Artahšatrānu džaŋgmu

Phonology

Consonants

	Labial	Labiodental	Dental ~ Alveolar	Palatalized dental ~ Alveolar	Postalveolars	Palatal	Velar
Nasals	m		n				ŋ
Plosive	p pʰ b		t tʰ d				k kʰ g
Affricates			t͡s t͡sʰ d͡z	t͡sʲ t͡sʲʰ d͡zʲ	t͡ʃ t͡ʃʰ d͡ʒ
Fricatives			s z	sʲ zʲ	ʃ ʒ		x ɣ
Trills			r	rʲ
Lateral approximants			l	lʲ
Approximants		ʋ				j

Spelling

/p t tʲ k/ [p t tj k]
/pʰ tʰ tʲʰ kʰ/ [ph th thj kh]
/b d dʲ g/ [b d dj g]
/t͡s t͡sʲ t͡ʃ/ [c cj č]
/t͡sʰ t͡sʲʰ t͡ʃʰ/ [ch chj čh]
/d͡z d͡zʲ d͡ʒ/ [dz dzj dž]
/s sʲ ʃ x/ [s sj š h]
/z zʲ ʒ ɣ/ [z zj ž x]
/m n nʲ ŋ/ [m n nj ŋ]
/r rʲ l lʲ/ [r rj l lj]
/ʋ j/ [v j]

Vowels

	Front		Central		Back
	Short	Long	Short	Long	Short	Long
Close		iː yː				uː
Near close	ɪ ʏ				ʊ
Close-Mid		eː				oː
Open-Mid	ɛ				ɔ
Open			ä	äː

Spelling

/ɪ ʏ ʊ/ [i y u]
/ɛ ɔ/ [e o]
/ä/ [á]

/iː yː uː/ [ī ȳ ū]
/eː oː/ [ē ō]
/ɑː/ [ā]

Phonotactics

(C)(C)V(ː)(R)(C)

Accent

• penultimate primary acute accent
• ultimate secondary gravis accent

Grammar

Nouns

Gender and number

		Singular			Plural
Animate	Masculine	-a	mana	man	-ē	manē	men
	Feminine	-i	kōni	woman	-in	kōnī	women
Inanimate		-u	hakmu	stone	-ȳ	hakmȳ	stones

Declension

Nominative	-			subject of intransitive clause and agent of transitive clause
Genitive	-s	manas	of man	possessor, patient of transitive clause, theme of ditransitive clause
Instrumental	-mi	manami	with man	instrument, accompaniament, method, recipient of ditransitive clause
Vialis	-ko	manako	through man	way in space or time
Ablative	-de	manade	from man	direction from smth
Allative	-ri	manari	to man	direction towards smth
Locative	-thu	manathu	(in/on/under) man	various locations (with prepositions)
Benefactive	-la	manala	for man	destination to smth, purpose

Definiteness

Indefinite		um	um mana	a man
Definite	Proper	is	is mana	the man
	Distant	at	at mana	that man

Verbs

Preverbs

towards, away from, inside, outside, before

Towards	ri-	rivāth-	to discern
Away from	de-	devāth-	to look from afar
Inside	en-	envāth	to stare
Outside	ba-	bavāth	to look out

Voice

Active	-	vāth-	(to) look, observe
Reflexive	-si-	vāsith-	(to) look on self
Causative	-ra-	vārath-	(to) to pay attention, (to) cause looking to smth
Reflexive-Causative	-šē-	vāšēth-	(to) pay attention to self, (to) cause looking to self

Aspect

Imperfective	-	vāth-	(to) look, observe
Iterative	-jā-	vāthjā-	(to) look, observe (many times)
Perfective	-nu-	vāthnu-	(to) look, observe

Person

	Singular		Plural
1.	-an / -n	I	-ami	we
2.	-aš / -š	you	-ači / -či	you
3.	-at / -t	he / she / it	-ari / -ri	they
4.	-ah / -h	someone / something

Mood

Indicative	-	ēsjan	I am going
Conditional	-pō	ēsjanpō	I would be going
Potentional	-mē	ēsjanmē	I may be going
Eventive	-vī	ēsjanvī	I could be going (potentional + conditional)
Imperative	-īh	ēsjīh	you go !

Non-finite verbs

Action noun	-it-u	vāthitu	looking, observing
Participles
Adjectival	-ŋ-	vāthaŋ-	looking, observing
Adverbial	-ŋ-e	vāthaŋe	looking, observing