Memniq morphology: Difference between revisions
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| '''Nominative''' || <small>This case marks the subject of a verb. It is regarded as the base form of the noun, and it is used as the vocative form.</small> | | '''Nominative''' || <small>This case marks the subject of a verb. It is regarded as the base form of the noun, and it is used as the vocative form.</small> | ||
|- | |- | ||
| '''Accusative''' || <small>This case marks the direct object of a verb. It is also used with many | | '''Accusative''' || <small>This case marks the direct object of a verb. It is also used with many prepositions.</small> | ||
|- | |- | ||
| '''Genitive''' || <small>This case marks primarily possession and belonging, either intentional, unintentional, or indirect.</small> | | '''Genitive''' || <small>This case marks primarily possession and belonging, either intentional, unintentional, or indirect.</small> | ||
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|- | |- | ||
|} | |} | ||
Other types of clause complements are conveyed using various ''prepositions'', which can select one or more cases. | |||
===Noun pluralization=== | |||
Nouns are declined for number according to two different models: | |||
*'''Broken plural''' (or ''internal plural''): | |||
In this process the noun builds its plural by switching its vowels in the root: | |||
<small>sing.</small> tape̥ → <small>plur.</small> utpi̥ | |||
<small>father → fathers</small> | |||
<small>sing.</small> mu̥ha → <small>plur.</small> e̥mhu | |||
<small>cow → cows</small> | |||
This pluralization process is very widespread among original roots. | |||
Since many basic nouns do not adhere to a define vowel switching pattern, their plural form is shown in the vocabulary. | |||
This process is also used in many derivative patterns. Since these patterns are quite regular and predictive, their plural form is not shown in the vocabulary. | |||
*'''Sound plural''' (or ''external plural''): | |||
In this process the nound builds its plural by adding the ending -jë (to nouns ending in vowel) or -ëj (to nouns ending in vowel), without any root alterations: | |||
<small>sing.</small> me̥rniq → <small>plur.</small> me̥rniqëj | |||
<small>mountain dweller → mountain dwellers</small> | |||
This pluralization process is widespread among loanwords and in some derivative patterns. They are usually shown in the vocabulary | |||
===Noun declension=== | |||
Nouns are also declined in case by adding the following endings to the base form of the noun. Every ending has two different forms, whether it is added to a consonant phoneme or a vocalic phoneme: | |||
{|- | |||
| || <center><small>+ consonant</small></center> || <center><small>+ vowel</small></center> | |||
|- | |||
| style="width: 100px;"| <center><small>''nominative''</small></center> || style="width: 70px;"| - || style="width: 70px;"| - | |||
|- | |||
| <center><small>''accusative''</small></center> || -im || -m | |||
|- | |||
| <center><small>''genitive''</small></center> || -aš || -š | |||
|- | |||
| <center><small>''dative''</small></center> || -oʔ || -ʔ | |||
|} | |||
Due to the pluralization process, nouns can display a different last phoneme in both forms. In this case the proper endings to the new last phoneme are used. | |||
Some examples are shown below: a noun with a broken plural, tape̥, ''father'', and a noun with a sound plural, me̥rniq, ''mountain dweller''. | |||
{|- | |||
|- | |||
| || colspan="2" | <center>tape̥</center> || colspan="2" | <center>me̥rniq</center> | |||
|- | |||
| style="width: 100px;"| || style="width: 80px;"|<center><small>''singular''</small></center> || style="width: 80px;"|<center><small>''plural''</small></center> || style="width: 80px;"|<center><small>''singular''</small></center> || style="width: 80px;"|<center><small>''plural''</small></center> | |||
|- | |||
| <center><small>''nominative''</small></center> || tape̥ || utpi̥ || me̥rniq || me̥rniqëj | |||
|- | |||
| <center><small>''accusative''</small></center> || tape̥m || utpi̥m || me̥rniqim || me̥rniqëjim | |||
|- | |||
| <center><small>''genitive''</small></center> || tape̥š || utpi̥š || me̥rniqaš || me̥rniqëjaš | |||
|- | |||
| <center><small>''dative''</small></center> || tape̥ʔ || utpi̥ʔ || me̥rniqoʔ || me̥rniqëjoʔ | |||
|} | |||
==Adjectives and pronouns== | |||
Adjectives closely resemble the noun form, showing the same exceptions of nouns. Pronouns, instead, may exhibit different forms in the root form. | |||
===Adjectives=== | |||
Both attributive and predicative adjectives are always placed '''after''' the nouns they specify, with a very few exceptions. | |||
ʔinu̥r ure̥hli | |||
<small>(the) young man</small> | |||
jane̥ne ʔinu̥r ure̥hli | |||
<small>(the) man is young</small> | |||
All adjectives agree in case and number with the noun they specify, being declined with the nominal endings. Adjectives are declined in number by following the same rules as the nouns, often displaying similar irregularities. | |||
====Declension of qualifying adjectives==== | |||
Example: aħli̥to, ''big'', and së̥na, ''house''. | |||
{|- | |||
|- | |||
| || colspan="2" | <center>së̥na aħli̥to</center> | |||
|- | |||
| style="width: 100px;"| || style="width: 120px;"|<center><small>''singular''</small></center> || style="width: 120px;"|<center><small>''plural''</small></center> | |||
|- | |||
| <center><small>''nominative''</small></center> || së̥na aħli̥to || osu̥n uħli̥to | |||
|- | |||
| <center><small>''accusative''</small></center> || së̥nam aħli̥tom || osu̥nim uħli̥tom | |||
|- | |||
| <center><small>''genitive''</small></center> || së̥naš aħli̥toš || osu̥naš uħli̥toš | |||
|- | |||
| <center><small>''dative''</small></center> || së̥naʔ aħli̥toʔ || osu̥noʔ uħli̥toʔ | |||
|} | |||
===Personal pronouns=== | |||
Personal pronouns convey only the first two persons (1<sup><small>st</small></sup> and 2<sup><small>nd</small></sup>) in both numbers. | |||
Unlike the nominal declension, and unlike other pronouns, these forms modify the vocalic pattern when declining in the accusative case, exhibiting thus a mixed declension on the same consonantal root. The forms for the genitive and the dative case are regularily built on the accusative form. | |||
They are declined with the same endings as the nominal declension, and select only the animate plural ending, as they always refer to animated entities. | |||
{|- | |||
|- | |||
| style="width: 100px;"| || style="width: 80px;"|<center><small>''1<sup>st</sup> sing.''</small></center> || style="width: 80px;"|<center><small>''2<sup>nd</sup> sing.''</small></center> || style="width: 80px;"|<center><small>''1<sup>st</sup> plur.''</small></center> || style="width: 80px;"|<center><small>''2<sup>nd</sup> plur.''</small></center> | |||
|- | |||
| <center><small>''nominative''</small></center> || i̥l || ḁŕ || lu̥ || o̥ŕe | |||
|- | |||
| <center><small>''accusative''</small></center> || ë̥l || ë̥ŕ || lḁ || ḁŕe | |||
|- | |||
| <center><small>''genitive''</small></center> || ë̥laš || ë̥ŕaš || lḁš || ḁŕeš | |||
|- | |||
| <center><small>''dative''</small></center> || ë̥loʔ || ë̥ŕoʔ || lḁʔ || ḁŕeʔ | |||
|} | |||
All forms, when declined in the genitive case, can play the role of an indeclinable possessive adjective, being after before a noun, or the role of indeclinable possessive pronoun, being placed after a demonstrative pronominal form. | |||
ťere̥k tape̥ ë̥laš annḁm ḁŕeš | |||
<small>my father saw your mother</small> | |||
ťere̥k tape̥ ë̥laš ʔțë̥m ḁŕeš | |||
<small>my father saw yours</small> | |||
===Interrogative pronouns=== | |||
The basic interrogative pronoun is: | |||
{|- | |||
| style="width: 100px;"| || style="width: 100px;"|<center><small>''singular''</small></center> || style="width: 100px;"|<center><small>''plural''</small></center> | |||
|- | |||
| <small>''<center>who / what</center>''</small> || <center>țe̥h</center> || <center>ți̥h</center> | |||
|} | |||
It displays no morphological distinction between animate or inanimate referents. It displays a complete declension and it is declined with the same endings as the nominal declension. | |||
There are also other interrogative pronouns (and adverbs), usually derived from the basic interrogative pronoun: | |||
* oțẙh: where (<small>static location</small>) | |||
* yțḁh: where (<small>motion toward</small>) | |||
* yțho̥š: where... from (<small>motion form</small>) | |||
There are also the following interrogative adjectives: | |||
* țe̥hu : which | |||
Such adjectives, like the demonstrative adjectives, tend to be placed before their nouns. However, in the later period, they can be found after their nouns. They are declined with the same endings as the nominal declension. | |||
Within an interrogative clause, pronouns usually are usually placed in their syntactical position, according to their role, but in the later period they tend to be moved at the beginning of the sentence. In addition, like other parts of the sentences, they can be introduced by prepositions: | |||
jäspo̥ħo nüh țe̥hoʔ? | |||
<small>whom are you talking about?</small> | |||
==Numerals== | ==Numerals== | ||
The numeral system relies on a mixed system of decimal base and a vigesimal base. | The numeral system relies on a mixed system of decimal base and a vigesimal base. | ||
===Cardinal numerals=== | |||
The first ten cardinal numbers are noun-like forms on their own: | The first ten cardinal numbers are noun-like forms on their own: | ||
| Line 184: | Line 334: | ||
<small>to two millions people</small> | <small>to two millions people</small> | ||
===Ordinal numerals=== | |||
Ordinal numerals are formed by adding the ordinal ending -iju/-ju to the cardinal numeral form, with some irregularities: | Ordinal numerals are formed by adding the ordinal ending -iju/-ju to the cardinal numeral form, with some irregularities: | ||
{|- | {|- | ||
| Line 230: | Line 381: | ||
If the numeral form is composite, the ending is added only to the last numeral form: | If the numeral form is composite, the ending is added only to the last numeral form: | ||
*''25<sup>th</sup>'': ʔatru ka fänuju | *''25<sup>th</sup>'': ʔatru ka fänuju | ||
==Verbs== | |||
The verbal system of Memniq language make its distinctions through several introflexive vowel switchings and through suffixation and prefixation. It is easily noticeable that introflexive processes distinguish mood, aspect, and tense, while suffixation and prefixation distinguish person, number, and, limitedly, also tense. | |||
The verbal system is based on the fundamental dichotomy between '''imperfective''' aspect and '''perfective''' aspect. This distinction is conveyed by two different verbal roots for every verbal meaning, the ''imperfective root'' ('''R<sub>imp</sub>''') and the ''perfective root'' ('''R<sub>prf</sub>'''). In triliteral root, distinction is made through introflexion: | |||
'''R<sub>imp</sub>''' = CCVC → '''R<sub>prf</sub>''' = CVCVC | |||
In biliteral roots, similarly, distinction is made through introflexion: | |||
'''R<sub>imp</sub>''' = CVC → '''R<sub>prf</sub>''' = VCVC | |||
Examples: | |||
'''R<sub>imp</sub>''' = qmo̥l- → '''R<sub>prf</sub>''' = qomo̥l- | |||
'''R<sub>imp</sub>''' = še̥k- → '''R<sub>prf</sub>''' = eše̥k- | |||
The verbal system displays the following features: | |||
*'''aspect''': | |||
**imperfective | |||
**perfective | |||
*'''tense''': | |||
**past | |||
**present | |||
**future | |||
*'''mood''': | |||
**''definite moods'': indicative, subjunctive, conditional, optative, imperative | |||
**''indefinite moods'': infinitive, participle | |||
*'''diathesis''': | |||
**active | |||
**passive | |||
*'''valency''': | |||
**declarative | |||
**inferential | |||
All verbs are divided in two groups, called ''conjugations''. Each conjugation is distinguished by a different vowel pattern and by different prefixation and suffixation. Each vowel pattern is identified by a different ''thematic vowel'': '''Conjugation I''' displays -e- as its thematic vowel, while '''conjugation II''' displays -o- as its thematic vowel. The general scheme is: | |||
{| class="wikitable" | |||
|- | |||
| style="width: 90px;"| ''<small>Conjugation I</small>'' || style="width: 90px;"| <center>-e-</center> | |||
|- | |||
| ''<small>Conjugation II</small>'' || <center>-o-</center> | |||
|} | |||
The thematic vowel is usually the primary vowel of the word, and it does not change in the conjugation when conveying aspect, tense or person. Conversely, it undergoes several change when conjugation conveys mood. | |||
The following personal endings are then added to the various aspectual and temporal forms. In this way, verbs show their agreement with the clause subject in person and number, besided introflexive processes: | |||
{| class="wikitable" | |||
|- | |||
| style="width: 90px;"| ''<small>1<sup>st</sup> sing.</small>'' || style="width: 110px;"| <center>-u</center> | |||
|- | |||
| ''<small>2<sup>nd</sup> sing.</small>'' || <center>-u / -o</center> | |||
|- | |||
| ''<small>3<sup>rd</sup> sing.</small>'' || <center><small>''thematic vowel''</small> / Ø</center> | |||
|- | |||
| ''<small>1<sup>st</sup> plur.</small>'' || <center>-m</center> | |||
|- | |||
| ''<small>2<sup>nd</sup> plur.</small>'' || <center>-š</center> | |||
|- | |||
| ''<small>3<sup>rd</sup> plur.</small>'' || <center>-t</center> | |||
|} | |||
Moods are distinguished, conversely, by altering the thematic vowel: | |||
{| class="wikitable" | |||
|- | |||
| style="width: 90px;"| || style="width: 90px;"| <center>''<small>Indicative</small>''</center> || style="width: 90px;"| <center>''<small>Subjunctive</small>''</center> || style="width: 90px;"| <center>''<small>Conditional</small>''</center> || style="width: 90px;"| <center>''<small>Optative</small>''</center> | |||
|- | |||
| style="width: 90px;"| ''<small>Conjugation I</small>'' || style="width: 90px;"| <center>-e-</center> || style="width: 90px;"| <center>-ä-</center> || style="width: 90px;"| <center>-a-</center> || style="width: 90px;"| <center>-i-</center> | |||
|- | |||
| style="width: 90px;"| ''<small>Conjugation II</small>'' || style="width: 90px;"| <center>-o-</center> || style="width: 90px;"| <center>-ü-</center> || style="width: 90px;"| <center>-y-</center> || style="width: 90px;"| <center>-ö-</center> | |||
|} | |||
The imperative forms are built with the same thematic vowel as the indicative forms. | |||
The non-finite verbal forms are meant as nominal/adjectival forms of the same verbs. They do not add the personal endings, but they are declined as nouns or adjectives with the nominal declension endings. | |||
As verbal forms can, however, be formed on both roots. They can also change the thematic vowel according to mood. | |||
The non-finite endings are: | |||
*''infinitive'': -el | |||
*''active participle'': pë- -uś | |||
*''passive participle'': fë- -oś | |||
All verbal forms can show a valency: ''declarative valency'' or ''inferential valency''. Declarative forms are the base forms in conjugation, and they convey information or statements, which the speaker has witnessed or, at least, he has a higher level of confidency about. Declarative forms are also used when the valency of the statement is not regarded as relevant, or for gnomic information. Inferential forms, conversely, refer to information or statements, which the speaker ''has not witnessed'' or he has a higher level of distrust about. | |||
Inferential forms are derived from declarative ones through an infix '''-r-/-l-''', which is placed inside the root, right after the primary vowel. The -l- variant is used only when the adjacent consonat is a rhotic one. | |||
A distinction between an active diathesis and a passive diathesis is made. | |||
===Conjugation of verbs=== | |||
Sample verbs (<small>two samples with a triliteral root, and two samples with a biliteral root</small>): | |||
*'''Conjugation I''': termel, ''to sell'' - šekel, ''to give'' | |||
*'''Conjugation II''': ŕokmel, ''to lead'' - korel, ''to judge'' | |||
====Declarative valency==== | |||
=====Active diathesis===== | |||
======Indicative mood====== | |||
'''Imperfective present''' | |||
In the '''imperfective present''', verbs are conjugated according to the following patterns: | |||
{| class="wikitable" | |||
|- | |||
| || colspan="2" | <center>''<small>conjugation I</small>''</center> || colspan="2" | <center>''<small>conjugation II</small>''</center> | |||
|- | |||
| style="width: 70px;"| || style="width: 150px;"| <center>''<small>triliteral root</small>''</center> || style="width: 150px;"| <center>''<small>biliteral root</small>''</center> || style="width: 150px;"| <center>''<small>triliteral root</small>''</center> || style="width: 150px;"| <center>''<small>biliteral root</small>''</center> | |||
|- | |||
| ''<small>1<sup>st</sup> sing.</small>'' || <center>'''jo'''CC'''e̥'''C'''u'''</center> || <center>'''jo'''C'''e̥'''C'''u'''</center> || <center>'''jo'''CC'''o̥'''C'''u'''</center> || <center>'''jo'''C'''o̥'''C'''u'''</center> | |||
|- | |||
| ''<small>2<sup>nd</sup> sing.</small>'' || <center>'''ja'''CC'''e̥'''C'''u'''</center> || <center>'''ja'''C'''e̥'''C'''u'''</center> || <center>'''jä'''CC'''o̥'''C'''u'''</center> || <center>'''jä'''C'''o̥'''C'''u'''</center> | |||
|- | |||
| ''<small>3<sup>rd</sup> sing.</small>'' || <center>'''ja'''CC'''e̥'''C'''e'''</center> || <center>'''ja'''C'''e̥'''C'''e'''</center> || <center>'''jä'''CC'''o̥'''C'''o'''</center> || <center>'''jä'''C'''o̥'''C'''o'''</center> | |||
|- | |||
| ''<small>1<sup>st</sup> plur.</small>'' || <center>CC'''e̥'''C'''em'''</center> || <center>C'''e̥'''C'''em'''</center> || <center>CC'''o̥'''C'''om'''</center> || <center>C'''o̥'''C'''om'''</center> | |||
|- | |||
| ''<small>2<sup>nd</sup> plur.</small>'' || <center>CC'''e̥'''C'''eš'''</center> || <center>C'''e̥'''C'''eš'''</center> || <center>CC'''o̥'''C'''oš'''</center> || <center>C'''o̥'''C'''oš'''</center> | |||
|- | |||
| ''<small>3<sup>rd</sup> plur.</small>'' || <center>CC'''e̥'''C'''et'''</center> || <center>C'''e̥'''C'''et'''</center> || <center>CC'''o̥'''C'''ot'''</center> || <center>C'''o̥'''C'''ot'''</center> | |||
|} | |||
Examples: | |||
{| class="wikitable" | |||
|- | |||
| style="width: 70px;"| || style="width: 150px;"| <center>''<small>termel</small>''</center> || style="width: 150px;"| <center>''<small>šekel</small>''</center> || style="width: 150px;"| <center>''<small>ŕokmel</small>''</center> || style="width: 150px;"| <center>''<small>korel</small>''</center> | |||
|- | |||
| ''<small>1<sup>st</sup> sing.</small>'' || <center>jotre̥mu</center> || <center>joše̥ku</center> || <center>joŕko̥mu</center> || <center>joko̥ru</center> | |||
|- | |||
| ''<small>2<sup>nd</sup> sing.</small>'' || <center>jatre̥mu</center> || <center>jaše̥ku</center> || <center>jäŕko̥mu</center> || <center>jäko̥ru</center> | |||
|- | |||
| ''<small>3<sup>rd</sup> sing.</small>'' || <center>jatre̥me</center> || <center>jaše̥ke</center> || <center>jäŕko̥mo</center> || <center>jäko̥ro</center> | |||
|- | |||
| ''<small>1<sup>st</sup> plur.</small>'' || <center>tre̥mem</center> || <center>še̥kem</center> || <center>ŕko̥mom</center> || <center>ko̥rom</center> | |||
|- | |||
| ''<small>2<sup>nd</sup> plur.</small>'' || <center>tre̥meš</center> || <center>še̥keš</center> || <center>ŕko̥moš</center> || <center>ko̥roš</center> | |||
|- | |||
| ''<small>3<sup>rd</sup> plur.</small>'' || <center>tre̥met</center> || <center>še̥ket</center> || <center>ŕko̥mot</center> || <center>ko̥rot</center> | |||
|} | |||
In the conjugation of triliteral roots, an euphonic vowel -ë- can be inserted in the three plural persons, if an unallowed initial consonant cluster appears. | |||
{| class="wikitable" | |||
|- | |||
| || <center>''<small>conjugation I</small>''</center> || <center>''<small>conjugation II</small>''</center> | |||
|- | |||
| style="width: 70px;"| || style="width: 150px;"| <center>''<small>triliteral root</small>''</center> || style="width: 150px;"| <center>''<small>triliteral root</small>''</center> | |||
|- | |||
| ''<small>1<sup>st</sup> sing.</small>'' || <center>'''jo'''CC'''e̥'''C'''u'''</center> || <center>'''jo'''CC'''o̥'''C'''u'''</center> | |||
|- | |||
| ''<small>2<sup>nd</sup> sing.</small>'' || <center>'''ja'''CC'''e̥'''C'''u'''</center> || <center>'''jä'''CC'''o̥'''C'''u'''</center> | |||
|- | |||
| ''<small>3<sup>rd</sup> sing.</small>'' || <center>'''ja'''CC'''e̥'''C'''e'''</center> || <center>'''jä'''CC'''o̥'''C'''o'''</center> | |||
|- | |||
| ''<small>1<sup>st</sup> plur.</small>'' || <center>C'''ë'''C'''e̥'''C'''em'''</center> || <center>C'''ë'''C'''o̥'''C'''om'''</center> | |||
|- | |||
| ''<small>2<sup>nd</sup> plur.</small>'' || <center>C'''ë'''C'''e̥'''C'''eš'''</center> || <center>C'''ë'''C'''o̥'''C'''oš'''</center> | |||
|- | |||
| ''<small>3<sup>rd</sup> plur.</small>'' || <center>C'''ë'''C'''e̥'''C'''et'''</center> || <center>C'''ë'''C'''o̥'''C'''ot'''</center> | |||
|} | |||
With the sample verbs fekçel, ''to count'', and fosrel, ''to hear'': | |||
{| class="wikitable" | |||
|- | |||
| style="width: 70px;"| || style="width: 150px;"| <center>''<small>fekçel</small>''</center> || style="width: 150px;"| <center>''<small>fosrel</small>''</center> | |||
|- | |||
| ''<small>1<sup>st</sup> sing.</small>'' || <center>jofke̥çu</center> || <center>jofso̥ru</center> | |||
|- | |||
| ''<small>2<sup>nd</sup> sing.</small>'' || <center>jafke̥çu</center> || <center>jäfso̥ru</center> | |||
|- | |||
| ''<small>3<sup>rd</sup> sing.</small>'' || <center>jafke̥çe</center> || <center>jäfso̥ro</center> | |||
|- | |||
| ''<small>1<sup>st</sup> plur.</small>'' || <center>fëke̥çem</center> || <center>fëso̥rom</center> | |||
|- | |||
| ''<small>2<sup>nd</sup> plur.</small>'' || <center>fëke̥çeš</center> || <center>fëso̥roš</center> | |||
|- | |||
| ''<small>3<sup>rd</sup> plur.</small>'' || <center>fëke̥çet</center> || <center>fëso̥rot</center> | |||
|} | |||
When a verb is derived from another verbal form through a derivative infix, this infix does not change in conjugation and stays next to the primary vowel inside the conjugation patterns. | |||
With the sample verbs kyse̥nsel, ''to fall asleep'', še̥jakel, ''to give as a present'', lo̥xaqŕel, ''to exploit'', and fosrel, ''to expel, to exile'': | |||
{| class="wikitable" | |||
|- | |||
| style="width: 70px;"| || style="width: 150px;"| <center>''<small>kyse̥nsel</small>''</center> || style="width: 150px;"| <center>''<small>šejakel</small>''</center> || style="width: 150px;"| <center>''<small>loxaqŕel</small>''</center> || style="width: 150px;"| <center>''<small>śojuʔel</small>''</center> | |||
|- | |||
| ''<small>1<sup>st</sup> sing.</small>'' || <center>joknyse̥mu</center> || <center>joše̥jaku</center> || <center>jolqo̥xamu</center> || <center>jośo̥juʔu</center> | |||
|- | |||
| ''<small>2<sup>nd</sup> sing.</small>'' || <center>jaknyse̥mu</center> || <center>jaše̥jaku</center> || <center>jälqo̥xamu</center> || <center>jäśo̥juʔu</center> | |||
|- | |||
| ''<small>3<sup>rd</sup> sing.</small>'' || <center>jaknyse̥me</center> || <center>jaše̥jake</center> || <center>jälqo̥xamo</center> || <center>jäśo̥juʔo</center> | |||
|- | |||
| ''<small>1<sup>st</sup> plur.</small>'' || <center>knyse̥mem</center> || <center>še̥jakem</center> || <center>lqo̥xamom</center> || <center>śo̥juʔom</center> | |||
|- | |||
| ''<small>2<sup>nd</sup> plur.</small>'' || <center>knyse̥meš</center> || <center>še̥jakeš</center> || <center>lqo̥xamoš</center> || <center>śo̥juʔoš</center> | |||
|- | |||
| ''<small>3<sup>rd</sup> plur.</small>'' || <center>knyse̥met</center> || <center>še̥jaket</center> || <center>lqo̥xamot</center> || <center>śo̥juʔot</center> | |||
|} | |||
When a verb is derived from another verbal form through a derivative prefix, this prefix does not change in conjugation and stays before the first root consonant. Other prefixes of the conjugation patterns are placed before the derivative prefixes. | |||
With the sample verbs sqäțe̥xsel, ''to safeguard'', and nöʔcico̥rel, ''to sacrifice'': | |||
{| class="wikitable" | |||
|- | |||
| style="width: 70px;"| || style="width: 150px;"| <center>''<small>fekçel</small>''</center> || style="width: 150px;"| <center>''<small>fosrel</small>''</center> | |||
|- | |||
| ''<small>1<sup>st</sup> sing.</small>'' || <center>josqäțxe̥su</center> || <center>jonöʔcico̥ru</center> | |||
|- | |||
| ''<small>2<sup>nd</sup> sing.</small>'' || <center>jasqäțxe̥su</center> || <center>jänöʔcico̥ru</center> | |||
|- | |||
| ''<small>3<sup>rd</sup> sing.</small>'' || <center>jasqäțxe̥se</center> || <center>jänöʔcico̥ro</center> | |||
|- | |||
| ''<small>1<sup>st</sup> plur.</small>'' || <center>sqäțxe̥sem</center> || <center>nöʔcico̥rom</center> | |||
|- | |||
| ''<small>2<sup>nd</sup> plur.</small>'' || <center>sqäțxe̥seš</center> || <center>nöʔcico̥roš</center> | |||
|- | |||
| ''<small>3<sup>rd</sup> plur.</small>'' || <center>sqäțxe̥set</center> || <center>nöʔcico̥rot</center> | |||
|} | |||
'''Imperfective past''' | |||
In the '''imperfective past''', verbs are conjugated according to the following patterns: | |||
{| class="wikitable" | |||
|- | |||
| || colspan="2" | <center>''<small>conjugation I</small>''</center> || colspan="2" | <center>''<small>conjugation II</small>''</center> | |||
|- | |||
| style="width: 70px;"| || style="width: 150px;"| <center>''<small>triliteral root</small>''</center> || style="width: 150px;"| <center>''<small>biliteral root</small>''</center> || style="width: 150px;"| <center>''<small>triliteral root</small>''</center> || style="width: 150px;"| <center>''<small>biliteral root</small>''</center> | |||
|- | |||
| ''<small>1<sup>st</sup> sing.</small>'' || <center>CC'''e̥'''C'''u'''</center> || <center>C'''e̥'''C'''u'''</center> || <center>CC'''o̥'''C'''u'''</center> || <center>C'''o̥'''C'''u'''</center> | |||
|- | |||
| ''<small>2<sup>nd</sup> sing.</small>'' || <center>CC'''e̥'''C'''u'''</center> || <center>C'''e̥'''C'''u'''</center> || <center>CC'''o̥'''C'''u'''</center> || <center>C'''o̥'''C'''u'''</center> | |||
|- | |||
| ''<small>3<sup>rd</sup> sing.</small>'' || <center>CC'''e̥'''C'''e'''</center> || <center>C'''e̥'''C'''e'''</center> || <center>CC'''o̥'''C'''o'''</center> || <center>C'''o̥'''C'''o'''</center> | |||
|- | |||
| ''<small>1<sup>st</sup> plur.</small>'' || <center>CC'''e̥'''C'''im'''</center> || <center>C'''e̥'''C'''im'''</center> || <center>CC'''o̥'''C'''um'''</center> || <center>C'''o̥'''C'''um'''</center> | |||
|- | |||
| ''<small>2<sup>nd</sup> plur.</small>'' || <center>CC'''e̥'''C'''iš'''</center> || <center>C'''e̥'''C'''iš'''</center> || <center>CC'''o̥'''C'''uš'''</center> || <center>C'''o̥'''C'''uš'''</center> | |||
|- | |||
| ''<small>3<sup>rd</sup> plur.</small>'' || <center>CC'''e̥'''C'''it'''</center> || <center>C'''e̥'''C'''it'''</center> || <center>CC'''o̥'''C'''ut'''</center> || <center>C'''o̥'''C'''ut'''</center> | |||
|} | |||
Examples: | |||
{| class="wikitable" | |||
|- | |||
| style="width: 70px;"| || style="width: 150px;"| <center>''<small>termel</small>''</center> || style="width: 150px;"| <center>''<small>šekel</small>''</center> || style="width: 150px;"| <center>''<small>ŕokmel</small>''</center> || style="width: 150px;"| <center>''<small>korel</small>''</center> | |||
|- | |||
| ''<small>1<sup>st</sup> sing.</small>'' || <center>tre̥mu</center> || <center>še̥ku</center> || <center>ŕko̥mu</center> || <center>ko̥ru</center> | |||
|- | |||
| ''<small>2<sup>nd</sup> sing.</small>'' || <center>tre̥mu</center> || <center>še̥ku</center> || <center>ŕko̥mu</center> || <center>ko̥ru</center> | |||
|- | |||
| ''<small>3<sup>rd</sup> sing.</small>'' || <center>tre̥me</center> || <center>še̥ke</center> || <center>ŕko̥mo</center> || <center>ko̥ro</center> | |||
|- | |||
| ''<small>1<sup>st</sup> plur.</small>'' || <center>tre̥mim</center> || <center>še̥kim</center> || <center>ŕko̥mum</center> || <center>ko̥rum</center> | |||
|- | |||
| ''<small>2<sup>nd</sup> plur.</small>'' || <center>tre̥miš</center> || <center>še̥kiš</center> || <center>ŕko̥muš</center> || <center>ko̥ruš</center> | |||
|- | |||
| ''<small>3<sup>rd</sup> plur.</small>'' || <center>tre̥mit</center> || <center>še̥kit</center> || <center>ŕko̥mut</center> || <center>ko̥rut</center> | |||
|} | |||
In the conjugation of triliteral roots, an euphonic vowel -ë- can be inserted in all persons, if an unallowed initial consonant cluster appears. | |||
{| class="wikitable" | |||
|- | |||
| || <center>''<small>conjugation I</small>''</center> || <center>''<small>conjugation II</small>''</center> | |||
|- | |||
| style="width: 70px;"| || style="width: 150px;"| <center>''<small>triliteral root</small>''</center> || style="width: 150px;"| <center>''<small>triliteral root</small>''</center> | |||
|- | |||
| ''<small>1<sup>st</sup> sing.</small>'' || <center>C'''ë'''C'''e̥'''C'''u'''</center> || <center>C'''ë'''C'''o̥'''C'''u'''</center> | |||
|- | |||
| ''<small>2<sup>nd</sup> sing.</small>'' || <center>C'''ë'''C'''e̥'''C'''u'''</center> || <center>C'''ë'''C'''o̥'''C'''u'''</center> | |||
|- | |||
| ''<small>3<sup>rd</sup> sing.</small>'' || <center>C'''ë'''C'''e̥'''C'''e'''</center> || <center>C'''ë'''C'''o̥'''C'''o'''</center> | |||
|- | |||
| ''<small>1<sup>st</sup> plur.</small>'' || <center>C'''ë'''C'''e̥'''C'''im'''</center> || <center>C'''ë'''C'''o̥'''C'''um'''</center> | |||
|- | |||
| ''<small>2<sup>nd</sup> plur.</small>'' || <center>C'''ë'''C'''e̥'''C'''iš'''</center> || <center>C'''ë'''C'''o̥'''C'''uš'''</center> | |||
|- | |||
| ''<small>3<sup>rd</sup> plur.</small>'' || <center>C'''ë'''C'''e̥'''C'''it'''</center> || <center>C'''ë'''C'''o̥'''C'''ut'''</center> | |||
|} | |||
With the sample verbs fekçel, ''to count'', and fosrel, ''to hear'': | |||
{| class="wikitable" | |||
|- | |||
| style="width: 70px;"| || style="width: 150px;"| <center>''<small>fekçel</small>''</center> || style="width: 150px;"| <center>''<small>fosrel</small>''</center> | |||
|- | |||
| ''<small>1<sup>st</sup> sing.</small>'' || <center>fëke̥çu</center> || <center>fëso̥ru</center> | |||
|- | |||
| ''<small>2<sup>nd</sup> sing.</small>'' || <center>fëke̥çu</center> || <center>fëso̥ru</center> | |||
|- | |||
| ''<small>3<sup>rd</sup> sing.</small>'' || <center>fëke̥çe</center> || <center>fëso̥ro</center> | |||
|- | |||
| ''<small>1<sup>st</sup> plur.</small>'' || <center>fëke̥çim</center> || <center>fëso̥rum</center> | |||
|- | |||
| ''<small>2<sup>nd</sup> plur.</small>'' || <center>fëke̥çiš</center> || <center>fëso̥ruš</center> | |||
|- | |||
| ''<small>3<sup>rd</sup> plur.</small>'' || <center>fëke̥çit</center> || <center>fëso̥rut</center> | |||
|} | |||
When a verb is derived from another verbal form through a derivative infix, this infix does not change in conjugation and stays next to the primary vowel inside the conjugation patterns. | |||
With the sample verbs kyse̥nsel, ''to fall asleep'', še̥jakel, ''to give as a present'', lo̥xaqŕel, ''to exploit'', and fosrel, ''to expel, to exile'': | |||
{| class="wikitable" | |||
|- | |||
| style="width: 70px;"| || style="width: 150px;"| <center>''<small>kyse̥nsel</small>''</center> || style="width: 150px;"| <center>''<small>šejakel</small>''</center> || style="width: 150px;"| <center>''<small>loxaqŕel</small>''</center> || style="width: 150px;"| <center>''<small>śojuʔel</small>''</center> | |||
|- | |||
| ''<small>1<sup>st</sup> sing.</small>'' || <center>knyse̥mu</center> || <center>še̥jaku</center> || <center>lqo̥xamu</center> || <center>śo̥juʔu</center> | |||
|- | |||
| ''<small>2<sup>nd</sup> sing.</small>'' || <center>knyse̥mu</center> || <center>še̥jaku</center> || <center>lqo̥xamu</center> || <center>śo̥juʔu</center> | |||
|- | |||
| ''<small>3<sup>rd</sup> sing.</small>'' || <center>knyse̥me</center> || <center>še̥jake</center> || <center>lqo̥xamo</center> || <center>śo̥juʔo</center> | |||
|- | |||
| ''<small>1<sup>st</sup> plur.</small>'' || <center>knyse̥mim</center> || <center>še̥jakim</center> || <center>lqo̥xamum</center> || <center>śo̥juʔum</center> | |||
|- | |||
| ''<small>2<sup>nd</sup> plur.</small>'' || <center>knyse̥miš</center> || <center>še̥jakiš</center> || <center>lqo̥xamuš</center> || <center>śo̥juʔuš</center> | |||
|- | |||
| ''<small>3<sup>rd</sup> plur.</small>'' || <center>knyse̥mit</center> || <center>še̥jakit</center> || <center>lqo̥xamut</center> || <center>śo̥juʔut</center> | |||
|} | |||
'''Imperfective future''' | |||
In the '''imperfective future''', verbs are conjugated according to the following patterns: | |||
{| class="wikitable" | |||
|- | |||
| || colspan="2" | <center>''<small>conjugation I</small>''</center> || colspan="2" | <center>''<small>conjugation II</small>''</center> | |||
|- | |||
| style="width: 70px;"| || style="width: 150px;"| <center>''<small>triliteral root</small>''</center> || style="width: 150px;"| <center>''<small>biliteral root</small>''</center> || style="width: 150px;"| <center>''<small>triliteral root</small>''</center> || style="width: 150px;"| <center>''<small>biliteral root</small>''</center> | |||
|- | |||
| ''<small>1<sup>st</sup> sing.</small>'' || <center>'''ju'''CC'''e̥'''C'''u'''</center> || <center>'''ju'''C'''e̥'''C'''u'''</center> || <center>'''ju'''CC'''o̥'''C'''u'''</center> || <center>'''ju'''C'''o̥'''C'''u'''</center> | |||
|- | |||
| ''<small>2<sup>nd</sup> sing.</small>'' || <center>'''jö'''CC'''e̥'''C'''u'''</center> || <center>'''jö'''C'''e̥'''C'''u'''</center> || <center>'''jü'''CC'''o̥'''C'''u'''</center> || <center>'''jü'''C'''o̥'''C'''u'''</center> | |||
|- | |||
| ''<small>3<sup>rd</sup> sing.</small>'' || <center>'''jö'''CC'''e̥'''C'''e'''</center> || <center>'''jö'''C'''e̥'''C'''e'''</center> || <center>'''jü'''CC'''o̥'''C'''o'''</center> || <center>'''jü'''C'''o̥'''C'''o'''</center> | |||
|- | |||
| ''<small>1<sup>st</sup> plur.</small>'' || <center>'''ë'''CC'''e̥'''C'''em'''</center> || <center>'''ë'''C'''e̥'''C'''em'''</center> || <center>'''ë'''CC'''o̥'''C'''om'''</center> || <center>'''ë'''C'''o̥'''C'''om'''</center> | |||
|- | |||
| ''<small>2<sup>nd</sup> plur.</small>'' || <center>'''ë'''CC'''e̥'''C'''eš'''</center> || <center>'''ë'''C'''e̥'''C'''eš'''</center> || <center>'''ë'''CC'''o̥'''C'''oš'''</center> || <center>'''ë'''C'''o̥'''C'''oš'''</center> | |||
|- | |||
| ''<small>3<sup>rd</sup> plur.</small>'' || <center>'''ë'''CC'''e̥'''C'''et'''</center> || <center>'''ë'''C'''e̥'''C'''et'''</center> || <center>'''ë'''CC'''o̥'''C'''ot'''</center> || <center>'''ë'''C'''o̥'''C'''ot'''</center> | |||
|} | |||
Examples: | |||
{| class="wikitable" | |||
|- | |||
| style="width: 70px;"| || style="width: 150px;"| <center>''<small>termel</small>''</center> || style="width: 150px;"| <center>''<small>šekel</small>''</center> || style="width: 150px;"| <center>''<small>ŕokmel</small>''</center> || style="width: 150px;"| <center>''<small>korel</small>''</center> | |||
|- | |||
| ''<small>1<sup>st</sup> sing.</small>'' || <center>jutre̥mu</center> || <center>juše̥ku</center> || <center>juŕko̥mu</center> || <center>juko̥ru</center> | |||
|- | |||
| ''<small>2<sup>nd</sup> sing.</small>'' || <center>jötre̥mu</center> || <center>jöše̥ku</center> || <center>jüŕko̥mu</center> || <center>jüko̥ru</center> | |||
|- | |||
| ''<small>3<sup>rd</sup> sing.</small>'' || <center>jötre̥me</center> || <center>jöše̥ke</center> || <center>jüŕko̥mo</center> || <center>jüko̥ro</center> | |||
|- | |||
| ''<small>1<sup>st</sup> plur.</small>'' || <center>ëtre̥mem</center> || <center>ëše̥kem</center> || <center>ëŕko̥mom</center> || <center>ëko̥rom</center> | |||
|- | |||
| ''<small>2<sup>nd</sup> plur.</small>'' || <center>ëtre̥meš</center> || <center>ëše̥keš</center> || <center>ëŕko̥moš</center> || <center>ëko̥roš</center> | |||
|- | |||
| ''<small>3<sup>rd</sup> plur.</small>'' || <center>ëtre̥met</center> || <center>ëše̥ket</center> || <center>ëŕko̥mot</center> || <center>ëko̥rot</center> | |||
|} | |||
When a verb is derived from another verbal form through a derivative infix, this infix does not change in conjugation and stays next to the primary vowel inside the conjugation patterns. | |||
With the sample verbs kyse̥nsel, ''to fall asleep'', še̥jakel, ''to give as a present'', lo̥xaqŕel, ''to exploit'', and fosrel, ''to expel, to exile'': | |||
{| class="wikitable" | |||
|- | |||
| style="width: 70px;"| || style="width: 150px;"| <center>''<small>kyse̥nsel</small>''</center> || style="width: 150px;"| <center>''<small>šejakel</small>''</center> || style="width: 150px;"| <center>''<small>loxaqŕel</small>''</center> || style="width: 150px;"| <center>''<small>śojuʔel</small>''</center> | |||
|- | |||
| ''<small>1<sup>st</sup> sing.</small>'' || <center>juknyse̥mu</center> || <center>juše̥jaku</center> || <center>julqo̥xamu</center> || <center>juśo̥juʔu</center> | |||
|- | |||
| ''<small>2<sup>nd</sup> sing.</small>'' || <center>jöknyse̥mu</center> || <center>jöše̥jaku</center> || <center>jülqo̥xamu</center> || <center>jüśo̥juʔu</center> | |||
|- | |||
| ''<small>3<sup>rd</sup> sing.</small>'' || <center>jöknyse̥me</center> || <center>jöše̥jake</center> || <center>jülqo̥xamo</center> || <center>jüśo̥juʔo</center> | |||
|- | |||
| ''<small>1<sup>st</sup> plur.</small>'' || <center>ëknyse̥mem</center> || <center>ëše̥jakem</center> || <center>ëlqo̥xamom</center> || <center>ëśo̥juʔom</center> | |||
|- | |||
| ''<small>2<sup>nd</sup> plur.</small>'' || <center>ëknyse̥meš</center> || <center>ëše̥jakeš</center> || <center>ëlqo̥xamoš</center> || <center>ëśo̥juʔoš</center> | |||
|- | |||
| ''<small>3<sup>rd</sup> plur.</small>'' || <center>ëknyse̥met</center> || <center>ëše̥jaket</center> || <center>ëlqo̥xamot</center> || <center>ëśo̥juʔot</center> | |||
|} | |||
When a verb is derived from another verbal form through a derivative prefix, this prefix does not change in conjugation and stays before the first root consonant. Other prefixes of the conjugation patterns are placed before the derivative prefixes. | |||
With the sample verbs sqäțe̥xsel, ''to safeguard'', and nöʔcico̥rel, ''to sacrifice'': | |||
{| class="wikitable" | |||
|- | |||
| style="width: 70px;"| || style="width: 150px;"| <center>''<small>fekçel</small>''</center> || style="width: 150px;"| <center>''<small>fosrel</small>''</center> | |||
|- | |||
| ''<small>1<sup>st</sup> sing.</small>'' || <center>jusqäțxe̥su</center> || <center>junöʔcico̥ru</center> | |||
|- | |||
| ''<small>2<sup>nd</sup> sing.</small>'' || <center>jösqäțxe̥su</center> || <center>jönöʔcico̥ru</center> | |||
|- | |||
| ''<small>3<sup>rd</sup> sing.</small>'' || <center>jösqäțxe̥se</center> || <center>jönöʔcico̥ro</center> | |||
|- | |||
| ''<small>1<sup>st</sup> plur.</small>'' || <center>ësqäțxe̥sem</center> || <center>ënöʔcico̥rom</center> | |||
|- | |||
| ''<small>2<sup>nd</sup> plur.</small>'' || <center>ësqäțxe̥seš</center> || <center>ënöʔcico̥roš</center> | |||
|- | |||
| ''<small>3<sup>rd</sup> plur.</small>'' || <center>ësqäțxe̥set</center> || <center>ënöʔcico̥rot</center> | |||
|} | |||
'''Perfective present''' | |||
In the '''perfective present''' or '''perfect''', verbs are conjugated according to the following patterns: | |||
{| class="wikitable" | |||
|- | |||
| || colspan="2" | <center>''<small>conjugation I</small>''</center> || colspan="2" | <center>''<small>conjugation II</small>''</center> | |||
|- | |||
| style="width: 70px;"| || style="width: 150px;"| <center>''<small>triliteral root</small>''</center> || style="width: 150px;"| <center>''<small>biliteral root</small>''</center> || style="width: 150px;"| <center>''<small>triliteral root</small>''</center> || style="width: 150px;"| <center>''<small>biliteral root</small>''</center> | |||
|- | |||
| ''<small>1<sup>st</sup> sing.</small>'' || <center>'''jo'''C'''e'''C'''e̥'''C'''u'''</center> || <center>'''je'''C'''e̥'''C'''u'''</center> || <center>'''jo'''C'''o'''C'''o̥'''C'''u'''</center> || <center>'''je'''C'''o̥'''C'''u'''</center> | |||
|- | |||
| ''<small>2<sup>nd</sup> sing.</small>'' || <center>'''ja'''C'''i'''C'''e̥'''C'''u'''</center> || <center>'''ji'''C'''e̥'''C'''u'''</center> || <center>'''jä'''C'''u'''C'''o̥'''C'''u'''</center> || <center>'''ju'''C'''o̥'''C'''u'''</center> | |||
|- | |||
| ''<small>3<sup>rd</sup> sing.</small>'' || <center>'''ja'''C'''e'''C'''e̥'''C</center> || <center>'''je'''C'''e̥'''C</center> || <center>'''jä'''C'''o'''C'''o̥'''C</center> || <center>'''je'''C'''o̥'''C</center> | |||
|- | |||
| ''<small>1<sup>st</sup> plur.</small>'' || <center>C'''e'''C'''e̥'''C'''im'''</center> || <center>'''e'''C'''e̥'''C'''im'''</center> || <center>C'''o'''C'''o̥'''C'''um'''</center> || <center>'''o'''C'''o̥'''C'''um'''</center> | |||
|- | |||
| ''<small>2<sup>nd</sup> plur.</small>'' || <center>C'''i'''C'''e̥'''C'''iš'''</center> || <center>'''i'''C'''e̥'''C'''iš'''</center> || <center>C'''u'''C'''o̥'''C'''uš'''</center> || <center>'''u'''C'''o̥'''C'''uš'''</center> | |||
|- | |||
| ''<small>3<sup>rd</sup> plur.</small>'' || <center>C'''e'''C'''e̥'''C'''it'''</center> || <center>'''e'''C'''e̥'''C'''it'''</center> || <center>C'''o'''C'''o̥'''C'''ut'''</center> || <center>'''o'''C'''o̥'''C'''ut'''</center> | |||
|} | |||
Examples: | |||
{| class="wikitable" | |||
|- | |||
| style="width: 70px;"| || style="width: 150px;"| <center>''<small>termel</small>''</center> || style="width: 150px;"| <center>''<small>šekel</small>''</center> || style="width: 150px;"| <center>''<small>ŕokmel</small>''</center> || style="width: 150px;"| <center>''<small>korel</small>''</center> | |||
|- | |||
| ''<small>1<sup>st</sup> sing.</small>'' || <center>jotere̥mu</center> || <center>ješe̥ku</center> || <center>joŕoko̥mu</center> || <center>jeko̥ru</center> | |||
|- | |||
| ''<small>2<sup>nd</sup> sing.</small>'' || <center>jatire̥mu</center> || <center>jiše̥ku</center> || <center>jäŕuko̥mu</center> || <center>juko̥ru</center> | |||
|- | |||
| ''<small>3<sup>rd</sup> sing.</small>'' || <center>jatere̥m</center> || <center>ješe̥k</center> || <center>jäŕoko̥m</center> || <center>jeko̥r</center> | |||
|- | |||
| ''<small>1<sup>st</sup> plur.</small>'' || <center>tere̥mim</center> || <center>eše̥kim</center> || <center>ŕoko̥mum</center> || <center>oko̥rum</center> | |||
|- | |||
| ''<small>2<sup>nd</sup> plur.</small>'' || <center>tire̥miš</center> || <center>iše̥kiš</center> || <center>ŕuko̥muš</center> || <center>uko̥ruš</center> | |||
|- | |||
| ''<small>3<sup>rd</sup> plur.</small>'' || <center>tere̥mit</center> || <center>eše̥kit</center> || <center>ŕoko̥mut</center> || <center>oko̥rut</center> | |||
|} | |||
When a verb is derived from another verbal form through a derivative infix, this infix does not change in conjugation and stays next to the primary vowel inside the conjugation patterns. | |||
With the sample verbs kyse̥nsel, ''to fall asleep'', še̥jakel, ''to give as a present'', lo̥xaqŕel, ''to exploit'', and fosrel, ''to expel, to exile'': | |||
{| class="wikitable" | |||
|- | |||
| style="width: 70px;"| || style="width: 150px;"| <center>''<small>kyse̥nsel</small>''</center> || style="width: 150px;"| <center>''<small>šejakel</small>''</center> || style="width: 150px;"| <center>''<small>loxaqŕel</small>''</center> || style="width: 150px;"| <center>''<small>śojuʔel</small>''</center> | |||
|- | |||
| ''<small>1<sup>st</sup> sing.</small>'' || <center>jokenyse̥mu</center> || <center>ješe̥jaku</center> || <center>joloqo̥xamu</center> || <center>jeśo̥juʔu</center> | |||
|- | |||
| ''<small>2<sup>nd</sup> sing.</small>'' || <center>jakinyse̥mu</center> || <center>jiše̥jaku</center> || <center>jäluqo̥xamu</center> || <center>juśo̥juʔu</center> | |||
|- | |||
| ''<small>3<sup>rd</sup> sing.</small>'' || <center>jakenyse̥m</center> || <center>ješe̥jak</center> || <center>jäloqo̥xam</center> || <center>jeśo̥juʔ</center> | |||
|- | |||
| ''<small>1<sup>st</sup> plur.</small>'' || <center>kenyse̥mim</center> || <center>eše̥jakim</center> || <center>loqo̥xamum</center> || <center>ośo̥juʔum</center> | |||
|- | |||
| ''<small>2<sup>nd</sup> plur.</small>'' || <center>kinyse̥miš</center> || <center>iše̥jakiš</center> || <center>luqo̥xamuš</center> || <center>uśo̥juʔuš</center> | |||
|- | |||
| ''<small>3<sup>rd</sup> plur.</small>'' || <center>kenyse̥mit</center> || <center>eše̥jakit</center> || <center>loqo̥xamut</center> || <center>ośo̥juʔut</center> | |||
|} | |||
'''Perfective past''' | |||
In the '''perfective past''', verbs are conjugated according to the following patterns: | |||
{| class="wikitable" | |||
|- | |||
| || colspan="2" | <center>''<small>conjugation I</small>''</center> || colspan="2" | <center>''<small>conjugation II</small>''</center> | |||
|- | |||
| style="width: 70px;"| || style="width: 150px;"| <center>''<small>triliteral root</small>''</center> || style="width: 150px;"| <center>''<small>biliteral root</small>''</center> || style="width: 150px;"| <center>''<small>triliteral root</small>''</center> || style="width: 150px;"| <center>''<small>biliteral root</small>''</center> | |||
|- | |||
| ''<small>1<sup>st</sup> sing.</small>'' || <center>C'''e'''C'''e̥'''C'''u'''</center> || <center>'''e'''C'''e̥'''C'''u'''</center> || <center>C'''o'''C'''o̥'''C'''u'''</center> || <center>'''o'''C'''o̥'''C'''u'''</center> | |||
|- | |||
| ''<small>2<sup>nd</sup> sing.</small>'' || <center>C'''i'''C'''e̥'''C'''u'''</center> || <center>'''i'''C'''e̥'''C'''u'''</center> || <center>C'''u'''C'''o̥'''C'''u'''</center> || <center>'''u'''C'''o̥'''C'''u'''</center> | |||
|- | |||
| ''<small>3<sup>rd</sup> sing.</small>'' || <center>C'''e'''C'''e̥'''C</center> || <center>'''e'''C'''e̥'''C</center> || <center>C'''o'''C'''o̥'''C</center> || <center>'''o'''C'''o̥'''C</center> | |||
|- | |||
| ''<small>1<sup>st</sup> plur.</small>'' || <center>C'''e'''C'''e̥'''C'''em'''</center> || <center>'''e'''C'''e̥'''C'''em'''</center> || <center>C'''o'''C'''o̥'''C'''om'''</center> || <center>'''o'''C'''o̥'''C'''om'''</center> | |||
|- | |||
| ''<small>2<sup>nd</sup> plur.</small>'' || <center>C'''i'''C'''e̥'''C'''eš'''</center> || <center>'''i'''C'''e̥'''C'''eš'''</center> || <center>C'''u'''C'''o̥'''C'''oš'''</center> || <center>'''u'''C'''o̥'''C'''oš'''</center> | |||
|- | |||
| ''<small>3<sup>rd</sup> plur.</small>'' || <center>C'''e'''C'''e̥'''C'''et'''</center> || <center>'''e'''C'''e̥'''C'''et'''</center> || <center>C'''o'''C'''o̥'''C'''ot'''</center> || <center>'''o'''C'''o̥'''C'''ot'''</center> | |||
|} | |||
Examples: | |||
{| class="wikitable" | |||
|- | |||
| style="width: 70px;"| || style="width: 150px;"| <center>''<small>termel</small>''</center> || style="width: 150px;"| <center>''<small>šekel</small>''</center> || style="width: 150px;"| <center>''<small>ŕokmel</small>''</center> || style="width: 150px;"| <center>''<small>korel</small>''</center> | |||
|- | |||
| ''<small>1<sup>st</sup> sing.</small>'' || <center>tere̥mu</center> || <center>eše̥ku</center> || <center>ŕoko̥mu</center> || <center>oko̥ru</center> | |||
|- | |||
| ''<small>2<sup>nd</sup> sing.</small>'' || <center>tire̥mu</center> || <center>iše̥ku</center> || <center>ŕuko̥mu</center> || <center>oko̥ru</center> | |||
|- | |||
| ''<small>3<sup>rd</sup> sing.</small>'' || <center>tere̥m</center> || <center>eše̥k</center> || <center>ŕoko̥m</center> || <center>oko̥r</center> | |||
|- | |||
| ''<small>1<sup>st</sup> plur.</small>'' || <center>tere̥mem</center> || <center>eše̥kem</center> || <center>ŕoko̥mom</center> || <center>oko̥rom</center> | |||
|- | |||
| ''<small>2<sup>nd</sup> plur.</small>'' || <center>tire̥meš</center> || <center>iše̥keš</center> || <center>ŕuko̥moš</center> || <center>uko̥roš</center> | |||
|- | |||
| ''<small>3<sup>rd</sup> plur.</small>'' || <center>tere̥met</center> || <center>eše̥ket</center> || <center>ŕoko̥mot</center> || <center>oko̥rot</center> | |||
|} | |||
When a verb is derived from another verbal form through a derivative infix, this infix does not change in conjugation and stays next to the primary vowel inside the conjugation patterns. | |||
With the sample verbs kyse̥nsel, ''to fall asleep'', še̥jakel, ''to give as a present'', lo̥xaqŕel, ''to exploit'', and fosrel, ''to expel, to exile'': | |||
{| class="wikitable" | |||
|- | |||
| style="width: 70px;"| || style="width: 150px;"| <center>''<small>kyse̥nsel</small>''</center> || style="width: 150px;"| <center>''<small>šejakel</small>''</center> || style="width: 150px;"| <center>''<small>loxaqŕel</small>''</center> || style="width: 150px;"| <center>''<small>śojuʔel</small>''</center> | |||
|- | |||
| ''<small>1<sup>st</sup> sing.</small>'' || <center>kenyse̥mu</center> || <center>eše̥jaku</center> || <center>loqo̥xamu</center> || <center>ośo̥juʔu</center> | |||
|- | |||
| ''<small>2<sup>nd</sup> sing.</small>'' || <center>kinyse̥mu</center> || <center>iše̥jaku</center> || <center>luqo̥xamu</center> || <center>uśo̥juʔu</center> | |||
|- | |||
| ''<small>3<sup>rd</sup> sing.</small>'' || <center>kenyse̥m</center> || <center>eše̥jak</center> || <center>loqo̥xam</center> || <center>ośo̥juʔ</center> | |||
|- | |||
| ''<small>1<sup>st</sup> plur.</small>'' || <center>kenyse̥mem</center> || <center>eše̥jakem</center> || <center>loqo̥xamom</center> || <center>ośo̥juʔom</center> | |||
|- | |||
| ''<small>2<sup>nd</sup> plur.</small>'' || <center>kinyse̥meš</center> || <center>iše̥jakeš</center> || <center>luqo̥xamoš</center> || <center>uśo̥juʔoš</center> | |||
|- | |||
| ''<small>3<sup>rd</sup> plur.</small>'' || <center>kenyse̥met</center> || <center>eše̥jaket</center> || <center>loqo̥xamot</center> || <center>ośo̥juʔot</center> | |||
|} | |||
'''Perfective future''' | |||
In the '''perfective future''', verbs are conjugated according to the following patterns: | |||
{| class="wikitable" | |||
|- | |||
| || colspan="2" | <center>''<small>conjugation I</small>''</center> || colspan="2" | <center>''<small>conjugation II</small>''</center> | |||
|- | |||
| style="width: 70px;"| || style="width: 150px;"| <center>''<small>triliteral root</small>''</center> || style="width: 150px;"| <center>''<small>biliteral root</small>''</center> || style="width: 150px;"| <center>''<small>triliteral root</small>''</center> || style="width: 150px;"| <center>''<small>biliteral root</small>''</center> | |||
|- | |||
| ''<small>1<sup>st</sup> sing.</small>'' || <center>'''ju'''C'''e'''C'''e̥'''C'''u'''</center> || <center>'''ju'''C'''e̥'''C'''u'''</center> || <center>'''ju'''C'''o'''C'''o̥'''C'''u'''</center> || <center>'''ju'''C'''o̥'''C'''u'''</center> | |||
|- | |||
| ''<small>2<sup>nd</sup> sing.</small>'' || <center>'''jö'''C'''i'''C'''e̥'''C'''u'''</center> || <center>'''jö'''C'''e̥'''C'''u'''</center> || <center>'''jü'''C'''u'''C'''o̥'''C'''u'''</center> || <center>'''jü'''C'''o̥'''C'''u'''</center> | |||
|- | |||
| ''<small>3<sup>rd</sup> sing.</small>'' || <center>'''jö'''C'''e'''C'''e̥'''C</center> || <center>'''jö'''C'''e̥'''C</center> || <center>'''jü'''C'''o'''C'''o̥'''C</center> || <center>'''jü'''C'''o̥'''C</center> | |||
|- | |||
| ''<small>1<sup>st</sup> plur.</small>'' || <center>'''ë'''C'''e'''C'''e̥'''C'''im'''</center> || <center>'''ë'''C'''e̥'''C'''im'''</center> || <center>'''ë'''C'''o'''C'''o̥'''C'''um'''</center> || <center>'''ë'''C'''o̥'''C'''um'''</center> | |||
|- | |||
| ''<small>2<sup>nd</sup> plur.</small>'' || <center>'''ë'''C'''i'''C'''e̥'''C'''iš'''</center> || <center>'''ë'''C'''e̥'''C'''iš'''</center> || <center>'''ë'''C'''u'''C'''o̥'''C'''uš'''</center> || <center>'''ë'''C'''o̥'''C'''uš'''</center> | |||
|- | |||
| ''<small>3<sup>rd</sup> plur.</small>'' || <center>'''ë'''C'''e'''C'''e̥'''C'''it'''</center> || <center>'''ë'''C'''e̥'''C'''it'''</center> || <center>'''ë'''C'''o'''C'''o̥'''C'''ut'''</center> || <center>'''ë'''C'''o̥'''C'''ut'''</center> | |||
|} | |||
Examples: | |||
{| class="wikitable" | |||
|- | |||
| style="width: 70px;"| || style="width: 150px;"| <center>''<small>termel</small>''</center> || style="width: 150px;"| <center>''<small>šekel</small>''</center> || style="width: 150px;"| <center>''<small>ŕokmel</small>''</center> || style="width: 150px;"| <center>''<small>korel</small>''</center> | |||
|- | |||
| ''<small>1<sup>st</sup> sing.</small>'' || <center>jutere̥mu</center> || <center>juše̥ku</center> || <center>juŕoko̥mu</center> || <center>juko̥ru</center> | |||
|- | |||
| ''<small>2<sup>nd</sup> sing.</small>'' || <center>jötire̥mu</center> || <center>jöše̥ku</center> || <center>jüŕuko̥mu</center> || <center>jüko̥ru</center> | |||
|- | |||
| ''<small>3<sup>rd</sup> sing.</small>'' || <center>jötere̥m</center> || <center>jöše̥k</center> || <center>jüŕoko̥m</center> || <center>jüko̥r</center> | |||
|- | |||
| ''<small>1<sup>st</sup> plur.</small>'' || <center>ëtere̥mim</center> || <center>ëše̥kim</center> || <center>ëŕoko̥mum</center> || <center>ëko̥rum</center> | |||
|- | |||
| ''<small>2<sup>nd</sup> plur.</small>'' || <center>ëtire̥miš</center> || <center>ëše̥kiš</center> || <center>ëŕuko̥muš</center> || <center>ëko̥ruš</center> | |||
|- | |||
| ''<small>3<sup>rd</sup> plur.</small>'' || <center>ëtere̥mit</center> || <center>ëše̥kit</center> || <center>ëŕoko̥mut</center> || <center>ëko̥rut</center> | |||
|} | |||
As it can be noticed, the first two persons in this tense in the conjugation of biliteral roots display identical forms with the forms in the imperfective future tense. The two aspect are distinguished only by the context of the sentence. | |||
When a verb is derived from another verbal form through a derivative infix, this infix does not change in conjugation and stays next to the primary vowel inside the conjugation patterns. | |||
With the sample verbs kyse̥nsel, ''to fall asleep'', še̥jakel, ''to give as a present'', lo̥xaqŕel, ''to exploit'', and fosrel, ''to expel, to exile'': | |||
{| class="wikitable" | |||
|- | |||
| style="width: 70px;"| || style="width: 150px;"| <center>''<small>kyse̥nsel</small>''</center> || style="width: 150px;"| <center>''<small>šejakel</small>''</center> || style="width: 150px;"| <center>''<small>loxaqŕel</small>''</center> || style="width: 150px;"| <center>''<small>śojuʔel</small>''</center> | |||
|- | |||
| ''<small>1<sup>st</sup> sing.</small>'' || <center>joukenyse̥mu</center> || <center>juše̥jaku</center> || <center>juloqo̥xamu</center> || <center>juśo̥juʔu</center> | |||
|- | |||
| ''<small>2<sup>nd</sup> sing.</small>'' || <center>jökinyse̥mu</center> || <center>jöše̥jaku</center> || <center>jüluqo̥xamu</center> || <center>jüśo̥juʔu</center> | |||
|- | |||
| ''<small>3<sup>rd</sup> sing.</small>'' || <center>jökenyse̥m</center> || <center>jöše̥jak</center> || <center>jüloqo̥xam</center> || <center>jüśo̥juʔ</center> | |||
|- | |||
| ''<small>1<sup>st</sup> plur.</small>'' || <center>ëkenyse̥mim</center> || <center>ëše̥jakim</center> || <center>ëloqo̥xamum</center> || <center>ëśo̥juʔum</center> | |||
|- | |||
| ''<small>2<sup>nd</sup> plur.</small>'' || <center>ëkinyse̥miš</center> || <center>ëše̥jakiš</center> || <center>ëluqo̥xamuš</center> || <center>ëśo̥juʔuš</center> | |||
|- | |||
| ''<small>3<sup>rd</sup> plur.</small>'' || <center>ëkenyse̥mit</center> || <center>ëše̥jakit</center> || <center>ëloqo̥xamut</center> || <center>ëśo̥juʔut</center> | |||
|} | |||
======Subjunctive mood====== | |||
The subjunctive mood is derived from the indicative mood by altering the thematic vowel. Conversely, the conjugation patterns for all tenses remain the same: | |||
{| class="wikitable" | |||
|- | |||
| style="width: 90px;"| || style="width: 90px;"| <center>''<small>Indicative</small>''</center> || style="width: 90px;"| <center>''<small>Subjunctive</small>''</center> | |||
|- | |||
| style="width: 90px;"| ''<small>Conjugation I</small>'' || style="width: 90px;"| <center>-e-</center> || style="width: 90px;"| <center>-ä-</center> | |||
|- | |||
| style="width: 90px;"| ''<small>Conjugation II</small>'' || style="width: 90px;"| <center>-o-</center> || style="width: 90px;"| <center>-ü-</center> | |||
|} | |||
'''Imperfective present''' | |||
In the '''imperfective present''', verbs are conjugated according to the following patterns: | |||
{| class="wikitable" | |||
|- | |||
| || colspan="2" | <center>''<small>conjugation I</small>''</center> || colspan="2" | <center>''<small>conjugation II</small>''</center> | |||
|- | |||
| style="width: 70px;"| || style="width: 150px;"| <center>''<small>triliteral root</small>''</center> || style="width: 150px;"| <center>''<small>biliteral root</small>''</center> || style="width: 150px;"| <center>''<small>triliteral root</small>''</center> || style="width: 150px;"| <center>''<small>biliteral root</small>''</center> | |||
|- | |||
| ''<small>1<sup>st</sup> sing.</small>'' || <center>'''jo'''CC'''ḁ̈'''C'''u'''</center> || <center>'''jo'''C'''ḁ̈'''C'''u'''</center> || <center>'''jo'''CC'''ü̥'''C'''u'''</center> || <center>'''jo'''C'''ü̥'''C'''u'''</center> | |||
|- | |||
| ''<small>2<sup>nd</sup> sing.</small>'' || <center>'''ja'''CC'''ḁ̈'''C'''u'''</center> || <center>'''ja'''C'''ḁ̈'''C'''u'''</center> || <center>'''jä'''CC'''ü̥'''C'''u'''</center> || <center>'''jä'''C'''ü̥'''C'''u'''</center> | |||
|- | |||
| ''<small>3<sup>rd</sup> sing.</small>'' || <center>'''ja'''CC'''ḁ̈'''C'''e'''</center> || <center>'''ja'''C'''ḁ̈'''C'''e'''</center> || <center>'''jä'''CC'''ü̥'''C'''o'''</center> || <center>'''jä'''C'''ü̥'''C'''o'''</center> | |||
|- | |||
| ''<small>1<sup>st</sup> plur.</small>'' || <center>CC'''ḁ̈'''C'''em'''</center> || <center>C'''ḁ̈'''C'''em'''</center> || <center>CC'''ü̥'''C'''om'''</center> || <center>C'''ü̥'''C'''om'''</center> | |||
|- | |||
| ''<small>2<sup>nd</sup> plur.</small>'' || <center>CC'''ḁ̈'''C'''eš'''</center> || <center>C'''ḁ̈'''C'''eš'''</center> || <center>CC'''ü̥'''C'''oš'''</center> || <center>C'''ü̥'''C'''oš'''</center> | |||
|- | |||
| ''<small>3<sup>rd</sup> plur.</small>'' || <center>CC'''ḁ̈'''C'''et'''</center> || <center>C'''ḁ̈'''C'''et'''</center> || <center>CC'''ü̥'''C'''ot'''</center> || <center>C'''ü̥'''C'''ot'''</center> | |||
|} | |||
Examples: | |||
{| class="wikitable" | |||
|- | |||
| style="width: 70px;"| || style="width: 150px;"| <center>''<small>termel</small>''</center> || style="width: 150px;"| <center>''<small>šekel</small>''</center> || style="width: 150px;"| <center>''<small>ŕokmel</small>''</center> || style="width: 150px;"| <center>''<small>korel</small>''</center> | |||
|- | |||
| ''<small>1<sup>st</sup> sing.</small>'' || <center>jotrḁ̈mu</center> || <center>jošḁ̈ku</center> || <center>joŕkü̥mu</center> || <center>jokü̥ru</center> | |||
|- | |||
| ''<small>2<sup>nd</sup> sing.</small>'' || <center>jatrḁ̈mu</center> || <center>jašḁ̈ku</center> || <center>jäŕkü̥mu</center> || <center>jäkü̥ru</center> | |||
|- | |||
| ''<small>3<sup>rd</sup> sing.</small>'' || <center>jatrḁ̈me</center> || <center>jašḁ̈ke</center> || <center>jäŕkü̥mo</center> || <center>jäkü̥ro</center> | |||
|- | |||
| ''<small>1<sup>st</sup> plur.</small>'' || <center>trḁ̈mem</center> || <center>šḁ̈kem</center> || <center>ŕkü̥mom</center> || <center>kü̥rom</center> | |||
|- | |||
| ''<small>2<sup>nd</sup> plur.</small>'' || <center>trḁ̈meš</center> || <center>šḁ̈keš</center> || <center>ŕkü̥moš</center> || <center>kü̥roš</center> | |||
|- | |||
| ''<small>3<sup>rd</sup> plur.</small>'' || <center>trḁ̈met</center> || <center>šḁ̈ket</center> || <center>ŕkü̥mot</center> || <center>kü̥rot</center> | |||
|} | |||
In the conjugation of triliteral roots, an euphonic vowel -ë- can be inserted in the three plural persons, if an unallowed initial consonant cluster appears. | |||
{| class="wikitable" | |||
|- | |||
| || <center>''<small>conjugation I</small>''</center> || <center>''<small>conjugation II</small>''</center> | |||
|- | |||
| style="width: 70px;"| || style="width: 150px;"| <center>''<small>triliteral root</small>''</center> || style="width: 150px;"| <center>''<small>triliteral root</small>''</center> | |||
|- | |||
| ''<small>1<sup>st</sup> sing.</small>'' || <center>'''jo'''CC'''ḁ̈'''C'''u'''</center> || <center>'''jo'''CC'''ü̥'''C'''u'''</center> | |||
|- | |||
| ''<small>2<sup>nd</sup> sing.</small>'' || <center>'''ja'''CC'''ḁ̈'''C'''u'''</center> || <center>'''jä'''CC'''ü̥'''C'''u'''</center> | |||
|- | |||
| ''<small>3<sup>rd</sup> sing.</small>'' || <center>'''ja'''CC'''ḁ̈'''C'''e'''</center> || <center>'''jä'''CC'''ü̥'''C'''o'''</center> | |||
|- | |||
| ''<small>1<sup>st</sup> plur.</small>'' || <center>C'''ë'''C'''ḁ̈'''C'''em'''</center> || <center>C'''ë'''C'''ü̥'''C'''om'''</center> | |||
|- | |||
| ''<small>2<sup>nd</sup> plur.</small>'' || <center>C'''ë'''C'''ḁ̈'''C'''eš'''</center> || <center>C'''ë'''C'''ü̥'''C'''oš'''</center> | |||
|- | |||
| ''<small>3<sup>rd</sup> plur.</small>'' || <center>C'''ë'''C'''ḁ̈'''C'''et'''</center> || <center>C'''ë'''C'''ü̥'''C'''ot'''</center> | |||
|} | |||
With the sample verbs fekçel, ''to count'', and fosrel, ''to hear'': | |||
{| class="wikitable" | |||
|- | |||
| style="width: 70px;"| || style="width: 150px;"| <center>''<small>fekçel</small>''</center> || style="width: 150px;"| <center>''<small>fosrel</small>''</center> | |||
|- | |||
| ''<small>1<sup>st</sup> sing.</small>'' || <center>jofkḁ̈çu</center> || <center>jofsü̥ru</center> | |||
|- | |||
| ''<small>2<sup>nd</sup> sing.</small>'' || <center>jafkḁ̈çu</center> || <center>jäfsü̥ru</center> | |||
|- | |||
| ''<small>3<sup>rd</sup> sing.</small>'' || <center>jafkḁ̈çe</center> || <center>jäfsü̥ro</center> | |||
|- | |||
| ''<small>1<sup>st</sup> plur.</small>'' || <center>fëkḁ̈çem</center> || <center>fësü̥rom</center> | |||
|- | |||
| ''<small>2<sup>nd</sup> plur.</small>'' || <center>fëkḁ̈çeš</center> || <center>fësü̥roš</center> | |||
|- | |||
| ''<small>3<sup>rd</sup> plur.</small>'' || <center>fëkḁ̈çet</center> || <center>fësü̥rot</center> | |||
|} | |||
When a verb is derived from another verbal form through a derivative infix, this infix does not change in conjugation and stays next to the primary vowel inside the conjugation patterns. | |||
With the sample verbs kyse̥nsel, ''to fall asleep'', še̥jakel, ''to give as a present'', lo̥xaqŕel, ''to exploit'', and fosrel, ''to expel, to exile'': | |||
{| class="wikitable" | |||
|- | |||
| style="width: 70px;"| || style="width: 150px;"| <center>''<small>kyse̥nsel</small>''</center> || style="width: 150px;"| <center>''<small>šejakel</small>''</center> || style="width: 150px;"| <center>''<small>loxaqŕel</small>''</center> || style="width: 150px;"| <center>''<small>śojuʔel</small>''</center> | |||
|- | |||
| ''<small>1<sup>st</sup> sing.</small>'' || <center>joknysḁ̈mu</center> || <center>jošḁ̈jaku</center> || <center>jolqü̥xamu</center> || <center>jośü̥juʔu</center> | |||
|- | |||
| ''<small>2<sup>nd</sup> sing.</small>'' || <center>jaknysḁ̈mu</center> || <center>jašḁ̈jaku</center> || <center>jälqü̥xamu</center> || <center>jäśü̥juʔu</center> | |||
|- | |||
| ''<small>3<sup>rd</sup> sing.</small>'' || <center>jaknysḁ̈me</center> || <center>jašḁ̈jake</center> || <center>jälqü̥xamo</center> || <center>jäśü̥juʔo</center> | |||
|- | |||
| ''<small>1<sup>st</sup> plur.</small>'' || <center>knysḁ̈mem</center> || <center>šḁ̈jakem</center> || <center>lqü̥xamom</center> || <center>śü̥juʔom</center> | |||
|- | |||
| ''<small>2<sup>nd</sup> plur.</small>'' || <center>knysḁ̈meš</center> || <center>šḁ̈jakeš</center> || <center>lqü̥xamoš</center> || <center>śü̥juʔoš</center> | |||
|- | |||
| ''<small>3<sup>rd</sup> plur.</small>'' || <center>knysḁ̈met</center> || <center>šḁ̈jaket</center> || <center>lqü̥xamot</center> || <center>śü̥juʔot</center> | |||
|} | |||
When a verb is derived from another verbal form through a derivative prefix, this prefix does not change in conjugation and stays before the first root consonant. Other prefixes of the conjugation patterns are placed before the derivative prefixes. | |||
With the sample verbs sqäțe̥xsel, ''to safeguard'', and nöʔcico̥rel, ''to sacrifice'': | |||
{| class="wikitable" | |||
|- | |||
| style="width: 70px;"| || style="width: 150px;"| <center>''<small>fekçel</small>''</center> || style="width: 150px;"| <center>''<small>fosrel</small>''</center> | |||
|- | |||
| ''<small>1<sup>st</sup> sing.</small>'' || <center>josqäțxḁ̈su</center> || <center>jonöʔcicü̥ru</center> | |||
|- | |||
| ''<small>2<sup>nd</sup> sing.</small>'' || <center>jasqäțxḁ̈su</center> || <center>jänöʔcicü̥ru</center> | |||
|- | |||
| ''<small>3<sup>rd</sup> sing.</small>'' || <center>jasqäțxḁ̈se</center> || <center>jänöʔcicü̥ro</center> | |||
|- | |||
| ''<small>1<sup>st</sup> plur.</small>'' || <center>sqäțxḁ̈sem</center> || <center>nöʔcicü̥rom</center> | |||
|- | |||
| ''<small>2<sup>nd</sup> plur.</small>'' || <center>sqäțxḁ̈seš</center> || <center>nöʔcicü̥roš</center> | |||
|- | |||
| ''<small>3<sup>rd</sup> plur.</small>'' || <center>sqäțxḁ̈set</center> || <center>nöʔcicü̥rot</center> | |||
|} | |||
'''Imperfective past''' | |||
In the '''imperfective past''', verbs are conjugated according to the following patterns: | |||
{| class="wikitable" | |||
|- | |||
| || colspan="2" | <center>''<small>conjugation I</small>''</center> || colspan="2" | <center>''<small>conjugation II</small>''</center> | |||
|- | |||
| style="width: 70px;"| || style="width: 150px;"| <center>''<small>triliteral root</small>''</center> || style="width: 150px;"| <center>''<small>biliteral root</small>''</center> || style="width: 150px;"| <center>''<small>triliteral root</small>''</center> || style="width: 150px;"| <center>''<small>biliteral root</small>''</center> | |||
|- | |||
| ''<small>1<sup>st</sup> sing.</small>'' || <center>CC'''ḁ̈'''C'''u'''</center> || <center>C'''ḁ̈'''C'''u'''</center> || <center>CC'''ü̥'''C'''u'''</center> || <center>C'''ü̥'''C'''u'''</center> | |||
|- | |||
| ''<small>2<sup>nd</sup> sing.</small>'' || <center>CC'''ḁ̈'''C'''u'''</center> || <center>C'''ḁ̈'''C'''u'''</center> || <center>CC'''ü̥'''C'''u'''</center> || <center>C'''ü̥'''C'''u'''</center> | |||
|- | |||
| ''<small>3<sup>rd</sup> sing.</small>'' || <center>CC'''ḁ̈'''C'''e'''</center> || <center>C'''ḁ̈'''C'''e'''</center> || <center>CC'''ü̥'''C'''o'''</center> || <center>C'''ü̥'''C'''o'''</center> | |||
|- | |||
| ''<small>1<sup>st</sup> plur.</small>'' || <center>CC'''ḁ̈'''C'''im'''</center> || <center>C'''ḁ̈'''C'''im'''</center> || <center>CC'''ü̥'''C'''um'''</center> || <center>C'''ü̥'''C'''um'''</center> | |||
|- | |||
| ''<small>2<sup>nd</sup> plur.</small>'' || <center>CC'''ḁ̈'''C'''iš'''</center> || <center>C'''ḁ̈'''C'''iš'''</center> || <center>CC'''ü̥'''C'''uš'''</center> || <center>C'''ü̥'''C'''uš'''</center> | |||
|- | |||
| ''<small>3<sup>rd</sup> plur.</small>'' || <center>CC'''ḁ̈'''C'''it'''</center> || <center>C'''ḁ̈'''C'''it'''</center> || <center>CC'''ü̥'''C'''ut'''</center> || <center>C'''ü̥'''C'''ut'''</center> | |||
|} | |||
Examples: | |||
{| class="wikitable" | |||
|- | |||
| style="width: 70px;"| || style="width: 150px;"| <center>''<small>termel</small>''</center> || style="width: 150px;"| <center>''<small>šekel</small>''</center> || style="width: 150px;"| <center>''<small>ŕokmel</small>''</center> || style="width: 150px;"| <center>''<small>korel</small>''</center> | |||
|- | |||
| ''<small>1<sup>st</sup> sing.</small>'' || <center>trḁ̈mu</center> || <center>šḁ̈ku</center> || <center>ŕkü̥mu</center> || <center>kü̥ru</center> | |||
|- | |||
| ''<small>2<sup>nd</sup> sing.</small>'' || <center>trḁ̈mu</center> || <center>šḁ̈ku</center> || <center>ŕkü̥mu</center> || <center>kü̥ru</center> | |||
|- | |||
| ''<small>3<sup>rd</sup> sing.</small>'' || <center>trḁ̈me</center> || <center>šḁ̈ke</center> || <center>ŕkü̥mo</center> || <center>kü̥ro</center> | |||
|- | |||
| ''<small>1<sup>st</sup> plur.</small>'' || <center>trḁ̈mim</center> || <center>šḁ̈kim</center> || <center>ŕkü̥mum</center> || <center>kü̥rum</center> | |||
|- | |||
| ''<small>2<sup>nd</sup> plur.</small>'' || <center>trḁ̈miš</center> || <center>šḁ̈kiš</center> || <center>ŕkü̥muš</center> || <center>kü̥ruš</center> | |||
|- | |||
| ''<small>3<sup>rd</sup> plur.</small>'' || <center>trḁ̈mit</center> || <center>šḁ̈kit</center> || <center>ŕkü̥mut</center> || <center>kü̥rut</center> | |||
|} | |||
In the conjugation of triliteral roots, an euphonic vowel -ë- can be inserted in all persons, if an unallowed initial consonant cluster appears. | |||
{| class="wikitable" | |||
|- | |||
| || <center>''<small>conjugation I</small>''</center> || <center>''<small>conjugation II</small>''</center> | |||
|- | |||
| style="width: 70px;"| || style="width: 150px;"| <center>''<small>triliteral root</small>''</center> || style="width: 150px;"| <center>''<small>triliteral root</small>''</center> | |||
|- | |||
| ''<small>1<sup>st</sup> sing.</small>'' || <center>C'''ë'''C'''ḁ̈'''C'''u'''</center> || <center>C'''ë'''C'''ü̥'''C'''u'''</center> | |||
|- | |||
| ''<small>2<sup>nd</sup> sing.</small>'' || <center>C'''ë'''C'''ḁ̈'''C'''u'''</center> || <center>C'''ë'''C'''ü̥'''C'''u'''</center> | |||
|- | |||
| ''<small>3<sup>rd</sup> sing.</small>'' || <center>C'''ë'''C'''ḁ̈'''C'''e'''</center> || <center>C'''ë'''C'''ü̥'''C'''o'''</center> | |||
|- | |||
| ''<small>1<sup>st</sup> plur.</small>'' || <center>C'''ë'''C'''ḁ̈'''C'''im'''</center> || <center>C'''ë'''C'''ü̥'''C'''um'''</center> | |||
|- | |||
| ''<small>2<sup>nd</sup> plur.</small>'' || <center>C'''ë'''C'''ḁ̈'''C'''iš'''</center> || <center>C'''ë'''C'''ü̥'''C'''uš'''</center> | |||
|- | |||
| ''<small>3<sup>rd</sup> plur.</small>'' || <center>C'''ë'''C'''ḁ̈'''C'''it'''</center> || <center>C'''ë'''C'''ü̥'''C'''ut'''</center> | |||
|} | |||
With the sample verbs fekçel, ''to count'', and fosrel, ''to hear'': | |||
{| class="wikitable" | |||
|- | |||
| style="width: 70px;"| || style="width: 150px;"| <center>''<small>fekçel</small>''</center> || style="width: 150px;"| <center>''<small>fosrel</small>''</center> | |||
|- | |||
| ''<small>1<sup>st</sup> sing.</small>'' || <center>fëkḁ̈çu</center> || <center>fësü̥ru</center> | |||
|- | |||
| ''<small>2<sup>nd</sup> sing.</small>'' || <center>fëkḁ̈çu</center> || <center>fësü̥ru</center> | |||
|- | |||
| ''<small>3<sup>rd</sup> sing.</small>'' || <center>fëkḁ̈çe</center> || <center>fësü̥ro</center> | |||
|- | |||
| ''<small>1<sup>st</sup> plur.</small>'' || <center>fëkḁ̈çim</center> || <center>fësü̥rum</center> | |||
|- | |||
| ''<small>2<sup>nd</sup> plur.</small>'' || <center>fëkḁ̈çiš</center> || <center>fësü̥ruš</center> | |||
|- | |||
| ''<small>3<sup>rd</sup> plur.</small>'' || <center>fëkḁ̈çit</center> || <center>fësü̥rut</center> | |||
|} | |||
When a verb is derived from another verbal form through a derivative infix, this infix does not change in conjugation and stays next to the primary vowel inside the conjugation patterns. | |||
With the sample verbs kyse̥nsel, ''to fall asleep'', še̥jakel, ''to give as a present'', lo̥xaqŕel, ''to exploit'', and fosrel, ''to expel, to exile'': | |||
{| class="wikitable" | |||
|- | |||
| style="width: 70px;"| || style="width: 150px;"| <center>''<small>kyse̥nsel</small>''</center> || style="width: 150px;"| <center>''<small>šejakel</small>''</center> || style="width: 150px;"| <center>''<small>loxaqŕel</small>''</center> || style="width: 150px;"| <center>''<small>śojuʔel</small>''</center> | |||
|- | |||
| ''<small>1<sup>st</sup> sing.</small>'' || <center>knysḁ̈mu</center> || <center>šḁ̈jaku</center> || <center>lqü̥xamu</center> || <center>śü̥juʔu</center> | |||
|- | |||
| ''<small>2<sup>nd</sup> sing.</small>'' || <center>knysḁ̈mu</center> || <center>šḁ̈jaku</center> || <center>lqü̥xamu</center> || <center>śü̥juʔu</center> | |||
|- | |||
| ''<small>3<sup>rd</sup> sing.</small>'' || <center>knysḁ̈me</center> || <center>šḁ̈jake</center> || <center>lqü̥xamo</center> || <center>śü̥juʔo</center> | |||
|- | |||
| ''<small>1<sup>st</sup> plur.</small>'' || <center>knysḁ̈mim</center> || <center>šḁ̈jakim</center> || <center>lqü̥xamum</center> || <center>śü̥juʔum</center> | |||
|- | |||
| ''<small>2<sup>nd</sup> plur.</small>'' || <center>knysḁ̈miš</center> || <center>šḁ̈jakiš</center> || <center>lqü̥xamuš</center> || <center>śü̥juʔuš</center> | |||
|- | |||
| ''<small>3<sup>rd</sup> plur.</small>'' || <center>knysḁ̈mit</center> || <center>šḁ̈jakit</center> || <center>lqü̥xamut</center> || <center>śü̥juʔut</center> | |||
|} | |||
'''Imperfective future''' | |||
In the '''imperfective future''', verbs are conjugated according to the following patterns: | |||
{| class="wikitable" | |||
|- | |||
| || colspan="2" | <center>''<small>conjugation I</small>''</center> || colspan="2" | <center>''<small>conjugation II</small>''</center> | |||
|- | |||
| style="width: 70px;"| || style="width: 150px;"| <center>''<small>triliteral root</small>''</center> || style="width: 150px;"| <center>''<small>biliteral root</small>''</center> || style="width: 150px;"| <center>''<small>triliteral root</small>''</center> || style="width: 150px;"| <center>''<small>biliteral root</small>''</center> | |||
|- | |||
| ''<small>1<sup>st</sup> sing.</small>'' || <center>'''ju'''CC'''ḁ̈'''C'''u'''</center> || <center>'''ju'''C'''ḁ̈'''C'''u'''</center> || <center>'''ju'''CC'''ü̥'''C'''u'''</center> || <center>'''ju'''C'''ü̥'''C'''u'''</center> | |||
|- | |||
| ''<small>2<sup>nd</sup> sing.</small>'' || <center>'''jö'''CC'''ḁ̈'''C'''u'''</center> || <center>'''jö'''C'''ḁ̈'''C'''u'''</center> || <center>'''jü'''CC'''ü̥'''C'''u'''</center> || <center>'''jü'''C'''ü̥'''C'''u'''</center> | |||
|- | |||
| ''<small>3<sup>rd</sup> sing.</small>'' || <center>'''jö'''CC'''ḁ̈'''C'''e'''</center> || <center>'''jö'''C'''ḁ̈'''C'''e'''</center> || <center>'''jü'''CC'''ü̥'''C'''o'''</center> || <center>'''jü'''C'''ü̥'''C'''o'''</center> | |||
|- | |||
| ''<small>1<sup>st</sup> plur.</small>'' || <center>'''ë'''CC'''ḁ̈'''C'''em'''</center> || <center>'''ë'''C'''ḁ̈'''C'''em'''</center> || <center>'''ë'''CC'''ü̥'''C'''om'''</center> || <center>'''ë'''C'''ü̥'''C'''om'''</center> | |||
|- | |||
| ''<small>2<sup>nd</sup> plur.</small>'' || <center>'''ë'''CC'''ḁ̈'''C'''eš'''</center> || <center>'''ë'''C'''ḁ̈'''C'''eš'''</center> || <center>'''ë'''CC'''ü̥'''C'''oš'''</center> || <center>'''ë'''C'''ü̥'''C'''oš'''</center> | |||
|- | |||
| ''<small>3<sup>rd</sup> plur.</small>'' || <center>'''ë'''CC'''ḁ̈'''C'''et'''</center> || <center>'''ë'''C'''ḁ̈'''C'''et'''</center> || <center>'''ë'''CC'''ü̥'''C'''ot'''</center> || <center>'''ë'''C'''ü̥'''C'''ot'''</center> | |||
|} | |||
Examples: | |||
{| class="wikitable" | |||
|- | |||
| style="width: 70px;"| || style="width: 150px;"| <center>''<small>termel</small>''</center> || style="width: 150px;"| <center>''<small>šekel</small>''</center> || style="width: 150px;"| <center>''<small>ŕokmel</small>''</center> || style="width: 150px;"| <center>''<small>korel</small>''</center> | |||
|- | |||
| ''<small>1<sup>st</sup> sing.</small>'' || <center>jutrḁ̈mu</center> || <center>jušḁ̈ku</center> || <center>juŕkü̥mu</center> || <center>jukü̥ru</center> | |||
|- | |||
| ''<small>2<sup>nd</sup> sing.</small>'' || <center>jötrḁ̈mu</center> || <center>jöšḁ̈ku</center> || <center>jüŕkü̥mu</center> || <center>jükü̥ru</center> | |||
|- | |||
| ''<small>3<sup>rd</sup> sing.</small>'' || <center>jötrḁ̈me</center> || <center>jöšḁ̈ke</center> || <center>jüŕkü̥mo</center> || <center>jükü̥ro</center> | |||
|- | |||
| ''<small>1<sup>st</sup> plur.</small>'' || <center>ëtrḁ̈mem</center> || <center>ëšḁ̈kem</center> || <center>ëŕkü̥mom</center> || <center>ëkü̥rom</center> | |||
|- | |||
| ''<small>2<sup>nd</sup> plur.</small>'' || <center>ëtrḁ̈meš</center> || <center>ëšḁ̈keš</center> || <center>ëŕkü̥moš</center> || <center>ëkü̥roš</center> | |||
|- | |||
| ''<small>3<sup>rd</sup> plur.</small>'' || <center>ëtrḁ̈met</center> || <center>ëšḁ̈ket</center> || <center>ëŕkü̥mot</center> || <center>ëkü̥rot</center> | |||
|} | |||
When a verb is derived from another verbal form through a derivative infix, this infix does not change in conjugation and stays next to the primary vowel inside the conjugation patterns. | |||
With the sample verbs kyse̥nsel, ''to fall asleep'', še̥jakel, ''to give as a present'', lo̥xaqŕel, ''to exploit'', and fosrel, ''to expel, to exile'': | |||
{| class="wikitable" | |||
|- | |||
| style="width: 70px;"| || style="width: 150px;"| <center>''<small>kyse̥nsel</small>''</center> || style="width: 150px;"| <center>''<small>šejakel</small>''</center> || style="width: 150px;"| <center>''<small>loxaqŕel</small>''</center> || style="width: 150px;"| <center>''<small>śojuʔel</small>''</center> | |||
|- | |||
| ''<small>1<sup>st</sup> sing.</small>'' || <center>juknysḁ̈mu</center> || <center>jušḁ̈jaku</center> || <center>julqü̥xamu</center> || <center>juśü̥juʔu</center> | |||
|- | |||
| ''<small>2<sup>nd</sup> sing.</small>'' || <center>jöknysḁ̈mu</center> || <center>jöšḁ̈jaku</center> || <center>jülqü̥xamu</center> || <center>jüśü̥juʔu</center> | |||
|- | |||
| ''<small>3<sup>rd</sup> sing.</small>'' || <center>jöknysḁ̈me</center> || <center>jöšḁ̈jake</center> || <center>jülqü̥xamo</center> || <center>jüśü̥juʔo</center> | |||
|- | |||
| ''<small>1<sup>st</sup> plur.</small>'' || <center>ëknysḁ̈mem</center> || <center>ëšḁ̈jakem</center> || <center>ëlqü̥xamom</center> || <center>ëśü̥juʔom</center> | |||
|- | |||
| ''<small>2<sup>nd</sup> plur.</small>'' || <center>ëknysḁ̈meš</center> || <center>ëšḁ̈jakeš</center> || <center>ëlqü̥xamoš</center> || <center>ëśü̥juʔoš</center> | |||
|- | |||
| ''<small>3<sup>rd</sup> plur.</small>'' || <center>ëknysḁ̈met</center> || <center>ëšḁ̈jaket</center> || <center>ëlqü̥xamot</center> || <center>ëśü̥juʔot</center> | |||
|} | |||
When a verb is derived from another verbal form through a derivative prefix, this prefix does not change in conjugation and stays before the first root consonant. Other prefixes of the conjugation patterns are placed before the derivative prefixes. | |||
With the sample verbs sqäțe̥xsel, ''to safeguard'', and nöʔcico̥rel, ''to sacrifice'': | |||
{| class="wikitable" | |||
|- | |||
| style="width: 70px;"| || style="width: 150px;"| <center>''<small>fekçel</small>''</center> || style="width: 150px;"| <center>''<small>fosrel</small>''</center> | |||
|- | |||
| ''<small>1<sup>st</sup> sing.</small>'' || <center>jusqäțxḁ̈su</center> || <center>junöʔcicü̥ru</center> | |||
|- | |||
| ''<small>2<sup>nd</sup> sing.</small>'' || <center>jösqäțxḁ̈su</center> || <center>jönöʔcicü̥ru</center> | |||
|- | |||
| ''<small>3<sup>rd</sup> sing.</small>'' || <center>jösqäțxḁ̈se</center> || <center>jönöʔcicü̥ro</center> | |||
|- | |||
| ''<small>1<sup>st</sup> plur.</small>'' || <center>ësqäțxḁ̈sem</center> || <center>ënöʔcicü̥rom</center> | |||
|- | |||
| ''<small>2<sup>nd</sup> plur.</small>'' || <center>ësqäțxḁ̈seš</center> || <center>ënöʔcicü̥roš</center> | |||
|- | |||
| ''<small>3<sup>rd</sup> plur.</small>'' || <center>ësqäțxḁ̈set</center> || <center>ënöʔcicü̥rot</center> | |||
|} | |||
'''Perfective present''' | |||
In the '''perfective present''' or '''perfect''', verbs are conjugated according to the following patterns: | |||
{| class="wikitable" | |||
|- | |||
| || colspan="2" | <center>''<small>conjugation I</small>''</center> || colspan="2" | <center>''<small>conjugation II</small>''</center> | |||
|- | |||
| style="width: 70px;"| || style="width: 150px;"| <center>''<small>triliteral root</small>''</center> || style="width: 150px;"| <center>''<small>biliteral root</small>''</center> || style="width: 150px;"| <center>''<small>triliteral root</small>''</center> || style="width: 150px;"| <center>''<small>biliteral root</small>''</center> | |||
|- | |||
| ''<small>1<sup>st</sup> sing.</small>'' || <center>'''jo'''C'''e'''C'''ḁ̈'''C'''u'''</center> || <center>'''je'''C'''ḁ̈'''C'''u'''</center> || <center>'''jo'''C'''o'''C'''ü̥'''C'''u'''</center> || <center>'''je'''C'''ü̥'''C'''u'''</center> | |||
|- | |||
| ''<small>2<sup>nd</sup> sing.</small>'' || <center>'''ja'''C'''i'''C'''ḁ̈'''C'''u'''</center> || <center>'''ji'''C'''ḁ̈'''C'''u'''</center> || <center>'''jä'''C'''u'''C'''ü̥'''C'''u'''</center> || <center>'''ju'''C'''ü̥'''C'''u'''</center> | |||
|- | |||
| ''<small>3<sup>rd</sup> sing.</small>'' || <center>'''ja'''C'''e'''C'''ḁ̈'''C</center> || <center>'''je'''C'''ḁ̈'''C</center> || <center>'''jä'''C'''o'''C'''ü̥'''C</center> || <center>'''je'''C'''ü̥'''C</center> | |||
|- | |||
| ''<small>1<sup>st</sup> plur.</small>'' || <center>C'''e'''C'''ḁ̈'''C'''im'''</center> || <center>'''e'''C'''ḁ̈'''C'''im'''</center> || <center>C'''o'''C'''ü̥'''C'''um'''</center> || <center>'''o'''C'''ü̥'''C'''um'''</center> | |||
|- | |||
| ''<small>2<sup>nd</sup> plur.</small>'' || <center>C'''i'''C'''ḁ̈'''C'''iš'''</center> || <center>'''i'''C'''ḁ̈'''C'''iš'''</center> || <center>C'''u'''C'''ü̥'''C'''uš'''</center> || <center>'''u'''C'''ü̥'''C'''uš'''</center> | |||
|- | |||
| ''<small>3<sup>rd</sup> plur.</small>'' || <center>C'''e'''C'''ḁ̈'''C'''it'''</center> || <center>'''e'''C'''ḁ̈'''C'''it'''</center> || <center>C'''o'''C'''ü̥'''C'''ut'''</center> || <center>'''o'''C'''ü̥'''C'''ut'''</center> | |||
|} | |||
Examples: | |||
{| class="wikitable" | |||
|- | |||
| style="width: 70px;"| || style="width: 150px;"| <center>''<small>termel</small>''</center> || style="width: 150px;"| <center>''<small>šekel</small>''</center> || style="width: 150px;"| <center>''<small>ŕokmel</small>''</center> || style="width: 150px;"| <center>''<small>korel</small>''</center> | |||
|- | |||
| ''<small>1<sup>st</sup> sing.</small>'' || <center>joterḁ̈mu</center> || <center>ješḁ̈ku</center> || <center>joŕokü̥mu</center> || <center>jekü̥ru</center> | |||
|- | |||
| ''<small>2<sup>nd</sup> sing.</small>'' || <center>jatirḁ̈mu</center> || <center>jišḁ̈ku</center> || <center>jäŕukü̥mu</center> || <center>jukü̥ru</center> | |||
|- | |||
| ''<small>3<sup>rd</sup> sing.</small>'' || <center>jaterḁ̈m</center> || <center>ješḁ̈k</center> || <center>jäŕokü̥m</center> || <center>jekü̥r</center> | |||
|- | |||
| ''<small>1<sup>st</sup> plur.</small>'' || <center>terḁ̈mim</center> || <center>ešḁ̈kim</center> || <center>ŕokü̥mum</center> || <center>okü̥rum</center> | |||
|- | |||
| ''<small>2<sup>nd</sup> plur.</small>'' || <center>tirḁ̈miš</center> || <center>išḁ̈kiš</center> || <center>ŕukü̥muš</center> || <center>ukü̥ruš</center> | |||
|- | |||
| ''<small>3<sup>rd</sup> plur.</small>'' || <center>terḁ̈mit</center> || <center>ešḁ̈kit</center> || <center>ŕokü̥mut</center> || <center>okü̥rut</center> | |||
|} | |||
When a verb is derived from another verbal form through a derivative infix, this infix does not change in conjugation and stays next to the primary vowel inside the conjugation patterns. | |||
With the sample verbs kyse̥nsel, ''to fall asleep'', še̥jakel, ''to give as a present'', lo̥xaqŕel, ''to exploit'', and fosrel, ''to expel, to exile'': | |||
{| class="wikitable" | |||
|- | |||
| style="width: 70px;"| || style="width: 150px;"| <center>''<small>kyse̥nsel</small>''</center> || style="width: 150px;"| <center>''<small>šejakel</small>''</center> || style="width: 150px;"| <center>''<small>loxaqŕel</small>''</center> || style="width: 150px;"| <center>''<small>śojuʔel</small>''</center> | |||
|- | |||
| ''<small>1<sup>st</sup> sing.</small>'' || <center>jokenysḁ̈mu</center> || <center>ješḁ̈jaku</center> || <center>joloqü̥xamu</center> || <center>jeśü̥juʔu</center> | |||
|- | |||
| ''<small>2<sup>nd</sup> sing.</small>'' || <center>jakinysḁ̈mu</center> || <center>jišḁ̈jaku</center> || <center>jäluqü̥xamu</center> || <center>juśü̥juʔu</center> | |||
|- | |||
| ''<small>3<sup>rd</sup> sing.</small>'' || <center>jakenysḁ̈m</center> || <center>ješḁ̈jak</center> || <center>jäloqü̥xam</center> || <center>jeśü̥juʔ</center> | |||
|- | |||
| ''<small>1<sup>st</sup> plur.</small>'' || <center>kenysḁ̈mim</center> || <center>ešḁ̈jakim</center> || <center>loqü̥xamum</center> || <center>ośü̥juʔum</center> | |||
|- | |||
| ''<small>2<sup>nd</sup> plur.</small>'' || <center>kinysḁ̈miš</center> || <center>išḁ̈jakiš</center> || <center>luqü̥xamuš</center> || <center>uśü̥juʔuš</center> | |||
|- | |||
| ''<small>3<sup>rd</sup> plur.</small>'' || <center>kenysḁ̈mit</center> || <center>ešḁ̈jakit</center> || <center>loqü̥xamut</center> || <center>ośü̥juʔut</center> | |||
|} | |||
'''Perfective past''' | |||
In the '''perfective past''', verbs are conjugated according to the following patterns: | |||
{| class="wikitable" | |||
|- | |||
| || colspan="2" | <center>''<small>conjugation I</small>''</center> || colspan="2" | <center>''<small>conjugation II</small>''</center> | |||
|- | |||
| style="width: 70px;"| || style="width: 150px;"| <center>''<small>triliteral root</small>''</center> || style="width: 150px;"| <center>''<small>biliteral root</small>''</center> || style="width: 150px;"| <center>''<small>triliteral root</small>''</center> || style="width: 150px;"| <center>''<small>biliteral root</small>''</center> | |||
|- | |||
| ''<small>1<sup>st</sup> sing.</small>'' || <center>C'''e'''C'''ḁ̈'''C'''u'''</center> || <center>'''e'''C'''ḁ̈'''C'''u'''</center> || <center>C'''o'''C'''ü̥'''C'''u'''</center> || <center>'''o'''C'''ü̥'''C'''u'''</center> | |||
|- | |||
| ''<small>2<sup>nd</sup> sing.</small>'' || <center>C'''i'''C'''ḁ̈'''C'''u'''</center> || <center>'''i'''C'''ḁ̈'''C'''u'''</center> || <center>C'''u'''C'''ü̥'''C'''u'''</center> || <center>'''u'''C'''ü̥'''C'''u'''</center> | |||
|- | |||
| ''<small>3<sup>rd</sup> sing.</small>'' || <center>C'''e'''C'''ḁ̈'''C</center> || <center>'''e'''C'''ḁ̈'''C</center> || <center>C'''o'''C'''ü̥'''C</center> || <center>'''o'''C'''ü̥'''C</center> | |||
|- | |||
| ''<small>1<sup>st</sup> plur.</small>'' || <center>C'''e'''C'''ḁ̈'''C'''em'''</center> || <center>'''e'''C'''ḁ̈'''C'''em'''</center> || <center>C'''o'''C'''ü̥'''C'''om'''</center> || <center>'''o'''C'''ü̥'''C'''om'''</center> | |||
|- | |||
| ''<small>2<sup>nd</sup> plur.</small>'' || <center>C'''i'''C'''ḁ̈'''C'''eš'''</center> || <center>'''i'''C'''ḁ̈'''C'''eš'''</center> || <center>C'''u'''C'''ü̥'''C'''oš'''</center> || <center>'''u'''C'''ü̥'''C'''oš'''</center> | |||
|- | |||
| ''<small>3<sup>rd</sup> plur.</small>'' || <center>C'''e'''C'''ḁ̈'''C'''et'''</center> || <center>'''e'''C'''ḁ̈'''C'''et'''</center> || <center>C'''o'''C'''ü̥'''C'''ot'''</center> || <center>'''o'''C'''ü̥'''C'''ot'''</center> | |||
|} | |||
Examples: | |||
{| class="wikitable" | |||
|- | |||
| style="width: 70px;"| || style="width: 150px;"| <center>''<small>termel</small>''</center> || style="width: 150px;"| <center>''<small>šekel</small>''</center> || style="width: 150px;"| <center>''<small>ŕokmel</small>''</center> || style="width: 150px;"| <center>''<small>korel</small>''</center> | |||
|- | |||
| ''<small>1<sup>st</sup> sing.</small>'' || <center>terḁ̈mu</center> || <center>ešḁ̈ku</center> || <center>ŕokü̥mu</center> || <center>okü̥ru</center> | |||
|- | |||
| ''<small>2<sup>nd</sup> sing.</small>'' || <center>tirḁ̈mu</center> || <center>išḁ̈ku</center> || <center>ŕukü̥mu</center> || <center>okü̥ru</center> | |||
|- | |||
| ''<small>3<sup>rd</sup> sing.</small>'' || <center>terḁ̈m</center> || <center>ešḁ̈k</center> || <center>ŕokü̥m</center> || <center>okü̥r</center> | |||
|- | |||
| ''<small>1<sup>st</sup> plur.</small>'' || <center>terḁ̈mem</center> || <center>ešḁ̈kem</center> || <center>ŕokü̥mom</center> || <center>okü̥rom</center> | |||
|- | |||
| ''<small>2<sup>nd</sup> plur.</small>'' || <center>tirḁ̈meš</center> || <center>išḁ̈keš</center> || <center>ŕukü̥moš</center> || <center>ukü̥roš</center> | |||
|- | |||
| ''<small>3<sup>rd</sup> plur.</small>'' || <center>terḁ̈met</center> || <center>ešḁ̈ket</center> || <center>ŕokü̥mot</center> || <center>okü̥rot</center> | |||
|} | |||
When a verb is derived from another verbal form through a derivative infix, this infix does not change in conjugation and stays next to the primary vowel inside the conjugation patterns. | |||
With the sample verbs kyse̥nsel, ''to fall asleep'', še̥jakel, ''to give as a present'', lo̥xaqŕel, ''to exploit'', and fosrel, ''to expel, to exile'': | |||
{| class="wikitable" | |||
|- | |||
| style="width: 70px;"| || style="width: 150px;"| <center>''<small>kyse̥nsel</small>''</center> || style="width: 150px;"| <center>''<small>šejakel</small>''</center> || style="width: 150px;"| <center>''<small>loxaqŕel</small>''</center> || style="width: 150px;"| <center>''<small>śojuʔel</small>''</center> | |||
|- | |||
| ''<small>1<sup>st</sup> sing.</small>'' || <center>kenysḁ̈mu</center> || <center>ešḁ̈jaku</center> || <center>loqü̥xamu</center> || <center>ośü̥juʔu</center> | |||
|- | |||
| ''<small>2<sup>nd</sup> sing.</small>'' || <center>kinysḁ̈mu</center> || <center>išḁ̈jaku</center> || <center>luqü̥xamu</center> || <center>uśü̥juʔu</center> | |||
|- | |||
| ''<small>3<sup>rd</sup> sing.</small>'' || <center>kenysḁ̈m</center> || <center>ešḁ̈jak</center> || <center>loqü̥xam</center> || <center>ośü̥juʔ</center> | |||
|- | |||
| ''<small>1<sup>st</sup> plur.</small>'' || <center>kenysḁ̈mem</center> || <center>ešḁ̈jakem</center> || <center>loqü̥xamom</center> || <center>ośü̥juʔom</center> | |||
|- | |||
| ''<small>2<sup>nd</sup> plur.</small>'' || <center>kinysḁ̈meš</center> || <center>išḁ̈jakeš</center> || <center>luqü̥xamoš</center> || <center>uśü̥juʔoš</center> | |||
|- | |||
| ''<small>3<sup>rd</sup> plur.</small>'' || <center>kenysḁ̈met</center> || <center>ešḁ̈jaket</center> || <center>loqü̥xamot</center> || <center>ośü̥juʔot</center> | |||
|} | |||
'''Perfective future''' | |||
In the '''perfective future''', verbs are conjugated according to the following patterns: | |||
{| class="wikitable" | |||
|- | |||
| || colspan="2" | <center>''<small>conjugation I</small>''</center> || colspan="2" | <center>''<small>conjugation II</small>''</center> | |||
|- | |||
| style="width: 70px;"| || style="width: 150px;"| <center>''<small>triliteral root</small>''</center> || style="width: 150px;"| <center>''<small>biliteral root</small>''</center> || style="width: 150px;"| <center>''<small>triliteral root</small>''</center> || style="width: 150px;"| <center>''<small>biliteral root</small>''</center> | |||
|- | |||
| ''<small>1<sup>st</sup> sing.</small>'' || <center>'''ju'''C'''e'''C'''ḁ̈'''C'''u'''</center> || <center>'''ju'''C'''ḁ̈'''C'''u'''</center> || <center>'''ju'''C'''o'''C'''ü̥'''C'''u'''</center> || <center>'''ju'''C'''ü̥'''C'''u'''</center> | |||
|- | |||
| ''<small>2<sup>nd</sup> sing.</small>'' || <center>'''jö'''C'''i'''C'''ḁ̈'''C'''u'''</center> || <center>'''jö'''C'''ḁ̈'''C'''u'''</center> || <center>'''jü'''C'''u'''C'''ü̥'''C'''u'''</center> || <center>'''jü'''C'''ü̥'''C'''u'''</center> | |||
|- | |||
| ''<small>3<sup>rd</sup> sing.</small>'' || <center>'''jö'''C'''e'''C'''ḁ̈'''C</center> || <center>'''jö'''C'''ḁ̈'''C</center> || <center>'''jü'''C'''o'''C'''ü̥'''C</center> || <center>'''jü'''C'''ü̥'''C</center> | |||
|- | |||
| ''<small>1<sup>st</sup> plur.</small>'' || <center>'''ë'''C'''e'''C'''ḁ̈'''C'''im'''</center> || <center>'''ë'''C'''ḁ̈'''C'''im'''</center> || <center>'''ë'''C'''o'''C'''ü̥'''C'''um'''</center> || <center>'''ë'''C'''ü̥'''C'''um'''</center> | |||
|- | |||
| ''<small>2<sup>nd</sup> plur.</small>'' || <center>'''ë'''C'''i'''C'''ḁ̈'''C'''iš'''</center> || <center>'''ë'''C'''ḁ̈'''C'''iš'''</center> || <center>'''ë'''C'''u'''C'''ü̥'''C'''uš'''</center> || <center>'''ë'''C'''ü̥'''C'''uš'''</center> | |||
|- | |||
| ''<small>3<sup>rd</sup> plur.</small>'' || <center>'''ë'''C'''e'''C'''ḁ̈'''C'''it'''</center> || <center>'''ë'''C'''ḁ̈'''C'''it'''</center> || <center>'''ë'''C'''o'''C'''ü̥'''C'''ut'''</center> || <center>'''ë'''C'''ü̥'''C'''ut'''</center> | |||
|} | |||
Examples: | |||
{| class="wikitable" | |||
|- | |||
| style="width: 70px;"| || style="width: 150px;"| <center>''<small>termel</small>''</center> || style="width: 150px;"| <center>''<small>šekel</small>''</center> || style="width: 150px;"| <center>''<small>ŕokmel</small>''</center> || style="width: 150px;"| <center>''<small>korel</small>''</center> | |||
|- | |||
| ''<small>1<sup>st</sup> sing.</small>'' || <center>juterḁ̈mu</center> || <center>jušḁ̈ku</center> || <center>juŕokü̥mu</center> || <center>jukü̥ru</center> | |||
|- | |||
| ''<small>2<sup>nd</sup> sing.</small>'' || <center>jötirḁ̈mu</center> || <center>jöšḁ̈ku</center> || <center>jüŕukü̥mu</center> || <center>jükü̥ru</center> | |||
|- | |||
| ''<small>3<sup>rd</sup> sing.</small>'' || <center>jöterḁ̈m</center> || <center>jöšḁ̈k</center> || <center>jüŕokü̥m</center> || <center>jükü̥r</center> | |||
|- | |||
| ''<small>1<sup>st</sup> plur.</small>'' || <center>ëterḁ̈mim</center> || <center>ëšḁ̈kim</center> || <center>ëŕokü̥mum</center> || <center>ëkü̥rum</center> | |||
|- | |||
| ''<small>2<sup>nd</sup> plur.</small>'' || <center>ëtirḁ̈miš</center> || <center>ëšḁ̈kiš</center> || <center>ëŕukü̥muš</center> || <center>ëkü̥ruš</center> | |||
|- | |||
| ''<small>3<sup>rd</sup> plur.</small>'' || <center>ëterḁ̈mit</center> || <center>ëšḁ̈kit</center> || <center>ëŕokü̥mut</center> || <center>ëkü̥rut</center> | |||
|} | |||
As it can be noticed, the first two persons in this tense in the conjugation of biliteral roots display identical forms with the forms in the imperfective future tense. The two aspect are distinguished only by the context of the sentence. | |||
When a verb is derived from another verbal form through a derivative infix, this infix does not change in conjugation and stays next to the primary vowel inside the conjugation patterns. | |||
With the sample verbs kyse̥nsel, ''to fall asleep'', še̥jakel, ''to give as a present'', lo̥xaqŕel, ''to exploit'', and fosrel, ''to expel, to exile'': | |||
{| class="wikitable" | |||
|- | |||
| style="width: 70px;"| || style="width: 150px;"| <center>''<small>kyse̥nsel</small>''</center> || style="width: 150px;"| <center>''<small>šejakel</small>''</center> || style="width: 150px;"| <center>''<small>loxaqŕel</small>''</center> || style="width: 150px;"| <center>''<small>śojuʔel</small>''</center> | |||
|- | |||
| ''<small>1<sup>st</sup> sing.</small>'' || <center>joukenysḁ̈mu</center> || <center>jušḁ̈jaku</center> || <center>juloqü̥xamu</center> || <center>juśü̥juʔu</center> | |||
|- | |||
| ''<small>2<sup>nd</sup> sing.</small>'' || <center>jökinysḁ̈mu</center> || <center>jöšḁ̈jaku</center> || <center>jüluqü̥xamu</center> || <center>jüśü̥juʔu</center> | |||
|- | |||
| ''<small>3<sup>rd</sup> sing.</small>'' || <center>jökenysḁ̈m</center> || <center>jöšḁ̈jak</center> || <center>jüloqü̥xam</center> || <center>jüśü̥juʔ</center> | |||
|- | |||
| ''<small>1<sup>st</sup> plur.</small>'' || <center>ëkenysḁ̈mim</center> || <center>ëšḁ̈jakim</center> || <center>ëloqü̥xamum</center> || <center>ëśü̥juʔum</center> | |||
|- | |||
| ''<small>2<sup>nd</sup> plur.</small>'' || <center>ëkinysḁ̈miš</center> || <center>ëšḁ̈jakiš</center> || <center>ëluqü̥xamuš</center> || <center>ëśü̥juʔuš</center> | |||
|- | |||
| ''<small>3<sup>rd</sup> plur.</small>'' || <center>ëkenysḁ̈mit</center> || <center>ëšḁ̈jakit</center> || <center>ëloqü̥xamut</center> || <center>ëśü̥juʔut</center> | |||
|} | |||
======Conditional mood====== | |||
The conditional mood is derived from the indicative mood by altering the thematic vowel. Conversely, the conjugation patterns for all tenses remain the same: | |||
{| class="wikitable" | |||
|- | |||
| style="width: 90px;"| || style="width: 90px;"| <center>''<small>Indicative</small>''</center> || style="width: 90px;"| <center>''<small>Subjunctive</small>''</center> | |||
|- | |||
| style="width: 90px;"| ''<small>Conjugation I</small>'' || style="width: 90px;"| <center>-e-</center> || style="width: 90px;"| <center>-a-</center> | |||
|- | |||
| style="width: 90px;"| ''<small>Conjugation II</small>'' || style="width: 90px;"| <center>-o-</center> || style="width: 90px;"| <center>-y-</center> | |||
|} | |||
'''Imperfective present''' | |||
In the '''imperfective present''', verbs are conjugated according to the following patterns: | |||
{| class="wikitable" | |||
|- | |||
| || colspan="2" | <center>''<small>conjugation I</small>''</center> || colspan="2" | <center>''<small>conjugation II</small>''</center> | |||
|- | |||
| style="width: 70px;"| || style="width: 150px;"| <center>''<small>triliteral root</small>''</center> || style="width: 150px;"| <center>''<small>biliteral root</small>''</center> || style="width: 150px;"| <center>''<small>triliteral root</small>''</center> || style="width: 150px;"| <center>''<small>biliteral root</small>''</center> | |||
|- | |||
| ''<small>1<sup>st</sup> sing.</small>'' || <center>'''jo'''CC'''ḁ'''C'''u'''</center> || <center>'''jo'''C'''ḁ'''C'''u'''</center> || <center>'''jo'''CC'''ẏ'''C'''u'''</center> || <center>'''jo'''C'''ẏ'''C'''u'''</center> | |||
|- | |||
| ''<small>2<sup>nd</sup> sing.</small>'' || <center>'''ja'''CC'''ḁ'''C'''u'''</center> || <center>'''ja'''C'''ḁ'''C'''u'''</center> || <center>'''jä'''CC'''ẏ'''C'''u'''</center> || <center>'''jä'''C'''ẏ'''C'''u'''</center> | |||
|- | |||
| ''<small>3<sup>rd</sup> sing.</small>'' || <center>'''ja'''CC'''ḁ'''C'''e'''</center> || <center>'''ja'''C'''ḁ'''C'''e'''</center> || <center>'''jä'''CC'''ẏ'''C'''o'''</center> || <center>'''jä'''C'''ẏ'''C'''o'''</center> | |||
|- | |||
| ''<small>1<sup>st</sup> plur.</small>'' || <center>CC'''ḁ'''C'''em'''</center> || <center>C'''ḁ'''C'''em'''</center> || <center>CC'''ẏ'''C'''om'''</center> || <center>C'''ẏ'''C'''om'''</center> | |||
|- | |||
| ''<small>2<sup>nd</sup> plur.</small>'' || <center>CC'''ḁ'''C'''eš'''</center> || <center>C'''ḁ'''C'''eš'''</center> || <center>CC'''ẏ'''C'''oš'''</center> || <center>C'''ẏ'''C'''oš'''</center> | |||
|- | |||
| ''<small>3<sup>rd</sup> plur.</small>'' || <center>CC'''ḁ'''C'''et'''</center> || <center>C'''ḁ'''C'''et'''</center> || <center>CC'''ẏ'''C'''ot'''</center> || <center>C'''ẏ'''C'''ot'''</center> | |||
|} | |||
Examples: | |||
{| class="wikitable" | |||
|- | |||
| style="width: 70px;"| || style="width: 150px;"| <center>''<small>termel</small>''</center> || style="width: 150px;"| <center>''<small>šekel</small>''</center> || style="width: 150px;"| <center>''<small>ŕokmel</small>''</center> || style="width: 150px;"| <center>''<small>korel</small>''</center> | |||
|- | |||
| ''<small>1<sup>st</sup> sing.</small>'' || <center>jotrḁmu</center> || <center>jošḁku</center> || <center>joŕkẏmu</center> || <center>jokẏru</center> | |||
|- | |||
| ''<small>2<sup>nd</sup> sing.</small>'' || <center>jatrḁmu</center> || <center>jašḁku</center> || <center>jäŕkẏmu</center> || <center>jäkẏru</center> | |||
|- | |||
| ''<small>3<sup>rd</sup> sing.</small>'' || <center>jatrḁme</center> || <center>jašḁke</center> || <center>jäŕkẏmo</center> || <center>jäkẏro</center> | |||
|- | |||
| ''<small>1<sup>st</sup> plur.</small>'' || <center>trḁmem</center> || <center>šḁkem</center> || <center>ŕkẏmom</center> || <center>kẏrom</center> | |||
|- | |||
| ''<small>2<sup>nd</sup> plur.</small>'' || <center>trḁmeš</center> || <center>šḁkeš</center> || <center>ŕkẏmoš</center> || <center>kẏroš</center> | |||
|- | |||
| ''<small>3<sup>rd</sup> plur.</small>'' || <center>trḁmet</center> || <center>šḁket</center> || <center>ŕkẏmot</center> || <center>kẏrot</center> | |||
|} | |||
In the conjugation of triliteral roots, an euphonic vowel -ë- can be inserted in the three plural persons, if an unallowed initial consonant cluster appears. | |||
{| class="wikitable" | |||
|- | |||
| || <center>''<small>conjugation I</small>''</center> || <center>''<small>conjugation II</small>''</center> | |||
|- | |||
| style="width: 70px;"| || style="width: 150px;"| <center>''<small>triliteral root</small>''</center> || style="width: 150px;"| <center>''<small>triliteral root</small>''</center> | |||
|- | |||
| ''<small>1<sup>st</sup> sing.</small>'' || <center>'''jo'''CC'''ḁ'''C'''u'''</center> || <center>'''jo'''CC'''ẏ'''C'''u'''</center> | |||
|- | |||
| ''<small>2<sup>nd</sup> sing.</small>'' || <center>'''ja'''CC'''ḁ'''C'''u'''</center> || <center>'''jä'''CC'''ẏ'''C'''u'''</center> | |||
|- | |||
| ''<small>3<sup>rd</sup> sing.</small>'' || <center>'''ja'''CC'''ḁ'''C'''e'''</center> || <center>'''jä'''CC'''ẏ'''C'''o'''</center> | |||
|- | |||
| ''<small>1<sup>st</sup> plur.</small>'' || <center>C'''ë'''C'''ḁ'''C'''em'''</center> || <center>C'''ë'''C'''ẏ'''C'''om'''</center> | |||
|- | |||
| ''<small>2<sup>nd</sup> plur.</small>'' || <center>C'''ë'''C'''ḁ'''C'''eš'''</center> || <center>C'''ë'''C'''ẏ'''C'''oš'''</center> | |||
|- | |||
| ''<small>3<sup>rd</sup> plur.</small>'' || <center>C'''ë'''C'''ḁ'''C'''et'''</center> || <center>C'''ë'''C'''ẏ'''C'''ot'''</center> | |||
|} | |||
With the sample verbs fekçel, ''to count'', and fosrel, ''to hear'': | |||
{| class="wikitable" | |||
|- | |||
| style="width: 70px;"| || style="width: 150px;"| <center>''<small>fekçel</small>''</center> || style="width: 150px;"| <center>''<small>fosrel</small>''</center> | |||
|- | |||
| ''<small>1<sup>st</sup> sing.</small>'' || <center>jofkḁçu</center> || <center>jofsẏru</center> | |||
|- | |||
| ''<small>2<sup>nd</sup> sing.</small>'' || <center>jafkḁçu</center> || <center>jäfsẏru</center> | |||
|- | |||
| ''<small>3<sup>rd</sup> sing.</small>'' || <center>jafkḁçe</center> || <center>jäfsẏro</center> | |||
|- | |||
| ''<small>1<sup>st</sup> plur.</small>'' || <center>fëkḁçem</center> || <center>fësẏrom</center> | |||
|- | |||
| ''<small>2<sup>nd</sup> plur.</small>'' || <center>fëkḁçeš</center> || <center>fësẏroš</center> | |||
|- | |||
| ''<small>3<sup>rd</sup> plur.</small>'' || <center>fëkḁçet</center> || <center>fësẏrot</center> | |||
|} | |||
When a verb is derived from another verbal form through a derivative infix, this infix does not change in conjugation and stays next to the primary vowel inside the conjugation patterns. | |||
With the sample verbs kyse̥nsel, ''to fall asleep'', še̥jakel, ''to give as a present'', lo̥xaqŕel, ''to exploit'', and fosrel, ''to expel, to exile'': | |||
{| class="wikitable" | |||
|- | |||
| style="width: 70px;"| || style="width: 150px;"| <center>''<small>kyse̥nsel</small>''</center> || style="width: 150px;"| <center>''<small>šejakel</small>''</center> || style="width: 150px;"| <center>''<small>loxaqŕel</small>''</center> || style="width: 150px;"| <center>''<small>śojuʔel</small>''</center> | |||
|- | |||
| ''<small>1<sup>st</sup> sing.</small>'' || <center>joknysḁmu</center> || <center>jošḁjaku</center> || <center>jolqẏxamu</center> || <center>jośẏjuʔu</center> | |||
|- | |||
| ''<small>2<sup>nd</sup> sing.</small>'' || <center>jaknysḁmu</center> || <center>jašḁjaku</center> || <center>jälqẏxamu</center> || <center>jäśẏjuʔu</center> | |||
|- | |||
| ''<small>3<sup>rd</sup> sing.</small>'' || <center>jaknysḁme</center> || <center>jašḁjake</center> || <center>jälqẏxamo</center> || <center>jäśẏjuʔo</center> | |||
|- | |||
| ''<small>1<sup>st</sup> plur.</small>'' || <center>knysḁmem</center> || <center>šḁjakem</center> || <center>lqẏxamom</center> || <center>śẏjuʔom</center> | |||
|- | |||
| ''<small>2<sup>nd</sup> plur.</small>'' || <center>knysḁmeš</center> || <center>šḁjakeš</center> || <center>lqẏxamoš</center> || <center>śẏjuʔoš</center> | |||
|- | |||
| ''<small>3<sup>rd</sup> plur.</small>'' || <center>knysḁmet</center> || <center>šḁjaket</center> || <center>lqẏxamot</center> || <center>śẏjuʔot</center> | |||
|} | |||
When a verb is derived from another verbal form through a derivative prefix, this prefix does not change in conjugation and stays before the first root consonant. Other prefixes of the conjugation patterns are placed before the derivative prefixes. | |||
With the sample verbs sqäțe̥xsel, ''to safeguard'', and nöʔcico̥rel, ''to sacrifice'': | |||
{| class="wikitable" | |||
|- | |||
| style="width: 70px;"| || style="width: 150px;"| <center>''<small>fekçel</small>''</center> || style="width: 150px;"| <center>''<small>fosrel</small>''</center> | |||
|- | |||
| ''<small>1<sup>st</sup> sing.</small>'' || <center>josqäțxḁsu</center> || <center>jonöʔcicẏru</center> | |||
|- | |||
| ''<small>2<sup>nd</sup> sing.</small>'' || <center>jasqäțxḁsu</center> || <center>jänöʔcicẏru</center> | |||
|- | |||
| ''<small>3<sup>rd</sup> sing.</small>'' || <center>jasqäțxḁse</center> || <center>jänöʔcicẏro</center> | |||
|- | |||
| ''<small>1<sup>st</sup> plur.</small>'' || <center>sqäțxḁsem</center> || <center>nöʔcicẏrom</center> | |||
|- | |||
| ''<small>2<sup>nd</sup> plur.</small>'' || <center>sqäțxḁseš</center> || <center>nöʔcicẏroš</center> | |||
|- | |||
| ''<small>3<sup>rd</sup> plur.</small>'' || <center>sqäțxḁset</center> || <center>nöʔcicẏrot</center> | |||
|} | |||
'''Imperfective past''' | |||
In the '''imperfective past''', verbs are conjugated according to the following patterns: | |||
{| class="wikitable" | |||
|- | |||
| || colspan="2" | <center>''<small>conjugation I</small>''</center> || colspan="2" | <center>''<small>conjugation II</small>''</center> | |||
|- | |||
| style="width: 70px;"| || style="width: 150px;"| <center>''<small>triliteral root</small>''</center> || style="width: 150px;"| <center>''<small>biliteral root</small>''</center> || style="width: 150px;"| <center>''<small>triliteral root</small>''</center> || style="width: 150px;"| <center>''<small>biliteral root</small>''</center> | |||
|- | |||
| ''<small>1<sup>st</sup> sing.</small>'' || <center>CC'''ḁ'''C'''u'''</center> || <center>C'''ḁ'''C'''u'''</center> || <center>CC'''ẏ'''C'''u'''</center> || <center>C'''ẏ'''C'''u'''</center> | |||
|- | |||
| ''<small>2<sup>nd</sup> sing.</small>'' || <center>CC'''ḁ'''C'''u'''</center> || <center>C'''ḁ'''C'''u'''</center> || <center>CC'''ẏ'''C'''u'''</center> || <center>C'''ẏ'''C'''u'''</center> | |||
|- | |||
| ''<small>3<sup>rd</sup> sing.</small>'' || <center>CC'''ḁ'''C'''e'''</center> || <center>C'''ḁ'''C'''e'''</center> || <center>CC'''ẏ'''C'''o'''</center> || <center>C'''ẏ'''C'''o'''</center> | |||
|- | |||
| ''<small>1<sup>st</sup> plur.</small>'' || <center>CC'''ḁ'''C'''im'''</center> || <center>C'''ḁ'''C'''im'''</center> || <center>CC'''ẏ'''C'''um'''</center> || <center>C'''ẏ'''C'''um'''</center> | |||
|- | |||
| ''<small>2<sup>nd</sup> plur.</small>'' || <center>CC'''ḁ'''C'''iš'''</center> || <center>C'''ḁ'''C'''iš'''</center> || <center>CC'''ẏ'''C'''uš'''</center> || <center>C'''ẏ'''C'''uš'''</center> | |||
|- | |||
| ''<small>3<sup>rd</sup> plur.</small>'' || <center>CC'''ḁ'''C'''it'''</center> || <center>C'''ḁ'''C'''it'''</center> || <center>CC'''ẏ'''C'''ut'''</center> || <center>C'''ẏ'''C'''ut'''</center> | |||
|} | |||
Examples: | |||
{| class="wikitable" | |||
|- | |||
| style="width: 70px;"| || style="width: 150px;"| <center>''<small>termel</small>''</center> || style="width: 150px;"| <center>''<small>šekel</small>''</center> || style="width: 150px;"| <center>''<small>ŕokmel</small>''</center> || style="width: 150px;"| <center>''<small>korel</small>''</center> | |||
|- | |||
| ''<small>1<sup>st</sup> sing.</small>'' || <center>trḁmu</center> || <center>šḁku</center> || <center>ŕkẏmu</center> || <center>kẏru</center> | |||
|- | |||
| ''<small>2<sup>nd</sup> sing.</small>'' || <center>trḁmu</center> || <center>šḁku</center> || <center>ŕkẏmu</center> || <center>kẏru</center> | |||
|- | |||
| ''<small>3<sup>rd</sup> sing.</small>'' || <center>trḁme</center> || <center>šḁke</center> || <center>ŕkẏmo</center> || <center>kẏro</center> | |||
|- | |||
| ''<small>1<sup>st</sup> plur.</small>'' || <center>trḁmim</center> || <center>švkim</center> || <center>ŕkẏmum</center> || <center>kẏrum</center> | |||
|- | |||
| ''<small>2<sup>nd</sup> plur.</small>'' || <center>trḁmiš</center> || <center>šḁkiš</center> || <center>ŕkẏmuš</center> || <center>kẏruš</center> | |||
|- | |||
| ''<small>3<sup>rd</sup> plur.</small>'' || <center>trḁmit</center> || <center>šḁkit</center> || <center>ŕkẏmut</center> || <center>kẏrut</center> | |||
|} | |||
In the conjugation of triliteral roots, an euphonic vowel -ë- can be inserted in all persons, if an unallowed initial consonant cluster appears. | |||
{| class="wikitable" | |||
|- | |||
| || <center>''<small>conjugation I</small>''</center> || <center>''<small>conjugation II</small>''</center> | |||
|- | |||
| style="width: 70px;"| || style="width: 150px;"| <center>''<small>triliteral root</small>''</center> || style="width: 150px;"| <center>''<small>triliteral root</small>''</center> | |||
|- | |||
| ''<small>1<sup>st</sup> sing.</small>'' || <center>C'''ë'''C'''ḁ'''C'''u'''</center> || <center>C'''ë'''C'''ẏ'''C'''u'''</center> | |||
|- | |||
| ''<small>2<sup>nd</sup> sing.</small>'' || <center>C'''ë'''C'''ḁ'''C'''u'''</center> || <center>C'''ë'''C'''ẏ'''C'''u'''</center> | |||
|- | |||
| ''<small>3<sup>rd</sup> sing.</small>'' || <center>C'''ë'''C'''ḁ'''C'''e'''</center> || <center>C'''ë'''C'''ẏ'''C'''o'''</center> | |||
|- | |||
| ''<small>1<sup>st</sup> plur.</small>'' || <center>C'''ë'''C'''ḁ'''C'''im'''</center> || <center>C'''ë'''C'''ẏ'''C'''um'''</center> | |||
|- | |||
| ''<small>2<sup>nd</sup> plur.</small>'' || <center>C'''ë'''C'''ḁ'''C'''iš'''</center> || <center>C'''ë'''C'''ẏ'''C'''uš'''</center> | |||
|- | |||
| ''<small>3<sup>rd</sup> plur.</small>'' || <center>C'''ë'''C'''ḁ'''C'''it'''</center> || <center>C'''ë'''C'''ẏ'''C'''ut'''</center> | |||
|} | |||
With the sample verbs fekçel, ''to count'', and fosrel, ''to hear'': | |||
{| class="wikitable" | |||
|- | |||
| style="width: 70px;"| || style="width: 150px;"| <center>''<small>fekçel</small>''</center> || style="width: 150px;"| <center>''<small>fosrel</small>''</center> | |||
|- | |||
| ''<small>1<sup>st</sup> sing.</small>'' || <center>fëkḁçu</center> || <center>fësẏru</center> | |||
|- | |||
| ''<small>2<sup>nd</sup> sing.</small>'' || <center>fëkḁçu</center> || <center>fësẏru</center> | |||
|- | |||
| ''<small>3<sup>rd</sup> sing.</small>'' || <center>fëkḁçe</center> || <center>fësẏro</center> | |||
|- | |||
| ''<small>1<sup>st</sup> plur.</small>'' || <center>fëkḁçim</center> || <center>fësẏrum</center> | |||
|- | |||
| ''<small>2<sup>nd</sup> plur.</small>'' || <center>fëkḁçiš</center> || <center>fësẏruš</center> | |||
|- | |||
| ''<small>3<sup>rd</sup> plur.</small>'' || <center>fëkḁçit</center> || <center>fësẏrut</center> | |||
|} | |||
When a verb is derived from another verbal form through a derivative infix, this infix does not change in conjugation and stays next to the primary vowel inside the conjugation patterns. | |||
With the sample verbs kyse̥nsel, ''to fall asleep'', še̥jakel, ''to give as a present'', lo̥xaqŕel, ''to exploit'', and fosrel, ''to expel, to exile'': | |||
{| class="wikitable" | |||
|- | |||
| style="width: 70px;"| || style="width: 150px;"| <center>''<small>kyse̥nsel</small>''</center> || style="width: 150px;"| <center>''<small>šejakel</small>''</center> || style="width: 150px;"| <center>''<small>loxaqŕel</small>''</center> || style="width: 150px;"| <center>''<small>śojuʔel</small>''</center> | |||
|- | |||
| ''<small>1<sup>st</sup> sing.</small>'' || <center>knysḁmu</center> || <center>šḁjaku</center> || <center>lqẏxamu</center> || <center>śẏjuʔu</center> | |||
|- | |||
| ''<small>2<sup>nd</sup> sing.</small>'' || <center>knysḁmu</center> || <center>šḁjaku</center> || <center>lqẏxamu</center> || <center>śẏjuʔu</center> | |||
|- | |||
| ''<small>3<sup>rd</sup> sing.</small>'' || <center>knysḁme</center> || <center>šḁjake</center> || <center>lqẏxamo</center> || <center>śẏjuʔo</center> | |||
|- | |||
| ''<small>1<sup>st</sup> plur.</small>'' || <center>knysḁmim</center> || <center>šḁjakim</center> || <center>lqẏxamum</center> || <center>śẏjuʔum</center> | |||
|- | |||
| ''<small>2<sup>nd</sup> plur.</small>'' || <center>knysḁmiš</center> || <center>šḁjakiš</center> || <center>lqẏxamuš</center> || <center>śẏjuʔuš</center> | |||
|- | |||
| ''<small>3<sup>rd</sup> plur.</small>'' || <center>knysḁmit</center> || <center>šḁjakit</center> || <center>lqẏxamut</center> || <center>śẏjuʔut</center> | |||
|} | |||
'''Imperfective future''' | |||
In the '''imperfective future''', verbs are conjugated according to the following patterns: | |||
{| class="wikitable" | |||
|- | |||
| || colspan="2" | <center>''<small>conjugation I</small>''</center> || colspan="2" | <center>''<small>conjugation II</small>''</center> | |||
|- | |||
| style="width: 70px;"| || style="width: 150px;"| <center>''<small>triliteral root</small>''</center> || style="width: 150px;"| <center>''<small>biliteral root</small>''</center> || style="width: 150px;"| <center>''<small>triliteral root</small>''</center> || style="width: 150px;"| <center>''<small>biliteral root</small>''</center> | |||
|- | |||
| ''<small>1<sup>st</sup> sing.</small>'' || <center>'''ju'''CC'''ḁ'''C'''u'''</center> || <center>'''ju'''C'''ḁ'''C'''u'''</center> || <center>'''ju'''CC'''ẏ'''C'''u'''</center> || <center>'''ju'''C'''ẏ'''C'''u'''</center> | |||
|- | |||
| ''<small>2<sup>nd</sup> sing.</small>'' || <center>'''jö'''CC'''ḁ'''C'''u'''</center> || <center>'''jö'''C'''ḁ'''C'''u'''</center> || <center>'''jü'''CC'''ẏ'''C'''u'''</center> || <center>'''jü'''C'''ẏ'''C'''u'''</center> | |||
|- | |||
| ''<small>3<sup>rd</sup> sing.</small>'' || <center>'''jö'''CC'''ḁ'''C'''e'''</center> || <center>'''jö'''C'''ḁ'''C'''e'''</center> || <center>'''jü'''CC'''ẏ'''C'''o'''</center> || <center>'''jü'''C'''ẏ'''C'''o'''</center> | |||
|- | |||
| ''<small>1<sup>st</sup> plur.</small>'' || <center>'''ë'''CC'''ḁ'''C'''em'''</center> || <center>'''ë'''C'''ḁ'''C'''em'''</center> || <center>'''ë'''CC'''ẏ'''C'''om'''</center> || <center>'''ë'''C'''ẏ'''C'''om'''</center> | |||
|- | |||
| ''<small>2<sup>nd</sup> plur.</small>'' || <center>'''ë'''CC'''ḁ'''C'''eš'''</center> || <center>'''ë'''C'''ḁ'''C'''eš'''</center> || <center>'''ë'''CC'''ẏ'''C'''oš'''</center> || <center>'''ë'''C'''ẏ'''C'''oš'''</center> | |||
|- | |||
| ''<small>3<sup>rd</sup> plur.</small>'' || <center>'''ë'''CC'''ḁ'''C'''et'''</center> || <center>'''ë'''C'''ḁ'''C'''et'''</center> || <center>'''ë'''CC'''ẏ'''C'''ot'''</center> || <center>'''ë'''C'''ẏ'''C'''ot'''</center> | |||
|} | |||
Examples: | |||
{| class="wikitable" | |||
|- | |||
| style="width: 70px;"| || style="width: 150px;"| <center>''<small>termel</small>''</center> || style="width: 150px;"| <center>''<small>šekel</small>''</center> || style="width: 150px;"| <center>''<small>ŕokmel</small>''</center> || style="width: 150px;"| <center>''<small>korel</small>''</center> | |||
|- | |||
| ''<small>1<sup>st</sup> sing.</small>'' || <center>jutrḁmu</center> || <center>jušḁku</center> || <center>juŕkẏmu</center> || <center>jukẏru</center> | |||
|- | |||
| ''<small>2<sup>nd</sup> sing.</small>'' || <center>jötrḁmu</center> || <center>jöšḁku</center> || <center>jüŕkẏmu</center> || <center>jükẏru</center> | |||
|- | |||
| ''<small>3<sup>rd</sup> sing.</small>'' || <center>jötrḁme</center> || <center>jöšḁke</center> || <center>jüŕkẏmo</center> || <center>jükẏro</center> | |||
|- | |||
| ''<small>1<sup>st</sup> plur.</small>'' || <center>ëtrḁmem</center> || <center>ëšḁkem</center> || <center>ëŕkẏmom</center> || <center>ëkẏrom</center> | |||
|- | |||
| ''<small>2<sup>nd</sup> plur.</small>'' || <center>ëtrḁmeš</center> || <center>ëšḁkeš</center> || <center>ëŕkẏmoš</center> || <center>ëkẏroš</center> | |||
|- | |||
| ''<small>3<sup>rd</sup> plur.</small>'' || <center>ëtrḁmet</center> || <center>ëšḁket</center> || <center>ëŕkẏmot</center> || <center>ëkẏrot</center> | |||
|} | |||
When a verb is derived from another verbal form through a derivative infix, this infix does not change in conjugation and stays next to the primary vowel inside the conjugation patterns. | |||
With the sample verbs kyse̥nsel, ''to fall asleep'', še̥jakel, ''to give as a present'', lo̥xaqŕel, ''to exploit'', and fosrel, ''to expel, to exile'': | |||
{| class="wikitable" | |||
|- | |||
| style="width: 70px;"| || style="width: 150px;"| <center>''<small>kyse̥nsel</small>''</center> || style="width: 150px;"| <center>''<small>šejakel</small>''</center> || style="width: 150px;"| <center>''<small>loxaqŕel</small>''</center> || style="width: 150px;"| <center>''<small>śojuʔel</small>''</center> | |||
|- | |||
| ''<small>1<sup>st</sup> sing.</small>'' || <center>juknysḁmu</center> || <center>jušḁjaku</center> || <center>julqẏxamu</center> || <center>juśẏjuʔu</center> | |||
|- | |||
| ''<small>2<sup>nd</sup> sing.</small>'' || <center>jöknysḁmu</center> || <center>jöšḁjaku</center> || <center>jülqẏxamu</center> || <center>jüśẏjuʔu</center> | |||
|- | |||
| ''<small>3<sup>rd</sup> sing.</small>'' || <center>jöknysḁme</center> || <center>jöšḁjake</center> || <center>jülqẏxamo</center> || <center>jüśẏjuʔo</center> | |||
|- | |||
| ''<small>1<sup>st</sup> plur.</small>'' || <center>ëknysḁmem</center> || <center>ëšḁjakem</center> || <center>ëlqẏxamom</center> || <center>ëśẏjuʔom</center> | |||
|- | |||
| ''<small>2<sup>nd</sup> plur.</small>'' || <center>ëknysḁmeš</center> || <center>ëšḁjakeš</center> || <center>ëlqẏxamoš</center> || <center>ëśẏjuʔoš</center> | |||
|- | |||
| ''<small>3<sup>rd</sup> plur.</small>'' || <center>ëknysḁmet</center> || <center>ëšḁjaket</center> || <center>ëlqẏxamot</center> || <center>ëśẏjuʔot</center> | |||
|} | |||
When a verb is derived from another verbal form through a derivative prefix, this prefix does not change in conjugation and stays before the first root consonant. Other prefixes of the conjugation patterns are placed before the derivative prefixes. | |||
With the sample verbs sqäțe̥xsel, ''to safeguard'', and nöʔcico̥rel, ''to sacrifice'': | |||
{| class="wikitable" | |||
|- | |||
| style="width: 70px;"| || style="width: 150px;"| <center>''<small>fekçel</small>''</center> || style="width: 150px;"| <center>''<small>fosrel</small>''</center> | |||
|- | |||
| ''<small>1<sup>st</sup> sing.</small>'' || <center>jusqäțxḁsu</center> || <center>junöʔcicẏru</center> | |||
|- | |||
| ''<small>2<sup>nd</sup> sing.</small>'' || <center>jösqäțxḁsu</center> || <center>jönöʔcicẏru</center> | |||
|- | |||
| ''<small>3<sup>rd</sup> sing.</small>'' || <center>jösqäțxḁse</center> || <center>jönöʔcicẏro</center> | |||
|- | |||
| ''<small>1<sup>st</sup> plur.</small>'' || <center>ësqäțxḁsem</center> || <center>ënöʔcicẏrom</center> | |||
|- | |||
| ''<small>2<sup>nd</sup> plur.</small>'' || <center>ësqäțxḁseš</center> || <center>ënöʔcicẏroš</center> | |||
|- | |||
| ''<small>3<sup>rd</sup> plur.</small>'' || <center>ësqäțxḁset</center> || <center>ënöʔcicẏrot</center> | |||
|} | |||
'''Perfective present''' | |||
In the '''perfective present''' or '''perfect''', verbs are conjugated according to the following patterns: | |||
{| class="wikitable" | |||
|- | |||
| || colspan="2" | <center>''<small>conjugation I</small>''</center> || colspan="2" | <center>''<small>conjugation II</small>''</center> | |||
|- | |||
| style="width: 70px;"| || style="width: 150px;"| <center>''<small>triliteral root</small>''</center> || style="width: 150px;"| <center>''<small>biliteral root</small>''</center> || style="width: 150px;"| <center>''<small>triliteral root</small>''</center> || style="width: 150px;"| <center>''<small>biliteral root</small>''</center> | |||
|- | |||
| ''<small>1<sup>st</sup> sing.</small>'' || <center>'''jo'''C'''e'''C'''ḁ'''C'''u'''</center> || <center>'''je'''C'''ḁ'''C'''u'''</center> || <center>'''jo'''C'''o'''C'''ẏ'''C'''u'''</center> || <center>'''je'''C'''ẏ'''C'''u'''</center> | |||
|- | |||
| ''<small>2<sup>nd</sup> sing.</small>'' || <center>'''ja'''C'''i'''C'''ḁ'''C'''u'''</center> || <center>'''ji'''C'''ḁ'''C'''u'''</center> || <center>'''jä'''C'''u'''C'''ẏ'''C'''u'''</center> || <center>'''ju'''C'''ẏ'''C'''u'''</center> | |||
|- | |||
| ''<small>3<sup>rd</sup> sing.</small>'' || <center>'''ja'''C'''e'''C'''ḁ'''C</center> || <center>'''je'''C'''ḁ'''C</center> || <center>'''jä'''C'''o'''C'''ẏ'''C</center> || <center>'''je'''C'''ẏ'''C</center> | |||
|- | |||
| ''<small>1<sup>st</sup> plur.</small>'' || <center>C'''e'''C'''ḁ'''C'''im'''</center> || <center>'''e'''C'''ḁ'''C'''im'''</center> || <center>C'''o'''C'''ẏ'''C'''um'''</center> || <center>'''o'''C'''ẏ'''C'''um'''</center> | |||
|- | |||
| ''<small>2<sup>nd</sup> plur.</small>'' || <center>C'''i'''C'''ḁ'''C'''iš'''</center> || <center>'''i'''C'''ḁ'''C'''iš'''</center> || <center>C'''u'''C'''ẏ'''C'''uš'''</center> || <center>'''u'''C'''ẏ'''C'''uš'''</center> | |||
|- | |||
| ''<small>3<sup>rd</sup> plur.</small>'' || <center>C'''e'''C'''ḁ'''C'''it'''</center> || <center>'''e'''C'''ḁ'''C'''it'''</center> || <center>C'''o'''C'''ẏ'''C'''ut'''</center> || <center>'''o'''C'''ẏ'''C'''ut'''</center> | |||
|} | |||
Examples: | |||
{| class="wikitable" | |||
|- | |||
| style="width: 70px;"| || style="width: 150px;"| <center>''<small>termel</small>''</center> || style="width: 150px;"| <center>''<small>šekel</small>''</center> || style="width: 150px;"| <center>''<small>ŕokmel</small>''</center> || style="width: 150px;"| <center>''<small>korel</small>''</center> | |||
|- | |||
| ''<small>1<sup>st</sup> sing.</small>'' || <center>joterḁmu</center> || <center>ješḁku</center> || <center>joŕokẏmu</center> || <center>jekẏru</center> | |||
|- | |||
| ''<small>2<sup>nd</sup> sing.</small>'' || <center>jatirḁmu</center> || <center>jišḁku</center> || <center>jäŕukẏmu</center> || <center>jukẏru</center> | |||
|- | |||
| ''<small>3<sup>rd</sup> sing.</small>'' || <center>jaterḁm</center> || <center>ješḁk</center> || <center>jäŕokẏm</center> || <center>jekẏr</center> | |||
|- | |||
| ''<small>1<sup>st</sup> plur.</small>'' || <center>terḁmim</center> || <center>ešḁkim</center> || <center>ŕokẏmum</center> || <center>okẏrum</center> | |||
|- | |||
| ''<small>2<sup>nd</sup> plur.</small>'' || <center>tirḁmiš</center> || <center>išḁkiš</center> || <center>ŕukẏmuš</center> || <center>ukẏruš</center> | |||
|- | |||
| ''<small>3<sup>rd</sup> plur.</small>'' || <center>terḁmit</center> || <center>ešḁkit</center> || <center>ŕokẏmut</center> || <center>okẏrut</center> | |||
|} | |||
When a verb is derived from another verbal form through a derivative infix, this infix does not change in conjugation and stays next to the primary vowel inside the conjugation patterns. | |||
With the sample verbs kyse̥nsel, ''to fall asleep'', še̥jakel, ''to give as a present'', lo̥xaqŕel, ''to exploit'', and fosrel, ''to expel, to exile'': | |||
{| class="wikitable" | |||
|- | |||
| style="width: 70px;"| || style="width: 150px;"| <center>''<small>kyse̥nsel</small>''</center> || style="width: 150px;"| <center>''<small>šejakel</small>''</center> || style="width: 150px;"| <center>''<small>loxaqŕel</small>''</center> || style="width: 150px;"| <center>''<small>śojuʔel</small>''</center> | |||
|- | |||
| ''<small>1<sup>st</sup> sing.</small>'' || <center>jokenysḁmu</center> || <center>ješḁjaku</center> || <center>joloqẏxamu</center> || <center>jeśẏjuʔu</center> | |||
|- | |||
| ''<small>2<sup>nd</sup> sing.</small>'' || <center>jakinysḁmu</center> || <center>jišḁjaku</center> || <center>jäluqẏxamu</center> || <center>juśẏjuʔu</center> | |||
|- | |||
| ''<small>3<sup>rd</sup> sing.</small>'' || <center>jakenysḁm</center> || <center>ješḁjak</center> || <center>jäloqẏxam</center> || <center>jeśẏjuʔ</center> | |||
|- | |||
| ''<small>1<sup>st</sup> plur.</small>'' || <center>kenysḁmim</center> || <center>ešḁjakim</center> || <center>loqẏxamum</center> || <center>ośẏjuʔum</center> | |||
|- | |||
| ''<small>2<sup>nd</sup> plur.</small>'' || <center>kinysḁmiš</center> || <center>išḁjakiš</center> || <center>luqẏxamuš</center> || <center>uśẏjuʔuš</center> | |||
|- | |||
| ''<small>3<sup>rd</sup> plur.</small>'' || <center>kenysḁmit</center> || <center>ešḁjakit</center> || <center>loqẏxamut</center> || <center>ośẏjuʔut</center> | |||
|} | |||
'''Perfective past''' | |||
In the '''perfective past''', verbs are conjugated according to the following patterns: | |||
{| class="wikitable" | |||
|- | |||
| || colspan="2" | <center>''<small>conjugation I</small>''</center> || colspan="2" | <center>''<small>conjugation II</small>''</center> | |||
|- | |||
| style="width: 70px;"| || style="width: 150px;"| <center>''<small>triliteral root</small>''</center> || style="width: 150px;"| <center>''<small>biliteral root</small>''</center> || style="width: 150px;"| <center>''<small>triliteral root</small>''</center> || style="width: 150px;"| <center>''<small>biliteral root</small>''</center> | |||
|- | |||
| ''<small>1<sup>st</sup> sing.</small>'' || <center>C'''e'''C'''ḁ'''C'''u'''</center> || <center>'''e'''C'''ḁ'''C'''u'''</center> || <center>C'''o'''C'''ẏ'''C'''u'''</center> || <center>'''o'''C'''ẏ'''C'''u'''</center> | |||
|- | |||
| ''<small>2<sup>nd</sup> sing.</small>'' || <center>C'''i'''C'''ḁ'''C'''u'''</center> || <center>'''i'''C'''ḁ'''C'''u'''</center> || <center>C'''u'''C'''ẏ'''C'''u'''</center> || <center>'''u'''C'''ẏ'''C'''u'''</center> | |||
|- | |||
| ''<small>3<sup>rd</sup> sing.</small>'' || <center>C'''e'''C'''ḁ'''C</center> || <center>'''e'''C'''ḁ'''C</center> || <center>C'''o'''C'''ẏ'''C</center> || <center>'''o'''C'''ẏ'''C</center> | |||
|- | |||
| ''<small>1<sup>st</sup> plur.</small>'' || <center>C'''e'''C'''ḁ'''C'''em'''</center> || <center>'''e'''C'''ḁ'''C'''em'''</center> || <center>C'''o'''C'''ẏ'''C'''om'''</center> || <center>'''o'''C'''ẏ'''C'''om'''</center> | |||
|- | |||
| ''<small>2<sup>nd</sup> plur.</small>'' || <center>C'''i'''C'''ḁ'''C'''eš'''</center> || <center>'''i'''C'''ḁ'''C'''eš'''</center> || <center>C'''u'''C'''ẏ'''C'''oš'''</center> || <center>'''u'''C'''ẏ'''C'''oš'''</center> | |||
|- | |||
| ''<small>3<sup>rd</sup> plur.</small>'' || <center>C'''e'''C'''ḁ'''C'''et'''</center> || <center>'''e'''C'''ḁ'''C'''et'''</center> || <center>C'''o'''C'''ẏ'''C'''ot'''</center> || <center>'''o'''C'''ẏ'''C'''ot'''</center> | |||
|} | |||
Examples: | |||
{| class="wikitable" | |||
|- | |||
| style="width: 70px;"| || style="width: 150px;"| <center>''<small>termel</small>''</center> || style="width: 150px;"| <center>''<small>šekel</small>''</center> || style="width: 150px;"| <center>''<small>ŕokmel</small>''</center> || style="width: 150px;"| <center>''<small>korel</small>''</center> | |||
|- | |||
| ''<small>1<sup>st</sup> sing.</small>'' || <center>terḁmu</center> || <center>ešḁku</center> || <center>ŕokẏmu</center> || <center>okẏru</center> | |||
|- | |||
| ''<small>2<sup>nd</sup> sing.</small>'' || <center>tirḁmu</center> || <center>išḁku</center> || <center>ŕukẏmu</center> || <center>okẏru</center> | |||
|- | |||
| ''<small>3<sup>rd</sup> sing.</small>'' || <center>terḁm</center> || <center>ešḁk</center> || <center>ŕokẏm</center> || <center>okẏr</center> | |||
|- | |||
| ''<small>1<sup>st</sup> plur.</small>'' || <center>terḁmem</center> || <center>ešḁkem</center> || <center>ŕokẏmom</center> || <center>okẏrom</center> | |||
|- | |||
| ''<small>2<sup>nd</sup> plur.</small>'' || <center>tirḁmeš</center> || <center>išḁkeš</center> || <center>ŕukẏmoš</center> || <center>ukẏroš</center> | |||
|- | |||
| ''<small>3<sup>rd</sup> plur.</small>'' || <center>terḁmet</center> || <center>ešḁket</center> || <center>ŕokẏmot</center> || <center>okẏrot</center> | |||
|} | |||
When a verb is derived from another verbal form through a derivative infix, this infix does not change in conjugation and stays next to the primary vowel inside the conjugation patterns. | |||
With the sample verbs kyse̥nsel, ''to fall asleep'', še̥jakel, ''to give as a present'', lo̥xaqŕel, ''to exploit'', and fosrel, ''to expel, to exile'': | |||
{| class="wikitable" | |||
|- | |||
| style="width: 70px;"| || style="width: 150px;"| <center>''<small>kyse̥nsel</small>''</center> || style="width: 150px;"| <center>''<small>šejakel</small>''</center> || style="width: 150px;"| <center>''<small>loxaqŕel</small>''</center> || style="width: 150px;"| <center>''<small>śojuʔel</small>''</center> | |||
|- | |||
| ''<small>1<sup>st</sup> sing.</small>'' || <center>kenysḁmu</center> || <center>ešḁjaku</center> || <center>loqẏxamu</center> || <center>ośẏjuʔu</center> | |||
|- | |||
| ''<small>2<sup>nd</sup> sing.</small>'' || <center>kinysḁmu</center> || <center>išḁjaku</center> || <center>luqẏxamu</center> || <center>uśẏjuʔu</center> | |||
|- | |||
| ''<small>3<sup>rd</sup> sing.</small>'' || <center>kenysḁm</center> || <center>ešḁjak</center> || <center>loqẏxam</center> || <center>ośẏjuʔ</center> | |||
|- | |||
| ''<small>1<sup>st</sup> plur.</small>'' || <center>kenysḁmem</center> || <center>ešḁjakem</center> || <center>loqẏxamom</center> || <center>ośẏjuʔom</center> | |||
|- | |||
| ''<small>2<sup>nd</sup> plur.</small>'' || <center>kinysḁmeš</center> || <center>išḁjakeš</center> || <center>luqẏxamoš</center> || <center>uśẏjuʔoš</center> | |||
|- | |||
| ''<small>3<sup>rd</sup> plur.</small>'' || <center>kenysḁmet</center> || <center>ešḁjaket</center> || <center>loqẏxamot</center> || <center>ośẏjuʔot</center> | |||
|} | |||
'''Perfective future''' | |||
In the '''perfective future''', verbs are conjugated according to the following patterns: | |||
{| class="wikitable" | |||
|- | |||
| || colspan="2" | <center>''<small>conjugation I</small>''</center> || colspan="2" | <center>''<small>conjugation II</small>''</center> | |||
|- | |||
| style="width: 70px;"| || style="width: 150px;"| <center>''<small>triliteral root</small>''</center> || style="width: 150px;"| <center>''<small>biliteral root</small>''</center> || style="width: 150px;"| <center>''<small>triliteral root</small>''</center> || style="width: 150px;"| <center>''<small>biliteral root</small>''</center> | |||
|- | |||
| ''<small>1<sup>st</sup> sing.</small>'' || <center>'''ju'''C'''e'''C'''ḁ'''C'''u'''</center> || <center>'''ju'''C'''ḁ'''C'''u'''</center> || <center>'''ju'''C'''o'''C'''ẏ'''C'''u'''</center> || <center>'''ju'''C'''ẏ'''C'''u'''</center> | |||
|- | |||
| ''<small>2<sup>nd</sup> sing.</small>'' || <center>'''jö'''C'''i'''C'''ḁ'''C'''u'''</center> || <center>'''jö'''C'''ḁ'''C'''u'''</center> || <center>'''jü'''C'''u'''C'''ẏ'''C'''u'''</center> || <center>'''jü'''C'''ẏ'''C'''u'''</center> | |||
|- | |||
| ''<small>3<sup>rd</sup> sing.</small>'' || <center>'''jö'''C'''e'''C'''ḁ'''C</center> || <center>'''jö'''C'''ḁ'''C</center> || <center>'''jü'''C'''o'''C'''ẏ'''C</center> || <center>'''jü'''C'''ẏ'''C</center> | |||
|- | |||
| ''<small>1<sup>st</sup> plur.</small>'' || <center>'''ë'''C'''e'''C'''ḁ'''C'''im'''</center> || <center>'''ë'''C'''ḁ'''C'''im'''</center> || <center>'''ë'''C'''o'''C'''ẏ'''C'''um'''</center> || <center>'''ë'''C'''ẏ'''C'''um'''</center> | |||
|- | |||
| ''<small>2<sup>nd</sup> plur.</small>'' || <center>'''ë'''C'''i'''C'''ḁ'''C'''iš'''</center> || <center>'''ë'''C'''ḁ'''C'''iš'''</center> || <center>'''ë'''C'''u'''C'''ẏ'''C'''uš'''</center> || <center>'''ë'''C'''ẏ'''C'''uš'''</center> | |||
|- | |||
| ''<small>3<sup>rd</sup> plur.</small>'' || <center>'''ë'''C'''e'''C'''ḁ'''C'''it'''</center> || <center>'''ë'''C'''ḁ'''C'''it'''</center> || <center>'''ë'''C'''o'''C'''ẏ'''C'''ut'''</center> || <center>'''ë'''C'''ẏ'''C'''ut'''</center> | |||
|} | |||
Examples: | |||
{| class="wikitable" | |||
|- | |||
| style="width: 70px;"| || style="width: 150px;"| <center>''<small>termel</small>''</center> || style="width: 150px;"| <center>''<small>šekel</small>''</center> || style="width: 150px;"| <center>''<small>ŕokmel</small>''</center> || style="width: 150px;"| <center>''<small>korel</small>''</center> | |||
|- | |||
| ''<small>1<sup>st</sup> sing.</small>'' || <center>juterḁmu</center> || <center>jušḁku</center> || <center>juŕokẏmu</center> || <center>jukẏru</center> | |||
|- | |||
| ''<small>2<sup>nd</sup> sing.</small>'' || <center>jötirḁmu</center> || <center>jöšḁku</center> || <center>jüŕukẏmu</center> || <center>jükẏru</center> | |||
|- | |||
| ''<small>3<sup>rd</sup> sing.</small>'' || <center>jöterḁm</center> || <center>jöšḁk</center> || <center>jüŕokẏm</center> || <center>jükẏr</center> | |||
|- | |||
| ''<small>1<sup>st</sup> plur.</small>'' || <center>ëterḁmim</center> || <center>ëšḁkim</center> || <center>ëŕokẏmum</center> || <center>ëkẏrum</center> | |||
|- | |||
| ''<small>2<sup>nd</sup> plur.</small>'' || <center>ëtirḁmiš</center> || <center>ëšḁkiš</center> || <center>ëŕukẏmuš</center> || <center>ëkẏruš</center> | |||
|- | |||
| ''<small>3<sup>rd</sup> plur.</small>'' || <center>ëterḁmit</center> || <center>ëšḁkit</center> || <center>ëŕokẏmut</center> || <center>ëkẏrut</center> | |||
|} | |||
As it can be noticed, the first two persons in this tense in the conjugation of biliteral roots display identical forms with the forms in the imperfective future tense. The two aspect are distinguished only by the context of the sentence. | |||
When a verb is derived from another verbal form through a derivative infix, this infix does not change in conjugation and stays next to the primary vowel inside the conjugation patterns. | |||
With the sample verbs kyse̥nsel, ''to fall asleep'', še̥jakel, ''to give as a present'', lo̥xaqŕel, ''to exploit'', and fosrel, ''to expel, to exile'': | |||
{| class="wikitable" | |||
|- | |||
| style="width: 70px;"| || style="width: 150px;"| <center>''<small>kyse̥nsel</small>''</center> || style="width: 150px;"| <center>''<small>šejakel</small>''</center> || style="width: 150px;"| <center>''<small>loxaqŕel</small>''</center> || style="width: 150px;"| <center>''<small>śojuʔel</small>''</center> | |||
|- | |||
| ''<small>1<sup>st</sup> sing.</small>'' || <center>joukenysḁmu</center> || <center>jušḁjaku</center> || <center>juloqẏxamu</center> || <center>juśẏjuʔu</center> | |||
|- | |||
| ''<small>2<sup>nd</sup> sing.</small>'' || <center>jökinysḁmu</center> || <center>jöšḁjaku</center> || <center>jüluqẏxamu</center> || <center>jüśẏjuʔu</center> | |||
|- | |||
| ''<small>3<sup>rd</sup> sing.</small>'' || <center>jökenysḁm</center> || <center>jöšḁjak</center> || <center>jüloqẏxam</center> || <center>jüśẏjuʔ</center> | |||
|- | |||
| ''<small>1<sup>st</sup> plur.</small>'' || <center>ëkenysḁmim</center> || <center>ëšḁjakim</center> || <center>ëloqẏxamum</center> || <center>ëśẏjuʔum</center> | |||
|- | |||
| ''<small>2<sup>nd</sup> plur.</small>'' || <center>ëkinysḁmiš</center> || <center>ëšḁjakiš</center> || <center>ëluqẏxamuš</center> || <center>ëśẏjuʔuš</center> | |||
|- | |||
| ''<small>3<sup>rd</sup> plur.</small>'' || <center>ëkenysḁmit</center> || <center>ëšḁjakit</center> || <center>ëloqẏxamut</center> || <center>ëśẏjuʔut</center> | |||
|} | |||
======Optative mood====== | |||
The optative mood is derived from the indicative mood by altering the thematic vowel. Conversely, the conjugation patterns for all tenses remain the same: | |||
{| class="wikitable" | |||
|- | |||
| style="width: 90px;"| || style="width: 90px;"| <center>''<small>Indicative</small>''</center> || style="width: 90px;"| <center>''<small>Subjunctive</small>''</center> | |||
|- | |||
| style="width: 90px;"| ''<small>Conjugation I</small>'' || style="width: 90px;"| <center>-e-</center> || style="width: 90px;"| <center>-i-</center> | |||
|- | |||
| style="width: 90px;"| ''<small>Conjugation II</small>'' || style="width: 90px;"| <center>-o-</center> || style="width: 90px;"| <center>-ö-</center> | |||
|} | |||
'''Imperfective present''' | |||
In the '''imperfective present''', verbs are conjugated according to the following patterns: | |||
{| class="wikitable" | |||
|- | |||
| || colspan="2" | <center>''<small>conjugation I</small>''</center> || colspan="2" | <center>''<small>conjugation II</small>''</center> | |||
|- | |||
| style="width: 70px;"| || style="width: 150px;"| <center>''<small>triliteral root</small>''</center> || style="width: 150px;"| <center>''<small>biliteral root</small>''</center> || style="width: 150px;"| <center>''<small>triliteral root</small>''</center> || style="width: 150px;"| <center>''<small>biliteral root</small>''</center> | |||
|- | |||
| ''<small>1<sup>st</sup> sing.</small>'' || <center>'''jo'''CC'''i̥'''C'''u'''</center> || <center>'''jo'''C'''i̥'''C'''u'''</center> || <center>'''jo'''CC'''ö̥'''C'''u'''</center> || <center>'''jo'''C'''ö̥'''C'''u'''</center> | |||
|- | |||
| ''<small>2<sup>nd</sup> sing.</small>'' || <center>'''ja'''CC'''i̥'''C'''u'''</center> || <center>'''ja'''C'''i̥'''C'''u'''</center> || <center>'''jä'''CC'''ö̥'''C'''u'''</center> || <center>'''jä'''C'''ö̥'''C'''u'''</center> | |||
|- | |||
| ''<small>3<sup>rd</sup> sing.</small>'' || <center>'''ja'''CC'''i̥'''C'''e'''</center> || <center>'''ja'''C'''i̥'''C'''e'''</center> || <center>'''jä'''CC'''ö̥'''C'''o'''</center> || <center>'''jä'''C'''ö̥'''C'''o'''</center> | |||
|- | |||
| ''<small>1<sup>st</sup> plur.</small>'' || <center>CC'''i̥'''C'''em'''</center> || <center>C'''i̥'''C'''em'''</center> || <center>CC'''ö̥'''C'''om'''</center> || <center>C'''ö̥'''C'''om'''</center> | |||
|- | |||
| ''<small>2<sup>nd</sup> plur.</small>'' || <center>CC'''i̥'''C'''eš'''</center> || <center>C'''i̥'''C'''eš'''</center> || <center>CC'''ö̥'''C'''oš'''</center> || <center>C'''ö̥'''C'''oš'''</center> | |||
|- | |||
| ''<small>3<sup>rd</sup> plur.</small>'' || <center>CC'''i̥'''C'''et'''</center> || <center>C'''i̥'''C'''et'''</center> || <center>CC'''ö̥'''C'''ot'''</center> || <center>C'''ö̥'''C'''ot'''</center> | |||
|} | |||
Examples: | |||
{| class="wikitable" | |||
|- | |||
| style="width: 70px;"| || style="width: 150px;"| <center>''<small>termel</small>''</center> || style="width: 150px;"| <center>''<small>šekel</small>''</center> || style="width: 150px;"| <center>''<small>ŕokmel</small>''</center> || style="width: 150px;"| <center>''<small>korel</small>''</center> | |||
|- | |||
| ''<small>1<sup>st</sup> sing.</small>'' || <center>jotri̥mu</center> || <center>joši̥ku</center> || <center>joŕkö̥mu</center> || <center>jokö̥ru</center> | |||
|- | |||
| ''<small>2<sup>nd</sup> sing.</small>'' || <center>jatri̥mu</center> || <center>jaši̥ku</center> || <center>jäŕkö̥mu</center> || <center>jäkö̥ru</center> | |||
|- | |||
| ''<small>3<sup>rd</sup> sing.</small>'' || <center>jatri̥me</center> || <center>jaši̥ke</center> || <center>jäŕkö̥mo</center> || <center>jäkö̥ro</center> | |||
|- | |||
| ''<small>1<sup>st</sup> plur.</small>'' || <center>tri̥mem</center> || <center>ši̥kem</center> || <center>ŕkö̥mom</center> || <center>kö̥rom</center> | |||
|- | |||
| ''<small>2<sup>nd</sup> plur.</small>'' || <center>tri̥meš</center> || <center>ši̥keš</center> || <center>ŕkö̥moš</center> || <center>kö̥roš</center> | |||
|- | |||
| ''<small>3<sup>rd</sup> plur.</small>'' || <center>tri̥met</center> || <center>ši̥ket</center> || <center>ŕkö̥mot</center> || <center>kö̥rot</center> | |||
|} | |||
In the conjugation of triliteral roots, an euphonic vowel -ë- can be inserted in the three plural persons, if an unallowed initial consonant cluster appears. | |||
{| class="wikitable" | |||
|- | |||
| || <center>''<small>conjugation I</small>''</center> || <center>''<small>conjugation II</small>''</center> | |||
|- | |||
| style="width: 70px;"| || style="width: 150px;"| <center>''<small>triliteral root</small>''</center> || style="width: 150px;"| <center>''<small>triliteral root</small>''</center> | |||
|- | |||
| ''<small>1<sup>st</sup> sing.</small>'' || <center>'''jo'''CC'''i̥'''C'''u'''</center> || <center>'''jo'''CC'''ö̥'''C'''u'''</center> | |||
|- | |||
| ''<small>2<sup>nd</sup> sing.</small>'' || <center>'''ja'''CC'''i̥'''C'''u'''</center> || <center>'''jä'''CC'''ö̥'''C'''u'''</center> | |||
|- | |||
| ''<small>3<sup>rd</sup> sing.</small>'' || <center>'''ja'''CC'''i̥'''C'''e'''</center> || <center>'''jä'''CC'''ö̥'''C'''o'''</center> | |||
|- | |||
| ''<small>1<sup>st</sup> plur.</small>'' || <center>C'''ë'''C'''i̥'''C'''em'''</center> || <center>C'''ë'''C'''ö̥'''C'''om'''</center> | |||
|- | |||
| ''<small>2<sup>nd</sup> plur.</small>'' || <center>C'''ë'''C'''i̥'''C'''eš'''</center> || <center>C'''ë'''C'''ö̥'''C'''oš'''</center> | |||
|- | |||
| ''<small>3<sup>rd</sup> plur.</small>'' || <center>C'''ë'''C'''i̥'''C'''et'''</center> || <center>C'''ë'''C'''ö̥'''C'''ot'''</center> | |||
|} | |||
With the sample verbs fekçel, ''to count'', and fosrel, ''to hear'': | |||
{| class="wikitable" | |||
|- | |||
| style="width: 70px;"| || style="width: 150px;"| <center>''<small>fekçel</small>''</center> || style="width: 150px;"| <center>''<small>fosrel</small>''</center> | |||
|- | |||
| ''<small>1<sup>st</sup> sing.</small>'' || <center>jofki̥çu</center> || <center>jofsö̥ru</center> | |||
|- | |||
| ''<small>2<sup>nd</sup> sing.</small>'' || <center>jafki̥çu</center> || <center>jäfsö̥ru</center> | |||
|- | |||
| ''<small>3<sup>rd</sup> sing.</small>'' || <center>jafki̥çe</center> || <center>jäfsö̥ro</center> | |||
|- | |||
| ''<small>1<sup>st</sup> plur.</small>'' || <center>fëki̥çem</center> || <center>fësö̥rom</center> | |||
|- | |||
| ''<small>2<sup>nd</sup> plur.</small>'' || <center>fëki̥çeš</center> || <center>fësö̥roš</center> | |||
|- | |||
| ''<small>3<sup>rd</sup> plur.</small>'' || <center>fëki̥çet</center> || <center>fësö̥rot</center> | |||
|} | |||
When a verb is derived from another verbal form through a derivative infix, this infix does not change in conjugation and stays next to the primary vowel inside the conjugation patterns. | |||
With the sample verbs kyse̥nsel, ''to fall asleep'', še̥jakel, ''to give as a present'', lo̥xaqŕel, ''to exploit'', and fosrel, ''to expel, to exile'': | |||
{| class="wikitable" | |||
|- | |||
| style="width: 70px;"| || style="width: 150px;"| <center>''<small>kyse̥nsel</small>''</center> || style="width: 150px;"| <center>''<small>šejakel</small>''</center> || style="width: 150px;"| <center>''<small>loxaqŕel</small>''</center> || style="width: 150px;"| <center>''<small>śojuʔel</small>''</center> | |||
|- | |||
| ''<small>1<sup>st</sup> sing.</small>'' || <center>joknysi̥mu</center> || <center>joši̥jaku</center> || <center>jolqö̥xamu</center> || <center>jośö̥juʔu</center> | |||
|- | |||
| ''<small>2<sup>nd</sup> sing.</small>'' || <center>jaknysi̥mu</center> || <center>jaši̥jaku</center> || <center>jälqö̥xamu</center> || <center>jäśö̥juʔu</center> | |||
|- | |||
| ''<small>3<sup>rd</sup> sing.</small>'' || <center>jaknysi̥me</center> || <center>jaši̥jake</center> || <center>jälqö̥xamo</center> || <center>jäśö̥juʔo</center> | |||
|- | |||
| ''<small>1<sup>st</sup> plur.</small>'' || <center>knysi̥mem</center> || <center>ši̥jakem</center> || <center>lqö̥xamom</center> || <center>śö̥juʔom</center> | |||
|- | |||
| ''<small>2<sup>nd</sup> plur.</small>'' || <center>knysi̥meš</center> || <center>ši̥jakeš</center> || <center>lqö̥xamoš</center> || <center>śö̥juʔoš</center> | |||
|- | |||
| ''<small>3<sup>rd</sup> plur.</small>'' || <center>knysi̥met</center> || <center>ši̥jaket</center> || <center>lqö̥xamot</center> || <center>śö̥juʔot</center> | |||
|} | |||
When a verb is derived from another verbal form through a derivative prefix, this prefix does not change in conjugation and stays before the first root consonant. Other prefixes of the conjugation patterns are placed before the derivative prefixes. | |||
With the sample verbs sqäțe̥xsel, ''to safeguard'', and nöʔcico̥rel, ''to sacrifice'': | |||
{| class="wikitable" | |||
|- | |||
| style="width: 70px;"| || style="width: 150px;"| <center>''<small>fekçel</small>''</center> || style="width: 150px;"| <center>''<small>fosrel</small>''</center> | |||
|- | |||
| ''<small>1<sup>st</sup> sing.</small>'' || <center>josqäțxi̥su</center> || <center>jonöʔcicö̥ru</center> | |||
|- | |||
| ''<small>2<sup>nd</sup> sing.</small>'' || <center>jasqäțxi̥su</center> || <center>jänöʔcicö̥ru</center> | |||
|- | |||
| ''<small>3<sup>rd</sup> sing.</small>'' || <center>jasqäțxi̥se</center> || <center>jänöʔcicö̥ro</center> | |||
|- | |||
| ''<small>1<sup>st</sup> plur.</small>'' || <center>sqäțxi̥sem</center> || <center>nöʔcicö̥rom</center> | |||
|- | |||
| ''<small>2<sup>nd</sup> plur.</small>'' || <center>sqäțxi̥seš</center> || <center>nöʔcicö̥roš</center> | |||
|- | |||
| ''<small>3<sup>rd</sup> plur.</small>'' || <center>sqäțxi̥set</center> || <center>nöʔcicö̥rot</center> | |||
|} | |||
'''Imperfective past''' | |||
In the '''imperfective past''', verbs are conjugated according to the following patterns: | |||
{| class="wikitable" | |||
|- | |||
| || colspan="2" | <center>''<small>conjugation I</small>''</center> || colspan="2" | <center>''<small>conjugation II</small>''</center> | |||
|- | |||
| style="width: 70px;"| || style="width: 150px;"| <center>''<small>triliteral root</small>''</center> || style="width: 150px;"| <center>''<small>biliteral root</small>''</center> || style="width: 150px;"| <center>''<small>triliteral root</small>''</center> || style="width: 150px;"| <center>''<small>biliteral root</small>''</center> | |||
|- | |||
| ''<small>1<sup>st</sup> sing.</small>'' || <center>CC'''i̥'''C'''u'''</center> || <center>C'''i̥'''C'''u'''</center> || <center>CC'''ö̥'''C'''u'''</center> || <center>C'''ö̥'''C'''u'''</center> | |||
|- | |||
| ''<small>2<sup>nd</sup> sing.</small>'' || <center>CC'''i̥'''C'''u'''</center> || <center>C'''i̥'''C'''u'''</center> || <center>CC'''ö̥'''C'''u'''</center> || <center>C'''ö̥'''C'''u'''</center> | |||
|- | |||
| ''<small>3<sup>rd</sup> sing.</small>'' || <center>CC'''i̥'''C'''e'''</center> || <center>C'''i̥'''C'''e'''</center> || <center>CC'''ö̥'''C'''o'''</center> || <center>C'''ö̥'''C'''o'''</center> | |||
|- | |||
| ''<small>1<sup>st</sup> plur.</small>'' || <center>CC'''i̥'''C'''im'''</center> || <center>C'''i̥'''C'''im'''</center> || <center>CC'''ö̥'''C'''um'''</center> || <center>C'''ö̥'''C'''um'''</center> | |||
|- | |||
| ''<small>2<sup>nd</sup> plur.</small>'' || <center>CC'''i̥'''C'''iš'''</center> || <center>C'''i̥'''C'''iš'''</center> || <center>CC'''ö̥'''C'''uš'''</center> || <center>C'''ö̥'''C'''uš'''</center> | |||
|- | |||
| ''<small>3<sup>rd</sup> plur.</small>'' || <center>CC'''i̥'''C'''it'''</center> || <center>C'''i̥'''C'''it'''</center> || <center>CC'''ö̥'''C'''ut'''</center> || <center>C'''ö̥'''C'''ut'''</center> | |||
|} | |||
Examples: | |||
{| class="wikitable" | |||
|- | |||
| style="width: 70px;"| || style="width: 150px;"| <center>''<small>termel</small>''</center> || style="width: 150px;"| <center>''<small>šekel</small>''</center> || style="width: 150px;"| <center>''<small>ŕokmel</small>''</center> || style="width: 150px;"| <center>''<small>korel</small>''</center> | |||
|- | |||
| ''<small>1<sup>st</sup> sing.</small>'' || <center>tri̥mu</center> || <center>ši̥ku</center> || <center>ŕkö̥mu</center> || <center>kö̥ru</center> | |||
|- | |||
| ''<small>2<sup>nd</sup> sing.</small>'' || <center>tri̥mu</center> || <center>ši̥ku</center> || <center>ŕkö̥mu</center> || <center>kö̥ru</center> | |||
|- | |||
| ''<small>3<sup>rd</sup> sing.</small>'' || <center>tri̥me</center> || <center>ši̥ke</center> || <center>ŕkö̥mo</center> || <center>kö̥ro</center> | |||
|- | |||
| ''<small>1<sup>st</sup> plur.</small>'' || <center>tri̥mim</center> || <center>ši̥kim</center> || <center>ŕkö̥mum</center> || <center>kö̥rum</center> | |||
|- | |||
| ''<small>2<sup>nd</sup> plur.</small>'' || <center>tri̥miš</center> || <center>ši̥kiš</center> || <center>ŕkö̥muš</center> || <center>kö̥ruš</center> | |||
|- | |||
| ''<small>3<sup>rd</sup> plur.</small>'' || <center>tri̥mit</center> || <center>ši̥kit</center> || <center>ŕkö̥mut</center> || <center>kö̥rut</center> | |||
|} | |||
In the conjugation of triliteral roots, an euphonic vowel -ë- can be inserted in all persons, if an unallowed initial consonant cluster appears. | |||
{| class="wikitable" | |||
|- | |||
| || <center>''<small>conjugation I</small>''</center> || <center>''<small>conjugation II</small>''</center> | |||
|- | |||
| style="width: 70px;"| || style="width: 150px;"| <center>''<small>triliteral root</small>''</center> || style="width: 150px;"| <center>''<small>triliteral root</small>''</center> | |||
|- | |||
| ''<small>1<sup>st</sup> sing.</small>'' || <center>C'''ë'''C'''i̥'''C'''u'''</center> || <center>C'''ë'''C'''ö̥'''C'''u'''</center> | |||
|- | |||
| ''<small>2<sup>nd</sup> sing.</small>'' || <center>C'''ë'''C'''i̥'''C'''u'''</center> || <center>C'''ë'''C'''ö̥'''C'''u'''</center> | |||
|- | |||
| ''<small>3<sup>rd</sup> sing.</small>'' || <center>C'''ë'''C'''i̥'''C'''e'''</center> || <center>C'''ë'''C'''ö̥'''C'''o'''</center> | |||
|- | |||
| ''<small>1<sup>st</sup> plur.</small>'' || <center>C'''ë'''C'''i̥'''C'''im'''</center> || <center>C'''ë'''C'''ö̥'''C'''um'''</center> | |||
|- | |||
| ''<small>2<sup>nd</sup> plur.</small>'' || <center>C'''ë'''C'''i̥'''C'''iš'''</center> || <center>C'''ë'''C'''ö̥'''C'''uš'''</center> | |||
|- | |||
| ''<small>3<sup>rd</sup> plur.</small>'' || <center>C'''ë'''C'''i̥'''C'''it'''</center> || <center>C'''ë'''C'''ö̥'''C'''ut'''</center> | |||
|} | |||
With the sample verbs fekçel, ''to count'', and fosrel, ''to hear'': | |||
{| class="wikitable" | |||
|- | |||
| style="width: 70px;"| || style="width: 150px;"| <center>''<small>fekçel</small>''</center> || style="width: 150px;"| <center>''<small>fosrel</small>''</center> | |||
|- | |||
| ''<small>1<sup>st</sup> sing.</small>'' || <center>fëki̥çu</center> || <center>fësö̥ru</center> | |||
|- | |||
| ''<small>2<sup>nd</sup> sing.</small>'' || <center>fëki̥çu</center> || <center>fësö̥ru</center> | |||
|- | |||
| ''<small>3<sup>rd</sup> sing.</small>'' || <center>fëki̥çe</center> || <center>fësö̥ro</center> | |||
|- | |||
| ''<small>1<sup>st</sup> plur.</small>'' || <center>fëki̥çim</center> || <center>fësö̥rum</center> | |||
|- | |||
| ''<small>2<sup>nd</sup> plur.</small>'' || <center>fëki̥çiš</center> || <center>fësö̥ruš</center> | |||
|- | |||
| ''<small>3<sup>rd</sup> plur.</small>'' || <center>fëki̥çit</center> || <center>fësö̥rut</center> | |||
|} | |||
When a verb is derived from another verbal form through a derivative infix, this infix does not change in conjugation and stays next to the primary vowel inside the conjugation patterns. | |||
With the sample verbs kyse̥nsel, ''to fall asleep'', še̥jakel, ''to give as a present'', lo̥xaqŕel, ''to exploit'', and fosrel, ''to expel, to exile'': | |||
{| class="wikitable" | |||
|- | |||
| style="width: 70px;"| || style="width: 150px;"| <center>''<small>kyse̥nsel</small>''</center> || style="width: 150px;"| <center>''<small>šejakel</small>''</center> || style="width: 150px;"| <center>''<small>loxaqŕel</small>''</center> || style="width: 150px;"| <center>''<small>śojuʔel</small>''</center> | |||
|- | |||
| ''<small>1<sup>st</sup> sing.</small>'' || <center>knysi̥mu</center> || <center>ši̥jaku</center> || <center>lqö̥xamu</center> || <center>śö̥juʔu</center> | |||
|- | |||
| ''<small>2<sup>nd</sup> sing.</small>'' || <center>knysi̥mu</center> || <center>ši̥jaku</center> || <center>lqö̥xamu</center> || <center>śö̥juʔu</center> | |||
|- | |||
| ''<small>3<sup>rd</sup> sing.</small>'' || <center>knysi̥me</center> || <center>ši̥jake</center> || <center>lqö̥xamo</center> || <center>śö̥juʔo</center> | |||
|- | |||
| ''<small>1<sup>st</sup> plur.</small>'' || <center>knysi̥mim</center> || <center>ši̥jakim</center> || <center>lqö̥xamum</center> || <center>śö̥juʔum</center> | |||
|- | |||
| ''<small>2<sup>nd</sup> plur.</small>'' || <center>knysi̥miš</center> || <center>ši̥jakiš</center> || <center>lqö̥xamuš</center> || <center>śö̥juʔuš</center> | |||
|- | |||
| ''<small>3<sup>rd</sup> plur.</small>'' || <center>knysi̥mit</center> || <center>ši̥jakit</center> || <center>lqö̥xamut</center> || <center>śö̥juʔut</center> | |||
|} | |||
'''Imperfective future''' | |||
In the '''imperfective future''', verbs are conjugated according to the following patterns: | |||
{| class="wikitable" | |||
|- | |||
| || colspan="2" | <center>''<small>conjugation I</small>''</center> || colspan="2" | <center>''<small>conjugation II</small>''</center> | |||
|- | |||
| style="width: 70px;"| || style="width: 150px;"| <center>''<small>triliteral root</small>''</center> || style="width: 150px;"| <center>''<small>biliteral root</small>''</center> || style="width: 150px;"| <center>''<small>triliteral root</small>''</center> || style="width: 150px;"| <center>''<small>biliteral root</small>''</center> | |||
|- | |||
| ''<small>1<sup>st</sup> sing.</small>'' || <center>'''ju'''CC'''i̥'''C'''u'''</center> || <center>'''ju'''C'''i̥'''C'''u'''</center> || <center>'''ju'''CC'''ö̥'''C'''u'''</center> || <center>'''ju'''C'''ö̥'''C'''u'''</center> | |||
|- | |||
| ''<small>2<sup>nd</sup> sing.</small>'' || <center>'''jö'''CC'''i̥'''C'''u'''</center> || <center>'''jö'''C'''i̥'''C'''u'''</center> || <center>'''jü'''CC'''ö̥'''C'''u'''</center> || <center>'''jü'''C'''ö̥'''C'''u'''</center> | |||
|- | |||
| ''<small>3<sup>rd</sup> sing.</small>'' || <center>'''jö'''CC'''i̥'''C'''e'''</center> || <center>'''jö'''C'''i̥'''C'''e'''</center> || <center>'''jü'''CC'''ö̥'''C'''o'''</center> || <center>'''jü'''C'''ö̥'''C'''o'''</center> | |||
|- | |||
| ''<small>1<sup>st</sup> plur.</small>'' || <center>'''ë'''CC'''i̥'''C'''em'''</center> || <center>'''ë'''C'''i̥'''C'''em'''</center> || <center>'''ë'''CC'''ö̥'''C'''om'''</center> || <center>'''ë'''C'''ö̥'''C'''om'''</center> | |||
|- | |||
| ''<small>2<sup>nd</sup> plur.</small>'' || <center>'''ë'''CC'''i̥'''C'''eš'''</center> || <center>'''ë'''C'''i̥'''C'''eš'''</center> || <center>'''ë'''CC'''ö̥'''C'''oš'''</center> || <center>'''ë'''C'''ö̥'''C'''oš'''</center> | |||
|- | |||
| ''<small>3<sup>rd</sup> plur.</small>'' || <center>'''ë'''CC'''i̥'''C'''et'''</center> || <center>'''ë'''C'''i̥'''C'''et'''</center> || <center>'''ë'''CC'''ö̥'''C'''ot'''</center> || <center>'''ë'''C'''ö̥'''C'''ot'''</center> | |||
|} | |||
Examples: | |||
{| class="wikitable" | |||
|- | |||
| style="width: 70px;"| || style="width: 150px;"| <center>''<small>termel</small>''</center> || style="width: 150px;"| <center>''<small>šekel</small>''</center> || style="width: 150px;"| <center>''<small>ŕokmel</small>''</center> || style="width: 150px;"| <center>''<small>korel</small>''</center> | |||
|- | |||
| ''<small>1<sup>st</sup> sing.</small>'' || <center>jutri̥mu</center> || <center>juši̥ku</center> || <center>juŕkö̥mu</center> || <center>jukö̥ru</center> | |||
|- | |||
| ''<small>2<sup>nd</sup> sing.</small>'' || <center>jötri̥mu</center> || <center>jöši̥ku</center> || <center>jüŕkö̥mu</center> || <center>jükö̥ru</center> | |||
|- | |||
| ''<small>3<sup>rd</sup> sing.</small>'' || <center>jötri̥me</center> || <center>jöši̥ke</center> || <center>jüŕkö̥mo</center> || <center>jükö̥ro</center> | |||
|- | |||
| ''<small>1<sup>st</sup> plur.</small>'' || <center>ëtri̥mem</center> || <center>ëši̥kem</center> || <center>ëŕkö̥mom</center> || <center>ëkö̥rom</center> | |||
|- | |||
| ''<small>2<sup>nd</sup> plur.</small>'' || <center>ëtri̥meš</center> || <center>ëši̥keš</center> || <center>ëŕkö̥moš</center> || <center>ëkö̥roš</center> | |||
|- | |||
| ''<small>3<sup>rd</sup> plur.</small>'' || <center>ëtri̥met</center> || <center>ëši̥ket</center> || <center>ëŕkö̥mot</center> || <center>ëkö̥rot</center> | |||
|} | |||
When a verb is derived from another verbal form through a derivative infix, this infix does not change in conjugation and stays next to the primary vowel inside the conjugation patterns. | |||
With the sample verbs kyse̥nsel, ''to fall asleep'', še̥jakel, ''to give as a present'', lo̥xaqŕel, ''to exploit'', and fosrel, ''to expel, to exile'': | |||
{| class="wikitable" | |||
|- | |||
| style="width: 70px;"| || style="width: 150px;"| <center>''<small>kyse̥nsel</small>''</center> || style="width: 150px;"| <center>''<small>šejakel</small>''</center> || style="width: 150px;"| <center>''<small>loxaqŕel</small>''</center> || style="width: 150px;"| <center>''<small>śojuʔel</small>''</center> | |||
|- | |||
| ''<small>1<sup>st</sup> sing.</small>'' || <center>juknysi̥mu</center> || <center>juši̥jaku</center> || <center>julqö̥xamu</center> || <center>juśö̥juʔu</center> | |||
|- | |||
| ''<small>2<sup>nd</sup> sing.</small>'' || <center>jöknysi̥mu</center> || <center>jöši̥jaku</center> || <center>jülqö̥xamu</center> || <center>jüśö̥juʔu</center> | |||
|- | |||
| ''<small>3<sup>rd</sup> sing.</small>'' || <center>jöknysi̥me</center> || <center>jöši̥jake</center> || <center>jülqö̥xamo</center> || <center>jüśö̥juʔo</center> | |||
|- | |||
| ''<small>1<sup>st</sup> plur.</small>'' || <center>ëknysi̥mem</center> || <center>ëši̥jakem</center> || <center>ëlqö̥xamom</center> || <center>ëśö̥juʔom</center> | |||
|- | |||
| ''<small>2<sup>nd</sup> plur.</small>'' || <center>ëknysi̥meš</center> || <center>ëši̥jakeš</center> || <center>ëlqö̥xamoš</center> || <center>ëśö̥juʔoš</center> | |||
|- | |||
| ''<small>3<sup>rd</sup> plur.</small>'' || <center>ëknysi̥met</center> || <center>ëši̥jaket</center> || <center>ëlqö̥xamot</center> || <center>ëśö̥juʔot</center> | |||
|} | |||
When a verb is derived from another verbal form through a derivative prefix, this prefix does not change in conjugation and stays before the first root consonant. Other prefixes of the conjugation patterns are placed before the derivative prefixes. | |||
With the sample verbs sqäțe̥xsel, ''to safeguard'', and nöʔcico̥rel, ''to sacrifice'': | |||
{| class="wikitable" | |||
|- | |||
| style="width: 70px;"| || style="width: 150px;"| <center>''<small>fekçel</small>''</center> || style="width: 150px;"| <center>''<small>fosrel</small>''</center> | |||
|- | |||
| ''<small>1<sup>st</sup> sing.</small>'' || <center>jusqäțxi̥su</center> || <center>junöʔcicö̥ru</center> | |||
|- | |||
| ''<small>2<sup>nd</sup> sing.</small>'' || <center>jösqäțxi̥su</center> || <center>jönöʔcicö̥ru</center> | |||
|- | |||
| ''<small>3<sup>rd</sup> sing.</small>'' || <center>jösqäțxi̥se</center> || <center>jönöʔcicö̥ro</center> | |||
|- | |||
| ''<small>1<sup>st</sup> plur.</small>'' || <center>ësqäțxi̥sem</center> || <center>ënöʔcicö̥rom</center> | |||
|- | |||
| ''<small>2<sup>nd</sup> plur.</small>'' || <center>ësqäțxi̥seš</center> || <center>ënöʔcicö̥roš</center> | |||
|- | |||
| ''<small>3<sup>rd</sup> plur.</small>'' || <center>ësqäțxi̥set</center> || <center>ënöʔcicö̥rot</center> | |||
|} | |||
'''Perfective present''' | |||
In the '''perfective present''' or '''perfect''', verbs are conjugated according to the following patterns: | |||
{| class="wikitable" | |||
|- | |||
| || colspan="2" | <center>''<small>conjugation I</small>''</center> || colspan="2" | <center>''<small>conjugation II</small>''</center> | |||
|- | |||
| style="width: 70px;"| || style="width: 150px;"| <center>''<small>triliteral root</small>''</center> || style="width: 150px;"| <center>''<small>biliteral root</small>''</center> || style="width: 150px;"| <center>''<small>triliteral root</small>''</center> || style="width: 150px;"| <center>''<small>biliteral root</small>''</center> | |||
|- | |||
| ''<small>1<sup>st</sup> sing.</small>'' || <center>'''jo'''C'''e'''C'''i̥'''C'''u'''</center> || <center>'''je'''C'''i̥'''C'''u'''</center> || <center>'''jo'''C'''o'''C'''ö̥'''C'''u'''</center> || <center>'''je'''C'''ö̥'''C'''u'''</center> | |||
|- | |||
| ''<small>2<sup>nd</sup> sing.</small>'' || <center>'''ja'''C'''i'''C'''i̥'''C'''u'''</center> || <center>'''ji'''C'''i̥'''C'''u'''</center> || <center>'''jä'''C'''u'''C'''ö̥'''C'''u'''</center> || <center>'''ju'''C'''ö̥'''C'''u'''</center> | |||
|- | |||
| ''<small>3<sup>rd</sup> sing.</small>'' || <center>'''ja'''C'''e'''C'''i̥'''C</center> || <center>'''je'''C'''i̥'''C</center> || <center>'''jä'''C'''o'''C'''ö̥'''C</center> || <center>'''je'''C'''ö̥'''C</center> | |||
|- | |||
| ''<small>1<sup>st</sup> plur.</small>'' || <center>C'''e'''C'''i̥'''C'''im'''</center> || <center>'''e'''C'''i̥'''C'''im'''</center> || <center>C'''o'''C'''ö̥'''C'''um'''</center> || <center>'''o'''C'''ö̥'''C'''um'''</center> | |||
|- | |||
| ''<small>2<sup>nd</sup> plur.</small>'' || <center>C'''i'''C'''i̥'''C'''iš'''</center> || <center>'''i'''C'''i̥'''C'''iš'''</center> || <center>C'''u'''C'''ö̥'''C'''uš'''</center> || <center>'''u'''C'''ö̥'''C'''uš'''</center> | |||
|- | |||
| ''<small>3<sup>rd</sup> plur.</small>'' || <center>C'''e'''C'''i̥'''C'''it'''</center> || <center>'''e'''C'''i̥'''C'''it'''</center> || <center>C'''o'''C'''ö̥'''C'''ut'''</center> || <center>'''o'''C'''ö̥'''C'''ut'''</center> | |||
|} | |||
Examples: | |||
{| class="wikitable" | |||
|- | |||
| style="width: 70px;"| || style="width: 150px;"| <center>''<small>termel</small>''</center> || style="width: 150px;"| <center>''<small>šekel</small>''</center> || style="width: 150px;"| <center>''<small>ŕokmel</small>''</center> || style="width: 150px;"| <center>''<small>korel</small>''</center> | |||
|- | |||
| ''<small>1<sup>st</sup> sing.</small>'' || <center>joteri̥mu</center> || <center>ješi̥ku</center> || <center>joŕokö̥mu</center> || <center>jekö̥ru</center> | |||
|- | |||
| ''<small>2<sup>nd</sup> sing.</small>'' || <center>jatiri̥mu</center> || <center>jiši̥ku</center> || <center>jäŕukö̥mu</center> || <center>jukö̥ru</center> | |||
|- | |||
| ''<small>3<sup>rd</sup> sing.</small>'' || <center>jateri̥m</center> || <center>ješi̥k</center> || <center>jäŕokö̥m</center> || <center>jekö̥r</center> | |||
|- | |||
| ''<small>1<sup>st</sup> plur.</small>'' || <center>teri̥mim</center> || <center>eši̥kim</center> || <center>ŕokö̥mum</center> || <center>okö̥rum</center> | |||
|- | |||
| ''<small>2<sup>nd</sup> plur.</small>'' || <center>tiri̥miš</center> || <center>iši̥kiš</center> || <center>ŕukö̥muš</center> || <center>ukö̥ruš</center> | |||
|- | |||
| ''<small>3<sup>rd</sup> plur.</small>'' || <center>teri̥mit</center> || <center>eši̥kit</center> || <center>ŕokö̥mut</center> || <center>okö̥rut</center> | |||
|} | |||
When a verb is derived from another verbal form through a derivative infix, this infix does not change in conjugation and stays next to the primary vowel inside the conjugation patterns. | |||
With the sample verbs kyse̥nsel, ''to fall asleep'', še̥jakel, ''to give as a present'', lo̥xaqŕel, ''to exploit'', and fosrel, ''to expel, to exile'': | |||
{| class="wikitable" | |||
|- | |||
| style="width: 70px;"| || style="width: 150px;"| <center>''<small>kyse̥nsel</small>''</center> || style="width: 150px;"| <center>''<small>šejakel</small>''</center> || style="width: 150px;"| <center>''<small>loxaqŕel</small>''</center> || style="width: 150px;"| <center>''<small>śojuʔel</small>''</center> | |||
|- | |||
| ''<small>1<sup>st</sup> sing.</small>'' || <center>jokenysi̥mu</center> || <center>ješi̥jaku</center> || <center>joloqö̥xamu</center> || <center>jeśö̥juʔu</center> | |||
|- | |||
| ''<small>2<sup>nd</sup> sing.</small>'' || <center>jakinysi̥mu</center> || <center>jiši̥jaku</center> || <center>jäluqö̥xamu</center> || <center>juśö̥juʔu</center> | |||
|- | |||
| ''<small>3<sup>rd</sup> sing.</small>'' || <center>jakenysi̥m</center> || <center>ješi̥jak</center> || <center>jäloqö̥xam</center> || <center>jeśö̥juʔ</center> | |||
|- | |||
| ''<small>1<sup>st</sup> plur.</small>'' || <center>kenysi̥mim</center> || <center>eši̥jakim</center> || <center>loqö̥xamum</center> || <center>ośö̥juʔum</center> | |||
|- | |||
| ''<small>2<sup>nd</sup> plur.</small>'' || <center>kinysi̥miš</center> || <center>iši̥jakiš</center> || <center>luqö̥xamuš</center> || <center>uśö̥juʔuš</center> | |||
|- | |||
| ''<small>3<sup>rd</sup> plur.</small>'' || <center>kenysi̥mit</center> || <center>eši̥jakit</center> || <center>loqö̥xamut</center> || <center>ośö̥juʔut</center> | |||
|} | |||
'''Perfective past''' | |||
In the '''perfective past''', verbs are conjugated according to the following patterns: | |||
{| class="wikitable" | |||
|- | |||
| || colspan="2" | <center>''<small>conjugation I</small>''</center> || colspan="2" | <center>''<small>conjugation II</small>''</center> | |||
|- | |||
| style="width: 70px;"| || style="width: 150px;"| <center>''<small>triliteral root</small>''</center> || style="width: 150px;"| <center>''<small>biliteral root</small>''</center> || style="width: 150px;"| <center>''<small>triliteral root</small>''</center> || style="width: 150px;"| <center>''<small>biliteral root</small>''</center> | |||
|- | |||
| ''<small>1<sup>st</sup> sing.</small>'' || <center>C'''e'''C'''i̥'''C'''u'''</center> || <center>'''e'''C'''i̥'''C'''u'''</center> || <center>C'''o'''C'''ö̥'''C'''u'''</center> || <center>'''o'''C'''ö̥'''C'''u'''</center> | |||
|- | |||
| ''<small>2<sup>nd</sup> sing.</small>'' || <center>C'''i'''C'''i̥'''C'''u'''</center> || <center>'''i'''C'''i̥'''C'''u'''</center> || <center>C'''u'''C'''ö̥'''C'''u'''</center> || <center>'''u'''C'''ö̥'''C'''u'''</center> | |||
|- | |||
| ''<small>3<sup>rd</sup> sing.</small>'' || <center>C'''e'''C'''i̥'''C</center> || <center>'''e'''C'''i̥'''C</center> || <center>C'''o'''C'''ö̥'''C</center> || <center>'''o'''C'''ö̥'''C</center> | |||
|- | |||
| ''<small>1<sup>st</sup> plur.</small>'' || <center>C'''e'''C'''i̥'''C'''em'''</center> || <center>'''e'''C'''i̥'''C'''em'''</center> || <center>C'''o'''C'''ö̥'''C'''om'''</center> || <center>'''o'''C'''ö̥'''C'''om'''</center> | |||
|- | |||
| ''<small>2<sup>nd</sup> plur.</small>'' || <center>C'''i'''C'''i̥'''C'''eš'''</center> || <center>'''i'''C'''i̥'''C'''eš'''</center> || <center>C'''u'''C'''ö̥'''C'''oš'''</center> || <center>'''u'''C'''ö̥'''C'''oš'''</center> | |||
|- | |||
| ''<small>3<sup>rd</sup> plur.</small>'' || <center>C'''e'''C'''i̥'''C'''et'''</center> || <center>'''e'''C'''i̥'''C'''et'''</center> || <center>C'''o'''C'''ö̥'''C'''ot'''</center> || <center>'''o'''C'''ö̥'''C'''ot'''</center> | |||
|} | |||
Examples: | |||
{| class="wikitable" | |||
|- | |||
| style="width: 70px;"| || style="width: 150px;"| <center>''<small>termel</small>''</center> || style="width: 150px;"| <center>''<small>šekel</small>''</center> || style="width: 150px;"| <center>''<small>ŕokmel</small>''</center> || style="width: 150px;"| <center>''<small>korel</small>''</center> | |||
|- | |||
| ''<small>1<sup>st</sup> sing.</small>'' || <center>teri̥mu</center> || <center>eši̥ku</center> || <center>ŕokö̥mu</center> || <center>okö̥ru</center> | |||
|- | |||
| ''<small>2<sup>nd</sup> sing.</small>'' || <center>tiri̥mu</center> || <center>iši̥ku</center> || <center>ŕukö̥mu</center> || <center>okö̥ru</center> | |||
|- | |||
| ''<small>3<sup>rd</sup> sing.</small>'' || <center>teri̥m</center> || <center>eši̥k</center> || <center>ŕokö̥m</center> || <center>okö̥r</center> | |||
|- | |||
| ''<small>1<sup>st</sup> plur.</small>'' || <center>teri̥mem</center> || <center>eši̥kem</center> || <center>ŕokö̥mom</center> || <center>okö̥rom</center> | |||
|- | |||
| ''<small>2<sup>nd</sup> plur.</small>'' || <center>tiri̥meš</center> || <center>iši̥keš</center> || <center>ŕukö̥moš</center> || <center>ukö̥roš</center> | |||
|- | |||
| ''<small>3<sup>rd</sup> plur.</small>'' || <center>teri̥met</center> || <center>eši̥ket</center> || <center>ŕokö̥mot</center> || <center>okö̥rot</center> | |||
|} | |||
When a verb is derived from another verbal form through a derivative infix, this infix does not change in conjugation and stays next to the primary vowel inside the conjugation patterns. | |||
With the sample verbs kyse̥nsel, ''to fall asleep'', še̥jakel, ''to give as a present'', lo̥xaqŕel, ''to exploit'', and fosrel, ''to expel, to exile'': | |||
{| class="wikitable" | |||
|- | |||
| style="width: 70px;"| || style="width: 150px;"| <center>''<small>kyse̥nsel</small>''</center> || style="width: 150px;"| <center>''<small>šejakel</small>''</center> || style="width: 150px;"| <center>''<small>loxaqŕel</small>''</center> || style="width: 150px;"| <center>''<small>śojuʔel</small>''</center> | |||
|- | |||
| ''<small>1<sup>st</sup> sing.</small>'' || <center>kenysi̥mu</center> || <center>eši̥jaku</center> || <center>loqö̥xamu</center> || <center>ośö̥juʔu</center> | |||
|- | |||
| ''<small>2<sup>nd</sup> sing.</small>'' || <center>kinysi̥mu</center> || <center>iši̥jaku</center> || <center>luqö̥xamu</center> || <center>uśö̥juʔu</center> | |||
|- | |||
| ''<small>3<sup>rd</sup> sing.</small>'' || <center>kenysi̥m</center> || <center>eši̥jak</center> || <center>loqö̥xam</center> || <center>ośö̥juʔ</center> | |||
|- | |||
| ''<small>1<sup>st</sup> plur.</small>'' || <center>kenysi̥mem</center> || <center>eši̥jakem</center> || <center>loqö̥xamom</center> || <center>ośö̥juʔom</center> | |||
|- | |||
| ''<small>2<sup>nd</sup> plur.</small>'' || <center>kinysi̥meš</center> || <center>iši̥jakeš</center> || <center>luqö̥xamoš</center> || <center>uśö̥juʔoš</center> | |||
|- | |||
| ''<small>3<sup>rd</sup> plur.</small>'' || <center>kenysi̥met</center> || <center>eši̥jaket</center> || <center>loqö̥xamot</center> || <center>ośö̥juʔot</center> | |||
|} | |||
'''Perfective future''' | |||
In the '''perfective future''', verbs are conjugated according to the following patterns: | |||
{| class="wikitable" | |||
|- | |||
| || colspan="2" | <center>''<small>conjugation I</small>''</center> || colspan="2" | <center>''<small>conjugation II</small>''</center> | |||
|- | |||
| style="width: 70px;"| || style="width: 150px;"| <center>''<small>triliteral root</small>''</center> || style="width: 150px;"| <center>''<small>biliteral root</small>''</center> || style="width: 150px;"| <center>''<small>triliteral root</small>''</center> || style="width: 150px;"| <center>''<small>biliteral root</small>''</center> | |||
|- | |||
| ''<small>1<sup>st</sup> sing.</small>'' || <center>'''ju'''C'''e'''C'''i̥'''C'''u'''</center> || <center>'''ju'''C'''i̥'''C'''u'''</center> || <center>'''ju'''C'''o'''C'''ö̥'''C'''u'''</center> || <center>'''ju'''C'''ö̥'''C'''u'''</center> | |||
|- | |||
| ''<small>2<sup>nd</sup> sing.</small>'' || <center>'''jö'''C'''i'''C'''i̥'''C'''u'''</center> || <center>'''jö'''C'''i̥'''C'''u'''</center> || <center>'''jü'''C'''u'''C'''ö̥'''C'''u'''</center> || <center>'''jü'''C'''ö̥'''C'''u'''</center> | |||
|- | |||
| ''<small>3<sup>rd</sup> sing.</small>'' || <center>'''jö'''C'''e'''C'''i̥'''C</center> || <center>'''jö'''C'''i̥'''C</center> || <center>'''jü'''C'''o'''C'''ö̥'''C</center> || <center>'''jü'''C'''ö̥'''C</center> | |||
|- | |||
| ''<small>1<sup>st</sup> plur.</small>'' || <center>'''ë'''C'''e'''C'''i̥'''C'''im'''</center> || <center>'''ë'''C'''i̥'''C'''im'''</center> || <center>'''ë'''C'''o'''C'''ö̥'''C'''um'''</center> || <center>'''ë'''C'''ö̥'''C'''um'''</center> | |||
|- | |||
| ''<small>2<sup>nd</sup> plur.</small>'' || <center>'''ë'''C'''i'''C'''i̥'''C'''iš'''</center> || <center>'''ë'''C'''i̥'''C'''iš'''</center> || <center>'''ë'''C'''u'''C'''ö̥'''C'''uš'''</center> || <center>'''ë'''C'''ö̥'''C'''uš'''</center> | |||
|- | |||
| ''<small>3<sup>rd</sup> plur.</small>'' || <center>'''ë'''C'''e'''C'''i̥'''C'''it'''</center> || <center>'''ë'''C'''i̥'''C'''it'''</center> || <center>'''ë'''C'''o'''C'''ö̥'''C'''ut'''</center> || <center>'''ë'''C'''ö̥'''C'''ut'''</center> | |||
|} | |||
Examples: | |||
{| class="wikitable" | |||
|- | |||
| style="width: 70px;"| || style="width: 150px;"| <center>''<small>termel</small>''</center> || style="width: 150px;"| <center>''<small>šekel</small>''</center> || style="width: 150px;"| <center>''<small>ŕokmel</small>''</center> || style="width: 150px;"| <center>''<small>korel</small>''</center> | |||
|- | |||
| ''<small>1<sup>st</sup> sing.</small>'' || <center>juteri̥mu</center> || <center>juši̥ku</center> || <center>juŕokö̥mu</center> || <center>jukö̥ru</center> | |||
|- | |||
| ''<small>2<sup>nd</sup> sing.</small>'' || <center>jötiri̥mu</center> || <center>jöši̥ku</center> || <center>jüŕukö̥mu</center> || <center>jükö̥ru</center> | |||
|- | |||
| ''<small>3<sup>rd</sup> sing.</small>'' || <center>jöteri̥m</center> || <center>jöši̥k</center> || <center>jüŕokö̥m</center> || <center>jükö̥r</center> | |||
|- | |||
| ''<small>1<sup>st</sup> plur.</small>'' || <center>ëteri̥mim</center> || <center>ëši̥kim</center> || <center>ëŕokö̥mum</center> || <center>ëkö̥rum</center> | |||
|- | |||
| ''<small>2<sup>nd</sup> plur.</small>'' || <center>ëtiri̥miš</center> || <center>ëši̥kiš</center> || <center>ëŕukö̥muš</center> || <center>ëkö̥ruš</center> | |||
|- | |||
| ''<small>3<sup>rd</sup> plur.</small>'' || <center>ëteri̥mit</center> || <center>ëši̥kit</center> || <center>ëŕokö̥mut</center> || <center>ëkö̥rut</center> | |||
|} | |||
As it can be noticed, the first two persons in this tense in the conjugation of biliteral roots display identical forms with the forms in the imperfective future tense. The two aspect are distinguished only by the context of the sentence. | |||
When a verb is derived from another verbal form through a derivative infix, this infix does not change in conjugation and stays next to the primary vowel inside the conjugation patterns. | |||
With the sample verbs kyse̥nsel, ''to fall asleep'', še̥jakel, ''to give as a present'', lo̥xaqŕel, ''to exploit'', and fosrel, ''to expel, to exile'': | |||
{| class="wikitable" | |||
|- | |||
| style="width: 70px;"| || style="width: 150px;"| <center>''<small>kyse̥nsel</small>''</center> || style="width: 150px;"| <center>''<small>šejakel</small>''</center> || style="width: 150px;"| <center>''<small>loxaqŕel</small>''</center> || style="width: 150px;"| <center>''<small>śojuʔel</small>''</center> | |||
|- | |||
| ''<small>1<sup>st</sup> sing.</small>'' || <center>joukenysi̥mu</center> || <center>juši̥jaku</center> || <center>juloqö̥xamu</center> || <center>juśö̥juʔu</center> | |||
|- | |||
| ''<small>2<sup>nd</sup> sing.</small>'' || <center>jökinysi̥mu</center> || <center>jöši̥jaku</center> || <center>jüluqö̥xamu</center> || <center>jüśö̥juʔu</center> | |||
|- | |||
| ''<small>3<sup>rd</sup> sing.</small>'' || <center>jökenysi̥m</center> || <center>jöši̥jak</center> || <center>jüloqö̥xam</center> || <center>jüśö̥juʔ</center> | |||
|- | |||
| ''<small>1<sup>st</sup> plur.</small>'' || <center>ëkenysi̥mim</center> || <center>ëši̥jakim</center> || <center>ëloqö̥xamum</center> || <center>ëśö̥juʔum</center> | |||
|- | |||
| ''<small>2<sup>nd</sup> plur.</small>'' || <center>ëkinysi̥miš</center> || <center>ëši̥jakiš</center> || <center>ëluqö̥xamuš</center> || <center>ëśö̥juʔuš</center> | |||
|- | |||
| ''<small>3<sup>rd</sup> plur.</small>'' || <center>ëkenysi̥mit</center> || <center>ëši̥jakit</center> || <center>ëloqö̥xamut</center> || <center>ëśö̥juʔut</center> | |||
|} | |||
======Imperative mood====== | |||
Unlike the other verbal moods, the imperative mood is distinguished by a substantially different conjugation pattern. The thematic vowels are the same as the indicative mood. Only the second persons and the first plural person are conveyed, without any further temporal or aspectual distinctions: | |||
{| class="wikitable" | |||
|- | |||
| || colspan="2" | <center>''<small>conjugation I</small>''</center> || colspan="2" | <center>''<small>conjugation II</small>''</center> | |||
|- | |||
| style="width: 70px;"| || style="width: 150px;"| <center>''<small>triliteral root</small>''</center> || style="width: 150px;"| <center>''<small>biliteral root</small>''</center> || style="width: 150px;"| <center>''<small>triliteral root</small>''</center> || style="width: 150px;"| <center>''<small>biliteral root</small>''</center> | |||
|- | |||
| ''<small>1<sup>st</sup> sing.</small>'' || <center>'''-'''</center> || <center>'''-'''</center> || <center>'''-'''</center> || <center>'''-'''</center> | |||
|- | |||
| ''<small>2<sup>nd</sup> sing.</small>'' || <center>C'''e̥'''C'''i'''C</center> || <center>C'''e̥'''C'''e'''</center> || <center>C'''o̥'''C'''u'''C</center> || <center>C'''o̥'''C'''o'''</center> | |||
|- | |||
| ''<small>3<sup>rd</sup> sing.</small>'' || <center>'''-'''</center> || <center>'''-'''</center> || <center>'''-'''</center> || <center>'''-'''</center> | |||
|- | |||
| ''<small>1<sup>st</sup> plur.</small>'' || <center>C'''e̥'''C'''i'''C'''em'''</center> || <center>C'''e̥'''C'''em'''</center> || <center>C'''o̥'''C'''u'''C'''om'''</center> || <center>C'''o̥'''C'''om'''</center> | |||
|- | |||
| ''<small>2<sup>nd</sup> plur.</small>'' || <center>C'''e̥'''C'''i'''C'''eš'''</center> || <center>C'''e̥'''C'''eš'''</center> || <center>C'''o̥'''C'''u'''C'''oš'''</center> || <center>C'''o̥'''C'''oš'''</center> | |||
|- | |||
| ''<small>3<sup>rd</sup> plur.</small>'' || <center>'''-'''</center> || <center>'''-'''</center> || <center>'''-'''</center> || <center>'''-'''</center> | |||
|} | |||
Examples: | |||
{| class="wikitable" | |||
|- | |||
| style="width: 70px;"| || style="width: 150px;"| <center>''<small>termel</small>''</center> || style="width: 150px;"| <center>''<small>šekel</small>''</center> || style="width: 150px;"| <center>''<small>ŕokmel</small>''</center> || style="width: 150px;"| <center>''<small>korel</small>''</center> | |||
|- | |||
| ''<small>1<sup>st</sup> sing.</small>'' || <center>-</center> || <center>-</center> || <center>-</center> || <center>-</center> | |||
|- | |||
| ''<small>2<sup>nd</sup> sing.</small>'' || <center>te̥rim</center> || <center>še̥ke</center> || <center>ŕo̥kum</center> || <center>ko̥ro</center> | |||
|- | |||
| ''<small>3<sup>rd</sup> sing.</small>'' || <center>-</center> || <center>-</center> || <center>-</center> || <center>-</center> | |||
|- | |||
| ''<small>1<sup>st</sup> plur.</small>'' || <center>te̥rimem</center> || <center>še̥kem</center> || <center>ŕo̥kumom</center> || <center>ko̥rom</center> | |||
|- | |||
| ''<small>2<sup>nd</sup> plur.</small>'' || <center>te̥rimeš</center> || <center>še̥keš</center> || <center>ŕo̥kumoš</center> || <center>ko̥roš</center> | |||
|- | |||
| ''<small>3<sup>rd</sup> plur.</small>'' || <center>-</center> || <center>-</center> || <center>-</center> || <center>-</center> | |||
|} | |||
======Non-finite forms====== | |||
The non-finite verbal forms are: | |||
'''Infinitive''' | |||
It is regarded as the citation form of the verb, and it is not conjugated in person or number. It can, however, be conjugated according to the mood, thus forming an indicative, a subjunctive, a conditional, and an optative form (<small>although the usage of the modal forms is quite limited</small>). | |||
{| class="wikitable" | |||
|- | |||
| || colspan="2" | <center>''<small>conjugation I</small>''</center> || colspan="2" | <center>''<small>conjugation II</small>''</center> | |||
|- | |||
| style="width: 70px;"| || style="width: 150px;"| <center>''<small>triliteral root</small>''</center> || style="width: 150px;"| <center>''<small>biliteral root</small>''</center> || style="width: 150px;"| <center>''<small>triliteral root</small>''</center> || style="width: 150px;"| <center>''<small>biliteral root</small>''</center> | |||
|- | |||
| ''<small>indicative</small>'' || <center>C'''e̥'''CC'''el'''</center> || <center>C'''e̥'''C'''el'''</center> || <center>C'''o̥'''CC'''el'''</center> || <center>C'''o̥'''C'''el'''</center> | |||
|- | |||
| ''<small>subjunctive</small>'' || <center>C'''ḁ̈'''CC'''el'''</center> || <center>C'''ḁ̈'''C'''el'''</center> || <center>C'''ü̥'''CC'''el'''</center> || <center>C'''ü̥'''C'''el'''</center> | |||
|- | |||
| ''<small>conditional</small>'' || <center>C'''ḁ'''CC'''el'''</center> || <center>C'''ḁ'''C'''el'''</center> || <center>C'''ẏ'''CC'''el'''</center> || <center>C'''ẏ'''C'''el'''</center> | |||
|- | |||
| ''<small>optative</small>'' || <center>C'''i̥'''CC'''el'''</center> || <center>C'''i̥'''C'''el'''</center> || <center>C'''ö̥'''CC'''el'''</center> || <center>C'''ö̥'''C'''el'''</center> | |||
|} | |||
Examples: | |||
{| class="wikitable" | |||
|- | |||
| style="width: 70px;"| || style="width: 150px;"| <center>''<small>termel</small>''</center> || style="width: 150px;"| <center>''<small>šekel</small>''</center> || style="width: 150px;"| <center>''<small>ŕokmel</small>''</center> || style="width: 150px;"| <center>''<small>korel</small>''</center> | |||
|- | |||
| ''<small>indicative</small>'' || <center>te̥rmel</center> || <center>še̥kel</center> || <center>ŕo̥kmel</center> || <center>ko̥rel</center> | |||
|- | |||
| ''<small>subjunctive</small>'' || <center>tḁ̈rmel</center> || <center>šḁ̈kel</center> || <center>ŕü̥kmel</center> || <center>kü̥rel</center> | |||
|- | |||
| ''<small>conditional</small>'' || <center>tḁrmel</center> || <center>šḁkel</center> || <center>ŕẏkmel</center> || <center>kẏrel</center> | |||
|- | |||
| ''<small>optative</small>'' || <center>ti̥rmel</center> || <center>ši̥kel</center> || <center>ŕö̥kmel</center> || <center>kö̥rel</center> | |||
|} | |||
The infinitive is a nominal form of a verb and it is regarded as a verbal noun, being declined only in the singular number. Conversely, its accusative form coincides with the nominative form, if not introduced by a preposition. | |||
'''Participles''' | |||
There are two participial forms, the ''active participle'' and the ''passive participle''. They are regarded mostly as adjectival forms of a verb, usually linked to nouns which actively perform an action, or which undergo an action or inactively are in a certain state. Their usage as verbal forms is limited to building of relative clauses. | |||
'''Active participle''' | |||
'''Present''' | |||
{| class="wikitable" | |||
|- | |||
| || colspan="2" | <center>''<small>conjugation I</small>''</center> || colspan="2" | <center>''<small>conjugation II</small>''</center> | |||
|- | |||
| style="width: 70px;"| || style="width: 150px;"| <center>''<small>triliteral root</small>''</center> || style="width: 150px;"| <center>''<small>biliteral root</small>''</center> || style="width: 150px;"| <center>''<small>triliteral root</small>''</center> || style="width: 150px;"| <center>''<small>biliteral root</small>''</center> | |||
|- | |||
| ''<small>singular</small>'' || <center>'''jäpë'''CC'''e̥'''C'''uś'''</center> || <center>'''jäpë'''C'''e̥'''C'''uś'''</center> || <center>'''jöpë'''CC'''o̥'''C'''uś'''</center> || <center>'''jöpë'''C'''o̥'''C'''uś'''</center> | |||
|- | |||
| ''<small>plural</small>'' || <center>'''jäpë'''CC'''e̥'''C'''yś'''</center> || <center>'''jäpë'''C'''e̥'''C'''yś'''</center> || <center>'''jöpë'''CC'''o̥'''C'''yś'''</center> || <center>'''jöpë'''C'''o̥'''C'''yś'''</center> | |||
|} | |||
Examples: | |||
{| class="wikitable" | |||
|- | |||
| style="width: 70px;"| || style="width: 150px;"| <center>''<small>termel</small>''</center> || style="width: 150px;"| <center>''<small>šekel</small>''</center> || style="width: 150px;"| <center>''<small>ŕokmel</small>''</center> || style="width: 150px;"| <center>''<small>korel</small>''</center> | |||
|- | |||
| ''<small>singular</small>'' || <center>jäpëtre̥muś</center> || <center>jäpëše̥kuś</center> || <center>jöpëŕko̥muś</center> || <center>jöpëko̥ruś</center> | |||
|- | |||
| ''<small>plural</small>'' || <center>jäpëtre̥myś</center> || <center>jäpëše̥kyś</center> || <center>jöpëŕko̥myś</center> || <center>jöpëko̥ryś</center> | |||
|} | |||
When a verb is derived from another verbal form through a derivative prefix, this prefix does not change in conjugation and stays before the first root consonant. Other prefixes of the conjugation patterns are placed before the derivative prefixes. | |||
With the sample verbs sqäțe̥xsel, ''to safeguard'', and nöʔcico̥rel, ''to sacrifice'': | |||
{| class="wikitable" | |||
|- | |||
| style="width: 70px;"| || style="width: 150px;"| <center>''<small>fekçel</small>''</center> || style="width: 150px;"| <center>''<small>fosrel</small>''</center> | |||
|- | |||
| ''<small>singular</small>'' || <center>jäpësqäțxe̥suś</center> || <center>jöpënöʔcico̥ruś</center> | |||
|- | |||
| ''<small>plural</small>'' || <center>jäpësqäțxe̥syś</center> || <center>jöpënöʔcico̥ryś</center> | |||
|} | |||
'''Past''' | |||
{| class="wikitable" | |||
|- | |||
| || colspan="2" | <center>''<small>conjugation I</small>''</center> || colspan="2" | <center>''<small>conjugation II</small>''</center> | |||
|- | |||
| style="width: 70px;"| || style="width: 150px;"| <center>''<small>triliteral root</small>''</center> || style="width: 150px;"| <center>''<small>biliteral root</small>''</center> || style="width: 150px;"| <center>''<small>triliteral root</small>''</center> || style="width: 150px;"| <center>''<small>biliteral root</small>''</center> | |||
|- | |||
| ''<small>singular</small>'' || <center>'''pë'''CC'''e̥'''C'''uś'''</center> || <center>'''pë'''C'''e̥'''C'''uś'''</center> || <center>'''pë'''CC'''o̥'''C'''uś'''</center> || <center>'''pë'''C'''o̥'''C'''uś'''</center> | |||
|- | |||
| ''<small>plural</small>'' || <center>'''pë'''CC'''e̥'''C'''yś'''</center> || <center>'''pë'''C'''e̥'''C'''yś'''</center> || <center>'''pë'''CC'''o̥'''C'''yś'''</center> || <center>'''pë'''C'''o̥'''C'''yś'''</center> | |||
|} | |||
Examples: | |||
{| class="wikitable" | |||
|- | |||
| style="width: 70px;"| || style="width: 150px;"| <center>''<small>termel</small>''</center> || style="width: 150px;"| <center>''<small>šekel</small>''</center> || style="width: 150px;"| <center>''<small>ŕokmel</small>''</center> || style="width: 150px;"| <center>''<small>korel</small>''</center> | |||
|- | |||
| ''<small>singular</small>'' || <center>pëtre̥muś</center> || <center>pëše̥kuś</center> || <center>pëŕko̥muś</center> || <center>pëko̥ruś</center> | |||
|- | |||
| ''<small>plural</small>'' || <center>pëtre̥myś</center> || <center>pëše̥kyś</center> || <center>pëŕko̥myś</center> || <center>pëko̥ryś</center> | |||
|} | |||
When a verb is derived from another verbal form through a derivative prefix, this prefix does not change in conjugation and stays before the first root consonant. Other prefixes of the conjugation patterns are placed before the derivative prefixes. | |||
With the sample verbs sqäțe̥xsel, ''to safeguard'', and nöʔcico̥rel, ''to sacrifice'': | |||
{| class="wikitable" | |||
|- | |||
| style="width: 70px;"| || style="width: 150px;"| <center>''<small>fekçel</small>''</center> || style="width: 150px;"| <center>''<small>fosrel</small>''</center> | |||
|- | |||
| ''<small>singular</small>'' || <center>pësqäțxe̥suś</center> || <center>pënöʔcico̥ruś</center> | |||
|- | |||
| ''<small>plural</small>'' || <center>pësqäțxe̥syś</center> || <center>pënöʔcico̥ryś</center> | |||
|} | |||
'''Passive participle''' | |||
'''Present''' | |||
{| class="wikitable" | |||
|- | |||
| || colspan="2" | <center>''<small>conjugation I</small>''</center> || colspan="2" | <center>''<small>conjugation II</small>''</center> | |||
|- | |||
| style="width: 70px;"| || style="width: 150px;"| <center>''<small>triliteral root</small>''</center> || style="width: 150px;"| <center>''<small>biliteral root</small>''</center> || style="width: 150px;"| <center>''<small>triliteral root</small>''</center> || style="width: 150px;"| <center>''<small>biliteral root</small>''</center> | |||
|- | |||
| ''<small>singular</small>'' || <center>'''jäfë'''CC'''e̥'''C'''uś'''</center> || <center>'''jäfë'''C'''e̥'''C'''uś'''</center> || <center>'''jöfë'''CC'''o̥'''C'''uś'''</center> || <center>'''jöfë'''C'''o̥'''C'''uś'''</center> | |||
|- | |||
| ''<small>plural</small>'' || <center>'''jäfë'''CC'''e̥'''C'''yś'''</center> || <center>'''jäfë'''C'''e̥'''C'''yś'''</center> || <center>'''jöfë'''CC'''o̥'''C'''yś'''</center> || <center>'''jöfë'''C'''o̥'''C'''yś'''</center> | |||
|} | |||
Examples: | |||
{| class="wikitable" | |||
|- | |||
| style="width: 70px;"| || style="width: 150px;"| <center>''<small>termel</small>''</center> || style="width: 150px;"| <center>''<small>šekel</small>''</center> || style="width: 150px;"| <center>''<small>ŕokmel</small>''</center> || style="width: 150px;"| <center>''<small>korel</small>''</center> | |||
|- | |||
| ''<small>singular</small>'' || <center>jäfëtre̥muś</center> || <center>jäfëše̥kuś</center> || <center>jöfëŕko̥muś</center> || <center>jöfëko̥ruś</center> | |||
|- | |||
| ''<small>plural</small>'' || <center>jäfëtre̥myś</center> || <center>jäfëše̥kyś</center> || <center>jöfëŕko̥myś</center> || <center>jöfëko̥ryś</center> | |||
|} | |||
When a verb is derived from another verbal form through a derivative prefix, this prefix does not change in conjugation and stays before the first root consonant. Other prefixes of the conjugation patterns are placed before the derivative prefixes. | |||
With the sample verbs sqäțe̥xsel, ''to safeguard'', and nöʔcico̥rel, ''to sacrifice'': | |||
{| class="wikitable" | |||
|- | |||
| style="width: 70px;"| || style="width: 150px;"| <center>''<small>fekçel</small>''</center> || style="width: 150px;"| <center>''<small>fosrel</small>''</center> | |||
|- | |||
| ''<small>singular</small>'' || <center>jäfësqäțxe̥suś</center> || <center>jöfënöʔcico̥ruś</center> | |||
|- | |||
| ''<small>plural</small>'' || <center>jäfësqäțxe̥syś</center> || <center>jöfënöʔcico̥ryś</center> | |||
|} | |||
'''Past''' | |||
{| class="wikitable" | |||
|- | |||
| || colspan="2" | <center>''<small>conjugation I</small>''</center> || colspan="2" | <center>''<small>conjugation II</small>''</center> | |||
|- | |||
| style="width: 70px;"| || style="width: 150px;"| <center>''<small>triliteral root</small>''</center> || style="width: 150px;"| <center>''<small>biliteral root</small>''</center> || style="width: 150px;"| <center>''<small>triliteral root</small>''</center> || style="width: 150px;"| <center>''<small>biliteral root</small>''</center> | |||
|- | |||
| ''<small>singular</small>'' || <center>'''fë'''CC'''e̥'''C'''uś'''</center> || <center>'''fë'''C'''e̥'''C'''uś'''</center> || <center>'''fë'''CC'''o̥'''C'''uś'''</center> || <center>'''fë'''C'''o̥'''C'''uś'''</center> | |||
|- | |||
| ''<small>plural</small>'' || <center>'''fë'''CC'''e̥'''C'''yś'''</center> || <center>'''fë'''C'''e̥'''C'''yś'''</center> || <center>'''fë'''CC'''o̥'''C'''yś'''</center> || <center>'''fë'''C'''o̥'''C'''yś'''</center> | |||
|} | |||
Examples: | |||
{| class="wikitable" | |||
|- | |||
| style="width: 70px;"| || style="width: 150px;"| <center>''<small>termel</small>''</center> || style="width: 150px;"| <center>''<small>šekel</small>''</center> || style="width: 150px;"| <center>''<small>ŕokmel</small>''</center> || style="width: 150px;"| <center>''<small>korel</small>''</center> | |||
|- | |||
| ''<small>singular</small>'' || <center>fëtre̥muś</center> || <center>fëše̥kuś</center> || <center>fëŕko̥muś</center> || <center>fëko̥ruś</center> | |||
|- | |||
| ''<small>plural</small>'' || <center>fëtre̥myś</center> || <center>fëše̥kyś</center> || <center>fëŕko̥myś</center> || <center>fëko̥ryś</center> | |||
|} | |||
When a verb is derived from another verbal form through a derivative prefix, this prefix does not change in conjugation and stays before the first root consonant. Other prefixes of the conjugation patterns are placed before the derivative prefixes. | |||
With the sample verbs sqäțe̥xsel, ''to safeguard'', and nöʔcico̥rel, ''to sacrifice'': | |||
{| class="wikitable" | |||
|- | |||
| style="width: 70px;"| || style="width: 150px;"| <center>''<small>fekçel</small>''</center> || style="width: 150px;"| <center>''<small>fosrel</small>''</center> | |||
|- | |||
| ''<small>singular</small>'' || <center>fësqäțxe̥suś</center> || <center>fënöʔcico̥ruś</center> | |||
|- | |||
| ''<small>plural</small>'' || <center>fësqäțxe̥syś</center> || <center>fënöʔcico̥ryś</center> | |||
|} | |||
Technically, all participial forms can be conjugated according to the mood, thus forming an indicative, a subjunctive, a conditional, and an optative form, according to the modal formation vocalic rules. In practivce, usage of modal forms of participles is extremely limited, either as an adjectival form or as a verbal form. | |||
=====Passive diathesis===== | |||
The ''passive diathesis'' does not displays any compound form, or different conjugation patterns. The active and the passive diathesis are distinguished by altering the personal endings. A passive morpheme ('''-t''' o '''-ť'''), and a pluralizing morpheme ('''-y'''), are placed after the active personal ending: | |||
{| class="wikitable" | |||
|- | |||
| style="width: 90px;"| || style="width: 150px;"| <center>''<small>active form</small>''</center> || style="width: 150px;"| <center>''<small>passive form</small>''</center> | |||
|- | |||
| ''<small>1<sup>st</sup> sing.</small>'' || <center>-u</center> || <center>-ut</center> | |||
|- | |||
| ''<small>2<sup>nd</sup> sing.</small>'' || <center>-u / -o</center> || <center>-uť / -oť</center> | |||
|- | |||
| ''<small>3<sup>rd</sup> sing.</small>'' || <center><small>''thematic vowel''</small> / Ø</center> || <center>-et / -ot / -ët</center> | |||
|- | |||
| ''<small>1<sup>st</sup> plur.</small>'' || <center>-m</center> || <center>-nty</center> | |||
|- | |||
| ''<small>2<sup>nd</sup> plur.</small>'' || <center>-š</center> || <center>-šťy</center> | |||
|- | |||
| ''<small>3<sup>rd</sup> plur.</small>'' || <center>-t</center> || <center>-ty</center> | |||
|} | |||
These endings are used in every mood, aspect, and tense. The only distinct form is used in the 2<small><sup>nd</sup></small> singular person in the imperative mood: | |||
{| class="wikitable" | |||
|- | |||
| style="width: 90px;"| || style="width: 150px;"| <center>''<small>active form</small>''</center> || style="width: 150px;"| <center>''<small>passive form</small>''</center> | |||
|- | |||
| ''<small>1<sup>st</sup> sing.</small>'' || <center>-</center> || <center>-</center> | |||
|- | |||
| ''<small>2<sup>nd</sup> sing.</small>'' || <center>-Ø</center> || <center>-ëť</center> | |||
|- | |||
| ''<small>3<sup>rd</sup> sing.</small>'' || <center>-</center> || <center>-</center> | |||
|- | |||
| ''<small>1<sup>st</sup> plur.</small>'' || <center>-m</center> || <center>-nty</center> | |||
|- | |||
| ''<small>2<sup>nd</sup> plur.</small>'' || <center>-š</center> || <center>-šťy</center> | |||
|- | |||
| ''<small>3<sup>rd</sup> plur.</small>'' || <center>-</center> || <center>-</center> | |||
|} | |||
The usage of the different moods and tenses is exactly the same as the active diathesis. As an example the passive forms of the perfective past indicative are shown. | |||
{| class="wikitable" | |||
|- | |||
| || colspan="2" | <center>''<small>conjugation I</small>''</center> || colspan="2" | <center>''<small>conjugation II</small>''</center> | |||
|- | |||
| style="width: 70px;"| || style="width: 150px;"| <center>''<small>triliteral root</small>''</center> || style="width: 150px;"| <center>''<small>biliteral root</small>''</center> || style="width: 150px;"| <center>''<small>triliteral root</small>''</center> || style="width: 150px;"| <center>''<small>biliteral root</small>''</center> | |||
|- | |||
| ''<small>1<sup>st</sup> sing.</small>'' || <center>C'''e'''C'''e̥'''C'''ut'''</center> || <center>'''e'''C'''e̥'''C'''ut'''</center> || <center>C'''o'''C'''o̥'''C'''ut'''</center> || <center>'''o'''C'''o̥'''C'''ut'''</center> | |||
|- | |||
| ''<small>2<sup>nd</sup> sing.</small>'' || <center>C'''i'''C'''e̥'''C'''uť'''</center> || <center>'''i'''C'''e̥'''C'''uť'''</center> || <center>C'''u'''C'''o̥'''C'''uť'''</center> || <center>'''u'''C'''o̥'''C'''uť'''</center> | |||
|- | |||
| ''<small>3<sup>rd</sup> sing.</small>'' || <center>C'''e'''C'''e̥'''C'''ët'''</center> || <center>'''e'''C'''e̥'''C'''ët'''</center> || <center>C'''o'''C'''o̥'''C'''ët'''</center> || <center>'''o'''C'''o̥'''C'''ët'''</center> | |||
|- | |||
| ''<small>1<sup>st</sup> plur.</small>'' || <center>C'''e'''C'''e̥'''C'''enty'''</center> || <center>'''e'''C'''e̥'''C'''enty'''</center> || <center>C'''o'''C'''o̥'''C'''onty'''</center> || <center>'''o'''C'''o̥'''C'''onty'''</center> | |||
|- | |||
| ''<small>2<sup>nd</sup> plur.</small>'' || <center>C'''i'''C'''e̥'''C'''ešťy'''</center> || <center>'''i'''C'''e̥'''C'''ešťy'''</center> || <center>C'''u'''C'''o̥'''C'''ošťy'''</center> || <center>'''u'''C'''o̥'''C'''ošťy'''</center> | |||
|- | |||
| ''<small>3<sup>rd</sup> plur.</small>'' || <center>C'''e'''C'''e̥'''C'''ety'''</center> || <center>'''e'''C'''e̥'''C'''ety'''</center> || <center>C'''o'''C'''o̥'''C'''oty'''</center> || <center>'''o'''C'''o̥'''C'''oty'''</center> | |||
|} | |||
Examples: | |||
{| class="wikitable" | |||
|- | |||
| style="width: 70px;"| || style="width: 150px;"| <center>''<small>termel</small>''</center> || style="width: 150px;"| <center>''<small>šekel</small>''</center> || style="width: 150px;"| <center>''<small>ŕokmel</small>''</center> || style="width: 150px;"| <center>''<small>korel</small>''</center> | |||
|- | |||
| ''<small>1<sup>st</sup> sing.</small>'' || <center>tere̥mut</center> || <center>eše̥kut</center> || <center>ŕoko̥mut</center> || <center>oko̥rut</center> | |||
|- | |||
| ''<small>2<sup>nd</sup> sing.</small>'' || <center>tire̥muť</center> || <center>iše̥kuť</center> || <center>ŕuko̥muť</center> || <center>oko̥ruť</center> | |||
|- | |||
| ''<small>3<sup>rd</sup> sing.</small>'' || <center>tere̥mët</center> || <center>eše̥kët</center> || <center>ŕoko̥mët</center> || <center>oko̥rët</center> | |||
|- | |||
| ''<small>1<sup>st</sup> plur.</small>'' || <center>tere̥menty</center> || <center>eše̥kenty</center> || <center>ŕoko̥monty</center> || <center>oko̥ronty</center> | |||
|- | |||
| ''<small>2<sup>nd</sup> plur.</small>'' || <center>tire̥mešťy</center> || <center>iše̥kešťy</center> || <center>ŕuko̥mošťy</center> || <center>uko̥rošťy</center> | |||
|- | |||
| ''<small>3<sup>rd</sup> plur.</small>'' || <center>tere̥mety</center> || <center>eše̥kety</center> || <center>ŕoko̥moty</center> || <center>oko̥roty</center> | |||
|} | |||
Example of sentence transformation: | |||
mono̥q o̥sfe ʔinu̥rim → mono̥qët ʔinu̥r ʔyl o̥sfeš | |||
<small>the dog bit the man → The man was bitten by the dog</small> | |||
The passive infinitive features the same passive morpheme '''-t'''. As an example the passive infinitive conjugation pattern is shown. | |||
{| class="wikitable" | |||
|- | |||
| || colspan="2" | <center>''<small>conjugation I</small>''</center> || colspan="2" | <center>''<small>conjugation II</small>''</center> | |||
|- | |||
| style="width: 70px;"| || style="width: 150px;"| <center>''<small>triliteral root</small>''</center> || style="width: 150px;"| <center>''<small>biliteral root</small>''</center> || style="width: 150px;"| <center>''<small>triliteral root</small>''</center> || style="width: 150px;"| <center>''<small>biliteral root</small>''</center> | |||
|- | |||
| ''<small>indicative</small>'' || <center>C'''e̥'''CC'''elt'''</center> || <center>C'''e̥'''C'''elt'''</center> || <center>C'''o̥'''CC'''elt'''</center> || <center>C'''o̥'''C'''elt'''</center> | |||
|} | |||
Examples: | |||
{| class="wikitable" | |||
|- | |||
| style="width: 70px;"| || style="width: 150px;"| <center>''<small>termel</small>''</center> || style="width: 150px;"| <center>''<small>šekel</small>''</center> || style="width: 150px;"| <center>''<small>ŕokmel</small>''</center> || style="width: 150px;"| <center>''<small>korel</small>''</center> | |||
|- | |||
| ''<small>indicative</small>'' || <center>te̥rmelt</center> || <center>še̥kelt</center> || <center>ŕo̥kmelt</center> || <center>ko̥relt</center> | |||
|} | |||
Example of sentence transformation: | |||
jämno̥qot ʔinu̥r lë̥t → jäno̥ʔo ʔinu̥r mo̥nqelt lë̥t | |||
<small>The man is not bitten → The man does not want to be bitten</small> | |||
====Inferential valency==== | |||
The so-called inferential forms conveys actions or states which the speaker has not personally witnessed, and which he or she has been told by a third referent. These forms have several nuances of meaning, which are explained in a separated chapter. | |||
The inferential forms are derived from the declarative form through a consonantal infix, '''-r-/-l-''', which is placed inside the root, right after the primary vowel: | |||
{| class="wikitable" | |||
|- | |||
| style="width: 70px;"| || style="width: 150px;"| <center>''<small>declarative</small>''</center> || style="width: 150px;"| <center>''<small>inferential</small>''</center> | |||
|- | |||
| '''''<small>R<sub>imp</sub></small>''''' || <center>CCV̥C</center> || <center>CCV̥'''r'''C</center> | |||
|- | |||
| '''''<small>R<sub>prf</sub></small>''''' || <center>CVCV̥C</center> || <center>CVCV̥'''r'''C</center> | |||
|} | |||
The -l- variant is used only when the adjacent consonat is a rhotic one. | |||
Each mood, aspect, tense can have an inferential form, except for the imperative mood, and the non-finite forms. As an example the inferential forms for the 1<sup><small>st</small></sup> singular person in every aspect and tense of the indicative mood are shown: | |||
{| class="wikitable" | |||
|- | |||
| || colspan="2" | <center>''<small>conjugation I</small>''</center> || colspan="2" | <center>''<small>conjugation II</small>''</center> | |||
|- | |||
| style="width: 110px;"| || style="width: 150px;"| <center>''<small>triliteral root</small>''</center> || style="width: 150px;"| <center>''<small>biliteral root</small>''</center> || style="width: 150px;"| <center>''<small>triliteral root</small>''</center> || style="width: 150px;"| <center>''<small>biliteral root</small>''</center> | |||
|- | |||
| ''<small>imperfective present</small>'' || <center>'''jo'''CC'''e̥r'''C'''u'''</center> || <center>'''jo'''C'''e̥r'''C'''u'''</center> || <center>'''jo'''CC'''o̥r'''C'''u'''</center> || <center>'''jo'''C'''o̥r'''C'''u'''</center> | |||
|- | |||
| ''<small>imperfective past</small>'' || <center>CC'''e̥r'''C'''u'''</center> || <center>C'''e̥r'''C'''u'''</center> || <center>CC'''o̥r'''C'''u'''</center> || <center>C'''o̥r'''C'''u'''</center> | |||
|- | |||
| ''<small>imperfective future</small>'' || <center>'''ju'''CC'''e̥r'''C'''u'''</center> || <center>'''ju'''C'''e̥r'''C'''u'''</center> || <center>'''ju'''CC'''o̥r'''C'''u'''</center> || <center>'''ju'''C'''o̥r'''C'''u'''</center> | |||
|- | |||
| ''<small>perfective present</small>'' || <center>'''jo'''C'''e'''C'''e̥r'''C'''u'''</center> || <center>'''je'''C'''e̥r'''C'''u'''</center> || <center>'''jo'''C'''o'''C'''o̥r'''C'''u'''</center> || <center>'''je'''C'''o̥r'''C'''u'''</center> | |||
|- | |||
| ''<small>perfective past</small>'' || <center>C'''e'''C'''e̥r'''C'''u'''</center> || <center>'''e'''C'''e̥r'''C'''u'''</center> || <center>C'''o'''C'''o̥r'''C'''u'''</center> || <center>'''o'''C'''o̥r'''C'''u'''</center> | |||
|- | |||
| ''<small>perfective future</small>'' || <center>'''ju'''C'''e'''C'''e̥r'''C'''u'''</center> || <center>'''ju'''C'''e̥r'''C'''u'''</center> || <center>''''ju'''C'''o'''C'''o̥r'''C'''u'''</center> || <center>''''ju'''C'''o̥r'''C'''u'''</center> | |||
|} | |||
Examples: | |||
{| class="wikitable" | |||
|- | |||
| style="width: 110px;"| || style="width: 150px;"| <center>''<small>triliteral root</small>''</center> || style="width: 150px;"| <center>''<small>biliteral root</small>''</center> || style="width: 150px;"| <center>''<small>triliteral root</small>''</center> || style="width: 150px;"| <center>''<small>biliteral root</small>''</center> | |||
|- | |||
| ''<small>imperfective present</small>'' || <center>jotre̥rmu</center> || <center>joše̥rku</center> || <center>joŕko̥rmu</center> || <center>joko̥lru</center> | |||
|- | |||
| ''<small>imperfective past</small>'' || <center>tre̥rmu</center> || <center>še̥rku</center> || <center>ŕko̥rmu</center> || <center>ko̥lru</center> | |||
|- | |||
| ''<small>imperfective future</small>'' || <center>jutre̥rmu</center> || <center>juše̥rku</center> || <center>juŕko̥rmu</center> || <center>juko̥lru</center> | |||
|- | |||
| ''<small>perfective present</small>'' || <center>jotere̥rmu</center> || <center>ješe̥rku</center> || <center>joŕoko̥rmu</center> || <center>jeko̥lru</center> | |||
|- | |||
| ''<small>perfective past</small>'' || <center>tere̥rmu</center> || <center>eše̥rku</center> || <center>ŕoko̥rmu</center> || <center>oko̥lru</center> | |||
|- | |||
| ''<small>perfective future</small>'' || <center>jutere̥rmu</center> || <center>juše̥rku</center> || <center>juŕoko̥rmu</center> || <center>juko̥lru</center> | |||
|} | |||
===Negation=== | |||
The verbal negation is conveyed by the negative adverb lët. This adverb is placed ''after'' the main verb, usually after the main elements of the sentence, the subject and the direct object. | |||
jakne̥se o̥sfe → jakne̥se o̥sfe '''lë̥t''' | |||
<small>the dog is sleeping → the dog isn't sleeping</small> | |||
mono̥q o̥sfe ʔinu̥rim → mono̥q o̥sfe ʔinu̥rim '''lë̥t''' | |||
<small>the dog bit the man → the dog didn't bite the man</small> | |||
The negative adverb may also be found at the end of the sentence, after all elements. ''Double negatives'' are generally '''''not''' allowed''; the presence of another negative element in the sentence inhibits the negative adverb. | |||
Latest revision as of 01:59, 25 September 2025
- Main article: Memniq
This page gives an extensive description of Memniq morphological features.
Nouns
Nouns in Memniq language can end either in a vowel or in a consonant in their basic form.
Nouns display neither gender nor class distinction. There are, however, two morphological numbers for almost all nouns, singular and plural, and a modest case system.
Cases
Memniq nouns do decline, according to a nominative-accusative system with 4 cases:
| Nominative | This case marks the subject of a verb. It is regarded as the base form of the noun, and it is used as the vocative form. |
| Accusative | This case marks the direct object of a verb. It is also used with many prepositions. |
| Genitive | This case marks primarily possession and belonging, either intentional, unintentional, or indirect. |
| Dative | This case marks primarily the indirect object. |
Other types of clause complements are conveyed using various prepositions, which can select one or more cases.
Noun pluralization
Nouns are declined for number according to two different models:
- Broken plural (or internal plural):
In this process the noun builds its plural by switching its vowels in the root:
sing. tape̥ → plur. utpi̥ father → fathers
sing. mu̥ha → plur. e̥mhu cow → cows
This pluralization process is very widespread among original roots.
Since many basic nouns do not adhere to a define vowel switching pattern, their plural form is shown in the vocabulary.
This process is also used in many derivative patterns. Since these patterns are quite regular and predictive, their plural form is not shown in the vocabulary.
- Sound plural (or external plural):
In this process the nound builds its plural by adding the ending -jë (to nouns ending in vowel) or -ëj (to nouns ending in vowel), without any root alterations:
sing. me̥rniq → plur. me̥rniqëj mountain dweller → mountain dwellers
This pluralization process is widespread among loanwords and in some derivative patterns. They are usually shown in the vocabulary
Noun declension
Nouns are also declined in case by adding the following endings to the base form of the noun. Every ending has two different forms, whether it is added to a consonant phoneme or a vocalic phoneme:
| - | - | |
| -im | -m | |
| -aš | -š | |
| -oʔ | -ʔ |
Due to the pluralization process, nouns can display a different last phoneme in both forms. In this case the proper endings to the new last phoneme are used.
Some examples are shown below: a noun with a broken plural, tape̥, father, and a noun with a sound plural, me̥rniq, mountain dweller.
| tape̥ | utpi̥ | me̥rniq | me̥rniqëj | |
| tape̥m | utpi̥m | me̥rniqim | me̥rniqëjim | |
| tape̥š | utpi̥š | me̥rniqaš | me̥rniqëjaš | |
| tape̥ʔ | utpi̥ʔ | me̥rniqoʔ | me̥rniqëjoʔ | |
Adjectives and pronouns
Adjectives closely resemble the noun form, showing the same exceptions of nouns. Pronouns, instead, may exhibit different forms in the root form.
Adjectives
Both attributive and predicative adjectives are always placed after the nouns they specify, with a very few exceptions.
ʔinu̥r ure̥hli (the) young man
jane̥ne ʔinu̥r ure̥hli (the) man is young
All adjectives agree in case and number with the noun they specify, being declined with the nominal endings. Adjectives are declined in number by following the same rules as the nouns, often displaying similar irregularities.
Declension of qualifying adjectives
Example: aħli̥to, big, and së̥na, house.
| së̥na aħli̥to | osu̥n uħli̥to | |
| së̥nam aħli̥tom | osu̥nim uħli̥tom | |
| së̥naš aħli̥toš | osu̥naš uħli̥toš | |
| së̥naʔ aħli̥toʔ | osu̥noʔ uħli̥toʔ | |
Personal pronouns
Personal pronouns convey only the first two persons (1st and 2nd) in both numbers.
Unlike the nominal declension, and unlike other pronouns, these forms modify the vocalic pattern when declining in the accusative case, exhibiting thus a mixed declension on the same consonantal root. The forms for the genitive and the dative case are regularily built on the accusative form.
They are declined with the same endings as the nominal declension, and select only the animate plural ending, as they always refer to animated entities.
| i̥l | ḁŕ | lu̥ | o̥ŕe | |
| ë̥l | ë̥ŕ | lḁ | ḁŕe | |
| ë̥laš | ë̥ŕaš | lḁš | ḁŕeš | |
| ë̥loʔ | ë̥ŕoʔ | lḁʔ | ḁŕeʔ |
All forms, when declined in the genitive case, can play the role of an indeclinable possessive adjective, being after before a noun, or the role of indeclinable possessive pronoun, being placed after a demonstrative pronominal form.
ťere̥k tape̥ ë̥laš annḁm ḁŕeš my father saw your mother
ťere̥k tape̥ ë̥laš ʔțë̥m ḁŕeš my father saw yours
Interrogative pronouns
The basic interrogative pronoun is:
It displays no morphological distinction between animate or inanimate referents. It displays a complete declension and it is declined with the same endings as the nominal declension.
There are also other interrogative pronouns (and adverbs), usually derived from the basic interrogative pronoun:
- oțẙh: where (static location)
- yțḁh: where (motion toward)
- yțho̥š: where... from (motion form)
There are also the following interrogative adjectives:
- țe̥hu : which
Such adjectives, like the demonstrative adjectives, tend to be placed before their nouns. However, in the later period, they can be found after their nouns. They are declined with the same endings as the nominal declension.
Within an interrogative clause, pronouns usually are usually placed in their syntactical position, according to their role, but in the later period they tend to be moved at the beginning of the sentence. In addition, like other parts of the sentences, they can be introduced by prepositions:
jäspo̥ħo nüh țe̥hoʔ? whom are you talking about?
Numerals
The numeral system relies on a mixed system of decimal base and a vigesimal base.
Cardinal numerals
The first ten cardinal numbers are noun-like forms on their own:
| țe̥ʔu | |
| iʔẙq | |
| emqi̥ | |
| anḁ̈ŕ | |
| fḁ̈nu | |
| yťŕḁ̈ | |
| iħśü̥ | |
| ʔe̥ći | |
| ḁtjö | |
| po̥ʔi |
Numerals from 11 to 17 are built with the construction po̥ʔi + NUM:
| poʔițe̥ʔu | |
| poʔiʔẙq | |
| poʔemqi̥ | |
| poʔanḁ̈ŕ | |
| poʔyťŕḁ̈ | |
| poʔifḁ̈nu | |
| poʔiħśü̥ |
As it can be seen, if the numeral begins with a vowel, the final vowel of po̥ʔi is dropped.
Numerals 18 and 19 are irregularly built from the numeral 20:
| iʔquʔḁ̥tru | |
| țeʔuʔḁtru |
The numerals for 20 is a noun-like form on their own:
| ʔḁtru |
Numerals for 30, 50, 70 and 90 are built with the construction i̥pʔa + NUM:
| ipʔemqi̥ | |
| ipʔafḁ̈nu | |
| ipʔiħśü̥ | |
| ipʔḁtjö |
As it can be seen, if the numeral begins with a vowel, the final vowel of i̥pʔa is dropped.
Numerals for 40, 60 and 80 are built with the construction ʔtḁr + 2 / 3 / 4:
| ʔtariʔẙq | |
| ʔtaremqi̥ | |
| ʔtaranḁ̈ŕ |
The numerals for (one) hundred and (one) thousand are noun-like forms on their own:
| u̥ncu | |
| ëțnẙt |
The numerals for the multiples of hundreds and thousands are built with the construction no̥cu / țnë̥to + NUM:
| nociʔẙq | țnëtiʔẙq | |
| nocemqi̥ | țnëtemqi̥ | |
| nocanḁ̈ŕ | țnëtanḁ̈ŕ | |
| nocufḁ̈nu | țnëtofḁ̈nu | |
| nocyťŕḁ̈ | țnëtyťŕḁ̈ | |
| nociħśü̥ | țnëtiħśü̥ | |
| nocuʔe̥ći | țnëtoʔe̥ći | |
| nocḁtjö | țnëtḁtjö |
As it can be seen, if the numeral begins with a vowel, the final vowels of no̥cu and țnë̥to are dropped.
Composite numbers are built by linking them with the conjunction ka, and, in descending order:
- 1985: ëțnẙt ka nocḁtjö ka ʔtaranḁ̈ŕ ka fḁ̈nu
All cardinal numerals up to these forms are treated as adjective-like forms. They decline according to their adjoining nouns in case, but they do not agree in number. Numerals do decline only in singular number. However, numeral are placed almost always before their adjoining nouns. In later texts they can be found also after their nouns.
The numeral for “million” is formed from the word ëțnẙt. Numbers above the millions have no name and are specified by the lesser numerals.
| țë̥nt |
This form is treated as a regularly declinable noun, with an external plural:
| emqi̥ țë̥ntëj | |
| ʔḁtru fḁ̈nu țë̥ntëj |
Nouns adjoining such numerals are not preceded by any preposition and are declined in the case required by their syntactical role in the sentence, as the numerals themselves:
iʔẙqoʔ țë̥ntëjoʔ o̥ćnuhoʔ to two millions people
Ordinal numerals
Ordinal numerals are formed by adding the ordinal ending -iju/-ju to the cardinal numeral form, with some irregularities:
| țe̥ʔiju | |
| iʔẙqiju | |
| emqi̥ju | |
| anḁ̈ŕiju | |
| fḁ̈niju | |
| yťŕḁ̈ju | |
| iħśü̥ju | |
| ʔe̥ćiju | |
| ḁtjöju | |
| po̥ʔiju | |
| poʔițe̥ʔuju | |
| poʔiʔẙqiju | |
| iʔquʔḁ̥triju | |
| ʔḁtriju | |
| ipʔemqi̥ju | |
| u̥nciju | |
| nocyťŕḁ̈ju | |
| ëțnẙtiju | |
| țnëtḁtjöju |
If the numeral form is composite, the ending is added only to the last numeral form:
- 25th: ʔatru ka fänuju
Verbs
The verbal system of Memniq language make its distinctions through several introflexive vowel switchings and through suffixation and prefixation. It is easily noticeable that introflexive processes distinguish mood, aspect, and tense, while suffixation and prefixation distinguish person, number, and, limitedly, also tense.
The verbal system is based on the fundamental dichotomy between imperfective aspect and perfective aspect. This distinction is conveyed by two different verbal roots for every verbal meaning, the imperfective root (Rimp) and the perfective root (Rprf). In triliteral root, distinction is made through introflexion:
Rimp = CCVC → Rprf = CVCVC
In biliteral roots, similarly, distinction is made through introflexion:
Rimp = CVC → Rprf = VCVC
Examples:
Rimp = qmo̥l- → Rprf = qomo̥l- Rimp = še̥k- → Rprf = eše̥k-
The verbal system displays the following features:
- aspect:
- imperfective
- perfective
- tense:
- past
- present
- future
- mood:
- definite moods: indicative, subjunctive, conditional, optative, imperative
- indefinite moods: infinitive, participle
- diathesis:
- active
- passive
- valency:
- declarative
- inferential
All verbs are divided in two groups, called conjugations. Each conjugation is distinguished by a different vowel pattern and by different prefixation and suffixation. Each vowel pattern is identified by a different thematic vowel: Conjugation I displays -e- as its thematic vowel, while conjugation II displays -o- as its thematic vowel. The general scheme is:
| Conjugation I | |
| Conjugation II |
The thematic vowel is usually the primary vowel of the word, and it does not change in the conjugation when conveying aspect, tense or person. Conversely, it undergoes several change when conjugation conveys mood.
The following personal endings are then added to the various aspectual and temporal forms. In this way, verbs show their agreement with the clause subject in person and number, besided introflexive processes:
| 1st sing. | |
| 2nd sing. | |
| 3rd sing. | |
| 1st plur. | |
| 2nd plur. | |
| 3rd plur. |
Moods are distinguished, conversely, by altering the thematic vowel:
| Conjugation I | ||||
| Conjugation II |
The imperative forms are built with the same thematic vowel as the indicative forms.
The non-finite verbal forms are meant as nominal/adjectival forms of the same verbs. They do not add the personal endings, but they are declined as nouns or adjectives with the nominal declension endings.
As verbal forms can, however, be formed on both roots. They can also change the thematic vowel according to mood.
The non-finite endings are:
- infinitive: -el
- active participle: pë- -uś
- passive participle: fë- -oś
All verbal forms can show a valency: declarative valency or inferential valency. Declarative forms are the base forms in conjugation, and they convey information or statements, which the speaker has witnessed or, at least, he has a higher level of confidency about. Declarative forms are also used when the valency of the statement is not regarded as relevant, or for gnomic information. Inferential forms, conversely, refer to information or statements, which the speaker has not witnessed or he has a higher level of distrust about.
Inferential forms are derived from declarative ones through an infix -r-/-l-, which is placed inside the root, right after the primary vowel. The -l- variant is used only when the adjacent consonat is a rhotic one.
A distinction between an active diathesis and a passive diathesis is made.
Conjugation of verbs
Sample verbs (two samples with a triliteral root, and two samples with a biliteral root):
- Conjugation I: termel, to sell - šekel, to give
- Conjugation II: ŕokmel, to lead - korel, to judge
Declarative valency
Active diathesis
Indicative mood
Imperfective present
In the imperfective present, verbs are conjugated according to the following patterns:
| 1st sing. | ||||
| 2nd sing. | ||||
| 3rd sing. | ||||
| 1st plur. | ||||
| 2nd plur. | ||||
| 3rd plur. | ||||
Examples:
| 1st sing. | ||||
| 2nd sing. | ||||
| 3rd sing. | ||||
| 1st plur. | ||||
| 2nd plur. | ||||
| 3rd plur. |
In the conjugation of triliteral roots, an euphonic vowel -ë- can be inserted in the three plural persons, if an unallowed initial consonant cluster appears.
| 1st sing. | ||
| 2nd sing. | ||
| 3rd sing. | ||
| 1st plur. | ||
| 2nd plur. | ||
| 3rd plur. |
With the sample verbs fekçel, to count, and fosrel, to hear:
| 1st sing. | ||
| 2nd sing. | ||
| 3rd sing. | ||
| 1st plur. | ||
| 2nd plur. | ||
| 3rd plur. |
When a verb is derived from another verbal form through a derivative infix, this infix does not change in conjugation and stays next to the primary vowel inside the conjugation patterns.
With the sample verbs kyse̥nsel, to fall asleep, še̥jakel, to give as a present, lo̥xaqŕel, to exploit, and fosrel, to expel, to exile:
| 1st sing. | ||||
| 2nd sing. | ||||
| 3rd sing. | ||||
| 1st plur. | ||||
| 2nd plur. | ||||
| 3rd plur. |
When a verb is derived from another verbal form through a derivative prefix, this prefix does not change in conjugation and stays before the first root consonant. Other prefixes of the conjugation patterns are placed before the derivative prefixes.
With the sample verbs sqäțe̥xsel, to safeguard, and nöʔcico̥rel, to sacrifice:
| 1st sing. | ||
| 2nd sing. | ||
| 3rd sing. | ||
| 1st plur. | ||
| 2nd plur. | ||
| 3rd plur. |
Imperfective past
In the imperfective past, verbs are conjugated according to the following patterns:
| 1st sing. | ||||
| 2nd sing. | ||||
| 3rd sing. | ||||
| 1st plur. | ||||
| 2nd plur. | ||||
| 3rd plur. | ||||
Examples:
| 1st sing. | ||||
| 2nd sing. | ||||
| 3rd sing. | ||||
| 1st plur. | ||||
| 2nd plur. | ||||
| 3rd plur. |
In the conjugation of triliteral roots, an euphonic vowel -ë- can be inserted in all persons, if an unallowed initial consonant cluster appears.
| 1st sing. | ||
| 2nd sing. | ||
| 3rd sing. | ||
| 1st plur. | ||
| 2nd plur. | ||
| 3rd plur. |
With the sample verbs fekçel, to count, and fosrel, to hear:
| 1st sing. | ||
| 2nd sing. | ||
| 3rd sing. | ||
| 1st plur. | ||
| 2nd plur. | ||
| 3rd plur. |
When a verb is derived from another verbal form through a derivative infix, this infix does not change in conjugation and stays next to the primary vowel inside the conjugation patterns.
With the sample verbs kyse̥nsel, to fall asleep, še̥jakel, to give as a present, lo̥xaqŕel, to exploit, and fosrel, to expel, to exile:
| 1st sing. | ||||
| 2nd sing. | ||||
| 3rd sing. | ||||
| 1st plur. | ||||
| 2nd plur. | ||||
| 3rd plur. |
Imperfective future
In the imperfective future, verbs are conjugated according to the following patterns:
| 1st sing. | ||||
| 2nd sing. | ||||
| 3rd sing. | ||||
| 1st plur. | ||||
| 2nd plur. | ||||
| 3rd plur. | ||||
Examples:
| 1st sing. | ||||
| 2nd sing. | ||||
| 3rd sing. | ||||
| 1st plur. | ||||
| 2nd plur. | ||||
| 3rd plur. |
When a verb is derived from another verbal form through a derivative infix, this infix does not change in conjugation and stays next to the primary vowel inside the conjugation patterns.
With the sample verbs kyse̥nsel, to fall asleep, še̥jakel, to give as a present, lo̥xaqŕel, to exploit, and fosrel, to expel, to exile:
| 1st sing. | ||||
| 2nd sing. | ||||
| 3rd sing. | ||||
| 1st plur. | ||||
| 2nd plur. | ||||
| 3rd plur. |
When a verb is derived from another verbal form through a derivative prefix, this prefix does not change in conjugation and stays before the first root consonant. Other prefixes of the conjugation patterns are placed before the derivative prefixes.
With the sample verbs sqäțe̥xsel, to safeguard, and nöʔcico̥rel, to sacrifice:
| 1st sing. | ||
| 2nd sing. | ||
| 3rd sing. | ||
| 1st plur. | ||
| 2nd plur. | ||
| 3rd plur. |
Perfective present
In the perfective present or perfect, verbs are conjugated according to the following patterns:
| 1st sing. | ||||
| 2nd sing. | ||||
| 3rd sing. | ||||
| 1st plur. | ||||
| 2nd plur. | ||||
| 3rd plur. | ||||
Examples:
| 1st sing. | ||||
| 2nd sing. | ||||
| 3rd sing. | ||||
| 1st plur. | ||||
| 2nd plur. | ||||
| 3rd plur. |
When a verb is derived from another verbal form through a derivative infix, this infix does not change in conjugation and stays next to the primary vowel inside the conjugation patterns.
With the sample verbs kyse̥nsel, to fall asleep, še̥jakel, to give as a present, lo̥xaqŕel, to exploit, and fosrel, to expel, to exile:
| 1st sing. | ||||
| 2nd sing. | ||||
| 3rd sing. | ||||
| 1st plur. | ||||
| 2nd plur. | ||||
| 3rd plur. |
Perfective past
In the perfective past, verbs are conjugated according to the following patterns:
| 1st sing. | ||||
| 2nd sing. | ||||
| 3rd sing. | ||||
| 1st plur. | ||||
| 2nd plur. | ||||
| 3rd plur. | ||||
Examples:
| 1st sing. | ||||
| 2nd sing. | ||||
| 3rd sing. | ||||
| 1st plur. | ||||
| 2nd plur. | ||||
| 3rd plur. |
When a verb is derived from another verbal form through a derivative infix, this infix does not change in conjugation and stays next to the primary vowel inside the conjugation patterns.
With the sample verbs kyse̥nsel, to fall asleep, še̥jakel, to give as a present, lo̥xaqŕel, to exploit, and fosrel, to expel, to exile:
| 1st sing. | ||||
| 2nd sing. | ||||
| 3rd sing. | ||||
| 1st plur. | ||||
| 2nd plur. | ||||
| 3rd plur. |
Perfective future
In the perfective future, verbs are conjugated according to the following patterns:
| 1st sing. | ||||
| 2nd sing. | ||||
| 3rd sing. | ||||
| 1st plur. | ||||
| 2nd plur. | ||||
| 3rd plur. | ||||
Examples:
| 1st sing. | ||||
| 2nd sing. | ||||
| 3rd sing. | ||||
| 1st plur. | ||||
| 2nd plur. | ||||
| 3rd plur. |
As it can be noticed, the first two persons in this tense in the conjugation of biliteral roots display identical forms with the forms in the imperfective future tense. The two aspect are distinguished only by the context of the sentence.
When a verb is derived from another verbal form through a derivative infix, this infix does not change in conjugation and stays next to the primary vowel inside the conjugation patterns.
With the sample verbs kyse̥nsel, to fall asleep, še̥jakel, to give as a present, lo̥xaqŕel, to exploit, and fosrel, to expel, to exile:
| 1st sing. | ||||
| 2nd sing. | ||||
| 3rd sing. | ||||
| 1st plur. | ||||
| 2nd plur. | ||||
| 3rd plur. |
Subjunctive mood
The subjunctive mood is derived from the indicative mood by altering the thematic vowel. Conversely, the conjugation patterns for all tenses remain the same:
| Conjugation I | ||
| Conjugation II |
Imperfective present
In the imperfective present, verbs are conjugated according to the following patterns:
| 1st sing. | ||||
| 2nd sing. | ||||
| 3rd sing. | ||||
| 1st plur. | ||||
| 2nd plur. | ||||
| 3rd plur. | ||||
Examples:
| 1st sing. | ||||
| 2nd sing. | ||||
| 3rd sing. | ||||
| 1st plur. | ||||
| 2nd plur. | ||||
| 3rd plur. |
In the conjugation of triliteral roots, an euphonic vowel -ë- can be inserted in the three plural persons, if an unallowed initial consonant cluster appears.
| 1st sing. | ||
| 2nd sing. | ||
| 3rd sing. | ||
| 1st plur. | ||
| 2nd plur. | ||
| 3rd plur. |
With the sample verbs fekçel, to count, and fosrel, to hear:
| 1st sing. | ||
| 2nd sing. | ||
| 3rd sing. | ||
| 1st plur. | ||
| 2nd plur. | ||
| 3rd plur. |
When a verb is derived from another verbal form through a derivative infix, this infix does not change in conjugation and stays next to the primary vowel inside the conjugation patterns.
With the sample verbs kyse̥nsel, to fall asleep, še̥jakel, to give as a present, lo̥xaqŕel, to exploit, and fosrel, to expel, to exile:
| 1st sing. | ||||
| 2nd sing. | ||||
| 3rd sing. | ||||
| 1st plur. | ||||
| 2nd plur. | ||||
| 3rd plur. |
When a verb is derived from another verbal form through a derivative prefix, this prefix does not change in conjugation and stays before the first root consonant. Other prefixes of the conjugation patterns are placed before the derivative prefixes.
With the sample verbs sqäțe̥xsel, to safeguard, and nöʔcico̥rel, to sacrifice:
| 1st sing. | ||
| 2nd sing. | ||
| 3rd sing. | ||
| 1st plur. | ||
| 2nd plur. | ||
| 3rd plur. |
Imperfective past
In the imperfective past, verbs are conjugated according to the following patterns:
| 1st sing. | ||||
| 2nd sing. | ||||
| 3rd sing. | ||||
| 1st plur. | ||||
| 2nd plur. | ||||
| 3rd plur. | ||||
Examples:
| 1st sing. | ||||
| 2nd sing. | ||||
| 3rd sing. | ||||
| 1st plur. | ||||
| 2nd plur. | ||||
| 3rd plur. |
In the conjugation of triliteral roots, an euphonic vowel -ë- can be inserted in all persons, if an unallowed initial consonant cluster appears.
| 1st sing. | ||
| 2nd sing. | ||
| 3rd sing. | ||
| 1st plur. | ||
| 2nd plur. | ||
| 3rd plur. |
With the sample verbs fekçel, to count, and fosrel, to hear:
| 1st sing. | ||
| 2nd sing. | ||
| 3rd sing. | ||
| 1st plur. | ||
| 2nd plur. | ||
| 3rd plur. |
When a verb is derived from another verbal form through a derivative infix, this infix does not change in conjugation and stays next to the primary vowel inside the conjugation patterns.
With the sample verbs kyse̥nsel, to fall asleep, še̥jakel, to give as a present, lo̥xaqŕel, to exploit, and fosrel, to expel, to exile:
| 1st sing. | ||||
| 2nd sing. | ||||
| 3rd sing. | ||||
| 1st plur. | ||||
| 2nd plur. | ||||
| 3rd plur. |
Imperfective future
In the imperfective future, verbs are conjugated according to the following patterns:
| 1st sing. | ||||
| 2nd sing. | ||||
| 3rd sing. | ||||
| 1st plur. | ||||
| 2nd plur. | ||||
| 3rd plur. | ||||
Examples:
| 1st sing. | ||||
| 2nd sing. | ||||
| 3rd sing. | ||||
| 1st plur. | ||||
| 2nd plur. | ||||
| 3rd plur. |
When a verb is derived from another verbal form through a derivative infix, this infix does not change in conjugation and stays next to the primary vowel inside the conjugation patterns.
With the sample verbs kyse̥nsel, to fall asleep, še̥jakel, to give as a present, lo̥xaqŕel, to exploit, and fosrel, to expel, to exile:
| 1st sing. | ||||
| 2nd sing. | ||||
| 3rd sing. | ||||
| 1st plur. | ||||
| 2nd plur. | ||||
| 3rd plur. |
When a verb is derived from another verbal form through a derivative prefix, this prefix does not change in conjugation and stays before the first root consonant. Other prefixes of the conjugation patterns are placed before the derivative prefixes.
With the sample verbs sqäțe̥xsel, to safeguard, and nöʔcico̥rel, to sacrifice:
| 1st sing. | ||
| 2nd sing. | ||
| 3rd sing. | ||
| 1st plur. | ||
| 2nd plur. | ||
| 3rd plur. |
Perfective present
In the perfective present or perfect, verbs are conjugated according to the following patterns:
| 1st sing. | ||||
| 2nd sing. | ||||
| 3rd sing. | ||||
| 1st plur. | ||||
| 2nd plur. | ||||
| 3rd plur. | ||||
Examples:
| 1st sing. | ||||
| 2nd sing. | ||||
| 3rd sing. | ||||
| 1st plur. | ||||
| 2nd plur. | ||||
| 3rd plur. |
When a verb is derived from another verbal form through a derivative infix, this infix does not change in conjugation and stays next to the primary vowel inside the conjugation patterns.
With the sample verbs kyse̥nsel, to fall asleep, še̥jakel, to give as a present, lo̥xaqŕel, to exploit, and fosrel, to expel, to exile:
| 1st sing. | ||||
| 2nd sing. | ||||
| 3rd sing. | ||||
| 1st plur. | ||||
| 2nd plur. | ||||
| 3rd plur. |
Perfective past
In the perfective past, verbs are conjugated according to the following patterns:
| 1st sing. | ||||
| 2nd sing. | ||||
| 3rd sing. | ||||
| 1st plur. | ||||
| 2nd plur. | ||||
| 3rd plur. | ||||
Examples:
| 1st sing. | ||||
| 2nd sing. | ||||
| 3rd sing. | ||||
| 1st plur. | ||||
| 2nd plur. | ||||
| 3rd plur. |
When a verb is derived from another verbal form through a derivative infix, this infix does not change in conjugation and stays next to the primary vowel inside the conjugation patterns.
With the sample verbs kyse̥nsel, to fall asleep, še̥jakel, to give as a present, lo̥xaqŕel, to exploit, and fosrel, to expel, to exile:
| 1st sing. | ||||
| 2nd sing. | ||||
| 3rd sing. | ||||
| 1st plur. | ||||
| 2nd plur. | ||||
| 3rd plur. |
Perfective future
In the perfective future, verbs are conjugated according to the following patterns:
| 1st sing. | ||||
| 2nd sing. | ||||
| 3rd sing. | ||||
| 1st plur. | ||||
| 2nd plur. | ||||
| 3rd plur. | ||||
Examples:
| 1st sing. | ||||
| 2nd sing. | ||||
| 3rd sing. | ||||
| 1st plur. | ||||
| 2nd plur. | ||||
| 3rd plur. |
As it can be noticed, the first two persons in this tense in the conjugation of biliteral roots display identical forms with the forms in the imperfective future tense. The two aspect are distinguished only by the context of the sentence.
When a verb is derived from another verbal form through a derivative infix, this infix does not change in conjugation and stays next to the primary vowel inside the conjugation patterns.
With the sample verbs kyse̥nsel, to fall asleep, še̥jakel, to give as a present, lo̥xaqŕel, to exploit, and fosrel, to expel, to exile:
| 1st sing. | ||||
| 2nd sing. | ||||
| 3rd sing. | ||||
| 1st plur. | ||||
| 2nd plur. | ||||
| 3rd plur. |
Conditional mood
The conditional mood is derived from the indicative mood by altering the thematic vowel. Conversely, the conjugation patterns for all tenses remain the same:
| Conjugation I | ||
| Conjugation II |
Imperfective present
In the imperfective present, verbs are conjugated according to the following patterns:
| 1st sing. | ||||
| 2nd sing. | ||||
| 3rd sing. | ||||
| 1st plur. | ||||
| 2nd plur. | ||||
| 3rd plur. | ||||
Examples:
| 1st sing. | ||||
| 2nd sing. | ||||
| 3rd sing. | ||||
| 1st plur. | ||||
| 2nd plur. | ||||
| 3rd plur. |
In the conjugation of triliteral roots, an euphonic vowel -ë- can be inserted in the three plural persons, if an unallowed initial consonant cluster appears.
| 1st sing. | ||
| 2nd sing. | ||
| 3rd sing. | ||
| 1st plur. | ||
| 2nd plur. | ||
| 3rd plur. |
With the sample verbs fekçel, to count, and fosrel, to hear:
| 1st sing. | ||
| 2nd sing. | ||
| 3rd sing. | ||
| 1st plur. | ||
| 2nd plur. | ||
| 3rd plur. |
When a verb is derived from another verbal form through a derivative infix, this infix does not change in conjugation and stays next to the primary vowel inside the conjugation patterns.
With the sample verbs kyse̥nsel, to fall asleep, še̥jakel, to give as a present, lo̥xaqŕel, to exploit, and fosrel, to expel, to exile:
| 1st sing. | ||||
| 2nd sing. | ||||
| 3rd sing. | ||||
| 1st plur. | ||||
| 2nd plur. | ||||
| 3rd plur. |
When a verb is derived from another verbal form through a derivative prefix, this prefix does not change in conjugation and stays before the first root consonant. Other prefixes of the conjugation patterns are placed before the derivative prefixes.
With the sample verbs sqäțe̥xsel, to safeguard, and nöʔcico̥rel, to sacrifice:
| 1st sing. | ||
| 2nd sing. | ||
| 3rd sing. | ||
| 1st plur. | ||
| 2nd plur. | ||
| 3rd plur. |
Imperfective past
In the imperfective past, verbs are conjugated according to the following patterns:
| 1st sing. | ||||
| 2nd sing. | ||||
| 3rd sing. | ||||
| 1st plur. | ||||
| 2nd plur. | ||||
| 3rd plur. | ||||
Examples:
| 1st sing. | ||||
| 2nd sing. | ||||
| 3rd sing. | ||||
| 1st plur. | ||||
| 2nd plur. | ||||
| 3rd plur. |
In the conjugation of triliteral roots, an euphonic vowel -ë- can be inserted in all persons, if an unallowed initial consonant cluster appears.
| 1st sing. | ||
| 2nd sing. | ||
| 3rd sing. | ||
| 1st plur. | ||
| 2nd plur. | ||
| 3rd plur. |
With the sample verbs fekçel, to count, and fosrel, to hear:
| 1st sing. | ||
| 2nd sing. | ||
| 3rd sing. | ||
| 1st plur. | ||
| 2nd plur. | ||
| 3rd plur. |
When a verb is derived from another verbal form through a derivative infix, this infix does not change in conjugation and stays next to the primary vowel inside the conjugation patterns.
With the sample verbs kyse̥nsel, to fall asleep, še̥jakel, to give as a present, lo̥xaqŕel, to exploit, and fosrel, to expel, to exile:
| 1st sing. | ||||
| 2nd sing. | ||||
| 3rd sing. | ||||
| 1st plur. | ||||
| 2nd plur. | ||||
| 3rd plur. |
Imperfective future
In the imperfective future, verbs are conjugated according to the following patterns:
| 1st sing. | ||||
| 2nd sing. | ||||
| 3rd sing. | ||||
| 1st plur. | ||||
| 2nd plur. | ||||
| 3rd plur. | ||||
Examples:
| 1st sing. | ||||
| 2nd sing. | ||||
| 3rd sing. | ||||
| 1st plur. | ||||
| 2nd plur. | ||||
| 3rd plur. |
When a verb is derived from another verbal form through a derivative infix, this infix does not change in conjugation and stays next to the primary vowel inside the conjugation patterns.
With the sample verbs kyse̥nsel, to fall asleep, še̥jakel, to give as a present, lo̥xaqŕel, to exploit, and fosrel, to expel, to exile:
| 1st sing. | ||||
| 2nd sing. | ||||
| 3rd sing. | ||||
| 1st plur. | ||||
| 2nd plur. | ||||
| 3rd plur. |
When a verb is derived from another verbal form through a derivative prefix, this prefix does not change in conjugation and stays before the first root consonant. Other prefixes of the conjugation patterns are placed before the derivative prefixes.
With the sample verbs sqäțe̥xsel, to safeguard, and nöʔcico̥rel, to sacrifice:
| 1st sing. | ||
| 2nd sing. | ||
| 3rd sing. | ||
| 1st plur. | ||
| 2nd plur. | ||
| 3rd plur. |
Perfective present
In the perfective present or perfect, verbs are conjugated according to the following patterns:
| 1st sing. | ||||
| 2nd sing. | ||||
| 3rd sing. | ||||
| 1st plur. | ||||
| 2nd plur. | ||||
| 3rd plur. | ||||
Examples:
| 1st sing. | ||||
| 2nd sing. | ||||
| 3rd sing. | ||||
| 1st plur. | ||||
| 2nd plur. | ||||
| 3rd plur. |
When a verb is derived from another verbal form through a derivative infix, this infix does not change in conjugation and stays next to the primary vowel inside the conjugation patterns.
With the sample verbs kyse̥nsel, to fall asleep, še̥jakel, to give as a present, lo̥xaqŕel, to exploit, and fosrel, to expel, to exile:
| 1st sing. | ||||
| 2nd sing. | ||||
| 3rd sing. | ||||
| 1st plur. | ||||
| 2nd plur. | ||||
| 3rd plur. |
Perfective past
In the perfective past, verbs are conjugated according to the following patterns:
| 1st sing. | ||||
| 2nd sing. | ||||
| 3rd sing. | ||||
| 1st plur. | ||||
| 2nd plur. | ||||
| 3rd plur. | ||||
Examples:
| 1st sing. | ||||
| 2nd sing. | ||||
| 3rd sing. | ||||
| 1st plur. | ||||
| 2nd plur. | ||||
| 3rd plur. |
When a verb is derived from another verbal form through a derivative infix, this infix does not change in conjugation and stays next to the primary vowel inside the conjugation patterns.
With the sample verbs kyse̥nsel, to fall asleep, še̥jakel, to give as a present, lo̥xaqŕel, to exploit, and fosrel, to expel, to exile:
| 1st sing. | ||||
| 2nd sing. | ||||
| 3rd sing. | ||||
| 1st plur. | ||||
| 2nd plur. | ||||
| 3rd plur. |
Perfective future
In the perfective future, verbs are conjugated according to the following patterns:
| 1st sing. | ||||
| 2nd sing. | ||||
| 3rd sing. | ||||
| 1st plur. | ||||
| 2nd plur. | ||||
| 3rd plur. | ||||
Examples:
| 1st sing. | ||||
| 2nd sing. | ||||
| 3rd sing. | ||||
| 1st plur. | ||||
| 2nd plur. | ||||
| 3rd plur. |
As it can be noticed, the first two persons in this tense in the conjugation of biliteral roots display identical forms with the forms in the imperfective future tense. The two aspect are distinguished only by the context of the sentence.
When a verb is derived from another verbal form through a derivative infix, this infix does not change in conjugation and stays next to the primary vowel inside the conjugation patterns.
With the sample verbs kyse̥nsel, to fall asleep, še̥jakel, to give as a present, lo̥xaqŕel, to exploit, and fosrel, to expel, to exile:
| 1st sing. | ||||
| 2nd sing. | ||||
| 3rd sing. | ||||
| 1st plur. | ||||
| 2nd plur. | ||||
| 3rd plur. |
Optative mood
The optative mood is derived from the indicative mood by altering the thematic vowel. Conversely, the conjugation patterns for all tenses remain the same:
| Conjugation I | ||
| Conjugation II |
Imperfective present
In the imperfective present, verbs are conjugated according to the following patterns:
| 1st sing. | ||||
| 2nd sing. | ||||
| 3rd sing. | ||||
| 1st plur. | ||||
| 2nd plur. | ||||
| 3rd plur. | ||||
Examples:
| 1st sing. | ||||
| 2nd sing. | ||||
| 3rd sing. | ||||
| 1st plur. | ||||
| 2nd plur. | ||||
| 3rd plur. |
In the conjugation of triliteral roots, an euphonic vowel -ë- can be inserted in the three plural persons, if an unallowed initial consonant cluster appears.
| 1st sing. | ||
| 2nd sing. | ||
| 3rd sing. | ||
| 1st plur. | ||
| 2nd plur. | ||
| 3rd plur. |
With the sample verbs fekçel, to count, and fosrel, to hear:
| 1st sing. | ||
| 2nd sing. | ||
| 3rd sing. | ||
| 1st plur. | ||
| 2nd plur. | ||
| 3rd plur. |
When a verb is derived from another verbal form through a derivative infix, this infix does not change in conjugation and stays next to the primary vowel inside the conjugation patterns.
With the sample verbs kyse̥nsel, to fall asleep, še̥jakel, to give as a present, lo̥xaqŕel, to exploit, and fosrel, to expel, to exile:
| 1st sing. | ||||
| 2nd sing. | ||||
| 3rd sing. | ||||
| 1st plur. | ||||
| 2nd plur. | ||||
| 3rd plur. |
When a verb is derived from another verbal form through a derivative prefix, this prefix does not change in conjugation and stays before the first root consonant. Other prefixes of the conjugation patterns are placed before the derivative prefixes.
With the sample verbs sqäțe̥xsel, to safeguard, and nöʔcico̥rel, to sacrifice:
| 1st sing. | ||
| 2nd sing. | ||
| 3rd sing. | ||
| 1st plur. | ||
| 2nd plur. | ||
| 3rd plur. |
Imperfective past
In the imperfective past, verbs are conjugated according to the following patterns:
| 1st sing. | ||||
| 2nd sing. | ||||
| 3rd sing. | ||||
| 1st plur. | ||||
| 2nd plur. | ||||
| 3rd plur. | ||||
Examples:
| 1st sing. | ||||
| 2nd sing. | ||||
| 3rd sing. | ||||
| 1st plur. | ||||
| 2nd plur. | ||||
| 3rd plur. |
In the conjugation of triliteral roots, an euphonic vowel -ë- can be inserted in all persons, if an unallowed initial consonant cluster appears.
| 1st sing. | ||
| 2nd sing. | ||
| 3rd sing. | ||
| 1st plur. | ||
| 2nd plur. | ||
| 3rd plur. |
With the sample verbs fekçel, to count, and fosrel, to hear:
| 1st sing. | ||
| 2nd sing. | ||
| 3rd sing. | ||
| 1st plur. | ||
| 2nd plur. | ||
| 3rd plur. |
When a verb is derived from another verbal form through a derivative infix, this infix does not change in conjugation and stays next to the primary vowel inside the conjugation patterns.
With the sample verbs kyse̥nsel, to fall asleep, še̥jakel, to give as a present, lo̥xaqŕel, to exploit, and fosrel, to expel, to exile:
| 1st sing. | ||||
| 2nd sing. | ||||
| 3rd sing. | ||||
| 1st plur. | ||||
| 2nd plur. | ||||
| 3rd plur. |
Imperfective future
In the imperfective future, verbs are conjugated according to the following patterns:
| 1st sing. | ||||
| 2nd sing. | ||||
| 3rd sing. | ||||
| 1st plur. | ||||
| 2nd plur. | ||||
| 3rd plur. | ||||
Examples:
| 1st sing. | ||||
| 2nd sing. | ||||
| 3rd sing. | ||||
| 1st plur. | ||||
| 2nd plur. | ||||
| 3rd plur. |
When a verb is derived from another verbal form through a derivative infix, this infix does not change in conjugation and stays next to the primary vowel inside the conjugation patterns.
With the sample verbs kyse̥nsel, to fall asleep, še̥jakel, to give as a present, lo̥xaqŕel, to exploit, and fosrel, to expel, to exile:
| 1st sing. | ||||
| 2nd sing. | ||||
| 3rd sing. | ||||
| 1st plur. | ||||
| 2nd plur. | ||||
| 3rd plur. |
When a verb is derived from another verbal form through a derivative prefix, this prefix does not change in conjugation and stays before the first root consonant. Other prefixes of the conjugation patterns are placed before the derivative prefixes.
With the sample verbs sqäțe̥xsel, to safeguard, and nöʔcico̥rel, to sacrifice:
| 1st sing. | ||
| 2nd sing. | ||
| 3rd sing. | ||
| 1st plur. | ||
| 2nd plur. | ||
| 3rd plur. |
Perfective present
In the perfective present or perfect, verbs are conjugated according to the following patterns:
| 1st sing. | ||||
| 2nd sing. | ||||
| 3rd sing. | ||||
| 1st plur. | ||||
| 2nd plur. | ||||
| 3rd plur. | ||||
Examples:
| 1st sing. | ||||
| 2nd sing. | ||||
| 3rd sing. | ||||
| 1st plur. | ||||
| 2nd plur. | ||||
| 3rd plur. |
When a verb is derived from another verbal form through a derivative infix, this infix does not change in conjugation and stays next to the primary vowel inside the conjugation patterns.
With the sample verbs kyse̥nsel, to fall asleep, še̥jakel, to give as a present, lo̥xaqŕel, to exploit, and fosrel, to expel, to exile:
| 1st sing. | ||||
| 2nd sing. | ||||
| 3rd sing. | ||||
| 1st plur. | ||||
| 2nd plur. | ||||
| 3rd plur. |
Perfective past
In the perfective past, verbs are conjugated according to the following patterns:
| 1st sing. | ||||
| 2nd sing. | ||||
| 3rd sing. | ||||
| 1st plur. | ||||
| 2nd plur. | ||||
| 3rd plur. | ||||
Examples:
| 1st sing. | ||||
| 2nd sing. | ||||
| 3rd sing. | ||||
| 1st plur. | ||||
| 2nd plur. | ||||
| 3rd plur. |
When a verb is derived from another verbal form through a derivative infix, this infix does not change in conjugation and stays next to the primary vowel inside the conjugation patterns.
With the sample verbs kyse̥nsel, to fall asleep, še̥jakel, to give as a present, lo̥xaqŕel, to exploit, and fosrel, to expel, to exile:
| 1st sing. | ||||
| 2nd sing. | ||||
| 3rd sing. | ||||
| 1st plur. | ||||
| 2nd plur. | ||||
| 3rd plur. |
Perfective future
In the perfective future, verbs are conjugated according to the following patterns:
| 1st sing. | ||||
| 2nd sing. | ||||
| 3rd sing. | ||||
| 1st plur. | ||||
| 2nd plur. | ||||
| 3rd plur. | ||||
Examples:
| 1st sing. | ||||
| 2nd sing. | ||||
| 3rd sing. | ||||
| 1st plur. | ||||
| 2nd plur. | ||||
| 3rd plur. |
As it can be noticed, the first two persons in this tense in the conjugation of biliteral roots display identical forms with the forms in the imperfective future tense. The two aspect are distinguished only by the context of the sentence.
When a verb is derived from another verbal form through a derivative infix, this infix does not change in conjugation and stays next to the primary vowel inside the conjugation patterns.
With the sample verbs kyse̥nsel, to fall asleep, še̥jakel, to give as a present, lo̥xaqŕel, to exploit, and fosrel, to expel, to exile:
| 1st sing. | ||||
| 2nd sing. | ||||
| 3rd sing. | ||||
| 1st plur. | ||||
| 2nd plur. | ||||
| 3rd plur. |
Imperative mood
Unlike the other verbal moods, the imperative mood is distinguished by a substantially different conjugation pattern. The thematic vowels are the same as the indicative mood. Only the second persons and the first plural person are conveyed, without any further temporal or aspectual distinctions:
| 1st sing. | ||||
| 2nd sing. | ||||
| 3rd sing. | ||||
| 1st plur. | ||||
| 2nd plur. | ||||
| 3rd plur. | ||||
Examples:
| 1st sing. | ||||
| 2nd sing. | ||||
| 3rd sing. | ||||
| 1st plur. | ||||
| 2nd plur. | ||||
| 3rd plur. |
Non-finite forms
The non-finite verbal forms are:
Infinitive
It is regarded as the citation form of the verb, and it is not conjugated in person or number. It can, however, be conjugated according to the mood, thus forming an indicative, a subjunctive, a conditional, and an optative form (although the usage of the modal forms is quite limited).
| indicative | ||||
| subjunctive | ||||
| conditional | ||||
| optative | ||||
Examples:
| indicative | ||||
| subjunctive | ||||
| conditional | ||||
| optative |
The infinitive is a nominal form of a verb and it is regarded as a verbal noun, being declined only in the singular number. Conversely, its accusative form coincides with the nominative form, if not introduced by a preposition.
Participles
There are two participial forms, the active participle and the passive participle. They are regarded mostly as adjectival forms of a verb, usually linked to nouns which actively perform an action, or which undergo an action or inactively are in a certain state. Their usage as verbal forms is limited to building of relative clauses.
Active participle
Present
| singular | ||||
| plural | ||||
Examples:
| singular | ||||
| plural |
When a verb is derived from another verbal form through a derivative prefix, this prefix does not change in conjugation and stays before the first root consonant. Other prefixes of the conjugation patterns are placed before the derivative prefixes.
With the sample verbs sqäțe̥xsel, to safeguard, and nöʔcico̥rel, to sacrifice:
| singular | ||
| plural |
Past
| singular | ||||
| plural | ||||
Examples:
| singular | ||||
| plural |
When a verb is derived from another verbal form through a derivative prefix, this prefix does not change in conjugation and stays before the first root consonant. Other prefixes of the conjugation patterns are placed before the derivative prefixes.
With the sample verbs sqäțe̥xsel, to safeguard, and nöʔcico̥rel, to sacrifice:
| singular | ||
| plural |
Passive participle
Present
| singular | ||||
| plural | ||||
Examples:
| singular | ||||
| plural |
When a verb is derived from another verbal form through a derivative prefix, this prefix does not change in conjugation and stays before the first root consonant. Other prefixes of the conjugation patterns are placed before the derivative prefixes.
With the sample verbs sqäțe̥xsel, to safeguard, and nöʔcico̥rel, to sacrifice:
| singular | ||
| plural |
Past
| singular | ||||
| plural | ||||
Examples:
| singular | ||||
| plural |
When a verb is derived from another verbal form through a derivative prefix, this prefix does not change in conjugation and stays before the first root consonant. Other prefixes of the conjugation patterns are placed before the derivative prefixes.
With the sample verbs sqäțe̥xsel, to safeguard, and nöʔcico̥rel, to sacrifice:
| singular | ||
| plural |
Technically, all participial forms can be conjugated according to the mood, thus forming an indicative, a subjunctive, a conditional, and an optative form, according to the modal formation vocalic rules. In practivce, usage of modal forms of participles is extremely limited, either as an adjectival form or as a verbal form.
Passive diathesis
The passive diathesis does not displays any compound form, or different conjugation patterns. The active and the passive diathesis are distinguished by altering the personal endings. A passive morpheme (-t o -ť), and a pluralizing morpheme (-y), are placed after the active personal ending:
| 1st sing. | ||
| 2nd sing. | ||
| 3rd sing. | ||
| 1st plur. | ||
| 2nd plur. | ||
| 3rd plur. |
These endings are used in every mood, aspect, and tense. The only distinct form is used in the 2nd singular person in the imperative mood:
| 1st sing. | ||
| 2nd sing. | ||
| 3rd sing. | ||
| 1st plur. | ||
| 2nd plur. | ||
| 3rd plur. |
The usage of the different moods and tenses is exactly the same as the active diathesis. As an example the passive forms of the perfective past indicative are shown.
| 1st sing. | ||||
| 2nd sing. | ||||
| 3rd sing. | ||||
| 1st plur. | ||||
| 2nd plur. | ||||
| 3rd plur. | ||||
Examples:
| 1st sing. | ||||
| 2nd sing. | ||||
| 3rd sing. | ||||
| 1st plur. | ||||
| 2nd plur. | ||||
| 3rd plur. |
Example of sentence transformation:
mono̥q o̥sfe ʔinu̥rim → mono̥qët ʔinu̥r ʔyl o̥sfeš the dog bit the man → The man was bitten by the dog
The passive infinitive features the same passive morpheme -t. As an example the passive infinitive conjugation pattern is shown.
| indicative | ||||
Examples:
| indicative |
Example of sentence transformation:
jämno̥qot ʔinu̥r lë̥t → jäno̥ʔo ʔinu̥r mo̥nqelt lë̥t The man is not bitten → The man does not want to be bitten
Inferential valency
The so-called inferential forms conveys actions or states which the speaker has not personally witnessed, and which he or she has been told by a third referent. These forms have several nuances of meaning, which are explained in a separated chapter.
The inferential forms are derived from the declarative form through a consonantal infix, -r-/-l-, which is placed inside the root, right after the primary vowel:
| Rimp | ||
| Rprf |
The -l- variant is used only when the adjacent consonat is a rhotic one.
Each mood, aspect, tense can have an inferential form, except for the imperative mood, and the non-finite forms. As an example the inferential forms for the 1st singular person in every aspect and tense of the indicative mood are shown:
| imperfective present | ||||
| imperfective past | ||||
| imperfective future | ||||
| perfective present | ||||
| perfective past | ||||
| perfective future | ||||
Examples:
| imperfective present | ||||
| imperfective past | ||||
| imperfective future | ||||
| perfective present | ||||
| perfective past | ||||
| perfective future |
Negation
The verbal negation is conveyed by the negative adverb lët. This adverb is placed after the main verb, usually after the main elements of the sentence, the subject and the direct object.
jakne̥se o̥sfe → jakne̥se o̥sfe lë̥t the dog is sleeping → the dog isn't sleeping
mono̥q o̥sfe ʔinu̥rim → mono̥q o̥sfe ʔinu̥rim lë̥t the dog bit the man → the dog didn't bite the man
The negative adverb may also be found at the end of the sentence, after all elements. Double negatives are generally not allowed; the presence of another negative element in the sentence inhibits the negative adverb.