Artahšatrānu džaŋgmu: Difference between revisions

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===Verbs===
===Verbs===
====Negation====
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 475px;"
! Affirmative
| -
| '''vāth-'''
| (to) look, observe
|-
! Negative
| ne-
| '''ne-vāth-'''
| don't (to) look, observe
|}


====Preverbs====
====Preverbs====
towards, away from, inside, outside, before


{| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 550px;"
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 550px;"
Line 296: Line 308:
! Inside
! Inside
| en-
| en-
| '''envāth'''
| '''envāth-'''
| to stare
| to stare
|-
|-
! Outside
! Outside
| ba-
| ba-
| '''bavāth'''
| '''bavāth-'''
| to look out
| to look out
|}
|}
Line 380: Line 392:


====Mood====
====Mood====


{| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 600px;"
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 600px;"
Line 428: Line 439:
| '''vāthaŋe'''
| '''vāthaŋe'''
| looking, observing
| looking, observing
|}
===Adjectives and adverbs===
* three degrees: positive, comparative, superlative
====Degrees of comparison====
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 70%;"
! colspan=3 | Positive
! colspan=3 | Comparative
! colspan=3 | Superlative
|-
| rowspan=3 | -
| '''es-'''
| good
| rowspan=3 | -im-
| '''esim-'''
| better
| rowspan=3 | -tat-
| '''estat-'''
| best
|-
| '''dōrg-'''
| strong
| '''dōrgim-'''
| stronger
| '''dōrgtat-'''
| strongest
|-
| '''ispānd-'''
| equine
| '''ispāndim-'''
| more equine
| '''ispāndtat-'''
| most equine
|}
====Formation of adverbs====
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 600px;"
! colspan=2 | Basal adjective
! colspan=3 | Derived adverb
|-
| '''es-'''
| good
| rowspan=3 | -e
| '''ese'''
| well
|-
| '''dōrg-'''
| strong
| '''dōrge'''
| strongly
|-
| '''ispānd-'''
| equine
| '''ispānde'''
| like / as horse
|}
|}

Revision as of 07:51, 28 May 2015

Phonology

Consonants

Labial Labiodental Dental ~ Alveolar Palatalized dental ~ Alveolar Postalveolars Palatal Velar
Nasals m n ŋ
Plosive p pʰ b t tʰ d k kʰ g
Affricates t͡s t͡sʰ d͡z t͡sʲ t͡sʲʰ d͡zʲ t͡ʃ t͡ʃʰ d͡ʒ
Fricatives s z sʲ zʲ ʃ ʒ x ɣ
Trills r rʲ
Lateral approximants l lʲ
Approximants ʋ j

Spelling

/p t tʲ k/ [p t tj k]
/pʰ tʰ tʲʰ kʰ/ [ph th thj kh]
/b d dʲ g/ [b d dj g]
/t͡s t͡sʲ t͡ʃ/ [c cj č]
/t͡sʰ t͡sʲʰ t͡ʃʰ/ [ch chj čh]
/d͡z d͡zʲ d͡ʒ/ [dz dzj dž]
/s sʲ ʃ x/ [s sj š h]
/z zʲ ʒ ɣ/ [z zj ž x]
/m n nʲ ŋ/ [m n nj ŋ]
/r rʲ l lʲ/ [r rj l lj]
/ʋ j/ [v j]

Vowels

Front Central Back
Short Long Short Long Short Long
Close iː yː uː
Near close ɪ ʏ ʊ
Close-Mid eː oː
Open-Mid ɛ ɔ
Open ä äː

Spelling

/ɪ ʏ ʊ/ [i y u]
/ɛ ɔ/ [e o]
/ä/ [á]


/iː yː uː/ [ī ȳ ū]
/eː oː/ [ē ō]
/ɑː/ [ā]

Phonotactics

(C)(C)V(ː)(R)(C)

Accent

  • penultimate primary acute accent
  • ultimate secondary gravis accent

Grammar

Nouns

Gender and number

Singular Plural
Animate Masculine -a mana man -ē manē men
Feminine -i kōni woman -in kōnī women
Inanimate -u hakmu stone -ȳ hakmȳ stones

Declension

Nominative - subject of intransitive clause and agent of transitive clause
Genitive -s manas of man possessor, patient of transitive clause, theme of ditransitive clause
Instrumental -mi manami with man instrument, accompaniament, method, recipient of ditransitive clause
Vialis -ko manako through man way in space or time
Ablative -de manade from man direction from smth
Allative -ri manari to man direction towards smth
Locative -thu manathu (in/on/under) man various locations (with prepositions)
Benefactive -la manala for man destination to smth, purpose

Definiteness

Indefinite um um mana a man
Definite Proper is is mana the man
Distant at at mana that man

Verbs

Negation

Affirmative - vāth- (to) look, observe
Negative ne- ne-vāth- don't (to) look, observe

Preverbs

Towards ri- rivāth- to discern
Away from de- devāth- to look from afar
Inside en- envāth- to stare
Outside ba- bavāth- to look out

Voice

Active - vāth- (to) look, observe
Reflexive -si- vāsith- (to) look on self
Causative -ra- vārath- (to) to pay attention, (to) cause looking to smth
Reflexive-Causative -šē- vāšēth- (to) pay attention to self, (to) cause looking to self

Aspect

Imperfective - vāth- (to) look, observe
Iterative -jā- vāthjā- (to) look, observe (many times)
Perfective -nu- vāthnu- (to) look, observe

Person

Singular Plural
1. -an / -n I -ami we
2. -aš / -š you -ači / -či you
3. -at / -t he / she / it -ari / -ri they
4. -ah / -h someone / something  

Mood

Indicative - ēsjan I am going
Conditional -pō ēsjanpō I would be going
Potentional -mē ēsjanmē I may be going
Eventive -vī ēsjanvī I could be going (potentional + conditional)
Imperative -īh ēsjīh you go !

Non-finite verbs

Action noun -it-u vāthitu looking, observing
Participles
Adjectival -ŋ- vāthaŋ- looking, observing
Adverbial -ŋ-e vāthaŋe looking, observing

Adjectives and adverbs

  • three degrees: positive, comparative, superlative

Degrees of comparison

Positive Comparative Superlative
- es- good -im- esim- better -tat- estat- best
dōrg- strong dōrgim- stronger dōrgtat- strongest
ispānd- equine ispāndim- more equine ispāndtat- most equine

Formation of adverbs

Basal adjective Derived adverb
es- good -e ese well
dōrg- strong dōrge strongly
ispānd- equine ispānde like / as horse
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