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| The links to the monasteries are to the Wikipedia sites, but go to the references and then to the Mt. Athos website for more information.
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| *'''963''' - The first monastery on Mt. Athos is founded by [[wikipedia:St. Athanasius|St. Athanasios]].
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| *'''972''' - The first charter of the monastic community, the ''Tragus'', is signed by the Emperor [[wikipedia:John I Tzimiskes|John I Tsimiskes]] and the monks of Mount Athos, officially establishing the coenobitic system alongside the hermitages.
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| *'''975''' - The Monastery of [[wikipedia:Xenophontos monastery|St. George]] (sixteenth in seniority) is founded by St. Xenophon.
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| *'''979''' - The Monastery of the [[wikipedia:Vatopedi|Annunciation]] (second in seniority), is founded by three monks, Athanasios, Nicholas, and Antonius from Adrianople, pupils of St. Athanasios. The [[wikipedia:katholikon|katholikon]] of the monastery is dedicated to the Annunciation of the Virgin Mary and thus gives the monastery its name.
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| *'''980''' - The monastery of [[wikipedia:Zograf Monastery|St. George the Painter]] (ninth in seniority) is founded by Moses, Aaron and John, three monks from [[wikipedia:Ohrid|Ohrid]]. The monastery takes its name from an early monk, an artist. From its foundation it has been inhabited by Bulgarian monks. This monastery accepts Orthdox men from Oltenia, Muntenia, and Moldava.
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| *'''982''' - The Monastery of [[wikipedia:Iviron monastery|Iviron]] (third in seniority) is founded by [[wikipedia:John the Iberian|St. John]] from [[wikipedia:Georgia (country)|Iberia]] (Georgia). Although the population has dwindled to 35 monks, the monastery is still populated by Georgian monks.
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| *'''990''' - The Monastery of the [[wikipedia:Xiropotamou|Forty Martyrs of Sebaste]] (eighth in seniority) is founded by Blessed Paul, reputedly son of [[wikipedia:Michael I Rangabe|Michael I Rangabe]]. The [[wikipedia:katholikon|katholikon]] of the monastery is dedicated to the [[wikipedia:Forty Martyrs of Sebaste|Forty Martyrs of Sebaste]] and thus gives the monastery its name. The port village of Dafni lies in its territory.
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| *'''993''' - The monastery of the [[wikipedia:Dochiariou monastery|Holy Archangels]] (tenth in seniority) is founded by Bl. Euthymius and dedicated to the Archangels Michael and Gabriel.
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| *'''995''' - The Monastery of the [[wikipedia:Philotheou monastery|Annunciation]] (twelfth in seniority) is founded by Bl. Philotheus and dedicated to the [[wikipedia:Annunciation|Annunciation]].
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| *'''998''' - The [[wikipedia:Agiou Pavlou monastery|Monastery]] of the [[wikipedia:Presentation of Jesus at the Temple|Presentation]] of Jesus (fourteenth in seniority) is founded on the site of the hermitage of Bl. Paul, who had founded the Monastery of the Forty Martyrs.
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| *'''1000''' - Upon the death of St. Athanasios, his monastery is renamed [[wikipedia:Great Lavra|St. Athanasios]].
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| *'''1002''' - Upon the death of St. John, his monastery is renamed [[wikipedia:Iviron monastery|St. John the Iberian]]
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| *'''1014''' - The Monastery of [[wikipedia:Karakalou monastery|Sts. Peter and Paul]] (eleventh in seniority) is founded by a monk named Karakalas. The [[wikipedia:katholikon|katholikon]] of the monastery is dedicated to the apostles [[wikipedia:St. Peter|Peter]] and [[wikipedia:St. Paul|Paul]] and thus gives the monastery its name. The monastery is soon deserted.
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| *'''1016''' - The [[wikipedia:Esphigmenou Monastery|Esphigmenou Monastery]] (18th in seniority) is founded by an unknown monk
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| *'''1022''' - The [[wikipedia:Stavronikita monastery|Stavronikita]] Monastery (fifteenth in seniority), the smallest of the twenty monasteries, is founded by Nicetas, an officer of Emperor John I.
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| *'''1031''' - On the 600th anniversary of the [[wikipedia:Council of Ephesus|Council of Ephesus]], the Virgin Mary, the [[wikipedia:theotokos|Theotokos]], is named the patron and protector of the Holy Mountain.
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| *'''1045''' - Emperor [[wikipedia:Constantine IX Monomachus|Constantine IX Monomachus]] signs the second [[wikipedia:Typikon|Typikon]], in which Mt. Athos is officially termed the Holy Mountain.
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| *'''1076''' - The Monastery of the Forty Martyrs is turned over to monks of the Armenian Orthodox Church, the first instance of a Greek monastery being turned over to non-Greek monks. This monastery also accepts Orthodox men from Azerbaijan.
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| *'''1142''' A Russian monastery is founded.
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| *'''1169''' - The Monastery of the [[wikipedia:Koutloumousiou|Holy Cross]] (sixth in seniority) is founded by an unknown person. There is a later re-foundation by Koutloumous, a Seljuk convert in the 14th century. The [[wikipedia:katholikon|katholikon]] of the monastery is dedicated to the the Holy Cross and thus gives the monastery its name.
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| *'''1183''' - The Monastery of St. Nicholas is deserted because of pirate raids.
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| *'''1198''' - The monastery of [[wikipedia:Hilandar|Chilandar]] (fourth in seniority) is founded by [[wikipedia:Saint Sava|St. Sava]] for Serbian monks. The [[wikipedia:katholikon|katholikon]] of the monastery is dedicated to the [[wikipedia:Presentation of Mary|Presentation]] of Mary and thus gives the monastery its name. This monastery accepts Orthodox men from Bohemia, Slevania, Hungary, Croatia, Dalmatia, Sanjak, Albania, and Xliponia.
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| *'''1257''' - The Monastery of [[wikipedia:Simonos Petra|New Bethlehem]] (thirteenth in seniority) is founded, so named by its founder, Bl. Simon the Myrrhobletes.
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| *'''1292''' - The Monastery of Sts. Peter and Paul is restored with the help of Emperor [[wikipedia:Andronicus II|Andronicus II]] and [[wikipedia:Patriarch Athanasius I of Constantinople|Patriarch Athanasius I]].
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| *'''1307-9''' - Raids by Frankish and Catalan pirates.
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| *'''1312''' - [[wikipedia:Andronicus II Palaeologus|Emperor Andronicus II]] and the Patriarch Nephon I legislate that the election of the [[wikipedia:Protos (monastic office)|Protos]] must be approved by the Patriarch.
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| *'''1350''' - The Monastery of the Presentation of Jesus is deserted.
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| *'''1358''' - The Monastery of the [[wikipedia:Pantokratoros monastery|Transfiguration]] (seventh in seniority) is founded by the brothers Alexy Stratopedarch and John Primikerij, officials of the Byzantine court. The [[wikipedia:katholikon|katholikon]] of the monastery is dedicated to the [[wikipedia:Transfiguration of Jesus|Transfiguration of Jesus]] and thus gives the monastery its name.
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| *'''1379''' - The Monastery of [[wikipedia:Dionysiou monastery|St. John the Baptist]] (fifth in seniority) is founded by Blessed Dionysios. The [[wikipedia:katholikon|katholikon]] of the monastery is dedicated to St. John the Baptist and thus gives the monastery its name.
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| *'''1383''' - The Ottoman Turks seize Mount Athos and the first period of Ottoman rule begins.
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| *'''1388''' - The Monastery of the Presentation of Jesus is restored by the Serbian monks Gerasimus Radona and Antonios Pegases.
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| *'''1394''' - The Monastery of [[wikipedia:Osious Gregoriou monastery|St. Gregory]] (seventeenth in seniority) is founded by St. Gregory and named after him upon his death some years later.
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| *'''1403''' - After the Turks are defeated at the [[wikipedia:Battle of Angora|Battle of Angora]] (1402), Mount Athos is restored to Byzantine sovereignty.
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| *'''1406''' - Emperor [[wikipedia:manuel II Palaeologus|Manuel II Palaeologus]] issues the third [[wikipedia:Typikon|Typikon]] of Mount Athos.
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| *'''1424''' - A delegation of monks visits Sultan [[wikipedia:Murad II|Murad II]] in Adrianople. The second period of Ottoman rule begins.
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| *'''1440''' - Because of pirate raids, the Monastery of Sts. Peter and Paul is again deserted.
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| *'''1533''' - The abandoned Stavronikita Monastery is sold to Gregorious Giremeriatis, a [[wikipedia:Thesprotia|Thesprotian]] abbot.
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| *'''1538''' - The abbot Gregorios settles at the Stavronikita Monastery, dying in 1540.
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| *'''1541''' - The Ecumenical Patriach Jeremias I reinstates the status of the Stavronikita Monastery as a monastery, the last of the present twenty to be so designated. In this year the katholikon is built and dedicated to [[wikipedia:St. Nicholas|St. Nicholas]], from which the monastery takes its present name.
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| *'''1544''' - With the help of Prince John Peter of Wallachia (who later became a monk in the monastery) and the permission of [[wikipedia:Suleiman the Magnificent|Sultan Suleiman]], the Monastery of Sts. Peter and Paul is restored.
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| *'''1593''' - The authority of the [[wikipedia:Protos (monastic office)|Protos]] as the supreme administrative and spiritual leader of the monasteries is ended. The ''Megali Synaxis'' (Great Council) at Karyes is established as the supreme authority in charge of all affairs concerning the monastic community.
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| *'''1601''' - The [[wikipedia:katholikon|katholikon]] of the Monastery of New Bethlehem is built and dedicated to the [[wikipedia:Nativity of Jesus|Nativity of Jesus]] and thus gives the monastery its new name.
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| *'''1678''' - The Monastery of New Bethlehem is deserted because of heavy Turkish taxation.
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| *'''1783''' - The [[wikipedia:Typikon|Typikon]] of the Patriarch Gabriel IV is issued.
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| *'''1794''' - Ioasaph of [[wikipedia:Mytilene|Mytilene]] arrives and begins the restoration of the Monastery of the Nativity.
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| *'''1808''' - A new [[wikipedia:Katholikon|katholikon]] is built for the [[wikipedia:Esphigmenou Monastery|Esphigmenou Monastery]] as part of some general renovation. It is dedicated to the [[wikipedia:Ascension of Jesus|Ascension]] of Jesus, which gives the monastery its current name.
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| *'''1821-1830''' - The Monastery of the Forty Martyrs is occupied by Turkish troops.
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| *'''1891''' - The [[wikipedia:Katholikon|katholikon]] of the Monastery of the Nativity is destroyed by fire and rebuilt in its present form.
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| * [[wikipedia:Esfigmenou|Ascension]]
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| * [[wikipedia:Saint Panteleimon's|St. Panteleimon]] Russian
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| * [[wikipedia:Konstamonitou|St. Stephen]]
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| *1970 - The Lowland and the Isles are hooked to the power grid of the Hellenic Republic. The monasteries are required to install solar panels.
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