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| |morph=analytic | | |morph=analytic |
| |ms=neutral | | |ms=ergative |
| |wo=SVO | | |wo=VSO, OVS, SVO |
| |creator=[[User:Warakemau|Xing]]}} | | |creator=[[User:Warakemau|Xing]]}} |
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| | ŋ | | | ŋ |
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| ! Taps/flaps/trills | | ! Trills |
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| | r~l | | | r |
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| '''ei osa''' - some amount (lit. 'one part') | | '''ei osa''' - some amount (lit. 'one part') |
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| ==Simple clauses== | | ==Simple clauses== |
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| The basic word-order is SVO, or just SV in intransitive clauses. Present and future (non-past) tense is marked by ''e''', past tense by '''ta''':
| | One basic - though not the only - word-order is S.V.O. - Subject - Verb - Object. |
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| '''Katu e sewa.''' The cat is sleeping | | '''Katu e sewa.''' - The cat is sleeping. The cat will sleep. |
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| cat NPST sleep | | cat NPST sleep |
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| '''Katu ta sewa.''' - The cat slept | | '''Katu ta sewa.''' - The cat was sleeping. |
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| cat PST sleep | | cat PST sleep |
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| '''Mi e kopa kat''' I'm buying the cat | | '''Katu ta itu muso.''' - The cat ate the mouse. |
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| 1 NPST buy cat
| | cat PST eat mouse |
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| '''Mi ta kopa katu.''' - I bought a cat.
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| 1s PST buy cat
| | ==Embedded clauses== |
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| '''koa''' indicates the perfect: | | Relative clauses are introduced by '''ae''': |
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| '''Mi koa kopa katu''' - I have bought a cat. | | '''Katu ae mi kopa.''' - The cat that I bought. |
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| 1s PRF buy cat | | cat that 1s buy |
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| | '''Katu ae bita kia.''' - The cat that bit her. |
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| Adjectives can serve as predicates. There are optionally introduced by the copula '''nea'' 'to be':
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| | Complement clauses are introduced by '''ge''': |
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| '''Katu witu.''' Or: '''Katu nea witu''' - The cat is white.
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| cat white cat be white
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| '''Nea''' can also introduce prepositional phrases as predicates:
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| '''Katu nea i tebo.''' - The cat is on the table
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| cat be LOC table
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| '''Nea''' is optional when it comes to nominal predicates:
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| '''Kia tiatisu.''' - He is a teacher.
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| 3s person:teach
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| '''Kia nea tiatisu.''' - He is a teacher.
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| 3s be person:teach
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| ==The copula==
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| The copula '''nea''' can typically be left out. An adjective, verb, noun, or prepositional phrase following the verb may be interpreted as either a predicate or a modifier, depending on the context. The copula is used when one needs to make unambiguous that the following phrase is a predicate.
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| '''Katu witu''' - the cat is white, or: the white cat.
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| '''Katu nea witu''' - The cat is white.
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| '''Huno i huso''' - The dog in the house, or: the dog is on the house.
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| '''Huno nea i huso''' - The dog is in the house.
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| | '''Mi ta siu ge kia kopa katu.''' - I saw that he bought the cat. |
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| The past tense particle '''ta''' can be used with the copula:
| | 1s PST see that 3s buy cat |
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| | '''Mi wae ge kia kopa katu.''' - I want him to buy the cat. |
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| '''Katu ta nea witu.''' - The cat was white.
| | 1s want that 3s buy cat |
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| '''Huno ta nea i huso.''' - The dog was in the house.
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| ==Prepositions== | | ==Prepositions== |
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| There are two main prepositions in Waa: the dative/locative '''i''', and the ablative/instrumental '''a'''. They can have a variety of meanings, depending on the context. | | There are two basic, simple prepositions: '''a''' 'of', 'by', 'from', and '''i''' 'in', 'on', 'at', 'to'. |
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| ===The dative/locative===
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| '''I''' can be used to indicate various form of (spatial) location, as well as goal, destination or recipient.
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| '''katu i tebo''' - the cat on the table
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| cat LOC table
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| '''mane i huso''' - the room(s) in the house
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| mane LOC house
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| '''tebo i rumoitu''' - the table in the dining room
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| table LOC room:eat
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| '''Tebo nea i rumoitu.''' - The table is in the dining room.
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| table be LOC room:eat
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| '''Tuko mele i kapikuro.''' - Put the milk in the fridge.
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| put milk DAT box:cool
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| '''Kiwe buko i mi.''' - Give me the book.
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| give book DAT 1s
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| '''Teera ta kou i paiboa.''' - They went to the village
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| 1:PL go DAT place:live
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| '''Huno e sewa i roo.''' - The dog is sleeping on the floor.
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| ===The genitive/instrumental/ablative===
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| '''A''' indicates the genitive, indicating ownership, part-whole relationships, etc.
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| '''katu a teera''' - their cat
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| cat GEN 3:PL
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| '''kemaka a huno''' - the size of the dog
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| size GEN dog
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| '''muro a huso''' - the walls of the house
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| wall GEN house
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| '''osa a dei''' - a part of the day
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| part GEN day
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| '''A''' can also be used to indicate source, means, etc.
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| '''Te ta kee a paiboa.''' - He came from the village.
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| 3s PST come ABL place:live
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| '''Te ta padedu katu a korokuto.''' - He killed the cat with a knife.
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| 3 PST cause:dead cat INSTR tool:cut
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| ===Compound prepositions===
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| The simple prepositions '''i''' and '''a''' can be combined with other words to indicate more precise relationships, with '''i''' usually indicating location or destination, and '''a''' departing point or path.
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| '''i apo''' - 'on', 'above' | |
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| '''i roka''' - 'inside', 'into'
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| '''i puri''' - 'under', 'beneath'
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| '''a apo''' - 'from above', 'through above'
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| '''a roka''' - 'from inside', 'through the inside of'
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| '''a puri''' - 'from beneath', 'passing under'
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| ==Negations and questions==
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| A clause is negated by '''ku''':
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| '''Kat ku sewa.''' - The cat is not sleeping
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| cat NEG sleep
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| A yes/no-question may be formed by rising intonation. To respond to a question, you use '''ye''' for agreement, and '''kuye''' or just '''ku''' for disagreement.
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| '''Katu sewa?''' - Is the cat sleeping?
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| cat sleep
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| '''Ye. Katu sewa.''' - Yes. The cat is sleeping.
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| agree cat sleep
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| '''Ku. Katu ku sewa.''' - No. The cat isn't sleeping.
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| NEG cat NEG sleep
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| '''Kuye. Katu ku sewa.'''
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| NEG:agree cat NEG sleep
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| '''Katu ku sewa?''' - Isn't the cat sleeping?
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| cat NEG sleep
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| '''Ye. Kat ku sewa.''' - No. The cat isn't sleeping.
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| agree cat NEG sleep
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| '''Ku. Katu sewa.''' - Yes. The cat is sleeping.
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| NEG cat sleep
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| '''Kuye. Katu sewa.''' - Yes. The cat is sleeping.
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| NEG.agree cat sleep
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| '''Ku''' can also be used with adjectives or nouns:
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| '''ku bono''' - no good, not good
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| NEG good
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| '''ku katu''' - no cat(s)
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| NEG cat
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| '''ku mene''' - no one, nobody (lit. 'no person')
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| NEG person
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| ==Adjectives==
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| Adjectives go after the words they modify:
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| '''Kat miti''' - a/the small cat
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| cat small
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| '''Hun maka''' - a/the large dog
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| dog large
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| Adjectives as predicates are optionally introduced by the copula ''nea'':
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| '''Kat (nea) miti''' - The cat is small.
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| cat (be) small
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| Note that katu miti may be ambiguous, it can mean either 'the small cat' or 'the cat is small'. Without the copula, one must often rely on context to determine the intended meaning.
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| Comparisons are formed with the preposition '''i meso a''':
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| '''Kat nea miti i meso a hun.''' - The cat is smaller than the dog.
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| cat be small DAT measure GEN dog
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| ==Possession==
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| The possessor is placed after the possessum:
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| '''katu a mi''' - my cat
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| cat GEN 1s
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| '''huno a ota''' - (the) father's dog
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| dog GEN father
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| '''katu a ota a mi''' my father's cat
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| cat GEN father GEN 1s
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| ===Predicative possession===
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| '''Katu naa nea a mi.''' That cat is mine
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| cat that be GEN 1s
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| '''Nea katu a mi.''' I have a cat. ('There is a cat of mine')
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| be cat GEN 1s
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| ==Conjunctions==
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| '''e''' - and
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| '''eo''' - or
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| '''teya''' - but
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| ==Relative clauses==
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| Relative clauses are introduced with the particle '''ae''':
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| '''Mane ae kopa katu.''' - The man that bought the cat.
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| man REL buy cat
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| '''Katu ae te kopa.''' - The cat that he bought.
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| cat REL 3s buy
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| The past tense particle '''ta''' need not be used in the relative clause.
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| If the relativized noun is introduced by a preposition - '''i''' or '''a''' - it must be represented by a pronoun in the relative clause:
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| '''Korokuto ae kia padedu katu a kia. - The knife that he killed the cat with.
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| tool:cut REL 3s cause:dead cat INSTR 3s
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| '''Mane ae mi kiwe katu i te.''' - The man that I gave the cat to.
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| man REL 1s give cat DAT 3s
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| Prepositional stranding is not allowed:
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| '''*Mane ae mi kiwe katu i.'''
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| man REL 1s give cat DAT
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| ==Complement clauses==
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| Complement clauses are introduced by the conjunction '''ge''' 'that':
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| '''Mi ta siu ge kia kopa katu.''' - I saw that he bought the cat.
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| 1s PST see CONJ 3s buy cat
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| '''Mi ta ku wita ge te redi selu katu.''' - I didn't know he had (already) sold the cat.
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| 1s PST NEG know CONJ 2s PRF sell cat
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| ==Adverbial clauses==
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| Temporal adverbial clauses can bi introduced by '''beo''' 'before', '''ata''' 'after' and '''sima''' while', 'when', 'at the same time as':
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| '''Te ta kee beo mi kou.''' - 'He arrived before I left.
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| 3s PST come before 1 go
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| '''Te ta kee ata mi kou.''' - 'He arrived after I had left.'
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| 3s PST come after 1s leave
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| '''Te ta kee sima mi itu.''' - 'He arrived when I was eating'
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| 3s PST come while 1s eat
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| ==Auxiliary verbs==
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| '''Mi wae kopa katu.''' - I want to by a cat.
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| 1s want buy cat
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| '''Mi kae kopa katu.''' - I can buy a cat
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| 1s can buy cat
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| '''Mi nae kopa katu.''' - I must/have to buy a cat
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| 1s must buy cat
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| '''Mi mae kopa katu.''' - I may (am permitted to) buy a cat.
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| 1s may buy cat
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| '''Mi sae kopa katu.''' - I must (am morally obligted to) buy a cat.
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| 1s must buy cat
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| ==The prefix pa-==
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| The prefix '''pa-''' can be attached to certain verbs to render a causative meaning. It can turn an intransitive verb into a transitive one:
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| '''pa''' + '''kou''' ('to go') -> '''pakou''' - to lead
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| '''pa''' + '''rera''' ('to learn') -> '''parera''' - to teach
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| It can be attached to adjectives:
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| '''pa''' + '''witu''' ('white') -> '''pawitu''' to make white, to bleach
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| ==The prefix ke-==
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| The prefix '''ke-''' has a couple of functions. It can be added to verbs, to form nouns indicating what would typically be the result of the event described by the verb:
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| '''ke''' + '''rita''' ('to write') -> '''kerita''' - letter, (piece of) writing.
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| '''ke''' + '''rima''' ('to dream') -> '''kerima''' - dream
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| '''ke''' + '''tiga''' ('to think') -> '''ketiga''' 'thought'
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| It can form passive participles:
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| '''tiki kerai''' - fried chicken
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| chicken PASS.fry
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| '''tiki nea kerai''' - the chicken is/was fried
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| chicken be PASS.fry
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| '''Tiki nea kerai a mane''' - The chicken is being fried by the man. | | '''katu a kia''' - his cat |
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| chicken be PASS.fry man
| | cat GEN 3s |
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| | '''Katu ta kee a huso.''' - The cat came from the house. |
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| | cat PST come ABL hous |
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| | '''Kia ta padedu katu a hama.''' - He killed the cat with the hammer. |
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| It can be attached to adjectives to form abstract nouns:
| | 3s PST kill cat INSTR hammer |
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| | '''Katu ta kou i rumohaya.''' - The cat went to the kitchen. |
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| '''ke''' + '''biu''' (beautiful, good-looking) -> '''kebiu''' - beauty (in the sense of an abstract quality, rather than 'a beautiful person', which would be '''tiabiu''' or '''tiaoka biu''')
| | cat PST go DAT kitchen |
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| ==Reflexive clauses==
| | '''Kia ta ruko i yu.''' - She looked at you. |
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| | 3s PST look DAT 2s |
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| The reflexive pronoun is '''se''':
| | '''Katu e nea i tebo.''' - The cat is on the table. |
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| | cat NPST be LOC table |
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| '''Te ta ruko i se''' - He looked at himself.
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| 3s PST look DAT REFL
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| '''Teera ta ruko i se''' - They looked at themselves.
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| 3:PL PST look DAT REFL
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| | These can be combined with locational and other nouns to indicate more precise relations. |
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| '''Se''' need not refer to a third person subject. It can just as well refer back to a first or second person subject, corresponding to 'myself', 'ourselves', 'yourself', or 'yourselves' in English:
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| '''Mi ta ruko i se.''' - I looked at myself.
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| 1s PST look DAT REFL
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| The reciprocal pronoun is '''seoa''':
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| '''Teera ta ruko i seoa.''' - They looked at each other.
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| 3.PL PST look DAT RECP
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| ==Lexicon== | | ==Lexicon== |
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| '''apa tegaei''' - forty-one (four ten one) | | '''apa tegaei''' - forty-one (four ten one) |
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| '''apa tegarao''' - forty-two (four ten two) | | '''apa tegaoa''' - forty-two (four ten two) |
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| etc. | | etc. |
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| '''ei osatega''' - one tenth | | '''ei osatega''' - one tenth |
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| ==Family== | | ===Family=== |
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| '''siso''' - sister, female cousin | | '''siso''' - sister, female cousin |
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| ==See also== | | ==See also== |
Waa is a constructed language. A large part of its vocabulary is derived from English, or a selection of other languages.
Phonology
Consonants
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Labial
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Alveolar
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Palatal
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Velar or glottal
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| Voiceless stops
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p
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t
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k
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| Voiced stops
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b
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d
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| Voiceless fricatives
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s
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h
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| Nasals
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m
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n
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ŋ
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| Trills
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r
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| Glides
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w
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j
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/j/ is written y, and /ŋ/ g. Otherwise, the phonemes follow their 'expected' spelling according to the IPA.
Vowels
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Front
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Back
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| Close
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i
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u
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| Mid
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e
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o
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| Open
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a~ɑ
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Basic Phrases
There is no distinction between singular and plural, or between definite and indefinite forms, nor are there any other inflections of the noun.
katu - a cat, the cat, (some) cats, the cat,s etc.
huno - a dog, the dog, (some) dogs, the dogs, etc.
Adjectives and other modifying expressions follow the noun:
katu witu - a/the white cat(s)
cat white
huno maka - a/the large dog(s)
dog large
Pronouns
mi I
yu you (singular)
te he, she, it
tenaa that one
tenei thisone
miera we
yuera you (plural)
teera they
teeranaa those ones
teeranei these ones
ei tiaoka - somebody (lit. 'one person')
ei mea - something (lit. 'one thing')
ei osa - some amount (lit. 'one part')
Simple clauses
One basic - though not the only - word-order is S.V.O. - Subject - Verb - Object.
Katu e sewa. - The cat is sleeping. The cat will sleep.
cat NPST sleep
Katu ta sewa. - The cat was sleeping.
cat PST sleep
Katu ta itu muso. - The cat ate the mouse.
cat PST eat mouse
Embedded clauses
Relative clauses are introduced by ae:
Katu ae mi kopa. - The cat that I bought.
cat that 1s buy
Katu ae bita kia. - The cat that bit her.
Complement clauses are introduced by ge:
Mi ta siu ge kia kopa katu. - I saw that he bought the cat.
1s PST see that 3s buy cat
Mi wae ge kia kopa katu. - I want him to buy the cat.
1s want that 3s buy cat
Prepositions
There are two basic, simple prepositions: a 'of', 'by', 'from', and i 'in', 'on', 'at', 'to'.
katu a kia - his cat
cat GEN 3s
Katu ta kee a huso. - The cat came from the house.
cat PST come ABL hous
Kia ta padedu katu a hama. - He killed the cat with the hammer.
3s PST kill cat INSTR hammer
Katu ta kou i rumohaya. - The cat went to the kitchen.
cat PST go DAT kitchen
Kia ta ruko i yu. - She looked at you.
3s PST look DAT 2s
Katu e nea i tebo. - The cat is on the table.
cat NPST be LOC table
These can be combined with locational and other nouns to indicate more precise relations.
Lexicon
Colours
kara - colour
raku - black
witu - white
rei - grey
beu - blue
rinu - green
redu - red
yero - yellow
runo - brown
beuraku - dark blue, black-blue
beuwitu - light blue
Numerals
ei - one
oa - two
kore - three
apa - four
lima - five
sesu - six
sewe - seven
eto - eight
niu - nine
tega - ten
tegaei - eleven (ten one)
tegaoa - twelve (ten two)
etc.
oa tega - twenty (two ten)
kore tega - thirty (three ten)
etc.
apa tegaei - forty-one (four ten one)
apa tegaoa - forty-two (four ten two)
etc.
(ei) huna - (one) hundred
(ei) tusa - (one) thousand
(ei) mirione - (one) million
(ei) birione (one) billion (short scale, like English)
(ei) tirione (one) trillion
Cardinal numerals are placed before the noun:
lima tiaoka - five people
sesu katu - six cats
Ordinal numerals are placed after the noun:
katu kore - the third cat
tiaoka oa - the second person
For 'first', You can use either the numeral ei, or the special word mua:
kat ei - the first cat
kat mua - the first cat
Fractionals are formed with osa 'part' + numeral:
osakore - (a) third
ei osakore - one third
oa osakore - two thirds
ei osatega - one tenth
Family
hami - family
hamiaka - extended family, kin
aba - father, uncle
ama - mother, aunt
bote - brother, male cousin
siso - sister, female cousin
See also
Waa-English dictionary
