Phonological changes of Classical Laefêvëši

The Modern Laefêvëši language is a result of a language evolution throughout several millennia from the original Proto-Vlamarian language.

Changes

Consonantal changes

Proto- Vlamariann	Old Laefêvëši	Middle Laefêvëši	Modern Laefêvëši	Examples
m	m	m	m
mʷ	mʷ	m:	m:
n	n	n	n
nʷ	nʷ	n:	n:
n:	n:	ɲ	ɲ
ŋk,ŋg	ŋg,ŋk	ŋ	ŋ
p	p	p	p
pʰʷ	pʷ	pʷ	p:
pc	pc	pʰ	pʰ
b	ʋ	v	v
bʷ	bʷ	b:	b:
t	t	t	t
tʰʷ	tʷ	tʷ	t:
tc	tc	tʰ	tʰ
tʰ	tʰ	ʦ	ʦ
tl	tɾ	tɾ	ɾ
d	d	d	d
dʰ	dʰ	ʣ	ʣ
dʷ	dʷ	d:	d:
c	c	tʲ	t
c:	ʦʲ	ʨ	ʨ
ɟ	ɟ	dʲ	d
ɟ:	ʣʲ	ʥ	ʥ
k	k	k	k
kʰʷ	kʷ	kʷ	k:
k:	k:	k:	x
gʷ	gʷ	g:	g:
ɸ	ɸ	ɸ	f
β	β	β	v
fʷ	fʷ	fʷ	f:
vʷ	vʷ	v:	v:
θʷ	θʷ	θʷ	θ:
ðʷ	ðʷ	ð:	ð:
s	s	s	s
sʲ	ç	ʃ	ʃ
zʲ	ʝ	ʒ	ʒ
s:	s:	θ	θ
z	z	z	z
z:	z:	ð	ð
ʃ	ʃ	ʧ	ʧ
ʃl	ɬʲ	ɬʲ	ɕ
ʒ	ʒ	ʤ	ʤ
ʒl	ɮʲ	ɮʲ	ʑ
x	x:	k:	kʰ
ɣ	ɣ	ɣ	ɣ
ɣ:	ɣ:	ɣ:	g
ʦl	ʦl	ʦʰ	ʦʰ
ʧl	ʧl	ʧʰ	ʧʰ
ʨl	ʨl	ʨʰ	ʨʰ
ʋ	ʋ	w	w
j	j	j	j
w	w	ʋ	v
ɾ	r	r	r
ɾʲ	ɾʲ	ɾʲ	ɹ
l	l	l	l
l:	l:	lʲ	ʎ
lʷ	lʷ	l:	l:

Vocalic changes

Proto- vlamarian	Condition	Old Laefêvëši	Middle Laefêvëši	Modern Laefêvëši	Examples
a		a	a	a
	+m,n,t,l	æ	ɛ	e
	+k,g,t,d	ɜ	ʌə	ʌ
	+p,b,f,v	ɐ	ʌ	ɔ
	final	a	ə	ə
				lost
ɑ		ɑ	ʌ	ʌ
	+m,n	ɒ	ɒ	ɔ
ɒ		ɔ	ɔ	ɔ
æ	final	ɛ	ɛ	œ
		æ	æ	ɛ
	initial	æ	ɛ	ɛ
ɛ		ɛ	ɛ	ɛ
	+m,n	ɛ	æ	a
	+l	ɛ	ɛ	a
	+r,j	ɛ	ɛ	ø
ɛɪ	+m,n	ø	ɵ	o
ɔ		ɔi	oi	ø
	+k,g,x,ɣ	ɔ	ɐ	a
	+t,d,l,r	ɔɪ	oɨ	o
ə		ə	ə	ə
	final	ə	lost	lost
e		e	e	e
ø		ø	œ	œ
ɘ	+m,n,t,d,l,r	ɪ	ɪ	i
ɘɪ	final	ɘɪ	ɔ	o
ɵ	stressed	ɤ	ɤ	ə
o		o	o	o
ʏ		ʏ	y	y
ᵻ	unstressed, +t,d	ɘ	ɘ	ə
ᵿ	stressed, +t,d	ɵ	ɵ	ə
ʊ	+m,t,s,l	ʊ	ui	u
i		i	i	i
	+m,n,l,r	ɪə	ɪe	ɛ
	final	ɪ	e	e
iə		ɨᵿ	ɨ	ɯ
y	final	y	y	i
ɨ		ɨ	ɪ	ɪ
ʉ		ʉ	ʊ	ʊ
u		u	u	u

System

Vowels

Proto-Vlamarian vowels

	Front		Near-front	Central		Near-back	Back
	Unrounded	Rounded	Rounded	Unrounded	Rounded	Rounded	Unrounded	Rounded
Close	i	y		ɨ	ʉ			u
Near-close			ʏ	ᵻ	ᵿ	ʊ
Close-mid	e	ø		ɘ	ɵ			o
Mid				ə
Open-mid	ɛ							ɔ
Near-open	æ
Open	a						ɑ	ɒ

Old Laefêvëši vowels

	Front		Near-front		Central		Near-back	Back
	Unrounded	Rounded	Unrounded	Rounded	Unrounded	Rounded	Rounded	Unrounded	Rounded
Close	i	y			ɨ	ʉ			u
Near-close			ɪ	ʏ			ʊ
Close-mid	e	ø			ɘ	ɵ		ɤ	o
Mid					ə
Open-mid	ɛ		ɜ						ɔ
Near-open	æ				ɐ
Open	a							ɑ	ɒ

Middle Laefêvëši vowels

	Front		Near-front	Central		Near-back	Back
	Unrounded	Rounded	Unrounded	Unrounded	Rounded	Rounded	Unrounded	Rounded
Close	i	y		ɨ				u
Near-close			ɪ			ʊ
Close-mid	e				ɵ		ɤ	o
Mid				ə
Open-mid	ɛ	œ					ʌ	ɔ
Near-open	æ			ɐ
Open	a							ɒ

Modern Laefêvëši vowels

	Front				Near-front		Central		Near-back		Back
	Unrounded		Rounded								Unrounded		Rounded
	Short	Long	Short	Long	Short	Long	Short	Long	Short	Long	Short	Long	Short	Long
Close	i	i:	y	y:							ɯ	ɯ:	u	u:
Near-close					ɪ	ɪ:			ʊ	ʊ:
Close-mid	e	e:	ø	ø:									o	o:
Mid							ə
Open-mid	ɛ	ɛ:	œ	œ:							ʌ	ʌ:	ɔ	ɔ:
Open							a	a: