| | ong [ʊŋ]
| |
| | ung [ʊŋ]
| |
| | iong [iɔŋ]
| |
| | ung [uŋ] <br />
| |
| yung [iuŋ] < ny_
| |
| | on [oŋ] <br />
| |
| ion [ioŋ] /ny_
| |
| | u [u], uu [uː], <br /> yu [ju]
| |
| | yuu [juː]
| |
| | ung [uŋ]
| |
| |ung [ʊwŋ]
| |
| | (j)uŋ > uŋ
| |
| |-
| |
| | S
| |
| | ong [ʊŋ]
| |
| | ung [ʊŋ]
| |
| | iong [iɔŋ]
| |
| | iung [iuŋ]
| |
| | on [oŋ]
| |
| | u [u], uu [uː], <br /> yu [ju]
| |
| | yuu [juː]
| |
| | ung [uŋ]
| |
| |ung [ʊwŋ]
| |
| | juŋ > uŋ
| |
| |-
| |
| | K
| |
| | iong [yʊŋ] <br />
| |
| ong [ʊŋ] /k_ <br />
| |
| rong [ɻʊŋ] < y_
| |
| | ung [ʊŋ] <br />
| |
| hung [hʊŋ] < h_
| |
| | iong [iɔŋ]
| |
| | iung [iuŋ]
| |
| | ion [ioŋ] <br />
| |
| on [ioŋ] /kh,g_
| |
| | u [u], uu [uː]
| |
| (y)u [(j)u] /y_
| |
| | yuu [juː]
| |
| | ung [uŋ]
| |
| yung [juŋ] /y_
| |
| |ung [ʊwŋ]
| |
| | juŋ
| |
| |-
| |
| ! rowspan = 6 | 鍾三開
| |
| | rowspan = 6 | i̯wong
| |
| | rowspan = 6 | jowng
| |
| | rowspan="6" |ywŋ
| |
| | F
| |
| | eng [ɤŋ]
| |
| | ung [ʊŋ]
| |
| | ong [ɔŋ]
| |
| | ung [uŋ]
| |
| | on [oŋ]
| |
| | u [u], uu [uː]
| |
| | ou [oː]
| |
| | ong [oŋ]
| |
| |ong [awŋ]
| |
| ung [ʊwŋ] /b_
| |
| | (f)uŋ
| |
| |-
| |
| | l
| |
| | ong [ʊŋ]
| |
| | ung [ʊŋ]
| |
| | eng [eŋ]
| |
| | iung [iuŋ]
| |
| | on [oŋ]
| |
| | yuu [juː]
| |
| | you [joː]
| |
| | ong [oŋ], yong [joŋ]
| |
| |ung [ʊwŋ] <br /> but ong [awŋ] (龍)
| |
| | juŋ > uŋ
| |
| |-
| |
| | TR
| |
| | ong [ʊŋ]
| |
| | ung [ʊŋ]
| |
| | iong [iɔŋ]
| |
| | ung [uŋ]
| |
| | on [oŋ] <br />
| |
| ion [ioŋ] /nr_
| |
| | yuu [juː]
| |
| | you [joː]
| |
| | yong [joŋ] <br /> but yung [juŋ] (重)
| |
| |ung [ʊwŋ]
| |
| | (j)uŋ > uŋ
| |
| |-
| |
| | SY
| |
| | ong [ʊŋ]
| |
| | ung [ʊŋ]
| |
| | iong [iɔŋ]
| |
| | ung [uŋ] <br />
| |
| yung [iuŋ] < ny_
| |
| | on [oŋ] <br />
| |
| also ion [ioŋ] /ny_
| |
| | u [u], yu [ju]
| |
| | you [joː]
| |
| | ong [oŋ] <br /> but ung [uŋ] (衝) <br />
| |
| ung [juŋ] /ny_
| |
| |ung [ʊwŋ]
| |
| | (j)uŋ > uŋ
| |
| |-
| |
| | S
| |
| | ong [ʊŋ]
| |
| | ung [ʊŋ]
| |
| | iong [iɔŋ]
| |
| | iung [iuŋ]
| |
| | on [oŋ]
| |
| | u [u], yu [ju]
| |
| | you [joː]
| |
| | ong [oŋ]
| |
| |ung [ʊwŋ]
| |
| | juŋ > uŋ
| |
| |-
| |
| | K
| |
| | iong [yʊŋ] <br />
| |
| ong [ʊŋ] /k,kh_, <br /> g_23 <br />
| |
| rong [ɻʊŋ] < y_
| |
| | ung [ʊŋ]
| |
| | iong [iɔŋ]
| |
| | iung [iuŋ]
| |
| | ion [ioŋ] <br />
| |
| on [oŋ] < k,kh,g_
| |
| | u [u], uu [uː]
| |
| also yo [jo] /ʔ_
| |
| | you [joː]
| |
| | ong [oŋ]
| |
| yong [joŋ] /y_<br />yung [juŋ] /x_
| |
| |ung [ʊwŋ]
| |
| | juŋ
| |
| |}
| |
| | |
| === 通攝（入聲） Tong She (Plosive Coda) ===
| |
| | |
| {| {{bluetable2|lightbluebg}}
| |
| |-
| |
| ! rowspan = 2 | Rime
| |
| ! colspan="3" | Middle Chinese
| |
| ! rowspan = 2 | C_
| |
| ! rowspan = 2 | Mandarin <br> Beijing
| |
| ! rowspan = 2 | Yue <br> Canton
| |
| ! rowspan = 2 | Minnan <br> Amoy
| |
| ! rowspan = 2 | Hakka <br> Moiyan
| |
| ! rowspan = 2 | Wu <br> Shanghai
| |
| ! colspan = 2 | Japanese
| |
| ! rowspan = 2 | Korean
| |
| ! rowspan="2" | Vietnamese
| |
| ! rowspan="2" | Old Mandarin
| |
| |-
| |
| ! <small>Karlgren</small>
| |
| ! <small>Baxter</small>
| |
| ! <small>LMC</small>
| |
| ! Go-On
| |
| ! Kan-On
| |
| |-
| |
| ! rowspan = 4 | 屋一開
| |
| | rowspan = 4 | uk
| |
| | rowspan = 4 | uwk
| |
| | rowspan="4" |əwk
| |
| | P
| |
| | u [u]
| |
| | uk [ʊk]
| |
| | ok [ɔk]
| |
| | ug [uk]
| |
| | oq [oʔ]
| |
| | oku [oku]
| |
| | oku [oku]
| |
| | ok [ok]
| |
| |ôc [əwk]
| |
| | u(ʔ) > ʊ(ʔ)
| |
| |-
| |
| | T,l
| |
| | u [u]
| |
| | uk [ʊk]
| |
| | ok [ɔk]
| |
| | ug [uk]
| |
| | oq [oʔ]
| |
| | oku [oku]
| |
| | oku [oku]
| |
| | ok [ok]
| |
| |ôc [əwk]
| |
| | u(ʔ) > ʊ(ʔ)
| |
| |-
| |
| | S
| |
| | u [u]
| |
| | uk [ʊk]
| |
| | ok [ɔk]
| |
| | ug [uk]
| |
| | oq [oʔ]
| |
| | oku [oku]
| |
| | oku [oku]
| |
| | ok [ok]
| |
| |ôc [əwk]
| |
| | u(ʔ) > ʊ(ʔ)
| |
| |-
| |
| | K
| |
| | u [u]
| |
| | uk [ʊk]
| |
| | ok [ɔk]
| |
| | ug [uk]
| |
| | oq [oʔ]
| |
| | oku [oku]
| |
| woku [oku] /ʔ_
| |
| | oku [oku]
| |
| woku [oku] /ʔ_
| |
| | ok [ok]
| |
| |ôc [əwk]
| |
| | u(ʔ) > ʊ(ʔ)
| |
| |-
| |
| ! rowspan = 4 | 沃一開
| |
| | rowspan = 4 | uok
| |
| | rowspan = 4 | owk
| |
| | rowspan="4" |əwk
| |
| | P
| |
| | u [u]
| |
| | uk [ʊk]
| |
| | ok [ɔk]
| |
| | ug [uk]
| |
| | oq [oʔ]
| |
| | oku [oku]
| |
| | oku [oku]
| |
| | ok [ok]
| |
| |ôc [əwk]
| |
| | u(ʔ) > ʊ(ʔ)
| |
| |-
| |
| | T,l
| |
| | u [u]
| |
| | uk [ʊk]
| |
| | ok [ɔk]
| |
| | ug [uk]
| |
| | oq [oʔ]
| |
| | oku [oku]
| |
| | oku [oku]
| |
| | ok [ok]
| |
| |ôc [əwk]
| |
| | u(ʔ) > ʊ(ʔ)
| |
| |-
| |
| | S
| |
| | u [u]
| |
| | uk [ʊk]
| |
| | ok [ɔk]
| |
| | ug [uk]
| |
| | oq [oʔ]
| |
| | oku [oku]
| |
| | oku [oku]
| |
| | ok [ok]
| |
| |ôc [əwk]
| |
| | u(ʔ) > ʊ(ʔ)
| |
| |-
| |
| | K
| |
| | u [u] <br /> but uo [uo] (沃)
| |
| | uk [ʊk] <br /> but juk [jʊk] (沃)
| |
| | ok [ɔk]
| |
| | ug [uk] <br /> but vog [vok] (沃)
| |
| | oq [oʔ]
| |
| | oku [oku]
| |
| woku [oku] /ʔ_
| |
| | oku [oku]
| |
| yoku [joku] /ʔ_
| |
| | ok [ok]
| |
| |ôc [əwk]
| |
| | u(ʔ) > ʊ(ʔ)
| |
| |-
| |
| ! rowspan = 7 | 屋三開
| |
| | rowspan = 7 | i̯uk
| |
| | rowspan = 7 | juwk
| |
| | rowspan="3" |iwk/
| |
| məwk
| |
| | F
| |
| | u [u]
| |
| | uk [ʊk]
| |
| | ok [ɔk]
| |
| | ug [uk]
| |
| | oq [oʔ]
| |
| | uku [uku] <br /> oku [oku] /m_
| |
| | uku [uku] <br /> oku [oku] /m_
| |
| | ok [ok]
| |
| |uc [ʊwk]
| |
| | u(ʔ) > ʊ(ʔ)
| |
| |-
| |
| | l
| |
| | '''LIT''' <br /> u [u] <br />
| |
| '''COL''' <br /> iou [iou] (六)
| |
| | uk [ʊk]
| |
| | iok [iɔk]
| |
| | iug [iuk]
| |
| | oq [oʔ]
| |
| | oku [oku]
| |
| | iku [iku]
| |
| | yuk [juk]
| |
| |uc [ʊwk]
| |
| | y(ʔ) ><br />ʊ(ʔ) ~ jʊ(ʔ)
| |
| |-
| |
| | TR
| |
| | '''LIT''' <br /> u [u] <br />
| |
| '''COL''' <br /> iou [iou] (軸)
| |
| | uk [ʊk]
| |
| | iok [iɔk]
| |
| | ug [uk]
| |
| | oq [oʔ] <br /> but ioq [ioʔ], <br /> iuq [yɪʔ] (軸)
| |
| | iku [iku]
| |
| | iku [iku]
| |
| | yuk [juk]
| |
| |uc [ʊwk]
| |
| | y(ʔ) ><br />ʊ(ʔ) ~ jʊ(ʔ)
| |
| |-
| |
| |əwk
| |
| | SR
| |
| | u [u] <br /> but uo [uo] (縮)
| |
| | uk [ʊk]
| |
| | iok [iɔk]
| |
| | ug [uk]
| |
| | oq [oʔ]
| |
| | uku [uku]
| |
| | yuku [juku]
| |
| | uk [uk] <br /> but ok [ok] (矗)
| |
| |uc [ʊwk]
| |
| | u(ʔ) > ʊ(ʔ)
| |
| |-
| |
| | rowspan="3" |iwk
| |
| | SY
| |
| | '''LIT''' <br /> u [u] <br />
| |
| '''COL''' <br /> iou [iou] (粥熟肉)
| |
| | uk [ʊk]
| |
| | iok [iɔk]
| |
| | ug [uk] <br />
| |
| iug [iuk] /ny_
| |
| | oq [oʔ] <br />
| |
| ioq [ioʔ] /ny_
| |
| | uku [uku] <br /> iku [iku] /ny_
| |
| | yuku [juku] <br /> iku [iku] /ny_
| |
| | uk [uk]
| |
| |uc [ʊwk]
| |
| | y(ʔ) ><br />ʊ(ʔ) ~ jʊ(ʔ)
| |
| |-
| |
| | S
| |
| | '''LIT''' <br /> u [u] <br />
| |
| '''COL''' <br /> iou [iou] (宿)
| |
| | uk [ʊk]
| |
| | iok [iɔk]
| |
| | iug [iuk]
| |
| | oq [oʔ]
| |
| | uku [uku]
| |
| | yuku [juku]
| |
| | uk [uk]
| |
| |uc [ʊwk]
| |
| | y(ʔ) ><br />ʊ(ʔ) ~ jʊ(ʔ)
| |
| |-
| |
| | K
| |
| | ü [y]
| |
| | uk [ʊk]
| |
| | iok [iɔk]
| |
| | iug [iuk]
| |
| | ioq [ioʔ], iuq [yɪʔ]
| |
| | iku [iku]
| |
| | iku [iku]
| |
| | uk [uk]
| |
| yuk [juk] /y_
| |
| |uc [ʊwk]
| |
| | y(ʔ) > jʊ(ʔ)
| |
| |-
| |
| ! rowspan = 6 | 燭三開
| |
| | rowspan = 6 | i̯wok
| |
| | rowspan = 6 | jowk
| |
| | rowspan="6" |ywk
| |
| | F
| |
| | u [u]
| |
| | uk [ʊk]
| |
| | iok [iɔk]
| |
| | ug [uk]
| |
| | oq [oʔ]
| |
| | oku [oku]
| |
| | yoku [joku]
| |
| | ok [ok]
| |
| |uc [ʊwk]
| |
| | u(ʔ) > ʊ(ʔ)
| |
| |-
| |
| | l
| |
| | u [u] <br /> but ü [y] (綠)
| |
| | uk [ʊk]
| |
| | iok [iɔk] <br />
| |
| but ek [ik] (緑)
| |
| | iug [iuk]
| |
| | oq [oʔ]
| |
| | oku [oku]
| |
| | yoku [joku]
| |
| | ok [ok]
| |
| |uc [ʊwk]
| |
| | y(ʔ) ><br />ʊ(ʔ) ~ ʏ(ʔ)
| |
| |-
| |
| | TR
| |
| | u [u]
| |
| | uk [ʊk]
| |
| | iok [iɔk]
| |
| | og [ok] (亍)
| |
| | oq [oʔ]
| |
| | oku [oku]
| |
| | yoku [joku]
| |
| | yok [jok]
| |
| |uc [ʊwk]
| |
| | y(ʔ) > ʊ(ʔ)
| |
| |-
| |
| | SY
| |
| | u [u]
| |
| | uk [ʊk]
| |
| | iok [iɔk]
| |
| | ug [uk] <br />
| |
| yug [iuk] < ny_
| |
| | oq [oʔ] <br />
| |
| also ioq [ioʔ] /ny_
| |
| | oku [oku]
| |
| | yoku [joku]
| |
| | ok [ok]
| |
| |uc [ʊwk]
| |
| | y(ʔ) > ʊ(ʔ)
| |
| |-
| |
| | S
| |
| | u [u] <br /> but ü [y] (續)
| |
| | uk [ʊk]
| |
| | iok [iɔk]
| |
| | iug [iuk]
| |
| | oq [oʔ]
| |
| | oku [oku]
| |
| | yoku [joku]
| |
| | ok [ok]
| |
| |uc [ʊwk]
| |
| | y(ʔ) ><br />ʊ(ʔ) ~ ʏ(ʔ)
| |
| |-
| |
| | K
| |
| | ü [y]
| |
| | uk [ʊk]
| |
| | iok [iɔk]
| |
| | iug [iuk]
| |
| | ioq [ioʔ]
| |
| | oku [oku]
| |
| yoku [joku] /y_
| |
| | yoku [joku]
| |
| | uk [uk] /k,g,x_
| |
| ok [ok] /kh,ng_<br />yok [jok] /y_
| |
| |uc [ʊwk]
| |
| | y(ʔ) > jʊ(ʔ)
| |
| |}
| |
| | |
| == Tones ==
| |
| | |
| Middle Chinese is traditionally described as having four tones. However, the Ru tone (入聲) is in complementary distribution with each of the other three tones. If MC were a modern language, a modern linguist might analyze it as an allophone of one of the other tones:
| |
| | |
| {| {{bluetable2|lightbluebg}}
| |
| !
| |
| ! Open syllable
| |
| ! Closed syllable with nasal coda
| |
| ! Closed syllable with plosive coda
| |
| |-
| |
| | Ping/level tone (平聲)
| |
| | Yes
| |
| | Yes
| |
| | style="background-color:gray" | No
| |
| |-
| |
| | Shang/rising tone (上聲)
| |
| | Yes
| |
| | Yes
| |
| | style="background-color:gray" | No
| |
| |-
| |
| | Qu/departing tone (去聲)
| |
| | Yes
| |
| | Yes
| |
| | style="background-color:gray" | No
| |
| |-
| |
| | Ru/entering tone (入聲)
| |
| | style="background-color:gray" | No
| |
| | style="background-color:gray" | No
| |
| | Yes
| |
| |}
| |
| | |
| In MC, Ping was much more common than each of the other three tones.
| |
| | |
| Karlgren uses : and - while Baxter uses X and H for the Shang and Qu tones. (Ping is left unmarked and Ru is of course self-evident.)
| |
| | |
| Near the end of, or after, MC, the tones split into high and low varieties based on the onset of the syllable. Syllables with voiceless onsets became high, while syllables with voiced onsets became low. In most Sinitic languages, the voice distinction was then lost, and the high/low distinction became phonemic for some or all tones. Whenever this happened, the high varieties come to be called called "Yin" (Yin Ping, Yin Shang, Yin Qu, Yin Ru) while the low varieties are called "Yang" (Yang Ping, Yang Shang, Yang Qu, Yang Ru). Here is an idealized illustration of how the system would work for a given tone (aspiration is ignored in this illustration for simplicity):
| |
| | |
| {| {{bluetable2|lightbluebg}}
| |
| ! Before
| |
| ! After
| |
| |-
| |
| | pan (P)
| |
| | pan (YinP)
| |
| |-
| |
| | man (P)
| |
| | man (YangP)
| |
| |-
| |
| | ban (P)
| |
| | pan (YangP)
| |
| |} | | |} |
|
| |
| The vast majority of languages and dialects today have separate Yin Ping and Yang Ping tones. Only some southern languages and dialects have separate Yin Qu and Yang Qu tones. It is even rarer to have separate Yin Shang and Yang Shang tones; instead, there is a widespread tendency to move what ''would'' be Yang Shang syllables, beginning with obstruent onsets, into the Qu tone. Taking the dialect of Changsha as an example:
| |
|
| |
| {| {{bluetable2|lightbluebg}}
| |
| ! MC
| |
| ! Changsha
| |
| |-
| |
| | pan (S)
| |
| | pan (S)
| |
| |-
| |
| | man (S)
| |
| | man (S)
| |
| |-
| |
| | ban (S)
| |
| | pan ('''YangQ''')
| |
| |-
| |
| | pan (Q)
| |
| | pan (YinQ)
| |
| |-
| |
| | man (Q)
| |
| | man (YangQ)
| |
| |-
| |
| | ban (Q)
| |
| | pan (YangQ)
| |
| |}
| |
|
| |
| The Ru tone deserves special mention, because with a few exceptions (e.g. Changsha, Wenzhou), it lived and died with the plosive codas that it was associated with. In southern languages that maintain plosive codas, the Ru tone survives (though, as in MC, the Ru tone, or Ru tones where the tone has split, is/are usually associated exclusively with plosive codas, and can therefore be analyzed as an allophone or allophones of other tones.) On the other hand, plosive codas have dropped away completely in most dialects of Mandarin, and syllables with Ru tone were reassigned to other tones.
| |
|
| |
| Reconstructions are omitted from the following since no one seems to be attempting it (??).
| |
|
| |
| *P = MC unvoiced obstruent onset
| |
| *M = MC sonorant onset
| |
| *B = MC voiced obstruent onset
| |
|
| |
| {| {{bluetable2|lightbluebg}}
| |
| |-
| |
| ! rowspan = 2 colspan = 2| Tone
| |
| ! colspan = 7 | Mandarin
| |
| ! rowspan = 2 | Jin <br> Taiyuan
| |
| ! rowspan = 2 | Yue <br > Canton
| |
| ! colspan = 2 | Minnan
| |
| ! rowspan = 2 | Mindong <br> Fuzhou
| |
| ! rowspan = 2 | Hakka <br /> Moiyan
| |
| ! rowspan = 2 | Gan <br> Nanchang
| |
| ! colspan = 3 | Wu
| |
| ! rowspan = 2 | Xiang <br> Changsha
| |
| ! rowspan = 2 | Vietnamese
| |
| |-
| |
| ! Beijing
| |
| ! Jinan
| |
| ! Xi'an
| |
| ! Wuhan
| |
| ! Chengdu
| |
| ! Hefei
| |
| ! Yangzhou
| |
| ! Amoy
| |
| ! Teochew
| |
| ! Suzhou
| |
| ! Shanghai
| |
| ! Wenzhou
| |
| |-
| |
| ! rowspan = 3 | 平 <br> <small>Ping</small>
| |
| ! P
| |
| | <!-- Beijing --> 55
| |
| | <!-- Jinan --> 213
| |
| | <!-- Xi'an --> 21
| |
| | <!-- Wuhan --> 55
| |
| | <!-- Chengdu --> 44
| |
| | <!-- Hefei --> 212
| |
| | <!-- Yangzhou --> 21
| |
| | <!-- Taiyuan --> rowspan = 3 | 11
| |
| | <!-- Guangzhou --> 55
| |
| | <!-- Xiamen --> 44
| |
| | <!-- Chaozhou --> 33
| |
| | <!-- Fuzhou --> 55
| |
| | <!-- Meizhou --> 44
| |
| | <!-- Nanchang --> 42
| |
| | <!-- Suzhou --> 44
| |
| | <!-- Shanghai --> 52
| |
| | <!-- Wenzhou --> 44
| |
| | <!-- Changsha --> 33
| |
| | <!-- SV --> rowspan = 2 | ngang
| |
| |-
| |
| ! M
| |
| | <!-- Beijing --> rowspan = 2 | 35
| |
| | <!-- Jinan --> rowspan = 2 | 42
| |
| | <!-- Xi'an --> rowspan = 2 | 24
| |
| | <!-- Wuhan --> rowspan = 2 | 213
| |
| | <!-- Chengdu --> rowspan = 2 | 31
| |
| | <!-- Hefei --> rowspan = 2 | 55
| |
| | <!-- Yangzhou --> rowspan = 2 | 34
| |
| <!-- Taiyuan -->
| |
| | <!-- Guangzhou --> rowspan = 2 | 21
| |
| | <!-- Xiamen --> rowspan = 2 | 24
| |
| | <!-- Chaozhou --> rowspan = 2 | 55
| |
| | <!-- Fuzhou --> rowspan = 2 | 53
| |
| | <!-- Meizhou --> rowspan = 2 | 11
| |
| | <!-- Nanchang --> rowspan = 2 | 24
| |
| | <!-- Suzhou --> rowspan = 2 | 224
| |
| | <!-- Shanghai --> rowspan = 2 | YangQ
| |
| | <!-- Wenzhou --> rowspan = 2 | 31
| |
| | <!-- Changsha --> rowspan = 2 | 13
| |
| <!-- SV -->
| |
| |-
| |
| ! B
| |
| <!-- Beijing -->
| |
| <!-- Jinan -->
| |
| <!-- Xi'an -->
| |
| <!-- Wuhan -->
| |
| <!-- Chengdu -->
| |
| <!-- Hefei -->
| |
| <!-- Yangzhou -->
| |
| <!-- Taiyuan -->
| |
| <!-- Guangzhou -->
| |
| <!-- Xiamen -->
| |
| <!-- Chaozhou -->
| |
| <!-- Fuzhou -->
| |
| <!-- Meizhou -->
| |
| <!-- Nanchang -->
| |
| <!-- Suzhou -->
| |
| <!-- Shanghai -->
| |
| <!-- Wenzhou -->
| |
| <!-- Changsha -->
| |
| | <!-- SV --> huyền
| |
| |-
| |
| ! rowspan = 3 | 上 <br> <small>Shang</small>
| |
| ! P
| |
| | <!-- Beijing --> rowspan = 2 | 214
| |
| | <!-- Jinan --> rowspan = 2 | 55
| |
| | <!-- Xi'an --> rowspan = 2 | 53
| |
| | <!-- Wuhan --> rowspan = 2 | 42
| |
| | <!-- Chengdu --> rowspan = 2 | 53
| |
| | <!-- Hefei --> rowspan = 2 | 24
| |
| | <!-- Yangzhou --> rowspan = 2 | 42
| |
| | <!-- Taiyuan --> rowspan = 2 | 53
| |
| | <!-- Guangzhou --> 35
| |
| | <!-- Xiamen --> 53
| |
| | <!-- Chaozhou --> 52
| |
| | <!-- Fuzhou --> 33
| |
| | <!-- Meizhou --> 31
| |
| | <!-- Nanchang --> rowspan = 2 | 213
| |
| | <!-- Suzhou --> 52
| |
| | <!-- Shanghai --> YinQ
| |
| | <!-- Wenzhou --> 45
| |
| | <!-- Changsha --> rowspan = 2 | 41
| |
| | <!-- SV --> hỏi
| |
| |-
| |
| ! M
| |
| <!-- Beijing -->
| |
| <!-- Jinan -->
| |
| <!-- Xi'an -->
| |
| <!-- Wuhan -->
| |
| <!-- Chengdu -->
| |
| <!-- Hefei -->
| |
| <!-- Yangzhou -->
| |
| <!-- Taiyuan -->
| |
| | <!-- Guangzhou --> 23
| |
| | <!-- Xiamen --> '''COL'''YangQ<br>'''LIT'''YinS
| |
| | <!-- Chaozhou --> '''COL'''YangS<br>'''LIT'''YinS
| |
| | <!-- Fuzhou --> '''COL'''YangQ<br>'''LIT'''YinS
| |
| | <!-- Meizhou --> YinP or YinS
| |
| <!-- Nanchang -->
| |
| | <!-- Suzhou --> rowspan = 2 | YangQ
| |
| | <!-- Shanghai --> rowspan = 2 | YangQ
| |
| | <!-- Wenzhou --> rowspan = 2 | 34
| |
| <!-- Changsha -->
| |
| | <!-- SV --> ngã
| |
| |-
| |
| ! B
| |
| | <!-- Beijing --> rowspan = 4 | 51
| |
| | <!-- Jinan --> rowspan = 4 | 21
| |
| | <!-- Xi'an --> rowspan = 4 | 55
| |
| | <!-- Wuhan --> rowspan = 4 | 35
| |
| | <!-- Chengdu --> rowspan = 4 | 13
| |
| | <!-- Hefei --> rowspan = 4 | 53
| |
| | <!-- Yangzhou --> rowspan = 4 | 55
| |
| | <!-- Taiyuan --> rowspan = 4 | 45
| |
| | <!-- Guangzhou --> '''COL'''YangS<br>'''LIT'''YangQ
| |
| | <!-- Xiamen --> YangQ
| |
| | <!-- Chaozhou --> 35
| |
| | <!-- Fuzhou --> YangQ
| |
| | <!-- Meizhou --> '''COL'''YinP<br>'''LIT'''Q
| |
| | <!-- Nanchang --> YangQ
| |
| <!-- Suzhou -->
| |
| <!-- Shanghai -->
| |
| <!-- Wenzhou -->
| |
| | <!-- Changsha --> YangQ
| |
| | <!-- SV --> nặng
| |
| |-
| |
| ! rowspan = 3 | 去 <br> <small>Qu</small>
| |
| ! P
| |
| <!-- Beijing -->
| |
| <!-- Jinan -->
| |
| <!-- Xi'an -->
| |
| <!-- Wuhan -->
| |
| <!-- Chengdu -->
| |
| <!-- Hefei -->
| |
| <!-- Yangzhou -->
| |
| <!-- Taiyuan -->
| |
| | <!-- Guangzhou --> 33
| |
| | <!-- Xiamen --> 21
| |
| | <!-- Chaozhou --> 213
| |
| | <!-- Fuzhou --> 213
| |
| | <!-- Meizhou --> rowspan = 3 | 52
| |
| | <!-- Nanchang --> 55
| |
| | <!-- Suzhou --> 412
| |
| | <!-- Shanghai --> 34
| |
| | <!-- Wenzhou --> 42
| |
| | <!-- Changsha --> 45
| |
| | <!-- SV --> sắc
| |
| |-
| |
| ! M
| |
| <!-- Beijing -->
| |
| <!-- Jinan -->
| |
| <!-- Xi'an -->
| |
| <!-- Wuhan -->
| |
| <!-- Chengdu -->
| |
| <!-- Hefei -->
| |
| <!-- Yangzhou -->
| |
| <!-- Taiyuan -->
| |
| | <!-- Guangzhou --> rowspan = 2 | 22
| |
| | <!-- Xiamen --> rowspan = 2 | 22
| |
| | <!-- Chaozhou --> rowspan = 2 | 11
| |
| | <!-- Fuzhou --> rowspan = 2 | 242
| |
| <!-- Meizhou -->
| |
| | <!-- Nanchang --> rowspan = 2 | 21
| |
| | <!-- Suzhou --> rowspan = 2 | 231
| |
| | <!-- Shanghai --> rowspan = 2 | 14
| |
| | <!-- Wenzhou --> rowspan = 2 | 22
| |
| | <!-- Changsha --> rowspan = 2 | 21
| |
| | <!-- SV --> rowspan = 2 | nặng
| |
| |-
| |
| ! B
| |
| <!-- Beijing -->
| |
| <!-- Jinan -->
| |
| <!-- Xi'an -->
| |
| <!-- Wuhan -->
| |
| <!-- Chengdu -->
| |
| <!-- Hefei -->
| |
| <!-- Yangzhou -->
| |
| <!-- Taiyuan -->
| |
| <!-- Guangzhou -->
| |
| <!-- Xiamen -->
| |
| <!-- Chaozhou -->
| |
| <!-- Fuzhou -->
| |
| <!-- Meizhou -->
| |
| <!-- Nanchang -->
| |
| <!-- Suzhou -->
| |
| <!-- Shanghai -->
| |
| <!-- Wenzhou -->
| |
| <!-- Changsha -->
| |
| <!-- SV -->
| |
| |-
| |
| ! rowspan = 3 | 入 <br> <small>Ru</small>
| |
| ! P
| |
| | <!-- Beijing --> Random
| |
| | <!-- Jinan --> YinP
| |
| | <!-- Xi'an --> rowspan = 2 | YinP
| |
| | <!-- Wuhan --> rowspan = 3 | YangP
| |
| | <!-- Chengdu --> rowspan = 3 | YangP
| |
| | <!-- Hefei --> rowspan = 3 | 4
| |
| | <!-- Yangzhou --> rowspan = 3 | 4
| |
| | <!-- Taiyuan --> rowspan = 2 | 2
| |
| | <!-- Guangzhou --> 33(long)<br />5(short)
| |
| | <!-- Xiamen --> 32
| |
| | <!-- Chaozhou --> 11
| |
| | <!-- Fuzhou --> 24
| |
| | <!-- Meizhou --> 1
| |
| | <!-- Nanchang --> 5
| |
| | <!-- Suzhou --> 4
| |
| | <!-- Shanghai --> 44
| |
| | <!-- Wenzhou --> 323
| |
| | <!-- Changsha --> rowspan = 3 | 24
| |
| | <!-- SV --> sắc
| |
| |-
| |
| ! M
| |
| | <!-- Beijing --> Q
| |
| | <!-- Jinan --> Q
| |
| <!-- Xi'an -->
| |
| <!-- Wuhan -->
| |
| <!-- Chengdu -->
| |
| <!-- Hefei -->
| |
| <!-- Yangzhou -->
| |
| <!-- Taiyuan -->
| |
| | <!-- Guangzhou --> rowspan = 2 | 22
| |
| | <!-- Xiamen --> rowspan = 2 | 4
| |
| | <!-- Chaozhou --> rowspan = 2 | 4
| |
| | <!-- Fuzhou --> rowspan = 2 | 5
| |
| | <!-- Meizhou --> rowspan = 2 | 5
| |
| | <!-- Nanchang --> rowspan = 2 | 2
| |
| | <!-- Suzhou --> rowspan = 2 | 23
| |
| | <!-- Shanghai --> rowspan = 2 | 24
| |
| | <!-- Wenzhou --> rowspan = 2 | 212
| |
| <!-- Changsha -->
| |
| | <!-- SV --> rowspan = 2 | nặng
| |
| |-
| |
| ! B
| |
| | <!-- Beijing --> YangP
| |
| | <!-- Jinan --> YangP
| |
| | <!-- Xi'an --> YangP
| |
| <!-- Wuhan -->
| |
| <!-- Chengdu -->
| |
| <!-- Hefei -->
| |
| <!-- Yangzhou -->
| |
| | <!-- Taiyuan --> 54
| |
| <!-- Guangzhou -->
| |
| <!-- Xiamen -->
| |
| <!-- Chaozhou -->
| |
| <!-- Fuzhou -->
| |
| <!-- Meizhou -->
| |
| <!-- Nanchang -->
| |
| <!-- Suzhou -->
| |
| <!-- Shanghai -->
| |
| <!-- Wenzhou -->
| |
| <!-- Changsha -->
| |
| <!-- SV -->
| |
| |}
| |
|
| |
| == Resources ==
| |
|
| |
| === Middle Chinese ===
| |
|
| |
| * [http://xiang.free.fr/leiden-en.pdf Introduction to historical Chinese phonology] (PDF)
| |
| * [http://www-personal.umich.edu/~wbaxter/etymdict.html Middle Chinese pronunciation dictionary]
| |
| * [http://www.eastling.org/tdfweb/midage.aspx Middle Chinese lookup tool]
| |
| * [http://www.glossika.com/en/dict/phon/ancinicomp.php Comparative Chart of Middle Chinese Initials]
| |
| * [http://www.glossika.com/en/dict/phon/ancfincomp.php Comparative Chart of Middle Chinese Finals]
| |
| * [http://www.geocities.com/sgoertzen/Chinese/mcb5.htm Baxter's Middle Chinese spelling]
| |
| * [http://www.sungwh.freeserve.co.uk/chinese/206gyr01.htm Middle Chinese rime characters] (Ignores Chongniu)
| |
| * [http://zi.tools zi.tools]
| |
|
| |
| === Modern Chinese ===
| |
|
| |
| * [http://xh.5156edu.com/html3/11403.html Putonghua lookup]
| |
| * [http://140.111.34.46/newDict/dict/index.html Guoyu lookup]
| |
| * [http://www.chineselanguage.org/dictionaries/ccdict/ Mandarin, Cantonese, Hakka lookup]
| |
| * [http://arts.cuhk.edu.hk/Lexis/lexi-can/ Cantonese lookup]
| |
| * [http://203.64.42.21/iug/ungian/SoannTeng/chil/taihoa.asp Taiwanese lookup]
| |
|
| |
| === Sino-Xenic ===
| |
|
| |
| * [http://ja.wiktionary.org/ Japanese Wiktionary (Kan-on, Go-on lookup)]
| |
| * [http://dictionary.goo.ne.jp/ Japanese dictionary (old orthography lookup)]
| |
| * [http://hanja.naver.com/ Hanja lookup]
| |
| * [http://pagesperso-orange.fr/dang.tk/langues/hanviet.htm Sino-Vietnamese lookup]
| |
|
| |
| == Other correspondence lists ==
| |
| * [[Wikipedia:ja:音読み#中古音との関係|Sino-Japanese]]
| |
| * [[Wikipedia:ja:朝鮮漢字音#中古音との関係|Sino-Korean]]
| |
|
| |
| == Footnotes ==
| |
| <references />
| |
|
| |
| [[Category:Chinese]]
| |
| [[Category:Sound changes]]
| |
