Star languages

The Star languages are the aboriginal languages of the dark-skinned Sukuna peoples who inhabited the central tropics of the continent of Rilola prior to the arrival of the other dark-skinned tribes such as Hipatal, Pabahais, etc, as well as the blonde, light-skinned Mumba people. The most famous tribe later formed the Star Empire; however, the Stars were just one of more than a dozen such tribes; the other tribes mostly blended with the Mumba settlers whereas the Stars stayed isolated. Even the Star Empire had mostly switched to speaking the Gold language, however, so the Star languages had been nearly wiped out by the year 1900 AD and today survive only in placenames.

According to the Amade page, these languages were only aboriginal to Tarise and points eastward, except for a tiny overlap with Amade (likely because Amade conquered eastward). This is not the idea I'd had in mind earlier. If it is true, then it must be that either the Stars or their conquerors also conquered eastern Kxesh, because Amade was firmly a part of the Star Empire.

SCRATCHPAD

16:24, 13 July 2025 (PDT)

Phonology (new)

Consonants

Pitch accent, three stop series (pʰ p b), possibly an /s/, and at least CVC syllables, almost certainly with restricted final C's, and perhaps CCVC with restricted second C's as well. The plain voiceless series might be ejective, and this would explain the retention of /ḳ/ in early MAP languages, but MAP never had /ṗ/.

Remember that Gold was an import to Play territory so Star ifnluenced Play only in ways it also influenced Leaper. the aboriginals of Play territory are probably PPC's anyway (paleo-PC)

possibly a dental series. CwV exists, but not sure if Cʷ or C+w

possibly move the Baeba Swamp aboriginal language to eastern Star territory, where it would influence Gold but also die out earlier than most of the other Star languages. Then Baeba's aboriginal language would either be all-new or a branch of Kxesh.

Bilabials:        ph   p    b    m    f    w
Dentals:               þ              ṣ         ḷ
Alveolars:        th   t    r    n    s         l
Palataloids:      č              n̆    š    y    λ
Velars:           kh   k    g    ŋ    x
Postvelars:                           h

There may not have been a distincrt /λ/ since /ly/ could probably also occuir.

The fricatives /f ṣ s š/ come mostly or entirely from lenition of stops /ph þ th č/, and /b r/ come at least partly frokm lenition of /p t/. This lenition may have been restricted to:

1. Word-medial position if the consonant was simple, and
2. Word-initial position otherwise.

This would imply that voicing of consonants tends NOT to match. Hoewver this lenition may of be a different type tyhan what PAZLGK had.

EWarly on, "ugly" clusters like /pk/ could occur even word-initially, but at leastr these shifted to /ph th/ after the linition of the old ph th.

Vowels

/a e i o u/

GOld's schwa was mostly secondary, althouht it did retain the original MRCA schwa too.

Stress is root-final, possibly even word-finla.

Phonology

A possible minimal consonant inventory is such as

Labials:       p   m            
Alveolars:     t   n       l   r
Velars:        k   ŋ   h

Vowels:        a   i   u

But it could perhaps be significantly larger.

A much larger phonology could have been present, perhaps with as much as :

Labials:           p   m   b   w
Dentals:           ṭ   ṇ   ḍ   ḷ       ṣ
Alveolars:         t   n   d   l   r   s
Postalveolars:     č   ň   ǯ   λ   ř   š
Palatals:          ć           y
Velars:            k   ŋ   ġ           h

Note the presence of a true voiced stop column, unlike almost all other languages in later times, where approximants, voiced fricatives, and voiced stops were all grouped together, usually with the velar member being a fricative and usually with no /d/.

A few "exotic" consonants might also appear, being pronounced almost the same as those listed but with effects on nearby vowels. These would merge with the others when found in certain environments where the effects were not audible.

The vowels were /a i u/, even under the maximal plan. This is morphologically significant, and the vowel inventory would likely be /a i u/ in nearly every Star language, not just the Ekwebe capital city language, and would remain so for thousands of years. However, vowel sequences occurred, including two of the same vowel in a row.

If the maximal inventory above is taken, sequences like /ny/ would be disallowed.

As indicated below under the grammar section, whatever the phonology might be, the morphology behaves as though the phonology is much larger, a trait shared with the Owl languages to the north and perhaps with the much later Moonshine which also edged into this territory.

Grammar

Star languages were SOV, like nearly all other languages of Teppala. However, the grammar of the Star languages was less fusional than most, and there were more small words in each sentence to play with.

The core vocabulary was based on biconsonantal roots, and all of the inflections (but not the derivations) were slates of vowels. Sometimes there were more than two vowels, which resulted in either a sequence of vowels or a reduplication of one of the root consonants. Also, there were consonantal prefixes and suffixes which could be considered as pseudo-allophones of these vowels, and which were written with separate letters in the Star script.

There were also pairs of consonants that stuck together, and which were forbidden to occur together when a vowel is left out. Thus /mp/ was not /m/+/p/, but rather behaved as though it were a single consonant. Most and perhaps all of these sticky sequences are homorganic.

Cultural contacts

Many Stars married into the Lenian families, meaning that in later periods, the Lenians of this area such as the Players were slightly darker than their original close kin, the Dreamers. But actually, this was primarily due to intermarriage with Andanese and not with the Star aboriginals. On the other hand, the Stars also married into Andanese families.

In the extreme west, in Atlam, the Stars had taken over the territory of the Kxel aboriginals, who had a different body type and a very different language family. The Stars of Amade were colonized by immigrants speaking Tropical Rim languages, but retained their Star identity to some extent, because the colonists introduced a system in which politics, not tribe, was the basis of citizenship and voting rights, so it was possible to be ethnically Star but not a member of the Star political party. Nonetheless, the Star languages were not passed down.