User:Masako/pataka: Difference between revisions

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=== People ===
*'''x''' - man
*'''x''' - woman
*'''x''' - Mr. / sir / gentleman
*'''x''' - Mrs. / Miss / Ms. / ma'am / lady
-
*'''x''' - name
*'''x''' - person
-
*'''x''' - family
*'''x''' - father
*'''x''' - mother
*'''x''' - brother
*'''x''' - sister
*'''x''' - boy / son
*'''x''' - girl / daughter
*'''x''' - aunt
*'''x''' - uncle
*'''x''' - niece / nephew
*'''x''' - grandfather
*'''x''' - grandmother
*'''x''' - cousin
-
*'''x''' - husband
*'''x''' - wife
*'''x''' - marriage
*'''x''' - divorce
*'''x''' - in-law
-
*'''x''' - baby
*'''x''' - child
*'''x''' - teenager
*'''x''' - adult
*'''x''' - friend
*'''x''' - enemy
----
=== Family ===
*'''x''' - family
*'''x''' - extended family
*'''x''' - clan / dynasty
*'''x''' - relative
*'''x''' - Ancestry
*'''x''' - descendant
*'''x''' - ancestor
*'''x''' - Children
*'''x''' - child
*'''x''' - boy
*'''x''' - girl
*'''x''' - eldest
*'''x''' - twin
*'''x''' - baby
=== Status ===
*'''x''' - eldest child / heir
*'''x''' - firstborn
*'''x''' - legitimate
*'''x''' - illegitimate / bastard
*'''x''' - orphan (without parents)
*'''x''' - without a family
*'''x''' - adopt
=== Verbs ===
*'''x''' - bear children
*'''x''' - beget
*'''x''' - spoil
*'''x''' - rear
=== Name ===
*'''x''' - given name
*'''x''' - patronymic
*'''x''' - family name
*'''x''' - nickname
=== Parents ===
*'''x''' - parent
*'''x''' - father
*'''x''' - mother
*'''x''' - mommy / mama
=== Grandparents ===
*'''x''' - grandfather
*'''x''' - grandmother
*'''x''' - great-grandfather (mother)
*'''x''' - great-uncle (aunt)
*'''x''' - great-uncle's son (daughter)
=== Children ===
*'''x''' - son
*'''x''' - daughter
=== Grandchildren ===
*'''x''' - grandson
*'''x''' - granddaughter
*'''x''' - great-grandson (daughter)
*'''x''' - Siblings
*'''x''' - brother
*'''x''' - sister
=== Nephews ===
*'''x''' - nephew
*'''x''' - niece
*'''x''' - nephew's son (daughter)
=== Uncles and aunts ===
*'''x''' - uncle
*'''x''' - aunt
*'''x''' - Cousins
*'''x''' - cousin
*'''x''' - second (or more distant) cousin
*'''x''' - cousin's son (daughter)
*'''x''' - second cousin's son (daughter)
=== In-laws ===
*'''x''' - an in-law
*'''x''' - daughter-in-law
*'''x''' - mother-in-law
*'''x''' - brother-in-law


----
en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:Wikitext


* "This tree is fifty feet high," said the gardener
= Heading 1 =
* A box of growing plants stood in the Window
 
* A company of soldiers marched over the hill and across the meadow
* In syllable codas, {{IPA|[ʃ]}} replaces {{IPA|[s]}}.
*  A little girl with a kitten sat near me
* In syllable codas, {{IPA|[ʒ]}} replaces {{IPA|[z]}}.
*  A robin has built his nest in the apple tree
* {{IPA|[β]}} and {{IPA|[ʙ]}} are in free variation.
*  Aha! I have caught you!
* {{IPA|[ʁ]}} and {{IPA|[ʀ]}} are in free variation.
*  Alas! that news is sad indeed!
 
*  All her finery, lace, ribbons, and feathers, was packed away in a trunk
Because of its small phoneme inventory, '''Miyu''' allows for extensive allophonic variation. For example, /p t k/ may be pronounced [b d ɡ] as well as [p t k], /s/ as [z] or [ʃ] as well as [s], /l/ as [ɾ] as well as [l], and vowels may be either long or short.
*  All the children came except Mary
 
*  All the people shouted
== Heading 2 ==
*  Among the wheat grew tall red poppies
=== Heading 3 ===
*  An old man with a walking stick stood beside the fence
==== Heading 4 ====
*  Are these shoes too big for you?
 
*  Are you going with us to the concert?
<nowiki>
*  Are you waiting for me?
 
*  Are you warm enough now?
{{col-begin}}
*  At noon we ate our lunch by the roadside
{{col-break}}
*  Be careful
 
*  Be quick or you will be too late
words
*  Be satisfied with nothing but your best
 
* Between the two lofty mountains lay a fertile valley
{{col-break}}
* Bring your friends with you
 
* Can you come tomorrow?
ety
* Can your brother dance well?
 
* Come early next Monday if you can
{{col-break}}
* Come when you are called
 
* Come with us
abbs
*  Come with your father or mother
 
*  Did the man leave?
{{col-end}}
*  Did you find the distance too great?
 
*  Directly opposite stands a wonderful palace
</nowiki>
*  Do it yourself
 
*  Do not laugh at me because I seem so absent minded
===== Heading 5 =====
*  Do you like summer or winter better?
====== Heading 6 ======
*  Does the robin sing in the rain?
 
*  Does the sky look blue or gray?
 
*  During our residence in the country we often walked in the pastures
: = indentation
*  Every spring and fall our cousins pay us a long visit
 
*  Everybody knows about hunting
* Item1
*  Evidently that gate is never opened, for the long grass and the great hemlocks grow close against it
* Item4
*  Gnomes are little men who live under the ground
** Sub-item 4 a)
*  Go away!
*** Sub-item 4 a) 1.
*  Happy people often shout
**** Sub-item 4 a) 1. i)
*  Have all the leaves fallen from the tree?
** Sub-item 4 b)
*  Have some tea
* Item5
*  Have the neighbors gone away for the winter?
 
* Have you ever travelled in the jungle?
# Item1
* He has far more money than brains
# Item4
*  He is loved by everybody, because he has a gentle disposition
## Sub-item 1
*  He is small, but strong
### Sub-sub-item
*  He played a tune on his wonderful flute
#### Sub-sub-sub-item
*  He proved himself trustworthy
## Sub-item 2
*  He was very poor, and with his wife and five children lived in a little low cabin of logs and stones
# Item5
*  He will arrive soon
 
*  Henry's dog is lost
; Term : Definition1
*  Here under this tree they gave their guests a splendid feast
 
*  Hold the horse while I run and get my cap
; Term
*  How wide is the River?
: Definition1
*  Hurry, children
: Definition2
*  I am sure that we can go
: Definition3
*  I am tired, but very happy
 
*  I am very happy
To ''italicize text'', put two consecutive apostrophes on each side of it.
*  I awoke early, dressed hastily, and went down to breakfast
 
*  I can play after school
Three apostrophes each side will '''bold the text'''.
*  I feel ashamed of myself
 
*  I had a younger brother whose name was Antonio
Five consecutive apostrophes on each side (two for italics plus three for bold) produces '''''bold italics'''''.
*  I have been waiting for you
 
*  I have found the ring I lost
'''''Italic and bold formatting''''' works correctly only within a single line.
*  I have lost my blanket
 
*  I have lost the book that you gave me
For text as {{smallcaps|small caps}}, use the template {{tl|smallcaps}}.
*  I hope the rain stops soon
 
*  I hurt myself
 
*  I met a little cottage girl; she was eight years old, she said
* [[WP:Lingua Franca Nova|LFN]]
*  I shall lend you the books that you need
 
*  I shall stay at home if it rains
* [[Wiktionary:亡|tokomo]]
*  I stood, a little mite of a girl, upon a chair by the window, and watched the falling snowflakes
 
*  I think that this train leaves five minutes earlier today
= old / wrong =
*  I usually sleep soundly
 
*  I will be happy to go
'''Kalo''' is intended to be a minimalist [[wp:Artistic_language|artlang]], not an [[wp:International_auxiliary_language|auxlang]]. It draws primarily on vocabulary from the five most spoken languages in the world; [[wp:List_of_languages_by_number_of_native_speakers|Mandarin, Spanish, English, and Arabic]] ('''Hindi''' is used sparingly although it is spoken by more speakers than Arabic). The grammar is mostly isolating with very few elements of inflection, mostly to show plurality or possession.
*  If you come early, wait in the hall
 
* In our climate the grass remains green all winter
'''Kalo''' is NOT meant to mimic, replace, or be inspired by Toki Pona or any [[wp:International_auxiliary_language|IAL]]. Any similarities are based on design aesthetic coincidences and the minimalist nature of the language.
*  In winter I get up at night, and dress by yellow candlelight
 
* Is this the first kitten of the litter?
Voiced plosives and affricates, and /f/ occur only in the Southern Tujia dialects.
*  Is this tree an oak or a maple?
[n] and [l] are in free variation.
* Is today Monday?
[ɲ] is an allophone of /n/.
*  Is your sister coming for you?
/x/ has allophones [ç] before /i/ and [ɸ] before /u/.
*  It's raining
 
*  Jack seized a handful of pebbles and threw them into the lake
 
*  John and Elizabeth are brother and sister
 
*  Keep this secret until tomorrow
=== writing ===
*  Let's go!
 
*  Light he thought her, like a feather
[[File:Kaloji.png|thumb|alt=All of the Kalo syllables in Hangul|right|upright=0.75|Kalo Hangul]]
*  Light travels faster than sound
 
*  Listen
 
*  Lovely flowers are growing everywhere
 
*  Madam, I will obey your command
[[File:Kaloji2.png|thumb|alt=A katakana method for writing Kalo|right|upright=0.75|Kalo Katakana]]
*  Many little girls with wreaths of flowers on their heads danced around the bonfire
 
*  Many of the people shouted twice
== allophony ==
*  Mr Jones made a knife for his little boy
The nasal at the end of a syllable can be pronounced as any nasal stop, though it is normally assimilated to the following consonant. That is, it typically occurs as an [n] before /t/ or /s/, as an [m] before /p/, as an [ŋ] before /k/, and as an [ɲ] before /j/. Because of its small phoneme inventory, '''kalo''' allows for quite a lot of allophonic variation. For example, /p t k/ may be pronounced [b d ɡ] as well as [p t k], /s/ as [z] or [ʃ] as well as [s], /l/ as [ɾ] as well as [l], and vowels may be either long or short. Both its sound inventory and phonotactics (patterns of possible sound combinations) are found in the majority of human languages and are therefore readily accessible.
*  My cat is black
 
*  My little kitten walked away
= Syntax =
*  My opinion is that the governor will grant him a pardon
 
*  Near the mouth of the river, its course turns sharply towards the East
 
*  Oh, dear! the wind has blown my hat away!
* '''wa kome''' - <small>1S eat</small> - ''I eat.'' (SV)
*  On a fine summer evening, the two old people were sitting outside the door of their cottage
:
*  On a Sunny morning after the solstice we started for the mountains
* '''wa amo ko''' - <small>1S love 3S</small> - ''I love her.'' (SVO)
*  On the top of the hill in a little hut lived a wise old woman
:
*  Once wild animals lived here
* '''o mala amo''' - <small>DO woman love</small> - ''The woman is loved.'' (OV)
*  Our bird's name is Jacko
 
*  Pip and his dog were great friends
= Nouns =
*  Play and I will sing
 
*  Sea water is salty
Nouns only decline for number and possession. They are altered with '''-lo''' to show plurality, and possessiveness with '''-yo'''.
*  She has more friends than enemies
 
*  She is taller than her brother
== pronouns ==
*  She was always, shabby, often ragged, and on cold days very uncomfortable
 
*  She was talking to herself
'''kalo''' has three basic pronouns; '''wa''' [1sg], '''ni''' [2sg], and '''ko''' [3sg]. These do not indicate gender. These can be made plural using the suffix "'''-lo'''", and possessive with "'''-yo'''".
*  Show the guests these shells, my son, and tell them their strange history
 
*  Sit here by me
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 500px;"
*  Sit here by yourself
!
* Slowly she looked around
! singular
*  Some of the people shouted
! plural
* Soon the rain will stop
! possessive
*  Stop your game and be quiet
|-align=center
* Sugar tastes sweet
! 1st person
* Take this note, carry it to your mother; and wait for an answer
| '''wa'''<br>I; me
*  Tell the last part of that story again
| '''walo'''<br>we; us
*  That boy will have a wonderful trip
| '''wayo'''<br>my; mine; our(s)
*  That is the funniest story I ever heard
|-align=center
*  The baby clapped her hands and laughed in glee
! 2nd person
*  The baby's ball has rolled away
| '''ni'''<br>you
*  The boat sails away, like a bird on the wing
| '''nilo'''<br>you (all)
*  The boy who brought the book has gone
| '''niyo'''<br>your(s)
*  The bright sun shines
|-align=center
*  The campers sat around the fire
! 3rd person
*  The child waited at the door for her father
| '''ko'''<br>he; she; him; her; it
*  The children ran after Jack
| '''kolo'''<br>they; them; those
*  The cover of the basket fell to the floor
| '''koyo'''<br>their(s)
*  The crow dropped some pebbles into the pitcher and raised the water to the brim
|}
*  The dress of the little princess was embroidered with roses, the national flower of the Country
 
*  The fire feels hot
* '''walo wite ni''' - <small>1pl see 2s</small> - ''We see you.''
*  The first boy in the line stopped at the entrance
 
* The first part of the story is very interesting
* '''kolo ne kono wa''' - <small>3pl NEG know 1s</small> - ''They don't know me.''
*  The fisherman who owned the boat now demanded payment
 
* The house stands where three roads meet
= Verbs =
*  The kitten is playing in the rain
 
*  The kitten jumped onto the table
Verbs do not change and are only ever modified by particles.
*  The kitten jumped up
 
*  The little boy's father had once been a sailor
* '''maka''' - do; make; cause (from [[wiktionary:make|make]])
*  The little girl made the doll's dress herself
* '''yo''' - possess; have; hold (from [[wiktionary:有#Definitions|有]])
*  The little girl seemed lonely
 
* The little girl's doll is broken
== tense, aspect, and mood ==
* The little house had three rooms, a sitting room, a bedroom, and a tiny kitchen
 
*  The little seeds waited patiently under the snow for the warm spring sun
Past tense is indicated by the particle '''le''' ([[wiktionary:了|了]]) following the verb. Future tense is indicated by the particle '''sa''' ([[wiktionary:س#Etymology_2|سَـ]]).
*  The market begins five minutes earlier this week
 
*  The rain came down
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 400px;"
*  The rain has stopped
|-−
*  The river knows the way to the sea
!tense/mood !! particle !! example !! translation
*  The sound of the drums grew louder and louder
|-
*  The spool of thread rolled across the floor
|present || - || '''wa ila''' || ''I go''
* The squirrels make their nests warm and snug with soft moss and leaves
|-
* The squirrel's nest was hidden by drooping boughs
|past || '''le''' || '''wa ila le''' || ''I went''
*  The streets are full of people
|-
* The strong roots of the oak trees were torn from the ground
|future || '''sa''' || '''wa ila sa''' || ''I will go''
* The sun has been shining
|-
* The sun is rising now
|conditional || '''kisa''' || '''wa ila kisa''' || ''I would go''
* The sun is shining
|}
*  The sun is shining again
 
* The sun looked down through the branches upon the children at play
* '''ko ne kome le''' - <small>3sg NEG eat PST</small> - ''He didn't eat.''
* The sun shines
 
*  The sun shines brightly
* '''walo wite sa ko''' - <small>1pl see FUT 3sg</small> - ''We will see her.''
*  The sun shone
 
* The sun will shine
== positional verbs ==
* The sun will shine tomorrow
 
* The two boys are working together
'''Kalo''' does not use prepositions, but instead uses positional verbs as auxiliaries. These are also used as temporal adverbs in certain situations.
* The west wind blew across my face like a friendly caress
 
*  Their voices sound very happy
* '''yu''' - in; at; within; inside; during; between | from ([[wiktionary:于|于]])
*  These are the flowers that you ordered
* '''ila''' - be toward; at; in the direction of; go; walk; travel | from ([[wiktionary:إلى|إلى]])
*  These oranges are juicy
 
*  They are no wiser than we
= Particles =
*  They heard the warning too late
 
*  They looked cautiously about, but saw nothing
== determiners ==
* They opened all the doors and windows
 
*  They popped corn, and then sat around the fire and ate it
Determiners in '''kalo''' precede the noun they modify.
*  They won the first two games, but lost the last one
 
*  They wore red caps, the symbol of liberty
=== deixis ===
* Think first and then act
 
*  This cottage stood on a low hill, at some distance from the village
* '''pu''' - this; these
*  This mist will probably clear away
* '''su''' - that; those
* This string is too short!
 
* Tom laughed at the monkey's tricks
=== amount ===
* Toward the end of August the days grow much shorter
 
* We are a brave people, and love our country
* '''aku''' - many; much (one hundred)
* We arrived at the river
* '''kula''' - all; every; each
* We consider them our faithful friends
* '''ne''' - no; none; zero
*  We could see ourselves in the water
* '''poka''' - some; several; a few
*  We have more time than they
::
*  We learn something new each day
* '''meno''' - less; fewer / few; a little
*  We sailed down the river for several miles
* '''maso''' - more
*  We should eat more slowly
 
* We visited my uncle's village, the largest village in the world
=== other-ness ===
*  We went back to the place where we saw the roses
 
*  We went to the village for a visit
* '''asi''' - such
* We will make this place our home
* '''ayo''' - whichever; whatever
*  Were you born in this village?
* '''oto''' - other
*  When he saw me, he stopped
* '''tonye''' - same
* When the wind blew, the traveler wrapped his mantle more closely around him
 
*  When will your guests from the city arrive?
= Number =
*  Whew! that cold wind freezes my nose!
 
*  Why he has left the city is a mystery
 
*  Will you be ready on time?
When numbers one through ten occur independently, the indicator "'''ke'''" precedes the number.
*  Will you go with us or wait here?
 
* Will you send this message for me?
* '''ko yo le o kasa ke li'''
*  With him as our protector, we fear no danger
: <small>3s have PST O house NUM two</small>
*  Yesterday the oldest girl in the village lost her kitten
: ''She had two houses.''
* You and I will go together
 
*  You have come too soon
* '''wa wite o nano ke si'''
* You must write more neatly
: <small>1s see O man NUM four </small>
*  You should go
: ''I see four men.''
 
== Higher Numbers ==
 
* '''yewa''' - 11; eleven
* '''yeli''' - 12; twelve
* '''liye''' - 20; twenty
* '''liyesi''' - 24; twenty-four
* '''kuyeli''' - 112; one-hundred-twelve
* '''sankuweyepen''' - 365; three-hundred-sixty-five
 
 
 
__NOTOC__
 
 
 
<center>
[[#ka|ka]] [[#sa|sa]] [[#ta|ta]] [[#na|na]] [[#pa|pa]] [[#ma|ma]] [[#ya|ya]] [[#la|la]] [[#wa|wa]] [[#a|a i u e o]]
</center>
 
= ka =
 
* '''kisa''' /ˈki.sa/ from SPA [[wiktionary:quizá#Spanish|quizá]]
: ''part'' - perhaps; maybe; if; conditional particle [COND]
 
* '''kute''' /ˈku.te/ from FRE [[wiktionary:écouter|écouter]]
: ''v'' - listen; hear
 
* '''kono''' /ˈko.no/ from SPA [[wiktionary:conocer#Spanish|conocer]]
: ''n'' - knowledge; awareness; understanding; recognition
: ''v'' - know; understand; be aware (of); recognize
 
* '''kome''' /ˈko.me/ from SPA [[wiktionary:comer#Spanish|comer]]
: ''v'' - eat; consume; drink
 
= sa =
 
* '''sa''' /sa/ from ARA [[wiktionary:س#Etymology_2|سَـ]]
: ''part'' - future tense particle [FUT]
 
* '''saka/na''' /ˈsa.ka.na/ from ARA [[wiktionary:سخن|سخن]]
: ''v'' - be hot; be warm; burn
: ''n'' - heat; warmth / fire
 
 
* '''sana''' /ˈsa.na/ from ARA [[wiktionary:سنة|سنة]]
: ''n'' - year; 365 days
 
* '''sapa''' /ˈsa.pa/ from ARA [[wiktionary:سبب|سبب]]
: ''n'' - cause; reason; purpose; rationale; motive
 
* '''salama''' /sa.ˈla.ma/ from ARA [[wiktionary:سلم#Arabic|سلم]]
: ''n'' - peace; calm; tranquility; quiet
: ''v'' - be peaceful; be calm
: ''intj'' - Peace! Hey! Hi!
 
* '''sawa''' /ˈsa.wa/ from ARA [[wiktionary:زوج|زوج]]
: ''n'' - spouse; husband; wife; sweetheart; mate
: ''v'' - marry
 
* '''si''' /si/ from ZHO [[wiktionary:四#Definitions|四]]
: ''num'' - four; 4
 
* '''siya''' /ˈsi.ja/ from ZHO [[wiktionary:下#Definitions|下]]
: ''prep'' - below; under; beneath
: ''v'' - be under; be lower
 
* '''su''' /su/ from TUR [[wiktionary:şu#Turkish|şu]]
: ''part'' - that; those (over there)
 
* '''sunya''' /ˈsun.ja/ from HIN [[wiktionary:शून्य|शून्य]]
: ''num'' - zero; 0
: ''n'' - nothing
: ''v'' - be empty; be void
 
* '''se''' /se/ from SPA [[wiktionary:se#Spanish|se]]
: ''pro'' - reflexive / reciprocal pronoun
 
* '''sosa''' /ˈso.sa/ from SPA [[wiktionary:salsa#Spanish|salsa]]
: ''n'' - juice; sauce; gravy; dressing
 
= ta =
 
* '''tanka''' /ˈtaŋ.ka/ from ENG/GER [[wiktionary:thank|thank]]/[[wiktionary:danke#German|danke]]
: ''v'' - to thank; show appreciation; express gratitude
: ''part/intj'' - thank you; thanks
 
* '''tapo''' /ˈta.po/ from ZHO [[wiktionary:打破|打破]]
: ''v'' - damage; wreck; break; destroy
: ''n'' - destruction; damage
 
* '''tipa''' /ˈti.pa/ (or '''tupa''' /ˈtu.pa/) from ARA [[wiktionary:طيب|طيب]] (or [[wiktionary:טוב|טוב]])
: ''v'' - be good; pleasant; agreeable; nice; sweet; OK
: ''intj'' - great! good! thanks! OK! cool! yay!
 
* '''tiya''' /ˈti.ja/ from SPA [[wiktionary:tía#Spanish|tía]]
: ''n'' - aunt/uncle; extended family
 
* '''te''' /te/ from SPA/ZHO [[wiktionary:de#Etymology_2_10|de]]/[[wiktionary:的#Definitions_2|的]]
: ''v'' - to move away from
: ''prep'' - of; from
 
* '''tenpo''' /ˈtem.po/ from SPA [[wiktionary:tiempo#Spanish|tiempo]]
: ''n'' - time; moment; period
 
* '''tela''' or '''talo''' /ˈte.la/ or /ˈta.lo/  from ENG [[wiktionary:tell|tell]]
: ''n'' - language; talk; speech
: ''v'' - talk; speak; discuss; say; tell
 
* '''tonpa''' /ˈtom.pa/ from ZHO [[wiktionary:同胞#Mandarin|同胞]]
: ''n'' - sibling; compatriot; friend
 
* '''tonye''' /ˈto.ɲe/ (or '''ton''' /ton/) from ZHO [[wiktionary:同一#Mandarin|同一]]
: ''v'' - be identical; same; equivalent; equal
 
= na =
 
* '''nai''' /naɪ/ from ZHO [[wiktionary:內#Japanese|內]]
: ''v'' - be inside; within
: ''prep'' - inside; within; during; while
 
* '''nano''' /ˈna.no/ from ZHO [[wiktionary:男#Definitions|男]]
: ''n'' - man; male
 
* '''nama''' /ˈna.ma/ from ARA [[wiktionary:نام#Verb|نام]]
: ''v'' - sleep; rest; relax
 
* '''naya''' /ˈna.ja/ from HIN [[wiktionary:नया|नया]]
: ''v'' - be new; fresh; young
 
* '''nalu''' /ˈna.lu/ from JPN [[wiktionary:なる|なる]]
: ''v'' - succeed; finish; complete; accomplish; become; turn into
 
* '''ni''' /ni/ from ZHO [[wiktionary:你#Definitions|你]]
: ''pro'' - you [2sg]
 
* '''nun''' /nun/ from PIE [[wiktionary:Reconstruction:Proto-Indo-European/h₁néwn̥|h₁néwn̥]]
: ''num'' - nine; 9
 
* '''ne''' /ne/ from ENG [[wiktionary:nay#Interjection|nay]]
: ''part'' - no; not; negative [NEG]
 
* '''nesi''' /ˈne.si/ from SPA [[wiktionary:necesitar#Spanish|necesitar]]
: ''v'' - need; require; must
: ''n'' - obligation; need
 
* '''nen/ka''' /ˈnen.ka/ from ZHO [[wiktionary:能#Definitions|能]]
: ''v'' - be able to; be capable; be possible
: ''n'' - potential; possibility; capability
 
* '''note''' /ˈno.te/ from SPA [[wiktionary:noche#Spanish|noche]]
: ''n'' - night; darkness
 
= pa =
 
* '''pa''' /pa/ from ZHO [[wiktionary:八|八]]
: ''num'' - eight; 8
 
* '''pan''' /pan/ from SPA/ZHO [[wiktionary:pan#Spanish|pan]]/[[wiktionary:飯|飯]]
: ''n'' - bread; food; sustenance
 
* '''pala''' /ˈpa.la/ from SPA [[wiktionary:palabra#Spanish|palabra]]
: ''n'' - word; morpheme; lexeme
 
* '''pina''' /ˈpi.na/ from ARA [[wiktionary:ابن|ابن]]
: ''n'' - child; offspring; kid
 
* '''pu''' /pu/ from TUR [[wiktionary:bu#Turkish|bu]]
: ''part'' - this; these (here)
 
* '''pula''' /ˈpu.la/ from HIN [[wiktionary:बुरा|बुरा]]
: ''n'' - evil
: ''v'' - be bad; spoiled; be broken; to break down; be wicked; be evil
 
* '''pen''' /pen/ from ELL [[wiktionary:πέντε#Greek|πέντε]]
: ''num'' - five; 5
 
* '''po''' /po/ from SPA [[wiktionary:por#Spanish|por]]
: ''prep'' - by; for; [be] about
: ''v'' - [go] through; [move] across
 
* '''poka''' /ˈpo.ka/ from SPA [[wiktionary:poco#Spanish|poca]]
: ''v'' - be small; little
: ''v'' - be few; less
 
* '''ponte''' /ˈpon.te/ from ENG [[wiktionary:ponder|ponder]]
: ''v'' - think; ponder; consider; weigh
: ''n'' - thought; idea; consideration
 
* '''pone''' /ˈpo.ne/ from SPA [[wiktionary:poner|poner]]
: ''v'' - to put, to place, to set
 
= ma =
 
* '''ma''' /ma/ from ZHO [[wiktionary:嗎#Chinese|嗎]]
: ''part'' - interrogative particle [Q]
 
* '''maka''' /ˈma.ka/ from ENG [[wiktionary:make|make]]
: ''n'' - cause; action; happening
: ''v'' - do; make; cause; happen
 
* '''maso''' /ˈma.so/ from SPA [[wiktionary:más#Spanish|más]]
: ''part'' - more; again
: ''n'' - layer; repetition; addition
: ''v'' - add; repeat; layer
 
* '''mala''' /ˈma.la/ from ARA [[wiktionary:امرأة|امرأة]]
: ''n'' - woman; female; wife
 
* '''mila''' /ˈmi.la/ from SPA [[wiktionary:mil#Spanish|mil]]
: ''num'' - thousand; 1000
 
* '''muki''' /ˈmu.ki/ from ARA [[wiktionary:مهم|مهم]]
: ''n'' - importance; significance
: ''v'' - be important; matter
 
* '''muna''' /ˈmu.na/ from ENG [[wiktionary:moon#English|moon]]
: ''n'' - moon; month
 
* '''me''' /me/ from FRE [[wiktionary:mais#French|mais]]
: ''part'' - but; however; although
 
* '''moto''' /ˈmo.to/ from SPA [[wiktionary:modo#Spanish|modo]]
: ''n'' - mood; manner; way; method
 
= ya =
 
* '''ya''' /ja/ from ARA [[wiktionary:يا#Arabic|يا]]
: ''part'' - vocative marker [VOC]; hey; let's ~
 
* '''yati''' /ˈja.ti/ from ARA [[wiktionary:يد|يد]]
: ''n'' - hand; arm
: ''v'' - give; transfer
 
* '''yapu''' /ˈja.pu/ from ARA [[wiktionary:عفا|عفا]]
: ''n'' - pardon; excuse; forgiveness
: ''v'' - pardon; excuse; forgive
 
* '''yame''' /ˈja.me/ from ARA [[wiktionary:جمع|جمع]]
: ''n'' - collection; gathering; group; set
: ''v'' - gather; collect; assemble; unite
 
* '''yu''' /ju/ from ZHO [[wiktionary:於#Definitions|于]]
: ''v'' - be in; at; out of
: ''prep'' - in; at; to; by; than; out of
 
* '''yuma''' /ˈju.ma/ from ARA [[wiktionary:يوم#Arabic|يوم]]
: ''n'' - day; daylight; 24 hour period
 
* '''ye''' /je/ from KOR [[wiktionary:열#Korean|열]]
: ''num'' - ten; 10
 
* '''yeko''' /ˈje.ko/ from ZHO [[wiktionary:以後#Chinese|以后]]
: ''prep'' - back; behind; rear; afterwards; after; later
: ''adv'' - from now on; henceforth
 
* '''yo''' /jo/ from ZHO [[wiktionary:有#Definitions|有]]
: ''v'' - have; possess; carry; hold; keep
 
= la =
 
* '''laka''' /ˈla.ka/ from ARA [[wiktionary:رقم|رقم]]
: ''n'' - number; digit; amount
: ''v'' - count; enumerate
 
* '''lata''' /ˈla.ta/ from SPA [[wiktionary:lata#Spanish|lata]]
: ''n'' - box; bucket; basket; container; vessel
: ''v'' - carry; tote; transport
 
* '''li''' /li/ from ZHO [[wiktionary:兩#Definitions|兩]]
: ''num'' - two; double; duo
: ''pro'' - some; a few
 
* '''le''' /le/ from ZHO [[wiktionary:了|了]]
: ''part'' - past tense marker [PST]
 
* '''loka''' /ˈlo.ka/ from SPA [[wiktionary:local#Spanish|local]]
: ''n'' - place; location; point; spot
 
= wa =
 
* '''wa''' /wa/ from ARA/ZHO [[wiktionary:واحد|واحد]]/[[wiktionary:我|我]]
: ''pro'' - I; me [1sg]
: ''num'' - one; 1; single
: ''v'' - be alone; be singular
 
* '''waya''' /ˈwa.ja/ from HIN [[wiktionary:वयस्क|वयस्क]]
: ''v'' - grow; mature; develop
: ''n'' - adult; mature thing
 
 
 
* '''wino''' /ˈwi.no/ from SPA [[wiktionary:vino#Spanish|vino]]
: ''n'' - alcohol; beer; wine
: ''v'' - drink ~
 
* '''we''' /we/ from PIE [[wiktionary:econstruction:Proto-Indo-European/swéḱs|swéḱs]]
: ''num'' - six; 6
 
* '''weko''' /ˈwe.ko/ from SPA [[wiktionary:hueco|hueco]]
: ''n'' - door, hole, orifice, window; port
 
* '''wento''' /ˈwen.to/ from SPA [[wiktionary:viento|viento]]
: ''n'' - air; wind; void; essence; spirit
 
* '''wela''' /ˈwe.la/ from SPA [[wiktionary:fuera#Spanish|fuera]]
: ''prep'' - outside; exterior
: ''v'' - leave; exit
 
= a =
 
 
 
* '''alima''' /a.ˈli.ma/ from ARA [[wiktionary:علم|علم]]
: ''v'' - to discern, to find out, to learn
: ''n'' - learning; education; knowledge
 
* '''amo''' /ˈa.mo/ from SPA [[wiktionary:amor#Spanish|amor]]
: ''n'' - love; affection; adoration
: ''v'' - love; adore; like
 
* '''ante''' /ˈan.te/ from SPA [[wiktionary:ante#Spanish|ante]]
: ''n'' - front side; chest; fore area
: ''prep'' - before; in front; forward; ahead
 
* '''asi''' /ˈa.si/ from SPA [[wiktionary:así#Spanish|así]]
: ''part'' - like this/that; as [such]; thus; so
 
* '''awa''' /ˈa.wa/ from ARA [[wiktionary:أو|أو]]
: ''part'' - either; or; other
 
* '''ayo''' /ˈa.jo/ from ARA [[wiktionary:أي|أي]]
:''part'' - whichever; whatever; something [INDEF]
 
* '''e''' /e/ from SPA/ZHO [[wiktionary:e#Etymology_2_17|e]]/[[wiktionary:和#Definitions_2|和]]
: ''part'' - and; also; too
 
* '''ila''' /ˈi.la/ from ARA [[wiktionary:إلى|إلى]]
: ''prep'' - toward; at; in direction of
: ''v'' - go (toward); walk; travel
 
* '''o''' /o/ from JPN [[wiktionary:を#Etymology_2|を]]
: ''part'' - direct object particle
 
 
 
* wikitravel.org/en/Spanish_phrasebook
* en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Category:Phrasebooks_by_language
 
 
A working phrasebook for [[Kalo]].
 
= Essentials =
 
 
* '''ola''' - Used for "hello; goodbye; farewell; welcome" (analogous to [[wiktionary:aloha#Hawaiian|aloha]])
 
* '''kan/a''' - "yes; it is"
* '''ne''' - "no; it is not"
 
* '''yapu wa''' - "Excuse me."
* '''nenka ma''' - "Please." [''lit'': is (it) possible?]
:: by extension "Do you mind?"
* '''tanka (ta)''' - "Thank you (very much)."
* '''tipa''' - "(That's) OK."
 
= Greetings & Goodbyes =
 
* '''ola yuma''' - "Good morning/day/afternoon"
* '''ola note''' - "Good evening/night"
* '''salama''' - "Hey/Hi/Hello/Bye"
 
== Civilities ==
 
* '''moto (niyo) ma''' - <small>manner 2s.POSS Q</small> - ''How are you?''
** '''tipa''' - "Good/OK/Fine."
** '''...''' - "Not bad."
 
 
 
 
 
 
* '''tenpo ta ne wite''' - <small>time big no see</small> - ''Long time no see''

Latest revision as of 10:48, 8 April 2025

en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:Wikitext

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  • In syllable codas, [ʃ] replaces [s].
  • In syllable codas, [ʒ] replaces [z].
  • [β] and [ʙ] are in free variation.
  • [ʁ] and [ʀ] are in free variation.

Because of its small phoneme inventory, Miyu allows for extensive allophonic variation. For example, /p t k/ may be pronounced [b d ɡ] as well as [p t k], /s/ as [z] or [ʃ] as well as [s], /l/ as [ɾ] as well as [l], and vowels may be either long or short.

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To italicize text, put two consecutive apostrophes on each side of it.

Three apostrophes each side will bold the text.

Five consecutive apostrophes on each side (two for italics plus three for bold) produces bold italics.

Italic and bold formatting works correctly only within a single line.

For text as Template:Smallcaps, use the template {{smallcaps}}.


old / wrong

Kalo is intended to be a minimalist artlang, not an auxlang. It draws primarily on vocabulary from the five most spoken languages in the world; Mandarin, Spanish, English, and Arabic (Hindi is used sparingly although it is spoken by more speakers than Arabic). The grammar is mostly isolating with very few elements of inflection, mostly to show plurality or possession.

Kalo is NOT meant to mimic, replace, or be inspired by Toki Pona or any IAL. Any similarities are based on design aesthetic coincidences and the minimalist nature of the language.

Voiced plosives and affricates, and /f/ occur only in the Southern Tujia dialects. [n] and [l] are in free variation. [ɲ] is an allophone of /n/. /x/ has allophones [ç] before /i/ and [ɸ] before /u/.


writing

All of the Kalo syllables in Hangul
Kalo Hangul


A katakana method for writing Kalo
Kalo Katakana

allophony

The nasal at the end of a syllable can be pronounced as any nasal stop, though it is normally assimilated to the following consonant. That is, it typically occurs as an [n] before /t/ or /s/, as an [m] before /p/, as an [ŋ] before /k/, and as an [ɲ] before /j/. Because of its small phoneme inventory, kalo allows for quite a lot of allophonic variation. For example, /p t k/ may be pronounced [b d ɡ] as well as [p t k], /s/ as [z] or [ʃ] as well as [s], /l/ as [ɾ] as well as [l], and vowels may be either long or short. Both its sound inventory and phonotactics (patterns of possible sound combinations) are found in the majority of human languages and are therefore readily accessible.

Syntax

  • wa kome - 1S eat - I eat. (SV)
  • wa amo ko - 1S love 3S - I love her. (SVO)
  • o mala amo - DO woman love - The woman is loved. (OV)

Nouns

Nouns only decline for number and possession. They are altered with -lo to show plurality, and possessiveness with -yo.

pronouns

kalo has three basic pronouns; wa [1sg], ni [2sg], and ko [3sg]. These do not indicate gender. These can be made plural using the suffix "-lo", and possessive with "-yo".

singular plural possessive
1st person wa
I; me 		walo
we; us 		wayo
my; mine; our(s)
2nd person ni
you 		nilo
you (all) 		niyo
your(s)
3rd person ko
he; she; him; her; it 		kolo
they; them; those 		koyo
their(s)
  • walo wite ni - 1pl see 2s - We see you.
  • kolo ne kono wa - 3pl NEG know 1s - They don't know me.

Verbs

Verbs do not change and are only ever modified by particles.

  • maka - do; make; cause (from make)
  • yo - possess; have; hold (from 有)

tense, aspect, and mood

Past tense is indicated by the particle le (了) following the verb. Future tense is indicated by the particle sa (سَـ).

tense/mood particle example translation
present - wa ila I go
past le wa ila le I went
future sa wa ila sa I will go
conditional kisa wa ila kisa I would go
  • ko ne kome le - 3sg NEG eat PST - He didn't eat.
  • walo wite sa ko - 1pl see FUT 3sg - We will see her.

positional verbs

Kalo does not use prepositions, but instead uses positional verbs as auxiliaries. These are also used as temporal adverbs in certain situations.

  • yu - in; at; within; inside; during; between | from (于)
  • ila - be toward; at; in the direction of; go; walk; travel | from (إلى)

Particles

determiners

Determiners in kalo precede the noun they modify.

deixis

  • pu - this; these
  • su - that; those

amount

  • aku - many; much (one hundred)
  • kula - all; every; each
  • ne - no; none; zero
  • poka - some; several; a few
  • meno - less; fewer / few; a little
  • maso - more

other-ness

  • asi - such
  • ayo - whichever; whatever
  • oto - other
  • tonye - same

Number

When numbers one through ten occur independently, the indicator "ke" precedes the number.

  • ko yo le o kasa ke li
3s have PST O house NUM two
She had two houses.
  • wa wite o nano ke si
1s see O man NUM four
I see four men.

Higher Numbers

  • yewa - 11; eleven
  • yeli - 12; twelve
  • liye - 20; twenty
  • liyesi - 24; twenty-four
  • kuyeli - 112; one-hundred-twelve
  • sankuweyepen - 365; three-hundred-sixty-five




ka sa ta na pa ma ya la wa a i u e o

ka

  • kisa /ˈki.sa/ from SPA quizá
part - perhaps; maybe; if; conditional particle [COND]
v - listen; hear
n - knowledge; awareness; understanding; recognition
v - know; understand; be aware (of); recognize
  • kome /ˈko.me/ from SPA comer
v - eat; consume; drink

sa

part - future tense particle [FUT]
  • saka/na /ˈsa.ka.na/ from ARA سخن
v - be hot; be warm; burn
n - heat; warmth / fire


  • sana /ˈsa.na/ from ARA سنة
n - year; 365 days
  • sapa /ˈsa.pa/ from ARA سبب
n - cause; reason; purpose; rationale; motive
  • salama /sa.ˈla.ma/ from ARA سلم
n - peace; calm; tranquility; quiet
v - be peaceful; be calm
intj - Peace! Hey! Hi!
  • sawa /ˈsa.wa/ from ARA زوج
n - spouse; husband; wife; sweetheart; mate
v - marry
  • si /si/ from ZHO 四
num - four; 4
  • siya /ˈsi.ja/ from ZHO 下
prep - below; under; beneath
v - be under; be lower
  • su /su/ from TUR şu
part - that; those (over there)
num - zero; 0
n - nothing
v - be empty; be void
  • se /se/ from SPA se
pro - reflexive / reciprocal pronoun
  • sosa /ˈso.sa/ from SPA salsa
n - juice; sauce; gravy; dressing

ta

v - to thank; show appreciation; express gratitude
part/intj - thank you; thanks
  • tapo /ˈta.po/ from ZHO 打破
v - damage; wreck; break; destroy
n - destruction; damage
  • tipa /ˈti.pa/ (or tupa /ˈtu.pa/) from ARA طيب (or טוב)
v - be good; pleasant; agreeable; nice; sweet; OK
intj - great! good! thanks! OK! cool! yay!
  • tiya /ˈti.ja/ from SPA tía
n - aunt/uncle; extended family
  • te /te/ from SPA/ZHO de/的
v - to move away from
prep - of; from
  • tenpo /ˈtem.po/ from SPA tiempo
n - time; moment; period
  • tela or talo /ˈte.la/ or /ˈta.lo/ from ENG tell
n - language; talk; speech
v - talk; speak; discuss; say; tell
  • tonpa /ˈtom.pa/ from ZHO 同胞
n - sibling; compatriot; friend
  • tonye /ˈto.ɲe/ (or ton /ton/) from ZHO 同一
v - be identical; same; equivalent; equal

na

  • nai /naɪ/ from ZHO 內
v - be inside; within
prep - inside; within; during; while
  • nano /ˈna.no/ from ZHO 男
n - man; male
  • nama /ˈna.ma/ from ARA نام
v - sleep; rest; relax
v - be new; fresh; young
  • nalu /ˈna.lu/ from JPN なる
v - succeed; finish; complete; accomplish; become; turn into
  • ni /ni/ from ZHO 你
pro - you [2sg]
num - nine; 9
  • ne /ne/ from ENG nay
part - no; not; negative [NEG]
v - need; require; must
n - obligation; need
  • nen/ka /ˈnen.ka/ from ZHO 能
v - be able to; be capable; be possible
n - potential; possibility; capability
  • note /ˈno.te/ from SPA noche
n - night; darkness

pa

  • pa /pa/ from ZHO 八
num - eight; 8
  • pan /pan/ from SPA/ZHO pan/飯
n - bread; food; sustenance
n - word; morpheme; lexeme
  • pina /ˈpi.na/ from ARA ابن
n - child; offspring; kid
  • pu /pu/ from TUR bu
part - this; these (here)
n - evil
v - be bad; spoiled; be broken; to break down; be wicked; be evil
num - five; 5
  • po /po/ from SPA por
prep - by; for; [be] about
v - [go] through; [move] across
  • poka /ˈpo.ka/ from SPA poca
v - be small; little
v - be few; less
  • ponte /ˈpon.te/ from ENG ponder
v - think; ponder; consider; weigh
n - thought; idea; consideration
  • pone /ˈpo.ne/ from SPA poner
v - to put, to place, to set

ma

  • ma /ma/ from ZHO 嗎
part - interrogative particle [Q]
  • maka /ˈma.ka/ from ENG make
n - cause; action; happening
v - do; make; cause; happen
  • maso /ˈma.so/ from SPA más
part - more; again
n - layer; repetition; addition
v - add; repeat; layer
n - woman; female; wife
  • mila /ˈmi.la/ from SPA mil
num - thousand; 1000
  • muki /ˈmu.ki/ from ARA مهم
n - importance; significance
v - be important; matter
  • muna /ˈmu.na/ from ENG moon
n - moon; month
  • me /me/ from FRE mais
part - but; however; although
  • moto /ˈmo.to/ from SPA modo
n - mood; manner; way; method

ya

  • ya /ja/ from ARA يا
part - vocative marker [VOC]; hey; let's ~
  • yati /ˈja.ti/ from ARA يد
n - hand; arm
v - give; transfer
  • yapu /ˈja.pu/ from ARA عفا
n - pardon; excuse; forgiveness
v - pardon; excuse; forgive
  • yame /ˈja.me/ from ARA جمع
n - collection; gathering; group; set
v - gather; collect; assemble; unite
  • yu /ju/ from ZHO 于
v - be in; at; out of
prep - in; at; to; by; than; out of
  • yuma /ˈju.ma/ from ARA يوم
n - day; daylight; 24 hour period
  • ye /je/ from KOR 열
num - ten; 10
  • yeko /ˈje.ko/ from ZHO 以后
prep - back; behind; rear; afterwards; after; later
adv - from now on; henceforth
  • yo /jo/ from ZHO 有
v - have; possess; carry; hold; keep

la

  • laka /ˈla.ka/ from ARA رقم
n - number; digit; amount
v - count; enumerate
  • lata /ˈla.ta/ from SPA lata
n - box; bucket; basket; container; vessel
v - carry; tote; transport
  • li /li/ from ZHO 兩
num - two; double; duo
pro - some; a few
  • le /le/ from ZHO 了
part - past tense marker [PST]
  • loka /ˈlo.ka/ from SPA local
n - place; location; point; spot

wa

pro - I; me [1sg]
num - one; 1; single
v - be alone; be singular
v - grow; mature; develop
n - adult; mature thing


  • wino /ˈwi.no/ from SPA vino
n - alcohol; beer; wine
v - drink ~
num - six; 6
  • weko /ˈwe.ko/ from SPA hueco
n - door, hole, orifice, window; port
  • wento /ˈwen.to/ from SPA viento
n - air; wind; void; essence; spirit
  • wela /ˈwe.la/ from SPA fuera
prep - outside; exterior
v - leave; exit

a

  • alima /a.ˈli.ma/ from ARA علم
v - to discern, to find out, to learn
n - learning; education; knowledge
  • amo /ˈa.mo/ from SPA amor
n - love; affection; adoration
v - love; adore; like
  • ante /ˈan.te/ from SPA ante
n - front side; chest; fore area
prep - before; in front; forward; ahead
  • asi /ˈa.si/ from SPA así
part - like this/that; as [such]; thus; so
  • awa /ˈa.wa/ from ARA أو
part - either; or; other
  • ayo /ˈa.jo/ from ARA أي
part - whichever; whatever; something [INDEF]
  • e /e/ from SPA/ZHO e/和
part - and; also; too
prep - toward; at; in direction of
v - go (toward); walk; travel
  • o /o/ from JPN を
part - direct object particle


  • wikitravel.org/en/Spanish_phrasebook
  • en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Category:Phrasebooks_by_language


A working phrasebook for Kalo.

Essentials

  • ola - Used for "hello; goodbye; farewell; welcome" (analogous to aloha)
  • kan/a - "yes; it is"
  • ne - "no; it is not"
  • yapu wa - "Excuse me."
  • nenka ma - "Please." [lit: is (it) possible?]
by extension "Do you mind?"
  • tanka (ta) - "Thank you (very much)."
  • tipa - "(That's) OK."

Greetings & Goodbyes

  • ola yuma - "Good morning/day/afternoon"
  • ola note - "Good evening/night"
  • salama - "Hey/Hi/Hello/Bye"

Civilities

  • moto (niyo) ma - manner 2s.POSS Q - How are you?
    • tipa - "Good/OK/Fine."
    • ... - "Not bad."




  • tenpo ta ne wite - time big no see - Long time no see
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