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|morph=analytic
|morph=analytic
|ms=neutral
|ms=ergative
|wo=SVO
|wo=VSO, OVS, SVO
|creator=[[User:Warakemau|Xing]]}}
|creator=[[User:Warakemau|Xing]]}}


'''Waa'''is a constructed language.
'''Waa''' is a constructed language. A large part of its vocabulary is derived from English, or a selection of other languages.


==Phonology==
==Phonology==
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   ! Alveolar
   ! Alveolar
   ! Palatal
   ! Palatal
   ! Velar
   ! Velar or glottal
   |-
   |-
   ! Voiceless stops
   ! Voiceless stops
   | p
   | p
   | t
   | t
   |
   |  
   | k
   | k
   |-
   |-
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   |
   |
   |  
   |  
  |-
  ! Voiceless fricatives
  |
  | s
  |
  | h
   |-
   |-
   ! Nasals
   ! Nasals
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   | ŋ
   | ŋ
   |-
   |-
   ! Taps/flaps/trills
   ! Trills
   |
   |
   | r~ɾ
   | r
   |
   |
   |
   |
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/j/ is written ''y'', and /ŋ/ ''g''. Otherwise, the phonemes follow their 'expected' spelling according to the IPA.
/j/ is written ''y'', and /ŋ/ ''g''. Otherwise, the phonemes follow their 'expected' spelling according to the IPA.


===Vowels===
===Vowels===
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   |-
   |-
   ! Open
   ! Open
 
   | colspan="2" | a~ɑ
   | a~ɑ
   |}
   |}
 
Waa has essentially a five-vowel system. On a phonological level, all vowels could be analysed as short monophthongs. In connected speech, however, adjacent vowels may be realized as diphthings on a phonetic level, and two identical vowels next to each other as a single, long vowel. Stress falls on the second-to-last mora, or second to last phonological vowel.


==Basic Phrases==
==Basic Phrases==
Line 96: Line 97:


'''katu witu''' - a/the white cat(s)
'''katu witu''' - a/the white cat(s)
cat white


'''huno maka''' - a/the large dog(s)
'''huno maka''' - a/the large dog(s)


dog large


==Pronouns==
==Pronouns==
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'''yu''' you (singular)
'''yu''' you (singular)


'''kia''' he, she, it  
'''te''' he, she, it
 
'''tenaa''' that one
 
'''tenei''' thisone


'''miera''' we
'''miera''' we
Line 113: Line 121:
'''yuera''' you (plural)
'''yuera''' you (plural)


'''kiaera''' or '''kiakia''' they
'''teera''' they
 


A pronoun placed right after a noun can serve as a possessive pronoun:
'''teeranaa''' those ones


'''teeranei''' these ones


'''katu mi''' - my cat


'''huno kia''' - her/his dog




==Simple clauses==
'''ei tiaoka''' - somebody (lit. 'one person')


'''ei mea''' - something (lit. 'one thing')


The basic word-order is SVO, or just SV in intransitive clauses:
'''ei osa''' - some amount (lit. 'one part')




'''Katu sewa.''' The cat is sleeping
==Simple clauses==
 


'''Mi kopa katu''' I'm buying the cat


One basic - though not the only - word-order is S.V.O. - Subject - Verb - Object.


Adjectives can serve as predicates. There are optionally introduced by the copula '''nea'' 'to be':


'''Katu e sewa.''' - The cat is sleeping. The cat will sleep.


'''Katu witu.''' Or: '''Katu nea witu''' - The cat is white.
cat NPST sleep


'''Katu ta sewa.''' - The cat was sleeping.


'''Nea''' can also introduce prepositional phrases as predicates:
cat PST sleep


'''Katu ta itu muso.''' - The cat ate the mouse.


'''Katu nea i tebo.''' - The cat is on the table
cat PST eat mouse




There is a past tense particle ''ko'':
==Embedded clauses==




'''Katu ko sewa.''' - The cat slept.
Relative clauses are introduced by '''ae''':


'''Mi ko kopa katu.''' - I bought the cat.


'''Katu ko nea witu.''' - The cat was white.
'''Katu ae mi kopa.''' - The cat that I bought.


'''Katu ko nea i tebo.''' - The cat was on the table.
cat that 1s buy


'''Katu ae bita kia.''' - The cat that bit her.


==Prepositions==


Complement clauses are introduced by '''ge''':


There are two main prepositions in Waa: the dative/locative '''i''', and the ablative/instrumental '''a'''. They can have a variety of meanings, depending on the context.


'''Mi ta siu ge kia kopa katu.''' - I saw that he bought the cat.


===The dative/locative===
1s PST see that 3s buy cat


'''Mi wae ge kia kopa katu.''' - I want him to buy the cat.


1s want that 3s buy cat




'''I''' can be used to indicate various form of (spatial) location, as well as goal, destination or recipient.
==Prepositions==




'''katu i tebo''' - the cat on the table
There are two basic, simple prepositions: '''a''' 'of', 'by', 'from', and '''i''' 'in', 'on', 'at', 'to'.


'''rumo i huso''' - the room(s) in the house


'''tebo i rumoitu''' - the table in the dining room
'''katu a kia''' - his cat


'''Tebo nea i rumoitu.''' - The table is in the dining room.
cat GEN 3s


'''Tuku meku i kapikulu.''' - Put the milk in the fridge.
'''Katu ta kee a huso.''' - The cat came from the house.


'''Kiwe buku i mi.''' - Give me the book.
cat PST come ABL hous


'''Kia ta padedu katu a hama.''' - He killed the cat with the hammer.


3s PST kill cat INSTR hammer


===The instrumental/ablative===
'''Katu ta kou i rumohaya.''' - The cat went to the kitchen.


cat PST go DAT kitchen


'''Kia ta ruko i yu.''' - She looked at you.


3s PST look DAT 2s


'''A''' can be used to indicate source, means, etc.
'''Katu e nea i tebo.''' - The cat is on the table.


cat NPST be LOC table


'''Kia ko kee a paiboa.''' - He came from the village.


'''Kia padedu katu a korokutu.''' - He killed the cat with a knife.




'''A''' can be used to mark the standard in a comparison:


These can be combined with locational and other nouns to indicate more precise relations.


'''Huno nea maka a katu.''' - The dog is bigger than the cat.'




==Negations and questions==




A clause is negated by '''kuo''':
==Lexicon==




'''Katu kuo sewa.''' - The cat is not sleeping
===Colours===




A yes/no-question may be formed by rising intonation. To respond to a question, you use ''io'' for agreement, and '''kuo io''' for disagreement.
'''kara''' - colour


'''raku''' - black


'''Katu sewa?''' - Is the cat sleeping?
'''witu''' - white


'''Io. Katu sewa.''' - Yes. The cat is sleeping.
'''rei''' - grey


'''Kuo. Katu kuo sewa.''' - No. The cat isn't sleeping.
'''beu''' - blue


'''Katu kuo sewa?''' - Isn't the cat sleeping?
'''rinu''' - green


'''Io. Katu kuo sewa.''' - No. The cat isn't sleeping.
'''redu''' - red


'''Kuo. Katu sewa.''' - Yes. The cat is sleeping.
'''yero''' - yellow


'''runo''' - brown




==Adjectives==
'''beuraku''' - dark blue, black-blue


'''beuwitu''' - light blue


Adjectives go after the words they modify:
===Numerals===


'''Katu miti''' - a/the small cat


'''Huno maka''' - a/the large dog
'''ei''' - one


'''oa''' - two


Adjectives as predicates are optionally introduced by the copula ''nea'':
'''kore''' - three


'''apa''' - four


'''Katu (nea) miti''' - The cat is small.
'''lima''' - five


'''sesu''' - six


Note that katu miti may be ambiguous, it can mean either 'the small cat' or 'the cat is small'. Without the copula, one must often rely on context to determine the intended meaning.
'''sewe''' - seven


'''eto''' - eight


Another way to introduce adjective predicates is to us a demonstrative or a possessive pronoun:
'''niu''' - nine


'''tega''' - ten


'''Katu miti mi''' - my small cat  vs. '''Katu mi miti''' - My cat is small.
'''tegaei''' - eleven (ten one)


'''Katu miti naa''' - that small cat vs. '''Katu naa miti''' - That cat is small.
'''tegaoa''' - twelve (ten two)


etc.


There are a couple of ways to form comparisons. One can mark the standard to which something is compared with ''a'':




'''Katu nea miti a huno.''' - The cat is smaller than the dog. (Lit. 'The cat is small from the dog.')
'''oa tega''' - twenty (two ten)


'''kore tega''' - thirty (three ten)


Another way is to use two adjacent clauses:
etc.




'''Katu nea miti huno nea maka.''' - The cat is smaller than the dog. (Lit. 'The cat is small the dog is  big.')


'''apa tegaei''' - forty-one (four ten one)


To express that something is ''as (adj.) as ...'':
'''apa tegaoa''' - forty-two (four ten two)


etc.


'''Katu nea maka huno.''' - The cat is as big as the dog.




==Possession==
'''(ei) huna''' - (one) hundred


'''(ei) tusa''' - (one) thousand


The possessor is placed after the possessum:
'''(ei) mirione''' - (one) million


'''(ei) birione''' (one) billion (short scale, like English)


'''katu mi''' - my cat
'''(ei) tirione''' (one) trillion


'''huno ota''' - (the) father's dog


'''katu ota mi''' my father's cat


Cardinal numerals are placed before the noun:


===Predicative possession===
'''lima tiaoka''' - five people


'''sesu katu''' - six cats




'''Katu naa nea katu mi.''' That cat is mine (Lit. 'That cat is my cat.')
Ordinal numerals are placed after the noun:


'''Nea katu mi.''' That cat is mine. ('There a cat of mine')


'''katu kore''' - the third cat


'''tiaoka oa''' - the second person


==Tense==


For 'first', You can use either the numeral '''ei''', or the special word '''mua''':


Tense is not obligatory. A simple clause might interpreted as past, present, or future, depending on the context.


'''kat ei''' - the first cat


'''Katu itu musu.''' - The cat ate the mouse, the cat is eating the mouse, the cat will eat the mouse etc.
'''kat mua''' - the first cat


'''Katu sewa.''' - The cat is sleeping, the cat has slept, etc.


Fractionals are formed with '''osa''' 'part' + numeral:


There is an optional past tense particle '''ko''', which is place before the verb, and before the negation particle '''kuo''' in negative sentences.


'''Katu ko itu musu.''' The cat ate the mouse.
'''osakore''' - (a) third


'''Katu ko kuo itu musu.''' The cat didn't eat the mouse.
'''ei osakore''' - one third


'''oa osakore''' - two thirds


'''Ko''' can, however, be left out if the tense is obvious from the context.
'''ei osatega''' - one tenth


===Family===


Other ways to indicate tense is through explicit temporal adverbs:


'''hami''' - family


'''Ina katu sewa.''' - Now the cat is sleeping.
'''hamiaka''' - extended family, kin


'''Katu sewa ina.''' - The cat is sleeping now.
'''aba''' - father, uncle


'''Deinei mi kopa katu.''' - Today I bought/will buy a cat.
'''ama''' - mother, aunt


'''Deipasu mi kopa katu.''' - Yesterday I bought the cat.
'''bote''' - brother, male cousin


'''siso''' - sister, female cousin


The verb/particle '''redi''' ('already, to be finished doing', 'to have done') may serve to indicate something like the perfect tense/aspect:
==See also==
 
 
'''Mi redi kopa katu.''' - I have (already) bought a cat.'
 
'''Katu redi sewa.''' - The cat hasn't (yet) slept.
 
 
Unlike '''ko''', '''redi''' goes after the negative particle '''kuo''':
 
 
'''Katu kuo redi sewa.''' - The cat hasn't slept.
 
 
 
==Relative clauses==
 
 
Relative clauses are introduced with the particle '''ae''':
 
 
 
'''Mene ae kopa katu.''' - The man that bought the cat.
 
'''Katu ae kia kopa.''' - The cat that he bought.
 
 
If the relativized noun is introduced by a preposition - '''i''' or '''a''' - it must be represented by a pronoun in the relative clause:
 
 
'''Korokutu ae kia padedu katu a kia. - The knife that he killed the cat with.


'''Mene ae mi kiwe katu i kia.''' - The man that I gave the cat to.
Prepositional stranding is not allowed:
'''*Mene ae mi kiwe katu i.'''
==See also==


[[Waa-English dictionary]]
[[Waa-English dictionary]]

Latest revision as of 02:32, 9 May 2025





Leopardcivilflag.png
Waa
Pronounced: waː, wɑ:
Typology
Morphological type: analytic
Morphosyntactic alignment: ergative
Basic word order: VSO, OVS, SVO
Credits
Creator: Xing

Waa is a constructed language. A large part of its vocabulary is derived from English, or a selection of other languages.

Phonology

Consonants

Labial Alveolar Palatal Velar or glottal
Voiceless stops p t k
Voiced stops b d
Voiceless fricatives s h
Nasals m n ŋ
Trills r
Glides w j


/j/ is written y, and /ŋ/ g. Otherwise, the phonemes follow their 'expected' spelling according to the IPA.

Vowels

Front Back
Close i u
Mid e o
Open a~ɑ

Basic Phrases

There is no distinction between singular and plural, or between definite and indefinite forms, nor are there any other inflections of the noun.


katu - a cat, the cat, (some) cats, the cat,s etc.

huno - a dog, the dog, (some) dogs, the dogs, etc.


Adjectives and other modifying expressions follow the noun:


katu witu - a/the white cat(s)

cat white

huno maka - a/the large dog(s)

dog large

Pronouns

mi I

yu you (singular)

te he, she, it

tenaa that one

tenei thisone

miera we

yuera you (plural)

teera they

teeranaa those ones

teeranei these ones



ei tiaoka - somebody (lit. 'one person')

ei mea - something (lit. 'one thing')

ei osa - some amount (lit. 'one part')


Simple clauses

One basic - though not the only - word-order is S.V.O. - Subject - Verb - Object.


Katu e sewa. - The cat is sleeping. The cat will sleep.

cat NPST sleep

Katu ta sewa. - The cat was sleeping.

cat PST sleep

Katu ta itu muso. - The cat ate the mouse.

cat PST eat mouse


Embedded clauses

Relative clauses are introduced by ae:


Katu ae mi kopa. - The cat that I bought.

cat that 1s buy

Katu ae bita kia. - The cat that bit her.


Complement clauses are introduced by ge:


Mi ta siu ge kia kopa katu. - I saw that he bought the cat.

1s PST see that 3s buy cat

Mi wae ge kia kopa katu. - I want him to buy the cat.

1s want that 3s buy cat


Prepositions

There are two basic, simple prepositions: a 'of', 'by', 'from', and i 'in', 'on', 'at', 'to'.


katu a kia - his cat

cat GEN 3s

Katu ta kee a huso. - The cat came from the house.

cat PST come ABL hous

Kia ta padedu katu a hama. - He killed the cat with the hammer.

3s PST kill cat INSTR hammer

Katu ta kou i rumohaya. - The cat went to the kitchen.

cat PST go DAT kitchen

Kia ta ruko i yu. - She looked at you.

3s PST look DAT 2s

Katu e nea i tebo. - The cat is on the table.

cat NPST be LOC table



These can be combined with locational and other nouns to indicate more precise relations.



Lexicon

Colours

kara - colour

raku - black

witu - white

rei - grey

beu - blue

rinu - green

redu - red

yero - yellow

runo - brown


beuraku - dark blue, black-blue

beuwitu - light blue

Numerals

ei - one

oa - two

kore - three

apa - four

lima - five

sesu - six

sewe - seven

eto - eight

niu - nine

tega - ten

tegaei - eleven (ten one)

tegaoa - twelve (ten two)

etc.


oa tega - twenty (two ten)

kore tega - thirty (three ten)

etc.


apa tegaei - forty-one (four ten one)

apa tegaoa - forty-two (four ten two)

etc.


(ei) huna - (one) hundred

(ei) tusa - (one) thousand

(ei) mirione - (one) million

(ei) birione (one) billion (short scale, like English)

(ei) tirione (one) trillion


Cardinal numerals are placed before the noun:

lima tiaoka - five people

sesu katu - six cats


Ordinal numerals are placed after the noun:


katu kore - the third cat

tiaoka oa - the second person


For 'first', You can use either the numeral ei, or the special word mua:


kat ei - the first cat

kat mua - the first cat


Fractionals are formed with osa 'part' + numeral:


osakore - (a) third

ei osakore - one third

oa osakore - two thirds

ei osatega - one tenth

Family

hami - family

hamiaka - extended family, kin

aba - father, uncle

ama - mother, aunt

bote - brother, male cousin

siso - sister, female cousin

See also

Waa-English dictionary

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