Senjecas - Georgian: Difference between revisions

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<font size = 4>
<font size = 3>


==Pronunciation table==
==Pronunciation table==
{|class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="text-align:center; vertical-align:middle; width:500px;"
{|class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="text-align:center; vertical-align:middle; width:1150px;"
!p
! colspan="6" | <center>'''peműko'''<br>(labial)</center>
!b
!f
!v
!m̃
!m
|
|
|
|
!t
! colspan="6" | '''riisűko'''<br>(dental)
!d
!þ
!ð
!ɫ
!l
|
|
|
|
!ṡ
! colspan="6" | '''muitűko'''<br>(alveolar)
!ż
!s
!z
!r
!n
|
|
|
|
!k
! colspan="6-" | '''vainűko'''<br>(palatal)
!g
!x
![[Wikipedia:Gha|ƣ]]
!h
![[Wikipedia:Yogh|ȝ]]
|
|
|
|
!š
! colspan="2" |
!s̨
|
|
|
|
!i
! colspan="6" | ṡ̨uuše̋nos<br>(vowels with प)
!e
!a
![[Wikipedia:Ogonek#Similar diacritics|ǫ]]
!o
!u
|
|
|
|
!ĭ
! colspan="3" | nı̋þo ṡ̨uuše̋nos<br>(weak vowels)
!ĕ
!ŭ
|-
|-
|/p/
! <center>p</center>
|/b/
! b
|/ɸ/
! f
|/β/
! v
|/m̥/
! m̃
|/m/
! m
|
|
! t
! d
! þ
! ð
! ɫ
! l
|
|
|
|
|/t/
! ṡ
|/d/
! ż
|/θ/
! s
|/ð/
! z
|/l̥/
! r
|/l/
! n
|
|
|
|
|/ʦ/
! k
|/ʣ/
! g
|/s/
! x
|/z/
! [[Wikipedia:Gha|ƣ]]
|/ɾ̥/
! h
|/n/
! [[Wikipedia:Yogh|ȝ]]
|
|
|
|
|/k/
! š
|/g/
! s̨
|/ç/
|/ʝ/
|/j̊/
|/j/
|
|
|
|
|/sʷ/
! i
|/sʲ/
! e
! a
! [[Wikipedia:O|ɔ]]
! o
! u
|
|
|
|
|/i/
! ı
|/e/
! ɛ
|/ä/
! y
|/ɒ/
|-
|/o/
! <center>प</center>
|/u/
! ब
! फ
! भ
! म़
! म
|
|
|
|
|/ɪ/
! त
|/ɛ/
! द
|/ʊ/
! थ
! ध
! ल़
! ल
|
|
! च
! ज
! स
! स़
! र
! न
|
|
! क
! ग
! क़
! [[Wikipedia:Gha|ग़]]
! ह
! [[Wikipedia:Yogh|य]]
|
|
! स्व
! स्य
|
|
! इ ई<br>पि पी
! ए एै<br>पे पै
! अ आ<br>प पा
! ऒ ॵ<br>पॊ पॏ
! ओ औ<br>पो पौ
! उ ऊ<br>पु पू
|
|
! पं
! पऺ
! पॅ
|-
| /p/
| /b/
| /ɸ/
| /β/
| /m̥/
| /m/
!
!
| /t/
| /d/
| /θ/
| /ð/
| /l̥/
| /l/
!
!
| /ʦ/
| /ʣ/
| /s/
| /z/
| /ɾ̥/
| /n/
!
!
| /k/
| /g/
| /ç/
| /ʝ/
| /j̊/
| /j/
!
!
| /sʷ/
| /sʲ/
!
!
| /i/
| /e/
| /ä/
| /ɒ/
| /o/
| /u/
!
!
| /ɪ/
| /ɛ/
| /ʊ/
|}
|}


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{|class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="text-align:center; vertical-align:left; margin: 1em auto 1em auto;"
{|class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="text-align:center; vertical-align:left; margin: 1em auto 1em auto;"
!  
!  
!
! colspan="2" | '''peműko'''<br>(labial)
! colspan="2" | '''peműko'''<br>(labial)
|
! colspan="2" | '''riisűko'''<br>(dental)
! colspan="2" | '''riisűko'''<br>(dental)
|
! colspan="2" | '''muitűko'''<br>(alveolar)
! colspan="2" | '''muitűko'''<br>(alveolar)
|
! colspan="2" | '''vainűko'''<br>(palatal)
! colspan="2" | '''vainűko'''<br>(palatal)
|-
|-
! voiceless stop
! rowspan="2" | Stops
! voiceless
| p
| p
| პ
| '''პ
!
| t
| t
| ტ  
| '''ტ'''
!
| ṡ
| ṡ
| წ
| '''წ'''
!
| k
| k
| კ
| '''კ'''
|-
|-
! voiced stop
! voiced
| b
| b
| ბ  
| '''ბ'''
!
| d
| d
| დ
| '''დ'''
!
| ż
| ż
| ძ
| '''ძ'''
!
| g
| g
| გ
| '''გ'''
|-
|-
! voiceless fricative
! rowspan="2" | Fricatives
! voiceless
| f
| f
| ჶ<sup>{{Color|red|1}}<sup>
| '''ჶ''' <sup>{{Color|red|1}}</sup>
!
| þ
| þ
| თ̇
| '''თ'''
!
| s
| s
| ს
| '''ს'''
| χ
!
| ხ
| x
| '''ხ'''
|-
|-
! voiced fricative
! voiced
| v
| v
| ვ
| '''ვ'''
!
| ð
| ð
| თ
| '''ჴ''' <sup>{{Color|red|3}}</sup>
!
| z
| z
| ზ
| '''ზ'''
!
| ƣ
| ƣ
| ღ
| '''ღ'''
|-
|-
! voiceless sonorant
! rowspan="2" | Sonorants
! voiceless
| m̃
| m̃
| ჳ<sup>{{Color|red|2}}<sup>
| '''ჳ''' <sup>{{Color|red|2}}</sup>
!
| ɫ
| ɫ
| ლ̇
| '''ჸ''' <sup>{{Color|red|4}}</sup>
!
| r
| r
| რ
| '''რ'''
!
| h
| h
| ჰ
| '''ჰ'''
|-
|-
! voiced sonorant
! voiced
| m
| m
| მ
| '''მ'''
!
| l
| l
| ლ
| '''ლ'''
!
| n
| n
| ნ
| '''ნ'''
!
| ȝ
| ȝ
| ჲ<sup>{{Color|red|3}}<sup>
| '''ჲ''' <sup>{{Color|red|5}}</sup>
|-
|-
|
|
!
!
!
! colspan="8" | Labialization and Palatalization
|-
|-
|
! Labialization
!
| sʷ
| sʷ
| სჿ
| '''სჿ''' <sup>{{Color|red|6}}</sup>
|-
! Palatalization
!
| sʲ
| sʲ
| სჾ
| '''სჾ''' <sup>{{Color|red|7}}</sup>
|}
|}


===Notes===
===Notes===
# The letter <ჶ> /f/ is taken from the [[Wikipedia:Laz language|Laz]] language.
*<sup>{{Color|red|1}}</sup> The [[Wikipedia:Svan language|Svan]] <ჶ> /f/ (''fi'') represents /ɸ/.
# The [[Wikipedia:Svan language|Svan]] letter <ჳ> (vie) /v/ is assigned the value /m̥/.
*<sup>{{Color|red|2}}</sup> The Svan <ჳ> /v/ (''vie'') (''originally /w/'') represents /m̥/.
# The letter <ჲ> is taken from the Svan language.
*<sup>{{Color|red|3}}</sup> The obsolete consonant <ჴ> /q⁽ʰ⁾/ (''hari'') represents /ð/.
*<sup>{{Color|red|4}}</sup> The obsolete consonant <ჸ> /ʔ/ (''elifi'') represents /l̥/.
*<sup>{{Color|red|5}}</sup> The Svan <ჲ> /je/ (''hie'') (''also called 'yota''') represents /j/.
*<sup>{{Color|red|6}}</sup> The labial sign <ჿ> was used in Abkhaz for labialization of the preceding consonant.
*<sup>{{Color|red|7}}</sup> The hard sign <ჾ>, used in [[Wikipedia:Abkhaz language|Abkhaz]] for velarization of the preceding consonant, now indicates palatalization.




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!  
!  
! colspan="2" | front
! colspan="2" | front
|
! colspan="1" | near-front
! colspan="1" | near-front
|
! colspan="2" | center
! colspan="2" | center
|
! colspan="1" | near-back
! colspan="1" | near-back
|
! colspan="2" | back
! colspan="2" | back
|-
|-
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! short
! short
! long
! long
!
|
!  
|
! short
! short
! long
! long
|
!
!
|
! short
! short
! long
! long
|-
|-
! close
! close
| i - ი
| i<br>'''ი'''
| ii -ი̄<sup>{{Color|red|1}}</sup>
| ii<br>'''იი'''
|
!
|
|
!
|
|
|
|
| u - უ
!
| uu - უ̄
|
!
| u<br>'''უ'''
| uu<br>'''უუ'''
|-
|-
! near-close
! near-close
|  
|  
|  
|  
| ĭ - ჽ<sup>{{Color|red|3}}</sup>
!
| ĭ <br>'''ჱ''' <sup>{{Color|red|1}}</sup>
!
|  
|  
|  
|  
| ŭ - ჽ
!
|
| ŭ<br>'''ჽ''' <sup>{{Color|red|3}}</sup>
!
|
|
|
|-
|-
! close-mid
! close-mid
| e - ე  
| e<br>'''ე'''
| ee - ე̄
| ee<br>'''ეე'''
!
|  
|  
!
|  
|  
|  
|  
!
|  
|  
| o - ჵ<sup>{{Color|red|2}}</sup>
!
| oo - ჵ̄
| o<br>'''ჵ''' <sup>{{Color|red|4}}</sup>
| oo<br>'''ჵჵ'''
|-
|-
! mid
! mid
|  
|  
|  
|  
!
|
!
| ĕ<br>'''ჷ''' <sup>{{Color|red|2}}</sup>
|  
|  
| ĕ - ჷ<sup>{{Color|red|4}}</sup>
!
|  
|
|
!
|  
|
|  
|
|-
|-
! open
! open
|  
|  
|  
|  
!
|  
|  
| a - ა
!
| aa - ა̄
| a<br>'''ა'''
| aa<br>'''აა'''
!
|  
|  
| ǫ - ო
!
| ǫǫ - ო̄
| ɔ<br>'''ო'''
| ɔɔ<br>'''ოო'''
|-
|-
|}
|}


===Notes===
===Notes===
# The use of the macron to indicate vowel length is taken from the Svan language.
*<sup>{{Color|red|1}}</sup> The obsolete consonant ჱ (''he'') /h/ represents the weak vowel /ɪ/.
# The obsolete letter <ჵ> (''hoe'') /ō/ is assigned the value of /o/.
*<sup>{{Color|red|2}}</sup> The Svan vowel <ჷ> (''yn'') /ə/ represents the weak vowel /ə/.
# ჽ (''aen''), /ə/, was used in the [[Wikipedia:Ossetian language|Ossetian language]] when it was written in the Georgian script. It is assigned the values of the weak vowels /ĭ/ and /ŭ/.
*<sup>{{Color|red|3}}</sup> The obsolete [[Wikipedia:Ossetian language|Ossetian]] vowel <ჽ> (''aen'') /ə/ represents  the weak vowel /ŭ/.
# ჷ (''yn'') /ɨ/, obsolete  in Georgian, is still used in Mingrelian, Laz and Svan.  It is assigned the value of the weak vowel /ĕ/.
*<sup>{{Color|red|4}}</sup> The obsolete letter <ჵ> (''hoe'') /ō/ is assigned the value of /o/.




==Example==
==Pangram==
*The living language is like a cow-path.
*The doubtful barn owl has flitted away, so the slowest birch mouse nimbly eats its expensive cheese on a cushion.
*It is the creation of the cows themselves,
*who, having created it, follow it or depart from it according to their whims or their needs.
*From daily use, the path undergoes change.
*A cow is under no obligation to stay.
:::::-[[Wikipedia:E. B. White|E. B. White]]


*'''bűxe tűþe ápu ṡĭṡı̋ı̋ƣa. náru zaþős éna gŭǧɔ̋de alı̋ke sáɫhĕvi m̃űso eȝe-tűűrom że̋fa:'''<font size = 5>


*'''ǧı̋ı̋a ȝe̋ka m̃axf̨oolő' sóma e̋sa:'''
*ბუხე ტუთე აპუ წჱწიიღა. ნარუ ზათჵს ეnა გჽგჿოდე ალინე საჸჰჷვი ჳუსჵ ეჲე-ტუურჵმ ძეჶა:
*'''mi-m̃axe̋m ƥűta e̋sa.'''
*'''éȝom pŭƥűtantes eȝe-m̃eðta̋mm̃' eȝe-iiƣra̋mm̃e épa éȝom da̋ga m̃o éȝom vı̋da:'''
*'''f̨őőlo a̋ho neudős ha me̋iþa:'''
*'''m̃a̋xe ɠa̋a̋lu bőþa ne⁝'''




*გჿი̄ა ჲეკა ჳახჶჾჵ̄ლ̇ჵ' სჵმა ესა:
<font size = 4>
*მი-ჳახემ პჾუტა ესა.
[[Senjecas - Greek]]
*ეჲჵმ პჽპჾტანტეს ეჲე-ჳეთტამჳ' ეჲე-ი̄ღრამჳე ეპა ეჲჵმ დაგა ჳჵ ეჲჵმ ვიდა:
*ჶჾჵ̄ლ̇ჵ აჰჵ ნეუდჵს ჰა მეიხა:
*ჳახე გჾა̄ლუ ბჵხა ნე⁝

Latest revision as of 15:26, 8 December 2025

Pronunciation table

peműko
(labial)
 riisűko
(dental) 		muitűko
(alveolar) 		vainűko
(palatal) 		ṡ̨uuše̋nos
(vowels with प) 		nı̋þo ṡ̨uuše̋nos
(weak vowels)
p
 b f v m̃ m t d þ ð ɫ l ṡ ż s z r n k g x ƣ h ȝ š s̨ i e a ɔ o u ı ɛ y
प
 ब फ भ म़ म त द थ ध ल़ ल च ज स स़ र न क ग क़ ग़ ह य स्व स्य इ ई
पि पी 		ए एै
पे पै 		अ आ
प पा 		ऒ ॵ
पॊ पॏ 		ओ औ
पो पौ 		उ ऊ
पु पू 		पं पऺ पॅ
/p/ /b/ /ɸ/ /β/ /m̥/ /m/ /t/ /d/ /θ/ /ð/ /l̥/ /l/ /ʦ/ /ʣ/ /s/ /z/ /ɾ̥/ /n/ /k/ /g/ /ç/ /ʝ/ /j̊/ /j/ /sʷ/ /sʲ/ /i/ /e/ /ä/ /ɒ/ /o/ /u/ /ɪ/ /ɛ/ /ʊ/


kartávelȝe̋ka (Georgian) - კარტაველჲეკა

Consonants

peműko
(labial) 		riisűko
(dental) 		muitűko
(alveolar) 		vainűko
(palatal)
Stops voiceless p პ t ტ ṡ წ k კ
voiced b ბ d დ ż ძ g გ
Fricatives voiceless f ჶ 1 þ თ s ს x ხ
voiced v ვ ð ჴ 3 z ზ ƣ ღ
Sonorants voiceless m̃ ჳ 2 ɫ ჸ 4 r რ h ჰ
voiced m მ l ლ n ნ ȝ ჲ 5
Labialization sʷ სჿ 6
Palatalization sʲ სჾ 7

Notes

  • 1 The Svan <ჶ> /f/ (fi) represents /ɸ/.
  • 2 The Svan <ჳ> /v/ (vie) (originally /w/) represents /m̥/.
  • 3 The obsolete consonant <ჴ> /q⁽ʰ⁾/ (hari) represents /ð/.
  • 4 The obsolete consonant <ჸ> /ʔ/ (elifi) represents /l̥/.
  • 5 The Svan <ჲ> /je/ (hie) (also called 'yota') represents /j/.
  • 6 The labial sign <ჿ> was used in Abkhaz for labialization of the preceding consonant.
  • 7 The hard sign <ჾ>, used in Abkhaz for velarization of the preceding consonant, now indicates palatalization.


Vowels

front near-front center near-back back
short long short long short long
close i
ი 		ii
იი 		u
უ 		uu
უუ
near-close ĭ
ჱ 1 		ŭ
ჽ 3
close-mid e
ე 		ee
ეე 		o
ჵ 4 		oo
ჵჵ
mid ĕ
ჷ 2
open a
ა 		aa
აა 		ɔ
ო 		ɔɔ
ოო

Notes

  • 1 The obsolete consonant ჱ (he) /h/ represents the weak vowel /ɪ/.
  • 2 The Svan vowel <ჷ> (yn) /ə/ represents the weak vowel /ə/.
  • 3 The obsolete Ossetian vowel <ჽ> (aen) /ə/ represents the weak vowel /ŭ/.
  • 4 The obsolete letter <ჵ> (hoe) /ō/ is assigned the value of /o/.


Pangram

  • The doubtful barn owl has flitted away, so the slowest birch mouse nimbly eats its expensive cheese on a cushion.
  • bűxe tűþe ápu ṡĭṡı̋ı̋ƣa. náru zaþős éna gŭǧɔ̋de alı̋ke sáɫhĕvi m̃űso eȝe-tűűrom że̋fa:
  • ბუხე ტუთე აპუ წჱწიიღა. ნარუ ზათჵს ეnა გჽგჿოდე ალინე საჸჰჷვი ჳუსჵ ეჲე-ტუურჵმ ძეჶა:


Senjecas - Greek

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