Artahšatrānu džaŋgmu

Phonology

Consonants

	Labial	Labiodental	Dental ~ Alveolar	Palatalized dental ~ Alveolar	Postalveolars	Palatal	Velar
Nasals	m		n				ŋ
Plosive	p pʰ b		t tʰ d				k kʰ g
Affricates			t͡s t͡sʰ d͡z	t͡sʲ t͡sʲʰ d͡zʲ	t͡ʃ t͡ʃʰ d͡ʒ
Fricatives			s z	sʲ zʲ	ʃ ʒ		x ɣ
Trills			r	rʲ
Lateral approximants			l	lʲ
Approximants		ʋ				j

Spelling

/p t tʲ k/ [p t tj k]
/pʰ tʰ tʲʰ kʰ/ [ph th thj kh]
/b d dʲ g/ [b d dj g]
/t͡s t͡sʲ t͡ʃ/ [c cj č]
/t͡sʰ t͡sʲʰ t͡ʃʰ/ [ch chj čh]
/d͡z d͡zʲ d͡ʒ/ [dz dzj dž]
/s sʲ ʃ x/ [s sj š h]
/z zʲ ʒ ɣ/ [z zj ž x]
/m n nʲ ŋ/ [m n nj ŋ]
/r rʲ l lʲ/ [r rj l lj]
/ʋ j/ [v j]

Vowels

	Front		Central		Back
	Short	Long	Short	Long	Short	Long
Close		iː yː				uː
Near close	ɪ ʏ				ʊ
Close-Mid		eː				oː
Open-Mid	ɛ				ɔ
Open			ä	äː

Spelling

/ɪ ʏ ʊ/ [i y u]
/ɛ ɔ/ [e o]
/ä/ [á]

/iː yː uː/ [ī ȳ ū]
/eː oː/ [ē ō]
/ɑː/ [ā]

Phonotactics

(C)(C)V(ː)(R)(C)

Accent

• penultimate primary acute accent
• ultimate secondary gravis accent

Grammar

Nouns

Gender and number

		Singular			Plural
Animate	Masculine	-a	mana	man	-ē	manē	men
	Feminine	-i	kōni	woman	-in	kōnī	women
Inanimate		-u	hakmu	stone	-ȳ	hakmȳ	stones

Declension

Nominative	-			subject of intransitive clause and agent of transitive clause, predicate noun
Genitive	-s	manas	of man	possessor, patient of transitive clause, theme of ditransitive clause
Instrumental	-mi	manami	with man	instrument, accompaniament, method, recipient of ditransitive clause
Vialis	-ko	manako	through man	way in space or time
Ablative	-de	manade	from man	direction from smth
Allative	-ri	manari	to man	direction towards smth
Locative	-thu	manathu	(in/on/under) man	various locations (with prepositions)
Benefactive	-la	manala	for man	destination to smth, purpose

Definiteness

Indefinite		um	um mana	a man
Definite	Proper	is	is mana	the man
	Distant	at	at mana	that man

Verbs

Negation

Affirmative	-	vāth-	(to) look, observe
Negative	ne-	ne-vāth-	don't (to) look, observe

Preverbs

Towards	ri-	rivāth-	to discern
Away from	de-	devāth-	to look from afar
Inside	en-	envāth-	to stare
Outside	ba-	bavāth-	to look out

Voice

Active	-	vāth-	(to) look, observe
Reflexive	-si-	vāsith-	(to) look on self
Causative	-ra-	vārath-	(to) to pay attention, (to) cause looking to smth
Reflexive-Causative	-šē-	vāšēth-	(to) pay attention to self, (to) cause looking to self

Aspect

Imperfective	-	vāth-	(to) look, observe
Iterative	-jā-	vāthjā-	(to) look, observe (many times)
Perfective	-nu-	vāthnu-	(to) look, observe

Person

	Singular		Plural
1.	-an / -n	I	-ami	we
2.	-aš / -š	you	-ači / -či	you
3.	-at / -t	he / she / it	-ari / -ri	they
4.	-ah / -h	someone / something

Mood

Indicative	-	ēsjan	I am going
Conditional	-pō	ēsjanpō	I would be going
Potentional	-mē	ēsjanmē	I may be going
Eventive	-vī	ēsjanvī	I could be going (potentional + conditional)
Imperative	-īh	ēsjīh	you go !

Non-finite verbs

Action noun	-it-u	vāthitu	looking, observing
Participles
Adjectival	-ŋ-	vāthaŋ-	looking, observing
Adverbial	-ŋ-e	vāthaŋe	looking, observing

Adjectives and adverbs

• three degrees: positive, comparative, superlative

Degrees of comparison

Positive			Comparative			Superlative
-	es-	good	-im-	esim-	better	-tat-	estat-	best
	dōrg-	strong		dōrgim-	stronger		dōrgtat-	strongest
	ispānd-	equine		ispāndim-	more equine		ispāndtat-	most equine

Formation of adverbs

Basal adjective		Derived adverb
es-	good	-e	ese	well
dōrg-	strong		dōrge	strongly
ispānd-	equine		ispānde	like / as horse

Numerals

Cardinal numerals

1.	šine
2.	vahta
3.	hāran
4.	neljen
5.	taven
6.	hašte
7.	algan
8.	sekin
9.	žahsin
10.	žuvaŋ
11.	šinekičthu
12.	vahtakičthu
20.	vahtažāŋ
21.	vahtažāŋ šine
30	hāranžāŋ
100.	kidžāt
101.	kidžāt šine
120.	kidžāt vahtažāŋ
121.	kidžāt vahtažāŋ šine
200.	vahta kidžāt
1.000.	džāsul
10.000.	žāŋdžāsul

Derived numerals

	Ordinal	Multiplicative	Reproductive	Distributive	Fractional
	-t-	-ljār-	-kōm-	-pen-	-te
1.	šinet-	šineljār-	šinekōm-	šinepen-	šinete
10.	žuvaŋt-	žuvaŋljār-	žuvaŋkōm-	žuvaŋpen-	žuvaŋte
11.	šinekičthut-	šinekičthuljār-	šinekičthukōm-	šinekičthupen-	šinekičthute
20.	vahtažāŋt-	vahtažāŋljār-	vahtažāŋkōm-	vahtažāŋpen-	vahtažāŋte
21.	vahtažāŋt- šinet-	vahtažāŋ šineljār-	vahtažāŋ šinekōm-	vahtažāŋ šinepen-	vahtažāŋ šinete
100.	kidžātt-	kidžātljār-	kidžātkōm-	kidžātpen-	kidžātte
101.	kidžātt- šinet-	kidžāt šineljār-	kidžāt šinekōm-	kidžāt šinepen-	kidžāt šinete
120.	kidžātt- vahtažāŋt-	kidžāt vahtažāŋljār-	kidžāt vahtažāŋkōm-	kidžāt vahtažāŋpen-	kidžāt vahtažāŋte
121.	kidžāt vahtažāŋt- šinet-	kidžāt vahtažāŋ šineljār-	kidžāt vahtažāŋ šinekōm-	kidžāt vahtažāŋ šinepen-	kidžāt vahtažāŋ šinete
200.	vahta kidžātt-	vahta kidžātljār-	vahta kidžātkōm-	vahta kidžātpen-	vahta kidžātte
1000.	džāsult-	džāsulljār	džāsulkōm-	džāsulpen-	džāsulte
10.000.	žāŋdžāsult-	žāŋdžāsulljār-	žāŋdžāsulkōm-	žāŋdžāsulpen-	žāŋdžāsulte

Pronouns

Personal pronouns

	Singular		Plural
1.	mi	I	mej	we
2.	šī	thou	čēj	you
3.	ola	he	olē	they
	oli	she	olī
	olu	it	olȳ
4.	kas	someone / something

Possessive suffixes

	Singular		Plural
1.	-mi	my	-mī	our
2.	-šī	thee	-čī	your
3.	-la	his	-lē	their
	-li	her	-lī
	-lu	its	-lȳ
4.	-kas	of someone / of something

Demonstrative pronouns

	Definite proper		Definite distant		Indefinite
Place	sōt	here	tōt	there	katis	somewhere
Source	desōt	from here	detōt	from there	dekatis	from somewhere
Purpose direction	risōt	to here	ritōt	to there, so far	rikati	to somewhere
Path	isti	this way	atti	that way	umti	some way
Time	istīm	now	attīm	then
Method	sīd	in this way	tīd	in that way	umīd	in some way
Quantity	isvēl	so much
Qualify	akissōt	like this here	akattōt	like that	akkas	like something
Reason	ispūdla	for this reason	atpūdla	for that reason	kapūdla	for some reason

Interrogative, relative, indefinite and unlimited pronouns

	Interrogative / Relative		Indefinite		Unlimited
Animate being	ka	who ? which ?	kas	someone	kavali	anyone
Inanimate object	ku	what ? which ?	kus	something		anything
Place	kati	where ?	katis	somewhere	kativali	anywhere
Source	dekati	whence ?	dekatis	from somewhere	dekativali	from anywhere
Purpose direction	rikati	whither ?	rikatis	to somewhere	rikativali	to anywhere
Path	kajsti	which way ?	kajstis	via some way	kajstivali	via any way
Time	kajstīm	when ?	kajstīms	once	kajstīmvali	ever
Method	ke	how ?	kes	somehow	kevali	anyhow
Quantity	kele	how much ?	keles	somehow much	kelevali	anyhow much
Qualify	kašīn	which one ?	šīve	some	vale	any
Reason	kala	why ?

Negative, universal and alternative pronouns

	Negative		Universal		Alternative
Animate being	neka	nobody	kaveš	every	kamūt	anyone else
Inanimate object	neku	nothing	veš	every, all	kamūt	anything else
Place	nekati	nowhere	kativeš	everywhere	katimūt	elswhere
Source	denekati	from nowhere	dekativeš	from everywhere	dekatimūt	from elswhere
Purpose direction	rinekati	to nowhere	rikativeš	to everywhere	rikatimūt	to elswhere
Path	nekajsti	through no way	vešisti	through all ways	kajstimūt	which way else
Time	netīm	never	veštīm	always	kajstīmmūt	when else
Method	neke	nohow	veške	in all methods	kemūt	otherwise
Quantity	neku	nothing	nekuvēl	otherwise than so many
Quality	nekea / nekei / nekeu	neuter, indistinct	vala / vali / valu	any	mūta / mūti / mūtu	other

Reflexive, reciprocal and cooperative pronouns

Reflexive	si	oneself
Reciprocal	envahtasj (← en-vahta-si)	each other
Cooperative	vipōre (← vi-pōru)	together cooperatively

Prepositions

Spatials, ablatival and allatival directionals

en	in, inside	Locative
	from inside	Ablative
	to inside	Allative
an	on	Locative
	from on	Ablative
	to on	Allative
ans	above	Locative
	from above	Ablative
	to above	Allative
uns	under	Locative
	from under	Ablative
	to under	Allative
ter	beside	Locative
	from beside	Ablative
	to beside	Allative
de	away	Locative
	from away	Ablative
	to away	Allative
envahtē	between	Locative
	from between	Ablative
	to between	Allative
sū	behind	Locative
	from behind	Ablative
	to behind	Allative
ba	out	Locative
	from out	Ablative
	to out	Allative
enter	around	Locative
	from around	Ablative
	to around	Allative
var	before, opposite to	Locative
	from before, from opposite to	Ablative
	to before, to opposite to	Allative
entīm	during, in time of	Locative
	from time of	Ablative
	to time of	Allative
zā	after	Locative
	from after	Ablative
	to after	Allative

Other prepositions

Companion, attributive object	vi	with	Instrumental
Lack	bal	without	Ablative
Alternative	enza	instead	Genitive
Contrary	zavare	against	Allative
Resistance	suže	despite, though	Genitive
Stylization	vidlāŋ	along to, according to	Genitive

Particles

Conjunctions

Paratactical conjunctions
Copulative	ē	and
Conjunctive	ēže	also
Disjunctive	vō	or
Contrastive, exceptional	ēta	but
Consequentive	že	so
Comparative	žir	than
Hypotactical conjunctions
rila		to, for
višče		althought
pā		because
jon		if
chal		that, providing

Modifiers

Restrictive	vēle	only
Additive	adzje	yet

Polarity particles

Affirmative	thā	yes
Negative	ne	no

Word formation

Derivation

Noun

Noun to noun

Diminutive	-īl-	tahti → tahtīli	daughter → little daughter
Augmentative	-ēg-	tābu → tābēgu	mountain → grand mountain
Contradiction	ne-	mana → nemana	human → non-human
Similarity	-ānd-	putu → putāndu	tree → pseudo-tree
Half	pōr-	saga → pōrsaga	dog → half-dog
Relational abstract	-vatu	aŋga → aŋgvatu	brother → brotherhood
Related person	-čh-	tjehma → tjehmačha	cow → cowman
Collective	-nt-	khepma → khepmanta	bird → birds (a a collective)
Place	-alu	gala → galalu	fire → campfire
Art / Craft	-del-tu	harmu → harmudeltu	war → craft of war
Knowledge	-čh-tu	žihma → žihmačhtu	herb → herbalism
Expert	-del-čh-	žihma → žihmadelčhu	herb → herbalist

Noun to adjective

Possessive	-ān-	mana → manān-	man → human
Originative	-dj-	daŋgu → daŋgudj-	sky → celestial
Similaritive	-ānd-	katki → katkāndu	cat → felid
Feature	-ik-	hašu → hašik-	hair → hairy
Affiliative	-ān-	khāni → khānān-	family → familiar
Privative	ne-...-ik-	tumpu → netumpik-	tooth → toothless

Verb

Verb to noun

Agentive	-čh-	kūčh- → kūččh-	(to) shoot → shooter
Experiencer, adressee	Reflexive voice + -čh-	mač-- → masiččh-	(to) teach → learner
Result	-ju	būd-- → būdju	(to) fall → (a) fall
Instance	-mu	džaŋg- → džaŋgmu	(to) speak → speech
Instrument	-telu	bāh- → bāhtelu	(to) beat → whip
Place	-alu	bēl- → bēlalu	(to) kill → place of kill

Adjective

Adjective to noun

Abstract	-mu	dōrg- → dōrgmu	strong → strength

Adjective to adjective

Tendency	-līk-	es- → eslīk-	good → bland
Intensification	-phār-	tuŋ- → tuŋphār-	big → very big
Excess	-cot-	mīn- → mīncot-	small → too small

Syntax

Word order

Main word order is SOV. Generally, also it may be free, so other combinations are possible without a meaning's change.

Copular verbs

	Positive		Negative
Translative	has-	became	nās-	don't became
Essive	iv-	be	nīv-	don't be
Excessive	džer-	cease to be	nedžer-	don't cease to be

Modal verbs

Obligative	džug-	to must
Necessitative	dožd-	to need
Jussive	vēn-	to should
Optative	žīž-	to wish
Desiderative	khet-	to want
Dubitative	mah-	to doubt
Hypothetical	dith-	maybe, perhaps
Permissive	rim-	to let, to permit
Precative	najm-	to request, to please, to ask
Abilitive	mēt-	to can

Use of modal verbs

[Modal verb] + [Main verb as an action noun + Accusative zero-ending]

Jussive	Vēnan rīsitu.	I should to write.
Desiderative	Khetan rīsitu.	I'm wanting to write.
Precative	Najman rīsitu	I request to write.