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| |morph=analytic | | |morph=analytic |
| |ms=neutral | | |ms=ergative |
| |wo=SVO | | |wo=VSO, OVS, SVO |
| |creator=[[User:Warakemau|Xing]]}} | | |creator=[[User:Warakemau|Xing]]}} |
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| | ŋ | | | ŋ |
| |- | | |- |
| ! Taps/flaps/trills | | ! Trills |
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| | r~l | | | r |
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| '''kat''' - a cat, the cat, (some) cats, the cat,s etc. | | '''katu''' - a cat, the cat, (some) cats, the cat,s etc. |
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| '''hun''' - a dog, the dog, (some) dogs, the dogs, etc. | | '''huno''' - a dog, the dog, (some) dogs, the dogs, etc. |
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| '''kat wit''' - a/the white cat(s) | | '''katu witu''' - a/the white cat(s) |
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| cat white | | cat white |
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| '''hun maka''' - a/the large dog(s) | | '''huno maka''' - a/the large dog(s) |
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| dog large | | dog large |
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| '''ei osa''' - some amount (lit. 'one part') | | '''ei osa''' - some amount (lit. 'one part') |
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| ==Simple clauses== | | ==Simple clauses== |
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| The basic word-order is SVO, or just SV in intransitive clauses:
| | One basic - though not the only - word-order is S.V.O. - Subject - Verb - Object. |
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| '''Kat sewa.''' The cat is sleeping | | '''Katu e sewa.''' - The cat is sleeping. The cat will sleep. |
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| cat sleep | | cat NPST sleep |
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| '''Kat ta sewa.''' - The cat slept | | '''Katu ta sewa.''' - The cat was sleeping. |
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| cat PST sleep | | cat PST sleep |
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| '''Mi kopa kat''' I'm buying the cat | | '''Katu ta itu muso.''' - The cat ate the mouse. |
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| 1 buy cat
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| '''Mi ta kopa kat.''' - I bought a cat.
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| 1s PST buy cat
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| Adjectives can serve as predicates. There are optionally introduced by the copula '''nea'' 'to be':
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| '''Kat wit.''' Or: '''Kat nea wit''' - The cat is white.
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| cat white cat be white
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| '''Nea''' can also introduce prepositional phrases as predicates:
| | cat PST eat mouse |
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| '''Kat nea i tebo.''' - The cat is on the table
| | ==Embedded clauses== |
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| cat be LOC table
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| | Relative clauses are introduced by '''ae''': |
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| '''Nea''' is optional when it comes to nominal predicates:
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| '''Kia tiatis.''' - He is a teacher. | | '''Katu ae mi kopa.''' - The cat that I bought. |
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| 3s person:teach
| | cat that 1s buy |
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| '''Kia nea tiatis.''' - He is a teacher. | | '''Katu ae bita kia.''' - The cat that bit her. |
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| 3s be person:teach
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| ==The copula==
| | Complement clauses are introduced by '''ge''': |
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| The copula '''nea''' can typically be left out. An adjective, verb, noun, or prepositional phrase following the verb may be interpreted as either a predicate or a modifier, depending on the context. The copula is used when one needs to make unambiguous that the following phrase is a predicate.
| | '''Mi ta siu ge kia kopa katu.''' - I saw that he bought the cat. |
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| | 1s PST see that 3s buy cat |
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| '''Kat wit''' - the cat is white, or: the white cat. | | '''Mi wae ge kia kopa katu.''' - I want him to buy the cat. |
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| '''Kat nea wit''' - The cat is white.
| | 1s want that 3s buy cat |
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| '''Hun i hus''' - The dog in the house, or: the dog is on the house.
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| '''Hun nea i hus''' - The dog is in the house.
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| ==Prepositions== | | ==Prepositions== |
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| There are two main prepositions in Waa: the dative/locative '''i''', and the ablative/instrumental '''a'''. They can have a variety of meanings, depending on the context. | | There are two basic, simple prepositions: '''a''' 'of', 'by', 'from', and '''i''' 'in', 'on', 'at', 'to'. |
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| | '''katu a kia''' - his cat |
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| ===The dative/locative===
| | cat GEN 3s |
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| | '''Katu ta kee a huso.''' - The cat came from the house. |
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| | cat PST come ABL hous |
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| | '''Kia ta padedu katu a hama.''' - He killed the cat with the hammer. |
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| '''I''' can be used to indicate various form of (spatial) location, as well as goal, destination or recipient.
| | 3s PST kill cat INSTR hammer |
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| | '''Katu ta kou i rumohaya.''' - The cat went to the kitchen. |
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| '''kat i tebo''' - the cat on the table
| | cat PST go DAT kitchen |
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| cat LOC table
| | '''Kia ta ruko i yu.''' - She looked at you. |
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| '''rum i hus''' - the room(s) in the house
| | 3s PST look DAT 2s |
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| room LOC house
| | '''Katu e nea i tebo.''' - The cat is on the table. |
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| '''tebo i rumit''' - the table in the dining room
| | cat NPST be LOC table |
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| table LOC room:eat
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| '''Tebo nea i rumit.''' - The table is in the dining room.
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| table be LOC room:eat
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| '''Tuku mele i kapikur.''' - Put the milk in the fridge.
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| put milk DAT box:cool
| | These can be combined with locational and other nouns to indicate more precise relations. |
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| '''Kiwe buk i mi.''' - Give me the book.
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| give book DAT 1s
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| '''Teera ta kou i paiboa.''' - They went to the village
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| 1:PL go DAT place:live
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| ===The genitive/instrumental/ablative=== | | ==Lexicon== |
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| '''A''' can be used to indicate source, means, etc.
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| '''Te ta kee a paiboa.''' - He came from the village.
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| 3s PST come ABL place:live
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| '''Te ta paded kat a korokut.''' - He killed the cat with a knife.
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| 3 PST cause:dead cat INSTR tool:cut
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| '''A''' can be used to mark the standard in a comparison:
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| '''Hun nea maka a kat.''' - The dog is bigger than the cat.'
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| dog be big ABL cat
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| ===Compound prepositions===
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| The simple prepositions '''i''' and '''a''' can be combined with other words to indicate more precise relationships, with '''i''' usually indicating location or destination, and '''a''' departing point or path.
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| '''i apo''' - 'on', 'above'
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| '''i roka''' - 'inside', 'into'
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| '''i puri''' - 'under', 'beneath'
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| '''a apo''' - 'from above', 'through above'
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| '''a roka''' - 'from inside', 'through the inside of'
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| '''a puri''' - 'from beneath', 'passing under'
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| ==Negations and questions==
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| A clause is negated by '''ku''':
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| '''Kat ku sewa.''' - The cat is not sleeping
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| cat NEG sleep
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| A yes/no-question may be formed by rising intonation. To respond to a question, you use '''ye''' for agreement, and '''kuye''' or just '''ku''' for disagreement.
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| '''Kat sewa?''' - Is the cat sleeping?
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| cat sleep
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| '''Ye. Kat sewa.''' - Yes. The cat is sleeping.
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| agree cat sleep
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| '''Ku. Kat ku sewa.''' - No. The cat isn't sleeping.
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| NEG cat NEG sleep
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| '''Kuye. Kat ku sewa.'''
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| NEG:agree cat NEG sleep
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| '''Kat ku sewa?''' - Isn't the cat sleeping?
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| cat NEG sleep
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| '''Ye. Kat ku sewa.''' - No. The cat isn't sleeping.
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| agree cat NEG sleep
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| '''Ku. Kat sewa.''' - Yes. The cat is sleeping.
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| NEG cat sleep
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| '''Kuye. Kat sewa.''' - Yes. The cat is sleeping.
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| NEG.agree cat sleep
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| '''Ku''' can also be used with adjectives or nouns:
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| '''ku bon''' - no good, not good
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| NEG good
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| '''ku kat''' - no cat(s)
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| NEG cat
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| '''ku men''' - no one, nobody (lit. 'no person')
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| NEG person
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| ==Adjectives==
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| Adjectives go after the words they modify:
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| '''Kat miti''' - a/the small cat
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| cat small
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| '''Hun maka''' - a/the large dog
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| dog large
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| Adjectives as predicates are optionally introduced by the copula ''nea'':
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| '''Kat (nea) miti''' - The cat is small.
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| cat (be) small
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| Note that katu miti may be ambiguous, it can mean either 'the small cat' or 'the cat is small'. Without the copula, one must often rely on context to determine the intended meaning.
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| Comparisons are formed with the preposition '''i meso a''':
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| '''Kat nea miti i meso a hun.''' - The cat is smaller than the dog.
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| cat be small DAT measure GEN dog
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| ==Possession==
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| The possessor is placed after the possessum:
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| '''kat a mi''' - my cat
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| cat GEN 1s
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| '''hun a ota''' - (the) father's dog
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| dog GEN father
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| '''kat a ota a mi''' my father's cat
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| cat GEN father GEN 1s
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| ===Predicative possession===
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| '''Kat naa nea a mi.''' That cat is mine
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| cat that be GEN 1s
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| '''Nea kat a mi.''' I have a cat. ('There is a cat of mine')
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| be cat GEN 1s
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| ==Relative clauses==
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| Relative clauses are introduced with the particle '''ae''':
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| '''Man ae kopa kat.''' - The man that bought the cat.
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| man REL buy cat
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| '''Kat ae kia kopa.''' - The cat that he bought.
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| cat REL 3s buy
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| If the relativized noun is introduced by a preposition - '''i''' or '''a''' - it must be represented by a pronoun in the relative clause:
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| '''Korokut ae kia paded kat a kia. - The knife that he killed the cat with.
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| tool:cut REL 3s cause:dead cat INSTR 3s
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| '''Man ae mi kiwe kat i kia.''' - The man that I gave the cat to.
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| man REL 1s give cat DAT 3s
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| Prepositional stranding is not allowed:
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| '''*Man ae mi kiwe kat i.'''
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| man REL 1s give cat DAT
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| ==Complement clauses==
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| Complement clauses are introduced by the conjunction '''ge''' 'that':
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| '''Mi ta siu ge kia kopa kat.''' - I saw that he bought the cat.
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| 1s PST see CONJ 3s buy cat
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| '''Mi ta ku wita ge kia redi sel kat.''' - I didn't know he had (already) sold the cat.
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| 1s PST NEG know CONJ 2s PRF sell cat
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| ==Adverbial clauses==
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| Temporal adverbial clauses can bi introduced by '''beo''' 'before', '''ata''' 'after' and '''sima''' while', 'when', 'at the same time as':
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| '''Te ta kee beo mi kou.''' - 'He arrived before I left.
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| 3s PST come before 1 go
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| '''Te ta kee ata mi kou.''' - 'He arrived after I had left.'
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| 3s PST come after 1s leave
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| '''Te ta kee sima mi it.''' - 'He arrived when I was eating'
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| 3s PST come while 1s eat
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| ==Auxiliary verbs==
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| '''Mi wae kopa kat.''' - I want to by a cat.
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| 1s want buy cat
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| '''Mi kae kopa kat.''' - I can buy a cat
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| 1s can buy cat
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| '''Mi nae kopa kat.''' - I must/have to buy a cat
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| 1s must buy cat
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| '''Mi mae kopa kat.''' - I may (am permitted to) buy a cat.
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| 1s may buy cat
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| '''Mi sae kopa kat''' - I must (am morally obligted to) buy a cat.
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| 1s must buy cat
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| ==The prefix pa-==
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| The prefix '''pa-''' can be attached to certain verbs to render a causative meaning. It can turn an intransitive verb into a transitive one:
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| '''pa''' + '''kou''' ('to go') -> '''pakou''' - to lead
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| '''pa''' + '''rera''' ('to learn') -> '''parera''' - to teach
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| It can be attached to adjectives:
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| '''pa''' + '''wit''' ('white') -> '''pawit''' to make white, to bleach
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| ==The prefix ke-==
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| The prefix '''ke-''' has a couple of functions. It can be added to verbs, to form nouns indicating what would typically be the result of the event described by the verb:
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| '''ke''' + '''rita''' ('to write') -> '''kerita''' - letter, (piece of) writing.
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| '''ke''' + '''rima''' ('to dream') -> '''kerima''' - dream
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| '''ke''' + '''tig''' ('to think') -> '''ketig''' 'thought'
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| It can form passive participles:
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| '''tiki kerai''' - fried chicken
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| chicken PASS.fry
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| '''tiki nea kerai''' - the chicken is/was fried
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| chicken be PASS.fry
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| '''Tiki nea kerai a mane''' - The chicken is being fried by the man.
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| chicken be PASS.fry man
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| It can be attached to adjectives to form abstract nouns:
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| '''ke''' + '''biu''' (beautiful, good-looking) -> '''kebiu''' - beauty (in the sense of an abstract quality, rather than 'a beautiful person', which would be '''tiabiu''' or '''tiaoka biu''')
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| ==Reflexive clauses==
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| The reflexive pronoun is '''se''':
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| '''Te ta ruk i se''' - He looked at himself.
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| 3s PST look DAT REFL
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| '''Teera ta ruk i se''' - They looked at themselves.
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| 3:PL PST look DAT REFL
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| '''Se''' need not refer to a third person subject. It can just as well refer back to a first or second person subject, corresponding to 'myself', 'ourselves', 'yourself', or 'yourselves' in English:
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| '''Mi ta ruk i se.''' - I looked at myself.
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| 1s PST look DAT REFL
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| The reciprocal pronoun is '''seoa''':
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| '''Teera ta ruk i seoa.''' - They looked at each other.
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| 3.PL PST look DAT RECP
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| ==Lexicon==
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| ===Colours=== | | ===Colours=== |
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| '''kara''' - colour | | '''kara''' - colour |
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| '''goko''' or '''rau''' - black | | '''raku''' - black |
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| '''wit''' - white | | '''witu''' - white |
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| '''rei''' - grey | | '''rei''' - grey |
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| '''beu''' - blue | | '''beu''' - blue |
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| '''rin''' - green | | '''rinu''' - green |
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| '''red''' - red | | '''redu''' - red |
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| '''yero''' - yellow | | '''yero''' - yellow |
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| '''beuoko''' - dark blue, black-blue | | '''beuraku''' - dark blue, black-blue |
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| '''beuwit''' - light blue | | '''beuwitu''' - light blue |
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| ===Numerals=== | | ===Numerals=== |
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| '''lima''' - five | | '''lima''' - five |
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| '''ses''' - six | | '''sesu''' - six |
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| '''sewe''' - seven | | '''sewe''' - seven |
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| '''apa tegaei''' - forty-one (four ten one) | | '''apa tegaei''' - forty-one (four ten one) |
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| '''apa tegarao''' - forty-two (four ten two) | | '''apa tegaoa''' - forty-two (four ten two) |
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| etc. | | etc. |
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| '''lima tiaoka''' - five people | | '''lima tiaoka''' - five people |
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| '''ses kat''' - six cats | | '''sesu katu''' - six cats |
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| '''kat kore''' - the third cat | | '''katu kore''' - the third cat |
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| '''tiaoka roa''' - the second person | | '''tiaoka oa''' - the second person |
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| For 'first', You can use either the numeral '''ei''', or the special word '''mura''': | | For 'first', You can use either the numeral '''ei''', or the special word '''mua''': |
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| '''katu ei''' - the first cat | | '''kat ei''' - the first cat |
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| '''katu mura''' - the first cat | | '''kat mua''' - the first cat |
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| '''ei osatega''' - one tenth | | '''ei osatega''' - one tenth |
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| ==Family== | | ===Family=== |
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| '''siso''' - sister, female cousin | | '''siso''' - sister, female cousin |
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| ==See also== | | ==See also== |
Waa is a constructed language. A large part of its vocabulary is derived from English, or a selection of other languages.
Phonology
Consonants
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Labial
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Alveolar
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Palatal
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Velar or glottal
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| Voiceless stops
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p
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t
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k
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| Voiced stops
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b
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d
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| Voiceless fricatives
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s
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h
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| Nasals
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m
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n
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ŋ
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| Trills
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r
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| Glides
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w
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j
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/j/ is written y, and /ŋ/ g. Otherwise, the phonemes follow their 'expected' spelling according to the IPA.
Vowels
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Front
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Back
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| Close
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i
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u
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| Mid
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e
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o
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| Open
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a~ɑ
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Basic Phrases
There is no distinction between singular and plural, or between definite and indefinite forms, nor are there any other inflections of the noun.
katu - a cat, the cat, (some) cats, the cat,s etc.
huno - a dog, the dog, (some) dogs, the dogs, etc.
Adjectives and other modifying expressions follow the noun:
katu witu - a/the white cat(s)
cat white
huno maka - a/the large dog(s)
dog large
Pronouns
mi I
yu you (singular)
te he, she, it
tenaa that one
tenei thisone
miera we
yuera you (plural)
teera they
teeranaa those ones
teeranei these ones
ei tiaoka - somebody (lit. 'one person')
ei mea - something (lit. 'one thing')
ei osa - some amount (lit. 'one part')
Simple clauses
One basic - though not the only - word-order is S.V.O. - Subject - Verb - Object.
Katu e sewa. - The cat is sleeping. The cat will sleep.
cat NPST sleep
Katu ta sewa. - The cat was sleeping.
cat PST sleep
Katu ta itu muso. - The cat ate the mouse.
cat PST eat mouse
Embedded clauses
Relative clauses are introduced by ae:
Katu ae mi kopa. - The cat that I bought.
cat that 1s buy
Katu ae bita kia. - The cat that bit her.
Complement clauses are introduced by ge:
Mi ta siu ge kia kopa katu. - I saw that he bought the cat.
1s PST see that 3s buy cat
Mi wae ge kia kopa katu. - I want him to buy the cat.
1s want that 3s buy cat
Prepositions
There are two basic, simple prepositions: a 'of', 'by', 'from', and i 'in', 'on', 'at', 'to'.
katu a kia - his cat
cat GEN 3s
Katu ta kee a huso. - The cat came from the house.
cat PST come ABL hous
Kia ta padedu katu a hama. - He killed the cat with the hammer.
3s PST kill cat INSTR hammer
Katu ta kou i rumohaya. - The cat went to the kitchen.
cat PST go DAT kitchen
Kia ta ruko i yu. - She looked at you.
3s PST look DAT 2s
Katu e nea i tebo. - The cat is on the table.
cat NPST be LOC table
These can be combined with locational and other nouns to indicate more precise relations.
Lexicon
Colours
kara - colour
raku - black
witu - white
rei - grey
beu - blue
rinu - green
redu - red
yero - yellow
runo - brown
beuraku - dark blue, black-blue
beuwitu - light blue
Numerals
ei - one
oa - two
kore - three
apa - four
lima - five
sesu - six
sewe - seven
eto - eight
niu - nine
tega - ten
tegaei - eleven (ten one)
tegaoa - twelve (ten two)
etc.
oa tega - twenty (two ten)
kore tega - thirty (three ten)
etc.
apa tegaei - forty-one (four ten one)
apa tegaoa - forty-two (four ten two)
etc.
(ei) huna - (one) hundred
(ei) tusa - (one) thousand
(ei) mirione - (one) million
(ei) birione (one) billion (short scale, like English)
(ei) tirione (one) trillion
Cardinal numerals are placed before the noun:
lima tiaoka - five people
sesu katu - six cats
Ordinal numerals are placed after the noun:
katu kore - the third cat
tiaoka oa - the second person
For 'first', You can use either the numeral ei, or the special word mua:
kat ei - the first cat
kat mua - the first cat
Fractionals are formed with osa 'part' + numeral:
osakore - (a) third
ei osakore - one third
oa osakore - two thirds
ei osatega - one tenth
Family
hami - family
hamiaka - extended family, kin
aba - father, uncle
ama - mother, aunt
bote - brother, male cousin
siso - sister, female cousin
See also
Waa-English dictionary
