Proto-Yarkhic: Difference between revisions

From FrathWiki
Jump to navigationJump to search
Line 168: Line 168:
====Noun class and number====
====Noun class and number====


{| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 100%;"
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 700px;"
|  
|  
! colspan=3 | Animate
! colspan=3 | Animate
Line 257: Line 257:
| '''kʼámarasú'''
| '''kʼámarasú'''
| future wife
| future wife
|}
====Definiteness====
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 475px;"
! Gnomic
| -
| '''banu'''
| man
|-
! Indefinite
| ês
| '''ês banu'''
| a man
|-
! Definite proper
| da
| '''da banu'''
| the man
|-
! Definite distant
| qhá
| '''qhá banu'''
| yonder man
|}
|}


Revision as of 13:39, 10 May 2014

Phonology

Consonants

Bilabial Alveolar Palatal Velar Labio-velar Uvular
Nasal m n ɲ ŋ (ɴ)
Tenuis plosive p t c k q
Voiced plosive b d ɟ g ɢ
Ejective plosive pʼ tʼ cʼ kʼ qʼ
Implosive ɓ ɗ ʄ ɠ ʛ
Fricative s
Trill r (ʀ)
Approximant l j w

Spelling

  • /p t c k q/ p t c k q
  • /pʰ tʰ cʰ kʰ qʰ/ ph th ch kh qh
  • /pʼ tʼ cʼ kʼ qʼ/ p̕ t̕ c̕ k̕ q̕
  • /b d ɟ g ɢ/ b d j g ġ
  • /bʰ dʰ ɟʰ gʰ ɢʰ/ bh dh jh gh ġh
  • /ɓ ɗ ʄ ɠ ʛ/ b̕ d̕ j̕ g̕ ġ̕
  • /s/ s
  • /m n ɲ ŋ~ɴ/ m n ṇ ŋ
  • /r~ʀ l/ r l
  • /j w/ y w

Vowels

Front Central Back
Unrounded Rounded
Close iː uː
Near-Close ɪ ʊ
Mid-Close eː ɘ ɵ oː
Mid-Open ɛː ɜ ɞ ɔː
Open ä äː

Spelling

  • /iː uː/ í ú
  • /eː oː/ é ó
  • /ɛː ɔː/ ê ô
  • /äː/ a
  • /ɪ ʊ/ i u
  • /ɘ ɵ/ e o
  • /ɜ ɞ/ è ò
  • /ä/ a

Phonotactics

(C)(C)V(ː)(R/s)(C)

Accent

  • Acute accent on initial syllable.

Grammar

Nouns

  • nominative-accusative alignment with marked nominative
  • 3A secundative alignment (S/A = Nominative, D = Pegative, P/R = Accusative, T = Instrumental)
  • 8 cases (suffixal): Nominative, Pegative, Accusative, Instrumental, Genitive, Ablative, Allative, Benefactive
  • noun class system (suffixal): Animate, Inanimate
  • number combined with noun class: singular, paucal, plural
  • definiteness (articles): Gnomic, Indefinite, Definite proper, Definite distant
  • nominal tense (suffixal): past, present, future

Definiteness + [Root + Root extension(s) + (Noun class + Number) + Case + Nominal tense]

Noun class and number

Animate Inanimate
Singular -ar- / -r- banura man - tkacʼa stone
Paucal -akʼ- / -kʼ- banuakʼa few men -akʼ- / -kʼ- tkacʼakʼa few stones
Plural -it- / -t- banuita men -es- / -s- tkacʼesa stones

Declension

Nominative -a wolqhara wolf
Pegative -e wolqhare
Accusative - wolqhar
Instrumental -ní wolqharní by/with wolf
Genitive -yò wolqharyò of wolf
Ablative -tʼo wolqhartʼo from wolf
Allative -ôs wolqharôs to wolf
Benefactive -dʼa wolqhardʼa for wolf

Nominal tense

Past -li kʼámarali ex-wife
Present - kʼámara wife
Future -sú kʼámarasú future wife

Definiteness

Gnomic - banu man
Indefinite ês ês banu a man
Definite proper da da banu the man
Definite distant qhá qhá banu yonder man

Verbs

  • aspects (suffixal): Perfective-Imperfective + Frequentative, Momentane
  • voices (infixal): Active, Reflexive vs Causative
  • three subjective and objective persons (suffixal)
  • three moods (cliticized): Indicative, Conditional, Subjunctive
  • negative verb

(Root + Voice) + Root extension(s) + Aspect + Subject + Object + Mood

Adjectives

  • adjectives are replaced by stative verbs and describing nouns.
  • degrees of intensify are instead degrees of comparison.

Pronouns

  • clusivity in 1. person
  • obviative

Adpositions

  • prepositions

Syntax

  • SOV
  • head-final
Retrieved from "http://www.frathwiki.com/index.php?title=Proto-Yarkhic&oldid=78850"