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{|border=1 align=right cellpadding=3 cellspacing=0 width=33% class=bordertable; style=margin: 0 0 lem lem; background=#f9f9f9; font-size: 95%; float: right;
==The sheep and the horses==
|colspan=4; bgcolor=#99FF00; align=center|'''NOVELATINE<br />Sa lêgwa syar dwar valyô'''
{| class="wikitable"
|-
|-
|valign="top"|Pronunciation:
| colspan="2" | <center>'''Schleicher's ''The sheep and the horses'''''</center>
||West: / sa lɛ̃gwa sjar dwar valjõ /<br> East: / sa lɛ̃gwa ʃar dwar valjõ/
|-
|-
|valign="top"|Spoken in:
| '''English''' || <center>''The sheep and the horses''</center><br>1. ''A sheep that had no wool saw two horses.''<br>2. ''The first horse was pulling a heavy wagon,''<br>3. ''the second horse was carrying a man.''<br>4. ''The sheep said to the horses:''<br>5 ''“I am suffering, because men harness horses”.''<br>6. ''But the horses told her:''<br>7. ''“Listen, sheep,''<br>8. ''we are suffering''<br>9. ''because men sew their garments with your wool''<br>10. ''and sheep remain woolless”.''<br>11. ''Having heard this, the sheep fled into the fields.''
||Central Italy
|-
|-
|valign="top"|Timeline:
| colspan="2" style="background-color:black;" | {{color|white|'''''Piti languages'''''}}
||Alternate
|-
|-
|valign="top"|Total speakers:
| '''Proto-Piti''' || <center>'''jaŋe ŋuːʔetiʔina'''</center><br>1. '''pʰoːχaŋil ʔaʔæɳiːtoli jaŋeli ŋuːʔetiʔi ʔaloliːṕ(æt́).'''<br>2. '''ʂaːʔokoli ŋuːʔetili suŋeː ŋæɬot́u ʔaɬoːʔæm(æt́),'''<br>3. '''ʔakikoli ŋuːʔetili pʰuːka ʔaŋaŋok(æt́).'''<br>4. '''jaŋeli ŋuːʔeti(ʔi)χæ(ʔi) ʔaʈeŋæɬ(æt́):'''<br>5 '''“tʰuːʔakoɬ pʰuːkali ŋuːʔetiʂu ṕuːŋakoːrikakʰu”.'''<br>6. '''poː ŋuːʔeti(ʔi)li(ʔi) æt́tuχæ/æt́loχæ ʔaʈeŋæɬ(ʔi)(æt́)(ʔi):'''<br>7. '''“kʰeɬoːruŋiɳer, jaŋe,'''<br>8. '''joʔi tʰuːʔak(ʔi)oɬ(ʔi)'''<br>9. '''ʂætukʰu/ʂælokʰu pʰuːkali ræʂoχukʰat́u ertuʂu/næʂu pʰoːχakhæ kʰat́oɬiɳ(æt́)'''<br>10. '''ɳuː jaŋe pʰoːχaŋil ʔæɳuŋiɳ(æt́)”.'''<br>11. '''niŋtuʂu/niŋloʂu ʔakʰeɬoːrikakʰu, jaŋeli ṕonuχæ ʔaɬæṕuːḱ(æt́).'''
||ca. 5000
|-
|-
|valign="top"|Genealogical classification:
| style="background-color:#FFD482;" | '''Kī́rtako''' || style="background-color:#FFD482;" | <center>jage gū́ʔetinona</center><br>1. phṓɣagil ʔaʔɑñī́toli jageli ʔaki gū́ʔetino ʔalolī́pɑt.<br>2. šā́ʔokoli gū́ʔetili sugḗkī́to gɑwotu ʔawṓʔɑmɑt,<br>3. ʔakikoli gū́ʔetili phū́ka ʔagagokɑt.<br>4. jageli gū́ʔetinoɣɑ ʔatsegɑwɑt:<br>5. “šī́jakow phū́kali gū́ʔetišu pū́gakṓriñɑmekhu”.<br>6. pṓ gū́ʔetinoli ɑktuɣɑ ʔatsegɑwonɑt:<br>7. “khewṓrugiñer, jage,<br>8. jono thū́ʔakonow<br>9. šɑkhu phū́kali pā́ktā́no ertunošu phṓɣakhɑ khatowiñɑt<br>10. ñū́ jage phṓɣagil ʔɑñugiñ”.<br>11. niwošu ʔɑkhewṓriñɑmekhu jageli ponunoɣɑ ʔaʔḗmiɣekɑt.
||Indo-European
:Italic
::Romance
:::'''Novelatine'''
|-
|-
|valign="top"|Written in:
| style="background-color:#FFF3D7;"| '''Iðâɣ''' || style="background-color:#FFF3D7;" | <center>tûče no gôðinə</center><br>1. tûče ì î áðòr çóhe tòr êβíðə áɣi gôðinə.<br>2. gôði ô šâɣə ǒm góðə šô sǒɣíðə,<br>3. gôði ô áɣiɣə áɣaɣok çúɣe.<br>4. tûče tòr áséðə gôðinore:<br>5. “šêɣò šax çúɣe púɣaɣórin gôðinə”.<br>6. pó gôðinə tôr áséðə àture:<br>7. “hôruɣinəh, tûče,<br>8. òtun šêɣonò<br>9. šax çúɣe haðen pâtánə çóhexa ôx nanəre<br>10. nú tûčenə ánuɣinon çəs çóhere”.<br>11. šax áðìn áxôríðə nî, tûče tòr ěméhəɣíðə kô ponunore.
||Latin alphabet
|-
|-
|colspan=2; bgcolor="#99FF00"; align="center"|'''Created by:'''
| style="background-color:#FFF3D7;"| '''Læntixu''' || style="background-color:#FFF3D7;" | <center>æl‘ jažɛl‘ ñu æn‘ gowθ‘inol‘</center><br>1. jažɛl‘ hji he joh hejhjiθu fowhal‘ ojh loʎiɸjiθu æx‘ gowθ‘inol‘.<br>2. æl‘ šæwxul‘ gowθ‘il‘ joh vowmjiθu gæboθul‘ sužeciθul‘,<br>3. æl‘ æxixul‘ gowθ‘il‘ joh gagociθu fuxal‘.<br>4. æl‘ jažɛl‘ ojh cɛgæbjiθu kowf æn’a gowθ’inoha:<br>5. “ju šijaxæh šæθuxu æl‘ fuxal‘ pugaxowræh æn‘ gowθ‘inol‘“.<br>6. pow æn‘ gowθ‘inol‘ æsa onæh cɛgæbjiθu:<br>7. “howbɛrugiñæh, jažɛ,<br>8. jun šijaxæh<br>9. šæθuxu æl‘ fuxal‘ haθobonæh pæstænol‘ je æha æpjinoraha fowhaha<br>10. ñu æn‘ jažɛnol‘ ɛñugonæh fɛs fowhaha”.<br>11. šæθuxu joh hɛbowrjiθu nibu, æl‘ jažɛl‘ ojh emjiciθu kowf æn’a ponunoha.
|-
|-
||[[user:Bukkia|Bukkaa]]||started in November 2012
| style="background-color:#83FF82;"| '''ancient Figo''' || style="background-color:#83FF82;" | <center>jon nōdīna</center><br>1. fōhaxe fes ēnīduli jonəli nōdī alolīčeš.<br>2. roɕduli nōdili sunē nɛhošu alōmeš,<br>3. ogiduli nōdili fūga ēšmegeš.<br>4. jonəli nōdihej acenɛheš:<br>5. “ɕījasow fūgali nōdiɕunu čūnagōrigaxu”.<br>6. pō nōdilī šɛhe acenɛheši:<br>7. “xōhərunočər, jon,<br>8. joj ɕījasohi<br>9. hīduxu fūgali rɛɕohuxanu ertuɕunu fōhaxe xošohočeš<br>10. ňū jonənu fōhaxe fes ɛňunočešon”.<br>11. ninluɕu axehōrigaxu, jonəli fēfihenu alečūšeš.
|}'''Novelatine''' is a language, spoken by a few thousand people in two remote mountain valleys in Central Italy. Its speakers call their own language '''Sa lêgwa syar dwar valyô''', ''The language of the two valleys'', or simply '''Sa lêgwa (nob)''', ''The/Our language''. It is a direct descendent of Latin, and it retained a more conservative grammar, morphology and syntaxis than the other Romance languages. Its lexicon retains many more words directly from Latin than other Romance lexicons.
 
Apart from its conservatism, the main feature is the presence of two distinct dialects, one for each valleys, with some definite differences.
 
==Phonology==
===Ortography===
Novelatine ortography is partially based on standard Italian ortography, while a large part of it was developped independently.
 
{|
!Letter
!IPA pron.
!X-Sampa pron.
!Note and English or other approximation
|-
|-
| A, a || {{IPA|[a]}} || [a] || as in Scottish or Irish ''st'''a'''ck''
| style="background-color:#D9FFCD;"| '''modern Figo''' || style="background-color:#D9FFCD;" | <center>jõnər nor nudirĩ</center><br>1. θanc ejid wĩs šweduɣur jõnər ug nudĩ řirušjid jẽh.<br>2. rošdur nudir suňe ňež arumjid wẽh,<br>3. uɣidur nudir foɣa jihmiǧid wẽh.<br>4. jõnər nudišũ kwov čwiçid jẽh:<br>5. “šiješid wẽv çidux foɣar nudĩ šonaɣurjid wũš”.<br>6. wo nudirĩ iš kwov čwiçidũ jẽžõ:<br>7. “xworuňid wũšr, jõ,<br>8. ortũ šiješidũ wẽnõ<br>9. çidux foɣar ičihnã ertũšuš θancəš xud xožujid wũš<br>10. ňo jõnərĩ θancəš fes weňuǧidũ wũžõ”.<br>11. çidux nĩr axuřid jũš, jõnər fjifišũ kwov rošižid jẽh.
|-
|-
| B, b || {{IPA|[b]}} || [b] || as in '''''b'''ack''
| style="background-color:#BDF6F9;"| '''Biwdiw''' || style="background-color:#BDF6F9;" | <center>çɛgi nɛlu bɛrsihiw</center><br>1. pōxɛšu xēhīxiwgɛ hɛhīsīduliw çɛgiliw hɛlulīšɛc bɛrsihiw.<br>2. ʂāhurōliw bɛrsiliw hɛwōcɛmjɛc sjugēgīdu wābumu,<br>3. hɛgiwrōliw bɛrsiliw hɛgɛgugjɛc pūgɛ.<br>4. çɛgiliw hɛʈigjɛʎɛc bɛrsihiwxjɛ:<br>5. “tūhɛg ūdjuxjɛ pūgɛliw bɛrsišu šūgɛgōriwňiwgɛku”.<br>6. bō bɛrsihiwliw hɛʈigjɛliwcɛc jɛšluxjɛ:<br>7. “kilōrjugiwňir, çɛgi,<br>8. tuhɛg ūdjuhiwxjɛ<br>9. šɛdjuku pūgɛliw çīrmunušu čīg irdjunušu pōxɛšu kɛculiwňɛc<br>10. ňū çɛgi pis pōxɛšu tōhixiwň”.<br>11. niwlušu hɛkilōriwňiwgɛku çɛgiliw hɛʎɛšūč šunjunuxjɛ.
|-
|-
| C, c || 1.{{IPA|[k]}}<br>2.{{IPA|[ʧ]}} || 1.[k]<br>2.[tS] || 1. before any consonant, the vowels '''a''', '''o''', '''ô''', '''u''', as in '''''k'''iss''<br>2. before the vowels '''e''', '''i''' and the semivowel '''y''', as in '''''ch'''ip''
| style="background-color:#EBFFF7;"| '''Gəjlnigo''' || style="background-color:#EBFFF7;" | <center>ež heǵ ňɔ ežno bejśino</center><br>1. heǵ ša hejhəjdo əjs pɔhe ejjužəjdo egəj bejśino.<br>2. ež šawro bejś ɔcceməjdo ɔšɔ avumo,<br>3. ežd egəjro bejś gegugəjdo pɔge.<br>4. ež heǵ ecegəjdo gɔ ežnore bejśinore:<br>5. “hore tɔjg hedduk ež pɔge hɔgegɔh ežno bejśino“.<br>6. bɔ ežno bejśino hore ecegəjduno:<br>7. “kɔjrrugih hɔh, heǵ,<br>8. hunure tɔjg<br>9. hedduk ež pɔge keccɔ həjmono čəjg əjddunužore pɔhere<br>10. ňɔ ežno heǵino tɔjhun pis pɔhere“.<br>11. hedduk ježlo ekɔjrəjdo nɔ, ež heǵ evožečəjdo gɔ ežnore hunnonore.
|-
| D, d || {{IPA|[d]}} || [d] || as in ''a'''d'''mit''
|-
| E, e || 1.{{IPA|[ɛ]}} (stressed)<br>2.{{IPA|[e]}} (unstressed)<br>3.{{IPA|[ə]}} (final) || 1.[E]<br>2.[e]<br>3.[@] || 1. always in stressed syllables, as in North American English ''b'''e'''d''<br>2. always in unstressed syllables <small>(see note)</small>, as in British English ''dr'''e'''ss''<br>3. only in the Eastern dialect, in final syllables, as in '''''a'''bout''
|-
| Ê, ê || 1.{{IPA|[ɛ̃]}} (stressed)<br>2.{{IPA|[ẽ]}} (unstressed) || 1.[E˜]<br>2.[e˜] || similar to French ''br'''in''''' (<small>The two variants follow the same rules of distribution of the letter '''e'''</small>)
|-
| F, f || {{IPA|[f]}} || [f] || as in '''''f'''ine''
|-
| G, g || 1.{{IPA|[g]}}<br>2.{{IPA|[ʤ]}} || 1.[g]<br>2.[dZ] || 1. before any consonant, the vowels '''a''', '''o''', '''ô''', '''u''', as in '''''g'''un''<br>2. before the vowels '''e''', '''i''' and the semivowel '''y''', as in '''''j'''ump''
|-
| H, h || {{IPA|[-]}} || [-] || it has '''no sound''', it is only used with other letters to express other sounds.
|-
| I, i || {{IPA|[i]}} || [i] || as in North American English ''fr'''ee'''''
|-
| ''J, j'' || {{IPA|[-]}} || [-] || it is not part of the alphabet, it can be found only in loanwords, where it retains its original pronunciation.
|-
| ''K, k'' || {{IPA|[-]}} || [-] || it is not part of the alphabet, it can be found only in loanwords, where it retains its original pronunciation.
|-
| L, l || 1.{{IPA|[l]}}<br>2.{{IPA|[ʎ]}} || 1.[l]<br>2.[L] || 1. only the ''clear L'', as in '''''l'''et'', never ''dark L''<br>2. only in the Eastern dialect, when is followed by '''y''' (which is soundless), as in Spanish ''mi'''ll'''ón'' or in Italian ''fi'''gli'''o
|-
| M, m || {{IPA|[m]}} || [m] || as in '''''m'''ap''
|-
| N, n || 1.{{IPA|[n]}}<br>2.{{IPA|[ŋ]}}<br>3.{{IPA|[ɲ]}} || 1.[n]<br>2.[N]<br>3.[J] || 1. as in '''''n'''ine''<br>2. before '''k''' and '''g''' <small>(see note)</small>, as in ''si'''ng'''''<br>3. only in the Eastern dialect, when is followed by '''y''' (which is soundless), as in Spanish ''ni'''ñ'''o'' or in Italian ''ba'''gn'''o'' or in French ''a'''gn'''eau''
|-
| O, o || 1.{{IPA|[ɔ]}} (stressed)<br>2.{{IPA|[o]}} (unstressed) || 1.[O]<br>2.[o] || 1. always in stressed syllables, as in North American English ''th'''ou'''ght''<br>2. always in unstressed syllables <small>(see note)</small>, as in Australian English ''th'''ou'''ght''
|-
| Ô, ô || 1.{{IPA|[ɔ̃]}} (stressed)<br>2.{{IPA|[õ]}} (unstressed) || 1.[O˜]<br>2.[o˜] || similar to French ''b'''on''''' (<small>The two variants follow the same rules of distribution of the letter '''o'''</small>)
|-
| P, p || {{IPA|[p]}} || [p] || as in ''s'''p'''eed''
|-
| ''Q, q'' || {{IPA|[-]}} || [-] || it is not part of the alphabet, it can be found only in loanwords, where it retains its original pronunciation.
|-
| R, r || {{IPA|[r]}} || [r] || ''rolled R'', as in Italian ''te'''rr'''a'' or in Spanish ''pe'''rr'''o''<br>it can also play the role of a vowel, appearing in the end of a word without a vowel.
|-
| S, s || 1.{{IPA|[s]}}<br>2.{{IPA|[z]}}<br>3.{{IPA|[ʃ]}} || 1.[s]<br>2.[z]<br>3.[S] || 1. in initial position, before any voiceless consonant, and in final position, as in '''''s'''alt''<br>2. in intervocalic position, and before every voiced consonant<small>(see note)</small>, as in ''ro'''s'''e''<br>3. only in the Eastern dialect, when is followed by '''y''' (which is soundless), as in '''''sh'''ow''
|-
| T, t || {{IPA|[t]}} || [t] || as in '''''t'''ick''
|-
| U, u || {{IPA|[u]}} || [u] || as in North American English ''g'''oo'''se''
|-  
|-  
| V, v || 1. {{IPA|[v]}}<br> 2. {{IPA|[ʊ̯]}} (final) || 1.[v]<br>2.[U] || 1. as in '''''v'''alve''<br>2. only in the Eastern dialect, when is in final position, as in ''h'''oo'''k'', but with a labiodental closure.
| style="background-color:#EBFFF7;"| '''Cärähə''' || style="background-color:#EBFFF7;" | <center>äs çähi nü äsən bärsinə</center><br>1. xah çähi xīhə xīhex́äh wī poxä rurīśäh hähü bärsinə.<br>2. äs xahuro bärsi wäɟöḿäh xah wäbumə śuhehīdə,<br>3. äs hähüro bärsi guhäh́äh xah pühä.<br>4. äs çähi sihäŕäh gösən bärsinə:<br>5. “çərä tühäg säd́uk äs pühä sühähoŕäh äsən bärsinə“.<br>6. bo äsən bärsinə järä sihäruńäh:<br>7. “ koriŕuhünir, çähi,<br>8. çunərä tühäg<br>9. säd́uk äs pühä käɟuŕäh çīrmənə cīh äs poxä nänərä<br>10. nü äsən çähinə tohixun pis poxä“.<br>11. xīruk häcän kirorīdə nürə, äs çähi ŕäsüc gösən suńənə.
|-
| W, w || {{IPA|[w]}} || [w] || as in '''''w'''eep''
|-
| ''X, x'' || {{IPA|[-]}} || [-] || it is not part of the alphabet, it can be found only in loanwords, where it retains its original pronunciation.
|-
| Y, y || {{IPA|[j]}} || [j] || as in '''''y'''ou''
|-
| Z, z || 1.{{IPA|[ʦ]}}<br>2.{{IPA|[ʣ]}} || 1.[ts]<br>2.[dz] || 1. as in German '''''Z'''ehn''<br>2. as in Italian '''''z'''ero''<br><small>(see note for more info about their occurence)</small>
|}
 
====Notes on orthography====
* Initial stops '''b''' {{IPA|[k]}}, '''c''' {{IPA|[k]}}, '''d''' {{IPA|[d]}}, '''g''' {{IPA|[g]}}, '''p''' {{IPA|[p]}} and '''t''' {{IPA|[t]}} are '''''never''''' aspirated.
 
* Voiceless intervocalic stops '''c''' {{IPA|[k]}}, '''p''' {{IPA|[p]}} and '''t''' {{IPA|[t]}} are '''''never''''' voiced.
 
* The letter '''c''' represents two different sounds. When it is followed by a consonant, or the vowel '''a''', '''o''', '''ô''' or '''u''', it represents the consonant [k]:
:can {{IPA|[ˈkan]}}
:cô {{IPA|[kõ]}}
:cru {{IPA|[ˈkru]}}
it represent [k] also when in final position:
:loc {{IPA|[ˈlɔk]}}
it represents the sound {{IPA|[ʧ]}} when followed by '''e''', '''ê''', '''i''' and '''y''':
:ciwta {{IPA|[ˈʧiwta]}}
:vyice {{IPA|[ˈvjiʧe]}}
:êwcyô {{IPA|[ẽˈwʧjõ]}}
if we want '''c''' to represent the sound [k] before one of the previous sounds, a mute '''h''' is inserted.
:alchies {{IPA|[alˈkies]}}
:brachyô {{IPA|[ˈbrakjõ]}}
 
* The letter '''e''' can represent two different sounds, [e] and [ɛ]. It is pronounced as [ɛ] only when '''e''' is stressed. As the stress can move on different syllables, for example in verbal conjugation, the pronunciation of '''e''' can change:
:leger {{IPA|[leˈʤer]}}: lege {{IPA|[ˈlɛʤe]}} - legim {{IPA|[leˈʤim]}}
 
Not every stressed '''e''' must be pronounced as [ɛ]. These instances are largely unpredictable, but a large number of stressed ''e'' has to be pronounced as [ɛ]. A classic instance is the infinitival stressed verbal ending '''-er''', which has always to be pronounced [er].
 
:moner {{IPA|[moˈner]}}
 
The same rules applies to '''ê''', which can represent {{IPA|[ẽ]}} and {{IPA|[ɛ̃]}}.
 
In the Eastern dialect, a final '''e''' (IPA: {{IPA|[e]}}), tends to be pronounced as {{IPA|[ə]}}, (it is said to be ''reduced''), and when it is an ''e mobile'', in '''-er''' endings:
:lupe W: {{IPA|[ˈlupe]}} / E: {{IPA|[ˈlupə]}}
:rose W: {{IPA|[ˈrɔze]}} / E: {{IPA|[ˈrɔzə]}}
:veter W: {{IPA|[ˈvɛter]}} / E: {{IPA|[ˈvɛtər]}}
 
* The letter '''g''' represents two different sounds. When it is followed by a consonant, or the vowel '''a''', '''o''', '''ô''' or '''u''', it represents the consonant [g]:
:gawdyô {{IPA|[ˈgawdjõ]}}
:agorafobia {{IPA|[agoˌrafoˈbia]}}
:grôd {{IPA|[ˈgrɔ̃d]}}
it represent [g] also when in final position:
:ewig {{IPA|[eˈwig]}}
it represents the sound {{IPA|[ʤ]}} when followed by '''e''', '''ê''', '''i''' and '''y''':
:agiw {{IPA|[ˈaʤiw]}}
:geno {{IPA|[ˈʤɛno]}}
if we want '''g''' to represent the sound [g] before one of the previous sounds, a mute '''h''' is inserted.
 
* In the Eastern dialect, when a '''l''' (IPA: {{IPA|[l]}}) is followed by a '''y''', it tends to be pronounced as {{IPA|[ʎ]}}, (it is said to be ''palatalized''), while the '''y''' is not pronounced anymore:
:côsilyô W: {{IPA|[kõˈsiljõ]}} / E: {{IPA|[kõˈsiʎõ]}}
:milyô W: {{IPA|[miˈljõ]}} / E: {{IPA|[miˈʎõ]}}
 
* In the Eastern dialect, when a '''n''' (IPA: {{IPA|[n]}}) is followed by a '''y''', it tends to be pronounced as {{IPA|[ɲ]}}, (it is said to be ''palatalized''), while the '''y''' is not pronounced anymore:
:punya W: {{IPA|[ˈpunya]}} / E: {{IPA|[ˈpuɲa]}}
:aragnyowa W: {{IPA|[aˈragnjowa]}} / E: {{IPA|[aˈragɲowa]}}
 
* The letter '''o''' can represent two different sounds, [o] and [ɔ]. It is pronounced as [ɔ] only when '''o''' is stressed. As the stress can move on different syllables, for example in verbal conjugation, the pronunciation of '''o''' can change:
:orar {{IPA|[oˈrar]}}: ore {{IPA|[ˈɔre]}} - orem {{IPA|[oˈrɛm]}}
 
Not every stressed '''o''' must be pronounced as [ɔ]. These instances are largely unpredictable, but a large number of stressed ''o'' has to be pronounced as [ɔ]. Some verbal roots can preserve the [o] pronunciation during conjugation:
 
:vowar {{IPA|[voˈwar]}}: vowe {{IPA|[ˈvowe]}} - vowem {{IPA|[voˈwɛm]}}
 
The same rules applies to '''ô''', which can represent {{IPA|[õ]}} and {{IPA|[ɔ̃]}}.
 
* The letter '''s''' represents two different sounds. When it is in initial position followed by a voiceless consonant or by a vowel, inside the word followed or preceded by a consonat, or in final position, it represents the consonant [s]:
:saw {{IPA|[ˈsaw]}}
:spwêdye {{IPA|[ˈspwɛ̃dje]}}
:serpês {{IPA|[ˈsɛrpẽs]}}
 
if it is inside the word between two vowels, or followed by a voiced consonant, also in initial position, it represents the consonant [z]:
:rosa {{IPA|[ˈrɔza]}}
:êsuwa {{IPA|[ˈɛ̃zuwa]}}
 
during some morphological processes, a [s] could be added after a velar stop ([t] or [d]): when this occurs, [s] merges with these two consonant forming the affricate consonants [ʦ] and [ʣ] respectively, both represented by '''z''':
:''root'' sawut- + ''ending'' -s → sawuz {{IPA|[ˈsawuʦ]}}
:''root'' lyibertad- + ''ending'' -s → lyibertaz {{IPA|[ljiberˈtaʣ]}}
 
In the Eastern dialect, when a '''s''' (IPA: {{IPA|[s]}}) is followed by a '''y''', it tends to be pronounced as {{IPA|[ʃ]}}, (it is said to be ''palatalized''), while the '''y''' is not pronounced anymore:
:syor W: {{IPA|[sjor]}} / E: {{IPA|[ʃor]}}
:caysyô W: {{IPA|[kajˈsjõ]}} / E: {{IPA|[kajˈʃõ]}}
 
* In the Eastern dialect, when a '''v''' (IPA: {{IPA|[v]}}) is in final position, it tends to be pronounced as {{IPA|[ʊ̯]}}:
:brev W: {{IPA|[ˈbrɛv]}} / E: {{IPA|[ˈbrɛʊ̯]}}
:biv W: {{IPA|[ˈbiv]}} / E: {{IPA|[ˈbiʊ̯]}}
:W: Cwo fac? Biv {{IPA|[ˈkwɔ ˈfak ˈbiv]}} / E: Cwo fa? Biv {{IPA|[ˈkwɔ ˈfa ˈbiʊ̯]}} ''What is he/she doing? He/she is drinking''
Since it becomes more like a semivowel, it does not count as a separate syllable. When the final '''v''' is followed by another word (without a pause), with an initial vowel, it is pronounced {{IPA|[v]}}, since it is felt as united with the next word:
:E: brev {{IPA|[ˈbrɛʊ̯]}} / brev côcyô {{IPA|[ˌbrɛʊ̯ kõˈʧjõ]}} / brev oracyô {{IPA|[ˌbrɛv oraˈʧjõ]}}
 
==Noun morphology==
Novelatine retains the complex system of Latin declensions, but the six cases of Latin language have merged in a three-case system: '''Nominative''', '''Genitive''' and '''Accusative'''. Nouns are grouped in four declensions, but as phonological changes modified some endings, each declension group has more subgroups.
 
===First declension===
The first declension has both feminine and masculine nouns, but no neuter nouns. Most nouns (more than 90%) are feminine, and there is no difference in the endings between both genders. The endings are:
 
{|
!colspan=4|
|-
!Case
!Singular
!Plural
|-
| Nominative || -'''a''' || -'''e'''
|-
| Genitive || -'''e''' || -'''arô'''
|-
| Accusative || -'''ô''' || -'''es'''
|}
 
*Example: '''Rosa''', ''rose'', feminine
 
{|
!colspan=4|
|-
!Case
!Singular
!Plural
|-
| Nominative || ros'''a''' || ros'''e'''
|-
| Genitive || ros'''e''' || ros'''arô'''
|-
| Accusative || ros'''ô''' || ros'''es'''
|}
 
*Example: '''Êcowa''', ''inhabitant'', masculine
 
{|
!colspan=4|
|-
!Case
!Singular
!Plural
|-
| Nominative || êcow'''a''' || êcow'''e'''
|-
| Genitive || êcow'''e''' || êcow'''arô'''
|-
| Accusative || êcow'''ô''' || êcow'''es'''
|}
 
Even if both genders share the same endings, nouns agree with adjectives, articles, pronouns and verbs according the real gender:
* '''Se bone poeta''': ''the good poet''
* '''Sa rosa pulcra''': ''the beautiful rose''
 
Remember also, that some nouns (mostly modern loanwords), whose roots end with a velar stop, '''c''' [k] or '''g''' [g], should preserve this pronunciation in all declined forms, even in front of '''e''':
 
* Example: '''Elica''', ''screw'':
 
{|
!colspan=4|
|-
!Case
!Singular
!Plural
|-
| Nominative || elic'''a''' || elic'''''h''e'''
|-
| Genitive || elic'''''h''e''' || elic'''arô'''
|-
| Accusative || elic'''ô''' || elic'''''h''es'''
|}
 
===Second declension===
The second declension has only masculine and neuter nouns. Each gender forms a different subgroup. There is also a ''-er'' subgroup:
 
====Masculine subgroup====
The endings for the masculine second declension are:
 
{|
!colspan=4|
|-
!Case
!Singular
!Plural
|-
| Nominative || -'''e''' || -'''yi'''
|-
| Genitive || -'''yi''' || -'''erô'''
|-
| Accusative || -'''ô''' || -'''es'''
|}
 
*Example: '''Lupe''', ''wolf''
 
{|
!colspan=4|
|-
!Case
!Singular
!Plural
|-
| Nominative || lup'''e''' || lup'''yi'''
|-
| Genitive || lup'''yi''' || lup'''erô'''
|-
| Accusative || lup'''ô''' || lup'''es'''
|}
 
If the root already ends with an '''-y-''' or with a -'''w'''-, the -yi endings become simply '''-i-''':
 
*Example: '''Casye''', ''cheese''
 
{|
!colspan=4|
|-
!Case
!Singular
!Plural
|-
| Nominative || casy'''e''' || casy'''i'''
|-
| Genitive || casy'''i''' || casy'''erô'''
|-
| Accusative || casy'''ô''' || casy'''es'''
|}
 
*Example: '''Ecwe''', ''horse''
 
{|
!colspan=4|
|-
!Case
!Singular
!Plural
|-
| Nominative || ecw'''e''' || ecw'''i'''
|-
| Genitive || ecw'''i''' || ecw'''erô'''
|-
| Accusative || ecw'''ô''' || ecw'''es'''
|}
 
====Neuter subgroup====
The endings for the neuter second declension are:
 
{|
!colspan=4|
|-
!Case
!Singular
!Plural
|-
| Nominative || -'''ô''' || -'''a'''
|-
| Genitive || -'''yi''' || -'''erô'''
|-
| Accusative || -'''ô''' || -'''a'''
|}
 
*Example: '''Pomô''', ''apple''
 
{|
!colspan=4|
|-
!Case
!Singular
!Plural
|-
| Nominative || pom'''ô''' || pom'''a'''
|-
| Genitive || pom'''yi''' || pom'''erô'''
|-
| Accusative || pom'''ô''' || pom'''a'''
|}
 
If the root already ends with an '''-y-''', the -yi ending becomes simply '''-i-''':
 
*Example: '''Brachyô''', ''arm''
 
{|
!colspan=4|
|-
!Case
!Singular
!Plural
|-
| Nominative || brachy'''ô''' || brachy'''a'''
|-
| Genitive || brachy'''i''' || brachy'''erô'''
|-
| Accusative || brachy'''ô''' || brachy'''a'''
|}
 
====-er subgroup====
The '''-er''' subgroup contains only masculine nouns whose nominative singular form ends with '''-er'''. They add the usual second declension endings in other cases, some nouns losing the '''-e''' (the ''mobile -e-''), while some other nouns preserve it:
 
{|
!colspan=4|
|-
!Case
!Singular
!Plural
|-
| Nominative || - || -'''yi'''
|-
| Genitive || -'''yi''' || -'''erô'''
|-
| Accusative || -'''ô''' || -'''es'''
|}
 
*Example: '''Ager''', ''field''
 
{|
!colspan=4| With mobile -e-
|-
!Case
!Singular
!Plural
|-
| Nominative || ager || agr'''yi'''
|-
| Genitive || agr'''yi''' || agr'''erô'''
|-
| Accusative || agr'''ô''' || agr'''es'''
|}
 
*Example: '''Pwer''', ''boy''
 
{|
!colspan=4| Without mobile -e-
|-
!Case
!Singular
!Plural
|-
| Nominative || pwer || pwer'''yi'''
|-
| Genitive || pwer'''yi''' || pwer'''erô'''
|-
| Accusative || pwer'''ô''' || pwer'''es'''
|}
 
====Labial subgroup====
Some nouns, whose root ends in '''-w-''', change this last consonant in '''-l-''' before the ''-yi'' endings (singular genitive and nominative masculine plural):
 
*Example: '''Mawô''', ''evil''
 
{|
!colspan=4|
|-
!Case
!Singular
!Plural
|-
| Nominative || maw'''ô''' || maw'''a'''
|-
| Genitive || mal'''yi''' || maw'''erô'''
|-
| Accusative || maw'''ô''' || maw'''a'''
|}
 
===Third declension===
The third declension is the most complex and large noun declension group. There are many subgroup, as many nouns has little differences, even if the declension pattern remains the same.
 
The basic declension patterns for masculine/feminine and for neuter nouns are:
 
{|
!colspan=4| Masculine/Feminine
|-
!Case
!Singular
!Plural
|-
| Nominative || - || -'''s'''
|-
| Genitive || -'''s''' || -'''ô'''
|-
| Accusative || -'''ê''' || -'''es'''
|}
 
{|
!colspan=4| Neuter
|-
!Case
!Singular
!Plural
|-
| Nominative || - || -'''a'''
|-
| Genitive || -'''s''' || -'''ô'''
|-
| Accusative || - || -'''a'''
|}
 
If the root ends with a bilabial stop ({{IPA|[t]}} or {{IPA|[d]}}), these consonants merge with the ending ''-s'' in '''z''' ({{IPA|[ʦ]}} or {{IPA|[ʣ]}} respectively), in the genitive singular, and in the masculine and feminine nominative plural:
 
* Example: '''Ciwta''', ''city'', substantive of the nominative vowel subgroup.
 
{|
!Case
!Singular
!Plural
|-
|-
| Nominative || ciwta || ciwta'''z'''
| style="background-color:#EBFFF7;"| '''Viwdiwgu''' || style="background-color:#EBFFF7;" | <center>çɛɣi nɛlu ɣānähihiw</center><br>1. çɛɣi xī hīzīdu xihīxiwgɛ pōxɛrɛ lulīžīdu ɣānähihiw.<br>2. ṡāhurō ɣānähi vōcɛmīdu vōrṡō vāvumu,<br>3. hɛɣiwrō ɣānähi gɛɣuɣīdu pūɣɛ.<br>4. çɛɣi tsiɣɛlīdu ɣānähihiwxjɛ:<br>5. “tūhɛg çuxjɛ šɛdjuk pūɣɛ šūɣɛɣōrünjɛc ɣānähü”.<br>6. vō ɣānähihiw tsiɣɛlīduhiw jɛšxjɛ:<br>7. “kōlirjuɣiwňir, çɛɣi,<br>8. tūhɛg çuhiwxjɛ<br>9. šɛdjuk pūɣɛ kɛcuʝɛc çīrmū čīg pōxɛrɛ njörɛ<br>10. nɛlu çɛɣü tōhixün pis pōxɛrɛ”.<br>11. šɛdjuk jɛšlu kilōrīdu niwlu, çɛɣi ʝɛžūčīdu šunjūxjɛ.
|-
|-
| Genitive || ciwta'''z''' || ciwtad'''ô'''
| style="background-color:#FFBBE9;"| '''Jeʂtəra''' || style="background-color:#FFBBE9;" | <center>əlnaʂ ḱihtonona</center><br>1. ʔalolīṕət́ əlnaʂəliə ʔaʔəɳītoliə fōhagiəl ʔakiə ḱihtono.<br>2. ʔalōʔəmət́ ḱihtoliə ʂāʔokol t́ūʂpa sugē,<br>3. ʔagagokət́ ḱihtoliə ʔakiəkol fūka.<br>4. ʔaʈegələt́ əlnaʂəliə ḱihtoxəno:<br>5. “ðūʔakol ṕūgakōrəmexəw fūkaliə ḱihto”.<br>6. pō ʔaʈegələt́on ḱihtoliəno ət́əxə:<br>7. “xelōrugiəɳer, əlnaʂ,<br>8. ðūʔakolon jono<br>9. ʂəloxəw xat́oliəɳət́ fūkaliə īlemʔəməgono ḱīg fōhara ertəwrano<br>10. ɳū ðōʔehōriəɳon əlnaʂəno fōhagiəl”.<br>11. ʔaxelōrəmexəw niəglo, ʔalūṕəḱ əlnaʂ ṕonəwxəno.
|-
|-
| Accusative || ciwtad'''ê''' || ciwtad'''es'''
| style="background-color:#F9FF83;"| '''Xowʂiko''' || style="background-color:#F9FF83;" | <center>xaweli wujqetinolina</center><br>1. βowŕawil qaqäjytoli xaweli qaki wujqetino qaloljyç.<br>2. ʂajqokoli wujqetili sube wawokuɣa qahowqäm,<br>3. qakikoli wujqetili βujka qawawok.<br>4. xaweli wujqetinoŕä qaʈewäh:<br>5. “ðujqakoh žyɣu βujkali wujqetino çujwakowriɳ“.<br>6. pow wujqetinoli niwŕä qaʈewähon:<br>7. “ɣowheruwiɳer, xawe,<br>8. xonoli ðujqakonoh<br>9. žyɣu βujkali räʂoŕuɣano nänokoɣä βowŕaɣä ɣaśohiɳ<br>10. ɳuj xawenoli βowŕawil qäɳuwiɳon“.<br>11. äšoʂu qaɣehowriɳikaɣu xaweli çonunoŕä qahäçujc.
|}
 
If the last consonant of the noun root is '''-s-''', or there are two or more consonants, the singular genitive ending becomes '''-is''', while the plural nominative ending becomes '''-es''':
 
* Example: '''Pader''', ''father'', substantive with ''mobile -e-''.
 
{|
!colspan=4|
|-
|-
!Case
| style="background-color:#FDFFD8;"| '''Höśikə''' || style="background-color:#FDFFD8;" | <center>havɛž ňü vüqetỹžõ</center><br>1. hav, śä qaqɛň bes böh́ašy, šev qaljyločytə qaki vüqetỹ.<br>2. śäqokəžə vüqeti qɛqɛ̃ sub vavokuɣa,<br>3. qakikəžə vüqeti qavavok büka.<br>4. havɛž šev qatsɛvjytə kö vüqetỹšyžõ:<br>5. “düqakə, žyɣy bükãžõ çüvakörõ vüqetỹžõ”.<br>6. pö vüqetỹžõ ševõ qatsɛvjytə nỹh́ɛ:<br>7. “göruviňeh, hav,<br>8. hõ düqakə̃,<br>9. žyɣy bükãžõ gaħõ rɛśoh́uɣã jy nö̃košyžə böh́ašy<br>10. ňü havỹžõ qɛňuvõ bes böh́ašy”.<br>11. žyɣy qažev qaɣörjytə ɛžkəžə, havɛž qɛň qöçɛʎytə kö çũšyžõ.
!Singular
!Plural
|-
|-
| Nominative || pader || padr'''es'''
| colspan="2" style="background-color:black;" | {{color|white|'''''Βaβar languages'''''}}
|-
|-
| Genitive || padr'''is''' || padr'''ô'''
| style="background-color:#E1E1E1;"| '''Βaβar''' || style="background-color:#E1E1E1;" | <center>βā i sansa</center><br>1. tɬʼanʈ ɣuç n-sūrā βā gaɸɴ sansɴ ɸāquɣ.<br>2. rārm sans knāɖaβuɴ drāzɴ krutsʼ,<br>3. gaɸəsq sans βarɴ zrkiʂiɣ.<br>4. βā sansaɟ ɸīɣ:<br>5. “kxʼrānquš qašn βar sansaɴ šnɣaɴsiɣ”.<br>6. a sansa ɣuç ɸīç:<br>7. “ɟnʐid, βā,<br>8. žī kxʼrānqūža<br>9. qašn βar iʈʂʼiknāɴ tɬʼanʈiqək īxuɣ<br>10. i βwa tɬʼanʈiq rim susuβūç”.<br>11. qašn ʂum ʐīdirā sūɣ, βā ārxaʈ ɣmʈʂʼwiɣ.
|-
|-
| Accusative || padr'''ê''' || padr'''es'''
| colspan="2" style="background-color:black;" | {{color|white|'''''Memniqiju languages'''''}}
|}
 
====First subgroup====
The first subgroup contains nouns whose singular nominative form coincides with their root. They simply add the regular endings.
 
* Example: '''Can''', ''dog''.
 
{|
!colspan=4|
|-
!Case
!Singular
!Plural
|-
|-
| Nominative || can || can'''s'''
| style="background-color:#FCFF91;"| '''Memniq''' || style="background-color:#FCFF91;" | <center>ylnaś ka ëćoht</center><br>1. jaťererk ylnaś pëhomuś lënom lët ëćohtim iʔyqim.<br>2. cśerpe ćihto țeʔiju cuśpam pëkpofuśim,<br>3. pterke ćihto yʔaiju ćonuhim.<br>4. emert ylnaś ëćohtoʔ:<br>5. “joťʔehu xušțö lqüxaŕot oćnuh ëćohtim”.<br>6. emertet së ëćoht ʔțëʔ:<br>7. “foxasuŕ, ylnaś,<br>8. ťʔehem lu<br>9. xušțö śhäqet oćnuh ülemʔümim ćuħ lënoʔ aŕeš<br>10. ka ʔanaħäke lonśi ëqti lënoš”.<br>11. xušțö fosülŕ ʔți, ŕoʔon ylnaś ruh ruktuʔoʔ.
|-
| Genitive || can'''s''' || can'''ô'''
|-
| Accusative || can'''ê''' || can'''es'''
|}
 
====Second subgroup (Vowel nominative form)====
The second subgroup contains nouns whose root is the plural genitive without the -ô ending. The nominative form usually ends with a vowel, as the root's last consonant was lost in this form.
 
* Example: '''Du''', ''leader''.
 
{|
!colspan=4|
|-
!Case
!Singular
!Plural
|-
| Nominative || du || duc'''s'''
|-
| Genitive || duc'''s''' || duc'''ô'''
|-
| Accusative || duc'''ê''' || duc'''es'''
|}
 
A small group of nouns lose two consonant in the nominative form, typically a consonant, preceded by '''w''':
 
* Example: '''No''', ''night''.
 
{|
!colspan=4|
|-
|-
!Case
| colspan="2" style="background-color:black;" | {{color|white|'''''Rebti languages'''''}}
!Singular
!Plural
|-
|-
| Nominative || no || now'''z'''
| style="background-color:#E6B8AF;"| '''Æbbro''' || style="background-color:#E6B8AF;" | <center>beeha iihhažepu</center><br>1. gomoojjo beeha bunaano iihhažeppii tuurkarapudd.<br>2. aargondu iihha ppooromantuno maanogono rrantasomuud,<br>3. bunaandu iihha retine bumæšmiigemiid.<br>4. beeha iihhažehee kaažimapudd:<br>5. “roo haahomom iihhažene retiśi ræniśśtemetibbii”.<br>6. mo iihhaže taahoo kaažimapudd:<br>7. “ppukorab, beeha,<br>8. roožo haahomom<br>9. kerriśedehiine retiśi šeežerræ gomooddoo pokadotubbuu<br>10. iź beehaśi gomoojjo hanoodotubbuu”.<br>11. naano korabapotubbuu, beeha eertæhiimo mikpimeśæpiid.
|-
|-
| Genitive || now'''z''' || nowt'''ô'''
| colspan="2" style="background-color:black;" | {{color|white|'''''Pı̇ħ languages'''''}}
|-
|-
| Accusative || nowt'''ê''' || nowt'''es'''
| style="background-color:#FF3636;"| '''Pı̇ħ''' || style="background-color:#FF3636;" | '''<center>mɛ̇h aj mɛ̣s xju̇jħ</center>'''<br>1. '''ɬė kɛ̇wn nɔ̇ʔ qọw ɴjạ sėjn mɛ̇h mɛ̣s xju̇jħ rjɛ̇w su̇h xȯ.'''<br>2. '''xȯħ sė xju̇jħ tjawk ħı̇kɬjı̇k ɬạw ɴjạ,'''<br>3. '''mɛ̣s sė xju̇jħ qɛ̣ħ hụppjȧjt ɴjạ.'''<br>4. '''mɛ̇h mɛ̣s xju̇jħ ɬoj xȯ:'''<br>5. '''“ŋọ ħawk ɴjạ, qɛ̣ħ xju̇jħ pụtpụt muħ”.'''<br>6. '''ɬa mɛ̣s xju̇jħ ɬė ɬoj xȯ:'''<br>7. '''“tohrjos sjı̇, mɛ̇h,'''<br>8. '''ŋọ ʔẹ ħawk ɴjạ,'''<br>9. '''qɛ̣ħ kjuɴɬjı̇h sȧ ʔẹ sėj kɛ̇wn ŋȧʔ sjun muħ'''<br>10. '''aj mɛ̇h kɛ̇wn ʔɔwp ʔjɛ̇n muħ”.'''<br>11. '''ʔẹq ʔạ rjos xȯ muħ, mɛ̇h ɸjit toh mı̣ɸxowr xȯ.
|}
 
====Third subgroup (Nasal subgroup)====
The second subgroup contains nouns whose root is the plural genitive without the -ô ending. The nominative form usually ends with a nasal vowel, as the root's last consonant '''-n''' merged with the previous vowel in this form. The masculine and feminine nouns usually has -ô at the nominative form, while the neuter nouns usually has -ê.
 
* Example: '''Opyinyô''', ''opinion, thought''.
 
{|
!colspan=4| Masculine/Feminine declension
|-
|-
!Case
| style="background-color:#FF9999;"| '''Pı̀''' || style="background-color:#FF9999;" | <center>mɛ̄̀ æ̀ mɛ̱s ɕʊ̄̃</center><br>1. bē ɔ̄̀ hó̱ ña̱ kø̄m sɪ̌ mɛ̄̀ rǿ sū̀ xō mɛ̱s ɕʊ̄̃.<br>2. xṑ sē ɕʊ̄̃ bó̱ ña̱ tő̱k ı́çjı̄̃,<br>3. mɛ̱s sē ɕʊ̄̃ u̱ppǣ̃t ña̱ hɛ̱.<br>4. mɛ̄̀ bɑ̀ xō mɛ̱s ɕʊ̄̃:<br>5. “gø̱ ő̱k ña̱, émʊ hɛ̱ pu̱tpu̱t ɕʊ̄̃”.<br>6. ba mɛ̱s ɕʊ̄̃ bɑ̀ xō bē:<br>7. “tòró̱s šı́, mɛ̄̀,<br>8. gø̱ ő̱k ña̱,<br>9. émʊ hɛ̱ šú̱n çú̱njı̄̃ gā̀ sæ̱̏ sē kø̄m<br>10. æ̀ mɛ̄̀ ɛ́ ő̱p kø̄m”.<br>11. émʊ bē ró̱s xō éh, mɛ̄̀ mı̱fxʊ́r xō tò fı̱́t.
!Singular
!Plural
|-
|-
| Nominative || opyinyô || opyinyon'''s'''
| style="background-color:#FF9999;"| '''Bīṙ''' || style="background-color:#FF9999;" | <center>mɛ̄ ǽ mɛ̱s h́ȳṙ</center><br>1. lē gœ̄̀m nɔ̄ qœ̱ h́a̱ sı̄n mɛ̄ mɛ̱s h́ȳṙ ŕœ̄̀ sū hō.<br>2. hōṙ sē h́ȳṙ d́ɔ̀g ṙı̄gʎı̄ lɔ̱ h́a̱,<br>3. mɛ̱s sē h́ȳṙ qɛ̱ṙ u̱bb́ǣd h́a̱.<br>4. mɛ̄ mɛ̱s h́ȳṙ e̱n lɛ́ hō:<br>5. “no̱ ṙɔ̀g h́a̱ qɛ̱ṙ h́ȳṙ bu̱dbu̱d muṙɛṙ”.<br>6. la mɛ̱s h́ȳṙ lē e̱n lɛ́ hō:<br>7. “doŕos śı̄, mɛ̄,<br>8. no̱ e̱ ṙɔ̀g h́a̱<br>9. qɛ̱ṙ ǵuhʎı̄ sā e̱ sı̄ gœ̄̀m nā śuh muṙɛṙ<br>10. ǽ mɛ̄ gœ̄̀m œ̀b ɛ̄n muṙɛṙ”.<br>11. ēq a̱ ŕos hō muṙɛṙ, mɛ̄ v́ıd do mı̱vhœ̀r hō.
|-
|-
| Genitive || opyinyon'''s''' || opyinyon'''ô'''
| style="background-color:#FF9999;"| '''Į̄mχɛ̱́''' || style="background-color:#FF9999;" | <center>mɛ̄ ɛ̌ mɛ̱θ ɕȳ</center><br>1. mɛ̄ θı̄n ðē nɔ̄h χǫ̱ ěw kɔ̄̀m θū xø̌w ŕə̄̀ mɛ̱θ ɕȳ.<br>2. xō θē ɕȳ ðɑ̱ ěw ʂư̄̏k ı̄gžı̄,<br>3. mɛ̱θ θē ɕȳ ùpçǭt ěw χɛ̱́.<br>4. mɛ̄ ðɛ́ xø̌w e̱n mɛ̱θ ɕȳ:<br>5. “wo̱ ɑ̀k ɑ̀rɛ́ hēmø̌ χɛ̱́ pu̱tpu̱t ɕȳ”.<br>6. ða mɛ̱θ ɕȳ ðɛ́ xø̌w e̱n ðē:<br>7. “šı̄ tóŕǿ̱θ, mɛ̄,<br>8. wo̱ he̱ ɑ̀k ɑ̀rɛ́<br>9. hēmø̌ χɛ̱́ šȳ̏ cȳ̏žı̄ wāh kɔ̄̀m θı̄ θā he̱<br>10. ɛ̌ mɛ̄ ɟēn hǫ̀p kɔ̄̀m”.<br>11. hēmø̌ ŕǿ̱θ xø̌w ha̱ hēχ, mɛ̄ mı̱βxø̀r xø̌w tó ʝı̄̀t.
|-
|-
| Accusative || opyinyon'''ê''' || opyinyon'''es'''
| colspan="2" style="background-color:black;" | {{color|white|'''''Axi languages'''''}}
|}
 
* Example: '''Nomê''', ''noun, name''.
 
{|
!colspan=4| Neuter declension
|-
|-
!Case
| style="background-color:#6CB8FF;"| '''Dʰakʰi''' || style="background-color:#6CB8FF;" | '''<center>rebeː y gʰjənaʡi</center>'''<br>1. '''pebeː bes rur rebeː gʰjysaː gʰjənaʡi rəgʰjoljuːska.'''<br>2. '''gʰyʡeːku gʰənaʡi kʰiːlaː kʰeːrfə gʰokəkjuːrgʰa,'''<br>3. '''gʰyʡysaː gʰənaʡi koːbʰa gʰokəkjeːrfə.'''<br>4. '''rebeː gʰjənaʡi na rəsoljorkʰu'''<br>5. '''“ṅəkiːstʰum, njoːbʰa gʰjənaʡi seː ʡu ṅjəgʰjaːfekeːkyb”.'''<br>6. '''uː gʰjənaʡi reː na gʰjəsoljorkʰu'''<br>7. '''“gəsolosospʰaː, rebeː,'''<br>8. '''ṅjoː ṅjəkiːstʰum,'''<br>9. '''joːbʰa kʰjəmgʰoːd seː ʡu pəgjebeː meː njokaːfoːrsə'''<br>10. '''y rjebeː pebeː bes seː ʡu rjaːfimimop”.'''<br>11. '''seː rəsaːfoljospʰaː ʡu, rebeː xjindheː pa roljəskoː.'''
!Singular
!Plural
|-
|-
| Nominative || nomê || nomin'''a'''
| style="background-color:#ABD6FE;"| '''Đaxi''' || style="background-color:#ABD6FE;" | <center>rɛbe y žɑnahi</center><br>1. bɛs pɛbe rör rɛbe žysä žɑnahi rɑžɔʎuska.<br>2. ɣyhekö ɣɑnahi xülä xerfɑ ɣɔkɑčurɣa,<br>3. ɣyhysä ɣɑnahi koβa ɣɔkɑčerfɑ.<br>4. rɛbe na žɑnahi rɑsɔʎɔrxö:<br>5. “ṅɑküsθöm, seh ňoβa žɑnahi ňɑžɛkekyb“.<br>6. u žɑnahi na ro žɑsɔʎɔrxö:<br>7. “gɑsɔlɔsɔsɸä, rɛbe,<br>8. jo jɑküsθöm<br>9. seh ňoβa ɕɑmɣod me ǧoð pɛbe ňɔkɔrsɑ<br>10. y rjɛbe bɛs pɛbe rjimimɔp“.<br>11. seh se rɑsɔʎɔsɸä, rɛbe pa ṙinðe rɔʎɑsko.
|-
|-
| Genitive || nomin'''s''' || nomin'''ô'''
| style="background-color:#ABD6FE;"| '''Thahi''' || style="background-color:#ABD6FE;" | <center>rebhè ö khä́naʔi</center><br>1. räkhólûsga rebhè rur rêhdi bhes bebhè khö́sà khä́naʔi.<br>2. khogägûrkha khänaʔi khöʔègu hèrβä hìlà,<br>3. khogägêrβä khänaʔi khöʔösà gòpha.<br>4. räsolórhu rebhè na khä́naʔi:<br>5. “jägìsθum, ʔu jäkhàβegègöbh nôpha khä́naʔi“.<br>6. ù khäsolórhu khä́naʔi na rè:<br>7. “ghäsolososfà, rebhè,<br>8. jä́gìsθum jô,<br>9. ʔusèbh jogàβòrsä nôpha hä́mkhòdh mè bäghebhè<br>10. ö ràβimimob rébhè pes bebhè“.<br>11. ʔu räsàβolósfà sè, rolä́sgò rebhè ba ṅínthè.
|-
|-
| Accusative || nomê || nomin'''a'''
| style="background-color:#ABD6FE;"| '''Ṙaçi''' || style="background-color:#ABD6FE;" | <center>röby ə ɟänaʔi</center><br>1. pöby bes rur röby ɟəze ɟänaʔi räɟoɭəwska.<br>2. ʝəʔyku ʝänaʔi çəjle çyrḃä ʝokäʈəwrṙa,<br>3. ʝəʔəze ʝänaʔi küva ʝokäʈyrḃä.<br>4. röby ɟänaʔi na räzoɭorçu:<br>5. “ṅäkəjsḣum, hyʔub ňüva ɟänaʔi ňäɟeḃökykəb”.<br>6. əw ɟänaʔi ry na ɟäzoɭorçu:<br>7. “gäzolososfe, röby,<br>8. ɳü ɳäkəjsḣum,<br>9. hyʔub ňüva ʂämʝüd ɖü ṙi pöby my ňokeḃürsä<br>10. ə ɬöby pöby bes ɬeḃimimop”.<br>11. hyʔub hä räzeḃoɭosfe, röby ʑinṙy pa roɭäskü.
|}
 
====Fourth subgroup (Palatal subgroup)====
The fourth group contains nouns whose plural genitive form adds an '''-y-''' infix before the usual -ô endings. Neuter nouns in this subgroup add the -y- infix also within the plural nominative and accusative forms.
 
* Example: '''Awr''', ''ear''.
 
{|
!colspan=4|
|-
|-
!Case
| colspan="2" style="background-color:black;" | {{color|white|'''''Alri languages'''''}}
!Singular
!Plural
|-
|-
| Nominative || awr || awr'''s'''
| style="background-color:#49C67C;"| '''Proto-Alri''' || style="background-color:#49C67C;" | '''<center>pʰewre tʰe ʡijk̇ej</center>'''<br>1. '''k̇ume ləjnema si iməwo pʰewrek̇ə moʈi ʡijk̇ej majru.'''<br>2. '''ṫjesisik̇ə ʡijk̇ek̇ə ṗewti wabʰmju ṫiro,'''<br>3. '''moʈisik̇ə ʡijk̇ek̇ə ṫiʡe wabʰo.'''<br>4. '''pʰewrek̇ə (oke) ʡijk̇ejʈu tejk̇u:'''<br>5. '''“okeno kʰajʡowm ṫiʡek̇ə ʡijk̇e rajrpenəwow”.'''<br>6. '''mi ʡijk̇ejk̇ə (oke) okeʈu tejk̇uj:'''<br>7. '''“to rajrsenuwt, pʰewre,'''<br>8. '''amej okeno kʰajʡowmij'''<br>9. '''ṫiʡek̇ə ʡjəjrmjuj itima ləjnema najkʰəwow'''<br>10. '''kʰa pʰewre ləjnema si rajriməwow”.'''<br>11. '''okeʡo asoke senəweno pʰewre k̇aṫmujʈu spʰownu.'''
|-
|-
| Genitive || awr'''s''' || awr'''yô'''
| style="background-color:#B8FFD5;"| '''Nämty''' || style="background-color:#B8FFD5;" | <center>βöwre e βärsy</center><br>1. βöwrek ke si lynema imog moɕi βärsy märɑg.<br>2. česisik βärsik ṗöwdi waβmu tirog,<br>3. moɕisik βärsik tiħe waβog.<br>4. βöwrek βärsyɕ dikɑg:<br>5. “häħüm on tiħik βärsy rärbenügy”.<br>6. mi βärsyk ogeɕ dikɑgy:<br>7. “do rärsenüd, βöwre,<br>8. ami häħümy<br>9. on tiħik çyrmü benä idirima lynema nähügy<br>10. e βöwri si lynema rärimügy”.<br>11. asoge senosen, βöwre pa katmüɕ sβünɑg.
|-
|-
| Accusative || awr'''ê''' || awr'''es'''
| style="background-color:#B8FFD5;"| '''Foħθīri''' || style="background-color:#B8FFD5;" | <center>bœrex de hīxēx</center><br>1. si lēnema imævo xumek bœrex moše hīxē māru.<br>2. ɕerisix hīxex fœti θōršā θiro,<br>3. mošisix hīxex θihe ňeṙōro.<br>4. bœrex hīxēšu tēxu:<br>5. “kōrūm ofen θihēx hīxē rārpenævūvī”.<br>6. mi hīxēx okešu tēxuvī:<br>7. “senuṙūto, bœre,<br>8. amēx kōrūmī<br>9. ofen θihēx qērmū itērima lēnema nāgævūvī<br>10. ga bœrēx si lēnema rārimævūvī”.<br>11. ofen aroke senævū, bœrex fa xaθmūšu sbūnu.
|}
 
* Example: '''Mar''', ''sea''.
 
{|
!colspan=4|
|-
|-
!Case
| style="background-color:#E2FFEE;"| '''Cažorih''' || style="background-color:#E2FFEE;" | <center>berɛh də iheh</center><br>1. sə lẽβ ime ĩ hũh berɛh mɔž ihe mor.<br>2. šeririh ihɛh fede forča fire ĩ,<br>3. mɔžirih ihɛh fy jɛḣɔre ĩ.<br>4. berɛh ihež teh:<br>5. “korõ ɔβɛ̃ fyh ihe rorpɛnoβi”.<br>6. mə iheh ɔž tehuβi:<br>7. “sɛnuḣodɔ, ber,<br>8. õmeh koroxi<br>9. ɔβɛ̃ fih he herõ rmo kidma ideriβ lẽβ noɣoβi<br>10. də bereh sə lẽβ rorimoβi”.<br>11. ɔβɛ̃ rɔx sɛnu ĩ, berɛh fa homož zbõ.
!Singular
!Plural
|-
|-
| Nominative || mar || mar'''ya'''
| style="background-color:#E2FFEE;"| '''Hoð‘i''' || style="background-color:#E2FFEE;" | <center>ek‘ bo də ek’i jix’e</center><br>1. bo xym imy s’ə l’enevo me moš jix’e.<br>2. ek‘ hi jix imy ð‘oð‘i ðowšæ hɔt‘,<br>3. ek‘ moši jix imy ňerowð‘i ðiɣ.<br>4. ek‘ bo t’exy fa ek’i jix’e:<br>5. “kun on ek’i ðiɣ’e æpenuv’i ek’i jix’e”.<br>6. m’ə ek’i jix’e okešo t’exyv’i:<br>7. “senyruto, bo,<br>8. am’ex kum’i<br>9. on ek’i jix’e næguv’i q’emu s‘ə evo l’enevo ket’yvo<br>10. də ek’i b’o ɛmuv’i s’ə l’enevo”.<br>11. on imy senyð’i ɔk‘, ek‘ bo sbuny fa ek’i xaðmu.
|-
|-
| Genitive || mar'''s''' || mar'''yô'''
| colspan="2" style="background-color:black;" | {{color|white|'''''Sākdi family'''''}}
|-
|-
| Accusative || mar || mar'''ya'''
| style="background-color:#FF38F3;"| '''Proto-Saːkdi''' || style="background-color:#FF38F3;" | '''<center>dowɴɖa ho luːkɖa laz</center>'''<br>1. '''buːgnez ŋuh luːkɖa laz dowɴɖa qisas qɛsʈaʡ moʈ uʈ biː dowɴko pɔ.'''<br>2. '''goʂnez moʈ beːzgaɴ biːprih luːkɖa pepɛːmta,'''<br>3. '''bɛːznez moʈ mɔqmih luːkɖa pelazta.'''<br>4. '''tujʡʂem ŋuh dowɴɖa ɴaː luːkɖa laz:'''<br>5. '''“malsuħ moʈ ɔn kaj as ɴɔrzawnez luːkɖa mɔqmih”.'''<br>6. '''ʂo tujʡʂem ŋuh luːkɖa laz ɴaː uʈ:'''<br>7. '''“tiː ɴɔrkotnez, dowɴɖa,'''<br>8. '''malsuħ moʈ ɔnɔn'''<br>9. '''kaj uk as laːmnez paːktaːq mɔqmih zaw dowɴko qiseʂeʂ'''<br>10. '''hi konqɛsʈaʡ dowɴɖa biː dowɴko”.'''<br>11. '''kaj as kotnez ŋuh ak uʈ, wizeɖ ŋuh dowɴɖa gɛ ʈuːmtaɴ.'''
|}
 
====Fifth subgroup (Labial subgroup)====
The fifth group contains nouns whose the root's last consonant '''-l-''' becomes an -w in the singular nominative form and in the singular accusative form for neuter nouns. The plural forms add the palatal infix -y- according to the rules of the palatal subgroup.
 
* Example: '''Pew''', ''skin''.


{|
!colspan=4|
|-
|-
!Case
| style="background-color:#FF9DF9;"| '''Rertu''' || style="background-color:#FF9DF9;" | <center>dū̀ɟa o laz lū́kɟa</center><br>1. bū́gnez ŋu dū̀ɟa isas ɛšaʔ moc uc bī́ dū̀ko laz lū́kɟa pɔ.<br>2. gošnez moc lū́kɟa pepɛ̄́m bɛ̄́zga bī́pri,<br>3. bɛ̄́znez moc lū́kɟa pelaz mɔmi.<br>4. tū̀ʔšem ŋu dū̀ɟa ā́ laz lū́kɟa:<br>5. “malsuh moc ɔn kā́s ɔrzɔ̄̀nez mɔmi lū́kɟa”.<br>6. šo tū̀ʔšem ŋu laz lū́kɟa ā́ uc:<br>7. “tī́ ɔrkot, dū̀ɟa,<br>8. malsuh moc ɔnɔn<br>9. kā́s lā́nez mɔmi pā́ktā́ zɔ̄̀ dū̀ko isešeš<br>10. i konɛšaʔ dū̀ɟa bī́ dū̀ko”.<br>11. kā́s kotnez ŋu uc aksɑ, wizeɟ ŋu dū̀ɟa gɛ cū́mta.
!Singular
!Plural
|-
|-
| Nominative || pew || pel'''s'''
| style="background-color:#FF9DF9;"| '''Žérði''' || style="background-color:#FF9DF9;" | <center>dúhğa i laz lúkğa</center><br>1. dúhğa isas uč ɛča moč bí dúhko pɔ búɣnez gu laz lúkğa.<br>2. lúkğa pepɛ́mta gošnez moč bɛ́zɣa bípri,<br>3. lúkğa pelazta bɛ́znez moč mɔmi.<br>4. dúhğa tùšem gu há laz lúkğa:<br>5. “ɔn malsu moč kɛ̀s mɔmi hɔrzánez lúkğa”.<br>6. šo laz lúkğa tùšem gu há uč:<br>7. “hɔrkot tí, dúhğa,<br>8. ɔneš malsu moč<br>9. kɛ̀s mɔmi lámez páktá zá dúhko isešeš<br>10. i dúhğa konɛča bí dúhko”.<br>11. kɛ̀s uč kotnez gu aksɑ, dúhğa vizeğ gu gɛ čúmtah.
|-
|-
| Genitive || pel'''s''' || pel'''yô'''
| style="background-color:#FF9DF9;"| '''Eβmiʔ''' || style="background-color:#FF9DF9;" | <center>ðowňɖa ʔo ʎugɖa lar</center><br>1. vuɣner nuʔ ʎugɖa lar ðowňɖa çisas çɛʂa moʈ uʈ vi ðowňgo bɔ.<br>2. ɣoʂner moʈ βörɣaň vibhiʔ ʎugɖa bömda,<br>3. βörner moʈ mɔçmiʔ ʎugɖa larda.<br>4. dujʂem nuʔ ðowňɖa ňä ʎugɖa lar:<br>5. “malsux moʈ ɔn gajug ňɔhrawner ʎugɖa mɔçmiʔ”.<br>6. ʂo dujʂem nuʔ ʎugɖa lar ňä uʈ:<br>7. “dji ňɔhgoʈɑ, ðowňɖa,<br>8. malsux moʈ ɔnɔn<br>9. gajug lämer bägdäç mɔçmiʔ raw ðowňgo gü eʂeʂ<br>10. ʔo gonçɛʂa ðowňɖa vi ðowňgo”.<br>11. gajug godner nuʔ as ak uʈ, wireɖ nuʔ ðowňɖa ɣɛ čumdaň.
|-
|-
| Accusative || pel'''ê''' || pel'''es'''
| style="background-color:#FFCFFC;"| '''Ỹhɛ''' || style="background-color:#FFCFFC;" | <center>ünɟa mu lar šy</center><br>1. ünɟa ças uc çɛɕa movɔ vi üngo vuɣner nuvɔ lar šy.<br>2. šy bö̃da ɣoɕner movɔ hörɣan vivi,<br>3. šy larda hörner movɔ hɛ.<br>4. ünɟa düɕẽ nuvɔ nä lar šy:<br>5. “ɔ̃ mawsuh moce gɑk hɛ nɔråner šy”.<br>6. ɕo lar šy düɕẽ nuvɔ nä uc:<br>7. “ği nɔgocɑ, ünɟa,<br>8. ɔ̃nɔ̃ mawsuh moce<br>9. gɑk hɛ lämer bägdäç rå üngo gɑʂɛʂ<br>10. mu ünɟa ʝẽ vi üngo”.<br>11. gɑk uc godner nuvɔ ak, ünɟa yreɟ nuvɔ ɣɛ čũdan.
|}
|}


* Example: '''Animaw''', ''animal''.
==Swadesh lists==
 
===Proto-Piti===
{|  
{| class="wikitable"
!colspan=4|  
! style="width: 30px;"|No. !! style="width: 150px;"| English !! style="width: 150px;"| Proto-Piti !! style="width: 150px;"| Kī́rtako !! style="width: 150px;"| Ancient Figo !! style="width: 150px;"| Biwdiw !! style="width: 150px;"| Jeʂtəra !! style="width: 150px;"| Xowʂiko
|-
!Case
!Singular
!Plural
|-
| Nominative || animaw || animal'''ya'''
|-
|-
| Genitive || animal'''s''' || animal'''yô'''
|1 || I || '''oɬ, oɬtu''' || owtu || oltu || ūdju || oltəw || xo
|-
|-
| Accusative || animaw || animal'''ya'''
|2 || you (<small>singular</small>) || '''er, ertu''' || ertu || ertu || irdju || ertəw || nä
|}
 
====Sixth subgroup (Rhotic subgroup)====
The fifth group contains nouns whose the root's last consonant '''-r-''' becomes an -s in the singular nominative form and in the singular accusative form for neuter nouns. The plural forms add the palatal infix -y- according to the rules of the palatal subgroup.
 
* Example: '''Mus''', ''mouse''.
 
{|  
!colspan=4|  
|-
|-
!Case
|3 || he || '''æt́, æt́tu, æt́lo''' || ɑktu || ɛštu || jɛšlu || ət́lo || niw
!Singular
!Plural
|-
|-
| Nominative || mus || mur'''s'''
|4 || we || '''oɬtuno''' || owtuno || oltunu || ūdjunu || oltəwno || xono
|-
|-
| Genitive || mur'''s''' || mur'''yô'''
|5 || you (<small>plural</small>) || '''ertuno''' || ertuno || ertunu || irdjunu || ertəwno || näno
|-
|-
| Accusative || mur'''ê''' || mur'''es'''
|6 || they || '''æt́tuno, æt́lono''' || ɑktuno || ɛštunu || jɛšlunu || ət́lono || niwno
|}
 
* Example: '''Os''', ''mouth''.
 
{|  
!colspan=4|  
|-
|-
!Case
|7 || this || '''niŋ, niŋtu, niŋlo''' || niwo / niktuko || ninlu || niwdu / niwlu || niəhtəw / niəhlo || äšo / äšoko
!Singular
!Plural
|-
|-
| Nominative || os || or'''ya'''
|8 || that || '''æt́tu, æt́lo''' || ɑwo / ɑktuko || ɛšlu || jɛšdu || ət́əw || äšo / äšoko
|-
|-
| Genitive || or'''s''' || or'''yô'''
|9 || here || '''niŋtuʈar, niŋloʈar''' || niwotsar || ninlucar || niwduʈɛr || niəhʈa || niwtuʈar
|-
|-
| Accusative || os || or'''ya'''
|10 || there || '''æt́tuʈar, æt́loʈar''' || ɑwotsar || ɛšlucar || jɛšduʈɛr || ət́əwʈa || äśtuʈar
|}
 
====Seventh subgroup (participial subgroup)====
The sixth subgroup contains nouns whose conjugation is the same as the past participles. The nominative singular final consonant -s is replaced in all other forms with a '''-t''', which merges with the ending ''-s'' in '''-z''', when required. The plural forms follow the palatal subgroup declension pattern.
 
* Example: '''Dês''', ''tooth''.
 
{|  
!colspan=4|  
|-
|-
!Case
|11 || who || '''ʂaː''' || šā́ || ɕō || ʂā || ʂā || ʂaj
!Singular
!Plural
|-
|-
| Nominative || dês|| dê'''z'''
|12 || what || '''ʂæ''' || šɑ || ɕɛ || šɛ || ʂə || ʂä
|-
|-
| Genitive || dê'''z''' || dêt'''yô'''
|13 || where || '''ʂæʈar / ʂæχæ''' || šɑtsar / šɑɣɑ || ɕɛducar / ɕɛduhe || šɛluʈɛr / šɛluxjɛ || ʂəloʈar / ʂəloxə || ʂäʈar / ʂäŕä
|-
|-
| Accusative || dêt'''ê''' || dêt'''es'''
|14 || when || '''ʂæ juʔoː''' || šɑjuʔṓ || ɕɛlēdu || šɛčuhō || ʂəjuʔō / ʂəlēto || ʂätujri
|}
 
* Example: '''Pôs''', ''bridge''.
 
{|  
!colspan=4|  
|-
|-
!Case
|15 || how || '''ʂæ mæŋi''' || šɑmɑgi || ɕɛmen || šɛʎābču || ʂəməgiə || ʂämäw
!Singular
!Plural
|-
|-
| Nominative || pôs|| pô'''z'''
|16 || not || '''ʔiːs-''' || ʔī́sɑme || īsem || hīsiwgɛ || ʔīs || qjysika
|-
|-
| Genitive || pô'''z''' || pôt'''yô'''
|17 || all || '''jeːʔo / ṕoːɬæ''' || jḗʔo / pṓwɑ || jodu / čōhe || çēhu / šōʎɛ || jēʔo / ṕōlə || xjeqo / çowä
|-
|-
| Accusative || pôt'''ê''' || pôt'''es'''
|18 || many || '''ṕaːmo''' || pā́mo || čōmu || šāmugu || ṕāmo || çajmo
|}
 
====Irregular subgroup====
There are a number of nouns, which have an irregular behavior, even if they follow the usual third declension pattern:
* ''nom.'' capo; ''gen.'' capiz; ''acc.'' capo; ''pl. nom.'' capita; ''pl. gen.'' capitô ''pl. acc.'' capita (''head'', neuter)
* ''nom.'' fwe; ''gen.'' fwors; ''acc.'' fworê; ''pl. nom.'' fwors; ''pl. gen.'' fworô; ''pl. acc.'' fwores (''flower'', feminine)
* ''nom.'' die; ''gen.'' diey; ''acc.'' diê; ''pl. nom.'' dies; ''pl. gen.'' dierô; ''pl. acc.'' dies (''day'', masculine)
 
===Fourth declension===
The fourth declension has masculine, feminine and neuter nouns. There are two subgroups the '''-e subgroup''' and the '''-o subgroup'''.
 
====-e subgroup====
The '''-e subgroup''' contains both masculine and feminine nouns. Most nouns are masculine (more than 95 %), but the few feminine nouns are very used. These are the endings.
 
{|  
!colspan=4|
|-
|-
!Case
|19 || some || '''moɬuː''' || mṓwū́ || mōhū || mulū || molū || mohuj
!Singular
!Plural
|-
|-
| Nominative || -'''e''' || -'''os'''
|20 || few || '''siːṕaː''' || sī́pā́ || sīčā || sīšāgu || sīṕā || sjyçaj
|-
|-
| Genitive || -'''os''' || -'''wô'''
|21 || other || '''tuːḱo''' || tū́ko || tūšu || dūču || tūḱo || tujco
|-
|-
| Accusative || -'''ô''' || -'''es'''
|22 || one || '''ʂaːʔo''' || šā́ʔo || ɕōw || ʂāhu || ʂāʔo || ʂajqo
|}
 
*Example: '''Pase''', ''step'', masculine
 
{|  
!colspan=4|
|-
|-
!Case
|23 || two || '''ʔaki''' || ʔaki || ogi || hɛgiw || ʔakiə || qaki
!Singular
!Plural
|-
|-
| Nominative || pas'''e''' || pas'''os'''
|24 || three || '''mikoː''' || mikṓ || migō || miwgō || miəkō || mikow
|-
|-
| Genitive || pas'''os''' || pas'''wô'''
|25 || four || '''ŋoːɬe''' || gṓwe || nōh || gōli || gōle || wowhe
|-
|-
| Accusative || pas'''ô''' || pas'''es'''
|26 || five || '''ṕaːŋe''' || pā́ge || čōn || šāgi || ṕāge || çajwe
|}
 
*Example: '''Dome''', ''house'', ''home'', feminine
 
{|  
!colspan=4|
|-
|-
!Case
|27 || big || '''ʂuːri''' || šū́ri || ɕūri || ʂūriw || ʂūriə || ʂujri
!Singular
!Plural
|-
|-
| Nominative || dom'''e''' || dom'''os'''
|28 || long || '''t́oːṕa''' || tṓpa || šōča || cōšɛ || t́ōṕa || śowça
|-
|-
| Genitive || dom'''os''' || dom'''wô'''
|29 || wide || '''roːpa''' || rṓpa || pārnu || rōbɛ || rōpa || rowpa
|-
|-
| Accusative || dom'''ô''' || dom'''es'''
|30 || thick || '''ʂeːru''' || ī́rmɑ || ɕēru || ʂērju || ūʂermī || šeru
|}
 
====-o subgroup====
The '''-o subgroup''' contains only neuter nouns. These are the endings.
 
{|  
!colspan=4|
|-
|-
!Case
|31 || heavy || '''suŋeː''' || sugḗkī́to || sunē || sjugēgīdu || sugē || sube
!Singular
!Plural
|-
|-
| Nominative || -'''o''' || -'''wa'''
|32 || small || '''jaːḱi''' || jā́ki || jōši || çāčiw || jāḱi || xajci
|-
|-
| Genitive || -'''os''' || -'''wô'''
|33 || short || '''kuːʂe''' || kū́še || kūɕ || gūʂi || kūʂe || kujʂe
|-
|-
| Accusative || -'''o''' || -'''wa'''
|34 || narrow || '''ŋaːro''' || gā́ro || ārno || ʂōʎi || gāro || wajro
|}
 
*Example: '''Geno''', ''knee''
 
{|  
!colspan=4|
|-
|-
!Case
|35 || thin || '''lase''' || lase || los || lɛsi || lase || lase
!Singular
!Plural
|-
|-
| Nominative || gen'''o''' || gen'''wa'''
|36 || woman || '''ʔoːna''' || ʔṓna || ōna || hōnɛ || ʔōna || qowna
|-
|-
| Genitive || gen'''os''' || gen'''wô'''
|37 || man (<small>adult male</small>) || '''ɬiːro''' || wī́ro || līru || wīru || līro || hjyro
|-
|-
| Accusative || gen'''o''' || gen'''wa'''
|38 || man (<small>human being</small>) || '''pʰuːka''' || phū́ka || fūga || pūgɛ || fūka || βujka
|}
 
==Articles, Adjectives and Pronouns==
===Articles===
Novelatine has a definite article, '''se'''. The western dialect has an indefinite article, the numeral '''une''', while the eastern dialect usually uses no indefinite article. The article ''une'' declines as a normal first class adjective.
 
====Definite article====
The definite article '''se''' has an irregular declension:
 
{|  
!||colspan=3|Singular||colspan=3|Plural
|-
|-
!Case
|39 || child || '''soːχariːti, t́ateːɬi''' || tsetse || sōharīdi || cɛdēliw || karaʂ || ʈeʈe
!Masculine
!Feminine
!Neuter
!Masculine
!Feminine
!Neuter
|-
|-
| Nominative || se || sa || sô || syi || se || sa
|40 || wife || '''ʔoːna''' || šḗʔipekī́ti || ɕječəgīdi || hōnɛ || ʔōna || šeqiçekjyti
|-
|-
| Genitive || sies || sies || sies || syor || syar || syor
|41 || husband || '''ɬiːro''' || šḗʔipekī́ti || ɕječəgīdi || wīru || līro || šeqiçekjyti
|-
|-
| Accusative || sô || sô || sô || ses || ses || sa
|42 || mother || '''mamu''' || mamu || momu || mɛmju || maməw || mamu
|}
 
The nominative singular masculine and neuter forms usually lose their vowel before another vowel and get an apostrophe, while the nominative neuter singular and all accusative singular forms become '''son''' before another vowel:
 
* '''S'agricowa son agrô si col''': ''the farmer cultivates his own field''
 
In the eastern dialect the nominative plural masculine form, '''syi''', gets shorter too:
 
* W: '''Syi agricowe ses agres si col''' - E: '''Sy'agricowe ses agres si col''': ''the farmers cultivate their own fields''
 
In the eastern dialect, especially in most marginal area, all plural forms uses the '''sy-'' alternative root (pronounced {{IPA|[ʃ]}}-):
 
* W: '''Syi agricowe ses agres si col''' - E: '''Sy'agricowe syes agres si col''': ''the farmers cultivate their own fields''
 
In the northern villages of the western valley, before another vowel the accusative forms and the neuter forms in the singular become '''som''' instead of ''son''
 
* W: '''S'agricowa som agrô si col''': ''the farmer cultivates his own field''
 
The articles usually merge with the preposition '''ad''', because of the normal merging of the sounds [d] + [s] = [ʣ]. As the preposition '''ad''' can be followed by the accusative or the genitive case, these are the merged forms:
 
{|  
!||colspan=3|Singular||colspan=3|Plural
|-
|-
!Case
|43 || father || '''papu''' || papu || pobu || bɛbju || papəw || papu
!Masculine
!Feminine
!Neuter
!Masculine
!Feminine
!Neuter
|-
|-
| '''''ad''''' + Genitive || azies || azies || azies || azyor || azyar || azyor
|44 || animal || '''ʔæɳiːti, moːṕiŋi''' || ʔɑñī́ti || mōčini || pɛgti || ʔəɳītiə || mowçiwi
|-
|-
| '''''ad''''' + Accusative || azô || azô || azô || azes || azes || aza
|45 || fish || '''luːʂu''' || pikasī́ti || lūɕu || lūšu || lūʂəw || lujʂu
|}
 
===Adjectives===
Adjectives usually decline according to the gender and the number of the noun they qualify. They are usually placed after their nouns, but sometimes they are found before them.
 
Adjectives are divided in two class, according to their declension pattern:
 
====1st class====
The adjectives in this class decline like I and II declension nouns. They use the I declension endings for feminine nouns, and the II declension endings for masculine and neuter nouns:
 
* Example: '''Nove''', ''new''
{|  
!||colspan=3|Singular||colspan=3|Plural
|-
|-
!Case
|46 || bird || '''χaːṕi''' || hā́pi || sampō || xāšiw || pīðərū || ŕajçi
!Masculine
!Feminine
!Neuter
!Masculine
!Feminine
!Neuter
|-
|-
| Nominative || nov'''e''' || nov'''a''' || nov'''ô''' || nov'''yi''' || nov'''e''' || nov'''a'''
|47 || dog || '''sopa''' || sopa || soba || subɛ || sopa || sopa
|-
|-
| Genitive || nov'''yi''' || nov'''e''' || nov'''yi''' || nov'''erô''' || nov'''arô''' || nov'''erô'''
|48 || louse || '''leːkʰo''' || lḗkho || partō || lēku || kīrəʈu || ljeɣo
|-
|-
| Accusative || nov'''ô''' || nov'''ô''' || nov'''ô''' || nov'''es''' || nov'''es''' || nov'''a'''
|49 || snake || '''ʂiːḱeti, t́æmaːʔiːti''' || šī́keti || ɕīšədi || cjɛmāhīdiw || t́īrəmu || śämajqjyti
|}
 
They follow the same rules of the II declension, as there are adjectives with ''mobile e'' or with a palatal infix ''-y-''
 
* Example: '''Veter''', ''old'', adjective with ''mobile e''
{|  
!||colspan=3|Singular||colspan=3|Plural
|-
|-
!Case
|50 || worm || '''ḱuːre''' || kū́re || šūr || čūri || ḱūre || cujre
!Masculine
!Feminine
!Neuter
!Masculine
!Feminine
!Neuter
|-
|-
| Nominative || veter || vetr'''a''' || vetr'''ô''' || vetr'''yi''' || vetr'''e''' || vetr'''a'''
|51 || tree || '''siːsa''' || ā́kri || sīsa || sīsɛ || sīsa || sjysa
|-
|-
| Genitive || vetr'''yi''' || vetr'''e''' || vetr'''yi''' || vetr'''erô''' || vetr'''arô''' || vetr'''erô'''
|52 || forest || '''siːsat́u''' || ā́ktse || ūmɕogo || sīsɛču || nosʔeʈī || sjysaśu
|-
|-
| Accusative || vetr'''ô''' || vetr'''ô''' || vetr'''ô''' || vetr'''es''' || vetr'''es''' || vetr'''a'''
|53 || stick || '''t́æʂo''' || ṑrsɑ || šɛɕu || cjɛʂu || eʈosam ||  
|}
 
* Example: '''Lyiber''', ''free'', adjective without ''mobile e''
{|  
!||colspan=3|Singular||colspan=3|Plural
|-
|-
!Case
|54 || fruit || '''sasiːŋaḱa''' || sasī́gaka || marɕo || bɛbri || sasīgaḱa || sasjywaca
!Masculine
!Feminine
!Neuter
!Masculine
!Feminine
!Neuter
|-
|-
| Nominative || lyiber || lyiber'''a''' || lyiber'''ô''' || lyiber'''yi''' || lyiber'''e''' || lyiber'''a'''
|55 || seed || '''mæɬaː''' || mɑwā́ || mɛhā || mjɛlā || məlā || mähaj
|-
|-
| Genitive || lyiber'''yi''' || lyiber'''e''' || lyiber'''yi''' || lyiber'''erô''' || lyiber'''arô''' || lyiber'''erô'''
|56 || leaf || '''ɬeːχa''' || wḗɣa || lēha || wēxɛ || lēha || hjeŕa
|-
|-
| Accusative || lyiber'''ô''' || lyiber'''ô''' || lyiber'''ô''' || lyiber'''es''' || lyiber'''es''' || lyiber'''a'''
|57 || root || '''ŋaːŋe''' || gā́ge || limi || wiwmiw || gāge || wajwe
|}
 
 
====2nd class====
The adjectives in this class decline like III declension nouns. They use the normal III declension endings for masculine, feminine and neuter nouns, with the same root. They can belong to anyone of all III declension subgroup, except the first one.
 
* Example: '''Brev''', ''short'', ''brief'', adjective belonging to the ''palatal subgroup''.
{|  
!||colspan=3|Singular||colspan=3|Plural
|-
|-
!Case
|58 || bark (<small>of a tree</small>) || '''saχi''' || tsṓkhɑsi || sohi || buhōwnri || sahiə ||
!Masculine
!Feminine
!Neuter
!Masculine
!Feminine
!Neuter
|-
|-
| Nominative || brev || brev || brev || brev'''s''' || brev'''s''' || brev'''ya'''
|59 || flower || '''ɬoʂaː''' || wošā́ || bāmɕo || wuʂā || rəʂho || hoʂaj
|-
|-
| Genitive || brev'''s''' || brev'''s''' || brev'''s''' || brev'''yô''' || brev'''yô''' || brev'''yô'''
|60 || grass || '''loːḱa''' || lṓka || ɕānkonto || lōčɛ || nosʔəʈī || lowca
|-
|-
| Accusative || brev'''ê''' || brev'''ê''' || brev || brev'''es''' || brev'''es''' || brev'''ya'''
|61 || rope || '''ṕaːʈo''' || gḗtsopukha || čōcu || šāʈu || hoʂkə || beʈoçuɣa
|}
 
* Example: '''Ceweber''', ''famous'', adjective belonging to the ''palatal subgroup'' with ''mobile e''.
{|  
!||colspan=3|Singular||colspan=3|Plural
|-
|-
!Case
|62 || skin || '''putʰæ''' || puthɑ || puθe || bjutjɛ || puðə || puðä
!Masculine
!Feminine
!Neuter
!Masculine
!Feminine
!Neuter
|-
|-
| Nominative || ceweber  || ceweber || ceweber || cewebre'''s''' || cewebre'''s''' || cewebr'''ya'''
|63 || meat || '''χuːʈa''' || hū́tsa || hūca || xūʈɛ || hūʈa || ŕujʈa
|-
|-
| Genitive || cewebri'''s''' || cewebri'''s''' || cewebri'''s''' || cewebr'''yô''' || cewebr'''yô''' || cewebr'''yô'''
|64 || blood || '''χiːt́a''' || hī́ta || hīša || xīcɛ || hīt́a || žyśa
|-
|-
| Accusative || cewebr'''ê''' || cewebr'''ê''' || ceweber || cewebr'''es''' || cewebr'''es''' || cewebr'''ya'''
|65 || bone || '''χæro''' || hɑro || hɛru || xjɛru || həro || ŕäro
|}
 
* Example: '''Awda''', ''brave'', ''bold'', ''audacious'', adjective belonging to the ''vowel nominative subgroup'' (for this group the plural forms are the same ones of the palatal subgroup).
{|  
!||colspan=3|Singular||colspan=3|Plural
|-
|-
!Case
|66 || fat (<small>noun</small>) || '''kiːlo''' || kī́lo || kīlu || gīlu || kīlo || kjylo
!Masculine
!Feminine
!Neuter
!Masculine
!Feminine
!Neuter
|-
|-
| Nominative || awda || awda || awda || awdac'''s''' || awdac'''s''' || awdac'''ya'''
|67 || egg || '''tʰaːʈo''' || thā́tso || θōcu || tāʈu || ðāʈo || ðajʈo
|-
|-
| Genitive || awdac'''s''' || awdac'''s''' || awdac'''s''' || awdac'''yô''' || awdac'''yô''' || awdac'''yô'''
|68 || horn || '''kæmuː''' || kɑmū́ || kɛmū || gjɛmū || kəmū || kämuj
|-
|-
| Accusative || awdac'''ê''' || awdac'''ê''' || awda || awdac'''es''' || awdac'''es''' || awdac'''ya'''
|69 || tail || '''tʰiɬoː''' || thiwṓ || ɕemtē || tiwlō || lokūp || ðihow
|}
 
* Example: '''Agiw''', ''nimble'', ''agile'', adjective belonging to the ''labial subgroup''.
{|  
!||colspan=3|Singular||colspan=3|Plural
|-
|-
!Case
|70 || feather || '''pʰætʰaː''' || phɑthā́ || fɛθā || pjɛtā || fəðā || βäðaj
!Masculine
!Feminine
!Neuter
!Masculine
!Feminine
!Neuter
|-
|-
| Nominative || agiw || agiw || agiw || agil'''s''' || agil'''s''' || agil'''ya'''
|71 || hair || '''toːmi''' || tṓmi || dūrso || giwdōmiw || tōmiə || towmi
|-
|-
| Genitive || agil'''s''' || agil'''s''' || agil'''s''' || agil'''yô''' || agil'''yô''' || agil'''yô'''
|72 || head || '''ʔeːma''' || ʔḗma || ēma || giwdiw || ʔēma || qjema
|-
|-
| Accusative || agil'''ê''' || agil'''ê''' || agiw || agil'''es''' || agil'''es''' || agil'''ya'''
|73 || ear || '''kʰoːɬi''' || khṓwi || xōhi || kōliw || xōliə || ɣowhi
|}
 
====Comparison====
There are two ways for creating the various degree of comparison. One is directly retained from the ancient Latin, while the other one is a more recent creation.
 
The first form of comparison is built by adding some endings to the adjective's root:
 
 
* '''Nove''', ''new'', 1st class
 
{|  
!colspan=7|Declension of the comparative form
|-
|-
!||colspan=3|Singular||colspan=3|Plural
|74 || eye || '''rako''' || rako || rogu || rɛgu || rako || rako
|-
|-
!Case
|75 || nose || '''t́aːṕi''' || tā́pi || šōči || cāšiw || t́āṕiə || śajçi
!Masculine
!Feminine
!Neuter
!Masculine
!Feminine
!Neuter
|-
|-
| Nominative || nov'''yer''' || nov'''yer''' || nov'''ye'''|| nov'''yers''' || nov'''yers''' || nov'''yera'''
|76 || mouth || '''ʈeŋæ''' || tsegɑ || cene || ʈigjɛ || ʈegə || ʈewä
|-
|-
| Genitive || nov'''yers''' || nov'''yers''' || nov'''yers''' || nov'''yerô''' || nov'''yerô''' || nov'''yerô'''
|77 || tooth || '''ɳame''' || ñame || ňom || ňɛmi || ɳame || ɳame
|-
|-
| Accusative || nov'''yerê''' || nov'''yerê''' || nov'''ye''' || nov'''yeres''' || nov'''yeres''' || nov'''yeres'''  
|78 || tongue (<small>organ</small>) || '''kʰolaː''' || kholā́ || xolā || kulā || xolā || ɣolaj
|}
 
* '''Nove''', ''new'' 1st class
 
{|  
!colspan=7|Declension of the superlative form
|-
!||colspan=3|Singular||colspan=3|Plural
|-
|-
!Case
|79 || fingernail || '''ḱaːje''' || kā́je || šōj || čāǰi || xoḱūk || caje
!Masculine
!Feminine
!Neuter
!Masculine
!Feminine
!Neuter
|-
|-
| Nominative || nov'''isime''' || nov'''isima''' || nov'''isimô''' || nov'''isimyi''' || nov'''isime''' || nov'''isima'''
|80 || foot || '''tʰiːka''' || thī́ka || θīga || tīgɛ || ðīka || ðjyka
|-
|-
| Genitive || nov'''isimyi''' || nov'''isime''' || nov'''isimyi''' || nov'''isimerô''' || nov'''isimarô''' || nov'''isimerô'''
|81 || leg || '''pʰuːʈe''' || phū́tse || fūč || giwtīgɛ || fūʈe || βujʈe
|-
|-
| Accusative || nov'''isimô''' || nov'''isimô''' || nov'''isimô''' || nov'''isimes''' || nov'''isimes''' || nov'''isima'''
|82 || knee || '''ŋoṕeː''' || gopḗ || nočē || gušē || goṕē || woče
|}
 
* '''Brev''', ''short'', 2st class
 
{|  
!colspan=7|Declension of the comparative form
|-
|-
!||colspan=3|Singular||colspan=3|Plural
|83 || hand || '''lilaː''' || lilā́ || lilā || liwlā || liəlā || lilaj
|-
|-
!Case
|84 || wing || '''pʰætʰoːɬukʰa''' || phɑtowukha || θɛčōri || pjɛtōʎukɛ || īpeðrəm || ðäçowri
!Masculine
!Feminine
!Neuter
!Masculine
!Feminine
!Neuter
|-
|-
| Nominative || brev'''yer''' || brev'''yer''' || brev'''ye'''|| brev'''yers''' || brev'''yers''' || brev'''yera'''
|85 || belly || '''ʔuːmi, ʔuːmit́u''' || ʔetke || ūmi || hūmiwču || eroʂað || qujmśu
|-
|-
| Genitive || brev'''yers''' || brev'''yers''' || brev'''yers''' || brev'''yerô''' || brev'''yerô''' || brev'''yerô'''
|86 || guts || '''ʔuːmi, ʔuːmit́u''' || ʔū́mi || ūmšu || hūmiw || əwʔūma || qujmi
|-
|-
| Accusative || brev'''yerê''' || brev'''yerê''' || brev'''ye''' || brev'''yeres''' || brev'''yeres''' || brev'''yeres'''
|87 || neck || '''χæɬuː''' || wiʔḗma || hɛhū || xjɛlū || xorʂa || ŕähuj
|}
 
* '''Brev''', ''short'' 2st class
 
{|  
!colspan=7|Declension of the superlative form
|-  
|-  
!||colspan=3|Singular||colspan=3|Plural
|88 || back || '''ʂomi''' || šomi || ɕomi || giwʂumiw || || wiʂomi
|-
!Case
!Masculine
!Feminine
!Neuter
!Masculine
!Feminine
!Neuter
|-
| Nominative || brev'''isime''' || brev'''isima''' || brev'''isimô''' || brev'''isimyi''' || brev'''isime''' || nov'''isima'''
|-
| Genitive || brev'''isimyi''' || brev'''isime''' || brev'''isimyi''' || brev'''isimerô''' || brev'''isimarô''' || brev'''isimerô'''
|-
| Accusative || brev'''isimô''' || brev'''isimô''' || brev'''isimô''' || brev'''isimes''' || brev'''isimes''' || brev'''isima'''
|}
 
 
The second form of comparison is built by using the adverb '''mags''' with the normal grade of the adjective. The comparative form is formed by placing '''mags''' before the normal declined adjective, while the superlative form is formed with the ''definite article'' + '''mags''' before the declined adjective.
 
* '''bone''' → '''''mags''' bone'' → '''''se mags''' bone''
 
The second forms are usually used with adjectives with more than three syllables, or with loanwords. This use is, however, not fixed yet. Especially in the Western dialect the use of '''mags''' is spreading also with shorter adjectives, while in the Eastern dialect also some longer adjectives use the first forms. In some remote villages of the Western dialect ''mags'' is replaced with '''pwe''' (from the Latin PLUS).
 
The comparison endings are usually added to the real root of the adjective, restoring an actually lost consonant:
 
* '''agiw''' → agilyer, agilisime
* '''awda''' → awdacyer, awdacisime
 
In the case of adjectives, whose nominative masculine singular form ends in '''-er''' with a ''mobile e'', the superlative ending become '''-ime''' and is added directly to the ''-er'' ending without losing the ''-e-'':
 
* '''veter''' → vetryer, veter'''ime'''
* '''ceweber''' → cewebryer, ceweber'''ime'''
 
Some adjectives have irregular forms for the comparative and superlative grade:
 
{|
!Positive
!Comparative
!Superlative
!English
|-
|Bone
|melyer
|owtime
|''good''
|-
|Grôd
|mayer
|masime
|''big, great''
|-
|Mawe
|peyer
|pesime
|''bad, evil''
|-
|Parve
|minyer
|minime
|''little, small''
|}
 
====Demonstrative adjectives====
There are two demonstrative adjectives: '''isvi''' which means ''that'', and '''ste''' which means ''this''; both they have an irregular conjugation:
 
* '''Isvi''', ''that''
 
{|
!||colspan=3|Singular||colspan=3|Plural
|-
!Case
!Masculine
!Feminine
!Neuter
!Masculine
!Feminine
!Neuter
|-
| Nominative || isvi || avi || ivi || yivi || evi || avi
|-
| Genitive || iesvi || iesvi || iesvi || orôvi || arôvi || orôvi
|-
| Accusative || ôvi || ôvi || ivi || esvi || asvi || avi
|}
 
* '''Ste''', ''this''
 
{|
!||colspan=3|Singular||colspan=3|Plural
|-
!Case
!Masculine
!Feminine
!Neuter
!Masculine
!Feminine
!Neuter
|-
| Nominative || ste || sta || sto || styi || ste || sta
|-
| Genitive || sties || sties || sties || storô || starô || storô
|-
| Accusative || stô || stô || sto || stes || stes || sta
|}
 
===Pronouns===
 
====Personal pronouns====
The personal pronouns in Novelatine have an irregular declension. Some of them have an alternative root in some cases. In the third persons the pronouns are divided for gender, in singular (as in English) and in plural number.
 
The most important feature, is the retention of the dative forms, for all personal pronouns:
 
{|
!Person
!English
!Nominative
!Genitive
!Dative
!Accusative
|-
|1st sing. || ''I'' || '''eo''' || mey || mi || me
|-
|2nd sing. || ''you'' (sing.) || '''tu''' || tuy || ti || te
|-
|3rd sing. f. || ''he'' || '''le''' || lies || luy || lô
|-
|3rd sing. m. || ''she'' || '''la''' || lies || luy || lô
|-
|3rd sing. n. || ''it'' || '''lo''' || lies || luy || lo
|-
|1st plur. || ''we'' || '''nos''' || nestri || nob || nos
|-
|2nd plur. || ''you'' (plur.) || '''vos''' || vestri || vob || vos
|-
|3rd plur. m. || ''they'' (m.) || '''lyi''' || lyor || lyis || les
|-
|3rd plur. f. || ''they'' (f.) || '''le''' || lyar || lyis || les
|-
|3rd plur. n. || ''they'' (n.) || '''la''' || lyor || lyis || la
|}
 
The singular accusative masculine and feminine 3rd person form ''lô'' becomes '''lon''' before a vowel:
 
* '''Tu lon ams?''': ''Do you love him/her?''
 
In the northern villages of the western valley, this form becomes '''lom''' before a vowel:
 
* '''Tu lom ams?''': ''Do you love him/her?''
 
Accusative and dative pronominal forms usually become '''clitics''' when they are found after imperative forms, which end with a vowel:
 
* '''Da<span style="color:orange">mi</span> ses cwaves sies awtomobils''': ''Give me the keys of the car!''
* '''Spewta<span style="color:blue">lo</span>!''': ''Look at it!'' (to one person)
* '''Spewtad <span style="color:blue">lo</span>''': ''Look at it!'' (to two or more people)
 
If there are two pronominal forms, a dative and an accusative form, they cliticize together, following the ordinary ''dative-accusative'' order, only if the forms end in a vowel:
 
* '''Da<span style="color:orange">mi</span><span style="color:blue">lo</span>''': ''Give it to me''
* '''Da<span style="color:orange">nob</span> <span style="color:blue">lo</span>''': ''Give it to us''
 
With most prepositions, which usually require the genitive case, dative forms of personal pronouns are used. The only exception is the preposition '''cô''', which has exceptional forms for the first and the second persons:
 
* eo: '''mecô''' (''with me'')
* tu: '''tecô''' (''with you'' sing.)
* nos: '''nobiscô''' (''with us'')
* vos: '''vobiscô''' (''with you'' plur.)
 
The personal pronouns have also replaced the possessive adjectives and pronouns:
 
The possession is expressed by the dative personal pronouns, placed after the possessed noun:
 
* '''Eo son amicô ti vidye''': ''I see your friend''
 
The dative forms do not agree with the possessed noun, only with the gender and the number of the possessor(s).
 
* '''Eo son amicô lyis vidye''': ''I see their friend''
* '''Eo ses amices ti vidye''': ''I see your friends''
 
The genitive forms are used instead of the possessive pronouns, or when the adjectives would be used as object in the sentence.
 
* '''Ste can mey e''': ''This dog is mine''
* '''Styi cans mey sôt''': ''These dogs are mine''
 
====Relative pronoun====
The relative pronoun '''cwi''' has an irregular declension:
 
{|
!||colspan=3|Singular||colspan=3|Plural
|-
!Case
!Masculine
!Feminine
!Neuter
!Masculine
!Feminine
!Neuter
|-
| Nominative || cwi || cwe || cwo || cwi|| cwe || cwe
|-
| Genitive || chies || chies || chies || cwor || cwar || cwor
|-
| Accusative || cwê || cwô || cwo || cwes || cwes || cwe
|}
 
====Indefinite pronouns====
 
* '''Alcwi''': it may mean ''someone, somebody, something'' or ''anyone, anybody, anything''. It declines like ''cwi'':
 
{|
!||colspan=3|Singular||colspan=3|Plural
|-
!Case
!Masculine
!Feminine
!Neuter
!Masculine
!Feminine
!Neuter
|-
| Nominative || alcwi || alcwe || alcwo || alcwi|| alcwe || alcwe
|-
| Genitive || alchies || alchies || alchies || alcwor || alcwar || alcwor
|-
| Accusative || alcwê || alcwô || alcwo || alcwes || alcwes || alcwe
|}
 
* '''Nemê''': it may mean ''no one, nobody'', only with humans or other animated beings. It has an irregular declension, only in the singular:
 
{|
!Case
!Forms
|-
| Nominative || nemê
|-
| Genitive || nemins
|-
| Accusative || neminê
|}
 
* '''Niw''': it means ''nothing'', with things or action or statuses. It has an irregular declension, only in the singular:
 
{|
!Case
!Forms
|-
| Nominative || niw
|-
| Genitive || nulriy
|-
| Accusative || niw
|}
 
* '''Omcwi''': it may mean ''everyone, everybody, everything''. It declines like ''cwi'':
 
{|
!||colspan=3|Singular||colspan=3|Plural
|-
!Case
!Masculine
!Feminine
!Neuter
!Masculine
!Feminine
!Neuter
|-
| Nominative || omcwi || omcwe || omcwo || omcwi|| omcwe || omcwe
|-
| Genitive || omchies || omchies || omchies || omcwor || omcwar || omcwor
|-
|-
| Accusative || omcwê || omcwô || omcwo || omcwes || omcwes || omcwe
|89 || breast || '''seːno / seːnot́u''' || sḗno || sēnošu || sēnu || sēnot́u || sjenośu
|}
 
===Numbers===
These are the Novelatine numbers, with their cardinal and ordinal forms:
 
{|  
!Number
!Cardinal
!Ordinal
|-
|-
| 1 || une || pryime
|90 || heart || '''ṕiːḱa''' || pī́ka || čīša || šīčɛ || ṕīḱa || čyca
|-
|-
| 2 || due || secunde
|91 || liver || '''ŋoːʂe''' || gṓše || nōɕ || gōʂi || gōʂe || wowʂe
|-
|-
| 3 || W: tre / E: ter || terce
|92 || to drink || '''tumaɬ-''' || tumawɑme || tumahem || djumɛliwgɛ || təwmaləme || tumahika
|-
|-
| 4 || W: cwatre / E: cwater || cwarte
|93 || to eat || '''χeːmon-''' || hḗmonɑme || hēmonem || xēmuniwgɛ || hēmonəme || žemonika
|-
|-
| 5 || cwêc || cwête
|94 || to bite || '''ɳamiːḱ-''' || ñamī́kɑme || ňomīšem || ňɛmīčiwgɛ || ɳamīḱəme || ɳamjycika
|-
|-
| 6 || W: sey / E: ses || seste
|95 || to suck || '''suːkor-''' || sū́korɑme || sūgorem || sūguriwgɛ || sūkorəme || sujkorika
|-
|-
| 7 || sewtê || sewtime
|96 || to spit || '''χæṕuːʈ-''' || hɑpū́ʔɑme || hɛčem || xjɛšūhiwgɛ || həṕūʔəme || ŕäçujʈika
|-
|-
| 8 || owto || owtave
|97 || to vomit || '''saχok-, saχek-, saχuŋ-''' || saɣokɑme || sohunem || sɛxigiwgɛ || sahokəme || saŕokika
|-
|-
| 9 || novê || none
|98 || to blow || '''ʂoːmar-''' || šṓmarɑme || ɕōmarem || çēciwgiwgɛ || ʂōmarəme || xjeśikika
|-
|-
| 10 || decê || decime
|99 || to breathe || '''jeːt́ik-, jeːt́is-''' || jḗtikɑme || jēšisem || kōrpēgiwgɛ || jēt́iəsəme ||  
|-
|-
| 11 || ôdecê || ôdecime
|100 || to laugh || '''piːtaɬ-''' || mā́tokɑme || pīdahem || mācusiwgɛ || pītaləme || pjytahika
|-
|-
| 12 || dwodecê || dwodecime
|101 || to see || '''liːloṕ-''' || lī́lopɑme || līločem || līlušiwgɛ || līloṕəme || ljyloçika
|-
|-
| 13 || tredecê || tredecime
|102 || to hear || '''kʰoːɬer-''' || khṓwerɑme || xōhərem || kōliriwgɛ || xōlerəme || ɣowherika
|-
|-
| 14 || cwaterdecê || cwaterdecime
|103 || to know || '''tʰaːŋ-''' || thā́gɑme || θōnem / čōšānem || tāgiwgɛ || ðāgəme || ðajwika
|-
|-
| 15 || cwêdecê || cwêdecime
|104 || to think || '''meːnok-,  meːnos-''' || mḗnosɑme || mēnosem || mēnugiwgɛ || mēnokəme || mjenosika
|-
|-
| 16 || W: seydecê / E: sesdecê || W: seydecime / E: sesdecime
|105 || to smell || '''ʈiːṕoḱek-''' || tsī́pokekɑme || cīčuɕu hīhem || ʈīšučigiwgɛ || ʈīṕoḱekəme || śyçocekika
|-
|-
| 17 || sewtêdecê || sewtêdecime
|106 || to fear || '''kætʰuːs-''' || kɑthū́sɑme || kɛθūsem || gjɛtūsiwgɛ || kəðūsəme || käðujsika
|-
|-
| 18 || dwedevyinti || dwedevyigesime
|107 || to sleep || '''ḱeːɬon-''' || kḗwonɑme || šēhonem || čēluniwgɛ || ḱēlonəme || ʎehonika
|-
|-
| 19 || ôdevyinti || ôdevyigesime
|108 || to live || '''ɬoṕeːs-''' || wopḗsɑme || ločēsem || wušēsiwgɛ || loṕēsəme || hočesika
|-
|-
| 20 || vyinti || vyigesime
|109 || to die || '''ʔulik-''' || ʔulikɑme || uligem || çuliwgiwgɛ || ʔəwliəkəme || qulikika
|-
|-
| 21 || vyinti une || vyigesime prime
|110 || to kill || '''ʔulikok-''' || ʔulikokɑme || uligogem || ʂīmitigiwgɛ || ʔəwliəkokəme || šymeðekika
|-
|-
| 22 || vyinti due || vyigesime secunde
|111 || to fight || '''χuːχom-''' || hū́ɣomɑme || hūhomem || xūxumiwgɛ || hūhoməme || ŕujŕomika
|-
| 30 || tryinta || tryintesime
|-
| 40 || cwadryinta || cwadryintesime
|-
| 50 || cwêcyinta || cwêcyintesime
|-
| 60 || sesyinta || sesyintesime
|-
| 70 || sewtyinta || sewtyintesime
|-
| 80 || owtyinta || owtyintesime
|-
| 90 || novyinta || novyintesime
|-
| 100 || cêtô || cêtesime
|-
| 200 || dwecêtyi || dwecêtesime
|-
| 300 || trecêtyi || trecêtesime
|-
| 400 || cwadregêtyi || cwadregêtesime
|-
| 500 || cwêgêtyi || cwêgêtesime
|-
| 600 || sescêtyi || sescêtesime
|-
| 700 || sewtêgêtyi || sewtêgêtesime
|-
| 800 || owtêgêtyi || owtêgêtesime
|-
| 900 || nôgêtyi || nôgêtesime
|-
| 1000 || mil || milesime
|-
| 2000 || due milya || due milesime
|-
| 1.000.000 || milyô || milyonesime
|-
| 1.000.000.000 || milyarde || milyardesime
|}
 
===Declension===
Most numbers are indeclinable, while only a few agree with their nouns.
 
* '''Une''' declines like a 1st class adjectives: ''une'', ''una'', ''unô'', etc. It has no plural forms.
* '''Due''' has its own declension: m/f/n nominative: '''due'''; m/n genitive: '''dwor''', f genitive: '''dwar'''; m/f/n accusative: '''dues'''
* The multiples of ''cêtô'', like '''dwecêtyi''', '''trecêtyi''', etc., decline like 1st class plural adjectives, even if there are other indeclinable numbers after them: '''sescêta vyinti cwêc poma''': ''625'' apples; '''le dwecêtes dues roses imyit''': ''he bought 202 roses''
* '''Milya''' is the actual plural of '''mil''', but it is indeclinable.
* '''Milyô''' and '''milyarde''' are nouns (respectively of III and II declension). They decline according to their rule in the sentence and their nouns are in genitive cases: '''Due milyons ominô''': ''two million people''; '''unô milyonê bawteryerô côtê''', ''it contains one million bacteria''
 
==Verbs==
Novelatine has a strictly conservative and quite difficult verbal morphology. The complex verbal system of ancient Latin is retained, also with the passive synthetic forms. Nevertheless an analitic new future tense was developed, together with two conditional tenses. An isolated resultative form was also developed.
 
When verbs are listed, more forms are presented. As exemple, we list the verb '''amar''', ''to love'':
 
* '''Amar''': infinitive form
* ''ame'': first singular person of the indicative present tense
* ''amay'': first singular person of the indicative perfect tense
* ''amate'': past participle, masculine nominative singular form
 
The first singular person of the indicative present tense shows the present root, by dropping the -'''e''', -'''er''' or -'''o''' ending:
* ame → am-e → '''am-''' (present root)
 
The first singular person of the indicative perfect tense shows the perfect root, by dropping the -'''ay''', -'''yi''' or -'''iyi''' ending:
* amay → am-ay → '''am-''' (perfect root)
This is necessary, as almost all irregular verbs have a different perfect root:
* legsyi → legs-yi → '''legs-''' (perfect root) / '''leg-''' (present root)
 
The Novelatine verbs have six moods:
*'''Infinitive''', which has ''2 tenses'': present, past
*'''Indicative''', which has ''5 tenses'': present, imperfect, perfect, plusquamperfect and future
*'''Subjunctive''', which has ''5 tenses'': present, imperfect, perfect, plusquamperfect and future
*'''Conditional''', which has ''2 tenses'': present, past
*'''Resultative''', which has ''1 tense'': past
*'''Imperative''', which has ''1 tense'': present
 
and four adjectival forms:
*'''Present participle'''
*'''Past participle'''
*'''Future participle'''
*'''Gerundive'''
 
===Conjugations===
Novelatine verbs are divided in four conjugations:
 
{|  
!Conjugation
!Ending
|-
|-
| I || -'''ar'''  
|112 || to hunt || '''ʔoːt́eŋ-''' || ʔṓtegɑme || ōšənem || hōcigiwgɛ || ʔōt́egəme || qowśewika
|-
|-
| II || -'''er''' (palatal)
|113 || to hit || '''pʰiɬuːḱ-''' || phiwū́kɑme || fihūšem || piwlūčiwgɛ || fiəlūḱəme || βihujcika
|-
|-
| III || -'''er''' (non palatal)
|114 || to cut || '''neːχoɬ-''' || nḗɣowɑme || cočōnem || nēxuliwgɛ || ʈaṕōgəme || njeŕohika
|-
|-
| IV || -'''yir'''
|115 || to split || '''t́iːnis-, t́iːnok-, t́iːnek-''' || tī́nisɑme || nēhohem || cīnugiwgɛ || t́īnekəme || šynokika
|}
 
The second conjugation uses the same endings of the third conjugation, plus a palatal infix -'''y''', in many forms. For clarity's sake, we don't consider this verbal class as a subgroup of the third conjugation, but as an independent conjugation class, according to the tradition of Latin four conjugations' pattern.
 
===Indicative===
====Present tense (têpe praysês)====
The '''present tense''' is formed by adding some endings to the '''present root''' of the chosen verb.
 
These are the endings:
 
{|
!Person
! I conj.
! II conj.
! III conj.
! IV conj.
|-
|-
| I sing. || am'''e''' || mon'''ye''' || leg'''e''' || fin'''ye'''
|116 || to stab || '''neːχoɬek-, neːχoɬuŋ-,  neːχoɬoːr-''' || nḗɣowṓrɑme || nēhohunem || nēxuligiwgɛ || || njeŕohowrika
|-
|-
| II sing. || am'''s''' || mon'''s''' || leg'''s''' || fin'''s'''
|117 || to scratch || '''ḱeːjoʂ-''' || kā́jesɑme || šējoɕem || guhuxiwgɛ || ḱējoʂəme || ʎejoʂika
|-
|-
| III sing. || am || mon || leg || fin
|118 || to dig || '''ɳætʰeːs-''' || ñɑthḗsɑme || ňɛθēsem || ňɛtēsiwgɛ || ɳəðēsəme || ɳäðjesika
|-
|-
| I plur. || am'''em''' || mon'''yim''' || leg'''im''' || fin'''yim'''
|119 || to swim || '''ṕiḱas-''' || pikasɑme || čišasem || šiwčɛsiwgɛ || ṕiəḱasəme || çicasika
|-
|-
| II plur. || am'''ez''' || mon'''yiz''' || leg'''iz''' || fin'''yiz'''
|120 || to fly || '''pʰætʰoːɬ-''' || phɑthowɑme || fɛθōhem || pjɛtōliwgɛ || fəðōləme || βäðowhika
|-
|-
| III plur. || am'''êt''' || mon'''yêt''' || leg'''ôt''' || fin'''yôt'''
|121 || to walk || '''tʰiːkas-''' || thī́kasɑme || čōdəsem || tīgɛsiwgɛ ||  || ðjykasika
|}
 
In the singular second person forms, if the root ends with a bilabial stop ([t] or [d]), these consonants merge with the endings in '''z''' ([ʦ] or [ʣ] respectively):
 
* '''Spewtar''', ''to watch'', ''to look at'' → '''spewz''' {{IPA|[spɛwʦ]}}, ''you are watching''
* '''Eseder''', ''to eat'' → '''esez''' {{IPA|[ezeʣ]}}, ''you are eating''
 
However if the root ends with two consonants (except for -''yC''-, -''wC''- and -''rC''- and -''lC'', with '''C''' that is not ''y''), the endings become I: -'''es''', II: -'''yis''', III: -'''is''', IV: -'''yis'''
 
If the verbal root ends with -'''Vw'''-, the -''w''- becomes -'''l'''-:
 
* '''Êcowar''', ''to inhabit'', ''to live in'' → '''êcols''', ''you inhabit'', ''you live in''
 
The third singular person usually adds a '''Ø-ending''' or '''zero ending''', or it can be said it adds no ending. If the verbal root ends in more than a consonant, this could trigger some changes in the verbal root:
 
* if the verbal root ends with -'''cr'''- or -'''gr'''-, the -''r''- is retained:
 
* if the verbal root ends with -'''Cw'''- or '''Cy''', the -''w''- or -''y''- are dropped:
: ''locwer'': locwe, locwis, loc, locwim...
: ''côsilyar'': côsilye, côsilyes, côsil, côsilyem...
: ''punyar'': punye, punyes, pun, punyem
 
(Note that in this example -''y''- is retained for the second singular person, as it is part of the root, instead of part of the ending)
 
In the Estern dialect, since the groups -'''ly'''-, -'''ny'''- and -'''sy'''- are read as the single consonants [ʎ], [ɲ] and [ʃ] respectively, in the third singular person ''l'', ''n'' and ''s'' are still read as [ʎ], [ɲ] and [ʃ], even if the -''y''- is dropped:
 
* côsilyes: W {{IPA|[kõˈsiljes]}} / E {{IPA|[kõˈsiʎes]}},  côsil: W {{IPA|[kõˈsil]}} / E {{IPA|[kõˈsiʎ]}}
* punyes: W {{IPA|[ˈpunjes]}} / E {{IPA|[puɲes]}}, pun: W {{IPA|[ˈpun]}} / E {{IPA|[ˈpuɲ]}}
 
====Imperfect tense (têpe êperfewtô)====
The following endings have to be added to the '''present root''':
{|
!Person
! I conj.
! II conj.
! III conj.
! IV conj.
|-
|-
| I sing. || am'''avô''' || mon'''yivô''' || leg'''yivô''' || fin'''yivô'''
|122 || to come || '''ḱiŋoɬ-''' || kigowɑme || šinohem || čiwguliwgɛ || ḱiəgoləme || ciwohika
|-
|-
| II sing. || am'''avs''' || mon'''yivs''' || leg'''yivs''' || fin'''yivs'''
|123 || to lie (<small>as in a bed</small>) || '''ŋuɬin-''' || guwinɑme || lišogem || gjuliwniwgɛ || guliənəme || wuhinika
|-
|-
| III sing. || am'''av''' || mon'''yiv''' || leg'''yiv''' || fin'''yiv'''
|124 || to sit || '''χoɬiːḱ-''' || howī́kɑme || hohīšem || xulīčiwgɛ || holīḱəme || ŕohjycika
|-
|-
| I plur. || am'''avem''' || mon'''yivem''' || leg'''yivem''' || fin'''yivem'''
|125 || to stand || '''tʰoːʔeχ-''' || thṓʔeɣɑme || θōhem || giwdiwsiwgɛ || ðōʔehəme || ðowqeŕika
|-
|-
| II plur. || am'''avez''' || mon'''yivez''' || leg'''yivez''' || fin'''yivez'''
|126 || to turn (<small>intransitive</small>) || '''næʔoːχ-''' || nɑʔṓɣɑme || mē īrisem || njɛhōxiwgɛ || || näqowŕika
|-
|-
| III plur. || am'''avêt''' || mon'''yivêt''' || leg'''yivêt''' || fin'''yivêt'''
|127 || to fall || '''χiːʂak-''' || hī́šakɑme || hīɕagem || xīʂɛgiwgɛ || hīʂakəme || žyʂakika
|}
 
In the third conjugation if the verb root ends in -'''Cw''', the endings lose the -''y''-:
 
''locwer'': locwivô,  locwivs, locwiv..
 
====Perfect tense (têpe perfewtô)====
The '''perfect tense''' is formed by adding some endings to the '''perfect root''' of the chosen verb. The perfect root usually coincide with the present root, as we can see in the case of most verbs of the first conjugation, but in the other conjugations, especially with irregular verbs, the root is not the same.
 
These are the usual endings:
 
{|
!Person
! I conj.
! II conj.
! III conj.
! IV conj.
|-
|-
| I sing. || am'''ay''' || mon'''yi''' || legs'''yi''' || fin'''iyi'''
|128 || to give || '''kæɬok-''' || kɑwokɑme || kɛhogem || gjɛlugiwgɛ || kəlokəme || kähokika
|-
|-
| II sing. || am'''ayst''' || mon'''yust''' || legs'''yist''' || fin'''iyist'''
|129 || to hold || '''t́eːŋoɬ-, ʔaːmæɬok-''' || tḗgowɑme || šēnohem || cēguliwgɛ || ʔāməlokəme || qajmähokika
|-
|-
| III sing. || am'''aw''' || mon'''yut''' || legs'''yit''' || fin'''iyit'''
|130 || to squeeze || '''ḱiːʔat́-''' || kī́ʔatṓrɑme || šēšem || čīhɛčugiwgɛ || t́eʔeʈəme || ʎyqaśika
|-
|-
| I plur. || am'''aym''' || mon'''yum''' || legs'''yim''' || fin'''iyim'''
|131 || to rub || '''tæŋoːtʰ-''' || hṑnesɑme || tɛnōθem || lītjusiwgɛ || təgōðəme || täwowðika
|-
|-
| II plur. || am'''ayz''' || mon'''yuz''' || legs'''yiz''' || fin'''iyiz'''
|132 || to wash || '''miːɬoɳ-''' || mī́woñɑme || mīhoňem || rɛrpīxiwgɛ || ṕiəḱesəme || mjyhoɳika
|-
|-
| III plur. || am'''ayerôt''' || mon'''yerôt''' || legs'''yerôt''' || fin'''iyerôt'''
|133 || to wipe || '''juːkækek-''' || jū́kɑkekɑme || jūgegəgem || ǰahsičigiwgɛ ||  || xujkäcekika
|}
 
When a verbs belongs to a certain conjugation, it will usually add the conjugation's typical endings. However, some irregular verbs of the first, the second and the fourth conjugation, add the third declension's endings to their irregular perfect root.
 
* '''Dar''', ''Ir'' → dedyi, dedyist, dedyit, dedyim, dedyiz, dedyerôt
* '''Ryider''', ''IIr'' → ryisyi, ryisyist, ryisyit, ryisyim, ryisyiz, ryisyerôt
* '''Capyir''', ''IVr'' → cepyi, cepyist, cepyit, cepyim, cepyiz, cepyerôt
 
They will be marked with Ir, IIr and IIIr in the Lexycon section.
 
====Plusquamperfect tense (têpe pwuscwôperfewtô)====
The following endings have to be added to the '''perfect root''':
{|
!Person
! I conj.
! II conj.
! III conj.
! IV conj.
|-
|-
| I sing. || am'''ayerô''' || mon'''yerô''' || legs'''yerô''' || fin'''iyerô'''
|134 || to pull || '''ṕurːæʔ-''' || pū́rɑʔɑme || čūrem || šūrjɛhiwgɛ || ṕūrəʔəme || çujräqika
|-
|-
| II sing. || am'''ayers''' || mon'''yers''' || legs'''yers''' || fin'''iyers'''
|135 || to push || '''ḱaːɬæʔ-''' || kā́wɑʔɑme || šōhem || čāʎɛhiwgɛ || ḱāləhəme || cajhäqika
|-
|-
| III sing. || am'''ayer''' || mon'''yer''' || legs'''yer''' || fin'''iyer'''
|136 || to throw || '''χæʔoːʈ-''' || hɑʔṓtsɑme || hōcem || xjɛhōʈiwgɛ || həʔōʈəme || ŕäqowʈika
|-
|-
| I plur. || am'''ayerem''' || mon'''yerem''' || legs'''yerem''' || fin'''iyerem'''
|137 || to tie || '''ŋeːʈoṕ-''' || gḗtsopɑme || ɕējčem || mīçɛʂiwgɛ || gēʈoṕəme || beʈoçika
|-
|-
| II plur. || am'''ayerez''' || mon'''yerez''' || legs'''yerez''' || fin'''iyerez'''
|138 || to sew || '''kʰat́oɬ-''' || khatowɑme || xošohem || kɛculiwgɛ || xat́oləme || ɣaśohika
|-
|-
| III plur. || am'''ayerêt''' || mon'''yerêt''' || legs'''yerêt''' || fin'''iyerêt'''
|139 || to count || '''moːʔeʂ-''' || mṓʔešɑme || mōɕem || mōhiʂiwgɛ || mōʔeʂəme || mowqeʂika
|}
 
====Future tense (têpe futurô)====
The synthetic future tense of ancient Latin has entirely disappeared, and it was replaced by a new analytic future form.
 
It is formed with the present forms of the verb '''aber''' and the infinite form of the main verb:
 
* '''Eo ao caner''': ''I will sing''
* '''Cras azô mar ao vader''': ''Tomorrow I will go to the beach''
 
===Subjunctive===
====Present tense (têpe praysês)====
The following endings have to be added to the '''present root''':
{|
!Person
! I conj.
! II conj.
! III conj.
! IV conj.
|-
|-
| I sing. || am'''ê''' || mon'''yô''' || leg'''ô''' || fin'''yô'''
|140 || to say || '''ʈæŋeɬ-''' || tsɑgewɑme || cɛnəhem || cɛgiliwgɛ || ʈəgeləme || ʈäwehika
|-
|-
| II sing. || am'''is''' || mon'''yes''' || leg'''es''' || fin'''yes'''
|141 || to sing || '''ḱinus-''' || kinusɑme || šinusem || čiwnjusiwgɛ || ḱiənəwsəme || cinusika
|-
|-
| III sing. || am'''i''' || mon'''ye''' || leg'''e''' || fin'''ye'''
|142 || to play || '''ḱæɬuːŋ-''' || kɑwū́gɑme || mōšogem || čɛlūgiwgɛ || pokorəme ||  
|-
|-
| I plur. || am'''im''' || mon'''yem''' || leg'''em''' || fin'''yem'''
|143 || to float || '''ŋiːχatʰ-''' || gī́ɣathɑme || nīhaθem || gīxɛtiwgɛ || || byŕaðika
|-
|-
| II plur. || am'''iz''' || mon'''yez''' || leg'''ez''' || fin'''yez'''
|144 || to flow || '''reːt́æn-''' || rḗtɑnɑme || rēšenem || rēcjɛniwgɛ || rēt́ənəme || rjeśänika
|-
|-
| III plur. || am'''êt''' || mon'''yôt''' || leg'''êt''' || fin'''yêt'''
|145 || to freeze || '''ɬærik-, ɬæris-''' || lɑnā́sɑme || lɛrigem || bjɛriwsiwgɛ || ||  
|}
 
====Imperfect tense (têpe êperfewtô)====
The following endings have to be added to the '''present root''':
{|
!Person
! I conj.
! II conj.
! III conj.
! IV conj.
|-
|-
| I sing. || am'''arê''' || mon'''erê''' || leg'''erê''' || fin'''yirê'''
|146 || to swell || '''pæʈok-, pæʈos-''' || pɑtsokɑme || pɛcogem || bjɛʈusiwgɛ || pəʈosəme || päʈokika
|-
|-
| II sing. || am'''ars''' || mon'''ers''' || leg'''ers''' || fin'''yirs'''
|147 || sun || '''ɬæɬe''' || rū́roki || lɛh || bjɛli || ʂarax || säɳo
|-
|-
| III sing. || am'''ar''' || mon'''er''' || leg'''er''' || fin'''yir'''
|148 || moon || '''ʂusæɳo, ʂuʔuːkha, ʔuːkhati''' || ʔū́khati || ɕūxa || šusjɛňu || ʔamar || qujɣati
|-
|-
| I plur. || am'''arem''' || mon'''erem''' || leg'''erem''' || fin'''yirem'''
|149 || star || '''ɳakʰe''' || ñakhe || ňoh || ňɛki || ɳaxe || ɳaɣe
|-
|-
| II plur. || am'''arez''' || mon'''erez''' || leg'''erez''' || fin'''yirez'''
|150 || water || '''ṕiḱe''' || pike || čiš || šiwči || ṕiəḱe || çice
|-
|-
| III plur. || am'''arêt''' || mon'''erêt''' || leg'''erêt''' || fin'''yirêt'''
|151 || rain || '''ḱume''' || ʔahno || šum || čumi || ḱəwme || cume
|}
 
====Perfect tense (têpe perfewtô)====
The following endings have to be added to the '''perfect root''':
{|
!Person
! I conj.
! II conj.
! III conj.
! IV conj.
|-
|-
| I sing. || am'''ayerê''' || mon'''yerê''' || legs'''yerê''' || fin'''iyerê'''
|152 || river || '''reːt́æni''' || rḗtɑni || lonō || jusōxɛrɛ || koʂūr || rjeśäni
|-
|-
| II sing. || am'''ayeris''' || mon'''yeris''' || legs'''yeris''' || fin'''iyeris'''
|153 || lake || '''ṕiḱet́u''' || tsišɑ || čišəšu || šiwčiču || ṕiəḱet́əw || mujʂuçice
|-
|-
| III sing. || am'''ayeri''' || mon'''yeri''' || legs'''yeri''' || fin'''iyeri'''
|154 || sea || - || pā́tse || dōša || ʂirmu || teʔoha || ʂuçice
|-
|-
| I plur. || am'''ayerim''' || mon'''yerim''' || legs'''yerim''' || fin'''iyerim'''
|155 || salt || - || ʔū́rtū́ || gimbē || ʂirē || ðamat́ ||  
|-
|-
| II plur. || am'''ayeriz''' || mon'''yeriz''' || legs'''yeriz''' || fin'''iyeriz'''
|156 || stone || '''juːɬa''' || jū́wa || jūha || çūlɛ || jūla || xujha
|-
|-
| III plur. || am'''ayerêt''' || mon'''yerêt''' || legs'''yerêt''' || fin'''iyerêt'''
|157 || sand || '''mutʰe''' || muthe || muθ || mjuti || muðe || muðe
|}
 
====Plusquamperfect tense (têpe pwuscwôperfewtô)====
The following endings have to be added to the '''perfect root''':
{|
!Person
! I conj.
! II conj.
! III conj.
! IV conj.
|-
|-
| I sing. || am'''aysê''' || mon'''yisê''' || legs'''yisê''' || fin'''iyisê'''
|158 || dust || '''pʰiːḱo''' || phī́ko || fīšu || pīču || fīḱo || βjyco
|-
|-
| II sing. || am'''aysis''' || mon'''yisis''' || legs'''yisis''' || fin'''iyisis'''
|159 || earth || '''pʰeːpʰi''' || phḗphi || čonu || pēpiw || lūme || hime
|-
|-
| III sing. || am'''aysi''' || mon'''yisi''' || legs'''yisi''' || fin'''iyisi'''
|160 || cloud || '''ʈækʰi''' || tsɑkhi || cɛxi || cɛkiw || ʈəkiə || ʈäɣi
|-
|-
| I plur. || am'''aysim''' || mon'''yisim''' || legs'''yisim''' || fin'''iyisim'''
|161 || fog || '''mæri''' || neptḗ || mɛri || mjɛriw || məriə ||  
|-
|-
| II plur. || am'''aysiz''' || mon'''yisiz''' || legs'''yisiz''' || fin'''iyisiz'''
|162 || sky || '''kit́a''' || kita || kiša || giwcɛ || kiət́a || kica
|-
|-
| III plur. || am'''aysêt''' || mon'''yisêt''' || legs'''yisêt''' || fin'''iyisêt'''
|163 || wind || '''ʔaḱoː''' || šṓmari || ošō || ērti || ʔaḱō || qacow
|}
 
====Future tense (têpe futurô)====
 
It is formed with the subjunctive present forms of the verb '''aber''' and the infinite form of the main verb:
 
* '''Crede co abyes caner''': ''I believe you will sing''
* '''Crede co cras azô mar abyes vader''': ''I believe that tomorrow you will go to the beach''
 
===Conditional===
The conditional forms have two tenses, the ''present'' and the ''past'' tense. It is an analytic mood, formed with the auxiliary verb '''aver'''.
 
The conditional present is formed with the perfect tense forms of the verb '''aber''', plus the infinitive form of the main verb:
 
* '''Eo avyi caner''': ''I would sing''
* '''Cras azô mar avyi vader''': ''Tomorrow I would go to the beach''
 
The conditional past is formed with the plusquamperfect tense form of the verb '''aber''', plus the infinitive form of the main verb:
 
* '''Eo avyerô caner''': ''I would have sung''
* '''Azô mar avyerô vader''': ''I would have gone to the beach''
 
===Resultative===
The '''resultative form''' is not inherited from Ancient Latin, but it is a later creation, most likely under the influence of the Italian ''passato prossimo''.
 
It is formed with the present forms of the verb '''aber''' and the past participle without the adjectival endings:
 
* '''advenyir''', ''to happen'' → advête → advêt: '''cwo a advêt?''', ''what has happened? what did just happen?''
* '''facer''', ''to do'' → fawte → fawt: '''cwo as fawt?''', ''what have you done? what did you just do?''
 
Its meaning and use are slightly different between the two dialects, but its basic meaning is pointing out the result of an action. In a more linguistically precise definition, it is a perfective past form of the verb.
 
===Imperative===
The '''imperative mood''' has only one tense, the present tense. It is used to give orders, and it has only the second person forms.
 
The following endings have to be added to the '''present root''':
 
{|
!Person
! I conj.
! II conj.
! III conj.
! IV conj.
|-
|-
| II sing. || am'''a''' || mon'''e''' || leg'''e''' || fin'''yi'''
|164 || snow || '''ʈuːtʰeː''' || tsū́thḗ || cūθē || ʈūtē || ʈūðē ||  
|-
|-
| II plur. || am'''ad''' || mon'''yid''' || leg'''id''' || fin'''yid'''
|165 || ice || '''ɬæri''' || lɑnā́ || lɛri || bjɛriw || lərie ||  
|}
 
Some III conjugation verbs have a short imperative form:
 
* '''dicer''', ''to say'', ''to tell'': '''Di!''' (instead of ''dice!''), ''say! tell!''
* '''facer''', ''to do'', ''to make'': '''Fa!''' (instead of ''face!''): ''do! make!''
* '''vader''', ''to go'': '''Va!''' (instead of ''vade!''): ''go!''
 
===Impersonal forms===
These forms are called ''impersonal'', because they are not conjugated as usual verbs, but they represent special forms, usually considered as '''adjectival forms'''.
 
====Gerundive====
The gerundive is an adjectival form, which usually means ''which must be X-ed''. It declines like a normal 1st class adjective, thus we will show only the masculine nominative singular form.
 
{|
! I conj.
! II conj.
! III conj.
! IV conj.
|-
|-
| am'''ôde''' || mon'''êde''' || leg'''êde''' || fin'''yêde'''
|166 || smoke || '''nuːʂi''' || nū́ši || nūɕi || nūʂiw || nūʂiə || nujʂi
|}
 
====Present participle====
The present participle is an adjectival form, which usually means ''which X-s'', similar to the English ''-ing'' form. With transitive verbs it has an active meaning.
 
{|
! I conj.
! II conj.
! III conj.
! IV conj.
|-
|-
| am'''ôs''' || mon'''ês''' || leg'''ês''' || fin'''yês'''
|167 || fire || '''ruːro''' || wɑwe || rūru || rūru || ḱīmtə || rujro
|}
 
They have a special declension (also some nouns decline this way):
 
* Example: '''Amôs''', ''loving'', ''which loves''.
 
{|  
!||colspan=3|Singular||colspan=3|Plural
|-
|-
!Case
|168 || ash || '''roruːkaḱa, roruːki''' || rorū́kaka || rorūgi || rurūgɛčɛ || rorūkiə || rorujkaca
!Masculine
!Feminine
!Neuter
!Masculine
!Feminine
!Neuter
|-
|-
| Nominative || amôs || amôs || amôs || amô'''z''' || amô'''z''' || amôt'''ya'''
|169 || to burn || '''ruːrok-''' || tsirtsɑʔɑme || rūrogem || rūrugiwgɛ || rūrokəme || rujrokika
|-
|-
| Genitive || amô'''z''' || amô'''z''' || amô'''z''' || amôt'''yô''' || amôt'''yô''' || amôt'''yô'''
|170 || road || '''ṕoːte''' || ḗrgo || čōd || šōdi || rūxʂīro || çowteɣa
|-
|-
| Accusative || amôt'''ê''' || amôt'''ê''' || amôs || amôt'''es''' || amôt'''es''' || amôt'''ya'''
|171 || mountain || '''ŋitit́u, ŋitimeːʔi, ɳæḱit́u''' || gititu || nidišu || ňɛčiwču || ɳəḱiəlo || witimjeqi
|}
 
* Example: '''Legês''', ''reading'', ''which reads''.
 
{|  
!||colspan=3|Singular||colspan=3|Plural
|-
|-
!Case
|172 || red || '''χoːre''' || hṓre || hōr || xōri || hōre || ŕowre
!Masculine
!Feminine
!Neuter
!Masculine
!Feminine
!Neuter
|-
|-
| Nominative || legês || legês || legês || legê'''z''' || legê'''z''' || legêt'''ya'''
|173 || green || '''ŋeːʔæ''' || gḗʔɑ || ɕānko || gēçɛ || ūnesʔī || lowcawä
|-
|-
| Genitive || legê'''z''' || legê'''z''' || legê'''z''' || legêt'''yô''' || legêt'''yô''' || legêt'''yô'''
|174 || yellow || '''ŋeːʔæ''' || kṓkri || nē || hupɛ || aʈpīʂo || beqä
|-
|-
| Accusative || legêt'''ê''' || legêt'''ê''' || legês || legêt'''es''' || legêt'''es''' || legêt'''ya'''
|175 || white || '''ʔuːkʰa''' || ā́lpo || ūxa || hūkɛ || ʔūxa || säɳowä
|}
 
* Example: '''Finyês''', ''ending'', ''which ends''.
 
{|  
!||colspan=3|Singular||colspan=3|Plural
|-
|-
!Case
|176 || black || '''pʰoːɬu''' || phṓwu || godra || bōxri || əʔtax || xähownä
!Masculine
!Feminine
!Neuter
!Masculine
!Feminine
!Neuter
|-
|-
| Nominative || finyês || finyês || finyês || finyê'''z''' || finyê'''z''' || finyêt'''ya'''
|177 || night || '''jæɬoː''' || jɑwṓ || jɛhō || čɛlō || jəlō || xähow
|-
|-
| Genitive || finyê'''z''' || finyê'''z''' || finyê'''z''' || finyêt'''yô''' || finyêt'''yô''' || finyêt'''yô'''
|178 || day || '''sæti''' || sɑti || sɛdi || sjɛdiw || estih || hähe
|-
|-
| Accusative || finyêt'''ê''' || finyêt'''ê''' || finyês || finygêt'''es''' || finyêt'''ya''' || finyêt'''es'''
|179 || year || '''ɬæḱo''' || wɑko || lɛšu || bjɛču || ləḱo || häco
|}
 
====Past participle====
The past participle is an adjectival form, which usually means ''X-ed'', similar to the English past participle. With transitive verbs it has a passive meaning.
 
It declines like a normal 1st class adjective, thus we will show only the masculine nominative singular form
 
{|
! I conj.
! II conj.
! III conj.
! IV conj.
|-
|-
| am'''ate''' || mon'''ite''' || lew'''te''' || fin'''yite'''
|180 || warm || '''ruːmaphæ''' || rū́rophɑ || rūmafa || rūmɛpjɛ || ūḱemtī || rujmaβä
|}
 
The forms of the past participle are mostly irregular in the third conjugation. Most irregular verbs have irregular participial forms:
 
* '''Caner''', ''to sing'' → côte, ''sung''
* '''Corer''', ''to run'' → curse, ''run''
* '''Fêger''', ''to fake'' → fiwte, ''faked''
* '''Scryiber''', ''to write'' → scryiwte, ''written''
* '''Venyir''', ''to come'' → vête, ''come''
 
Past participle are usually distinguished by the '''-te''' ending, which in some irregular verbs can become '''-se'''.
 
====Future participle====
The future participle is an adjectival form, which usually means ''which will X''; it has no English counterparts. With transitive verbs it has an active meaning.
 
It is formed by dropping the masculine ending of the past participle, and adding the '''-ure''' endings:
 
* '''Venyir''', ''to come'' → vête → vêt- + -ure → '''vêture''', ''coming'', ''which will come''
It declines like a normal 1st class adjective, thus we will show only the masculine nominative singular form
 
{|
! I conj.
! II conj.
! III conj.
! IV conj.
|-
|-
| amat'''ure''' || monit'''ure''' || lewt'''ure''' || finyit'''ure'''
|181 || cold || '''lænaː''' || ī́rtu || lɛnā || ʎɛnā || axfīno || länaj
|}
 
===Passive forms===
Novelatine has particular '''passive forms''' for its verbs, because, differently from most modern European language, but similar to Latin and Ancient Greek, in some tenses it has retained simple forms (the verb has one single form), instead of compound forms (as in English ''auxiliary verb'' + ''participle'').
 
* '''Monyires''': ''you are warned''
* '''Crede co monyôter''': ''I believe they are being warned''
 
Simple form are used in the ''indicative present'' and ''imperfect'' tense, in subjunctive ''indicative present'' and ''imperfect'' tense, in the ''imperative mood'' and in the ''infinitive''. The other tenses and moods are built like English, with the conjugated forms of the verb '''eser''', ''to be'' + the ''past participle'', or, for compound tenses, regularly with the conjugated forms of the verb '''aber''', ''to have'' + the passive form of the infinitive.
 
* '''Monite fuyist''': ''you were warned''
* '''Tu as moniri''': ''you will be warned''
 
====Infinitive====
The following endings have to be added to the '''present root''':
 
{|
! I conj.
! II conj.
! III conj.
! IV conj.
|-
|-
| am'''ari''' || mon'''eri''' || leg'''eri''' || fin'''yiri'''
|182 || full || '''pʰælo''' || phɑlo || fɛlu || pjɛlu || fəlo || βälo
|}
 
Or instead it can be said, that the passive infinitive form is built by adding -'''i''' to the normal infinitive forms.
 
====Indicative present tense====
The following endings have to be added to the '''present root''':
{|
!Person
! I conj.
! II conj.
! III conj.
! IV conj.
|-
|-
| I sing. || am'''er''' || mon'''yer''' || leg'''er''' || fin'''yer'''
|183 || new || '''reːʔo''' || rḗʔo || rēw || rēhu || rēʔo || rjeqo
|-
|-
| II sing. || am'''eres''' || mon'''yires''' || leg'''ires''' || fin'''yires'''
|184 || old || '''ʔokeː''' || ʔokḗ || ogē || hugē || ʔokē || qokje
|-
|-
| III sing. || am'''eter''' || mon'''yiter''' || leg'''iter''' || fin'''yiter'''
|185 || good || '''ruʔa''' || ruʔa || rō || rjuhɛ || rəwʔa || ruqa
|-
|-
| I plur. || am'''emer''' || mon'''yimer''' || leg'''imer''' || fin'''yimer'''
|186 || bad || '''ʂiːŋu''' || šī́ʔṓ || ɕīnu || gōrɛ || ʂīgu || šywo, šyqow
|-
|-
| II plur. || am'''emnyi''' || mon'''yimnyi''' || leg'''imnyi''' || fin'''yimny'''
|187 || rotten || '''ʂuːji''' || šū́ji || ɕūji || ʂūǰiwnjɛ || aʈīʔo || ʂuji
|-
|-
| III plur. || am'''êter''' || mon'''yêter''' || leg'''ôter''' || fin'''yôter'''
|188 || dirty || '''koːra''' || kṓra || āmku || sīnuǰū || kōra || kowra
|}
 
====Indicative imperfect tense====
The following endings have to be added to the '''present root''':
{|
!Person
! I conj.
! II conj.
! III conj.
! IV conj.
|-
|-
| I sing. || am'''aver''' || mon'''yiver''' || leg'''yiver''' || fin'''yiver'''
|189 || straight || '''keḱo''' || keko || kešu || giču || keḱo || keco
|-
|-
| II sing. || am'''averes''' || mon'''yiveres''' || leg'''yiveres''' || fin'''yiveres'''
|190 || round || '''ŋoɬaː''' || ʔī́riko || nohā || gulā || golā || wohaj
|-
|-
| III sing. || am'''aveter''' || mon'''yiveter''' || leg'''yiveter''' || fin'''yiveter'''
|191 || sharp (<small>as a knife</small>) || '''reːχi''' || rḗɣi || lāma || rēxiw || rēhiə || rjeŕi
|-
|-
| I plur. || am'''avemer''' || mon'''yivemer''' || leg'''yivemer''' || fin'''yivemer'''
|192 || dull (<small>as a knife</small>) || '''siːreːχi''' || sī́rḗɣi || sīlāma || sīrēxiw || sīrēhiə || sjyrjeŕi
|-
|-
| II plur. || am'''avemnyi''' || mon'''yivemnyi''' || leg'''yivemnyi''' || fin'''yivemnyi'''
|193 || smooth || '''liːtʰu''' || henṑsuka || urpā || lītju || līðəw || sjeðo
|-
|-
| III plur. || am'''avêter''' || mon'''yivêter''' || leg'''yivêter''' || fin'''yivêter'''
|194 || wet || '''ṕiːḱoː''' || pī́kṓ || čīšō || šīčō || ṕīḱō || čycow
|}
 
====Indicative perfect tense====
The passive indicative perfect tense is a compound tense, formed with the ''past participle'', which usually agree in number and gender with the subject, and the ''perfect tense'' forms of the verb '''eser''', ''to be'':
 
{|
!Person
! I conj.
! II conj.
! III conj.
! IV conj.
|-
|-
| I sing. || amate, -a, ô || monite, -a, ô || lewte, -a, ô || finyite, -a, ô || '''fuyi'''
|195 || dry || '''juːkæ''' || nopā́ || jūge || çūgjɛ || okəjmo ||  
|-
|-
| II sing. || amate, -a, ô || monite, -a, ô || lewte, -a, ô || finyite, -a, ô || '''fuyist'''
|196 || correct || '''ɬaːŋo''' || wā́go || hōlu || wāgu || lāgo || hajwo
|-
|-
| III sing. || amate, -a, ô || monite, -a, ô || lewte, -a, ô || finyite, -a, ô || '''fuyit'''
|197 || near || '''piŋko''' || pinko || pinku || biwgu || piəko || piwko
|-
|-
| I plur. || amatyi, -e, a || monityi, -e, a || lewtyi, -e, a || finyityi, -e, a || '''fuyim'''
|198 || far || '''ɬuːŋko''' || wū́nko || lūnku || wūgu || lūko || hujko
|-
|-
| II plur. || amatyi, -e, a || monityi, -e, a || lewtyi, -e, a || finyityi, -e, a || '''fuyiz'''
|199 || right || '''ʂoːɬu''' || šṓwuko || ɕōhu || ʂōʎu || ʂōləwko || ʂowhuko
|-
|-
| III plur. || amatyi, -e, a || monityi, -e, a || lewtyi, -e, a || finyityi, -e, a || '''fuyerôt'''
|200 || left || '''juːri''' || jū́riko || jūri || çūriw || jūriəko || xujriko
|}
 
====Indicative plusquamperfect tense====
The passive indicative plusquamperfect tense is a compound tense, formed with the ''past participle'', which usually agree in number and gender with the subject, and the ''plusquamperfect tense'' forms of the verb '''eser''', ''to be'':
 
{|
!Person
! I conj.
! II conj.
! III conj.
! IV conj.
|-
|-
|201 || at || '''-χæ''' || -ɣɑ || -he || -xjɛ || kōl || -ŕä
|-
|-
| I sing. || amate, -a, ô || monite, -a, ô || lewte, -a, ô || finyite, -a, ô || '''fuyerô'''
|202 || in || '''-ʈar''' || -tsar || -car || hūm || ʔūm || -ʈar
|-
|-
| II sing. || amate, -a, ô || monite, -a, ô || lewte, -a, ô || finyite, -a, ô || '''fuyers'''
|203 || with || '''-kʰæ / ʔeːχ''' || -khɑ / ʔḕ || -xe / ēh || čīg / hēx / -xjɛ || ḱīg / ʔēh || -ɣä / qjeŕ
|-
|-
| III sing. || amate, -a, ô || monite, -a, ô || lewte, -a, ô || finyite, -a, ô || '''fuyer'''
|204 || and || '''-na / ɳuː''' || -na / ñū́ || -na / ňū || nɛlu / ňū || -na / ɳū || -na / ɳuj
|-
|-
| I plur. || amatyi, -e, a || monityi, -e, a || lewtyi, -e, a || finyityi, -e, a || '''fuyerem'''
|205 || if || '''omtu / omlu / ʔeːχiːʈar''' || ʔḗɣī́tsar / omlo || īcar / omlu || umdju / hēxīʈ || omlo / ʔēhīʈər || omtu
|-
|-
| II plur. || amatyi, -e, a || monityi, -e, a || lewtyi, -e, a || finyityi, -e, a || '''fuyerez'''
|206 || because || '''ʂætukhu, ʂælokhu''' || šɑkhu, šɑtukhu || hīduxu || šɛdjuku || ʂəloxəw || žyɣu
|-
|-
| III plur. || amatyi, -e, a || monityi, -e, a || lewtyi, -e, a || finyityi, -e, a || '''fuyerêt'''
|207 || name || '''tita''' || tita || tida || xādiwdɛ || tiəta || tita
|}
|}


====Indicative future tense====
===Kī́rtako===
 
{| class="wikitable"
It is formed with the present forms of the verb '''aber''' and the infinite passive form of the main verb:
! style="width: 30px;"|No. !! style="width: 150px;"| English !! style="width: 150px;"| Kī́rtako !! style="width: 150px;"| Iðâɣ !! style="width: 150px;"| Læntixu
 
* '''Syi documêtyi cras ôt videri''': ''The documents will be seen tomorrow''
 
====Subjunctive present tense====
The following endings have to be added to the '''present root''':
{|
!Person
! I conj.
! II conj.
! III conj.
! IV conj.
|-
| I sing. || am'''êr''' || mon'''yôr''' || leg'''ôr''' || fin'''yôr'''
|-
| II sing. || am'''ires''' || mon'''yeres''' || leg'''eres''' || fin'''yeres'''
|-
| III sing. || am'''iter''' || mon'''yeter''' || leg'''eter''' || fin'''yeter'''
|-
| I plur. || am'''imer''' || mon'''yemer''' || leg'''emer''' || fin'''yemer'''
|-
|-
| II plur. || am'''imnyi''' || mon'''yemnyi''' || leg'''emnyi''' || fin'''yemnyi'''
|1 || I || owtu || òtu || owtu
|-
| III plur. || am'''êter''' || mon'''yôter''' || leg'''êter''' || fin'''yêter'''
|}
 
====Subjunctive imperfect tense====
The following endings have to be added to the '''present root''':
{|
!Person
! I conj.
! II conj.
! III conj.
! IV conj.
|-
|-
| I sing. || am'''arer''' || mon'''erer''' || leg'''erer''' || fin'''yirer'''
|2 || you (<small>singular</small>) || ertu || étu || æpjixu, ercu
|-
|-
| II sing. || am'''areres''' || mon'''ereres''' || leg'''ereres''' || fin'''yireres'''
|3 || he || ɑktu || àtu || æstu
|-
|-
| III sing. || am'''areter''' || mon'''ereter''' || leg'''ereter''' || fin'''yireter'''
|4 || we || owtuno || òtun || owtun
|-
|-
| I plur. || am'''aremer''' || mon'''eremer''' || leg'''eremer''' || fin'''yiremer'''
|5 || you (<small>plural</small>) || ertuno || étun || æpjixun, ercun
|-
|-
| II plur. || am'''aremnyi''' || mon'''eremnyi''' || leg'''erenyi''' || fin'''yiremnyi'''
|6 || they || ɑktuno || àtun || æstun
|-
|-
| III plur. || am'''arêter''' || mon'''erêter''' || leg'''erêter''' || fin'''yirêter'''
|7 || this || niwo / niktuko || nìtuɣə / ô nìtuɣə || nistuxul‘
|}
 
====Subjunctive perfect tense====
The passive subjunctive perfect tense is a compound tense, formed with the ''past participle'', which usually agree in number and gender with the subject, and the ''subjunctive perfect tense'' forms of the verb '''eser''', ''to be'':
 
{|
!Person
! I conj.
! II conj.
! III conj.
! IV conj.
|-
|-
| I sing. || amate, -a, ô || monite, -a, ô || lewte, -a, ô || finyite, -a, ô || '''fuyerê'''
|8 || that || ɑwo / ɑktuko || àtuɣə / ô àtuɣə || æstuxul‘
|-
|-
| II sing. || amate, -a, ô || monite, -a, ô || lewte, -a, ô || finyite, -a, ô || '''fuyers'''
|9 || here || niwotsar || nîsah || nicær
|-
|-
| III sing. || amate, -a, ô || monite, -a, ô || lewte, -a, ô || finyite, -a, ô || '''fuyer'''
|10 || there || ɑwotsar || ôsah || owcær
|-
|-
| I plur. || amatyi, -e, a || monityi, -e, a || lewtyi, -e, a || finyityi, -e, a || '''fuyerim'''
|11 || who || šā́ || šá || šæl‘
|-
|-
| II plur. || amatyi, -e, a || monityi, -e, a || lewtyi, -e, a || finyityi, -e, a || '''fuyeriz'''
|12 || what || šɑ || ša || šæ
|-
|-
| III plur. || amatyi, -e, a || monityi, -e, a || lewtyi, -e, a || finyityi, -e, a || '''fuyerêt'''
|13 || where || šɑtsar / šɑɣɑ || šar / šah || šæθucær / šæθuxa
|}
 
====Subjunctive plusquamperfect tense====
The passive subjunctive plusquamperfect tense is a compound tense, formed with the ''past participle'', which usually agree in number and gender with the subject, and the ''subjunctive plusquamperfect tense'' forms of the verb '''eser''', ''to be'':
 
{|
!Person
! I conj.
! II conj.
! III conj.
! IV conj.
|-
|-
|14 || when || šɑjuʔṓ || šajǔ || šæju
|-
|-
| I sing. || amate, -a, ô || monite, -a, ô || lewte, -a, ô || finyite, -a, ô || '''fuyisê'''
|15 || how || šɑmɑgi || šamaɣ || šæmæcær
|-
|-
| II sing. || amate, -a, ô || monite, -a, ô || lewte, -a, ô || finyite, -a, ô || '''fuyisis'''
|16 || not || ʔī́sɑme || î || jis, he
|-
|-
| III sing. || amate, -a, ô || monite, -a, ô || lewte, -a, ô || finyite, -a, ô || '''fuyisi'''
|17 || all || jḗʔo / pṓwɑ || jô / pǒ || jowl‘ / powbal‘
|-
|-
| I plur. || amatyi, -e, a || monityi, -e, a || lewtyi, -e, a || finyityi, -e, a || '''fuyisim'''
|18 || many || pā́mo || pámə || pæmuxul‘
|-
|-
| II plur. || amatyi, -e, a || monityi, -e, a || lewtyi, -e, a || finyityi, -e, a || '''fuyisiz'''
|19 || some || mṓwū́ || mû || mowbul‘
|-
|-
| III plur. || amatyi, -e, a || monityi, -e, a || lewtyi, -e, a || finyityi, -e, a || '''fuyisêt'''
|20 || few || sī́pā́ || síβé || šiɸæxul‘
|}
 
====Subjunctive future tense====
 
It is formed with the present subjunctive forms of the verb '''aber''' and the infinite passive form of the main verb:
 
* '''Crede co syi documêtyi cras abyôt videri''': ''I believe the documents will be seen tomorrow''
 
====Conditional present tense====
 
It is formed with the perfect tense forms of the verb '''aber''' and the infinite passive form of the main verb:
 
* '''Syi documêtyi avyerôt videri''': ''The documents would be seen''
 
====Conditional past tense====
 
It is formed with the plusquamperfect tense forms of the verb '''aber''' and the infinite passive form of the main verb:
 
* '''Syi documêtyi avyerêt videri''': ''The documents would have been seen''
 
===Verb eser (to be)===
 
{|
! colspan=5| Indicative
|-
|-
!Person
|21 || other || tū́ko || túɣə || tuxul‘
! Present
! Imperfect
! Perfect
! Pl.perfect
|-
|-
| I sing. || sô || erô || fuyi || fuyerô
|22 || one || šā́ʔo || šâ || šæf
|-
|-
| II sing. || es || ers || fuyist || fuyers
|23 || two || ʔaki || áɣi || æx‘
|-
|-
| III sing. || e || er || fuyit || fuyer
|24 || three || mikṓ || miɣò || mixow
|-
|-
| I plur. || some || erem || fuyim || fuyerem
|25 || four || gṓwe || gô || gowbɛ
|-
|-
| II plur. || ez || erez || fuyiz || fuyerez
|26 || five || pā́ge || pâ || pæžɛ
|-
|-
| III plur. || sôt || erôt || fuyerôt || fuyerêt
|27 || big || šū́ri || šúri || sur‘il‘
|}
 
{|
! colspan=5| Subjunctive
|-
|-
!Person
|28 || long || tṓpa || tóβe || towɸal‘
! Present
! Imperfect
! Perfect
! Pl.perfect
|-
|-
| I sing. || sê || eserê || fuyerê || fuyisê
|29 || wide || rṓpa || róβe || rowɸal‘
|-
|-
| II sing. || ses || eseris || fuyers || fuyisis
|30 || thick || ī́rmɑ || îma || jirmal‘
|-
|-
| III sing. || set || eseri || fuyer || fuyisi
|31 || heavy || sugḗkī́to || sǒɣíðə || sužeciθul‘
|-
|-
| I plur. || sem || eserim || fuyerim || fuyisim
|32 || small || jā́ki || jáɣi || jæx‘il‘
|-
|-
| II plur. || sez || eseriz || fuyeriz || fuyisiz
|33 || short || kū́še || kúš || kušɛl‘
|-
|-
| III plur. || sêt || eserêt || fuyerêt || fuyisêt
|34 || narrow || gā́ro || gárə || gærul‘
|}
 
Other compound tenses and moods are formed according to the usual grammar rules.
 
===Other irregular verbs===
 
====I conjugation====
* '''dar''': do, das, da, dam, daz, dôt
* '''star''': sto, stas, sta, stam, staz, stôt
 
====II conjugation====
* '''aber''': ao, as, a, avyim, avyiz, ôt, ''perf.'': aviy, avyust...
* '''poser''': posô, podes, pode, W:posom/E:posome, podez, posôt, ''imperf.'': poderô, poders...; ''perf.'': podiy, podyust..; ''subj. pres.'': posê, poses, pose, posem, posez, posêt; ''subj. imperf.'': poserê, posers...
* '''tener''': tenye, tens, tê, tenyim, tenyiz, W: tenyêt/E: têt
* '''voler''': volye, vows, vut, volyim, volyiz, volyôt
 
====III conjugation====
* '''facer''': facye, W: facs/E: fac, W: fac/ E: fa, facim, faciz, facyôt
* '''noscer''': nosce, noscis, nos, noscim, nosciz, noscôt
 
====IV conjugation====
 
==Syntax==
Novelatine has retained a large part of the vast Latin syntax, while has created some new innovations, some of them shared with other Romance languages, while some other under the influence of the surrounding Italian language.
 
===Constituent order===
Novelatine is a typical SOV language. It retained the ancient Latin word order, in which the verb usually comes at the end of the sentence. As it still make a large of use of its case, the constituent order can be considered as '''free''', but the position of the various parts of the sentences is ruled by semantic, more than syntactic, rules.
 
* '''<span style="color:red">Marce</span>''' (''subject'') '''<span style="color:blue">Siwvyô</span>''' (''object'') '''<span style="color:green">vid</span>''' (''verb''): ''<span style="color:red">Marce</span> <span style="color:green">sees</span> <span style="color:blue">Siwvya</span>''
 
The position of the ''indirect object'' (marked with D) is not compulsorily fixed, like the other parts of the sentence, but it usually tends to respect these rules:
 
- it usually comes before the direct object (O):
 
* '''<span style="color:red">Marce</span>''' (S) '''<span style="color:orange">azô docêtê</span>''' (D) '''<span style="color:blue">sô libelô si</span>''' (O) '''<span style="color:green">dedyit</span>''': ''<span style="color:red">Marce</span> <span style="color:green">gave</span>'' ''<span style="color:orange">the teacher</span>'' ''<span style="color:blue">his own book</span>''
 
- if the indirect object is a pronoun, it moves immediately before the verb:
 
* '''<span style="color:red">Marce</span>''' (S) '''<span style="color:blue">sô libelô si</span>''' (O) '''<span style="color:orange">luy</span>''' (D) '''<span style="color:green">dedyit</span>''': ''<span style="color:red">Marce</span> <span style="color:green">gave</span>'' ''<span style="color:orange">him</span>'' ''<span style="color:blue">his own book</span>''
 
but if the object (or another part) of the sentence is followed by an identical dative possessive pronoun, it moves back before the object:
 
* '''<span style="color:red">Marce</span>''' (S) '''<span style="color:orange">luy</span>''' (D) '''<span style="color:blue">sô libelô luy</span>''' (O) '''<span style="color:green">dedyit</span>''': ''<span style="color:red">Marce</span> <span style="color:green">gave</span>'' ''<span style="color:orange">him</span>'' ''<span style="color:blue">his book</span>''
 
if the possessive pronoun is different the pronoun remains in the position before the verb:
 
* '''<span style="color:red">Marce</span>''' (S) '''<span style="color:blue">sô libelô luy</span>''' (O) '''<span style="color:orange">mi</span>''' (D) '''<span style="color:green">dedyit</span>''': ''<span style="color:red">Marce</span> <span style="color:green">gave</span>'' ''<span style="color:orange">me</span>'' ''<span style="color:blue">his book</span>''
 
If there is an imperative form, the verb usually comes first in the sentence:
* '''<span style="color:green">Di</span><span style="color:orange">mi</span>''' (V) (D) '''<span style="color:blue">sô veritadê</span>''' (O): ''<span style="color:green">Tell</span>'' ''<span style="color:orange">me</span>'' ''<span style="color:blue">the truth</span>''
 
====Negation and question====
An entire sentence is negated by inserting '''nô''' ('''non''' before a vowel), before the conjugated verb:
* '''Azô mar vasyerôt''': ''They went to the beach'' → '''Azô mar ''nô'' vasyerôt''': ''They didn't go to the beach''
* '''Eo ses parvowes ti êtêde''': ''I understand your words'' → '''Eo ses parvowes ti ''non'' êtêde''': ''I don't understand your words''
 
There is no particular way to express a question. Words do not change their order, nor a specific particle or auxiliary verb (like English ''do'') is added; only the pitch (usually rising towards the end of the question) can express the question, or the question mark ('''?''') in written text:
 
* '''Sô novô awtomobilê mi vyidyerôt?''': ''Did they see my new car?'' / '''Sô novô awtomobilê mi vyidyerôt''': ''They saw my new car''
 
===Nominal syntax===
Novelatine nouns do '''decline''', i.e. they change themselves (in this case they change their own endings), to show their syntactic role in the sentence.
 
If a noun has the role of the subject ('''''Marce''' ôvi pwelô am'', Mark loves that girl) it will show a definite ending, different from those used for other roles (''Avi pwela '''Marcô''' am'', That girl loves Mark; ''Eo sa pwela '''Marcyi''' sô'', I am the girl of Mark).
 
====Cases====
Novelatine has three cases: '''Nominative''', '''Genitive''' and '''Accusative'''
=====Nominative=====
The '''nominative case''' has the only but very important role of representing the sentence's '''''subject'''''. As it plays this primary role, it is the form we always find in dictionaries.
 
Contrary to English, the verb '''eser''' (''to be'') has no direct object, but its possible object is treated like an adjective to the subject, and it is declined in the nominative case:
 
* ''Eo '''se nove docês''' vob sô'': I am your new teacher
 
=====Accusative=====
The '''accusative case''' has the primary role of representing the sentence's '''''direct object'''''.
 
* '''''Sô novô docêtê''' nô vyidyist?'': Didn't you see the new teacher?
 
It is also used with various prepositions:
 
* '''circô''': ''around'' (indicating motion)
* '''côtre''': ''against''
* '''ê''': ''in, into'' (indicating motion)
* '''être/êfre''': ''among, between'' (indicating motion)
 
With the preposition '''ad''' it plays two roles:
* the ''indirect object''
* the preposition ''to, into'' (indicating motion)
 
* '''''Azô novô docêtê''' sô libelô mi dedyi'': I gave the new teacher my book/I gave my book to the new teacher.
 
=====Genitive=====
The '''genitive case''' has the primary role of representing '''''possession'''''.
 
* ''Se lewcyons '''sies novyi docêz''' facils sô'': The lessons of the new teacher are easy
 
It is also used with many prepositions:
 
* '''circô''': ''around'' (indicating state)
* '''cô''': ''with''
* '''ad''': ''in, into'' (indicating state)
* '''ê''': ''in, into'' (indicating state)
* '''être/êfre''': ''among, between'' (indicating state)
 
With the preposition '''de''' it plays two roles:
* the preposition ''from'' (indicating motion)
* the preposition ''by'' (agent of the sentence)
 
A particular use of the genitive case is the '''absolute genitive'''. The absolute genitive is a syntactic construct which consists of a noun or pronoun and either a past participle, a present participle, an adjective, or an appositive noun, all in the genitive.
 
The genitive absolute indicates the time, condition, or attending circumstances of an action being described in the main sentence. It takes the place of, and translates, many phrases that would require a subordinate clause in English. However, the noun in the genitive case cannot recur in the same sentence, hence the name absolute, which means ''not related'', ''not linked''.
 
This construction is built with both present and past particles of every verb, even if the past participle of some intransitive verbs cannot be used. The present particle is used when the action is contemporary to the main clause, while the past participle is used when the action is in the past of the main clause:
 
* '''''Sies sols oryêz'', adiyim''': ''We left, when the sun was rising''/''We left at sunrise''
 
* '''''Syor documêterô vyiserô'', avyim decret''': ''After we saw the documents/As we saw the documents/Having seen the documents, we made a decision''
 
=====Dative=====
The '''dative case''' has completely disappeared from the modern language, being replaced by the construction of the preposition '''ad''' + ''accusative case'', for its main role of representing the '''''indirect object''''':
 
* '''Ad madrê mi ses cwaves dedyi''': ''I gave the keys to my mother''
 
Nonetheless the personal pronouns still retain independent dative forms:
 
* '''La ses cwaves mi dedyit''': ''She gave me the keys''
 
In some remote villages of the Eastern valley the nouns, the adjectives and the article still retain their dative forms, but these forms are gradually desappearing:
 
* '''pwela''' → sing. ''pwele'', plur. ''pwels''
* '''vyice''' → sing. ''vyico'', plur. ''vyics''
* '''pader''' → sing. ''padryi'', plur. ''padribe''
* '''dome''' → sing. ''domwi'', plur. ''domwibe''
* '''se''' → sing. ''syi'', plur. ''syis''
* '''ivi''' → sing. masc. fem. neu. ''yivi'', plur. masc. fem. neu. ''yisvi''
* '''ste''' → sing. masc. fem. neu. ''styi'', plur. masc. fem. neu. ''styis''
* '''bone''' → sing. ''bono'', ''bone'', ''bono'', plur. masc. fem. neu. ''bons''
* '''fewi''' → sing. masc. fem. neu. ''fewicyi'', plur. masc. fem. neu. ''fewicibe''
 
====Gender====
Novelatine nouns can belong to three genders: '''Masculine''', '''Feminine''' and '''Neuter'''. Gender is a typical feature of Romance languages, which usually lost the neuter gender, except for Romanian which has a few neuter nouns, and some very scant traces in Italian. It is usually not a problem for speakers of German and of Slavic languages. Also Scandinavian languages still have gender. Some European languages with no gender are Finnish, Estonian, Hungarian and, obviously, English.
 
English has lost all signs of gender for its nouns and adjectives, but it still retains a small trace in the third singular person pronouns, ''he'' usually refers to male people, ''she'' refers to female people, and ''it'' to abstract or concrete things.
 
Novelatine nouns can belong to each gender: Usually nouns which refer to male people are masculine ('''pader''', '''vyiwter'''), while nouns which refer to female people are feminine ('''mader''', '''vyiwtri'''), as they belong to their "logical" gender.
 
On the contrary of English, nouns of things, action, ideas, and other non-living nouns can belong to each gender rather arbitrarily. There is no real logical motivation, which explain why '''acwa''', ''water'', is feminine, while '''foce''', ''fire'', is masculine and '''pomô''', ''apple'', is neuter.
 
Usually it is a matter of endings and declension patterns:
* Nouns ending in '''-a''', at the nominative case, are usually ''feminine'' (except for a small number of masculine nouns like ''poeta'' and ''artista'')
* Nouns ending in '''-e''', at the nominative case, are usually ''masculine'' in the second and in the forth conjugation, but can be ''feminine'' or ''neuter'' in the third.
* Nouns ending in '''-ô''' in the second declension, '''-ê''', and the few nouns in '''-o''', at the nominative case, are ''neuter'', while nouns ending in '''-ô''' in the third conjugation are predominantly ''feminine'', but they can also be ''masculine''.
* Nouns ending in other vowels or consonant, at the nominative case, can belong to any gender, and their gender should be learnt together with the word itself.
 
One use to be noted is that if we want to indicate a group of humans of mixed sex, we have to use the masculine plural forms:
 
* '''Ed syi viwters sôt..''': ''And the winners are...''
* '''Syi amicyi mi fesyi sôt''': ''My friends are tired''
 
These sentences could refer both to groups of only males or of mixed sex. Only the context could account for the right meaning.
 
The feminine plural forms can refer only to a group of only females:
 
* '''Se amice mi fese sôt''': ''My (female) friends are tired''
=====Gender agreement=====
The main feature of the gender is '''agreement''': it means that words, which are linked with a noun, like articles, adjectives, pronouns, and verbal forms like the participles, must agree with their noun. In Novelatine these words agree with their nouns in ''number'' and ''case'', as well as ''gender'':
 
* '''Unô bonô côsilyô''', ''a good advice'': the noun is neuter, and so we have to use the neuter forms of the article and of the adjective.
* '''Syi documêtyi lewtyi fuyerôt''', ''the documents were read'': the nouns is masculine plural, and so we have to use the masculine plural forms of the article and of the past participle.
 
The agreements works this way obviously also when the endings are not the same, or the nouns belongs to an apparently "wrong" gender:
 
* '''Se bone artist''a''''': ''the good artist''
* '''Syi poet''e'' bonyi sôt''': ''the poets are good''
 
===Verbal syntax===
Novelatine verbs do '''conjugate''', i.e. they change themselves (in this case they change their own endings), to show their agreement with their subject in number and gender, and according to the mood and tense of the action or status they represent.
 
====Infinitive====
The '''infinitive form''' is the basic form of every verb, the form enlisted in dictionaries. It covers most of the roles of English ''infinitive form'':
 
It is used with ''modal verbs'':
 
* '''Venyir nô posô''': ''I cannot come''
* '''Cwo facer volyivs?''': ''What did you want to do?''
 
It is used in the same way with ''verbs of motion'':
 
* '''Sô panê emer vade''': ''I'm going to buy some bread''
* '''Tecô studer venye''': ''I'm coming to study with you''
====Indicative====
=====Present=====
The '''present tense''' conveys an action which takes place in the moment during which the sentence is created. In this case it covers also the role of English ''present progressive'':
 
* '''Syi pweryi cô syor parêtyô lyis locwôt''': ''The boys talk with their parents''/''The boys are talking with their parents''
* '''Esede''': ''I am eating''/''I eat''
* '''Fese sô''': ''I am tired''
 
It also conveys actions which are always present, recurring or continuous:
 
* '''Sa Tera circô sô Solê movyiter''': ''The Earth moves around the Sun''
 
=====Imperfect=====
The '''imperfect tense''' conveys an action which takes place before the moment during which the sentence is created, i.e. in its past; this tense refers to actions during their implementation, or status during their development. In this case it covers also the role of English ''past progressive'':
 
* '''Syi pweryi cô syor parêtyô lyis locwivêt''': ''The boys were talking with their parents''
* '''Esedyivô''': ''I was eating''/''I ate''
* '''Fese erô''': ''I was tired''
 
=====Perfect=====
The '''perfect tense''' conveys an action which takes place before the moment during which the sentence is created, i.e. in its past; this tense simply refers to past actions without referement to their implementation, or development (instead, it implies that the action had an end). It covers the role of English ''simple past'':
 
* '''Syi pweryi cô syor parêtyô lyis locuyerôt''': ''The boys talked with their parents''
* '''Esedyi''': ''I ate''
* '''Fese fuyi''': ''I was tired''
 
=====Plusquamperfect=====
The '''plusquamperfect tense''' conveys an action which takes place before the moment during which the sentence is created, i.e. in its past; this tense simply refers to actions happened before another past action. It covers the role of English ''past perfect'':
 
* '''Syi pweryi cô syor parêtyô lyis locuyerêt''': ''The boys had talked with their parents''
* '''Esedyerô''': ''I had eaten''
* '''Fese fuyerô''': ''I had been tired''
 
=====Future=====
The '''future tense''' conveys an action which takes place after the moment during which the sentence is created, i.e. in its future. It covers the role of English ''future'' and ''future continous'':
 
* '''Syi pweryi cô syor parêtyô lyis ôt locwer''': ''The boys will be talking with their parents''
* '''Ao eseder''': ''I'm going to eat''
* '''Fese ao eser''': ''I will be tired''
 
====Subjunctive====
Primarily subjunctive mood is used in dependent clauses, as it is linked with most conjunctions. Nonetheless it can be found also in main clauses:
 
It is used, with present tense forms, as an '''exhortatory imperative''', mainly in the first and third persons (it should be noted that, since the imperative mood has only the 2nd person forms, this is the only way to give a direct, informal or unkind order to somebody for these persons:
 
* '''Vadyem!''': ''Let's go!''
* '''Stô paginô legêt!''': ''Let them read this page!''
 
It is also used, with '''all person''' (except, obviously, the first singular one), to give '''negative orders''' (negative imperative forms '''''do not exist!'''''):
 
* '''Nô me tawtis!''': ''Don't touch me!''
* '''Ad domô nô vadyez!''': ''Don't go home!'' (to many people)
* '''Stô paginô nô legêt!''': ''Don't let them read this page!''
 
===Subordinative syntax===
====Comud====
The conjunction '''comud''' opens a dependent clause, with the meaning of ''because'', ''since'', ''as''. It is built using all tenses of the '''subjunctive mood''':
 
* '''Comud lô nô yuvis, le a decret co..''', ''As you don't help him, he has decided that..''
* '''Comud lô nô nôcwô yuvarers, le decreyit co..''', ''As you never used to help him, he decided that..''
* '''Comud lô nô yuvayeris, le decreyit co..''', ''As you didn't help him, he decided that..''
* '''Comud lô nô yuvayisis, le decreyer co..''', ''As you hadn't helped him, he had decided that..''
* '''Comud lô non abyes yuvar, le a decret co..''', ''As you won't help him, he has decided that..''
 
====Perud====
The conjunction '''perud''' opens a dependent clause, with the meaning of ''in order to''. It is built using only three tenses of the '''subjunctive mood''':
 
With the ''imperfect'' tense, when speaking in the past:
 
* '''Lo fecyi, perud lô yuvarê''', ''I did it, in order to help him''
* '''Lo fecyerô, perud lô yuvarê''', ''I had done it, in order to help him''
* '''Lo ao fawt, perud lô yuvarê''', ''I've just done it, in order to help him''
 
With the ''present'' tense, when speaking in the present:
 
* '''Lo facye, perud lô yuvê''', ''I do it, in order to help him''
 
With the ''future'' tense, when speaking in the future:
 
* '''Lo ao facer, perud lon abyô yuvar''', ''I'll do it, in order to help him''
 
====Conditional sentences====
Conditional sentences are opened by the conjunction '''si''', with the meaning of ''if''. It is built, using many moods and tenses, depending on their meaning:
 
Conditional sentences are divided in three types: ''certain'', ''possible'' and ''impossible'':
 
'''Certain''' or '''implicative''' conditional sentences indicate that both facts are certain, or simply logical but sure deductions. These sentences are built using the '''indicative mood''' in the dependent clause and with the '''indicative''' or the '''imperative mood''' in the main clause:
 
* '''Si pluy, nô venye''', ''If it rains, I don't come'' (<small>''and I'm sure it will rain''</small>)
* '''Si lo noscis, dic mi lo!''', ''If you know, tell me about it!''
* '''Si sô portô nô clawsyist, syi ladrons ê domô êgredyir posôt''': ''If you didn't close the door, thiefs may come inside home''
* '''Si pluy/a pluyer, syi fôgi ôt nasceri''', ''if it rains, mushrooms will grow''
 
'''Possible''' or '''predictive''' conditional sentences indicate that a situation is dependent of an hypothetical but possible fact. These sentences are built using the '''subjunctive mood''' in the dependent clause and with the '''indicative''' or the '''conditional mood''' in the main clause:
 
The ''present subjunctive'' is used for present possible conditions, the ''future subjunctive'' is used for future possible conditions, and the ''perfect subjunctive'' is used for the (rare) past possible conditions.
 
In the main sentences ''indicative tenses'' (mainly present and future tense) are used, but if the condition is future also the ''conditional present'' can be used, expecially if the possibility is not great.
 
* '''Si abye pluyer, non ao venyir''', ''If it rains, I won't come'' (<small>''but I'm not sure if it will rain''</small>)
* '''Si abye pluyer, non avyi venyir''', ''If it rains, I won't come'' (<small>''I'm not sure if it will rain, but I think it will do''</small>)
 
'''Impossible''' or '''counterfactual''' conditional sentences indicate that a situation is dependent of an hypothetical but impossible, unlikely or certainly false fact. These sentences are built using the '''subjunctive mood''' in the dependent clause and with the '''conditional mood''' in the main clause:
 
The ''imperfect subjunctive'' is used for future impossible conditions, the ''plusquamperfect subjunctive'' is used for past impossible conditions.
 
In the main sentences both 'present conditional'' is used for future impossible conditions, the ''past conditional'' is used for past impossible conditions.
 
* '''Si pluyer, non avyi venyir''', ''If it rained, I wouldn't come'' (<small>''I think it is impossible that it will rain while I'm coming''</small>)
* '''Si pluyise, non avyerô venyir''', ''If it had rained, I wouldn't have come'' (<small>''I think of something, that could have happened while I was coming''</small>)
 
==Lexycon==
===A===
* '''Aber''', ''ao'', ''avyi'', ''avute'', verb, II, ''to have'' (<small>auxiliary</small>)
* '''Acwa''', ''-arô'', noun, f., ''water''
* '''Adicyô''', ''-yonô'', noun, f., ''departure''
* '''Advenyir''', ''advenye'', ''advinyi'', ''advête'', verb, IVr, ''to happen''
* '''Adyir''', ''adye'', ''adiyi'', ''adite'', verb, IV, ''to leave'', ''to depart''
* '''Ager''', ''agrerô'', noun, m., ''field''
* '''Agiw''', ''-ilyô'', adj., II, ''agile'', ''nimble''
* '''Alcwi''', ''alcwe'', ''alcwo'', pron., ''someone'', ''somebody'', ''something''
* '''Amar''', ''ame'', ''amay'', ''amate'', verb, I, ''to love''
* '''Amica''', ''-carô'', noun, f., ''friend'' (<small>only female</small>)
* '''Amice''', ''-cerô'', noun, m., ''friend'' (<small>only male or mixed</small>)
* '''Ane''', ''anerô'', noun, m., ''year''; '''cwôtyi anyi ti sôt?''', ''how old are you?''
* '''Animaw''', ''-alyô'', noun, n., ''animal''
* '''Aragnyowa''', ''-warô'', noun, f., ''spider''
* '''Awbe''', ''-a'', ''-ô'', adj., I, ''white''
* '''Awr''', ''-ryô'', noun, f., ''ear''
* '''Awter''', ''-tra'', ''-trô'', adj., I, ''other''
* '''Awtomobiw''', ''-ilyô'', noun, f., ''car''
* '''Aycwe''', ''-a'', ''-ô'', adj., I, ''equal''
* '''Aycwita''', ''-tadô'', noun, f., ''equality'', ''parity''
===B===
* '''Benedicer''', ''-dice'', ''-dicsyi'', ''-diwte'', verb, III, ''to bless''
* '''Benedicyô''', ''-yonô'', noun, f., ''blessing''
* '''Biver''', ''bive'', ''bivyi'', ''bivite'', verb, III, ''to drink''
* '''Bone''', ''-a'', ''-ô'', adj., I, ''good''
* '''Bôba''', ''-arô'', noun, f., ''bomb''
* '''Brachyô''', ''-yerô'', noun, n., ''arm''
* '''Brev''', ''-vyô'', adj., II, ''short'', ''brief''
===C===
* '''Can''', ''-nô'', noun, m., ''dog''
* '''Caner''', ''cane'', ''cecinyi'', ''côte'', verb, III, ''to sing''
* '''Capo''', ''-pitô'', noun, n., ''head'', ''mind''
* '''Capyir''', ''capye'', ''cepyi'', ''cawte'', verb, IVr, ''to take'', ''to catch''
* '''Casye''', ''-yerô'', noun, m., ''cheese''
* '''Cawtive''', ''-a, -ô'', adj., I, ''captive'', ''captured'', ''caught''; adject. noun., ''prisoner'', ''captive''
* '''Cayder''', ''cayde'', ''cecyidyi'', ''cayse'', verb, III, ''to cut''
* '''Caysyô''', ''-yonô'', noun, f., ''cut''
* '''Ceweber''', ''-bryô'', adj., II, ''famous'', ''noted''
* '''Ciwta''', ''-tadô'', noun, f., ''city''
* '''Cocwer''', ''cocwe'', ''cocsyi'', ''cowte'', verb, III, ''to cook''
* '''Cô''', prep., ''with'' + GEN.
* '''Côcyô''', ''-yonô'', noun, f., ''song''
* '''Côfin''', ''-nyô'', noun, m., ''border''
* '''Côsilyar''', ''-lye'', ''-lyay'', ''-lyate'', verb, I, ''to advise'', ''to give an advice'', ''to suggest''
* '''Côsilyô''', ''-yerô'', noun, n., 1. ''advice''; 2. ''council''
* '''Cras''', adv, ''tomorrow''
* '''Creder''', ''crede'', ''cridyi'', ''credute'', verb, III, ''to believe''
* '''Cru''', ''-ucô'', noun, f., ''cross''
* '''Curer''', ''cure'', ''cocuryi'', ''curse'', verb, III, ''to run''
* '''Cwav''', ''-vyô'', noun, f., ''key''
* '''Cwayrer''', ''cwayre'', ''cwaysyi'', ''cwaysyite'', verb, III, ''to ask'' (<small>to know something</small>), '''ad alchies''', ''to ask someone''
* '''Cwomod''', adv., ''how''
* '''Cwôd''', adv., ''when''
* '''Cwôte''', ''-a, -ô'', adj., I, ''how much, how many''
* '''Cyewô''', ''-werô'', noun, n., ''sky''
===D===
* '''Dar''', ''do'', ''dedyi'', ''date'', verb, Ir, ''to give''
* '''Debiter''', ''-erô'', noun, m., ''debtor'' (<small>only male or mixed</small>)
* '''Debitô''', ''-erô'', noun, n., ''debt''
* '''Debitri''', ''-ricô'' noun, f., ''debtor'' (<small>only female</small>)
* '''Decerner''', ''decerne'', ''decreyi'', ''decrete'', verb, III, ''to decide''
* '''Decrecyô''', ''-yonô'', noun, f., ''decision''
* '''Dês''', ''dêtyô'', noun, m., ''tooth''
* '''Dicer''', ''dice'', ''dicsyi'', ''diwte'', verb, III, ''to say'', ''to tell''
* '''Docer''', ''docye'', ''docyi'', ''dowte'', verb, II, ''to teach''
* '''Docês''', ''-êtyô'', noun, m/f., ''teacher''
* '''Documête''', ''-terô'', noun, m., ''document''
* '''Dome''', ''-mwô'', noun, f., ''house'', ''home''
* '''Du''', ''ducô'', noun, m., ''leader''
* '''Ducer''', ''duce'', ''ducsyi'', ''duwte'', verb, III, ''to lead'', ''to guide''
 
===E===
* '''Ecwesya''', ''-yarô'', noun, f., ''church''
* '''Ed''', part., ''and''
* '''Elewcyô''', ''-yonô'', noun, f., ''election'', ''choice''
* '''Ewiger''', ''ewige'', ''ewecsyi'', ''elewte'', verb, III, ''to elect'', ''to choose''
* '''Emer''', ''eme'', ''imyi'', ''êwte'', verb, III, ''to buy'', ''to purchase''
* '''Eseder''', ''esede'', ''esedyi'', ''eseste'', verb, III, ''to eat''
* '''Eser''', ''sô'', ''fuyi'', ''fute'', verb, -, ''to be''
===Ê===
* '''Ê''', ''in'' (<small>before a vowel</small>), part., ''in'' + GEN. (<small>state</small>)/ + ACC. (<small>motion</small>)
* '''Êcowa''', ''-warô'', noun, m., ''inhabitant''
* '''Êgredyir''', ''êgredye'', ''êgresyi'', ''êgrese'', verb, IVr, ''to enter''
* '''Êgrese''', ''-wô'', noun, m., ''entry''
* '''Êgwê''', ''-inô'', noun, n., ''groin''
* '''Êposibiw''', ''êposibilyô'', adj. II, ''impossible''
* '''Êsuwa''', ''-warô'', noun, f., ''island''
* '''Êtervenyir''', ''-venye'', ''-vinyi'', ''-vête'', verb, IVr, ''to intervene''
* '''Êtervêcyô''', ''-yô'', noun, f, ''intervention''
* '''Êtêder''', ''êtêde'', ''êtêsyi'', ''êtêse'', verb, III, ''to understand''
* '''Êvenyir''', ''êvenye'', ''êvinyi'', ''êvête'', verb, IVr, ''to find'', ''to discover''
* '''Êvêcyô''', ''-yonô'', noun, f., 1. ''discover'' 2. ''invention''
* '''Êwcyô''', ''-yonô'', noun, f., ''purchase''
===F===
* '''Facer''', ''facye'', ''fecyi'', ''fawte'', verb, III, ''to do'', ''to make''
* '''Faciw''', ''-ilyô'', adj., II, ''easy''
* '''Fese''', ''-a'', ''-ô'', adj., I, ''tired''
* '''Few''', ''felyô'', noun, f., ''cat''
* '''Fewi''', ''-cyô'', adj., II, ''happy''
* '''Fewicita''', ''-tadô'', noun, f., ''happyness''
* '''Fêger''', ''fêge'', ''fêsyi'', ''fiwte'', verb, III, ''to pretend'', ''to feign'', ''to fake''
* '''Finyir''', ''finye'', ''finiyi'', ''finyite'', verb, IV, ''to end'', ''to finish'', ''to cease''
* '''Foce''', ''-cerô'', noun, m., ''fire'', ''flame''
* '''Formose''', ''-a'', ''-ô'', adj., I, ''beautiful''
* '''Flumê''', ''-inô'', noun, n., ''river''
* '''Fruwte''', ''-terô'', noun, m., ''fruit''
* '''Fwe''', ''fworô'', noun, f., ''flower''
===G===
* '''Galice''', ''-cerô'', noun, n., ''French language''
* '''Galice''', ''-a'', ''-ô'', adj., I, ''French''; adject. noun, ''French'', '''syi galicyi''', ''French people''
* '''Galya''', ''-yarô'', noun, f., 1. ''France'', 2. ''Gallia'' (<small>ancient name, usually with '''vetra''', ''old''</small>)
* '''Geno''', ''-nwô'', noun, n., ''knee''
* '''Germane''', ''-nerô'', noun, n. ''German man'', '''syi germanyi''', ''German people''
* '''Germanice''', ''-cerô'', noun, m., ''German language''
* '''Germanice''', ''-a'', ''-ô'', adj., I, ''German'';
* '''Germanya''', ''-yarô'', noun, f., 1. ''Germany''
* '''Gês''', ''gêtyô'', noun, f., ''people'', ''folk'', ''population''
* '''Gracya''', ''-arô'', noun, f., ''grace''
* '''Grôd''', ''-dyô'', adj., II, ''great'', ''big''
* '''Gwera''', ''-arô'', noun, f., ''war''; '''ducer gwerô''', ''to go at war'' (côtre alcwê, ''against someone''); '''êdicer (sô) gwerô''', ''to declare war''
===H===
===I===
* '''Ida''', adv., ''so'', ''this way''
* '''Igider''', adv., ''therefore'', ''so''
* '''Isvi''', ''avi'', ''ivi'', adj., ''that''; pron., ''that one''
* '''Italya''', ''-arô'', noun, f., ''Italy''
* '''Italyane''', ''-nerô'', noun, m., ''Italian language''
* '''Italyane''', ''-a'', ''-ô'', adj., I, ''Italian''; adject. noun, ''Italian'', '''syi italyanyi''', ''Italian people''
===L===
* '''La''', ''lawtô'', noun, n., ''milk''
* '''Lader''', ''-erô'', noun, m., ''brick''
* '''Lawdar''', ''lawde'', ''lawday'', ''lawdate'', verb, I, 1. ''to praise''; 2. ''to boast''
* '''Leger''', ''lege'', ''legsyi'', ''lewte'', verb, III, ''to read''
* '''Lewcyô''', ''-yonô'', noun, f., ''lesson''
* '''Lêgwa''', ''-warô'', noun, m., 1. ''tongue''; 2. ''language''
* '''Libelô''', ''-lerô'', noun, n., ''book''
* '''Locwer''', ''locwe'', ''locuyi'', ''locute'', verb, III, ''to speak''
* '''Lude''', ''-derô'', noun, m., ''play'', ''toy''
* '''Luder''', ''lude'', ''lusyi'', ''luse'', verb, III, ''to play'' (<small>with a toy, football</small>)
* '''Lupe''', ''-perô'', noun, m., ''wolf''
* '''Luse''', ''-swô'', noun, m., ''game'', ''(act of) play''
* '''Lyiber''', ''-era'', ''-erô'', adj., I, ''free''
* '''Lyiberar''', ''-re'', ''-ray'', ''-rate'', verb, I, ''to set free''
* '''Lyiberta''', ''-tadô'', noun, f., ''freedom''
===M===
* '''Mader''', ''-drô'', noun, f., ''mother''
* '''Mawe''', ''-a'', ''-ô'', adj., I, ''bad'', ''evil''
* '''Mawedicer''', ''-dice'', ''-dicsyi'', ''-diwte'', verb, III, ''to curse''
* '''Mawedicyô''', ''-yonô'', noun, f., ''curse''
* '''Mawô''', ''-erô'', noun, n., ''evil''
* '''Mane''', ''-nwô'', noun, f., ''hand''
* '''Mar''', ''-ryô'', noun, n., 1. ''sea''; 2. ''seaside'', ''beach'', '''azies mars eser''', ''to be at seaside'', '''azô mar vader''', ''to go to the beach''
* '''Meridyô''', ''-yonô'', noun, m., ''south''
* '''Mesime''', ''-a'', ''-ô'', adj., I, ''same''
* '''Mês''', ''mêtyô'', noun, f., ''mind'', ''tought'', ''head''
* '''Mode''', ''-erô'', noun, m., ''manner'', ''mode'', ''way''
* '''Moner''', ''monye'', ''monyi'', ''monite'', verb, II, ''to warn'', ''to inform''
* '''Monicyô''', ''-yonô'', noun, f., ''warning''
* '''Mor''', ''mortô'', noun, f., ''death''
* '''Morder''', ''morde'', ''mordyi'', ''morse'', verb, III, ''to bite''
* '''Morse''', ''-swô'', noun, m., ''bite''
* '''Moryiri''', ''moryer'', ''mortwe fuyi'', verb, IV pas, ''to die''
* '''Mover''', ''movye'', ''movyi'', ''mote'', verb, II, ''to move'' (<small>transitive</small>); '''moveri''', ''to move'' (<small>intransitive</small>)
* '''Môde''', ''-erô'', noun, m., ''world''
* '''Môdyaw''', ''-alyô'', adj., II, ''worldwile'', ''global'', ''world''; '''sa Secunda Gwera Môdyaw''', ''World War II''
* '''Môgyar''', ''môgye'', ''môgyay'', ''môgyate'', verb, I, ''to dinner'', ''to have (a) dinner''
* '''Môgya''', ''-yarô'', noun, f., ''dinner''
* '''Mulyer''', ''-rô'', noun, f., ''woman''
* '''Mus''', ''muryô'', noun, f., ''mouse''
 
===N===
* '''Nav''', ''navyô'', noun, f., ''ship'', ''boat''
* '''Natura''', ''-arô'', noun, f., ''nature''
* '''Nemê''', ''nemins'', pron., ''nobody''
* '''Niger''', ''-gra'', ''-grô'', adj., I, ''black''
* '''Niw''', ''nulriy'', pron., ''nothing''
* '''No''', ''nowtô'', noun, f., ''night''
* '''Nomê''', ''-minô'', noun, n., ''noun'', ''name''
* '''Nove''', ''-a'', ''-ô'', adj., I, ''new''
* '''Nô''', part., ''not'', ''no''
* '''Nôc''', adv., ''now'', ''in this moment''
 
===O===
* '''Odôtoyatria''', noun, f., ''dentistry''
* '''Odôtoyatrice''', ''-a'', ''-ô'', adj., I,  ''relative to dentistry''
* '''Omcwi''', ''omcwe'', ''omcwo'', pron., ''everyone'', ''everybody'', ''everything''
* '''Omuvi''', adv., ''everywhere''
* '''Opyinyô''', ''-yonô'', noun, f., ''opinion'', ''viewpoint''
* '''Oracyô''', ''-yonô'', noun, f., ''pray''
* '''Ora''', ''-arô'', noun, f., ''hour''
* '''Orar''', ''ore'', ''oray'', ''orate'', verb, I, ''to pray''
* '''Os''', ''oryô'', noun, n., ''mouth''
* '''Osô''', ''oserô'', noun, n., ''bone''
===Ô===
* '''Ôde''', adv., ''from where'', '''ôde vens?''', ''where are you from?''
 
===P===
* '''Pader''', ''-drô'', noun, m., ''father''
* '''Parês''', ''-êtyô'', noun, m., ''parent''
* '''Parve''', ''-a, -ô'', adj., I, ''little, small''
* '''Parvowa''', ''-warô'', noun, f., ''word''
* '''Pase''', ''-swô'', noun, m., ''step''
* '''Pecar''', ''pece'', ''pecay'', ''pecate'', verb, I, ''to sin''
* '''Pecator''', ''-rô'', noun, m., ''sinner''
* '''Pe''', ''pedô'', noun, m., ''foot''
* '''Peder''', ''pede'', ''pedyi'', ''pedyite'', verb, III, ''to ask'' (<small>to get something</small>), '''ad alchies alcwo''', ''to ask someone for something''
* '''Percuter''', ''-cutye'', ''-cusyi'', ''-cuse'', verb, IIr, ''to hit'', ''to beat'', ''to strike''
* '''Perder''', ''perde'', ''pirdyi'', ''perdute'', verb, III, ''to lose''
* '''Pertawtar''', ''-tawte'', ''-tawtay'', ''-tawtate'', verb, I, ''to come to touch'', ''to physically reach''
* '''Pervenyir''', ''-venye'', ''-vinyi'', ''-vête'', verb, IVr, ''to arrive'', ''to come''
* '''Pervête''', ''-twô'', noun, m., ''arrival''
* '''Pew''', ''pelyô'', noun, f., ''skin'', ''leather''
* '''Pomô''', ''-merô'', noun, n., ''apple''
* '''Porce''', ''-cerô'', noun, m., ''pork'', ''pig'', ''swine''
* '''Poser''', ''posô'', ''podiy'', ''podute'', verb, II, ''to can'', ''to be able''
* '''Posibiw''', ''posibilyô'', adj. II, ''possible''
* '''Pôs''', ''pôtyô'', noun, m., ''bridge''
* '''Praysidês''', ''-dêtyô'', noun, m., ''president''
* '''Prayvenyir''', ''-venye'', ''-vinyi'', ''-vête'', verb, IVr, ''to avoid'', ''to prevene''
* '''Prayvêcyô''', ''-yonô'', noun, f., ''prevention''
* '''Prelyô''', ''-yerô'', noun, n., ''fight''
* '''Prosime''', ''-a'', ''-ô'', adj., I, ''near'', ''close'', + '''ad''' + ACC ; adject. noun, 1. ''one who is close to someone'', 2. ''neighbour'', '''syi prosimyi mi''', ''my neighbours''
* '''Pulcher''', ''-cra'', ''-crô'', adj., I, ''beautiful'', ''nice''
* '''Punya''', ''-arô'', noun, f., ''battle''
* '''Punyar''', ''punye'', ''punyay'', ''punyate'', verb, I, ''to fight''
* '''Pwela''', ''-lô'', noun, f., ''girl''
* '''Pwene''', ''-a'', ''-ô'', adj., I, ''full'' + GEN.
* '''Pwer''', ''-erô'', noun, m., ''boy''
===R===
* '''Re''', ''regô'', noun, m., ''king''
* '''Regnô''', ''-erô'', noun, n., ''kingdom''; '''so Regnô Unitô Grônz Britanye ed Irlande Sewtêtryonals''', ''the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland''
* '''Respewtar''', ''-wte'', ''-wtay'', ''-wtate'', verb, I, ''to respect''
* '''Respewte''', ''-twô'', noun, m., ''respect''
* '''Rosa''', ''-sarô'', noun, m., ''rose''
* '''Rôper''', ''rôpe'', ''rupyi'', ''ruwte'', verb, III, ''to break''
* '''Ruber''', ''-a'', ''-ô'', adj., I, ''red''
* '''Ruraw''', ''ruralyô'', adj. II, ''rural'', ''country''
* '''Rus''', ''ruryô'', noun, f., 1. ''hill'', 2. ''countryside''
* '''Ryider''', ''ryidye'', ''ryisyi'', ''ryise'', verb, IIr, ''to laugh'', ''to smile''
===S===
* '''Saw''', ''salyô'', noun, m., ''salt''
* '''Sawte''', ''-twô'', noun, m., ''jump''
* '''Sawtar''', ''sawte'', ''sawtay'', ''sawtate'', verb, I, ''to jump''
* '''Sawutacyô''', ''-yonô'', noun, f., ''greeting''
* '''Sawutar''', ''sawute'', ''sawutay'', ''sawutate'', verb, I, ''to greet''
* '''Se''', ''sa'', ''sô'', article, ''the''
* '''Sed''', part., ''but''
* '''Scryiber''', ''scryibe'', ''scryipsyi'', ''scryiwte'', verb, III, ''to write''
* '''Serpês''', ''-êtyô'', noun, m., ''snake''
* '''Sewtêtryô''', ''-yonô'', noun, m., ''north''
* '''Sêpre''', adv, ''always''
* '''Sice''', ''-a'', ''-ô'', adj., I, ''dry''
* '''Sigareta''', ''-tarô'', noun, f., ''cigarette''
* '''Siwva''', ''-varô'', noun, f., ''forest'', ''wood''
* '''Sortyir''', ''sortye'', ''sortiyi'', ''sortyite'', verb, IV, ''to exit'', ''to go out'', ''to come out''
* '''Sortyita''', ''-arô'', noun, f., ''exit'', '''sortyita emergêcye''', ''emergency exit''
* '''Sow''', ''solyô'', noun, m., ''sun'', ''the Sun''
* '''Sôgwê''', ''-winô'', noun, m., ''blood''
* '''Sôwte''', ''-a'', ''-ô'', adj., I, ''saint''
* '''Sôwtificar''', ''-fice'', ''-ficay'', ''-ficate'', verb, I, ''to hollow'', ''to sanctify''
* '''Spewtar''', ''spewte'', ''spewtay'', ''spewtate'', verb, I, ''to look at'', ''to watch''
* '''Spiyar''', ''spiye'', ''spiyay'', ''spiyate'', verb, I, ''to spy''
* '''Star''', ''sto'', ''stetyi'', ''state'', verb, Ir, ''to stay'', ''to stand'', ''to stand up'', ''to be''
* '''State''', ''staterô'', noun, m., ''state'' (<small>as a political entity</small>); '''syi Statyi Unyiti Americhe''', ''the United States of America''
* '''State''', ''statwô'', noun, m., 1. ''condition'', ''state'', 2. ''position'', ''place''
* '''Ste''', ''sta'', ''sto'', adj., ''this''; pron., ''this one''
* '''Studer''', ''studye'', ''studyi'', ''studite'', verb, II, ''to study''
* '''Subsecwês''', ''-êtyô'', adj., II, ''next''
 
===T===
* '''Tawtar''', ''tawte'', ''tawtay'', ''tawtate'', verb, I, ''to touch''
* '''Tawte''', ''-twô'', noun, m., ''touch''
* '''Têpe''', ''-perô'', noun, n., 1. ''time''; 2. ''tense''
* '''Tener''', ''tenye'', ''tinyi'', ''tête'', verb, II, ''to have'', ''to keep'', ''to own''
* '''Tera''', ''-rarô'', noun, f., 1. ''earth'', ''ground''; 2. ''Earth''
* '''Tode''', ''-a'', ''-ô'', adj., I, ''all''
* '''Tur''', ''-ryô'', noun, f., ''tower''
===U===
* '''Unyir''', ''unye'', ''uniyi'', ''unite'', verb, IV, ''to unite''
* '''Unyô''', ''unyonô'', noun, f., ''union''
* '''Utyir''', ''utye'', ''utiyi'', ''use'', verb, IV, ''to use'', ''to make use of'' + GEN.
* '''Uvi''', adv., ''where''
 
===V===
* '''Vader''', ''vade'', ''vasyi'', ''vase'', verb, III, ''to go''
* '''Vêcer''', ''vêce'', ''vyicyi'', ''vyiwte'', verb, III, ''to win'', ''to conquer''
* '''Venyir''', ''venye'', ''vinyi'', ''vête'', verb, IVr, ''to come''
* '''Verbô''', ''-berô'', noun, n., ''verb''
* '''Veter''', ''-tra'', ''-trô'', adj., I, ''old''
* '''Vidrô''', ''-erô'', noun, n., ''glass (substance)''
* '''Vider''', ''vidye'', ''vyidyi'', ''vyise'', verb, IIr, ''to see''
* '''Vyice''', ''-cerô'', noun, m., ''village''
* '''Vyinô''', ''-nerô'', noun, n., ''wine''
* '''Vyiver''', ''vyive'', ''vyicsyi'', ''vyiwte'', verb, III, ''to live''
* '''Vyiwter''', ''-erô'', noun, m., ''winner'' (<small>only male or mixed</small>)
* '''Vyiwtri''', ''-ricô'' noun, f., ''winner'' (<small>only female</small>)
* '''Vocar''', ''voce'', ''vocay'', ''vocate'', verb, I, ''to call''; '''cwomod vocers?''', ''What's your name?''
* '''Voler''', ''volye'', ''volyi'', ''volute'', verb, II, ''to want'', ''to desire''; '''volye ud''' + CONG., ''I want that...''
* '''Voluwta''', ''-adô'', noun, f., ''will''
===W===
===X===
===Y===
* '''Yacer''', ''yacye'', ''yacyi'', ''yacyute'', verb, II, ''to lie'', ''to lie along''
* '''Yawtar''', ''yawte'', ''yawtay'', ''yawtate'', verb, I, ''to throw'', ''to toss'', ''to cast''
* '''Yus''', ''yuryô'', noun, n., 1. ''right'', ''law'', 2. ''jurisprudence''
* '''Yuvacyô''', ''-yonô'', noun, f., ''help''
* '''Yuvar''', ''yuve'', ''yuvay'', ''yuvate'', verb, I, ''to help''
* '''Yuven''', ''-enyô'', adj., II, ''young''
* '''Yuventu''', ''-udô'', noun, f., ''youth''
===Z===
 
==Texts==
===Universal Declaration of Human Rights - Article 1===
Todyi omins lyiberyi ed aycwi per dyignitadê ed yurya nascôter. Lyi praydityi cô sies racyons ed sies côscyêcye sôt ed sa fradernita de unyi azon awtrô de lyis avêda e.
 
===Lord's prayer===
* Pader nob, cwi ê sies cyelyi es,
* sô nomê ti sôwtificeter
* sô regnô ti venye
* sa voluwta ti faceter
* ida ê sies cyelyi, ida ê se tere
* danob sô panê cotyidyanô nob
* ed ad nob dyimiti sa debita nob
* ida nos ad debiteres nob dyimitim
* ed nos ê têtacyonê non êduces
* sed lyiberanos de sies malyi.
* amê.
 
===Hail Mary===
* Ave Maria, gracye pwena,
* se Domine tecô e
* benediwta êter mulyerô es
* ed benediwte se fruwte sies vêtris ti e, Jesus
* Sôwta Maria, mader Dyi
* ora per nob, pecatorô
* nôc ed ê sies ore sies morz nob
* amê
 
===Babel text===
* Er ê tode sies Tere una sowa lêgwa ed se mesime parvowe
* Domud de sied oryêz provenyirêt, unô pwanô ê sies tere Senaar êvinyerôt ed ic êcowayerôt
* ed omcwi azô prosimô si dicsyit: "Venyid, facyem laderes ed cocwem les cô sies focyi ed utyem syor laderô pro syar pedrarô ed sies bitumins pro sies cemêtyi"
* ed dicsyerôt: "Venyid, facyem nob unô ciwtadê ed unô turê sô chies cuwmê sô cyelô pertawti ed cewebrim sô nomê nob, andecud ê todô sô terô abyem dyivideri"
* ed se Domine descendyit perud vider sô ciwtadê ed sô turê, cwô syi filyi Adamyi aydificavêt.
* Ed se Domine dicsyit "Ecô, lyi une sowe vuwge sôt ed une sowe lêgwe utyôt, ida lo facere êcipyerôt ed de syor proyewterô si non ôt desister, donecud son operô si abyôt finyir"
* "venyid, igider, descendem ed côfôdem sô lêgwô lyis, perud sô você sies prosimyi si non abyôt êtêder".
* Ida se Domine de iesvi locyi ê todô sô terô les dyivisyit, ed lyi sô ciwtadê aydificar desistyerôt
* et sa ciwta Babel vocata fuyit, comud ic se Domine sô lêgwô tode sies tere côfusyer ed êdic se Domine ê todô sô terô les dyivisyit.
 
==States of the world==
 
===States of Europe===
{|border="1" cellpadding="4" cellspacing="0" style="margin: 0.5em 1em 0.5em 0; background: #f9f9f9; border: 1px #aaa solid; border-collapse: collapse;"
! ''English'' !! Novelatine !! Adjective !! Inhabitant
|-
|-
| ''Albania'' || Awbania ||colspan=2| awbanês
|35 || thin || lase || las || lasɛl‘
|-
|-
| ''Andorra'' || Andora ||colspan=2| andorane
|36 || woman || ʔṓna || ône || ownal‘
|-
|-
| ''Armenia'' || Armenya ||colspan=2| armene
|37 || man (<small>adult male</small>) || wī́ro || îrə || vjirul‘
|-
|-
| ''Austria'' || Awstrya ||colspan=2| awstriace
|38 || man (<small>human being</small>) || phū́ka || çúɣe || fuxal‘
|-
|-
| ''Azerbaijan'' || Azerbaygyan ||colspan=2| azere
|39 || child || tsetse || ses || cɛcɛl‘
|-
|-
| ''Belarus'' || Rusya Awba ||colspan=2| awboruse
|40 || wife || šḗʔipekī́ti || šîβəɣíði ||  
|-
| ''Belgium'' || Bewgyô || bewgice || bewge
|-
|-
| ''Bosnia and Herzegovina'' || Bosnya ed Erzegovina ||colspan=2| bosniace
|41 || husband || šḗʔipekī́ti || šîβəɣíði ||  
|-
|-
| ''Bulgaria'' || Buwgaria ||colspan=2| buwgare
|42 || mother || mamu || mamu || mamul‘
|-
|-
| ''Croatia'' || Croacya ||colspan=2| croate
|43 || father || papu || paβu || paɸul‘
|-
|-
| ''Cyprus'' || Cipre ||colspan=2| ciprice
|44 || animal || ʔɑñī́ti || áníði || ɛñiθ‘il‘
|-
| ''Czech Republic'' || Cechya<br>Respublica Ceca ||colspan=2| ceche
|-
|-
| ''Denmark'' || Danya ||colspan=2| danês
|45 || fish || pikasī́ti || îçrí || çæθ‘il‘
|-
|-
| ''Estonia'' || Estonya ||colspan=2| estonês
|46 || bird || hā́pi || âβi || hæɸ‘il‘
|-
|-
| ''Finland'' || Finya ||colspan=2| finice
|47 || dog || sopa || soβe || soɸal‘
|-
|-
| ''France'' || Galya ||colspan=2| galice
|48 || louse || lḗkho || léxə ||  
|-
|-
| ''Georgia'' || Georgya ||colspan=2| georgyane
|49 || snake || šī́keti || šíɣəði || šjičɛθ‘il‘
|-
|-
| ''Germany'' || Germanya || germanice || germane
|50 || worm || kū́re || kúr || kurɛl‘
|-
|-
| ''Greece'' || Graycya ||colspan=2| grayce
|51 || tree || ā́kri || çâjî || æsr‘il‘
|-
|-
| ''Hungary'' || Ungarya || ungarês || ungare
|52 || forest || ā́ktse || âs || ækšɛl‘
|-
|-
| ''Iceland'' || Islandya ||colspan=2| islandês
|53 || stick || ṑrsɑ || ǒsa || owrsal‘
|-
|-
| ''Ireland'' || Ibernya ||colspan=2| ibernês
|54 || fruit || sasī́gaka || sasíɣaɣe || sašigaxal‘
|-
|-
| ''Italy'' || Italya ||colspan=2| italyane
|55 || seed || mɑwā́ || mǎ || mæbæl‘
|-
|-
| ''Kazakhstan'' || Kazakistania ||colspan=2| kazake
|56 || leaf || wḗɣa || êhe || vehal‘
|-
|-
| ''Latvia'' || Letonya ||colspan=2| letonês
|57 || root || gā́ge || gâ || gæžɛl‘
|-
|-
| ''Liechtenstein'' || Liechtenstein ||colspan=2| liechtensteinês
|58 || bark (<small>of a tree</small>) || tsṓkhɑsi || sóxasi || cowhæs‘il‘
|-
|-
| ''Lithuania'' || Litwanya ||colspan=2| litwane
|59 || flower || wošā́ || óčé || vošæl‘
|-
|-
| ''Luxembourg'' || Luxemburg || colspan=2| luxemburghês
|60 || grass || lṓka || lóɣe || lowxal‘
|-
|-
| ''Republic of Macedonia'' || Respublica Macedonya ||colspan=2| macedon
|61 || rope || gḗtsopukha ||  || žecoɸuhal‘
|-
|-
| ''Malta'' || Mawta ||colspan=2| maltês
|62 || skin || puthɑ || puða || pul‘
|-
| ''Moldova'' || Moldova ||colspan=2| moldovês
|-
| ''Monaco'' || Monace ||colspan=2| monachês
|-
| ''Montenegro'' || Môs Niger ||colspan=2| nigromôtês
|-
| ''Netherlands'' || Nederlandya || nederlandês || olôdês
|-
| ''Norway'' || Norvegya ||colspan=2| norvegês
|-
|-
| ''Poland'' || Polonya ||colspan=2| polace
|63 || meat || hū́tsa || ûse || hucal‘
|-
|-
| ''Portugal'' || Portugaw ||colspan=2| lusitane
|64 || blood || hī́ta || îðe ||  
|-
|-
| ''Romania'' || Romania ||colspan=2| romene
|65 || bone || hɑro || árə || hærul‘
|-
|-
| ''Russia'' || Rusya<br>Federacyô Rusa ||colspan=2| ruse
|66 || fat (<small>noun</small>) || kī́lo || kî || kjilul‘
|-
|-
| ''San Marino'' || Sôwte Marine ||colspan=2| sôwtomarinês
|67 || egg || thā́tso || hásə || æcul‘
|-
|-
| ''Serbia'' || Serbya ||colspan=2| serbe
|68 || horn || kɑmū́ || kamú || kæmul‘
|-
|-
| ''Slovakia'' || Swovachya ||colspan=2| swovace
|69 || tail || thiwṓ || hǐ || jibowl‘
|-
|-
| ''Slovenia'' || Swovenya || swovenice || swovene
|70 || feather || phɑthā́ || çaðé || fɛl‘
|-
|-
| ''Spain'' || Ispanya || ispanice || ispane
|71 || hair || tṓmi || tómi || towm‘il‘
|-
|-
| ''Sweden'' || Svecya ||colspan=2| svedês
|72 || head || ʔḗma || pát || parcɛl‘
|-
|-
| ''Switzerland'' || Ewvecya || ewvetice || ewvete
|73 || ear || khṓwi || hê || howb‘il‘
|-
|-
| ''Turkey'' || Turchia ||colspan=2| turce
|74 || eye || rako || raɣə || raxul‘
|-
|-
| ''Ukraine'' || Ucrayna ||colspan=2| ucraynês
|75 || nose || tā́pi || táβi || tæɸ‘il‘
|-
|-
| ''United Kingdom'' || Regnô Unyitô ||colspan=2| ôglice
|76 || mouth || tsegɑ || seɣa || cɛgal‘
|-
|-
| ''Vatican City'' || Vaticano ||colspan=2| vaticanês
|77 || tooth || ñame || nam || ñamɛl‘
|}
 
===Other State Names===
: '''Other names''' (other continents, common institions, former countries and unrecognized countries):
 
{|border="1" cellpadding="4" cellspacing="0" style="margin: 0.5em 1em 0.5em 0; background: #f9f9f9; border: 1px #aaa solid; border-collapse: collapse;"
! ''English'' !! Novelatine !! Adjective !! Inhabitant
|-
|-
| colspan="4" | '''Common institutions'''
|78 || tongue (<small>organ</small>) || kholā́ || hǒ || holæl‘
|-
|-
| ''European Union'' || Unyô Ewropayca ||colspan=2| ewropayce
|79 || fingernail || kā́je || kâɣi || kæjɛx‘il‘
|-
|-
| colspan="4" | '''Former countries'''
|80 || foot || thī́ka || híɣe || jixal‘
|-
|-
| ''Czechoslovachia'' || Cecoswovachya ||colspan=2| cecoswovace
|81 || leg || phū́tse || çús || fucɛl‘
|-
|-
| ''Federal Republic of Germany''<br>''West Germany'' || Respublica Federaw Germanica (RFG)<br>Germanya Ocidêtaw ||colspan=2| ocidêtawgermanice
|82 || knee || gopḗ || goβé || goɸil‘
|-
|-
| ''German Democratic Republic''<br>''East Germany'' || Respublica Democratica Germanica (RDG)<br>Germanya Oryêtaw ||colspan=2| oryêtawgermanice
|83 || hand || lilā́ || lě || lilæl‘
|-
|-
| ''Jugoslavia'' || Yugoswavya ||colspan=2| yugoswave
|84 || wing || phɑtowukha || çaðûxe || fowbuhal‘
|-
|-
| ''Soviet Union''<br>''Union of Socialist Sovietic Republics'' || Unyô Sovyetica<br>Unyô syar Socyalisticarô Sovyeticarô Respublicarô ||colspan=2| sovyetice
|85 || belly || ʔetke || ěk || ɛčɛl‘
|-
|-
| colspan="4" | '''Unrecognized countries'''
|86 || guts || ʔū́mi || ûmi || um‘il‘
|-
|-
| ''Abkhazia'' || Abcasya ||colspan=2| abcase
|87 || neck || wiʔḗma || ǐme || vjemal‘
|-  
|-  
| ''Kosovo'' || Kosovya ||colspan=2| kosovice
|88 || back || šomi || šomi || šom‘il‘
|-
| ''Southern Ossetia'' || Osecya Meridyonaw ||colspan=2| meridionalosetice
|-
| ''Turkish Republic<br>of Northern Cyprus'' || Respublica Turca<br>Cipryi Sewtêtryonals ||colspan=2|sewtêtryonawciprice
|-
| colspan="4" | '''Countries in other continents'''
|-
| ''United State of America'' || Statyi Unyiti Americhe ||colspan=2| americane<br>statounyitês
|-
| ''China''<br>''People's Republic of China'' || Syina<br>Respublica Vuwgar Syinês ||colspan=2| syinês
|-
| ''Japan'' || Yaponya ||colspan=2| yaponês
|-
| ''India'' || Êdya ||colspan=2| êdyane
|}
 
==Sound changes from Latin==
These are the main sound changes that affected the Late Latin spoken in this area, which later became Novelatine. These sound change laws are usually respected, but sometimes there are other results, mainly because of '''analogy''' (for example the uniform masculine/feminine accusative plural ending '''-es''', the actual derived endings should have been very different in each declension, but it spread in every noun class).
 
Legend: C, any consonant; N, a nasal consonat (n, m); V, any vowel; the sign [:], a long vowel or consonant.
 
* i: → yi {{IPA|[ji]}} (lupī → lupyi)
* ct → wt
* pt → wt
* VlV → VwV but → VlV if another w is present. (incola → êcowa - voluptas → voluwta)
* ClV → CwV but → ClV if V = u (clavis → cwav - flumen → flumê)
* C: → C (terra → tera)
* tiV → cyV {{IPA|[ʧj]}} (liberatio → lyiberacyô)
* CiV → CyV {{IPA|[j]}}, but not if [i] is stressed.
* eNC, iNC → ê {{IPA|[e◌̃]}}
* aNC, oNC, uNC → ô {{IPA|[o◌̃]}}
* eN_#, iN_# → ê {{IPA|[e◌̃]}}
* aN_#, oN_#, uN_# → ô {{IPA|[o◌̃]}}
* ae_# → e
* ae (stressed or in a syllable before the stressed one) → ay
* us_# → e
 
==Swadesh list==
{| border=1
|i=No|  №
!c=en|  [[English]]
!c=01|  Novelatine
!c=02|  Latin
!c=03|  Italian
|-
|i=No| 1
|c=en| I
|c=01| eo
|c=02| ego
|c=03| io
|-
|i=No| 2
|c=en| thou<br><small>(singular)</small>
|c=01| tu
|c=02| tu
|c=03| tu
|-
|i=No| 3
|c=en| he<br>she<br>it
|c=01| le<br>la<br>lo
|c=02|
|c=03| egli<br>ella<br>esso
|-
|i=No| 4
|c=en| we
|c=01| nos
|c=02| nos
|c=03| noi
|-
|i=No| 5
|c=en| you<br><small>(plural)</small>
|c=01| vos
|c=02| vos
|c=03| voi
|-
|i=No| 6
|c=en| they
|c=01| lyi (m.)<br>le (f.)<br>la (n.)
|c=02|
|c=03| essi<br>esse
|-
|i=No| 7
|c=en| this
|c=01| ste
|c=02| iste
|c=03| questo
|-
|i=No| 8
|c=en| that
|c=01| isvi
|c=02| is
|c=03| quello
|-
|i=No| 9
|c=en| here
|c=01| qui
|-
|i=No| 10
|c=en| there
|c=01| ila
|-
|i=No| 11
|c=en| who
|c=01| cwi
|c=02| quis
|c=03| chi
|-
|i=No| 12
|c=en| what
|c=01| cwo
|c=02| quod
|c=03| cosa
|-
|i=No| 13
|c=en| where
|c=01| uvi
|c=02| ubi
|c=03| dove
|-
|i=No| 14
|c=en| when
|c=01| quhante
|-
|i=No| 15
|c=en| how
|c=01| cwôte
|c=02| quantus
|c=03| quanto
|-
|i=No| 16
|c=en| not
|c=01| nô (non)
|c=02| non
|c=03| non
|-
|i=No| 17
|c=en| all
|c=01| totte
|-
|i=No| 18
|c=en| many
|c=01| muolte
|-
|i=No| 19
|c=en| some
|c=01| ni (m.)<br>ne (f., n.)
|-
|i=No| 20
|c=en| few
|c=01| ni (m.)<br>ne (f., n.)
|-
|i=No| 21
|c=en| other
|c=01| altro
|-
|i=No| 22
|c=en| one
|c=01| une
|c=02| unus
|c=03| uno
|-
|i=No| 23
|c=en| two
|c=01| due
|c=02| duos
|c=02| due
|-
|i=No| 24
|c=en| three
|c=01| tre/ter
|c=02| tres
|c=03| tre
|-
|i=No| 25
|c=en| four
|c=01| quatre/quatre
|c=02| quattuor
|c=03| quattro
|-
|i=No| 26
|c=en| five
|c=01| cwêc
|c=02| quinque
|c=02| cinque
|-
|i=No| 27
|c=en| big
|c=01| grôd
|c=02| grandis
|c=02| grande
|-
|i=No| 28
|c=en| large
|c=01| grosso
|-
|i=No| 29
|c=en| wide
|c=01| hampo
|-
|i=No| 30
|c=en| thick
|c=01| folto
|-
|i=No| 31
|c=en| heavy
|c=01| pesante
|-
|i=No| 32
|c=en| small
|c=01| parve
|c=02| parvus
|c=03| piccolo
|-
|i=No| 33
|c=en| short
|c=01| córtho
|-
|i=No| 34
|c=en| narrow
|c=01| angusto
|-
|i=No| 35
|c=en| thin
|c=01| axutto
|-
|i=No| 36
|c=en| woman
|c=01| mulyer
|c=02| mulier
|c=03| donna
|-
|i=No| 37
|c=en| man<br> <small> (male)</small>
|c=01| huomo (m.)
|-
|i=No| 38
|c=en| person
|c=01| persona (f.)
|-
|i=No| 39
|c=en| child<br> <small> (a youth)</small>
|c=01| bambinno (m.)<br>bambinna (f.)
|-
|i=No| 40
|c=en| wife
|c=01| maritta (f.)
|-
|i=No| 41
|c=en| husband
|c=01| maritto (m.)
|-
|i=No| 42
|c=en| mother
|c=01| mader
|c=02| mater
|c=03| madre
|-
|i=No| 43
|c=en| father
|c=01| pader
|c=02| pater
|c=03| padre
|-
|i=No| 44
|c=en| animal
|c=01| animaw
|c=02| animal
|c=03| animale
|-
|i=No| 45
|c=en| fish
|c=01| pexa (f.)
|-
|i=No| 46
|c=en| bird
|c=01| uccello (m.)
|-
|i=No| 47
|c=en| dog
|c=01| can
|c=02| canis
|c=03| cane
|-
|i=No| 48
|c=en| louse
|c=01| piattolla (f.)
|-
|i=No| 49
|c=en| snake
|c=01| serpês
|c=02| serpens
|c=03| serpente
|-
|i=No| 50
|c=en| worm
|c=01| verme (n.)
|-
|i=No| 51
|c=en| tree
|c=01| arber
|c=02| arbor
|c=03| albero
|-
|i=No| 52
|c=en| forest
|c=01| siwva
|c=02| silva
|c=03| foresta
|-
|i=No| 53
|c=en| stick<br> <small> (of wood)</small>
|c=01| bastonne (n.)
|-
|i=No| 54
|c=en| fruit
|c=01| fruwte
|c=02| fructus
|c=03| frutto
|-
|i=No| 55
|c=en| seed
|c=01| semê
|c=02| semen
|c=03| seme
|-
|i=No| 56
|c=en| leaf
|c=01| follia (f.)
|-
|i=No| 57
|c=en| root
|c=01| radicciu (n.)
|-
|i=No| 58
|c=en| bark<br> <small> (of tree)</small>
|c=01| corteccia (f.)
|-
|i=No| 59
|c=en| flower
|c=01| fwe
|c=02| flos
|c=03| fiore
|-
|i=No| 60
|c=en| grass
|c=01| herba (f.)
|-
|i=No| 61
|c=en| rope
|c=01| cortta (f.)
|-
|i=No| 62
|c=en| skin<br> <small> (of a person)</small>
|c=01| pew
|c=02| pellis
|c=03| pelle
|-
|i=No| 63
|c=en| meat<br> <small> (as in flesh)</small>
|c=01| carnu (n.)
|-
|i=No| 64
|c=en| blood
|c=01| sôgwê
|c=02| sanguen
|c=03| sangue
|-
|i=No| 65
|c=en| bone
|c=01| osô
|c=02| os
|c=03| osso
|-
|i=No| 66
|c=en| fat<br> <small> (noun)</small>
|c=01| attipe (n.)
|-
|i=No| 67
|c=en| egg
|c=01| ovô
|c=02| ovum
|c=03| uovo
|-
|i=No| 68
|c=en| horn
|c=01| corno
|c=02| cornu
|c=03| corno
|-
|i=No| 69
|c=en| tail
|c=01| settre (m.)
|-
|i=No| 70
|c=en| feather<br> <small> (rather not down)</small>
|c=01| pluma (f.)
|-
|i=No| 71
|c=en| hair
|c=01| xappellu (n.)
|-
|i=No| 72
|c=en| head
|c=01| xappu (n.)
|-
|i=No| 73
|c=en| ear
|c=01| awr
|c=02| auris
|c=03| orecchio
|-
|i=No| 74
|c=en| eye
|c=01| occhio (m.)
|-
|i=No| 75
|c=en| nose
|c=01| nase
|c=02| nasus
|c=03| naso
|-
|i=No| 76
|c=en| mouth
|c=01| os
|c=02| os
|c=03| bocca
|-
|i=No| 77
|c=en| tooth<br> <small> (rather not molar)
|c=01| dês
|c=02| dens
|c=03| dente
|-
|i=No| 78
|c=en| tongue
|c=01| lêgwa
|c=02| lingua
|c=03| lingua
|-
|i=No| 79
|c=en| fingernail
|c=01| uonghia (f.)
|-
|i=No| 80
|c=en| foot
|c=01| piette (n.)
|-
|i=No| 81
|c=en| leg
|c=01| zampa (f.)
|-
|i=No| 82
|c=en| knee
|c=01| geno
|c=02| genu
|c=03| ginocchio
|-
|i=No| 83
|c=en| hand
|c=01| mane
|c=02| manus
|c=03| mano
|-
|i=No| 84
|c=en| wing
|c=01| alla (f.)
|-
|i=No| 85
|c=en| belly
|c=01| vêter
|c=02| ventris
|c=03| ventre<br>pancia
|-
|i=No| 86
|c=en| guts<br><small>(as in courage)</small>
|c=01| coraggio (m.)
|-
|i=No| 87
|c=en| neck
|c=01| quollo (m.)
|-
|i=No| 88
|c=en| back
|c=01| diettro (m.)
|-
|-
|i=No| 89
|89 || breast || sḗno || sénə || senol‘
|c=en| breast
|c=01| mammelle (f.)
|-
|-
|i=No| 90
|90 || heart || pī́ka || píɣe || umal‘
|c=en| heart
|c=01| cor
|c=02| cor
|c=03| cuore
|-
|-
|i=No| 91
|91 || liver || gṓše || góš || gowšɛl‘
|c=en| liver
|c=01| fegadô
|c=02| hepar
|c=03| fegato
|-
|-
|i=No| 92
|92 || to drink || tumawɑme || tumàm || tumabæm‘
|c=en| to drink
|c=01| biver
|c=02| bibere
|c=03| bere
|-
|-
|i=No| 93
|93 || to eat || hḗmonɑme || êmonam || hemonæm‘
|c=en| to eat
|c=01| eseder
|c=02| edere
|c=03| mangiare
|-
|-
|i=No| 94
|94 || to bite || ñamī́kɑme || namíɣam || ñamjixæm‘
|c=en| to bite
|c=01| morder
|c=02| mordere
|c=03| mordere
|-
|-
|i=No| 95
|95 || to suck || sū́korɑme || súɣoram || suxoræm‘
|c=en| to suck
|c=01| suger
|c=02| sugere
|c=03| succhiare
|-
|-
|i=No| 96
|96 || to spit || hɑpū́ʔɑme || áβûm || hæɸæm‘
|c=en| to spit
|c=01| sputar
|c=02| spuere
|c=03| sputare
|-
|-
|i=No| 97
|97 || to vomit || saɣokɑme || sahoɣam || sahoxæm‘
|c=en| to vomit
|c=01| vomer
|c=02| vomere
|c=03| vomitare
|-
|-
|i=No| 98
|98 || to blow || šṓmarɑme || šómaram || šowmaræm‘
|c=en| to blow<br> <small> (as wind)</small>
|c=01| ventha
|-
|-
|i=No| 99
|99 || to breathe || jḗtikɑme || jéðiɣam || jeθixæm‘
|c=en| to breathe
|c=01| respyirar
|c=02| respirare
|c=03| respirare
|-
|-
|i=No| 100
|100 || to laugh || mā́tokɑme || máðoɣam || mæθoxæm‘
|c=en| to laugh
|c=01| ryider
|c=02| ridere
|c=03| ridere
|-
|-
|i=No| 101
|101 || to see || lī́lopɑme || lîβam || ʎiloɸæm‘
|c=en| to see
|c=01| vider
|c=02| videre
|c=03| vedere
|-
|-
|i=No| 102
|102 || to hear || khṓwerɑme || hôram || howbɛræm‘
|c=en| to hear
|c=01| sentendrhi
|-
|-
|i=No| 103
|103 || to know || thā́gɑme || háɣam || ægæm‘
|c=en| to know<br> <small> (a fact)</small>
|c=01| saphe
|-
|-
|i=No| 104
|104 || to think || mḗnosɑme || ménosam || menosæm‘
|c=en| to think
|c=01| pensha
|-
|-
|i=No| 105
|105 || to smell || tsī́pokekɑme || síβoɣəɣam || cjiɸosɛxæm‘
|c=en| to smell<br> <small> (sense odor)</small>
|c=01| uodhe
|-
|-
|i=No| 106
|106 || to fear || kɑthū́sɑme || kaðúsam || kusæm‘
|c=en| to fear
|c=01| temhe
|-
|-
|i=No| 107
|107 || to sleep || kḗwonɑme || kônam || čebonæm‘
|c=en| to sleep
|c=01| dormhi
|-
|-
|i=No| 108
|108 || to live || wopḗsɑme || óβésam || voɸesæm‘
|c=en| to live
|c=01| vivhi
|-
|-
|i=No| 109
|109 || to die || ʔulikɑme || óɣam || ulixæm‘
|c=en| to die
|c=01| moryiri
|c=02| moriri
|c=03| morire
|-
|-
|i=No| 110
|110 || to kill || ʔulikokɑme || óɣoɣam || ulixoxæm‘
|c=en| to kill
|c=01| uoccidhi
|-
|-
|i=No| 111
|111 || to fight || hū́ɣomɑme || ûhomam || huhomæm‘
|c=en| to fight
|c=01| punyar
|c=02| pugnare
|c=03| combattere
|-
|-
|i=No| 112
|112 || to hunt || ʔṓtegɑme || ôðəɣam || owθɛgæm‘
|c=en| to hunt<br> <small> (transitive)</small>
|c=01| cazzha
|-
|-
|i=No| 113
|113 || to hit || phiwū́kɑme || çǒɣam || fibuxæm‘
|c=en| to hit
|c=01| quolphi
|-
|-
|i=No| 114
|114 || to cut || nḗɣowɑme || néhòm || nehobæm‘
|c=en| to cut
|c=01| quortha
|-
|-
|i=No| 115
|115 || to split || tī́nisɑme || tínisam || tjinisæm‘
|c=en| to split
|c=01| dyivider
|c=02| dividere
|c=03| dividere
|-
|-
|i=No| 116
|116 || to stab || nḗɣowṓrɑme || néhǒram || nehobowræm‘
|c=en| to stab<br> <small> (or stick)</small>
|c=01| accoltellha
|-
|-
|i=No| 117
|117 || to scratch || kā́jesɑme || kâsam || kæjɛsæm‘
|c=en| to scratch<br> <small> (an itch)</small>
|c=01| graffha
|-
|-
|i=No| 118
|118 || to dig || ñɑthḗsɑme || naðésam || ñæsæm‘
|c=en| to dig
|c=01| xavha
|-
|-
|i=No| 119
|119 || to swim || pikasɑme || piɣasam || pixasæm‘
|c=en| to swim
|c=01| nuotha
|-
|-
|i=No| 120
|120 || to fly || phɑthowɑme || çaðòm || fowbæm‘
|c=en| to fly
|c=01| vowar
|c=02| volare
|c=03| volare
|-
|-
|i=No| 121
|121 || to walk || thī́kasɑme || híɣasam || jixasæm‘
|c=en| to walk
|c=01| passegiha
|-
|-
|i=No| 122
|122 || to come || kigowɑme || kiɣam || kigobæm‘
|c=en| to come
|c=01| venyir
|c=02| venire
|c=03| venire
|-
|-
|i=No| 123
|123 || to lie (<small>as in a bed</small>) || guwinɑme || gonam || gubinæm‘
|c=en| to lie<br> <small> (as on one's side)</small>
|c=01| ripossha
|-
|-
|i=No| 124
|124 || to sit || howī́kɑme || ěɣam, ěɣəɣam || hobjixæm‘
|c=en| to sit
|c=01| si sedhe
|-
|-
|i=No| 125
|125 || to stand || thṓʔeɣɑme || hêham ||
|c=en| to stand
|c=01| si alza
|-
|-
|i=No| 126
|126 || to turn (<small>intransitive</small>) || nɑʔṓɣɑme || nǒɣam || nowhæm‘
|c=en| to turn<br> <small> (change direction)</small>
|c=01| xuoltha
|-
|-
|i=No| 127
|127 || to fall || hī́šakɑme || îčaɣam || hjišaxæm‘
|c=en| to fall<br> <small> (as in drop)</small>
|c=01| cadhe
|-
|-
|i=No| 128
|128 || to give || kɑwokɑme || kóɣam || kæboxæm‘
|c=en| to give
|c=01| dar
|c=02| dare
|c=03| dare
|-
|-
|i=No| 129
|129 || to hold || tḗgowɑme || téɣòm || cegobæm‘
|c=en| to hold<br> <small> (in one's hand)</small>
|c=01| tener
|c=02| tenere
|c=03| tenere
|-
|-
|i=No| 130
|130 || to squeeze || kī́ʔatṓrɑme || kêðóram || kjaθowræm‘
|c=en| to squeeze
|c=01| spemmhe
|-
|-
|i=No| 131
|131 || to rub || hṑnesɑme || ǒnəsam || hownɛsæm‘
|c=en| to rub
|c=01| strovinha
|-
|-
|i=No| 132
|132 || to wash || mī́woñɑme || mînam || mjiboñæm‘
|c=en| to wash
|c=01| lavar
|c=02| lavare
|c=03| lavare
|-
|-
|i=No| 133
|133 || to wipe || jū́kɑkekɑme || júɣaɣəɣam || juxæčɛxæm‘
|c=en| to wipe
|c=01| spuolverha
|-
|-
|i=No| 134
|134 || to pull || pū́rɑʔɑme || púram || puræm‘
|c=en| to pull
|c=01| trainha
|-
|-
|i=No| 135
|135 || to push || kā́wɑʔɑme || kâm || kæbæm‘
|c=en| to push
|c=01| premmhe
|-
|-
|i=No| 136
|136 || to throw || hɑʔṓtsɑme || ǒsam || howcæm‘
|c=en| to throw
|c=01| gettha
|-
|-
|i=No| 137
|137 || to tie || gḗtsopɑme || jesoβam || žecoɸæm‘
|c=en| to tie
|c=01| annodha
|-
|-
|i=No| 138
|138 || to sew || khatowɑme || haðòm || haθobæm‘
|c=en| to sew
|c=01| quoc'i
|-
|-
|i=No| 139
|139 || to count || mṓʔešɑme || môčam || mowšæm‘
|c=en| to count
|c=01| contha
|-
|-
|i=No| 140
|140 || to say || tsɑgewɑme || sâm || cæžɛbæm‘
|c=en| to say
|c=01| dicer
|c=02| dicere
|c=03| dire
|-
|-
|i=No| 141
|141 || to sing || kinusɑme || kinusam || kinusæm‘
|c=en| to sing
|c=01| caner
|c=02| canere
|c=03| cantare
|-
|-
|i=No| 142
|142 || to play || kɑwū́gɑme || kǔɣam ||  
|c=en| to play
|c=01| luder
|c=02| ludere
|c=03| giocare
|-
|-
|i=No| 143
|143 || to float || gī́ɣathɑme || gíhaðam || gjihæm‘
|c=en| to float
|c=01| galleggiha
|-
|-
|i=No| 144
|144 || to flow || rḗtɑnɑme || réðanam || reθænæm‘
|c=en| to flow
|c=01| fluhi
|-
|-
|i=No| 145
|145 || to freeze || lɑnā́sɑme || lanásam || lænæsæm‘
|c=en| to freeze
|c=01| gwacyar
|c=02| glaciari
|c=03| ghiacciare
|-
|-
|i=No| 146
|146 || to swell || pɑtsokɑme || pasoɣam || pæcoxæm‘
|c=en| to swell
|c=01| gonfiha
|-
|-
|i=No| 147
|147 || sun || rū́roki || rûɣi || rurox‘il‘
|c=en| sun
|c=01| sow
|c=02| sol
|c=03| sole
|-
|-
|i=No| 148
|148 || moon || ʔū́khati || ûxaði || uhaθ‘il‘
|c=en| moon
|c=01| luna
|c=02| luna
|c=03| luna
|-
|-
|i=No| 149
|149 || star || ñakhe || na || ñahɛl‘
|c=en| star
|c=01| stela
|c=02| stella
|c=03| stella
|-
|-
|i=No| 150
|150 || water || pike || piɣ || pičɛl‘
|c=en| water
|c=01| acwa
|c=02| aqua
|c=03| acqua
|-
|-
|i=No| 151
|151 || rain || ʔahno || ânə || æçnul‘
|c=en| to rain
|c=01| pluyer
|c=02| pluere
|c=03| piovere
|-
|-
|i=No| 152
|152 || river || rḗtɑni || réðani || reθæn‘il‘
|c=en| river
|c=01| flumê
|c=02| flumen
|c=03| fiume
|-
|-
|i=No| 153
|153 || lake || tsišɑ || siča || cišæl‘
|c=en| lake
|c=01| lage
|c=02| lacus
|c=03| lago
|-
|-
|i=No| 154
|154 || sea || pā́tse || pás || pæcɛl‘
|c=en| sea<br> <small> (as in ocean)</small>
|c=01| mar
|c=02| mar
|c=03| mare
|-
|-
|i=No| 155
|155 || salt || ʔū́rtū́ || ûtú || urcul‘
|c=en| salt
|c=01| saw
|c=02| sal
|c=03| sale
|-
|-
|i=No| 156
|156 || stone || jū́wa || jǒči || jubal‘
|c=en| stone
|c=01| pedra
|c=02| petra
|c=03| pietra
|-
|-
|i=No| 157
|157 || sand || muthe || muð || mowl‘
|c=en| sand
|c=01| rena
|c=02| arena
|c=03| sabbia
|-
|-
|i=No| 158
|158 || dust || phī́ko || çíɣe || fjixul‘
|c=en| dust
|c=01| puwve
|c=02| polvis
|c=03| polvere
|-
|-
|i=No| 159
|159 || earth || phḗphi || çéɸi || fef‘il‘
|c=en| earth<br> <small> (as in soil)</small>
|c=01| tera<br>ume
|c=02| terra<br>humus
|c=03| terra
|-
|-
|i=No| 160
|160 || cloud || tsɑkhi || saxi || cæh‘il‘
|c=en| cloud
|c=01| nub
|c=02| nubis
|c=03| nube
|-
|-
|i=No| 161
|161 || fog || neptḗ || nèté || nɛpcel‘
|c=en| fog
|c=01| nebuwa
|c=02| nebula
|c=03| nebbia
|-
|-
|i=No| 162
|162 || sky || kita || kiðe || kiθal‘
|c=en| sky
|c=01| cyelô
|c=02| coelum
|c=03| cielo
|-
|-
|i=No| 163
|163 || wind || šṓmari || šómari || šowmar‘il‘
|c=en| wind<br> <small> (as in breeze)</small>
|c=01| ventwe
|c=02| ventus
|c=03| vento
|-
|-
|i=No| 164
|164 || snow || tsū́thḗ || súðé || cowl‘
|c=en| snow
|c=01| ni
|c=02| nix
|c=03| neve
|-
|-
|i=No| 165
|165 || ice || lɑnā́ || lané || lænæl‘
|c=en| ice
|c=01| gwacyô
|c=02| glacies
|c=03| ghiaccio
|-
|-
|i=No| 166
|166 || smoke || nū́ši || núči || nuš‘il‘
|c=en| smoke
|c=01| fume
|c=02| fumus
|c=03| fumo
|-
|-
|i=No| 167
|167 || fire || wɑwe || é || væbɛl‘
|c=en| fire
|c=01| foce
|c=02| focus
|c=03| fuoco
|-
|-
|i=No| 168
|168 || ash || rorū́kaka || rorúɣaɣe || roruxaxal‘
|c=en| ashes
|c=01| cine
|c=02| cinis
|c=03| cenere
|-
|-
|i=No| 169
|169 || to burn || tsirtsɑʔɑme || sǐsam || čircæm‘
|c=en| to burn<br> <small> (intransitive)</small>
|c=01| incendiha
|-
|-
|i=No| 170
|170 || road || ḗrgo || êgə / uðíne || eršul‘
|c=en| road
|c=01| via
|c=02| via
|c=03| via
|-
|-
|i=No| 171
|171 || mountain || gititu || giðiðə || giθiθul‘
|c=en| mountain
|c=01| môs
|c=02| mons
|c=03| monte
|-
|-
|i=No| 172
|172 || red || hṓre || ôrəɣi || howrɛl‘
|c=en| red
|c=01| ruber
|c=02| ruber
|c=03| rosso
|-
|-
|i=No| 173
|173 || green || gḗʔɑ || jê || žel‘
|c=en| green
|c=01| vertte
|-
|-
|i=No| 174
|174 || yellow || kṓkri || kôri || kowsr‘il‘
|c=en| yellow
|c=01| giallo
|-
|-
|i=No| 175
|175 || white || ā́lpo || âpə || æwpul‘
|c=en| white
|c=01| awbe
|c=02| albus
|c=03| bianco
|-
|-
|i=No| 176
|176 || black || phṓwu || çû || fowbul‘
|c=en| black
|c=01| niger
|c=02| niger
|c=03| nero
|-
|-
|i=No| 177
|177 || night || jɑwṓ || jǒ || jæbowl‘
|c=en| night
|c=01| no
|c=02| nox
|c=03| notte
|-
|-
|i=No| 178
|178 || day || sɑti || saði || sæθ‘il‘
|c=en| day<br> <small> (daytime)</small>
|c=01| die
|c=02| dies
|c=03| giorno
|-
|-
|i=No| 179
|179 || year || wɑko || áɣə || vægoš‘il‘
|c=en| year
|c=01| ane
|c=02| annus
|c=03| anno
|-
|-
|i=No| 180
|180 || warm || rū́rophɑ || rúroɸa || rurofal‘
|c=en| warm<br> <small> (as in weather)</small>
|c=01| calde
|c=02| calidus
|c=03| caldo
|-
|-
|i=No| 181
|181 || cold || ī́rtu || îtu || jircul‘
|c=en| cold<br> <small> (as in weather)</small>
|c=01| fryigde
|c=02| frigidus
|c=03| freddo
|-
|-
|i=No| 182
|182 || full || phɑlo || çó || fælul‘
|c=en| full
|c=01| pwene
|c=02| plenus
|c=03| pieno
|-
|-
|i=No| 183
|183 || new || rḗʔo || rô || rewil‘
|c=en| new
|c=01| nove
|c=02| novus
|c=03| nuovo
|-
|-
|i=No| 184
|184 || old || ʔokḗ || óɣé || owčil‘
|c=en| old
|c=01| veter
|c=02| vetus
|c=03| vecchio
|-
|-
|i=No| 185
|185 || good || ruʔa || ro || rol‘
|c=en| good
|c=01| bone
|c=02| bonus
|c=03| buono
|-
|-
|i=No| 186
|186 || bad || šī́ʔṓ || šǐ || šjowl‘
|c=en| bad
|c=01| mawe
|c=02| malus
|c=03| cattivo
|-
|-
|i=No| 187
|187 || rotten || šū́ji || ěsoβíðə || sujil‘
|c=en| rotten<br> <small> (as, a log)
|c=01| ammuffitto
|-
|-
|i=No| 188
|188 || dirty || kṓra || kóre || kowral‘
|c=en| dirty
|c=01| immondo
|-
|-
|i=No| 189
|189 || straight || keko || keɣə || čɛxul‘
|c=en| straight
|c=01| diritto
|-
|-
|i=No| 190
|190 || round || ʔī́riko || îriɣə || jirixul‘
|c=en| round
|c=01| cirocollare
|-
|-
|i=No| 191
|191 || sharp (<small>as a knife</small>) || rḗɣi || réhi || reh‘il‘
|c=en| sharp<br> <small> (as a knife)</small>
|c=01| affilato
|-
|-
|i=No| 192
|192 || dull (<small>as a knife</small>) || sī́rḗɣi || síréhi || šireh‘il‘
|c=en| dull<br> <small> (as a knife)</small>
|c=01| xialbo
|-
|-
|i=No| 193
|193 || smooth || henṑsuka || énòsuɣe || hɛnowsuxal‘
|c=en| smooth
|c=01| liscio
|-
|-
|i=No| 194
|194 || wet || pī́kṓ || píɣó || pjixowl‘
|c=en| wet
|c=01| bannatto
|-
|-
|i=No| 195
|195 || dry || nopā́ || noβé || noɸæl‘
|c=en| dry<br> <small> (adjective)</small>
|c=01| xecco
|-
|-
|i=No| 196
|196 || correct || wā́go || âɣə || vægul‘
|c=en| right<br> <small> (correct)</small>
|c=01| corrette
|-
|-
|i=No| 197
|197 || near || pinko || pinɣə || pinkul‘
|c=en| near
|c=01| prosime
|c=02| proximus
|c=03| prossimo<br>vicino
|-
|-
|i=No| 198
|198 || far || wū́nko || ûnɣə || vunkul‘
|c=en| far
|c=01| remote
|c=02| remotus
|c=03| lontano<br>remoto
|-
|-
|i=No| 199
|199 || right || šṓwuko || šûɣə || šowbuxul‘
|c=en| right<br> <small> (side)</small>
|c=01| dester
|c=02| dexter
|c=03| destro
|-
|-
|i=No| 200
|200 || left || jū́riko || júriɣə || jurixul‘
|c=en| left<br> <small> (side)</small>
|c=01| sinister
|c=02| sinister
|c=03| sinistro
|-
|-
|i=No| 201
|201 || at || -ɣɑ || kô || kowf
|c=en| at
|c=01| ad<br>ê (in)
|c=02| ad<br>in
|c=03| a<br>in
|-
|-
|i=No| 202
|202 || in || -tsar || -sah || uh
|c=en| in
|c=01| ê (in)
|c=02| in
|c=03| in
|-
|-
|i=No| 203
|203 || with || -khɑ / ʔḕ || kíg / ě || je
|c=en| with<br> <small> (accompanying)</small>
|c=01| cô (con)
|c=02| cum
|c=03| con
|-
|-
|i=No| 204
|204 || and || -na / ñū́ || no / nú || ñu
|c=en| and
|c=01| ed
|c=02| et
|c=03| e
|-
|-
|i=No| 205
|205 || if || ʔḗɣī́tsar / omlo || ǐs || ejc
|c=en| if
|c=01| si
|c=02| si
|c=03| se
|-
|-
|i=No| 206
|206 || because || šɑkhu, šɑtukhu || šax || šæθuxu
|c=en| because
|c=01| comud<br>percwo
|c=02| cum<br>ut<br>quare
|c=03| perché
|-
|-
|i=No| 207
|207 || name || tita || tiðe || tiθal‘
|c=en| name
|c=01| nomê
|c=02| nomen
|c=03| nome
|}
|}

Latest revision as of 01:12, 16 September 2025

The sheep and the horses

Schleicher's The sheep and the horses
English
The sheep and the horses

1. A sheep that had no wool saw two horses.
2. The first horse was pulling a heavy wagon,
3. the second horse was carrying a man.
4. The sheep said to the horses:
5 “I am suffering, because men harness horses”.
6. But the horses told her:
7. “Listen, sheep,
8. we are suffering
9. because men sew their garments with your wool
10. and sheep remain woolless”.
11. Having heard this, the sheep fled into the fields.
Piti languages
Proto-Piti
jaŋe ŋuːʔetiʔina

1. pʰoːχaŋil ʔaʔæɳiːtoli jaŋeli ŋuːʔetiʔi ʔaloliːṕ(æt́).
2. ʂaːʔokoli ŋuːʔetili suŋeː ŋæɬot́u ʔaɬoːʔæm(æt́),
3. ʔakikoli ŋuːʔetili pʰuːka ʔaŋaŋok(æt́).
4. jaŋeli ŋuːʔeti(ʔi)χæ(ʔi) ʔaʈeŋæɬ(æt́):
5 “tʰuːʔakoɬ pʰuːkali ŋuːʔetiʂu ṕuːŋakoːrikakʰu”.
6. poː ŋuːʔeti(ʔi)li(ʔi) æt́tuχæ/æt́loχæ ʔaʈeŋæɬ(ʔi)(æt́)(ʔi):
7. “kʰeɬoːruŋiɳer, jaŋe,
8. joʔi tʰuːʔak(ʔi)oɬ(ʔi)
9. ʂætukʰu/ʂælokʰu pʰuːkali ræʂoχukʰat́u ertuʂu/næʂu pʰoːχakhæ kʰat́oɬiɳ(æt́)
10. ɳuː jaŋe pʰoːχaŋil ʔæɳuŋiɳ(æt́)”.
11. niŋtuʂu/niŋloʂu ʔakʰeɬoːrikakʰu, jaŋeli ṕonuχæ ʔaɬæṕuːḱ(æt́).
Kī́rtako
jage gū́ʔetinona

1. phṓɣagil ʔaʔɑñī́toli jageli ʔaki gū́ʔetino ʔalolī́pɑt.
2. šā́ʔokoli gū́ʔetili sugḗkī́to gɑwotu ʔawṓʔɑmɑt,
3. ʔakikoli gū́ʔetili phū́ka ʔagagokɑt.
4. jageli gū́ʔetinoɣɑ ʔatsegɑwɑt:
5. “šī́jakow phū́kali gū́ʔetišu pū́gakṓriñɑmekhu”.
6. pṓ gū́ʔetinoli ɑktuɣɑ ʔatsegɑwonɑt:
7. “khewṓrugiñer, jage,
8. jono thū́ʔakonow
9. šɑkhu phū́kali pā́ktā́no ertunošu phṓɣakhɑ khatowiñɑt
10. ñū́ jage phṓɣagil ʔɑñugiñ”.
11. niwošu ʔɑkhewṓriñɑmekhu jageli ponunoɣɑ ʔaʔḗmiɣekɑt.
Iðâɣ
tûče no gôðinə

1. tûče ì î áðòr çóhe tòr êβíðə áɣi gôðinə.
2. gôði ô šâɣə ǒm góðə šô sǒɣíðə,
3. gôði ô áɣiɣə áɣaɣok çúɣe.
4. tûče tòr áséðə gôðinore:
5. “šêɣò šax çúɣe púɣaɣórin gôðinə”.
6. pó gôðinə tôr áséðə àture:
7. “hôruɣinəh, tûče,
8. òtun šêɣonò
9. šax çúɣe haðen pâtánə çóhexa ôx nanəre
10. nú tûčenə ánuɣinon çəs çóhere”.
11. šax áðìn áxôríðə nî, tûče tòr ěméhəɣíðə kô ponunore.
Læntixu
æl‘ jažɛl‘ ñu æn‘ gowθ‘inol‘

1. jažɛl‘ hji he joh hejhjiθu fowhal‘ ojh loʎiɸjiθu æx‘ gowθ‘inol‘.
2. æl‘ šæwxul‘ gowθ‘il‘ joh vowmjiθu gæboθul‘ sužeciθul‘,
3. æl‘ æxixul‘ gowθ‘il‘ joh gagociθu fuxal‘.
4. æl‘ jažɛl‘ ojh cɛgæbjiθu kowf æn’a gowθ’inoha:
5. “ju šijaxæh šæθuxu æl‘ fuxal‘ pugaxowræh æn‘ gowθ‘inol‘“.
6. pow æn‘ gowθ‘inol‘ æsa onæh cɛgæbjiθu:
7. “howbɛrugiñæh, jažɛ,
8. jun šijaxæh
9. šæθuxu æl‘ fuxal‘ haθobonæh pæstænol‘ je æha æpjinoraha fowhaha
10. ñu æn‘ jažɛnol‘ ɛñugonæh fɛs fowhaha”.
11. šæθuxu joh hɛbowrjiθu nibu, æl‘ jažɛl‘ ojh emjiciθu kowf æn’a ponunoha.
ancient Figo
jon nōdīna

1. fōhaxe fes ēnīduli jonəli nōdī alolīčeš.
2. roɕduli nōdili sunē nɛhošu alōmeš,
3. ogiduli nōdili fūga ēšmegeš.
4. jonəli nōdihej acenɛheš:
5. “ɕījasow fūgali nōdiɕunu čūnagōrigaxu”.
6. pō nōdilī šɛhe acenɛheši:
7. “xōhərunočər, jon,
8. joj ɕījasohi
9. hīduxu fūgali rɛɕohuxanu ertuɕunu fōhaxe xošohočeš
10. ňū jonənu fōhaxe fes ɛňunočešon”.
11. ninluɕu axehōrigaxu, jonəli fēfihenu alečūšeš.
modern Figo
jõnər nor nudirĩ

1. θanc ejid wĩs šweduɣur jõnər ug nudĩ řirušjid jẽh.
2. rošdur nudir suňe ňež arumjid wẽh,
3. uɣidur nudir foɣa jihmiǧid wẽh.
4. jõnər nudišũ kwov čwiçid jẽh:
5. “šiješid wẽv çidux foɣar nudĩ šonaɣurjid wũš”.
6. wo nudirĩ iš kwov čwiçidũ jẽžõ:
7. “xworuňid wũšr, jõ,
8. ortũ šiješidũ wẽnõ
9. çidux foɣar ičihnã ertũšuš θancəš xud xožujid wũš
10. ňo jõnərĩ θancəš fes weňuǧidũ wũžõ”.
11. çidux nĩr axuřid jũš, jõnər fjifišũ kwov rošižid jẽh.
Biwdiw
çɛgi nɛlu bɛrsihiw

1. pōxɛšu xēhīxiwgɛ hɛhīsīduliw çɛgiliw hɛlulīšɛc bɛrsihiw.
2. ʂāhurōliw bɛrsiliw hɛwōcɛmjɛc sjugēgīdu wābumu,
3. hɛgiwrōliw bɛrsiliw hɛgɛgugjɛc pūgɛ.
4. çɛgiliw hɛʈigjɛʎɛc bɛrsihiwxjɛ:
5. “tūhɛg ūdjuxjɛ pūgɛliw bɛrsišu šūgɛgōriwňiwgɛku”.
6. bō bɛrsihiwliw hɛʈigjɛliwcɛc jɛšluxjɛ:
7. “kilōrjugiwňir, çɛgi,
8. tuhɛg ūdjuhiwxjɛ
9. šɛdjuku pūgɛliw çīrmunušu čīg irdjunušu pōxɛšu kɛculiwňɛc
10. ňū çɛgi pis pōxɛšu tōhixiwň”.
11. niwlušu hɛkilōriwňiwgɛku çɛgiliw hɛʎɛšūč šunjunuxjɛ.
Gəjlnigo
ež heǵ ňɔ ežno bejśino

1. heǵ ša hejhəjdo əjs pɔhe ejjužəjdo egəj bejśino.
2. ež šawro bejś ɔcceməjdo ɔšɔ avumo,
3. ežd egəjro bejś gegugəjdo pɔge.
4. ež heǵ ecegəjdo gɔ ežnore bejśinore:
5. “hore tɔjg hedduk ež pɔge hɔgegɔh ežno bejśino“.
6. bɔ ežno bejśino hore ecegəjduno:
7. “kɔjrrugih hɔh, heǵ,
8. hunure tɔjg
9. hedduk ež pɔge keccɔ həjmono čəjg əjddunužore pɔhere
10. ňɔ ežno heǵino tɔjhun pis pɔhere“.
11. hedduk ježlo ekɔjrəjdo nɔ, ež heǵ evožečəjdo gɔ ežnore hunnonore.
Cärähə
äs çähi nü äsən bärsinə

1. xah çähi xīhə xīhex́äh wī poxä rurīśäh hähü bärsinə.
2. äs xahuro bärsi wäɟöḿäh xah wäbumə śuhehīdə,
3. äs hähüro bärsi guhäh́äh xah pühä.
4. äs çähi sihäŕäh gösən bärsinə:
5. “çərä tühäg säd́uk äs pühä sühähoŕäh äsən bärsinə“.
6. bo äsən bärsinə järä sihäruńäh:
7. “ koriŕuhünir, çähi,
8. çunərä tühäg
9. säd́uk äs pühä käɟuŕäh çīrmənə cīh äs poxä nänərä
10. nü äsən çähinə tohixun pis poxä“.
11. xīruk häcän kirorīdə nürə, äs çähi ŕäsüc gösən suńənə.
Viwdiwgu
çɛɣi nɛlu ɣānähihiw

1. çɛɣi xī hīzīdu xihīxiwgɛ pōxɛrɛ lulīžīdu ɣānähihiw.
2. ṡāhurō ɣānähi vōcɛmīdu vōrṡō vāvumu,
3. hɛɣiwrō ɣānähi gɛɣuɣīdu pūɣɛ.
4. çɛɣi tsiɣɛlīdu ɣānähihiwxjɛ:
5. “tūhɛg çuxjɛ šɛdjuk pūɣɛ šūɣɛɣōrünjɛc ɣānähü”.
6. vō ɣānähihiw tsiɣɛlīduhiw jɛšxjɛ:
7. “kōlirjuɣiwňir, çɛɣi,
8. tūhɛg çuhiwxjɛ
9. šɛdjuk pūɣɛ kɛcuʝɛc çīrmū čīg pōxɛrɛ njörɛ
10. nɛlu çɛɣü tōhixün pis pōxɛrɛ”.
11. šɛdjuk jɛšlu kilōrīdu niwlu, çɛɣi ʝɛžūčīdu šunjūxjɛ.
Jeʂtəra
əlnaʂ ḱihtonona

1. ʔalolīṕət́ əlnaʂəliə ʔaʔəɳītoliə fōhagiəl ʔakiə ḱihtono.
2. ʔalōʔəmət́ ḱihtoliə ʂāʔokol t́ūʂpa sugē,
3. ʔagagokət́ ḱihtoliə ʔakiəkol fūka.
4. ʔaʈegələt́ əlnaʂəliə ḱihtoxəno:
5. “ðūʔakol ṕūgakōrəmexəw fūkaliə ḱihto”.
6. pō ʔaʈegələt́on ḱihtoliəno ət́əxə:
7. “xelōrugiəɳer, əlnaʂ,
8. ðūʔakolon jono
9. ʂəloxəw xat́oliəɳət́ fūkaliə īlemʔəməgono ḱīg fōhara ertəwrano
10. ɳū ðōʔehōriəɳon əlnaʂəno fōhagiəl”.
11. ʔaxelōrəmexəw niəglo, ʔalūṕəḱ əlnaʂ ṕonəwxəno.
Xowʂiko
xaweli wujqetinolina

1. βowŕawil qaqäjytoli xaweli qaki wujqetino qaloljyç.
2. ʂajqokoli wujqetili sube wawokuɣa qahowqäm,
3. qakikoli wujqetili βujka qawawok.
4. xaweli wujqetinoŕä qaʈewäh:
5. “ðujqakoh žyɣu βujkali wujqetino çujwakowriɳ“.
6. pow wujqetinoli niwŕä qaʈewähon:
7. “ɣowheruwiɳer, xawe,
8. xonoli ðujqakonoh
9. žyɣu βujkali räʂoŕuɣano nänokoɣä βowŕaɣä ɣaśohiɳ
10. ɳuj xawenoli βowŕawil qäɳuwiɳon“.
11. äšoʂu qaɣehowriɳikaɣu xaweli çonunoŕä qahäçujc.
Höśikə
havɛž ňü vüqetỹžõ

1. hav, śä qaqɛň bes böh́ašy, šev qaljyločytə qaki vüqetỹ.
2. śäqokəžə vüqeti qɛqɛ̃ sub vavokuɣa,
3. qakikəžə vüqeti qavavok büka.
4. havɛž šev qatsɛvjytə kö vüqetỹšyžõ:
5. “düqakə, žyɣy bükãžõ çüvakörõ vüqetỹžõ”.
6. pö vüqetỹžõ ševõ qatsɛvjytə nỹh́ɛ:
7. “göruviňeh, hav,
8. hõ düqakə̃,
9. žyɣy bükãžõ gaħõ rɛśoh́uɣã jy nö̃košyžə böh́ašy
10. ňü havỹžõ qɛňuvõ bes böh́ašy”.
11. žyɣy qažev qaɣörjytə ɛžkəžə, havɛž qɛň qöçɛʎytə kö çũšyžõ.
Βaβar languages
Βaβar
βā i sansa

1. tɬʼanʈ ɣuç n-sūrā βā gaɸɴ sansɴ ɸāquɣ.
2. rārm sans knāɖaβuɴ drāzɴ krutsʼ,
3. gaɸəsq sans βarɴ zrkiʂiɣ.
4. βā sansaɟ ɸīɣ:
5. “kxʼrānquš qašn βar sansaɴ šnɣaɴsiɣ”.
6. a sansa ɣuç ɸīç:
7. “ɟnʐid, βā,
8. žī kxʼrānqūža
9. qašn βar iʈʂʼiknāɴ tɬʼanʈiqək īxuɣ
10. i βwa tɬʼanʈiq rim susuβūç”.
11. qašn ʂum ʐīdirā sūɣ, βā ārxaʈ ɣmʈʂʼwiɣ.
Memniqiju languages
Memniq
ylnaś ka ëćoht

1. jaťererk ylnaś pëhomuś lënom lët ëćohtim iʔyqim.
2. cśerpe ćihto țeʔiju cuśpam pëkpofuśim,
3. pterke ćihto yʔaiju ćonuhim.
4. emert ylnaś ëćohtoʔ:
5. “joťʔehu xušțö lqüxaŕot oćnuh ëćohtim”.
6. emertet së ëćoht ʔțëʔ:
7. “foxasuŕ, ylnaś,
8. ťʔehem lu
9. xušțö śhäqet oćnuh ülemʔümim ćuħ lënoʔ aŕeš
10. ka ʔanaħäke lonśi ëqti lënoš”.
11. xušțö fosülŕ ʔți, ŕoʔon ylnaś ruh ruktuʔoʔ.
Rebti languages
Æbbro
beeha iihhažepu

1. gomoojjo beeha bunaano iihhažeppii tuurkarapudd.
2. aargondu iihha ppooromantuno maanogono rrantasomuud,
3. bunaandu iihha retine bumæšmiigemiid.
4. beeha iihhažehee kaažimapudd:
5. “roo haahomom iihhažene retiśi ræniśśtemetibbii”.
6. mo iihhaže taahoo kaažimapudd:
7. “ppukorab, beeha,
8. roožo haahomom
9. kerriśedehiine retiśi šeežerræ gomooddoo pokadotubbuu
10. iź beehaśi gomoojjo hanoodotubbuu”.
11. naano korabapotubbuu, beeha eertæhiimo mikpimeśæpiid.
Pı̇ħ languages
Pı̇ħ
mɛ̇h aj mɛ̣s xju̇jħ

1. ɬė kɛ̇wn nɔ̇ʔ qọw ɴjạ sėjn mɛ̇h mɛ̣s xju̇jħ rjɛ̇w su̇h xȯ.
2. xȯħ sė xju̇jħ tjawk ħı̇kɬjı̇k ɬạw ɴjạ,
3. mɛ̣s sė xju̇jħ qɛ̣ħ hụppjȧjt ɴjạ.
4. mɛ̇h mɛ̣s xju̇jħ ɬoj xȯ:
5. “ŋọ ħawk ɴjạ, qɛ̣ħ xju̇jħ pụtpụt muħ”.
6. ɬa mɛ̣s xju̇jħ ɬė ɬoj xȯ:
7. “tohrjos sjı̇, mɛ̇h,
8. ŋọ ʔẹ ħawk ɴjạ,
9. qɛ̣ħ kjuɴɬjı̇h sȧ ʔẹ sėj kɛ̇wn ŋȧʔ sjun muħ
10. aj mɛ̇h kɛ̇wn ʔɔwp ʔjɛ̇n muħ”.
11. ʔẹq ʔạ rjos xȯ muħ, mɛ̇h ɸjit toh mı̣ɸxowr xȯ.
Pı̀
mɛ̄̀ æ̀ mɛ̱s ɕʊ̄̃

1. bē ɔ̄̀ hó̱ ña̱ kø̄m sɪ̌ mɛ̄̀ rǿ sū̀ xō mɛ̱s ɕʊ̄̃.
2. xṑ sē ɕʊ̄̃ bó̱ ña̱ tő̱k ı́çjı̄̃,
3. mɛ̱s sē ɕʊ̄̃ u̱ppǣ̃t ña̱ hɛ̱.
4. mɛ̄̀ bɑ̀ xō mɛ̱s ɕʊ̄̃:
5. “gø̱ ő̱k ña̱, émʊ hɛ̱ pu̱tpu̱t ɕʊ̄̃”.
6. ba mɛ̱s ɕʊ̄̃ bɑ̀ xō bē:
7. “tòró̱s šı́, mɛ̄̀,
8. gø̱ ő̱k ña̱,
9. émʊ hɛ̱ šú̱n çú̱njı̄̃ gā̀ sæ̱̏ sē kø̄m
10. æ̀ mɛ̄̀ ɛ́ ő̱p kø̄m”.
11. émʊ bē ró̱s xō éh, mɛ̄̀ mı̱fxʊ́r xō tò fı̱́t.
Bīṙ
mɛ̄ ǽ mɛ̱s h́ȳṙ

1. lē gœ̄̀m nɔ̄ qœ̱ h́a̱ sı̄n mɛ̄ mɛ̱s h́ȳṙ ŕœ̄̀ sū hō.
2. hōṙ sē h́ȳṙ d́ɔ̀g ṙı̄gʎı̄ lɔ̱ h́a̱,
3. mɛ̱s sē h́ȳṙ qɛ̱ṙ u̱bb́ǣd h́a̱.
4. mɛ̄ mɛ̱s h́ȳṙ e̱n lɛ́ hō:
5. “no̱ ṙɔ̀g h́a̱ qɛ̱ṙ h́ȳṙ bu̱dbu̱d muṙɛṙ”.
6. la mɛ̱s h́ȳṙ lē e̱n lɛ́ hō:
7. “doŕos śı̄, mɛ̄,
8. no̱ e̱ ṙɔ̀g h́a̱
9. qɛ̱ṙ ǵuhʎı̄ sā e̱ sı̄ gœ̄̀m nā śuh muṙɛṙ
10. ǽ mɛ̄ gœ̄̀m œ̀b ɛ̄n muṙɛṙ”.
11. ēq a̱ ŕos hō muṙɛṙ, mɛ̄ v́ıd do mı̱vhœ̀r hō.
Į̄mχɛ̱́
mɛ̄ ɛ̌ mɛ̱θ ɕȳ

1. mɛ̄ θı̄n ðē nɔ̄h χǫ̱ ěw kɔ̄̀m θū xø̌w ŕə̄̀ mɛ̱θ ɕȳ.
2. xō θē ɕȳ ðɑ̱ ěw ʂư̄̏k ı̄gžı̄,
3. mɛ̱θ θē ɕȳ ùpçǭt ěw χɛ̱́.
4. mɛ̄ ðɛ́ xø̌w e̱n mɛ̱θ ɕȳ:
5. “wo̱ ɑ̀k ɑ̀rɛ́ hēmø̌ χɛ̱́ pu̱tpu̱t ɕȳ”.
6. ða mɛ̱θ ɕȳ ðɛ́ xø̌w e̱n ðē:
7. “šı̄ tóŕǿ̱θ, mɛ̄,
8. wo̱ he̱ ɑ̀k ɑ̀rɛ́
9. hēmø̌ χɛ̱́ šȳ̏ cȳ̏žı̄ wāh kɔ̄̀m θı̄ θā he̱
10. ɛ̌ mɛ̄ ɟēn hǫ̀p kɔ̄̀m”.
11. hēmø̌ ŕǿ̱θ xø̌w ha̱ hēχ, mɛ̄ mı̱βxø̀r xø̌w tó ʝı̄̀t.
Axi languages
Dʰakʰi
rebeː y gʰjənaʡi

1. pebeː bes rur rebeː gʰjysaː gʰjənaʡi rəgʰjoljuːska.
2. gʰyʡeːku gʰənaʡi kʰiːlaː kʰeːrfə gʰokəkjuːrgʰa,
3. gʰyʡysaː gʰənaʡi koːbʰa gʰokəkjeːrfə.
4. rebeː gʰjənaʡi na rəsoljorkʰu
5. “ṅəkiːstʰum, njoːbʰa gʰjənaʡi seː ʡu ṅjəgʰjaːfekeːkyb”.
6. uː gʰjənaʡi reː na gʰjəsoljorkʰu
7. “gəsolosospʰaː, rebeː,
8. ṅjoː ṅjəkiːstʰum,
9. joːbʰa kʰjəmgʰoːd seː ʡu pəgjebeː meː njokaːfoːrsə
10. y rjebeː pebeː bes seː ʡu rjaːfimimop”.
11. seː rəsaːfoljospʰaː ʡu, rebeː xjindheː pa roljəskoː.
Đaxi
rɛbe y žɑnahi

1. bɛs pɛbe rör rɛbe žysä žɑnahi rɑžɔʎuska.
2. ɣyhekö ɣɑnahi xülä xerfɑ ɣɔkɑčurɣa,
3. ɣyhysä ɣɑnahi koβa ɣɔkɑčerfɑ.
4. rɛbe na žɑnahi rɑsɔʎɔrxö:
5. “ṅɑküsθöm, seh ňoβa žɑnahi ňɑžɛkekyb“.
6. u žɑnahi na ro žɑsɔʎɔrxö:
7. “gɑsɔlɔsɔsɸä, rɛbe,
8. jo jɑküsθöm
9. seh ňoβa ɕɑmɣod me ǧoð pɛbe ňɔkɔrsɑ
10. y rjɛbe bɛs pɛbe rjimimɔp“.
11. seh se rɑsɔʎɔsɸä, rɛbe pa ṙinðe rɔʎɑsko.
Thahi
rebhè ö khä́naʔi

1. räkhólûsga rebhè rur rêhdi bhes bebhè khö́sà khä́naʔi.
2. khogägûrkha khänaʔi khöʔègu hèrβä hìlà,
3. khogägêrβä khänaʔi khöʔösà gòpha.
4. räsolórhu rebhè na khä́naʔi:
5. “jägìsθum, ʔu jäkhàβegègöbh nôpha khä́naʔi“.
6. ù khäsolórhu khä́naʔi na rè:
7. “ghäsolososfà, rebhè,
8. jä́gìsθum jô,
9. ʔusèbh jogàβòrsä nôpha hä́mkhòdh mè bäghebhè
10. ö ràβimimob rébhè pes bebhè“.
11. ʔu räsàβolósfà sè, rolä́sgò rebhè ba ṅínthè.
Ṙaçi
röby ə ɟänaʔi

1. pöby bes rur röby ɟəze ɟänaʔi räɟoɭəwska.
2. ʝəʔyku ʝänaʔi çəjle çyrḃä ʝokäʈəwrṙa,
3. ʝəʔəze ʝänaʔi küva ʝokäʈyrḃä.
4. röby ɟänaʔi na räzoɭorçu:
5. “ṅäkəjsḣum, hyʔub ňüva ɟänaʔi ňäɟeḃökykəb”.
6. əw ɟänaʔi ry na ɟäzoɭorçu:
7. “gäzolososfe, röby,
8. ɳü ɳäkəjsḣum,
9. hyʔub ňüva ʂämʝüd ɖü ṙi pöby my ňokeḃürsä
10. ə ɬöby pöby bes ɬeḃimimop”.
11. hyʔub hä räzeḃoɭosfe, röby ʑinṙy pa roɭäskü.
Alri languages
Proto-Alri
pʰewre tʰe ʡijk̇ej

1. k̇ume ləjnema si iməwo pʰewrek̇ə moʈi ʡijk̇ej majru.
2. ṫjesisik̇ə ʡijk̇ek̇ə ṗewti wabʰmju ṫiro,
3. moʈisik̇ə ʡijk̇ek̇ə ṫiʡe wabʰo.
4. pʰewrek̇ə (oke) ʡijk̇ejʈu tejk̇u:
5. “okeno kʰajʡowm ṫiʡek̇ə ʡijk̇e rajrpenəwow”.
6. mi ʡijk̇ejk̇ə (oke) okeʈu tejk̇uj:
7. “to rajrsenuwt, pʰewre,
8. amej okeno kʰajʡowmij
9. ṫiʡek̇ə ʡjəjrmjuj itima ləjnema najkʰəwow
10. kʰa pʰewre ləjnema si rajriməwow”.
11. okeʡo asoke senəweno pʰewre k̇aṫmujʈu spʰownu.
Nämty
βöwre e βärsy

1. βöwrek ke si lynema imog moɕi βärsy märɑg.
2. česisik βärsik ṗöwdi waβmu tirog,
3. moɕisik βärsik tiħe waβog.
4. βöwrek βärsyɕ dikɑg:
5. “häħüm on tiħik βärsy rärbenügy”.
6. mi βärsyk ogeɕ dikɑgy:
7. “do rärsenüd, βöwre,
8. ami häħümy
9. on tiħik çyrmü benä idirima lynema nähügy
10. e βöwri si lynema rärimügy”.
11. asoge senosen, βöwre pa katmüɕ sβünɑg.
Foħθīri
bœrex de hīxēx

1. si lēnema imævo xumek bœrex moše hīxē māru.
2. ɕerisix hīxex fœti θōršā θiro,
3. mošisix hīxex θihe ňeṙōro.
4. bœrex hīxēšu tēxu:
5. “kōrūm ofen θihēx hīxē rārpenævūvī”.
6. mi hīxēx okešu tēxuvī:
7. “senuṙūto, bœre,
8. amēx kōrūmī
9. ofen θihēx qērmū itērima lēnema nāgævūvī
10. ga bœrēx si lēnema rārimævūvī”.
11. ofen aroke senævū, bœrex fa xaθmūšu sbūnu.
Cažorih
berɛh də iheh

1. sə lẽβ ime ĩ hũh berɛh mɔž ihe mor.
2. šeririh ihɛh fede forča fire ĩ,
3. mɔžirih ihɛh fy jɛḣɔre ĩ.
4. berɛh ihež teh:
5. “korõ ɔβɛ̃ fyh ihe rorpɛnoβi”.
6. mə iheh ɔž tehuβi:
7. “sɛnuḣodɔ, ber,
8. õmeh koroxi
9. ɔβɛ̃ fih he herõ rmo kidma ideriβ lẽβ noɣoβi
10. də bereh sə lẽβ rorimoβi”.
11. ɔβɛ̃ rɔx sɛnu ĩ, berɛh fa homož zbõ.
Hoð‘i
ek‘ bo də ek’i jix’e

1. bo xym imy s’ə l’enevo me moš jix’e.
2. ek‘ hi jix imy ð‘oð‘i ðowšæ hɔt‘,
3. ek‘ moši jix imy ňerowð‘i ðiɣ.
4. ek‘ bo t’exy fa ek’i jix’e:
5. “kun on ek’i ðiɣ’e æpenuv’i ek’i jix’e”.
6. m’ə ek’i jix’e okešo t’exyv’i:
7. “senyruto, bo,
8. am’ex kum’i
9. on ek’i jix’e næguv’i q’emu s‘ə evo l’enevo ket’yvo
10. də ek’i b’o ɛmuv’i s’ə l’enevo”.
11. on imy senyð’i ɔk‘, ek‘ bo sbuny fa ek’i xaðmu.
Sākdi family
Proto-Saːkdi
dowɴɖa ho luːkɖa laz

1. buːgnez ŋuh luːkɖa laz dowɴɖa qisas qɛsʈaʡ moʈ uʈ biː dowɴko pɔ.
2. goʂnez moʈ beːzgaɴ biːprih luːkɖa pepɛːmta,
3. bɛːznez moʈ mɔqmih luːkɖa pelazta.
4. tujʡʂem ŋuh dowɴɖa ɴaː luːkɖa laz:
5. “malsuħ moʈ ɔn kaj as ɴɔrzawnez luːkɖa mɔqmih”.
6. ʂo tujʡʂem ŋuh luːkɖa laz ɴaː uʈ:
7. “tiː ɴɔrkotnez, dowɴɖa,
8. malsuħ moʈ ɔnɔn
9. kaj uk as laːmnez paːktaːq mɔqmih zaw dowɴko qiseʂeʂ
10. hi konqɛsʈaʡ dowɴɖa biː dowɴko”.
11. kaj as kotnez ŋuh ak uʈ, wizeɖ ŋuh dowɴɖa gɛ ʈuːmtaɴ.
Rertu
dū̀ɟa o laz lū́kɟa

1. bū́gnez ŋu dū̀ɟa isas ɛšaʔ moc uc bī́ dū̀ko laz lū́kɟa pɔ.
2. gošnez moc lū́kɟa pepɛ̄́m bɛ̄́zga bī́pri,
3. bɛ̄́znez moc lū́kɟa pelaz mɔmi.
4. tū̀ʔšem ŋu dū̀ɟa ā́ laz lū́kɟa:
5. “malsuh moc ɔn kā́s ɔrzɔ̄̀nez mɔmi lū́kɟa”.
6. šo tū̀ʔšem ŋu laz lū́kɟa ā́ uc:
7. “tī́ ɔrkot, dū̀ɟa,
8. malsuh moc ɔnɔn
9. kā́s lā́nez mɔmi pā́ktā́ zɔ̄̀ dū̀ko isešeš
10. i konɛšaʔ dū̀ɟa bī́ dū̀ko”.
11. kā́s kotnez ŋu uc aksɑ, wizeɟ ŋu dū̀ɟa gɛ cū́mta.
Žérði
dúhğa i laz lúkğa

1. dúhğa isas uč ɛča moč bí dúhko pɔ búɣnez gu laz lúkğa.
2. lúkğa pepɛ́mta gošnez moč bɛ́zɣa bípri,
3. lúkğa pelazta bɛ́znez moč mɔmi.
4. dúhğa tùšem gu há laz lúkğa:
5. “ɔn malsu moč kɛ̀s mɔmi hɔrzánez lúkğa”.
6. šo laz lúkğa tùšem gu há uč:
7. “hɔrkot tí, dúhğa,
8. ɔneš malsu moč
9. kɛ̀s mɔmi lámez páktá zá dúhko isešeš
10. i dúhğa konɛča bí dúhko”.
11. kɛ̀s uč kotnez gu aksɑ, dúhğa vizeğ gu gɛ čúmtah.
Eβmiʔ
ðowňɖa ʔo ʎugɖa lar

1. vuɣner nuʔ ʎugɖa lar ðowňɖa çisas çɛʂa moʈ uʈ vi ðowňgo bɔ.
2. ɣoʂner moʈ βörɣaň vibhiʔ ʎugɖa bömda,
3. βörner moʈ mɔçmiʔ ʎugɖa larda.
4. dujʂem nuʔ ðowňɖa ňä ʎugɖa lar:
5. “malsux moʈ ɔn gajug ňɔhrawner ʎugɖa mɔçmiʔ”.
6. ʂo dujʂem nuʔ ʎugɖa lar ňä uʈ:
7. “dji ňɔhgoʈɑ, ðowňɖa,
8. malsux moʈ ɔnɔn
9. gajug lämer bägdäç mɔçmiʔ raw ðowňgo gü eʂeʂ
10. ʔo gonçɛʂa ðowňɖa vi ðowňgo”.
11. gajug godner nuʔ as ak uʈ, wireɖ nuʔ ðowňɖa ɣɛ čumdaň.
Ỹhɛ
ünɟa mu lar šy

1. ünɟa ças uc çɛɕa movɔ vi üngo vuɣner nuvɔ lar šy.
2. šy bö̃da ɣoɕner movɔ hörɣan vivi,
3. šy larda hörner movɔ hɛ.
4. ünɟa düɕẽ nuvɔ nä lar šy:
5. “ɔ̃ mawsuh moce gɑk hɛ nɔråner šy”.
6. ɕo lar šy düɕẽ nuvɔ nä uc:
7. “ği nɔgocɑ, ünɟa,
8. ɔ̃nɔ̃ mawsuh moce
9. gɑk hɛ lämer bägdäç rå üngo gɑʂɛʂ
10. mu ünɟa ʝẽ vi üngo”.
11. gɑk uc godner nuvɔ ak, ünɟa yreɟ nuvɔ ɣɛ čũdan.

Swadesh lists

Proto-Piti

No. English Proto-Piti Kī́rtako Ancient Figo Biwdiw Jeʂtəra Xowʂiko
1 I oɬ, oɬtu owtu oltu ūdju oltəw xo
2 you (singular) er, ertu ertu ertu irdju ertəw nä
3 he æt́, æt́tu, æt́lo ɑktu ɛštu jɛšlu ət́lo niw
4 we oɬtuno owtuno oltunu ūdjunu oltəwno xono
5 you (plural) ertuno ertuno ertunu irdjunu ertəwno näno
6 they æt́tuno, æt́lono ɑktuno ɛštunu jɛšlunu ət́lono niwno
7 this niŋ, niŋtu, niŋlo niwo / niktuko ninlu niwdu / niwlu niəhtəw / niəhlo äšo / äšoko
8 that æt́tu, æt́lo ɑwo / ɑktuko ɛšlu jɛšdu ət́əw äšo / äšoko
9 here niŋtuʈar, niŋloʈar niwotsar ninlucar niwduʈɛr niəhʈa niwtuʈar
10 there æt́tuʈar, æt́loʈar ɑwotsar ɛšlucar jɛšduʈɛr ət́əwʈa äśtuʈar
11 who ʂaː šā́ ɕō ʂā ʂā ʂaj
12 what ʂæ šɑ ɕɛ šɛ ʂə ʂä
13 where ʂæʈar / ʂæχæ šɑtsar / šɑɣɑ ɕɛducar / ɕɛduhe šɛluʈɛr / šɛluxjɛ ʂəloʈar / ʂəloxə ʂäʈar / ʂäŕä
14 when ʂæ juʔoː šɑjuʔṓ ɕɛlēdu šɛčuhō ʂəjuʔō / ʂəlēto ʂätujri
15 how ʂæ mæŋi šɑmɑgi ɕɛmen šɛʎābču ʂəməgiə ʂämäw
16 not ʔiːs- ʔī́sɑme īsem hīsiwgɛ ʔīs qjysika
17 all jeːʔo / ṕoːɬæ jḗʔo / pṓwɑ jodu / čōhe çēhu / šōʎɛ jēʔo / ṕōlə xjeqo / çowä
18 many ṕaːmo pā́mo čōmu šāmugu ṕāmo çajmo
19 some moɬuː mṓwū́ mōhū mulū molū mohuj
20 few siːṕaː sī́pā́ sīčā sīšāgu sīṕā sjyçaj
21 other tuːḱo tū́ko tūšu dūču tūḱo tujco
22 one ʂaːʔo šā́ʔo ɕōw ʂāhu ʂāʔo ʂajqo
23 two ʔaki ʔaki ogi hɛgiw ʔakiə qaki
24 three mikoː mikṓ migō miwgō miəkō mikow
25 four ŋoːɬe gṓwe nōh gōli gōle wowhe
26 five ṕaːŋe pā́ge čōn šāgi ṕāge çajwe
27 big ʂuːri šū́ri ɕūri ʂūriw ʂūriə ʂujri
28 long t́oːṕa tṓpa šōča cōšɛ t́ōṕa śowça
29 wide roːpa rṓpa pārnu rōbɛ rōpa rowpa
30 thick ʂeːru ī́rmɑ ɕēru ʂērju ūʂermī šeru
31 heavy suŋeː sugḗkī́to sunē sjugēgīdu sugē sube
32 small jaːḱi jā́ki jōši çāčiw jāḱi xajci
33 short kuːʂe kū́še kūɕ gūʂi kūʂe kujʂe
34 narrow ŋaːro gā́ro ārno ʂōʎi gāro wajro
35 thin lase lase los lɛsi lase lase
36 woman ʔoːna ʔṓna ōna hōnɛ ʔōna qowna
37 man (adult male) ɬiːro wī́ro līru wīru līro hjyro
38 man (human being) pʰuːka phū́ka fūga pūgɛ fūka βujka
39 child soːχariːti, t́ateːɬi tsetse sōharīdi cɛdēliw karaʂ ʈeʈe
40 wife ʔoːna šḗʔipekī́ti ɕječəgīdi hōnɛ ʔōna šeqiçekjyti
41 husband ɬiːro šḗʔipekī́ti ɕječəgīdi wīru līro šeqiçekjyti
42 mother mamu mamu momu mɛmju maməw mamu
43 father papu papu pobu bɛbju papəw papu
44 animal ʔæɳiːti, moːṕiŋi ʔɑñī́ti mōčini pɛgti ʔəɳītiə mowçiwi
45 fish luːʂu pikasī́ti lūɕu lūšu lūʂəw lujʂu
46 bird χaːṕi hā́pi sampō xāšiw pīðərū ŕajçi
47 dog sopa sopa soba subɛ sopa sopa
48 louse leːkʰo lḗkho partō lēku kīrəʈu ljeɣo
49 snake ʂiːḱeti, t́æmaːʔiːti šī́keti ɕīšədi cjɛmāhīdiw t́īrəmu śämajqjyti
50 worm ḱuːre kū́re šūr čūri ḱūre cujre
51 tree siːsa ā́kri sīsa sīsɛ sīsa sjysa
52 forest siːsat́u ā́ktse ūmɕogo sīsɛču nosʔeʈī sjysaśu
53 stick t́æʂo ṑrsɑ šɛɕu cjɛʂu eʈosam
54 fruit sasiːŋaḱa sasī́gaka marɕo bɛbri sasīgaḱa sasjywaca
55 seed mæɬaː mɑwā́ mɛhā mjɛlā məlā mähaj
56 leaf ɬeːχa wḗɣa lēha wēxɛ lēha hjeŕa
57 root ŋaːŋe gā́ge limi wiwmiw gāge wajwe
58 bark (of a tree) saχi tsṓkhɑsi sohi buhōwnri sahiə
59 flower ɬoʂaː wošā́ bāmɕo wuʂā rəʂho hoʂaj
60 grass loːḱa lṓka ɕānkonto lōčɛ nosʔəʈī lowca
61 rope ṕaːʈo gḗtsopukha čōcu šāʈu hoʂkə beʈoçuɣa
62 skin putʰæ puthɑ puθe bjutjɛ puðə puðä
63 meat χuːʈa hū́tsa hūca xūʈɛ hūʈa ŕujʈa
64 blood χiːt́a hī́ta hīša xīcɛ hīt́a žyśa
65 bone χæro hɑro hɛru xjɛru həro ŕäro
66 fat (noun) kiːlo kī́lo kīlu gīlu kīlo kjylo
67 egg tʰaːʈo thā́tso θōcu tāʈu ðāʈo ðajʈo
68 horn kæmuː kɑmū́ kɛmū gjɛmū kəmū kämuj
69 tail tʰiɬoː thiwṓ ɕemtē tiwlō lokūp ðihow
70 feather pʰætʰaː phɑthā́ fɛθā pjɛtā fəðā βäðaj
71 hair toːmi tṓmi dūrso giwdōmiw tōmiə towmi
72 head ʔeːma ʔḗma ēma giwdiw ʔēma qjema
73 ear kʰoːɬi khṓwi xōhi kōliw xōliə ɣowhi
74 eye rako rako rogu rɛgu rako rako
75 nose t́aːṕi tā́pi šōči cāšiw t́āṕiə śajçi
76 mouth ʈeŋæ tsegɑ cene ʈigjɛ ʈegə ʈewä
77 tooth ɳame ñame ňom ňɛmi ɳame ɳame
78 tongue (organ) kʰolaː kholā́ xolā kulā xolā ɣolaj
79 fingernail ḱaːje kā́je šōj čāǰi xoḱūk caje
80 foot tʰiːka thī́ka θīga tīgɛ ðīka ðjyka
81 leg pʰuːʈe phū́tse fūč giwtīgɛ fūʈe βujʈe
82 knee ŋoṕeː gopḗ nočē gušē goṕē woče
83 hand lilaː lilā́ lilā liwlā liəlā lilaj
84 wing pʰætʰoːɬukʰa phɑtowukha θɛčōri pjɛtōʎukɛ īpeðrəm ðäçowri
85 belly ʔuːmi, ʔuːmit́u ʔetke ūmi hūmiwču eroʂað qujmśu
86 guts ʔuːmi, ʔuːmit́u ʔū́mi ūmšu hūmiw əwʔūma qujmi
87 neck χæɬuː wiʔḗma hɛhū xjɛlū xorʂa ŕähuj
88 back ʂomi šomi ɕomi giwʂumiw wiʂomi
89 breast seːno / seːnot́u sḗno sēnošu sēnu sēnot́u sjenośu
90 heart ṕiːḱa pī́ka čīša šīčɛ ṕīḱa čyca
91 liver ŋoːʂe gṓše nōɕ gōʂi gōʂe wowʂe
92 to drink tumaɬ- tumawɑme tumahem djumɛliwgɛ təwmaləme tumahika
93 to eat χeːmon- hḗmonɑme hēmonem xēmuniwgɛ hēmonəme žemonika
94 to bite ɳamiːḱ- ñamī́kɑme ňomīšem ňɛmīčiwgɛ ɳamīḱəme ɳamjycika
95 to suck suːkor- sū́korɑme sūgorem sūguriwgɛ sūkorəme sujkorika
96 to spit χæṕuːʈ- hɑpū́ʔɑme hɛčem xjɛšūhiwgɛ həṕūʔəme ŕäçujʈika
97 to vomit saχok-, saχek-, saχuŋ- saɣokɑme sohunem sɛxigiwgɛ sahokəme saŕokika
98 to blow ʂoːmar- šṓmarɑme ɕōmarem çēciwgiwgɛ ʂōmarəme xjeśikika
99 to breathe jeːt́ik-, jeːt́is- jḗtikɑme jēšisem kōrpēgiwgɛ jēt́iəsəme
100 to laugh piːtaɬ- mā́tokɑme pīdahem mācusiwgɛ pītaləme pjytahika
101 to see liːloṕ- lī́lopɑme līločem līlušiwgɛ līloṕəme ljyloçika
102 to hear kʰoːɬer- khṓwerɑme xōhərem kōliriwgɛ xōlerəme ɣowherika
103 to know tʰaːŋ- thā́gɑme θōnem / čōšānem tāgiwgɛ ðāgəme ðajwika
104 to think meːnok-, meːnos- mḗnosɑme mēnosem mēnugiwgɛ mēnokəme mjenosika
105 to smell ʈiːṕoḱek- tsī́pokekɑme cīčuɕu hīhem ʈīšučigiwgɛ ʈīṕoḱekəme śyçocekika
106 to fear kætʰuːs- kɑthū́sɑme kɛθūsem gjɛtūsiwgɛ kəðūsəme käðujsika
107 to sleep ḱeːɬon- kḗwonɑme šēhonem čēluniwgɛ ḱēlonəme ʎehonika
108 to live ɬoṕeːs- wopḗsɑme ločēsem wušēsiwgɛ loṕēsəme hočesika
109 to die ʔulik- ʔulikɑme uligem çuliwgiwgɛ ʔəwliəkəme qulikika
110 to kill ʔulikok- ʔulikokɑme uligogem ʂīmitigiwgɛ ʔəwliəkokəme šymeðekika
111 to fight χuːχom- hū́ɣomɑme hūhomem xūxumiwgɛ hūhoməme ŕujŕomika
112 to hunt ʔoːt́eŋ- ʔṓtegɑme ōšənem hōcigiwgɛ ʔōt́egəme qowśewika
113 to hit pʰiɬuːḱ- phiwū́kɑme fihūšem piwlūčiwgɛ fiəlūḱəme βihujcika
114 to cut neːχoɬ- nḗɣowɑme cočōnem nēxuliwgɛ ʈaṕōgəme njeŕohika
115 to split t́iːnis-, t́iːnok-, t́iːnek- tī́nisɑme nēhohem cīnugiwgɛ t́īnekəme šynokika
116 to stab neːχoɬek-, neːχoɬuŋ-, neːχoɬoːr- nḗɣowṓrɑme nēhohunem nēxuligiwgɛ njeŕohowrika
117 to scratch ḱeːjoʂ- kā́jesɑme šējoɕem guhuxiwgɛ ḱējoʂəme ʎejoʂika
118 to dig ɳætʰeːs- ñɑthḗsɑme ňɛθēsem ňɛtēsiwgɛ ɳəðēsəme ɳäðjesika
119 to swim ṕiḱas- pikasɑme čišasem šiwčɛsiwgɛ ṕiəḱasəme çicasika
120 to fly pʰætʰoːɬ- phɑthowɑme fɛθōhem pjɛtōliwgɛ fəðōləme βäðowhika
121 to walk tʰiːkas- thī́kasɑme čōdəsem tīgɛsiwgɛ ðjykasika
122 to come ḱiŋoɬ- kigowɑme šinohem čiwguliwgɛ ḱiəgoləme ciwohika
123 to lie (as in a bed) ŋuɬin- guwinɑme lišogem gjuliwniwgɛ guliənəme wuhinika
124 to sit χoɬiːḱ- howī́kɑme hohīšem xulīčiwgɛ holīḱəme ŕohjycika
125 to stand tʰoːʔeχ- thṓʔeɣɑme θōhem giwdiwsiwgɛ ðōʔehəme ðowqeŕika
126 to turn (intransitive) næʔoːχ- nɑʔṓɣɑme mē īrisem njɛhōxiwgɛ näqowŕika
127 to fall χiːʂak- hī́šakɑme hīɕagem xīʂɛgiwgɛ hīʂakəme žyʂakika
128 to give kæɬok- kɑwokɑme kɛhogem gjɛlugiwgɛ kəlokəme kähokika
129 to hold t́eːŋoɬ-, ʔaːmæɬok- tḗgowɑme šēnohem cēguliwgɛ ʔāməlokəme qajmähokika
130 to squeeze ḱiːʔat́- kī́ʔatṓrɑme šēšem čīhɛčugiwgɛ t́eʔeʈəme ʎyqaśika
131 to rub tæŋoːtʰ- hṑnesɑme tɛnōθem lītjusiwgɛ təgōðəme täwowðika
132 to wash miːɬoɳ- mī́woñɑme mīhoňem rɛrpīxiwgɛ ṕiəḱesəme mjyhoɳika
133 to wipe juːkækek- jū́kɑkekɑme jūgegəgem ǰahsičigiwgɛ xujkäcekika
134 to pull ṕurːæʔ- pū́rɑʔɑme čūrem šūrjɛhiwgɛ ṕūrəʔəme çujräqika
135 to push ḱaːɬæʔ- kā́wɑʔɑme šōhem čāʎɛhiwgɛ ḱāləhəme cajhäqika
136 to throw χæʔoːʈ- hɑʔṓtsɑme hōcem xjɛhōʈiwgɛ həʔōʈəme ŕäqowʈika
137 to tie ŋeːʈoṕ- gḗtsopɑme ɕējčem mīçɛʂiwgɛ gēʈoṕəme beʈoçika
138 to sew kʰat́oɬ- khatowɑme xošohem kɛculiwgɛ xat́oləme ɣaśohika
139 to count moːʔeʂ- mṓʔešɑme mōɕem mōhiʂiwgɛ mōʔeʂəme mowqeʂika
140 to say ʈæŋeɬ- tsɑgewɑme cɛnəhem cɛgiliwgɛ ʈəgeləme ʈäwehika
141 to sing ḱinus- kinusɑme šinusem čiwnjusiwgɛ ḱiənəwsəme cinusika
142 to play ḱæɬuːŋ- kɑwū́gɑme mōšogem čɛlūgiwgɛ pokorəme
143 to float ŋiːχatʰ- gī́ɣathɑme nīhaθem gīxɛtiwgɛ byŕaðika
144 to flow reːt́æn- rḗtɑnɑme rēšenem rēcjɛniwgɛ rēt́ənəme rjeśänika
145 to freeze ɬærik-, ɬæris- lɑnā́sɑme lɛrigem bjɛriwsiwgɛ
146 to swell pæʈok-, pæʈos- pɑtsokɑme pɛcogem bjɛʈusiwgɛ pəʈosəme päʈokika
147 sun ɬæɬe rū́roki lɛh bjɛli ʂarax säɳo
148 moon ʂusæɳo, ʂuʔuːkha, ʔuːkhati ʔū́khati ɕūxa šusjɛňu ʔamar qujɣati
149 star ɳakʰe ñakhe ňoh ňɛki ɳaxe ɳaɣe
150 water ṕiḱe pike čiš šiwči ṕiəḱe çice
151 rain ḱume ʔahno šum čumi ḱəwme cume
152 river reːt́æni rḗtɑni lonō jusōxɛrɛ koʂūr rjeśäni
153 lake ṕiḱet́u tsišɑ čišəšu šiwčiču ṕiəḱet́əw mujʂuçice
154 sea - pā́tse dōša ʂirmu teʔoha ʂuçice
155 salt - ʔū́rtū́ gimbē ʂirē ðamat́
156 stone juːɬa jū́wa jūha çūlɛ jūla xujha
157 sand mutʰe muthe muθ mjuti muðe muðe
158 dust pʰiːḱo phī́ko fīšu pīču fīḱo βjyco
159 earth pʰeːpʰi phḗphi čonu pēpiw lūme hime
160 cloud ʈækʰi tsɑkhi cɛxi cɛkiw ʈəkiə ʈäɣi
161 fog mæri neptḗ mɛri mjɛriw məriə
162 sky kit́a kita kiša giwcɛ kiət́a kica
163 wind ʔaḱoː šṓmari ošō ērti ʔaḱō qacow
164 snow ʈuːtʰeː tsū́thḗ cūθē ʈūtē ʈūðē
165 ice ɬæri lɑnā́ lɛri bjɛriw lərie
166 smoke nuːʂi nū́ši nūɕi nūʂiw nūʂiə nujʂi
167 fire ruːro wɑwe rūru rūru ḱīmtə rujro
168 ash roruːkaḱa, roruːki rorū́kaka rorūgi rurūgɛčɛ rorūkiə rorujkaca
169 to burn ruːrok- tsirtsɑʔɑme rūrogem rūrugiwgɛ rūrokəme rujrokika
170 road ṕoːte ḗrgo čōd šōdi rūxʂīro çowteɣa
171 mountain ŋitit́u, ŋitimeːʔi, ɳæḱit́u gititu nidišu ňɛčiwču ɳəḱiəlo witimjeqi
172 red χoːre hṓre hōr xōri hōre ŕowre
173 green ŋeːʔæ gḗʔɑ ɕānko gēçɛ ūnesʔī lowcawä
174 yellow ŋeːʔæ kṓkri nē hupɛ aʈpīʂo beqä
175 white ʔuːkʰa ā́lpo ūxa hūkɛ ʔūxa säɳowä
176 black pʰoːɬu phṓwu godra bōxri əʔtax xähownä
177 night jæɬoː jɑwṓ jɛhō čɛlō jəlō xähow
178 day sæti sɑti sɛdi sjɛdiw estih hähe
179 year ɬæḱo wɑko lɛšu bjɛču ləḱo häco
180 warm ruːmaphæ rū́rophɑ rūmafa rūmɛpjɛ ūḱemtī rujmaβä
181 cold lænaː ī́rtu lɛnā ʎɛnā axfīno länaj
182 full pʰælo phɑlo fɛlu pjɛlu fəlo βälo
183 new reːʔo rḗʔo rēw rēhu rēʔo rjeqo
184 old ʔokeː ʔokḗ ogē hugē ʔokē qokje
185 good ruʔa ruʔa rō rjuhɛ rəwʔa ruqa
186 bad ʂiːŋu šī́ʔṓ ɕīnu gōrɛ ʂīgu šywo, šyqow
187 rotten ʂuːji šū́ji ɕūji ʂūǰiwnjɛ aʈīʔo ʂuji
188 dirty koːra kṓra āmku sīnuǰū kōra kowra
189 straight keḱo keko kešu giču keḱo keco
190 round ŋoɬaː ʔī́riko nohā gulā golā wohaj
191 sharp (as a knife) reːχi rḗɣi lāma rēxiw rēhiə rjeŕi
192 dull (as a knife) siːreːχi sī́rḗɣi sīlāma sīrēxiw sīrēhiə sjyrjeŕi
193 smooth liːtʰu henṑsuka urpā lītju līðəw sjeðo
194 wet ṕiːḱoː pī́kṓ čīšō šīčō ṕīḱō čycow
195 dry juːkæ nopā́ jūge çūgjɛ okəjmo
196 correct ɬaːŋo wā́go hōlu wāgu lāgo hajwo
197 near piŋko pinko pinku biwgu piəko piwko
198 far ɬuːŋko wū́nko lūnku wūgu lūko hujko
199 right ʂoːɬu šṓwuko ɕōhu ʂōʎu ʂōləwko ʂowhuko
200 left juːri jū́riko jūri çūriw jūriəko xujriko
201 at -χæ -ɣɑ -he -xjɛ kōl -ŕä
202 in -ʈar -tsar -car hūm ʔūm -ʈar
203 with -kʰæ / ʔeːχ -khɑ / ʔḕ -xe / ēh čīg / hēx / -xjɛ ḱīg / ʔēh -ɣä / qjeŕ
204 and -na / ɳuː -na / ñū́ -na / ňū nɛlu / ňū -na / ɳū -na / ɳuj
205 if omtu / omlu / ʔeːχiːʈar ʔḗɣī́tsar / omlo īcar / omlu umdju / hēxīʈ omlo / ʔēhīʈər omtu
206 because ʂætukhu, ʂælokhu šɑkhu, šɑtukhu hīduxu šɛdjuku ʂəloxəw žyɣu
207 name tita tita tida xādiwdɛ tiəta tita

Kī́rtako

No. English Kī́rtako Iðâɣ Læntixu
1 I owtu òtu owtu
2 you (singular) ertu étu æpjixu, ercu
3 he ɑktu àtu æstu
4 we owtuno òtun owtun
5 you (plural) ertuno étun æpjixun, ercun
6 they ɑktuno àtun æstun
7 this niwo / niktuko nìtuɣə / ô nìtuɣə nistuxul‘
8 that ɑwo / ɑktuko àtuɣə / ô àtuɣə æstuxul‘
9 here niwotsar nîsah nicær
10 there ɑwotsar ôsah owcær
11 who šā́ šá šæl‘
12 what šɑ ša šæ
13 where šɑtsar / šɑɣɑ šar / šah šæθucær / šæθuxa
14 when šɑjuʔṓ šajǔ šæju
15 how šɑmɑgi šamaɣ šæmæcær
16 not ʔī́sɑme î jis, he
17 all jḗʔo / pṓwɑ jô / pǒ jowl‘ / powbal‘
18 many pā́mo pámə pæmuxul‘
19 some mṓwū́ mû mowbul‘
20 few sī́pā́ síβé šiɸæxul‘
21 other tū́ko túɣə tuxul‘
22 one šā́ʔo šâ šæf
23 two ʔaki áɣi æx‘
24 three mikṓ miɣò mixow
25 four gṓwe gô gowbɛ
26 five pā́ge pâ pæžɛ
27 big šū́ri šúri sur‘il‘
28 long tṓpa tóβe towɸal‘
29 wide rṓpa róβe rowɸal‘
30 thick ī́rmɑ îma jirmal‘
31 heavy sugḗkī́to sǒɣíðə sužeciθul‘
32 small jā́ki jáɣi jæx‘il‘
33 short kū́še kúš kušɛl‘
34 narrow gā́ro gárə gærul‘
35 thin lase las lasɛl‘
36 woman ʔṓna ône ownal‘
37 man (adult male) wī́ro îrə vjirul‘
38 man (human being) phū́ka çúɣe fuxal‘
39 child tsetse ses cɛcɛl‘
40 wife šḗʔipekī́ti šîβəɣíði
41 husband šḗʔipekī́ti šîβəɣíði
42 mother mamu mamu mamul‘
43 father papu paβu paɸul‘
44 animal ʔɑñī́ti áníði ɛñiθ‘il‘
45 fish pikasī́ti îçrí çæθ‘il‘
46 bird hā́pi âβi hæɸ‘il‘
47 dog sopa soβe soɸal‘
48 louse lḗkho léxə
49 snake šī́keti šíɣəði šjičɛθ‘il‘
50 worm kū́re kúr kurɛl‘
51 tree ā́kri çâjî æsr‘il‘
52 forest ā́ktse âs ækšɛl‘
53 stick ṑrsɑ ǒsa owrsal‘
54 fruit sasī́gaka sasíɣaɣe sašigaxal‘
55 seed mɑwā́ mǎ mæbæl‘
56 leaf wḗɣa êhe vehal‘
57 root gā́ge gâ gæžɛl‘
58 bark (of a tree) tsṓkhɑsi sóxasi cowhæs‘il‘
59 flower wošā́ óčé vošæl‘
60 grass lṓka lóɣe lowxal‘
61 rope gḗtsopukha žecoɸuhal‘
62 skin puthɑ puða pul‘
63 meat hū́tsa ûse hucal‘
64 blood hī́ta îðe
65 bone hɑro árə hærul‘
66 fat (noun) kī́lo kî kjilul‘
67 egg thā́tso hásə æcul‘
68 horn kɑmū́ kamú kæmul‘
69 tail thiwṓ hǐ jibowl‘
70 feather phɑthā́ çaðé fɛl‘
71 hair tṓmi tómi towm‘il‘
72 head ʔḗma pát parcɛl‘
73 ear khṓwi hê howb‘il‘
74 eye rako raɣə raxul‘
75 nose tā́pi táβi tæɸ‘il‘
76 mouth tsegɑ seɣa cɛgal‘
77 tooth ñame nam ñamɛl‘
78 tongue (organ) kholā́ hǒ holæl‘
79 fingernail kā́je kâɣi kæjɛx‘il‘
80 foot thī́ka híɣe jixal‘
81 leg phū́tse çús fucɛl‘
82 knee gopḗ goβé goɸil‘
83 hand lilā́ lě lilæl‘
84 wing phɑtowukha çaðûxe fowbuhal‘
85 belly ʔetke ěk ɛčɛl‘
86 guts ʔū́mi ûmi um‘il‘
87 neck wiʔḗma ǐme vjemal‘
88 back šomi šomi šom‘il‘
89 breast sḗno sénə senol‘
90 heart pī́ka píɣe umal‘
91 liver gṓše góš gowšɛl‘
92 to drink tumawɑme tumàm tumabæm‘
93 to eat hḗmonɑme êmonam hemonæm‘
94 to bite ñamī́kɑme namíɣam ñamjixæm‘
95 to suck sū́korɑme súɣoram suxoræm‘
96 to spit hɑpū́ʔɑme áβûm hæɸæm‘
97 to vomit saɣokɑme sahoɣam sahoxæm‘
98 to blow šṓmarɑme šómaram šowmaræm‘
99 to breathe jḗtikɑme jéðiɣam jeθixæm‘
100 to laugh mā́tokɑme máðoɣam mæθoxæm‘
101 to see lī́lopɑme lîβam ʎiloɸæm‘
102 to hear khṓwerɑme hôram howbɛræm‘
103 to know thā́gɑme háɣam ægæm‘
104 to think mḗnosɑme ménosam menosæm‘
105 to smell tsī́pokekɑme síβoɣəɣam cjiɸosɛxæm‘
106 to fear kɑthū́sɑme kaðúsam kusæm‘
107 to sleep kḗwonɑme kônam čebonæm‘
108 to live wopḗsɑme óβésam voɸesæm‘
109 to die ʔulikɑme óɣam ulixæm‘
110 to kill ʔulikokɑme óɣoɣam ulixoxæm‘
111 to fight hū́ɣomɑme ûhomam huhomæm‘
112 to hunt ʔṓtegɑme ôðəɣam owθɛgæm‘
113 to hit phiwū́kɑme çǒɣam fibuxæm‘
114 to cut nḗɣowɑme néhòm nehobæm‘
115 to split tī́nisɑme tínisam tjinisæm‘
116 to stab nḗɣowṓrɑme néhǒram nehobowræm‘
117 to scratch kā́jesɑme kâsam kæjɛsæm‘
118 to dig ñɑthḗsɑme naðésam ñæsæm‘
119 to swim pikasɑme piɣasam pixasæm‘
120 to fly phɑthowɑme çaðòm fowbæm‘
121 to walk thī́kasɑme híɣasam jixasæm‘
122 to come kigowɑme kiɣam kigobæm‘
123 to lie (as in a bed) guwinɑme gonam gubinæm‘
124 to sit howī́kɑme ěɣam, ěɣəɣam hobjixæm‘
125 to stand thṓʔeɣɑme hêham
126 to turn (intransitive) nɑʔṓɣɑme nǒɣam nowhæm‘
127 to fall hī́šakɑme îčaɣam hjišaxæm‘
128 to give kɑwokɑme kóɣam kæboxæm‘
129 to hold tḗgowɑme téɣòm cegobæm‘
130 to squeeze kī́ʔatṓrɑme kêðóram kjaθowræm‘
131 to rub hṑnesɑme ǒnəsam hownɛsæm‘
132 to wash mī́woñɑme mînam mjiboñæm‘
133 to wipe jū́kɑkekɑme júɣaɣəɣam juxæčɛxæm‘
134 to pull pū́rɑʔɑme púram puræm‘
135 to push kā́wɑʔɑme kâm kæbæm‘
136 to throw hɑʔṓtsɑme ǒsam howcæm‘
137 to tie gḗtsopɑme jesoβam žecoɸæm‘
138 to sew khatowɑme haðòm haθobæm‘
139 to count mṓʔešɑme môčam mowšæm‘
140 to say tsɑgewɑme sâm cæžɛbæm‘
141 to sing kinusɑme kinusam kinusæm‘
142 to play kɑwū́gɑme kǔɣam
143 to float gī́ɣathɑme gíhaðam gjihæm‘
144 to flow rḗtɑnɑme réðanam reθænæm‘
145 to freeze lɑnā́sɑme lanásam lænæsæm‘
146 to swell pɑtsokɑme pasoɣam pæcoxæm‘
147 sun rū́roki rûɣi rurox‘il‘
148 moon ʔū́khati ûxaði uhaθ‘il‘
149 star ñakhe na ñahɛl‘
150 water pike piɣ pičɛl‘
151 rain ʔahno ânə æçnul‘
152 river rḗtɑni réðani reθæn‘il‘
153 lake tsišɑ siča cišæl‘
154 sea pā́tse pás pæcɛl‘
155 salt ʔū́rtū́ ûtú urcul‘
156 stone jū́wa jǒči jubal‘
157 sand muthe muð mowl‘
158 dust phī́ko çíɣe fjixul‘
159 earth phḗphi çéɸi fef‘il‘
160 cloud tsɑkhi saxi cæh‘il‘
161 fog neptḗ nèté nɛpcel‘
162 sky kita kiðe kiθal‘
163 wind šṓmari šómari šowmar‘il‘
164 snow tsū́thḗ súðé cowl‘
165 ice lɑnā́ lané lænæl‘
166 smoke nū́ši núči nuš‘il‘
167 fire wɑwe é væbɛl‘
168 ash rorū́kaka rorúɣaɣe roruxaxal‘
169 to burn tsirtsɑʔɑme sǐsam čircæm‘
170 road ḗrgo êgə / uðíne eršul‘
171 mountain gititu giðiðə giθiθul‘
172 red hṓre ôrəɣi howrɛl‘
173 green gḗʔɑ jê žel‘
174 yellow kṓkri kôri kowsr‘il‘
175 white ā́lpo âpə æwpul‘
176 black phṓwu çû fowbul‘
177 night jɑwṓ jǒ jæbowl‘
178 day sɑti saði sæθ‘il‘
179 year wɑko áɣə vægoš‘il‘
180 warm rū́rophɑ rúroɸa rurofal‘
181 cold ī́rtu îtu jircul‘
182 full phɑlo çó fælul‘
183 new rḗʔo rô rewil‘
184 old ʔokḗ óɣé owčil‘
185 good ruʔa ro rol‘
186 bad šī́ʔṓ šǐ šjowl‘
187 rotten šū́ji ěsoβíðə sujil‘
188 dirty kṓra kóre kowral‘
189 straight keko keɣə čɛxul‘
190 round ʔī́riko îriɣə jirixul‘
191 sharp (as a knife) rḗɣi réhi reh‘il‘
192 dull (as a knife) sī́rḗɣi síréhi šireh‘il‘
193 smooth henṑsuka énòsuɣe hɛnowsuxal‘
194 wet pī́kṓ píɣó pjixowl‘
195 dry nopā́ noβé noɸæl‘
196 correct wā́go âɣə vægul‘
197 near pinko pinɣə pinkul‘
198 far wū́nko ûnɣə vunkul‘
199 right šṓwuko šûɣə šowbuxul‘
200 left jū́riko júriɣə jurixul‘
201 at -ɣɑ kô kowf
202 in -tsar -sah uh
203 with -khɑ / ʔḕ kíg / ě je
204 and -na / ñū́ no / nú ñu
205 if ʔḗɣī́tsar / omlo ǐs ejc
206 because šɑkhu, šɑtukhu šax šæθuxu
207 name tita tiðe tiθal‘
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