Modern Figo morphology: Difference between revisions

Latest revision as of 07:02, 16 September 2025

Main article: Modern Figo

This page gives an extensive description of modern Figo morphological features.

Nouns

Nouns in modern Figo can end either in a vowel or in a consonant in their basic form. A certain number of nouns ending in a vowel, however, can add a suppletive syllable before the normal declension endings, especially monosyllabic nouns. Nouns ending in a consonant usually add a euphonic vowel in their declension.

Nouns display neither gender nor class distinction. There are, however, two morphological numbers for almost all nouns, singular and plural, and a limited case system.

Cases

Modern Figo nouns do decline, according to a nominative-accusative system with 3 cases:

Case	Meaning
Nominative	This case marks the subject of a verb. It is regarded as the citation form of the noun.
Accusative	This case marks the direct object of a verb. It is also used with some postpositions. It is regarded as the base form of the noun, and it is used as the vocative form.
Oblique	It has no specifical meaning and it is generally used only with postpositions. It can be occasionally used without postpositions in earlier texts and in crystallized forms, marking possession and belonging.

Noun declension

Nouns are declined in case and number by adding the following endings to the base form of the noun:

	singular	plural
nominative	-r	-rĩ
accusative	-	- ̃
oblique	-š	-šũ

An example is shown below: sobar, dog.

	sobar
	singular	plural
basic	sobar	sobarĩ
direct	soba	sobã
oblique	sobaš	sobašũ

As it can be noticed, the plural form of the accusative case always involves nasalization of the last vowel. This process may happen on every available vowel, but, if the last vowel is already nasal in the singular, the plural accusative form will be identical to its singular counterpart.

Nouns ending in a consonant in the singular direct case usually add a euphonic vowel before the endings of the other cases. There is no tendency on a specific euphonic vowel.

An example is shown below: rimər, world, earth.

	rimər
	singular	plural
basic	rimər	rimərĩ
direct	rim	rimə̃
oblique	riməš	riməšũ

In this case, the added vowel is -ə-, which is regularly nasalized in the accusative plural form. Every euphonic vowel is always shown in the citation form, the singular nominative case.

The vowels -ə-, -i- or -u- are often dropped in the accusative singular, when present before the nominative singular ending.

Some irregular nouns, whose base form ends in a vowel, can add an entire syllable before the case endings.

An example is shown below: swõnur, house.

	swõnur
	singular	plural
basic	swõnur	swõnurĩ
direct	swõ	swõnũ
oblique	swõnuš	swõnušũ

The irregularly added syllable is more than often -nə-, -ne-, -ni- or -no-. If the last vowel of the base form is nasalized, it can sometimes lose nasalization in the forms with the added syllable. This forms are regarded as irregular and, in earlier texts, they can display many alternatives: for example the word swõnur has earlier alternatives like accusative plural swonũ or oblique plural swõnošũ, already fallen out of use in modern texts.

Some nouns, whose roots end in a consonant cluster, can insert an euphonic vowel -ə- between these consonants in the accusative singular form.

An example is shown below: moɣžur, herd.

	moɣžur
	singular	plural
basic	moɣžur	moɣžurĩ
direct	moɣəž	moɣžũ
oblique	moɣžuš	moɣžušũ

The euphonic vowel is added only when the consonant cluster is unacceptable in final position according to phonotactical rules. When the consonant cluster is acceptable, no vowel is inserted.

A small amount of nouns display irregular plural endings:

	plural
nominative	-ir
accusative	-i
oblique	-iš

This endings usually trigger irregular consonantal and vocalic changes in the noun root (often due to methaponic processes).

An example is shown below: roɣur, eye.

	roɣur
	singular	plural
basic	roɣur	ruɣir
direct	rog	ruɣi
oblique	roɣuš	ruɣiš

From the previous example it can be noticed that nouns, whose nominative singular form ends in -ɣur, usually display an accusative singular form ending in -g.

Some nouns, conversely, display unpredictable irregularities, both vocalic and consonantal, in the noun root.

An example is shown below: rəjr, thing.

	rəjr
	singular	plural
basic	rəjr	rəjrĩ
direct	ri	rĩ
oblique	rəjš	rəjšũ

As noun declension often displays multiple irregularities, in the vocabulary section the accusative singular form is always cited for an irregular noun, while the accusative plural form is cited only when necessary:

swõnur, n. (swõ), house.
roɣur, n. (rog, ruɣi), eye.

Adjectives and pronouns

Adjectives closely resemble the noun form, usually showing the same exceptions of nouns. Pronouns, instead, may exhibit different forms in the root form.

Adjectives

Attributive adjectives are always placed before the nouns they specify, while predicative adjectives are always placed after them.

wobar řirur
(the) young man

řirur wobar wẽh
(the) man is young

All adjectives agree in case and number with the noun they specify, being declined with the nominal endings.

Declension of qualifying adjectives

Adjectival declension follow the same rules as the nominal declension, with the same exceptions.

Example: šurir, big, with swõnur, house

	singular	plural
basic	šurir swõnur	šurirĩ swõnurĩ
direct	šur swõ	šurĩ swõnũ
oblique	šuriš swõnuš	šurišũ swõnušũ

No adjective displays an irregular declension with a -i- plural.

Personal pronouns

Personal pronouns display a marked dichotomy between the forms in the nominative case and the forms in the accusative and oblique cases. Both forms have two different roots, exhibiting thus a mixed declension.

	1^st sing.	2^nd sing.	3^rd sing.	1^st plur.	2^nd plur.	3^rd plur.
nominative	ort	ert	oht	ortũ	ertũ	ohtũ
accusative	it	nwet	fet	õt	nwẽt	fẽt
oblique	iš	nweš	feš	õš	nwẽš	fẽš

There are, however, several possible alternative forms:

	1^st sing.	2^nd sing.	3^rd sing.	1^st plur.	2^nd plur.	3^rd plur.
accusative		nwe			nwẽš
oblique	je/oš	ňe		õšũ	nwešũ

The alternative forms are regarded as obsolete and they are used in modern texts only in religious texts, in intentionally archaizing texts and in some set expressions. In the oblique case the 1^st singular person display two obsolete forms: je, used as indirect object, and oš, used for other roles of the oblique case.

Interrogative pronouns

Basic interrogative pronouns display two different forms: one for animate entities (who?) and one for inanimate entities (what?).

what: šwe
who: šwor

Both pronouns can be declined, with the nominal declension endings.

šwoš kwov ših ačiǧid jẽr?
whom did you give water to?

However, the inanimate interrogative pronoun display an irregular nominative form, which is identical to the accusative form:

šwe nwožr?
what do you want?

There are also other interrogative pronouns (and adverbs):

šweč: where (static location and motion toward)
šwex: why (cause)
šwer: when
šwemĩr: how much
šwemwẽ: how

There are also the following interrogative adjectives:

šweɣur (šweg): which
šwemĩɣur (šwemĩg): how much / many

Within an interrogative clause, pronouns usually are usually moved at the beginning of the sentence. Their syntactical position is regarded as extremely marked or archaic. In addition, like other parts of the sentences, they can be followed by postpositions:

šwoš no čwiwňid wẽr?
whom are you talking about?

Numerals

The numeral system relies on a decimal base.

Cardinal numerals

The first ten cardinal numbers are noun-like forms on their own:

digit	noun form
1:	šwov
2:	ug
3:	miɣwo
4:	nwoh
5:	šwõ
6:	fwa
7:	hoše
8:	fu
9:	čwi
10:	fjev

Numerals from 11 to 19 are built with the construction NUM + fjev, with some irregularities:

digit	noun form
11:	šwofjev
12:	uɣifjev
13:	miɣwofjev
14:	nwofjev
15:	šwõfjev
16:	fwafjev
17:	hošefjev
18:	fufjev
19:	čwifjev

The numerals for (one) hundred and (one) thousand are noun-like forms on their own:

digit	noun form
100:	ňwož
1000:	řa

The numerals for the multiples of tens, hundreds and thousands are built with the construction NUM + fjewdũ / ňwoždũ / řadũ, with some irregularities:

	tens	hundreds	thousands
2x:	uɣifjewdəj	uɣiňwoždũ	uɣiřadũ
3x:	miɣwofjewdũ	miɣwoňwoždũ	miɣwořadũ
4x:	nwofjewdũ	nwoňwoždũ	nwořadũ
5x:	šwõfjewdũ	šwõňwoždũ	šwõřadũ
6x:	fwafjewdũ	fwaňwoždũ	fwařadũ
7x:	hošefjewdũ	hošeňwoždũ	hošeřadũ
8x:	fufjewdũ	fuňwoždũ	fuřadũ
9x:	čwifjewdũ	čwiňwoždũ	čwiřadũ

Composite numbers are built by just putting them beside, without any conjunction, in descending order:

1985: řa čwiňwoždũ fufjewdũ šwõ

All cardinal numerals up to these forms are meant as invariable.

Numerals for “million” and “billion” are loanwords from other languages:

digit	noun form
1,000,000:	čãčãr (from β. ʈʂʼamʈʂʼam)
1,000,000,000:	mešurentur (from I. mêšúrěntu)

These forms are treated as regularly declinable nouns:

digit	noun form
3,000,000:	miɣwo čãčãrĩ
6,000,000,000:	fwa mešurenturĩ

If these numerals are used as simple count forms, they are declined in the nominative case. Inside of a structured sentence, they are declined according the case required by their syntactical role. Nouns adjoining such numerals are declined in the oblique case:

šwov čãčãr fožašũ
one million people

kwov ug mešurentušu fožašũ
to two billions people

In the earlier modern period the idea of “zero” is introduced from Iðâɣ language. This numeral is however usually limited to mathematics:

digit	noun form
0:	xesu (from I. xesú)

Pronominal numerals

Every cardinal number may display, moreover, a special pronominal form. This form is to be used strictly when referring to human beings. This numerals are built by adding the derivative ending -for to the cardinal numeral form, with some irregularities:

digit	noun form
1:	-
2:	uɣifor
3:	miɣwofor
4:	nufor
5:	šwõfor
6:	fwafor
7:	hošefor
8:	fufor
9:	čwifor
10:	fjewfor
11:	šwofjewfor
12:	uɣifjewfor
20:	uɣifjewdəjfor
60:	fwafjewdũfor

If the numeral form is composite, the ending is added only to the last numeral form:

25: uɣifjedəj šwõfor

Pronominal numerals can be formed from every cardinal numeral, except for the numeral "one", "million" and "billion" and the multiples of the latter two ones.

These forms decline only in singular number. They, however, display a complete singular declension. If present, the verb always agrees with the personal numeral in the singular number.

miɣwofo řirušjidũ jẽnõ
we saw three (of them)

miɣwofor õt řirušjid jẽh
three (of them) saw us

The pronominal forms, however, can be adjoined by a noun. This is built with a peculiar construction. The personal numerals are declined in the singular, while the adjoining nouns are always declined in the oblique plural form. If present, the verb always agrees with the personal numeral in the singular number.

miɣwofo řirušũ řirušjidũ jẽnõ
we saw three men

miɣwofor řirušũ õt řirušjid jẽh
three men saw us

The pronominal forms tend to be placed before the adjoining nouns. In colloquial language and in some texts, the adjoining noun can be placed before the pronominal numeral.

řirušũ miɣwofor õt řirušjid jẽh
three men saw us

This placement, albeit spreading in some dialects, is not accepted in formal language and widely deprecated by grammarians.

Ordinal numerals

Ordinal numerals are formed by adding the ordinal ending -dur (-d) to the cardinal numeral form, with an irregular suppletive form and some other irregularities:

digit	adjective form
1^st:	rošdur (rošd)
2^nd:	uɣidur (uɣid)
3^rd:	miɣwodur (miɣwod)
4^th:	nudur (nud)
5^th:	šwõdur (šwõd)
6^th:	fwadur (fwad)
7^th:	hošedur (hošed)
8^th:	fudur (fud)
9^th:	čwidur (čwid)
10^th:	fjewdur (fjewd)
11^th:	šwofjewdur (šwofjewd)
12^th:	uɣifjewdur (uɣifjewd)
20^th:	uɣifjewdəjdur (uɣifjewdəjd)
60^th:	fwafjewdũdur (fwafjewdũd)

Ordinal numerals for “millionth” and “billionth” are regularly formed from their corresponding cardinal forms, while their multiples are formed by unifying the separated forms in an only adjectival word:

digit	adjective form
1,000,000^th:	čãčãdur (čãčãd)
1,000,000,000^th:	mešurentudur (mešurentud)
3,000,000,000^th:	miɣwomešurentudur (mešurentud)

If the numeral form is composite, the ending is added only to the last numeral form:

25^th: uɣifjedəj šwõdur

Fractional numerals

Fractional numerals are formed by adding the derivative ending -nor to the cardinal numeral form, with the exceptions of the numeral zero, one, an irregular suppletive form, and some irregularities:

digit	full form
1:	-
2:	fofur (fof)
3:	miɣwonor
4:	nunor
5:	šwõnor
6:	fwanor
7:	hošenor
8:	funor
9:	čwinor
10:	fjewnor
11:	šwofjewnor
12:	uɣifjewnor
20:	uɣifjewdəjnor
60:	fwafjewdũnor

Fractional numerals for “millionth” and “billionth” are regularly formed from their corresponding cardinal forms, while their multiples are formed by unifying the separated forms in an only word:

digit	adjective form
1,000,000:	čãčãnor
1,000,000,000:	mešurentunor
3,000,000,000:	miɣwomešurentunor

If the numeral form is composite, the ending is added only to the last numeral form:

25: uɣifjedəj šwõnor

Verbs

The verbal system of moder Figo language is based on the combined use of a participial form with an auxiliary or modal verb, in order to build the different verbal tenses or moods. Only the auxiliary and modal verbs have a proper conjugation, while every other verb is conjugated through its participial forms.

The verbal system displays the following features:

tense: present, imperfect, past, pluperfect, future, anterior future, future in the past
mood: indicative, subjunctive, conditional
participle: active, passive
diathesis: active, passive

There is, moreover, an additional extratemporal and extramodal form, known as resultative, built with a special resultative participle.

Only in the indicative mood verbs can express all tenses. In other moods only a part of the tenses are expressed.

The citation form of verbs is the present active participle, marked by the ending -jid. As much as the verbal root can be usually inferred from this form, this is not always possible. The verbal root usually has a CVCVC structure.

The verb agrees with the clause subject in person and expresses two numbers, singular and plural.

Participles

There are three participial forms, the active participle, the passive participle, and the resultative participle. Only the passive participle can be additionally used with an adjectival function, while the active and the resultative participle are used only in the verbal conjugation

The active participle and the passive participle have a present form and a past form, being the latter usually derived from the former. Past participle are thus formed in different ways:

Most disyllabic verbal roots derive their past root from the present one through an introflexive process of vowel switching:

CV₁CV₂C → CV₂CV₁C

A limited subgroup of disyllabic roots adds the prefix a-, as well as the vowel switching. By adding this prefix, irregularities may arise.

CV₁CV₂C → aCV₂CV₁C

In some dialectal forms, the prefix e- can be found in the past root of some verbs. This forms are regarded as obsolete in most dialects and in the standard language. It originates from the metaphonic effect on the original prefix, which has been restored to its original form since long by analogy.

Multisyllabic verbal roots are usually formed through morphological derivation by adding prefixes or suffixes or both of them. These morphological affixes are usually not involved in the switching process. The vowel involved are those belonging to the original disyllabic root.

CV₃CV₁CV₂C → CV₃CV₂CV₁C

CV₁CV₂CV₃C → CV₂CV₁CV₃C

CV₃CV₁CV₂CV₄C → CV₃CV₂CV₁CV₄C

A significant part of multisyllabic and also disyllabic verbs derive their past root from the present one by adding the suffix -aɣ-.

CV₃CV₁CV₂C → CV₃CV₁CV₂Caɣ

Monosyllabic verbal roots and the modal verbs are usually regarded as irregular and they can took on each one of the previous strategies.

The participle endings are:

active participle: -jid (pl. -jidũ)
passive participle: -ug (pl. -uɣĩ)
resultative participle: -aža

The -jid ending often causes palatalization of the preceding consonants, being shortened to -id:

fin- + -jid → fiňid
to come

This ending may cause, when added to the root, several vowel irregularities. Thus, it is often difficult to recognize the past root from the citation form, and, consequently, in dictionaries the past form is always cited together with the present verbal root.

šwodiǧid (šeduǧid, šwodeɣ-)
to govern

Moreover, the suffix -aɣ always changes when the ending -jid is added:

-aɣ- + -jid → -eǧid

This vowel irregularites are due to the metaphony process, which causes the following effects on the vowels preceding the ending:

a → e / ji, ã → ẽ / jĩ
e → i, ẽ → ĩ
o → u, õ → ũ
wo → u, wõ → ũ

This process, conversely, does not affect neologisms and modern loanwords.

The passive participle ending, -ug-, does not noticeably affect the root and it usually does not cause peculiar irregularities.

Both participial forms always agree with the clause subject in number, when used in the verbal conjugation.

The resultative participle ending, -aža-, does not noticeably affect the root and it usually does not cause peculiar irregularities. It is generally added to the past form of the verbal root, resulting often in from which are substantially different from the citation form. It lacks different temporal forms, being thus deemed as an indeclinable form.

Example of a verb with many irregularities, fušid, to put, to place:

	root
present	fwos-
past	abwos-
	active		passive
	singular	plural	singular	plural
present	fušid	fušidũ	fwosug	fwosuɣĩ
past	abušid	abušidũ	abwosug	abwosuɣĩ
resultative	abwosaža

Conjugation of auxiliary verbs and modal verbs

Auxiliary verbs and modal verbs are the only verbs which display a proper conjugation, usually an irregular one, with different forms for every person. Moreover, each form has a negative counterpart.

The auxiliary verbs are:

wĩňid, to be
mid, to go

Conjugation of irregular forms of wĩňid:

	indicative
	present		imperfect
	positive	negative	positive	negative
1^st sing.	wẽv	wĩvs	jẽv	jĩvs
2^nd sing.	wẽr	wĩrs	jẽr	jĩrs
3^rd sing.	wẽh	wĩs	jẽh	jĩs
1^st plur.	wẽnõ	wĩns	jẽnõ	jĩns
2^nd plur.	wẽrõ	wĩrõs	jẽrõ	jĩrõs
3^rd plur.	wẽžõ	wĩžõs	jẽžõ	jĩžõs

	subjunctive
	present		imperfect
	positive	negative	positive	negative
1^st sing.	wũšev	wũšĩvs	jũšev	jũšĩvs
2^nd sing.	wũšr	wũšris	jũšr	jũšris
3^rd sing.	wũš	wũšis	jũš	jũšis
1^st plur.	wũšõ	wũšũs	jũšõ	jũšũs
2^nd plur.	wũšrõ	wũšrũs	jũšrõ	jũšrũs
3^rd plur.	wũžõ	wũžũs	jũžõ	jũžũs

	conditional
	present		imperfect
	positive	negative	positive	negative
1^st sing.	wĩšev	wĩšĩvs	jĩšev	jĩšĩvs
2^nd sing.	wĩšr	wĩšris	jĩšr	jĩšris
3^rd sing.	wĩh	wĩš	jĩh	jĩš
1^st plur.	wĩšõ	wĩšũs	jĩšõ	jĩšũs
2^nd plur.	wĩšrõ	wĩšrũs	jĩšrõ	jĩšrũs
3^rd plur.	wĩžõ	wĩžũs	jĩžõ	jĩžũs

Conjugation of irregular forms of mid:

	indicative
	present		imperfect
	positive	negative	positive	negative
1^st sing.	mjov	mjuvs	imjov	imjuvs
2^nd sing.	mjer	mjirs	imir	imirs
3^rd sing.	mješ	mjiš	imeš	imiš
1^st plur.	mjõ	mjũs	imjõ	imjũs
2^nd plur.	mjerõ	mjirũs	imirõ	imirũs
3^rd plur.	mježõ	mjižũs	imižõ	imižũs

The modal verbs are:

fĩšid, to can, to be able
nužid, to want
juřid, to must, to have to

Conjugation of irregular forms of fĩšid:

	indicative
	present		imperfect
	positive	negative	positive	negative
1^st sing.	fẽšəv	fĩšivs	afẽšəv	afĩšivs
2^nd sing.	fẽšr	fĩšĩrs	afẽšr	afĩšĩrs
3^rd sing.	fẽs	fĩš	afẽs	afĩš
1^st plur.	fẽšõ	fĩšũs	afẽšõ	afĩšũs
2^nd plur.	fẽšrõ	fĩšĩrũs	afẽšrõ	afĩšĩrũs
3^rd plur.	fẽžõ	fĩžũs	afẽžõ	afĩžũs

	subjunctive
	present		imperfect
	positive	negative	positive	negative
1^st sing.	fũšəv	fũšivs	afũšəv	afũšivs
2^nd sing.	fũšr	fũšĩrs	afũšr	afũšĩrs
3^rd sing.	fũs	fũšis	afũs	afũšis
1^st plur.	fũšõ	fũšũs	afũšõ	afũšũs
2^nd plur.	fũšrõ	fũšĩrũs	afũšrõ	afũšĩrũs
3^rd plur.	fũžõ	fũžũs	afũžõ	afũžũs

	conditional
	present		imperfect
	positive	negative	positive	negative
1^st sing.	fĩšəv	fĩšivs	afĩšəv	afĩšivs
2^nd sing.	fĩšr	fĩšĩrs	afĩšr	afĩšĩrs
3^rd sing.	fĩs	fĩšis	afĩs	afĩšis
1^st plur.	fĩšõ	fĩšũs	afĩšõ	afĩšũs
2^nd plur.	fĩšrõ	fĩšĩrũs	afĩšrõ	afĩšĩrũs
3^rd plur.	fĩžõ	fĩžũs	afĩžõ	afĩžũs

As it can be easily noticed, all negative forms in the conditional mood of the verb fĩšid are the same as the negative forms of the indicative mood.

Conjugation of irregular forms of nužid:

	indicative
	present		imperfect
	positive	negative	positive	negative
1^st sing.	nwožəv	nuživs	aňwožəv	aňuživs
2^nd sing.	nwožr	nužirs	aňwožr	aňužirs
3^rd sing.	nwož	nuž	aňwož	aňuž
1^st plur.	nwožõ	nužũs	aňwožõ	aňužũs
2^nd plur.	nwožrõ	nužrũs	aňwožrõ	aňužrũs
3^rd plur.	nwožõ	nužũs	aňwožõ	aňužũs

	subjunctive
	present		imperfect
	positive	negative	positive	negative
1^st sing.	nušəv	nušivs	aňušəv	aňušivs
2^nd sing.	nušr	nuširs	aňušr	aňuširs
3^rd sing.	nuš	nušis	aňuš	aňušis
1^st plur.	nušõ	nušũs	aňušõ	aňušũs
2^nd plur.	nušrõ	nušrũs	aňušrõ	aňušrũs
3^rd plur.	nušõ	nušũs	aňušõ	aňušũs

	conditional
	present		imperfect
	positive	negative	positive	negative
1^st sing.	nišəv	nišivs	aňišəv	aňišivs
2^nd sing.	nišr	niširs	aňišr	aňiširs
3^rd sing.	niš	nišis	aňiš	aňišis
1^st plur.	nišõ	nišũs	aňišõ	aňišũs
2^nd plur.	nišrõ	nišrũs	aňišrõ	aňišrũs
3^rd plur.	nišõ	nišũs	aňišõ	aňišũs

Conjugation of irregular forms of juřid:

	indicative
	present		imperfect
	positive	negative	positive	negative
1^st sing.	worəv	urivs	avorəv	avurivs
2^nd sing.	worər	urirs	avorər	avurirs
3^rd sing.	wor	urs	avor	avurs
1^st plur.	worõ	urũs	avorõ	avurũs
2^nd plur.	worərõ	urirũs	avorərõ	avurirũs
3^rd plur.	woržõ	uržũs	avoržõ	avuržũs

	subjunctive
	present		imperfect
	positive	negative	positive	negative
1^st sing.	uršəv	uršivs	avuršəv	avuršivs
2^nd sing.	uršr	urširs	avuršr	avurširs
3^rd sing.	urš	uršis	avurš	avuršis
1^st plur.	uršõ	uršũs	avuršõ	avuršũs
2^nd plur.	uršrõ	urširũs	avuršrõ	avurširũs
3^rd plur.	uržõ	uržũs	avuržõ	avuržũs

	conditional
	present		imperfect
	positive	negative	positive	negative
1^st sing.	wiršəv	wiršivs	aviršəv	aviršivs
2^nd sing.	wiršr	wirširs	aviršr	avirširs
3^rd sing.	wirš	wiršis	avirš	aviršis
1^st plur.	wiršõ	wiršũs	aviršõ	aviršũs
2^nd plur.	wiršrõ	wirširũs	aviršrõ	avirširũs
3^rd plur.	wiržõ	wiržũs	aviržõ	aviržũs

Other tenses of these verbs are regularly gonjugated. Negative forms are regared as intrinsically negated verbal forms:

řirur wobar wẽh → řirur wobar wĩs
the man is young → the man is not young

Conjugation of a regular verb

Sample verb: minušjid (munišjid, minušug, minušaža, minuš-/muniš-), to twist, to bend

Indicative mood

Present tense

The present is built with the present active participle of the conjugated verb and the indicative present forms of the auxiliary verb wĩňid, to be. The passive counterparts are built with the present passive participle.

	active		passive
	positive	negative	positive	negative
1^st sing.	minušjid wẽv	minušjid wĩvs	minušug wẽv	minušug wĩvs
2^nd sing.	minušjid wẽr	minušjid wĩrs	minušug wẽr	minušug wĩrs
3^rd sing.	minušjid wẽh	minušjid wĩs	minušug wẽh	minušug wĩs
1^st plur.	minušjidũ wẽnõ	minušjidũ wĩns	minušuɣĩ wẽnõ	minušuɣĩ wĩns
2^nd plur.	minušjidũ wẽrõ	minušjidũ wĩrõs	minušuɣĩ wẽrõ	minušuɣĩ wĩrõs
3^rd plur.	minušjidũ wẽžõ	minušjidũ wĩžõs	minušuɣĩ wẽžõ	minušuɣĩ wĩžõs

Modal verbs can replace the corresponding forms of the verb wĩňid, if required.

The negative forms are used to negate the verb:

ort nwẽt řirušjid wẽv → ort nwẽt řirušjid wĩvs
I see you → I don't see you

The present tense conveys ongoing, habitual or gnomic actions or states.

Imperfect tense

The imperfect is built with the past active participle of the conjugated verb and the indicative present forms of the auxiliary verb wĩňid, to be. The passive counterparts are built with the past passive participle.

	active		passive
	positive	negative	positive	negative
1^st sing.	munišjid wẽv	munišjid wĩvs	munišug wẽv	munišug wĩvs
2^nd sing.	munišjid wẽr	munišjid wĩrs	munišug wẽr	munišug wĩrs
3^rd sing.	munišjid wẽh	munišjid wĩs	munišug wẽh	munišug wĩs
1^st plur.	munišjidũ wẽnõ	munišjidũ wĩns	munišuɣĩ wẽnõ	munišuɣĩ wĩns
2^nd plur.	munišjidũ wẽrõ	munišjidũ wĩrõs	munišuɣĩ wẽrõ	munišuɣĩ wĩrõs
3^rd plur.	munišjidũ wẽžõ	munišjidũ wĩžõs	munišuɣĩ wẽžõ	munišuɣĩ wĩžõs

Modal verbs can replace the corresponding forms of the verb wĩňid, if required.

The negative forms are used to negate the verb:

ort nwẽt aruřišjid wẽv → ort nwẽt aruřišjid wĩvs
I used to see you → I didn't see you

The imperfect tense conveys ongoing or habitual actions or states in the past.

Past tense

The past is built with the present active participle of the conjugated verb and the indicative imperfect forms of the auxiliary verb wĩňid, to be. The passive counterparts are built with the present passive participle.

	active		passive
	positive	negative	positive	negative
1^st sing.	minušjid jẽv	minušjid jĩvs	minušug jẽv	minušug jĩvs
2^nd sing.	minušjid jẽr	minušjid jĩrs	minušug jẽr	minušug jĩrs
3^rd sing.	minušjid jẽh	minušjid jĩs	minušug jẽh	minušug jĩs
1^st plur.	minušjidũ jẽnõ	minušjidũ jĩns	minušuɣĩ jẽnõ	minušuɣĩ jĩns
2^nd plur.	minušjidũ jẽrõ	minušjidũ jĩrõs	minušuɣĩ jẽrõ	minušuɣĩ jĩrõs
3^rd plur.	minušjidũ jẽžõ	minušjidũ jĩžõs	minušuɣĩ jẽžõ	minušuɣĩ jĩžõs

Modal verbs can replace the corresponding forms of the verb wĩňid, if required.

The negative forms are used to negate the verb:

ort nwẽt řirušjid jẽv → ort nwẽt řirušjid jĩvs
I saw you → I didn't see you

The past tense conveys completed actions or states in the past.

Pluperfect tense

The pluperfect is built with the past active participle of the conjugated verb and the indicative imperfect forms of the auxiliary verb wĩňid, to be. The passive counterparts are built with the past passive participle.

	active		passive
	positive	negative	positive	negative
1^st sing.	munišjid jẽv	munišjid jĩvs	munišug jẽv	munišug jĩvs
2^nd sing.	munišjid jẽr	munišjid jĩrs	munišug jẽr	munišug jĩrs
3^rd sing.	munišjid jẽh	munišjid jĩs	munišug jẽh	munišug jĩs
1^st plur.	munišjidũ jẽnõ	munišjidũ jĩns	munišuɣĩ jẽnõ	munišuɣĩ jĩns
2^nd plur.	munišjidũ jẽrõ	munišjidũ jĩrõs	munišuɣĩ jẽrõ	munišuɣĩ jĩrõs
3^rd plur.	munišjidũ jẽžõ	munišjidũ jĩžõs	munišuɣĩ jẽžõ	munišuɣĩ jĩžõs

Modal verbs can replace the corresponding forms of the verb wĩňid, if required.

The negative forms are used to negate the verb:

ort nwẽt řirušjid jẽv → ort nwẽt řirušjid jĩvs
I had seen you → I hadn't seen you

The plusperfect tense conveys completed actions or states before another past action or state.

Future tense

The future is built with the present active participle of the conjugated verb and the indicative present forms of the auxiliary verb mid, to go. The passive counterparts are built with the present passive participle.

	active		passive
	positive	negative	positive	negative
1^st sing.	minušjid mjov	minušjid mjuvs	minušug mjov	minušug mjuvs
2^nd sing.	minušjid mjer	minušjid mjirs	minušug mjer	minušug mjirs
3^rd sing.	minušjid mješ	minušjid mjiš	minušug mješ	minušug mjiš
1^st plur.	minušjidũ mjõ	minušjidũ mjũs	minušuɣĩ mjõ	minušuɣĩ mjũs
2^nd plur.	minušjidũ mjerõ	minušjidũ mjirũs	minušuɣĩ mjerõ	minušuɣĩ mjirũs
3^rd plur.	minušjidũ mježõ	minušjidũ mjižũs	minušuɣĩ mježõ	minušuɣĩ mjižũs

Modal verbs cannot replace the corresponding forms of the verb mid in the future tense. The present forms are used to convey this tense.

The negative forms are used to negate the verb:

ort nwẽt řirušjid mjov → ort nwẽt řirušjid mjuvs
I will see you → I won't see you

The future tense conveys actions or states which will be completed, habitual or ongoing in the future.

Anterior future tense

The anterior future is built with the present active participle of the conjugated verb and the indicative imperfect forms of the auxiliary verb mid, to go. The passive counterparts are built with the present passive participle.

	active		passive
	positive	negative	positive	negative
1^st sing.	minušjid imjov	minušjid imjuvs	minušug imjov	minušug imjuvs
2^nd sing.	minušjid imir	minušjid imirs	minušug imir	minušug imirs
3^rd sing.	minušjid imeš	minušjid imiš	minušug imeš	minušug imiš
1^st plur.	minušjidũ imjõ	minušjidũ imjũs	minušuɣĩ imjõ	minušuɣĩ imjũs
2^nd plur.	minušjidũ imirõ	minušjidũ imirũs	minušuɣĩ imirõ	minušuɣĩ imirũs
3^rd plur.	minušjidũ imižõ	minušjidũ imižũs	minušuɣĩ imižõ	minušuɣĩ imižũs

Modal verbs cannot replace the corresponding forms of the verb mid in the anterior future tense.

The negative forms are used to negate the verb:

ort nwẽt řirušjid imjov → ort nwẽt řirušjid imjuvs
I will have seen you → I won't have seen you

The anterior future tense conveys completed conveys actions or states which will be completed before another future action or state.

Future in the past tense

The future in the past is built with the past active participle of the conjugated verb and the indicative imperfect forms of the auxiliary verb mid, to go. The passive counterparts are built with the past passive participle.

	active		passive
	positive	negative	positive	negative
1^st sing.	munišjid imjov	munišjid imjuvs	munišug imjov	munišug imjuvs
2^nd sing.	munišjid imir	munišjid imirs	munišug imir	munišug imirs
3^rd sing.	munišjid imeš	munišjid imiš	munišug imeš	munišug imiš
1^st plur.	munišjidũ imjõ	munišjidũ imjũs	munišuɣĩ imjõ	munišuɣĩ imjũs
2^nd plur.	munišjidũ imirõ	munišjidũ imirũs	munišuɣĩ imirõ	munišuɣĩ imirũs
3^rd plur.	munišjidũ imižõ	munišjidũ imižũs	munišuɣĩ imižõ	munišuɣĩ imižũs

Modal verbs cannot replace the corresponding forms of the verb mid in the future in the past tense. The past or plurperfect conditional forms are used to convey this tense.

The negative forms are used to negate the verb:

ort nwẽt řirušjid imjov → ort nwẽt řirušjid imjuvs
I would see you → I would not see you

The future in the past tense conveys completed conveys actions or states which would be completed after another past action or state.

Subjunctive mood

The subjunctive mood is mostly used in dependent clauses. Its usage in main clauses is quite limited, except for its role as an imperative form. It can also convey exhortation or wish.

The construction of the various tenses is similar to the indicative ones, with the subjunctive forms of the auxiliary verb wĩňid, to be, replacing their indicative counterparts. However, the subjunctive lacks any future tense.

Present tense

The present is built with the present active participle of the conjugated verb and the subjunctive present forms of the auxiliary verb wĩňid, to be. The passive counterparts are built with the present passive participle.

	active		passive
	positive	negative	positive	negative
1^st sing.	minušjid wũšev	minušjid wũšivs	minušug wũšev	minušug wũšivs
2^nd sing.	minušjid wũšr	minušjid wũšris	minušug wũšr	minušug wũšris
3^rd sing.	minušjid wũš	minušjid wũšis	minušug wũš	minušug wũšis
1^st plur.	minušjidũ wũšõ	minušjidũ wũšũs	minušuɣĩ wũšrõ	minušuɣĩ wũšũs
2^nd plur.	minušjidũ wũšrõ	minušjidũ wũšrũs	minušuɣĩ wũšrõ	minušuɣĩ wũšrũs
3^rd plur.	minušjidũ wũžõ	minušjidũ wũžũs	minušuɣĩ wũžõ	minušuɣĩ wũžũs

Modal verbs can replace the corresponding forms of the verb wĩňid, if required.

Imperfect tense

The imperfect is built with the past active participle of the conjugated verb and the subjunctive present forms of the auxiliary verb wĩňid, to be. The passive counterparts are built with the past passive participle.

	active		passive
	positive	negative	positive	negative
1^st sing.	munišjid wũšev	munišjid wũšivs	munišug wũšev	munišug wũšivs
2^nd sing.	munišjid wũšr	munišjid wũšris	munišug wũšr	munišug wũšris
3^rd sing.	munišjid wũš	munišjid wũšis	munišug wũš	munišug wũšis
1^st plur.	munišjidũ wũšõ	munišjidũ wũšũs	munišuɣĩ wũšõ	munišuɣĩ wũšũs
2^nd plur.	munišjidũ wũšrõ	munišjidũ wũšrũs	munišuɣĩ wũšrõ	munišuɣĩ wũšrũs
3^rd plur.	munišjidũ wũžõ	munišjidũ wũžũs	munišuɣĩ wũžõ	munišuɣĩ wũžũs

Modal verbs can replace the corresponding forms of the verb wĩňid, if required.

Past tense

The past is built with the present active participle of the conjugated verb and the subjunctive imperfect forms of the auxiliary verb wĩňid, to be. The passive counterparts are built with the present passive participle.

	active		passive
	positive	negative	positive	negative
1^st sing.	minušjid jũšev	minušjid jũšivs	minušug jũšev	minušug jũšivs
2^nd sing.	minušjid jũšr	minušjid jũšris	minušug jũšr	minušug jũšris
3^rd sing.	minušjid jũš	minušjid jũšis	minušug jũš	minušug jũšis
1^st plur.	minušjidũ jũšõ	minušjidũ jũšũs	minušuɣĩ jũšõ	minušuɣĩ jũšũs
2^nd plur.	minušjidũ jũšrõ	minušjidũ jũšrũs	minušuɣĩ jũšrõ	minušuɣĩ jũšrũs
3^rd plur.	minušjidũ jũžõ	minušjidũ jũžũs	minušuɣĩ jũžõ	minušuɣĩ jũžũs

Modal verbs can replace the corresponding forms of the verb wĩňid, if required.

Pluperfect tense

The pluperfect is built with the past active participle of the conjugated verb and the subjunctive imperfect forms of the auxiliary verb wĩňid, to be. The passive counterparts are built with the past passive participle.

	active		passive
	positive	negative	positive	negative
1^st sing.	munišjid jũšev	munišjid jũšivs	munišug jũšev	munišug jũšivs
2^nd sing.	munišjid jũšr	munišjid jũšris	munišug jũšr	munišug jũšris
3^rd sing.	munišjid jũš	munišjid jũšis	munišug jũš	munišug jũšis
1^st plur.	munišjidũ jũšõ	munišjidũ jũšũs	munišuɣĩ jũšõ	munišuɣĩ jũšũs
2^nd plur.	munišjidũ jũšrõ	munišjidũ jũšrũs	munišuɣĩ jũšrõ	munišuɣĩ jũšrũs
3^rd plur.	munišjidũ jũžõ	munišjidũ jũžũs	munišuɣĩ jũžõ	munišuɣĩ jũžũs

Modal verbs can replace the corresponding forms of the verb wĩňid, if required.

Conditional mood

The conditional mood is used to convey potentiality and probability. It is regularly used both in main and dependent clauses. In a limited manner, it may also convey wish and desire.

The construction of the various tenses is similar to the indicative ones, with the conditional forms of the auxiliary verb wĩňid, to be, replacing their indicative counterparts. However, the conditional lacks any future tense.

Present tense

The present is built with the present active participle of the conjugated verb and the conditional present forms of the auxiliary verb wĩňid, to be. The passive counterparts are built with the present passive participle.

	active		passive
	positive	negative	positive	negative
1^st sing.	minušjid wĩšev	minušjid wĩšivs	minušug wĩšev	minušug wĩšivs
2^nd sing.	minušjid wĩšr	minušjid wĩšris	minušug wĩšr	minušug wĩšris
3^rd sing.	minušjid wĩh	minušjid wĩš	minušug wĩh	minušug wĩš
1^st plur.	minušjidũ wĩšõ	minušjidũ wĩšũs	minušuɣĩ wĩšõ	minušuɣĩ wĩšũs
2^nd plur.	minušjidũ wĩšrõ	minušjidũ wĩšrũs	minušuɣĩ wĩšrõ	minušuɣĩ wĩšrũs
3^rd plur.	minušjidũ wĩžõ	minušjidũ wĩžũs	minušuɣĩ wĩžõ	minušuɣĩ wĩžũs

Modal verbs can replace the corresponding forms of the verb wĩňid, if required.

Imperfect tense

The imperfect is built with the past active participle of the conjugated verb and the conditional present forms of the auxiliary verb wĩňid, to be. The passive counterparts are built with the past passive participle.

	active		passive
	positive	negative	positive	negative
1^st sing.	munišjid wĩšev	munišjid wĩšivs	munišug wĩšev	munišug wĩšivs
2^nd sing.	munišjid wĩšr	munišjid wĩšris	munišug wĩšr	munišug wĩšris
3^rd sing.	munišjid wĩh	munišjid wĩš	munišug wĩh	munišug wĩš
1^st plur.	munišjidũ wĩšõ	munišjidũ wĩšũs	munišuɣĩ wĩšõ	munišuɣĩ wĩšũs
2^nd plur.	munišjidũ wĩšrõ	munišjidũ wĩšrũs	munišuɣĩ wĩšrõ	munišuɣĩ wĩšrũs
3^rd plur.	munišjidũ wĩžõ	munišjidũ wĩžũs	munišuɣĩ wĩžõ	munišuɣĩ wĩžũs

Modal verbs can replace the corresponding forms of the verb wĩňid, if required.

Past tense

The past is built with the present active participle of the conjugated verb and the conditional imperfect forms of the auxiliary verb wĩňid, to be. The passive counterparts are built with the present passive participle.

	active		passive
	positive	negative	positive	negative
1^st sing.	minušjid jĩšev	minušjid jĩšivs	minušug jĩšev	minušug jĩšivs
2^nd sing.	minušjid jĩšr	minušjid jĩšris	minušug jĩšr	minušug jĩšris
3^rd sing.	minušjid jĩh	minušjid jĩš	minušug jĩh	minušug jĩš
1^st plur.	minušjidũ jĩšõ	minušjidũ jĩšũs	minušuɣĩ jĩšõ	minušuɣĩ jĩšũs
2^nd plur.	minušjidũ jĩšrõ	minušjidũ jĩšrũs	minušuɣĩ jĩšrõ	minušuɣĩ jĩšrũs
3^rd plur.	minušjidũ jĩžõ	minušjidũ jĩžũs	minušuɣĩ jĩžõ	minušuɣĩ jĩžũs

Modal verbs can replace the corresponding forms of the verb wĩňid, if required.

Pluperfect tense

The pluperfect is built with the past active participle of the conjugated verb and the conditional imperfect forms of the auxiliary verb wĩňid, to be. The passive counterparts are built with the past passive participle.

	active		passive
	positive	negative	positive	negative
1^st sing.	munišjid jĩšev	munišjid jĩšivs	munišug jĩšev	munišug jĩšivs
2^nd sing.	munišjid jĩšr	munišjid jĩšris	munišug jĩšr	munišug jĩšris
3^rd sing.	munišjid jĩh	munišjid jĩš	munišug jĩh	munišug jĩš
1^st plur.	munišjidũ jĩšõ	munišjidũ jĩšũs	munišuɣĩ jĩšõ	munišuɣĩ jĩšũs
2^nd plur.	munišjidũ jĩšrõ	munišjidũ jĩšrũs	munišuɣĩ jĩšrõ	munišuɣĩ jĩšrũs
3^rd plur.	munišjidũ jĩžõ	munišjidũ jĩžũs	munišuɣĩ jĩžõ	munišuɣĩ jĩžũs

Modal verbs can replace the corresponding forms of the verb wĩňid, if required.

Resultative

The resultative is an extratemporal and extramodal form, which strongly stresses upon the result of the completed action or state. It has only a "present form", which conveys the result of a previous action, with a strong influence on the ongoing events (for example: i have won = I am the winner).

The resultative is built with the resultative participle of the conjugated verb and the indicative present forms of the auxiliary verb wĩňid, to be. It has no passive counterparts.

	resultative
	positive	negative
1^st sing.	munišaža wẽv	munišaža wĩvs
2^nd sing.	munišaža wẽr	munišaža wĩrs
3^rd sing.	munišaža wẽh	munišaža wĩs
1^st plur.	munišaža wẽnõ	munišaža wĩns
2^nd plur.	munišaža wẽrõ	munišaža wĩrõs
3^rd plur.	munišaža wẽžõ	munišaža wĩžõs

The modal verbs have no resultative forms. The resultative participle is indeclinable and does not agree with the subject.

Archaic forms

In the earlier modern period, all verbs have a complete conjugation with simple forms in the present and in the imperfect tense. In these archaic tenses, old forms of personal endings are added to the present root and to the past root, respectively.

Examples:

	resultative
	positive	negative
1^st sing.	minušov	munišov
2^nd sing.	minušr	munišr
3^rd sing.	minušeh	munišeh
1^st plur.	minušõ	munišõ
2^nd plur.	minušrõ	munišrõ
3^rd plur.	minušežõ	munišežõ

These forms are regarded as obsolete in modern texts, but they may be found in older texts, in intentionally old-style modern texts and in some conservative dialects. Even in these cases, only some verbs keep these forms.

@@ Line 1: / Line 1: @@
 {{main|Modern Figo}}
 This page gives an extensive description of '''modern Figo morphological''' features.
+==Nouns==
+Nouns in modern Figo can end either in a vowel or in a consonant in their basic form. A certain number of nouns ending in a vowel, however, can add a suppletive syllable before the normal declension endings, especially monosyllabic nouns. Nouns ending in a consonant usually add a euphonic vowel in their declension.
+Nouns display neither gender nor class distinction. There are, however, two morphological numbers for almost all nouns, '''singular''' and '''plural''', and a limited case system.
+===Cases===
+Modern Figo nouns do decline, according to a ''nominative-accusative'' system with '''3 cases''':
+{| class="wikitable"
+|-
+| style="width: 110px;"| <center>''Case''</center>  || <center>''Meaning''</center>
+|-
+| '''Nominative'''  || <small>This case marks the subject of a verb. It is regarded as the citation form of the noun.</small>
+|-
+| '''Accusative'''  || <small>This case marks the direct object of a verb. It is also used with some postpositions. It is regarded as the base form of the noun, and it is used as the vocative form.</small>
+|-
+| '''Oblique'''  || <small>It has no specifical meaning and it is generally used only with postpositions. It can be occasionally used without postpositions in earlier texts and in crystallized forms, marking possession and belonging.</small>
+|-
+|}
+===Noun declension===
+Nouns are declined in case and number by adding the following endings to the base form of the noun:
+{|-
+|-
+| style="width: 100px;"| || style="width: 60px;"|<center><small>''singular''</small></center>  || style="width: 60px;"|<center><small>''plural''</small></center>
+|-
+| <center><small>''nominative''</small></center> || -r || -rĩ
+|-
+| <center><small>''accusative''</small></center> || - || - ̃
+|-
+| <center><small>''oblique''</small></center> || -š || -šũ
+|}
+An example is shown below: sobar, ''dog''.
+{|-
+|-
+| || colspan="2" | <center>sobar</center>
+|-
+| style="width: 100px;"| || style="width: 80px;"|<center><small>''singular''</small></center>  || style="width: 80px;"|<center><small>''plural''</small></center>
+|-
+| <center><small>''basic''</small></center> || sobar || sobarĩ
+|-
+| <center><small>''direct''</small></center> || soba || sobã
+|-
+| <center><small>''oblique''</small></center> || sobaš || sobašũ
+|}
+As it can be noticed, the plural form of the accusative case always involves nasalization of the last vowel. This process may happen on every available vowel, but, if the last vowel is already nasal in the singular, the plural accusative form will be identical to its singular counterpart.
+Nouns ending in a consonant in the singular direct case usually add a euphonic vowel before the endings of the other cases. There is no tendency on a specific euphonic vowel.
+An example is shown below: rimər, ''world'', ''earth''.
+{|-
+|-
+| || colspan="2" | <center>rimər</center>
+|-
+| style="width: 100px;"| || style="width: 80px;"|<center><small>''singular''</small></center>  || style="width: 80px;"|<center><small>''plural''</small></center>
+|-
+| <center><small>''basic''</small></center> || rimər || rimərĩ
+|-
+| <center><small>''direct''</small></center> || rim || rimə̃
+|-
+| <center><small>''oblique''</small></center> || riməš || riməšũ
+|}
+In this case, the added vowel is -ə-, which is regularly nasalized in the accusative plural form. Every euphonic vowel is always shown in the citation form, the singular nominative case.
+The vowels -ə-, -i- or -u- are often dropped in the accusative singular, when present before the nominative singular ending.
+Some irregular nouns, whose base form ends in a vowel, can add an entire syllable before the case endings.
+An example is shown below: swõnur, ''house''.
+{|-
+|-
+| || colspan="2" | <center>swõnur</center>
+|-
+| style="width: 100px;"| || style="width: 80px;"|<center><small>''singular''</small></center>  || style="width: 80px;"|<center><small>''plural''</small></center>
+|-
+| <center><small>''basic''</small></center> || swõnur || swõnurĩ
+|-
+| <center><small>''direct''</small></center> || swõ || swõnũ
+|-
+| <center><small>''oblique''</small></center> || swõnuš || swõnušũ
+|}
+The irregularly added syllable is more than often -nə-, -ne-, -ni- or -no-. If the last vowel of the base form is nasalized, it can sometimes lose nasalization in the forms with the added syllable. This forms are regarded as irregular and, in earlier texts, they can display many alternatives: for example the word swõnur has earlier alternatives like accusative plural swonũ or oblique plural swõnošũ, already fallen out of use in modern texts.
+Some nouns, whose roots end in a consonant cluster, can insert an euphonic vowel -ə- between these consonants in the accusative singular form.
+An example is shown below: moɣžur, ''herd''.
+{|-
+|-
+| || colspan="2" | <center>moɣžur</center>
+|-
+| style="width: 100px;"| || style="width: 80px;"|<center><small>''singular''</small></center>  || style="width: 80px;"|<center><small>''plural''</small></center>
+|-
+| <center><small>''basic''</small></center> || moɣžur || moɣžurĩ
+|-
+| <center><small>''direct''</small></center> || moɣəž || moɣžũ
+|-
+| <center><small>''oblique''</small></center> || moɣžuš || moɣžušũ
+|}
+The euphonic vowel is added only when the consonant cluster is unacceptable in final position according to phonotactical rules. When the consonant cluster is acceptable, no vowel is inserted.
+A small amount of nouns display irregular plural endings:
+{|-
+|-
+| style="width: 100px;"| || style="width: 60px;"|<center><small>''plural''</small></center>
+|-
+| <center><small>''nominative''</small></center> || -ir
+|-
+| <center><small>''accusative''</small></center> || -i
+|-
+| <center><small>''oblique''</small></center> || -iš
+|}
+This endings usually trigger irregular consonantal and vocalic changes in the noun root (often due to methaponic processes).
+An example is shown below: roɣur, ''eye''.
+{|-
+|-
+| || colspan="2" | <center>roɣur</center>
+|-
+| style="width: 100px;"| || style="width: 80px;"|<center><small>''singular''</small></center>  || style="width: 80px;"|<center><small>''plural''</small></center>
+|-
+| <center><small>''basic''</small></center> || roɣur || ruɣir
+|-
+| <center><small>''direct''</small></center> || rog || ruɣi
+|-
+| <center><small>''oblique''</small></center> || roɣuš || ruɣiš
+|}
+From the previous example it can be noticed that nouns, whose nominative singular form ends in -ɣur, usually display an accusative singular form ending in -g.
+Some nouns, conversely, display unpredictable irregularities, both vocalic and consonantal, in the noun root.
+An example is shown below: rəjr, ''thing''.
+{|-
+|-
+| || colspan="2" | <center>rəjr</center>
+|-
+| style="width: 100px;"| || style="width: 80px;"|<center><small>''singular''</small></center>  || style="width: 80px;"|<center><small>''plural''</small></center>
+|-
+| <center><small>''basic''</small></center> || rəjr || rəjrĩ
+|-
+| <center><small>''direct''</small></center> || ri || rĩ
+|-
+| <center><small>''oblique''</small></center> || rəjš || rəjšũ
+|}
+As noun declension often displays multiple irregularities, in the vocabulary section the accusative singular form is always cited for an irregular noun, while the accusative plural form is cited only when necessary:
+*'''swõnur''', <small>''n.'' ('''swõ''')</small>, house.
+*'''roɣur''', <small>''n.'' ('''rog''', '''ruɣi''')</small>, eye.
+==Adjectives and pronouns==
+Adjectives closely resemble the noun form, usually showing the same exceptions of nouns. Pronouns, instead, may exhibit different forms in the root form.
+===Adjectives===
+Attributive adjectives are always placed '''before''' the nouns they specify, while predicative adjectives are always placed ''after'' them.
+ wobar řirur
+ <small>(the) young man</small>
+ řirur wobar wẽh
+ <small>(the) man is young</small>
+All adjectives agree in case and number with the noun they specify, being declined with the nominal endings.
+====Declension of qualifying adjectives====
+Adjectival declension follow the same rules as the nominal declension, with the same exceptions.
+Example: šurir, ''big'', with swõnur, ''house''
+{|-
+|-
+| style="width: 100px;"| || style="width: 150px;"|<center><small>''singular''</small></center>  || style="width: 150px;"|<center><small>''plural''</small></center>
+|-
+| <center><small>''basic''</small></center> || šurir swõnur || šurirĩ swõnurĩ
+|-
+| <center><small>''direct''</small></center> || šur swõ || šurĩ swõnũ
+|-
+| <center><small>''oblique''</small></center> || šuriš swõnuš || šurišũ swõnušũ
+|}
+No adjective displays an irregular declension with a -i- plural.
+===Personal pronouns===
+Personal pronouns display a marked dichotomy between the forms in the nominative case and the forms in the accusative and oblique cases. Both forms have two different roots, exhibiting thus a mixed declension.
+{|-
+|-
+| style="width: 100px;"| || style="width: 80px;"|<center><small>''1<sup>st</sup> sing.''</small></center> || style="width: 80px;"|<center><small>''2<sup>nd</sup> sing.''</small></center> || style="width: 80px;"|<center><small>''3<sup>rd</sup> sing.''</small></center> || style="width: 80px;"|<center><small>''1<sup>st</sup> plur.''</small></center> || style="width: 80px;"|<center><small>''2<sup>nd</sup> plur.''</small></center> || style="width: 80px;"|<center><small>''3<sup>rd</sup> plur.''</small></center>
+|-
+| <center><small>''nominative''</small></center>  || ort || ert || oht || ortũ || ertũ || ohtũ
+|-
+| <center><small>''accusative''</small></center>  || it || nwet || fet || õt || nwẽt || fẽt
+|-
+| <center><small>''oblique''</small></center> || iš || nweš || feš || õš || nwẽš || fẽš
+|-
+|}
+There are, however, several possible alternative forms:
+{|-
+|-
+| style="width: 100px;"| || style="width: 80px;"|<center><small>''1<sup>st</sup> sing.''</small></center> || style="width: 80px;"|<center><small>''2<sup>nd</sup> sing.''</small></center> || style="width: 80px;"|<center><small>''3<sup>rd</sup> sing.''</small></center> || style="width: 80px;"|<center><small>''1<sup>st</sup> plur.''</small></center> || style="width: 80px;"|<center><small>''2<sup>nd</sup> plur.''</small></center> || style="width: 80px;"|<center><small>''3<sup>rd</sup> plur.''</small></center>
+|-
+| <center><small>''accusative''</small></center>  || || nwe || || || nwẽš ||
+|-
+| <center><small>''oblique''</small></center> || je/oš || ňe || || õšũ || nwešũ ||
+|-
+|}
+The alternative forms are regarded as obsolete and they are used in modern texts only in religious texts, in intentionally archaizing texts and in some set expressions. In the oblique case the 1<sup><small>st</small></sup> singular person display two obsolete forms: je, used as indirect object, and oš, used for other roles of the oblique case.
+===Interrogative pronouns===
+Basic interrogative pronouns display two different forms: one for animate entities (<small>''who?''</small>) and one for inanimate entities (<small>''what?''</small>).
+*''what'': šwe
+*''who'': šwor
+Both pronouns can be declined, with the nominal declension endings.
+ šwoš kwov ših ačiǧid jẽr?
+ <small>whom did you give water to?</small>
+However, the inanimate interrogative pronoun display an irregular nominative form, which is identical to the accusative form:
+ šwe nwožr?
+ <small>what do you want?</small>
+There are also other interrogative pronouns (and adverbs):
+* šweč: where (<small>static location and motion toward</small>)
+* šwex: why (<small>cause</small>)
+* šwer: when
+* šwemĩr: how much
+* šwemwẽ: how
+There are also the following interrogative adjectives:
+* šweɣur (<small>šweg</small>): which
+* šwemĩɣur (<small>šwemĩg</small>): how much / many
+Within an interrogative clause, pronouns usually are usually moved at the beginning of the sentence. Their syntactical position is regarded as extremely marked or archaic. In addition,  like other parts of the sentences, they can be followed by postpositions:
+ šwoš no čwiwňid wẽr?
+ <small>whom are you talking about?</small>
 ==Numerals==
 The numeral system relies on a decimal base.
+===Cardinal numerals===
 The first ten cardinal numbers are noun-like forms on their own:
@@ Line 100: / Line 349: @@
 | <center>''1,000,000'':</center>  || čãčãr (<small>from β. ʈʂʼamʈʂʼam</small>)
 |-
-| <center>''1,000,000,000'':</center>  || mešurentur (<small>from I. mêšúrěntu </small>)
+| <center>''1,000,000,000'':</center>  || mešurentur (<small>from I. mêšúrěntu</small>)
 |}
@@ Line 129: / Line 378: @@
 |}
+===Pronominal numerals===
+Every cardinal number may display, moreover, a special pronominal form. This form is to be used strictly when referring to ''human beings''. This numerals are built by adding the derivative ending -for to the cardinal numeral form, with some irregularities:
+{|-
+|-
+| style="width: 40px;"| <center><small>''digit''</small></center> || <center><small>''noun form''</small></center>
+|-
+| <center>''1'':</center>  || -
+|-
+| <center>''2'':</center>  || uɣifor
+|-
+| <center>''3'':</center>  || miɣwofor
+|-
+| <center>''4'':</center>  || nufor
+|-
+| <center>''5'':</center>  || šwõfor
+|-
+| <center>''6'':</center>  || fwafor
+|-
+| <center>''7'':</center>  || hošefor
+|-
+| <center>''8'':</center>  || fufor
+|-
+| <center>''9'':</center>  || čwifor
+|-
+| <center>''10'':</center>  || fjewfor
+|-
+| <center>''11'':</center>  || šwofjewfor
+|-
+| <center>''12'':</center>  || uɣifjewfor
+|-
+| <center>''20'':</center>  || uɣifjewdəjfor
+|-
+| <center>''60'':</center>  || fwafjewdũfor
+|}
+If the numeral form is composite, the ending is added only to the last numeral form:
+*''25'': uɣifjedəj šwõfor
+Pronominal numerals can be formed from every cardinal numeral, except for the numeral "one", "million" and "billion" and the multiples of the latter two ones.
+These forms decline only in singular number. They, however, display a complete singular declension. If present, the verb always agrees with the personal numeral in the singular number.
+ miɣwofo řirušjidũ jẽnõ
+ <small>we saw three (of them)</small>
+ miɣwofor õt řirušjid jẽh
+ <small>three (of them) saw us</small>
+The pronominal forms, however, can be adjoined by a noun. This is built with a peculiar construction. The personal numerals are declined in the singular, while the adjoining nouns are always declined in the ''oblique plural'' form. If present, the verb always agrees with the personal numeral in the singular number.
+ miɣwofo řirušũ řirušjidũ jẽnõ
+ <small>we saw three men</small>
+ miɣwofor řirušũ õt řirušjid jẽh
+ <small>three men saw us</small>
+The pronominal forms tend to be placed before the adjoining nouns. In colloquial language and in some texts, the adjoining noun can be placed before the pronominal numeral.
+ řirušũ miɣwofor õt řirušjid jẽh
+ <small>three men saw us</small>
+This placement, albeit spreading in some dialects, is not accepted in formal language and widely deprecated by grammarians.
+===Ordinal numerals===
 Ordinal numerals are formed by adding the ordinal ending -dur (<small>-d</small>) to the cardinal numeral form, with an irregular suppletive form and some other irregularities:
 {|-
@@ Line 179: / Line 493: @@
 *''25<sup>th</sup>'': uɣifjedəj šwõdur
-===Pronominal numerals===
+===Fractional numerals===
-Every cardinal number may display, moreover, a special pronominal form. This form is to be used strictly when referring to ''human beings''. This numerals are built by adding the derivative ending -for to the cardinal numeral form, with some irregularities:
+Fractional numerals are formed by adding the derivative ending -nor to the cardinal numeral form, with the exceptions of the numeral ''zero'', ''one'', an irregular suppletive form, and some irregularities:
+{|-
+|-
+| style="width: 40px;"| <center><small>''digit''</small></center> || <center><small>''full form''</small></center>
+|-
+| <center>''1'':</center> || -
+|-
+| <center>''2'':</center>  || fofur (<small>fof</small>)
+|-
+| <center>''3'':</center>  || miɣwonor
+|-
+| <center>''4'':</center>  || nunor
+|-
+| <center>''5'':</center>  || šwõnor
+|-
+| <center>''6'':</center>  || fwanor
+|-
+| <center>''7'':</center>  || hošenor
+|-
+| <center>''8'':</center>  || funor
+|-
+| <center>''9'':</center>  || čwinor
+|-
+| <center>''10'':</center>  || fjewnor
+|-
+| <center>''11'':</center>  || šwofjewnor
+|-
+| <center>''12'':</center>  || uɣifjewnor
+|-
+| <center>''20'':</center>  || uɣifjewdəjnor
+|-
+| <center>''60'':</center>  || fwafjewdũnor
+|}
+Fractional numerals for “millionth” and “billionth” are regularly formed from their corresponding cardinal forms, while their multiples are formed by unifying the separated forms in an only word:
 {|-
 |-
-| style="width: 40px;"| <center><small>''digit''</small></center> || <center><small>''noun form''</small></center>
+| style="width: 100px;"| <center><small>''digit''</small></center> || <center><small>''adjective form''</small></center>
+|-
+| <center>''1,000,000'':</center>  || čãčãnor
+|-
+| <center>''1,000,000,000'':</center>  || mešurentunor
+|-
+| <center>''3,000,000,000'':</center>  || miɣwomešurentunor
+|}
+If the numeral form is composite, the ending is added only to the last numeral form:
+*''25'': uɣifjedəj šwõnor
+==Verbs==
+The verbal system of moder Figo language is based on the combined use of a participial form with an auxiliary or modal verb, in order to build the different verbal tenses or moods. Only the auxiliary and modal verbs have a proper conjugation, while every other verb is conjugated through its participial forms.
+The verbal system displays the following features:
+*'''tense''': present, imperfect, past, pluperfect, future, anterior future, future in the past
+*'''mood''': indicative, subjunctive, conditional
+*'''participle''': active, passive
+*'''diathesis''': active, passive
+There is, moreover, an additional extratemporal and extramodal form, known as ''resultative'', built with a special ''resultative participle''.
+Only in the indicative mood verbs can express all tenses. In other moods only a part of the tenses are expressed.
+The citation form of verbs is the present active participle, marked by the ending -jid. As much as the verbal root can be usually inferred from this form, this is not always possible. The verbal root usually has a '''CVCVC''' structure.
+The verb agrees with the clause subject in person and expresses two numbers, ''singular'' and ''plural''.
+===Participles===
+There are three participial forms, the ''active participle'', the ''passive participle'', and the ''resultative participle''. Only the passive participle can be additionally used with an adjectival function, while the active and the resultative participle are used only in the verbal conjugation
+The active participle and the passive participle have a ''present'' form and a ''past'' form, being the latter usually derived from the former. Past participle are thus formed in different ways:
+* Most disyllabic verbal roots derive their past root from the present one through an introflexive process of vowel switching:
+ CV'''<sub>1</sub>'''CV'''<sub>2</sub>'''C → CV'''<sub>2</sub>'''CV'''<sub>1</sub>'''C
+* A limited subgroup of disyllabic roots adds the prefix a-, as well as the vowel switching. By adding this prefix, irregularities may arise.
+ CV'''<sub>1</sub>'''CV'''<sub>2</sub>'''C → '''a'''CV'''<sub>2</sub>'''CV'''<sub>1</sub>'''C
+:In some dialectal forms, the prefix e- can be found in the past root of some verbs. This forms are regarded as obsolete in most dialects and in the standard language. It originates from the metaphonic effect on the original prefix, which has been restored to its original form since long by analogy.
+* Multisyllabic verbal roots are usually formed through morphological derivation by adding prefixes or suffixes or both of them. These morphological affixes are usually not involved in the switching process. The vowel involved are those belonging to the original disyllabic root.
+ CV'''<sub>3</sub>'''CV'''<sub>1</sub>'''CV'''<sub>2</sub>'''C → CV'''<sub>3</sub>'''CV'''<sub>2</sub>'''CV'''<sub>1</sub>'''C
+ CV'''<sub>1</sub>'''CV'''<sub>2</sub>'''CV'''<sub>3</sub>'''C → CV'''<sub>2</sub>'''CV'''<sub>1</sub>'''CV'''<sub>3</sub>'''C
+ CV'''<sub>3</sub>'''CV'''<sub>1</sub>'''CV'''<sub>2</sub>'''CV'''<sub>4</sub>'''C → CV'''<sub>3</sub>'''CV'''<sub>2</sub>'''CV'''<sub>1</sub>'''CV'''<sub>4</sub>'''C
+* A significant part of multisyllabic and also disyllabic verbs derive their past root from the present one by adding the suffix -aɣ-.
+ CV'''<sub>3</sub>'''CV'''<sub>1</sub>'''CV'''<sub>2</sub>'''C → CV'''<sub>3</sub>'''CV'''<sub>1</sub>'''CV'''<sub>2</sub>'''C'''aɣ'''
+* Monosyllabic verbal roots and the modal verbs are usually regarded as irregular and they can took on each one of the previous strategies.
+The participle endings are:
+*''active participle'': -jid (<small>pl. -jidũ</small>)
+*''passive participle'': -ug (<small>pl. -uɣĩ</small>)
+*''resultative participle'': -aža
+The -jid ending often causes palatalization of the preceding consonants, being shortened to -id:
+ fin- + -jid → fiňid
+ <small>to come</small>
+This ending may cause, when added to the root, several vowel irregularities. Thus, it is often difficult to recognize the past root from the citation form, and, consequently, in dictionaries the past form is always cited together with the present verbal root.
+ šwodiǧid (šeduǧid, šwodeɣ-)
+ <small>''to govern''</small>
+Moreover, the suffix -aɣ always changes when the ending -jid is added:
+ -aɣ- + -jid → -eǧid
+This vowel irregularites are due to the ''metaphony'' process, which causes the following effects on the vowels preceding the ending:
+* a → e / ji, ã → ẽ / jĩ
+* e → i, ẽ → ĩ
+* o → u, õ → ũ
+* wo → u, wõ → ũ
+This process, conversely, does not affect neologisms and modern loanwords.
+The passive participle ending, -ug-, does not noticeably affect the root and it usually does not cause peculiar irregularities.
+Both participial forms always agree with the clause subject in number, when used in the verbal conjugation.
+The resultative participle ending, -aža-, does not noticeably affect the root and it usually does not cause peculiar irregularities. It is generally added to the past form of the verbal root, resulting often in from which are substantially different from the citation form. It lacks different temporal forms, being thus deemed as an indeclinable form.
+Example of a verb with many irregularities, fušid, ''to put, to place'':
+{| class="wikitable"
+|-
+| || colspan="4"| <center>''<small>root</small>''</center>
+|-
+| ''<small>present</small>'' || colspan="4"| <center>fwos-</center>
+|-
+| ''<small>past</small>'' || colspan="4"| <center>abwos-</center>
+|-
+| || colspan="2"| <center>''<small>active</small>''</center> || colspan="2"| <center>''<small>passive</small>''</center>
+|-
+| style="width: 80px;"| || style="width: 100px;"| <center>''<small>singular</small>''</center> || style="width: 100px;"| <center>''<small>plural</small>''</center> || style="width: 100px;"| <center>''<small>singular</small>''</center> || style="width: 100px;"| <center>''<small>plural</small>''</center>
+|-
+| ''<small>present</small>'' || <center>fušid</center> || <center>fušidũ</center> || <center>fwosug</center> || <center>fwosuɣĩ</center>
+|-
+| ''<small>past</small>'' || <center>abušid</center> || <center>abušidũ</center> || <center>abwosug</center> || <center>abwosuɣĩ</center>
+|-
+| ''<small>resultative</small>'' || colspan="4"| <center>abwosaža</center>
+|}
+===Conjugation of auxiliary verbs and modal verbs===
+Auxiliary verbs and modal verbs are the only verbs which display a proper conjugation, usually an irregular one, with different forms for every person. Moreover, each form has a negative counterpart.
+The auxiliary verbs are:
+* wĩňid, ''to be''
+* mid, ''to go''
+Conjugation of irregular forms of wĩňid:
+{| class="wikitable"
+|-
+| || colspan="4"| <center>''<small>indicative</small>''</center>
+|-
+| || colspan="2"| <center>''<small>present</small>''</center> || colspan="2"| <center>''<small>imperfect</small>''</center>
+|-
+| style="width: 80px;"| || style="width: 100px;"| <center>''<small>positive</small>''</center> || style="width: 100px;"| <center>''<small>negative</small>''</center> || style="width: 100px;"| <center>''<small>positive</small>''</center> || style="width: 100px;"| <center>''<small>negative</small>''</center>
+|-
+| ''<small>1<sup>st</sup> sing.</small>'' || <center>wẽv</center> || <center>wĩvs</center> || <center>jẽv</center> || <center>jĩvs</center>
+|-
+| ''<small>2<sup>nd</sup> sing.</small>'' || <center>wẽr</center> || <center>wĩrs</center> || <center>jẽr</center> || <center>jĩrs</center>
+|-
+| ''<small>3<sup>rd</sup> sing.</small>'' || <center>wẽh</center> || <center>wĩs</center> || <center>jẽh</center> || <center>jĩs</center>
+|-
+| ''<small>1<sup>st</sup> plur.</small>'' || <center>wẽnõ</center> || <center>wĩns</center> || <center>jẽnõ</center> || <center>jĩns</center>
+|-
+| ''<small>2<sup>nd</sup> plur.</small>'' || <center>wẽrõ</center> || <center>wĩrõs</center> || <center>jẽrõ</center> || <center>jĩrõs</center>
+|-
+| ''<small>3<sup>rd</sup> plur.</small>'' || <center>wẽžõ</center> || <center>wĩžõs</center> || <center>jẽžõ</center> || <center>jĩžõs</center>
+|}
+{| class="wikitable"
+|-
+| || colspan="4"| <center>''<small>subjunctive</small>''</center>
+|-
+| || colspan="2"| <center>''<small>present</small>''</center> || colspan="2"| <center>''<small>imperfect</small>''</center>
+|-
+| style="width: 80px;"| || style="width: 100px;"| <center>''<small>positive</small>''</center> || style="width: 100px;"| <center>''<small>negative</small>''</center> || style="width: 100px;"| <center>''<small>positive</small>''</center> || style="width: 100px;"| <center>''<small>negative</small>''</center>
+|-
+| ''<small>1<sup>st</sup> sing.</small>'' || <center>wũšev</center> || <center>wũšĩvs</center> || <center>jũšev</center> || <center>jũšĩvs</center>
+|-
+| ''<small>2<sup>nd</sup> sing.</small>'' || <center>wũšr</center> || <center>wũšris</center> || <center>jũšr</center> || <center>jũšris</center>
+|-
+| ''<small>3<sup>rd</sup> sing.</small>'' || <center>wũš</center> || <center>wũšis</center> || <center>jũš</center> || <center>jũšis</center>
+|-
+| ''<small>1<sup>st</sup> plur.</small>'' || <center>wũšõ</center> || <center>wũšũs</center> || <center>jũšõ</center> || <center>jũšũs</center>
+|-
+| ''<small>2<sup>nd</sup> plur.</small>'' || <center>wũšrõ</center> || <center>wũšrũs</center> || <center>jũšrõ</center> || <center>jũšrũs</center>
+|-
+| ''<small>3<sup>rd</sup> plur.</small>'' || <center>wũžõ</center> || <center>wũžũs</center> || <center>jũžõ</center> || <center>jũžũs</center>
+|}
+{| class="wikitable"
+|-
+| || colspan="4"| <center>''<small>conditional</small>''</center>
+|-
+| || colspan="2"| <center>''<small>present</small>''</center> || colspan="2"| <center>''<small>imperfect</small>''</center>
+|-
+| style="width: 80px;"| || style="width: 100px;"| <center>''<small>positive</small>''</center> || style="width: 100px;"| <center>''<small>negative</small>''</center> || style="width: 100px;"| <center>''<small>positive</small>''</center> || style="width: 100px;"| <center>''<small>negative</small>''</center>
+|-
+| ''<small>1<sup>st</sup> sing.</small>'' || <center>wĩšev</center> || <center>wĩšĩvs</center> || <center>jĩšev</center> || <center>jĩšĩvs</center>
+|-
+| ''<small>2<sup>nd</sup> sing.</small>'' || <center>wĩšr</center> || <center>wĩšris</center> || <center>jĩšr</center> || <center>jĩšris</center>
+|-
+| ''<small>3<sup>rd</sup> sing.</small>'' || <center>wĩh</center> || <center>wĩš</center> || <center>jĩh</center> || <center>jĩš</center>
+|-
+| ''<small>1<sup>st</sup> plur.</small>'' || <center>wĩšõ</center> || <center>wĩšũs</center> || <center>jĩšõ</center> || <center>jĩšũs</center>
+|-
+| ''<small>2<sup>nd</sup> plur.</small>'' || <center>wĩšrõ</center> || <center>wĩšrũs</center> || <center>jĩšrõ</center> || <center>jĩšrũs</center>
+|-
+| ''<small>3<sup>rd</sup> plur.</small>'' || <center>wĩžõ</center> || <center>wĩžũs</center> || <center>jĩžõ</center> || <center>jĩžũs</center>
+|}
+Conjugation of irregular forms of mid:
+{| class="wikitable"
+|-
+| || colspan="4"| <center>''<small>indicative</small>''</center>
+|-
+| || colspan="2"| <center>''<small>present</small>''</center> || colspan="2"| <center>''<small>imperfect</small>''</center>
+|-
+| style="width: 80px;"| || style="width: 100px;"| <center>''<small>positive</small>''</center> || style="width: 100px;"| <center>''<small>negative</small>''</center> || style="width: 100px;"| <center>''<small>positive</small>''</center> || style="width: 100px;"| <center>''<small>negative</small>''</center>
+|-
+| ''<small>1<sup>st</sup> sing.</small>'' || <center>mjov</center> || <center>mjuvs</center> || <center>imjov</center> || <center>imjuvs</center>
+|-
+| ''<small>2<sup>nd</sup> sing.</small>'' || <center>mjer</center> || <center>mjirs</center> || <center>imir</center> || <center>imirs</center>
+|-
+| ''<small>3<sup>rd</sup> sing.</small>'' || <center>mješ</center> || <center>mjiš</center> || <center>imeš</center> || <center>imiš</center>
+|-
+| ''<small>1<sup>st</sup> plur.</small>'' || <center>mjõ</center> || <center>mjũs</center> || <center>imjõ</center> || <center>imjũs</center>
+|-
+| ''<small>2<sup>nd</sup> plur.</small>'' || <center>mjerõ</center> || <center>mjirũs</center> || <center>imirõ</center> || <center>imirũs</center>
+|-
+| ''<small>3<sup>rd</sup> plur.</small>'' || <center>mježõ</center> || <center>mjižũs</center> || <center>imižõ</center> || <center>imižũs</center>
+|}
+The modal verbs are:
+* fĩšid, ''to can'', ''to be able''
+* nužid, ''to want''
+* juřid, ''to must'', ''to have to''
+Conjugation of irregular forms of fĩšid:
+{| class="wikitable"
+|-
+| || colspan="4"| <center>''<small>indicative</small>''</center>
+|-
+| || colspan="2"| <center>''<small>present</small>''</center> || colspan="2"| <center>''<small>imperfect</small>''</center>
+|-
+| style="width: 80px;"| || style="width: 100px;"| <center>''<small>positive</small>''</center> || style="width: 100px;"| <center>''<small>negative</small>''</center> || style="width: 100px;"| <center>''<small>positive</small>''</center> || style="width: 100px;"| <center>''<small>negative</small>''</center>
+|-
+| ''<small>1<sup>st</sup> sing.</small>'' || <center>fẽšəv</center> || <center>fĩšivs</center> || <center>afẽšəv</center> || <center>afĩšivs</center>
+|-
+| ''<small>2<sup>nd</sup> sing.</small>'' || <center>fẽšr</center> || <center>fĩšĩrs</center> || <center>afẽšr</center> || <center>afĩšĩrs</center>
+|-
+| ''<small>3<sup>rd</sup> sing.</small>'' || <center>fẽs</center> || <center>fĩš</center> || <center>afẽs</center> || <center>afĩš</center>
+|-
+| ''<small>1<sup>st</sup> plur.</small>'' || <center>fẽšõ</center> || <center>fĩšũs</center> || <center>afẽšõ</center> || <center>afĩšũs</center>
+|-
+| ''<small>2<sup>nd</sup> plur.</small>'' || <center>fẽšrõ</center> || <center>fĩšĩrũs</center> || <center>afẽšrõ</center> || <center>afĩšĩrũs</center>
+|-
+| ''<small>3<sup>rd</sup> plur.</small>'' || <center>fẽžõ</center> || <center>fĩžũs</center> || <center>afẽžõ</center> || <center>afĩžũs</center>
+|}
+{| class="wikitable"
+|-
+| || colspan="4"| <center>''<small>subjunctive</small>''</center>
+|-
+| || colspan="2"| <center>''<small>present</small>''</center> || colspan="2"| <center>''<small>imperfect</small>''</center>
+|-
+| style="width: 80px;"| || style="width: 100px;"| <center>''<small>positive</small>''</center> || style="width: 100px;"| <center>''<small>negative</small>''</center> || style="width: 100px;"| <center>''<small>positive</small>''</center> || style="width: 100px;"| <center>''<small>negative</small>''</center>
+|-
+| ''<small>1<sup>st</sup> sing.</small>'' || <center>fũšəv</center> || <center>fũšivs</center> || <center>afũšəv</center> || <center>afũšivs</center>
+|-
+| ''<small>2<sup>nd</sup> sing.</small>'' || <center>fũšr</center> || <center>fũšĩrs</center> || <center>afũšr</center> || <center>afũšĩrs</center>
+|-
+| ''<small>3<sup>rd</sup> sing.</small>'' || <center>fũs</center> || <center>fũšis</center> || <center>afũs</center> || <center>afũšis</center>
+|-
+| ''<small>1<sup>st</sup> plur.</small>'' || <center>fũšõ</center> || <center>fũšũs</center> || <center>afũšõ</center> || <center>afũšũs</center>
+|-
+| ''<small>2<sup>nd</sup> plur.</small>'' || <center>fũšrõ</center> || <center>fũšĩrũs</center> || <center>afũšrõ</center> || <center>afũšĩrũs</center>
+|-
+| ''<small>3<sup>rd</sup> plur.</small>'' || <center>fũžõ</center> || <center>fũžũs</center> || <center>afũžõ</center> || <center>afũžũs</center>
+|}
+{| class="wikitable"
+|-
+| || colspan="4"| <center>''<small>conditional</small>''</center>
+|-
+| || colspan="2"| <center>''<small>present</small>''</center> || colspan="2"| <center>''<small>imperfect</small>''</center>
+|-
+| style="width: 80px;"| || style="width: 100px;"| <center>''<small>positive</small>''</center> || style="width: 100px;"| <center>''<small>negative</small>''</center> || style="width: 100px;"| <center>''<small>positive</small>''</center> || style="width: 100px;"| <center>''<small>negative</small>''</center>
+|-
+| ''<small>1<sup>st</sup> sing.</small>'' || <center>fĩšəv</center> || <center>fĩšivs</center> || <center>afĩšəv</center> || <center>afĩšivs</center>
+|-
+| ''<small>2<sup>nd</sup> sing.</small>'' || <center>fĩšr</center> || <center>fĩšĩrs</center> || <center>afĩšr</center> || <center>afĩšĩrs</center>
+|-
+| ''<small>3<sup>rd</sup> sing.</small>'' || <center>fĩs</center> || <center>fĩšis</center> || <center>afĩs</center> || <center>afĩšis</center>
+|-
+| ''<small>1<sup>st</sup> plur.</small>'' || <center>fĩšõ</center> || <center>fĩšũs</center> || <center>afĩšõ</center> || <center>afĩšũs</center>
+|-
+| ''<small>2<sup>nd</sup> plur.</small>'' || <center>fĩšrõ</center> || <center>fĩšĩrũs</center> || <center>afĩšrõ</center> || <center>afĩšĩrũs</center>
+|-
+| ''<small>3<sup>rd</sup> plur.</small>'' || <center>fĩžõ</center> || <center>fĩžũs</center> || <center>afĩžõ</center> || <center>afĩžũs</center>
+|}
+As it can be easily noticed, all negative forms in the conditional mood of the verb fĩšid are the same as the negative forms of the indicative mood.
+Conjugation of irregular forms of nužid:
+{| class="wikitable"
+|-
+| || colspan="4"| <center>''<small>indicative</small>''</center>
+|-
+| || colspan="2"| <center>''<small>present</small>''</center> || colspan="2"| <center>''<small>imperfect</small>''</center>
+|-
+| style="width: 80px;"| || style="width: 100px;"| <center>''<small>positive</small>''</center> || style="width: 100px;"| <center>''<small>negative</small>''</center> || style="width: 100px;"| <center>''<small>positive</small>''</center> || style="width: 100px;"| <center>''<small>negative</small>''</center>
+|-
+| ''<small>1<sup>st</sup> sing.</small>'' || <center>nwožəv</center> || <center>nuživs</center> || <center>aňwožəv</center> || <center>aňuživs</center>
+|-
+| ''<small>2<sup>nd</sup> sing.</small>'' || <center>nwožr</center> || <center>nužirs</center> || <center>aňwožr</center> || <center>aňužirs</center>
+|-
+| ''<small>3<sup>rd</sup> sing.</small>'' || <center>nwož</center> || <center>nuž</center> || <center>aňwož</center> || <center>aňuž</center>
+|-
+| ''<small>1<sup>st</sup> plur.</small>'' || <center>nwožõ</center> || <center>nužũs</center> || <center>aňwožõ</center> || <center>aňužũs</center>
+|-
+| ''<small>2<sup>nd</sup> plur.</small>'' || <center>nwožrõ</center> || <center>nužrũs</center> || <center>aňwožrõ</center> || <center>aňužrũs</center>
+|-
+| ''<small>3<sup>rd</sup> plur.</small>'' || <center>nwožõ</center> || <center>nužũs</center> || <center>aňwožõ</center> || <center>aňužũs</center>
+|}
+{| class="wikitable"
+|-
+| || colspan="4"| <center>''<small>subjunctive</small>''</center>
+|-
+| || colspan="2"| <center>''<small>present</small>''</center> || colspan="2"| <center>''<small>imperfect</small>''</center>
+|-
+| style="width: 80px;"| || style="width: 100px;"| <center>''<small>positive</small>''</center> || style="width: 100px;"| <center>''<small>negative</small>''</center> || style="width: 100px;"| <center>''<small>positive</small>''</center> || style="width: 100px;"| <center>''<small>negative</small>''</center>
+|-
+| ''<small>1<sup>st</sup> sing.</small>'' || <center>nušəv</center> || <center>nušivs</center> || <center>aňušəv</center> || <center>aňušivs</center>
+|-
+| ''<small>2<sup>nd</sup> sing.</small>'' || <center>nušr</center> || <center>nuširs</center> || <center>aňušr</center> || <center>aňuširs</center>
+|-
+| ''<small>3<sup>rd</sup> sing.</small>'' || <center>nuš</center> || <center>nušis</center> || <center>aňuš</center> || <center>aňušis</center>
+|-
+| ''<small>1<sup>st</sup> plur.</small>'' || <center>nušõ</center> || <center>nušũs</center> || <center>aňušõ</center> || <center>aňušũs</center>
+|-
+| ''<small>2<sup>nd</sup> plur.</small>'' || <center>nušrõ</center> || <center>nušrũs</center> || <center>aňušrõ</center> || <center>aňušrũs</center>
+|-
+| ''<small>3<sup>rd</sup> plur.</small>'' || <center>nušõ</center> || <center>nušũs</center> || <center>aňušõ</center> || <center>aňušũs</center>
+|}
+{| class="wikitable"
+|-
+| || colspan="4"| <center>''<small>conditional</small>''</center>
+|-
+| || colspan="2"| <center>''<small>present</small>''</center> || colspan="2"| <center>''<small>imperfect</small>''</center>
+|-
+| style="width: 80px;"| || style="width: 100px;"| <center>''<small>positive</small>''</center> || style="width: 100px;"| <center>''<small>negative</small>''</center> || style="width: 100px;"| <center>''<small>positive</small>''</center> || style="width: 100px;"| <center>''<small>negative</small>''</center>
+|-
+| ''<small>1<sup>st</sup> sing.</small>'' || <center>nišəv</center> || <center>nišivs</center> || <center>aňišəv</center> || <center>aňišivs</center>
+|-
+| ''<small>2<sup>nd</sup> sing.</small>'' || <center>nišr</center> || <center>niširs</center> || <center>aňišr</center> || <center>aňiširs</center>
+|-
+| ''<small>3<sup>rd</sup> sing.</small>'' || <center>niš</center> || <center>nišis</center> || <center>aňiš</center> || <center>aňišis</center>
+|-
+| ''<small>1<sup>st</sup> plur.</small>'' || <center>nišõ</center> || <center>nišũs</center> || <center>aňišõ</center> || <center>aňišũs</center>
+|-
+| ''<small>2<sup>nd</sup> plur.</small>'' || <center>nišrõ</center> || <center>nišrũs</center> || <center>aňišrõ</center> || <center>aňišrũs</center>
+|-
+| ''<small>3<sup>rd</sup> plur.</small>'' || <center>nišõ</center> || <center>nišũs</center> || <center>aňišõ</center> || <center>aňišũs</center>
+|}
+Conjugation of irregular forms of juřid:
+{| class="wikitable"
+|-
+| || colspan="4"| <center>''<small>indicative</small>''</center>
+|-
+| || colspan="2"| <center>''<small>present</small>''</center> || colspan="2"| <center>''<small>imperfect</small>''</center>
+|-
+| style="width: 80px;"| || style="width: 100px;"| <center>''<small>positive</small>''</center> || style="width: 100px;"| <center>''<small>negative</small>''</center> || style="width: 100px;"| <center>''<small>positive</small>''</center> || style="width: 100px;"| <center>''<small>negative</small>''</center>
+|-
+| ''<small>1<sup>st</sup> sing.</small>'' || <center>worəv</center> || <center>urivs</center> || <center>avorəv</center> || <center>avurivs</center>
+|-
+| ''<small>2<sup>nd</sup> sing.</small>'' || <center>worər</center> || <center>urirs</center> || <center>avorər</center> || <center>avurirs</center>
+|-
+| ''<small>3<sup>rd</sup> sing.</small>'' || <center>wor</center> || <center>urs</center> || <center>avor</center> || <center>avurs</center>
+|-
+| ''<small>1<sup>st</sup> plur.</small>'' || <center>worõ</center> || <center>urũs</center> || <center>avorõ</center> || <center>avurũs</center>
+|-
+| ''<small>2<sup>nd</sup> plur.</small>'' || <center>worərõ</center> || <center>urirũs</center> || <center>avorərõ</center> || <center>avurirũs</center>
+|-
+| ''<small>3<sup>rd</sup> plur.</small>'' || <center>woržõ</center> || <center>uržũs</center> || <center>avoržõ</center> || <center>avuržũs</center>
+|}
+{| class="wikitable"
+|-
+| || colspan="4"| <center>''<small>subjunctive</small>''</center>
+|-
+| || colspan="2"| <center>''<small>present</small>''</center> || colspan="2"| <center>''<small>imperfect</small>''</center>
+|-
+| style="width: 80px;"| || style="width: 100px;"| <center>''<small>positive</small>''</center> || style="width: 100px;"| <center>''<small>negative</small>''</center> || style="width: 100px;"| <center>''<small>positive</small>''</center> || style="width: 100px;"| <center>''<small>negative</small>''</center>
+|-
+| ''<small>1<sup>st</sup> sing.</small>'' || <center>uršəv</center> || <center>uršivs</center> || <center>avuršəv</center> || <center>avuršivs</center>
+|-
+| ''<small>2<sup>nd</sup> sing.</small>'' || <center>uršr</center> || <center>urširs</center> || <center>avuršr</center> || <center>avurširs</center>
+|-
+| ''<small>3<sup>rd</sup> sing.</small>'' || <center>urš</center> || <center>uršis</center> || <center>avurš</center> || <center>avuršis</center>
+|-
+| ''<small>1<sup>st</sup> plur.</small>'' || <center>uršõ</center> || <center>uršũs</center> || <center>avuršõ</center> || <center>avuršũs</center>
+|-
+| ''<small>2<sup>nd</sup> plur.</small>'' || <center>uršrõ</center> || <center>urširũs</center> || <center>avuršrõ</center> || <center>avurširũs</center>
+|-
+| ''<small>3<sup>rd</sup> plur.</small>'' || <center>uržõ</center> || <center>uržũs</center> || <center>avuržõ</center> || <center>avuržũs</center>
+|}
+{| class="wikitable"
+|-
+| || colspan="4"| <center>''<small>conditional</small>''</center>
+|-
+| || colspan="2"| <center>''<small>present</small>''</center> || colspan="2"| <center>''<small>imperfect</small>''</center>
+|-
+| style="width: 80px;"| || style="width: 100px;"| <center>''<small>positive</small>''</center> || style="width: 100px;"| <center>''<small>negative</small>''</center> || style="width: 100px;"| <center>''<small>positive</small>''</center> || style="width: 100px;"| <center>''<small>negative</small>''</center>
+|-
+| ''<small>1<sup>st</sup> sing.</small>'' || <center>wiršəv</center> || <center>wiršivs</center> || <center>aviršəv</center> || <center>aviršivs</center>
+|-
+| ''<small>2<sup>nd</sup> sing.</small>'' || <center>wiršr</center> || <center>wirširs</center> || <center>aviršr</center> || <center>avirširs</center>
+|-
+| ''<small>3<sup>rd</sup> sing.</small>'' || <center>wirš</center> || <center>wiršis</center> || <center>avirš</center> || <center>aviršis</center>
+|-
+| ''<small>1<sup>st</sup> plur.</small>'' || <center>wiršõ</center> || <center>wiršũs</center> || <center>aviršõ</center> || <center>aviršũs</center>
+|-
+| ''<small>2<sup>nd</sup> plur.</small>'' || <center>wiršrõ</center> || <center>wirširũs</center> || <center>aviršrõ</center> || <center>avirširũs</center>
+|-
+| ''<small>3<sup>rd</sup> plur.</small>'' || <center>wiržõ</center> || <center>wiržũs</center> || <center>aviržõ</center> || <center>aviržũs</center>
+|}
+Other tenses of these verbs are regularly gonjugated. Negative forms are regared as intrinsically negated verbal forms:
+ řirur wobar wẽh → řirur wobar wĩs
+ <small>the man is young → the man is not young</small>
+===Conjugation of a regular verb===
+Sample verb: '''minušjid''' (<small>munišjid, minušug, minušaža, minuš-/muniš-</small>), ''to twist'', ''to bend''
+====Indicative mood====
+=====Present tense=====
+The '''present''' is built with the present active participle of the conjugated verb and the indicative present forms of the auxiliary verb wĩňid, ''to be''. The passive counterparts are built with the present passive participle.
+{| class="wikitable"
+|-
+| || colspan="2" | <center>''<small>active</small>''</center> || colspan="2" | <center>''<small>passive</small>''</center>
+|-
+| style="width: 70px;"| || style="width: 150px;"| <center>''<small>positive</small>''</center> || style="width: 150px;"| <center>''<small>negative</small>''</center> || style="width: 150px;"| <center>''<small>positive</small>''</center> || style="width: 150px;"| <center>''<small>negative</small>''</center>
+|-
+| ''<small>1<sup>st</sup> sing.</small>'' || <center>minušjid wẽv</center> || <center>minušjid wĩvs</center> || <center>minušug wẽv</center> || <center>minušug wĩvs</center>
+|-
+| ''<small>2<sup>nd</sup> sing.</small>'' || <center>minušjid wẽr</center> || <center>minušjid wĩrs</center> || <center>minušug wẽr</center> || <center>minušug wĩrs</center>
+|-
+| ''<small>3<sup>rd</sup> sing.</small>'' || <center>minušjid wẽh</center> || <center>minušjid wĩs</center> || <center>minušug wẽh</center> || <center>minušug wĩs</center>
+|-
+| ''<small>1<sup>st</sup> plur.</small>'' || <center>minušjidũ wẽnõ</center> || <center>minušjidũ wĩns</center> || <center>minušuɣĩ wẽnõ</center> || <center>minušuɣĩ wĩns</center>
+|-
+| ''<small>2<sup>nd</sup> plur.</small>'' || <center>minušjidũ wẽrõ</center> || <center>minušjidũ wĩrõs</center> || <center>minušuɣĩ wẽrõ</center> || <center>minušuɣĩ wĩrõs</center>
+|-
+| ''<small>3<sup>rd</sup> plur.</small>'' || <center>minušjidũ wẽžõ</center> || <center>minušjidũ wĩžõs</center> || <center>minušuɣĩ wẽžõ</center> || <center>minušuɣĩ wĩžõs</center>
+|}
+Modal verbs can replace the corresponding forms of the verb wĩňid, if required.
+The negative forms are used to negate the verb:
+ ort nwẽt řirušjid wẽv → ort nwẽt řirušjid wĩvs
+ <small>I see you → I don't see you</small>
+The present tense conveys ongoing, habitual or gnomic actions or states.
+=====Imperfect tense=====
+The '''imperfect''' is built with the past active participle of the conjugated verb and the indicative present forms of the auxiliary verb wĩňid, ''to be''. The passive counterparts are built with the past passive participle.
+{| class="wikitable"
+|-
+| || colspan="2" | <center>''<small>active</small>''</center> || colspan="2" | <center>''<small>passive</small>''</center>
+|-
+| style="width: 70px;"| || style="width: 150px;"| <center>''<small>positive</small>''</center> || style="width: 150px;"| <center>''<small>negative</small>''</center> || style="width: 150px;"| <center>''<small>positive</small>''</center> || style="width: 150px;"| <center>''<small>negative</small>''</center>
+|-
+| ''<small>1<sup>st</sup> sing.</small>'' || <center>munišjid wẽv</center> || <center>munišjid wĩvs</center> || <center>munišug wẽv</center> || <center>munišug wĩvs</center>
+|-
+| ''<small>2<sup>nd</sup> sing.</small>'' || <center>munišjid wẽr</center> || <center>munišjid wĩrs</center> || <center>munišug wẽr</center> || <center>munišug wĩrs</center>
+|-
+| ''<small>3<sup>rd</sup> sing.</small>'' || <center>munišjid wẽh</center> || <center>munišjid wĩs</center> || <center>munišug wẽh</center> || <center>munišug wĩs</center>
+|-
+| ''<small>1<sup>st</sup> plur.</small>'' || <center>munišjidũ wẽnõ</center> || <center>munišjidũ wĩns</center> || <center>munišuɣĩ wẽnõ</center> || <center>munišuɣĩ wĩns</center>
+|-
+| ''<small>2<sup>nd</sup> plur.</small>'' || <center>munišjidũ wẽrõ</center> || <center>munišjidũ wĩrõs</center> || <center>munišuɣĩ wẽrõ</center> || <center>munišuɣĩ wĩrõs</center>
+|-
+| ''<small>3<sup>rd</sup> plur.</small>'' || <center>munišjidũ wẽžõ</center> || <center>munišjidũ wĩžõs</center> || <center>munišuɣĩ wẽžõ</center> || <center>munišuɣĩ wĩžõs</center>
+|}
+Modal verbs can replace the corresponding forms of the verb wĩňid, if required.
+The negative forms are used to negate the verb:
+ ort nwẽt aruřišjid wẽv → ort nwẽt aruřišjid wĩvs
+ <small>I used to see you → I didn't see you</small>
+The imperfect tense conveys ongoing or habitual actions or states in the past.
+=====Past tense=====
+The '''past''' is built with the present active participle of the conjugated verb and the indicative imperfect forms of the auxiliary verb wĩňid, ''to be''. The passive counterparts are built with the present passive participle.
+{| class="wikitable"
+|-
+| || colspan="2" | <center>''<small>active</small>''</center> || colspan="2" | <center>''<small>passive</small>''</center>
+|-
+| style="width: 70px;"| || style="width: 150px;"| <center>''<small>positive</small>''</center> || style="width: 150px;"| <center>''<small>negative</small>''</center> || style="width: 150px;"| <center>''<small>positive</small>''</center> || style="width: 150px;"| <center>''<small>negative</small>''</center>
+|-
+| ''<small>1<sup>st</sup> sing.</small>'' || <center>minušjid jẽv</center> || <center>minušjid jĩvs</center> || <center>minušug jẽv</center> || <center>minušug jĩvs</center>
+|-
+| ''<small>2<sup>nd</sup> sing.</small>'' || <center>minušjid jẽr</center> || <center>minušjid jĩrs</center> || <center>minušug jẽr</center> || <center>minušug jĩrs</center>
+|-
+| ''<small>3<sup>rd</sup> sing.</small>'' || <center>minušjid jẽh</center> || <center>minušjid jĩs</center> || <center>minušug jẽh</center> || <center>minušug jĩs</center>
+|-
+| ''<small>1<sup>st</sup> plur.</small>'' || <center>minušjidũ jẽnõ</center> || <center>minušjidũ jĩns</center> || <center>minušuɣĩ jẽnõ</center> || <center>minušuɣĩ jĩns</center>
+|-
+| ''<small>2<sup>nd</sup> plur.</small>'' || <center>minušjidũ jẽrõ</center> || <center>minušjidũ jĩrõs</center> || <center>minušuɣĩ jẽrõ</center> || <center>minušuɣĩ jĩrõs</center>
+|-
+| ''<small>3<sup>rd</sup> plur.</small>'' || <center>minušjidũ jẽžõ</center> || <center>minušjidũ jĩžõs</center> || <center>minušuɣĩ jẽžõ</center> || <center>minušuɣĩ jĩžõs</center>
+|}
+Modal verbs can replace the corresponding forms of the verb wĩňid, if required.
+The negative forms are used to negate the verb:
+ ort nwẽt řirušjid jẽv → ort nwẽt řirušjid jĩvs
+ <small>I saw you → I didn't see you</small>
+The past tense conveys completed actions or states in the past.
+=====Pluperfect tense=====
+The '''pluperfect''' is built with the past active participle of the conjugated verb and the indicative imperfect forms of the auxiliary verb wĩňid, ''to be''. The passive counterparts are built with the past passive participle.
+{| class="wikitable"
+|-
+| || colspan="2" | <center>''<small>active</small>''</center> || colspan="2" | <center>''<small>passive</small>''</center>
+|-
+| style="width: 70px;"| || style="width: 150px;"| <center>''<small>positive</small>''</center> || style="width: 150px;"| <center>''<small>negative</small>''</center> || style="width: 150px;"| <center>''<small>positive</small>''</center> || style="width: 150px;"| <center>''<small>negative</small>''</center>
+|-
+| ''<small>1<sup>st</sup> sing.</small>'' || <center>munišjid jẽv</center> || <center>munišjid jĩvs</center> || <center>munišug jẽv</center> || <center>munišug jĩvs</center>
+|-
+| ''<small>2<sup>nd</sup> sing.</small>'' || <center>munišjid jẽr</center> || <center>munišjid jĩrs</center> || <center>munišug jẽr</center> || <center>munišug jĩrs</center>
+|-
+| ''<small>3<sup>rd</sup> sing.</small>'' || <center>munišjid jẽh</center> || <center>munišjid jĩs</center> || <center>munišug jẽh</center> || <center>munišug jĩs</center>
+|-
+| ''<small>1<sup>st</sup> plur.</small>'' || <center>munišjidũ jẽnõ</center> || <center>munišjidũ jĩns</center> || <center>munišuɣĩ jẽnõ</center> || <center>munišuɣĩ jĩns</center>
+|-
+| ''<small>2<sup>nd</sup> plur.</small>'' || <center>munišjidũ jẽrõ</center> || <center>munišjidũ jĩrõs</center> || <center>munišuɣĩ jẽrõ</center> || <center>munišuɣĩ jĩrõs</center>
+|-
+| ''<small>3<sup>rd</sup> plur.</small>'' || <center>munišjidũ jẽžõ</center> || <center>munišjidũ jĩžõs</center> || <center>munišuɣĩ jẽžõ</center> || <center>munišuɣĩ jĩžõs</center>
+|}
+Modal verbs can replace the corresponding forms of the verb wĩňid, if required.
+The negative forms are used to negate the verb:
+ ort nwẽt řirušjid jẽv → ort nwẽt řirušjid jĩvs
+ <small>I had seen you → I hadn't seen you</small>
+The plusperfect tense conveys completed actions or states before another past action or state.
+=====Future tense=====
+The '''future''' is built with the present active participle of the conjugated verb and the indicative present forms of the auxiliary verb mid, ''to go''. The passive counterparts are built with the present passive participle.
+{| class="wikitable"
+|-
+| || colspan="2" | <center>''<small>active</small>''</center> || colspan="2" | <center>''<small>passive</small>''</center>
+|-
+| style="width: 70px;"| || style="width: 150px;"| <center>''<small>positive</small>''</center> || style="width: 150px;"| <center>''<small>negative</small>''</center> || style="width: 150px;"| <center>''<small>positive</small>''</center> || style="width: 150px;"| <center>''<small>negative</small>''</center>
+|-
+| ''<small>1<sup>st</sup> sing.</small>'' || <center>minušjid mjov</center> || <center>minušjid mjuvs</center> || <center>minušug mjov</center> || <center>minušug mjuvs</center>
+|-
+| ''<small>2<sup>nd</sup> sing.</small>'' || <center>minušjid mjer</center> || <center>minušjid mjirs</center> || <center>minušug mjer</center> || <center>minušug mjirs</center>
+|-
+| ''<small>3<sup>rd</sup> sing.</small>'' || <center>minušjid mješ</center> || <center>minušjid mjiš</center> || <center>minušug mješ</center> || <center>minušug mjiš</center>
+|-
+| ''<small>1<sup>st</sup> plur.</small>'' || <center>minušjidũ mjõ</center> || <center>minušjidũ mjũs</center> || <center>minušuɣĩ mjõ</center> || <center>minušuɣĩ mjũs</center>
+|-
+| ''<small>2<sup>nd</sup> plur.</small>'' || <center>minušjidũ mjerõ</center> || <center>minušjidũ mjirũs</center> || <center>minušuɣĩ mjerõ</center> || <center>minušuɣĩ mjirũs</center>
+|-
+| ''<small>3<sup>rd</sup> plur.</small>'' || <center>minušjidũ mježõ</center> || <center>minušjidũ mjižũs</center> || <center>minušuɣĩ mježõ</center> || <center>minušuɣĩ mjižũs</center>
+|}
+Modal verbs cannot replace the corresponding forms of the verb mid in the future tense. The present forms are used to convey this tense.
+The negative forms are used to negate the verb:
+ ort nwẽt řirušjid mjov → ort nwẽt řirušjid mjuvs
+ <small>I will see you → I won't see you</small>
+The future tense conveys actions or states which will be completed, habitual or ongoing in the future.
+=====Anterior future tense=====
+The '''anterior future''' is built with the present active participle of the conjugated verb and the indicative imperfect forms of the auxiliary verb mid, ''to go''. The passive counterparts are built with the present passive participle.
+{| class="wikitable"
+|-
+| || colspan="2" | <center>''<small>active</small>''</center> || colspan="2" | <center>''<small>passive</small>''</center>
+|-
+| style="width: 70px;"| || style="width: 150px;"| <center>''<small>positive</small>''</center> || style="width: 150px;"| <center>''<small>negative</small>''</center> || style="width: 150px;"| <center>''<small>positive</small>''</center> || style="width: 150px;"| <center>''<small>negative</small>''</center>
+|-
+| ''<small>1<sup>st</sup> sing.</small>'' || <center>minušjid imjov</center> || <center>minušjid imjuvs</center> || <center>minušug imjov</center> || <center>minušug imjuvs</center>
+|-
+| ''<small>2<sup>nd</sup> sing.</small>'' || <center>minušjid imir</center> || <center>minušjid imirs</center> || <center>minušug imir</center> || <center>minušug imirs</center>
+|-
+| ''<small>3<sup>rd</sup> sing.</small>'' || <center>minušjid imeš</center> || <center>minušjid imiš</center> || <center>minušug imeš</center> || <center>minušug imiš</center>
+|-
+| ''<small>1<sup>st</sup> plur.</small>'' || <center>minušjidũ imjõ</center> || <center>minušjidũ imjũs</center> || <center>minušuɣĩ imjõ</center> || <center>minušuɣĩ imjũs</center>
+|-
+| ''<small>2<sup>nd</sup> plur.</small>'' || <center>minušjidũ imirõ</center> || <center>minušjidũ imirũs</center> || <center>minušuɣĩ imirõ</center> || <center>minušuɣĩ imirũs</center>
+|-
+| ''<small>3<sup>rd</sup> plur.</small>'' || <center>minušjidũ imižõ</center> || <center>minušjidũ imižũs</center> || <center>minušuɣĩ imižõ</center> || <center>minušuɣĩ imižũs</center>
+|}
+Modal verbs cannot replace the corresponding forms of the verb mid in the anterior future tense.
+The negative forms are used to negate the verb:
+ ort nwẽt řirušjid imjov → ort nwẽt řirušjid imjuvs
+ <small>I will have seen you → I won't have seen you</small>
+The anterior future tense conveys completed conveys actions or states which will be completed before another future action or state.
+=====Future in the past tense=====
+The '''future in the past''' is built with the past active participle of the conjugated verb and the indicative imperfect forms of the auxiliary verb mid, ''to go''. The passive counterparts are built with the past passive participle.
+{| class="wikitable"
+|-
+| || colspan="2" | <center>''<small>active</small>''</center> || colspan="2" | <center>''<small>passive</small>''</center>
+|-
+| style="width: 70px;"| || style="width: 150px;"| <center>''<small>positive</small>''</center> || style="width: 150px;"| <center>''<small>negative</small>''</center> || style="width: 150px;"| <center>''<small>positive</small>''</center> || style="width: 150px;"| <center>''<small>negative</small>''</center>
+|-
+| ''<small>1<sup>st</sup> sing.</small>'' || <center>munišjid imjov</center> || <center>munišjid imjuvs</center> || <center>munišug imjov</center> || <center>munišug imjuvs</center>
+|-
+| ''<small>2<sup>nd</sup> sing.</small>'' || <center>munišjid imir</center> || <center>munišjid imirs</center> || <center>munišug imir</center> || <center>munišug imirs</center>
+|-
+| ''<small>3<sup>rd</sup> sing.</small>'' || <center>munišjid imeš</center> || <center>munišjid imiš</center> || <center>munišug imeš</center> || <center>munišug imiš</center>
+|-
+| ''<small>1<sup>st</sup> plur.</small>'' || <center>munišjidũ imjõ</center> || <center>munišjidũ imjũs</center> || <center>munišuɣĩ imjõ</center> || <center>munišuɣĩ imjũs</center>
+|-
+| ''<small>2<sup>nd</sup> plur.</small>'' || <center>munišjidũ imirõ</center> || <center>munišjidũ imirũs</center> || <center>munišuɣĩ imirõ</center> || <center>munišuɣĩ imirũs</center>
+|-
+| ''<small>3<sup>rd</sup> plur.</small>'' || <center>munišjidũ imižõ</center> || <center>munišjidũ imižũs</center> || <center>munišuɣĩ imižõ</center> || <center>munišuɣĩ imižũs</center>
+|}
+Modal verbs cannot replace the corresponding forms of the verb mid in the future in the past tense. The past or plurperfect conditional forms are used to convey this tense.
+The negative forms are used to negate the verb:
+ ort nwẽt řirušjid imjov → ort nwẽt řirušjid imjuvs
+ <small>I would see you → I would not see you</small>
+The future in the past tense conveys completed conveys actions or states which would be completed after another past action or state.
+====Subjunctive mood====
+The '''subjunctive''' mood is mostly used in dependent clauses. Its usage in main clauses is quite limited, except for its role as an imperative form. It can also convey exhortation or wish.
+The construction of the various tenses is similar to the indicative ones, with the subjunctive forms of the auxiliary verb wĩňid, ''to be'', replacing their indicative counterparts. However, the subjunctive lacks any future tense.
+=====Present tense=====
+The '''present''' is built with the present active participle of the conjugated verb and the subjunctive present forms of the auxiliary verb wĩňid, ''to be''. The passive counterparts are built with the present passive participle.
+{| class="wikitable"
+|-
+| || colspan="2" | <center>''<small>active</small>''</center> || colspan="2" | <center>''<small>passive</small>''</center>
+|-
+| style="width: 70px;"| || style="width: 150px;"| <center>''<small>positive</small>''</center> || style="width: 150px;"| <center>''<small>negative</small>''</center> || style="width: 150px;"| <center>''<small>positive</small>''</center> || style="width: 150px;"| <center>''<small>negative</small>''</center>
+|-
+| ''<small>1<sup>st</sup> sing.</small>'' || <center>minušjid wũšev</center> || <center>minušjid wũšivs</center> || <center>minušug wũšev</center> || <center>minušug wũšivs</center>
+|-
+| ''<small>2<sup>nd</sup> sing.</small>'' || <center>minušjid wũšr</center> || <center>minušjid wũšris</center> || <center>minušug wũšr</center> || <center>minušug wũšris</center>
+|-
+| ''<small>3<sup>rd</sup> sing.</small>'' || <center>minušjid wũš</center> || <center>minušjid wũšis</center> || <center>minušug wũš</center> || <center>minušug wũšis</center>
+|-
+| ''<small>1<sup>st</sup> plur.</small>'' || <center>minušjidũ wũšõ</center> || <center>minušjidũ wũšũs</center> || <center>minušuɣĩ wũšrõ</center> || <center>minušuɣĩ wũšũs</center>
+|-
+| ''<small>2<sup>nd</sup> plur.</small>'' || <center>minušjidũ wũšrõ</center> || <center>minušjidũ wũšrũs</center> || <center>minušuɣĩ wũšrõ</center> || <center>minušuɣĩ wũšrũs</center>
+|-
+| ''<small>3<sup>rd</sup> plur.</small>'' || <center>minušjidũ wũžõ</center> || <center>minušjidũ wũžũs</center> || <center>minušuɣĩ wũžõ</center> || <center>minušuɣĩ wũžũs</center>
+|}
+Modal verbs can replace the corresponding forms of the verb wĩňid, if required.
+=====Imperfect tense=====
+The '''imperfect''' is built with the past active participle of the conjugated verb and the subjunctive present forms of the auxiliary verb wĩňid, ''to be''. The passive counterparts are built with the past passive participle.
+{| class="wikitable"
+|-
+| || colspan="2" | <center>''<small>active</small>''</center> || colspan="2" | <center>''<small>passive</small>''</center>
+|-
+| style="width: 70px;"| || style="width: 150px;"| <center>''<small>positive</small>''</center> || style="width: 150px;"| <center>''<small>negative</small>''</center> || style="width: 150px;"| <center>''<small>positive</small>''</center> || style="width: 150px;"| <center>''<small>negative</small>''</center>
+|-
+| ''<small>1<sup>st</sup> sing.</small>'' || <center>munišjid wũšev</center> || <center>munišjid wũšivs</center> || <center>munišug wũšev</center> || <center>munišug wũšivs</center>
+|-
+| ''<small>2<sup>nd</sup> sing.</small>'' || <center>munišjid wũšr</center> || <center>munišjid wũšris</center> || <center>munišug wũšr</center> || <center>munišug wũšris</center>
+|-
+| ''<small>3<sup>rd</sup> sing.</small>'' || <center>munišjid wũš</center> || <center>munišjid wũšis</center> || <center>munišug wũš</center> || <center>munišug wũšis</center>
+|-
+| ''<small>1<sup>st</sup> plur.</small>'' || <center>munišjidũ wũšõ</center> || <center>munišjidũ wũšũs</center> || <center>munišuɣĩ wũšõ</center> || <center>munišuɣĩ wũšũs</center>
+|-
+| ''<small>2<sup>nd</sup> plur.</small>'' || <center>munišjidũ wũšrõ</center> || <center>munišjidũ wũšrũs</center> || <center>munišuɣĩ wũšrõ</center> || <center>munišuɣĩ wũšrũs</center>
+|-
+| ''<small>3<sup>rd</sup> plur.</small>'' || <center>munišjidũ wũžõ</center> || <center>munišjidũ wũžũs</center> || <center>munišuɣĩ wũžõ</center> || <center>munišuɣĩ wũžũs</center>
+|}
+Modal verbs can replace the corresponding forms of the verb wĩňid, if required.
+=====Past tense=====
+The '''past''' is built with the present active participle of the conjugated verb and the subjunctive imperfect forms of the auxiliary verb wĩňid, ''to be''. The passive counterparts are built with the present passive participle.
+{| class="wikitable"
+|-
+| || colspan="2" | <center>''<small>active</small>''</center> || colspan="2" | <center>''<small>passive</small>''</center>
+|-
+| style="width: 70px;"| || style="width: 150px;"| <center>''<small>positive</small>''</center> || style="width: 150px;"| <center>''<small>negative</small>''</center> || style="width: 150px;"| <center>''<small>positive</small>''</center> || style="width: 150px;"| <center>''<small>negative</small>''</center>
+|-
+| ''<small>1<sup>st</sup> sing.</small>'' || <center>minušjid jũšev</center> || <center>minušjid jũšivs</center> || <center>minušug jũšev</center> || <center>minušug jũšivs</center>
+|-
+| ''<small>2<sup>nd</sup> sing.</small>'' || <center>minušjid jũšr</center> || <center>minušjid jũšris</center> || <center>minušug jũšr</center> || <center>minušug jũšris</center>
+|-
+| ''<small>3<sup>rd</sup> sing.</small>'' || <center>minušjid jũš</center> || <center>minušjid jũšis</center> || <center>minušug jũš</center> || <center>minušug jũšis</center>
+|-
+| ''<small>1<sup>st</sup> plur.</small>'' || <center>minušjidũ jũšõ</center> || <center>minušjidũ jũšũs</center> || <center>minušuɣĩ jũšõ</center> || <center>minušuɣĩ jũšũs</center>
+|-
+| ''<small>2<sup>nd</sup> plur.</small>'' || <center>minušjidũ jũšrõ</center> || <center>minušjidũ jũšrũs</center> || <center>minušuɣĩ jũšrõ</center> || <center>minušuɣĩ jũšrũs</center>
+|-
+| ''<small>3<sup>rd</sup> plur.</small>'' || <center>minušjidũ jũžõ</center> || <center>minušjidũ jũžũs</center> || <center>minušuɣĩ jũžõ</center> || <center>minušuɣĩ jũžũs</center>
+|}
+Modal verbs can replace the corresponding forms of the verb wĩňid, if required.
+=====Pluperfect tense=====
+The '''pluperfect''' is built with the past active participle of the conjugated verb and the subjunctive imperfect forms of the auxiliary verb wĩňid, ''to be''. The passive counterparts are built with the past passive participle.
+{| class="wikitable"
+|-
+| || colspan="2" | <center>''<small>active</small>''</center> || colspan="2" | <center>''<small>passive</small>''</center>
+|-
+| style="width: 70px;"| || style="width: 150px;"| <center>''<small>positive</small>''</center> || style="width: 150px;"| <center>''<small>negative</small>''</center> || style="width: 150px;"| <center>''<small>positive</small>''</center> || style="width: 150px;"| <center>''<small>negative</small>''</center>
+|-
+| ''<small>1<sup>st</sup> sing.</small>'' || <center>munišjid jũšev</center> || <center>munišjid jũšivs</center> || <center>munišug jũšev</center> || <center>munišug jũšivs</center>
+|-
+| ''<small>2<sup>nd</sup> sing.</small>'' || <center>munišjid jũšr</center> || <center>munišjid jũšris</center> || <center>munišug jũšr</center> || <center>munišug jũšris</center>
+|-
+| ''<small>3<sup>rd</sup> sing.</small>'' || <center>munišjid jũš</center> || <center>munišjid jũšis</center> || <center>munišug jũš</center> || <center>munišug jũšis</center>
+|-
+| ''<small>1<sup>st</sup> plur.</small>'' || <center>munišjidũ jũšõ</center> || <center>munišjidũ jũšũs</center> || <center>munišuɣĩ jũšõ</center> || <center>munišuɣĩ jũšũs</center>
+|-
+| ''<small>2<sup>nd</sup> plur.</small>'' || <center>munišjidũ jũšrõ</center> || <center>munišjidũ jũšrũs</center> || <center>munišuɣĩ jũšrõ</center> || <center>munišuɣĩ jũšrũs</center>
+|-
+| ''<small>3<sup>rd</sup> plur.</small>'' || <center>munišjidũ jũžõ</center> || <center>munišjidũ jũžũs</center> || <center>munišuɣĩ jũžõ</center> || <center>munišuɣĩ jũžũs</center>
+|}
+Modal verbs can replace the corresponding forms of the verb wĩňid, if required.
+====Conditional mood====
+The '''conditional ''' mood is used to convey potentiality and probability. It is regularly used both in main and dependent clauses. In a limited manner, it may also convey wish and desire.
+The construction of the various tenses is similar to the indicative ones, with the conditional forms of the auxiliary verb wĩňid, ''to be'', replacing their indicative counterparts. However, the conditional lacks any future tense.
+=====Present tense=====
+The '''present''' is built with the present active participle of the conjugated verb and the conditional present forms of the auxiliary verb wĩňid, ''to be''. The passive counterparts are built with the present passive participle.
+{| class="wikitable"
+|-
+| || colspan="2" | <center>''<small>active</small>''</center> || colspan="2" | <center>''<small>passive</small>''</center>
+|-
+| style="width: 70px;"| || style="width: 150px;"| <center>''<small>positive</small>''</center> || style="width: 150px;"| <center>''<small>negative</small>''</center> || style="width: 150px;"| <center>''<small>positive</small>''</center> || style="width: 150px;"| <center>''<small>negative</small>''</center>
+|-
+| ''<small>1<sup>st</sup> sing.</small>'' || <center>minušjid wĩšev</center> || <center>minušjid wĩšivs</center> || <center>minušug wĩšev</center> || <center>minušug wĩšivs</center>
+|-
+| ''<small>2<sup>nd</sup> sing.</small>'' || <center>minušjid wĩšr</center> || <center>minušjid wĩšris</center> || <center>minušug wĩšr</center> || <center>minušug wĩšris</center>
+|-
+| ''<small>3<sup>rd</sup> sing.</small>'' || <center>minušjid wĩh</center> || <center>minušjid wĩš</center> || <center>minušug wĩh</center> || <center>minušug wĩš</center>
+|-
+| ''<small>1<sup>st</sup> plur.</small>'' || <center>minušjidũ wĩšõ</center> || <center>minušjidũ wĩšũs</center> || <center>minušuɣĩ wĩšõ</center> || <center>minušuɣĩ wĩšũs</center>
+|-
+| ''<small>2<sup>nd</sup> plur.</small>'' || <center>minušjidũ wĩšrõ</center> || <center>minušjidũ wĩšrũs</center> || <center>minušuɣĩ wĩšrõ</center> || <center>minušuɣĩ wĩšrũs</center>
+|-
+| ''<small>3<sup>rd</sup> plur.</small>'' || <center>minušjidũ wĩžõ</center> || <center>minušjidũ wĩžũs</center> || <center>minušuɣĩ wĩžõ</center> || <center>minušuɣĩ wĩžũs</center>
+|}
+Modal verbs can replace the corresponding forms of the verb wĩňid, if required.
+=====Imperfect tense=====
+The '''imperfect''' is built with the past active participle of the conjugated verb and the conditional present forms of the auxiliary verb wĩňid, ''to be''. The passive counterparts are built with the past passive participle.
+{| class="wikitable"
+|-
+| || colspan="2" | <center>''<small>active</small>''</center> || colspan="2" | <center>''<small>passive</small>''</center>
+|-
+| style="width: 70px;"| || style="width: 150px;"| <center>''<small>positive</small>''</center> || style="width: 150px;"| <center>''<small>negative</small>''</center> || style="width: 150px;"| <center>''<small>positive</small>''</center> || style="width: 150px;"| <center>''<small>negative</small>''</center>
+|-
+| ''<small>1<sup>st</sup> sing.</small>'' || <center>munišjid wĩšev</center> || <center>munišjid wĩšivs</center> || <center>munišug wĩšev</center> || <center>munišug wĩšivs</center>
 |-
-| <center>''2'':</center>  || uɣifor
+| ''<small>2<sup>nd</sup> sing.</small>'' || <center>munišjid wĩšr</center> || <center>munišjid wĩšris</center> || <center>munišug wĩšr</center> || <center>munišug wĩšris</center>
 |-
-| <center>''3'':</center>  || miɣwofor
+| ''<small>3<sup>rd</sup> sing.</small>'' || <center>munišjid wĩh</center> || <center>munišjid wĩš</center> || <center>munišug wĩh</center> || <center>munišug wĩš</center>
 |-
-| <center>''4'':</center>  || nufor
+| ''<small>1<sup>st</sup> plur.</small>'' || <center>munišjidũ wĩšõ</center> || <center>munišjidũ wĩšũs</center> || <center>munišuɣĩ wĩšõ</center> || <center>munišuɣĩ wĩšũs</center>
 |-
-| <center>''5'':</center>  || šwõfor
+| ''<small>2<sup>nd</sup> plur.</small>'' || <center>munišjidũ wĩšrõ</center> || <center>munišjidũ wĩšrũs</center> || <center>munišuɣĩ wĩšrõ</center> || <center>munišuɣĩ wĩšrũs</center>
 |-
-| <center>''6'':</center>  || fwafor
+| ''<small>3<sup>rd</sup> plur.</small>'' || <center>munišjidũ wĩžõ</center> || <center>munišjidũ wĩžũs</center> || <center>munišuɣĩ wĩžõ</center> || <center>munišuɣĩ wĩžũs</center>
+|}
+Modal verbs can replace the corresponding forms of the verb wĩňid, if required.
+=====Past tense=====
+The '''past''' is built with the present active participle of the conjugated verb and the conditional imperfect forms of the auxiliary verb wĩňid, ''to be''. The passive counterparts are built with the present passive participle.
+{| class="wikitable"
 |-
-| <center>''7'':</center>  || hošefor
+| || colspan="2" | <center>''<small>active</small>''</center> || colspan="2" | <center>''<small>passive</small>''</center>
 |-
-| <center>''8'':</center>  || fufor
+| style="width: 70px;"| || style="width: 150px;"| <center>''<small>positive</small>''</center> || style="width: 150px;"| <center>''<small>negative</small>''</center> || style="width: 150px;"| <center>''<small>positive</small>''</center> || style="width: 150px;"| <center>''<small>negative</small>''</center>
 |-
-| <center>''9'':</center>  || čwifor
+| ''<small>1<sup>st</sup> sing.</small>'' || <center>minušjid jĩšev</center> || <center>minušjid jĩšivs</center> || <center>minušug jĩšev</center> || <center>minušug jĩšivs</center>
 |-
-| <center>''10'':</center>  || fjewfor
+| ''<small>2<sup>nd</sup> sing.</small>'' || <center>minušjid jĩšr</center> || <center>minušjid jĩšris</center> || <center>minušug jĩšr</center> || <center>minušug jĩšris</center>
 |-
-| <center>''11'':</center>  || šwofjewfor
+| ''<small>3<sup>rd</sup> sing.</small>'' || <center>minušjid jĩh</center> || <center>minušjid jĩš</center> || <center>minušug jĩh</center> || <center>minušug jĩš</center>
 |-
-| <center>''12'':</center>  || uɣifjewfor
+| ''<small>1<sup>st</sup> plur.</small>'' || <center>minušjidũ jĩšõ</center> || <center>minušjidũ jĩšũs</center> || <center>minušuɣĩ jĩšõ</center> || <center>minušuɣĩ jĩšũs</center>
 |-
-| <center>''20'':</center>  || uɣifjewdəjfor
+| ''<small>2<sup>nd</sup> plur.</small>'' || <center>minušjidũ jĩšrõ</center> || <center>minušjidũ jĩšrũs</center> || <center>minušuɣĩ jĩšrõ</center> || <center>minušuɣĩ jĩšrũs</center>
 |-
-| <center>''60'':</center>  || fwafjewdũfor
+| ''<small>3<sup>rd</sup> plur.</small>'' || <center>minušjidũ jĩžõ</center> || <center>minušjidũ jĩžũs</center> || <center>minušuɣĩ jĩžõ</center> || <center>minušuɣĩ jĩžũs</center>
 |}
-If the numeral form is composite, the ending is added only to the last numeral form:
+Modal verbs can replace the corresponding forms of the verb wĩňid, if required.
-*''25'': uɣifjedəj šwõfor
+=====Pluperfect tense=====
+The '''pluperfect''' is built with the past active participle of the conjugated verb and the conditional imperfect forms of the auxiliary verb wĩňid, ''to be''. The passive counterparts are built with the past passive participle.
-Pronominal numerals can be formed from every cardinal numeral, except for the numeral "one", "million" and "billion" and the multiples of the latter two ones.
+{| class="wikitable"
+|-
+| || colspan="2" | <center>''<small>active</small>''</center> || colspan="2" | <center>''<small>passive</small>''</center>
+|-
+| style="width: 70px;"| || style="width: 150px;"| <center>''<small>positive</small>''</center> || style="width: 150px;"| <center>''<small>negative</small>''</center> || style="width: 150px;"| <center>''<small>positive</small>''</center> || style="width: 150px;"| <center>''<small>negative</small>''</center>
+|-
+| ''<small>1<sup>st</sup> sing.</small>'' || <center>munišjid jĩšev</center> || <center>munišjid jĩšivs</center> || <center>munišug jĩšev</center> || <center>munišug jĩšivs</center>
+|-
+| ''<small>2<sup>nd</sup> sing.</small>'' || <center>munišjid jĩšr</center> || <center>munišjid jĩšris</center> || <center>munišug jĩšr</center> || <center>munišug jĩšris</center>
+|-
+| ''<small>3<sup>rd</sup> sing.</small>'' || <center>munišjid jĩh</center> || <center>munišjid jĩš</center> || <center>munišug jĩh</center> || <center>munišug jĩš</center>
+|-
+| ''<small>1<sup>st</sup> plur.</small>'' || <center>munišjidũ jĩšõ</center> || <center>munišjidũ jĩšũs</center> || <center>munišuɣĩ jĩšõ</center> || <center>munišuɣĩ jĩšũs</center>
+|-
+| ''<small>2<sup>nd</sup> plur.</small>'' || <center>munišjidũ jĩšrõ</center> || <center>munišjidũ jĩšrũs</center> || <center>munišuɣĩ jĩšrõ</center> || <center>munišuɣĩ jĩšrũs</center>
+|-
+| ''<small>3<sup>rd</sup> plur.</small>'' || <center>munišjidũ jĩžõ</center> || <center>munišjidũ jĩžũs</center> || <center>munišuɣĩ jĩžõ</center> || <center>munišuɣĩ jĩžũs</center>
+|}
-These forms decline only in singular number. They, however, display a complete singular declension. If present, the verb always agrees with the personal numeral in the singular number.
+Modal verbs can replace the corresponding forms of the verb wĩňid, if required.
- miɣwofo řirušjidũ jẽnõ
+====Resultative====
- <small>we saw three (of them)</small>
+The '''resultative''' is an extratemporal and extramodal form, which strongly stresses upon the result of the completed action or state. It has only a "present form", which conveys the result of a previous action, with a strong influence on the ongoing events (<small>for example: ''i have won'' = ''I am the winner''</small>).
- miɣwofor õt řirušjid jẽh
+The resultative is built with the resultative participle of the conjugated verb and the indicative present forms of the auxiliary verb wĩňid, ''to be''. It has no passive counterparts.
- <small>three (of them) saw us</small>
-The pronominal forms, however, can be adjoined by a noun. This is built with a peculiar construction. The personal numerals are declined in the singular, while the adjoining nouns are always declined in the ''oblique plural'' form. If present, the verb always agrees with the personal numeral in the singular number.
+{| class="wikitable"
+|-
+| || colspan="2" | <center>''<small>resultative</small>''</center>
+|-
+| style="width: 70px;"| || style="width: 150px;"| <center>''<small>positive</small>''</center> || style="width: 150px;"| <center>''<small>negative</small>''</center>
+|-
+| ''<small>1<sup>st</sup> sing.</small>'' || <center>munišaža wẽv</center> || <center>munišaža wĩvs</center>
+|-
+| ''<small>2<sup>nd</sup> sing.</small>'' || <center>munišaža wẽr</center> || <center>munišaža wĩrs</center>
+|-
+| ''<small>3<sup>rd</sup> sing.</small>'' || <center>munišaža wẽh</center> || <center>munišaža wĩs</center>
+|-
+| ''<small>1<sup>st</sup> plur.</small>'' || <center>munišaža wẽnõ</center> || <center>munišaža wĩns</center>
+|-
+| ''<small>2<sup>nd</sup> plur.</small>'' || <center>munišaža wẽrõ</center> || <center>munišaža wĩrõs</center>
+|-
+| ''<small>3<sup>rd</sup> plur.</small>'' || <center>munišaža wẽžõ</center> || <center>munišaža wĩžõs</center>
+|}
- miɣwofo řirušũ řirušjidũ jẽnõ
+The modal verbs have no resultative forms. The resultative participle is indeclinable and does not agree with the subject.
- <small>we saw three men</small>
- miɣwofor řirušũ õt řirušjid jẽh
+====Archaic forms====
- <small>three men saw us</small>
+In the earlier modern period, all verbs have a complete conjugation with simple forms in the present and in the imperfect tense. In these archaic tenses, old forms of personal endings are added to the present root and to the past root, respectively.
-The pronominal forms tend to be placed before the adjoining nouns. In colloquial language and in some texts, the adjoining noun can be placed before the pronominal numeral.
+Examples:
- řirušũ miɣwofor õt řirušjid jẽh
+{| class="wikitable"
- <small>three men saw us</small>
+|-
+| || colspan="2" | <center>''<small>resultative</small>''</center>
+|-
+| style="width: 70px;"| || style="width: 150px;"| <center>''<small>positive</small>''</center> || style="width: 150px;"| <center>''<small>negative</small>''</center>
+|-
+| ''<small>1<sup>st</sup> sing.</small>'' || <center>minušov</center> || <center>munišov</center>
+|-
+| ''<small>2<sup>nd</sup> sing.</small>'' || <center>minušr</center> || <center>munišr</center>
+|-
+| ''<small>3<sup>rd</sup> sing.</small>'' || <center>minušeh</center> || <center>munišeh</center>
+|-
+| ''<small>1<sup>st</sup> plur.</small>'' || <center>minušõ</center> || <center>munišõ</center>
+|-
+| ''<small>2<sup>nd</sup> plur.</small>'' || <center>minušrõ</center> || <center>munišrõ</center>
+|-
+| ''<small>3<sup>rd</sup> plur.</small>'' || <center>minušežõ</center> || <center>munišežõ</center>
+|}
-This placement, albeit spreading in some dialects, is not accepted in formal language and widely deprecated by grammarians.
+These forms are regarded as obsolete in modern texts, but they may be found in older texts, in intentionally old-style modern texts and in some conservative dialects. Even in these cases, only some verbs keep these forms.

Modern Figo morphology: Difference between revisions

Latest revision as of 07:02, 16 September 2025

Nouns

Cases

Noun declension

Adjectives and pronouns

Adjectives

Declension of qualifying adjectives

Personal pronouns

Interrogative pronouns

Numerals

Cardinal numerals

Pronominal numerals

Ordinal numerals

Fractional numerals

Verbs

Participles

Conjugation of auxiliary verbs and modal verbs

Conjugation of a regular verb

Indicative mood

Present tense

Imperfect tense

Past tense

Pluperfect tense

Future tense

Anterior future tense

Future in the past tense

Subjunctive mood

Present tense

Imperfect tense

Past tense

Pluperfect tense

Conditional mood

Present tense

Imperfect tense

Past tense

Pluperfect tense

Resultative

Archaic forms

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