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| = introduction =
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| * '''Kalo''' (taken from [[Wiktionary:caló|caló]]) is intended to be a minimalist [[wp:Artistic_language|artlang]], not an [[wp:International_auxiliary_language|auxlang]]. It draws primarily on vocabulary from the five most spoken languages in the world; [[wp:List_of_languages_by_number_of_native_speakers|Mandarin, Spanish, English, and Arabic]] ('''Hindi''' is used sparingly although it is spoken by more speakers than Arabic). The grammar is mostly isolating with very few elements of inflection, mostly to show plurality or possession. The goal is to have around 1000 words.
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| * Notable features:
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| :: Subject-Verb-Object
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| :: highly analytical grammar
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| :: invariance between word types
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| :: only 14 (base) sounds, 9 consonants, and 5 vowels
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| :: simple phonotactics, or syllable structure (C)V(N)
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| :: only ~1000 core words
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| :: easy-to-follow word compounding
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| = phonology =
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| '''Kalo''' has nine consonants (/p, t, k, s, m, n, l, j, w/) and five vowels (/a, e, i, o, u/). Stress is mostly word final.
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| === alphabetical order ===
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| '''Kalo''' uses English alphabetical order: '''''a e i k l m n o p s t u w y'''''
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| == consonants ==
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| {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 300px;"
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| !
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| ! Labial
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| ! Coronal
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| ! Dorsal
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| |-align=center
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| ! Nasal
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| | m
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| | n
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| |-align=center
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| ! Plosive
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| | p
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| | t
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| | k
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| |-align=center
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| ! Fricative
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| | s
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| |-align=center
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| ! Approximant
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| | w
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| | l
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| | j ('''y''')
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| |}
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| == vowels ==
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| {| class="wikitable"
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| |-
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| ! !!Front!!Back
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| |- align="center"
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| !Close
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| |i||u
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| |- align="center"
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| !Mid
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| |e||o
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| |- align="center"
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| !Open
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| | colspan="2" |a
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| |}
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| === diphthongs ===
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| There are two diphthongs [ai̯] '''ai''', and [au̯] '''au'''. These are rare and typically only occur word-finally.
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| == syllable structure ==
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| All syllables are of the form (C)V(N), that is, optional consonant + vowel + optional final nasal, or V, CV, VN, CVN.
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| = syntax =
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| : [[wp:Classical_Arabic|Classical Arabic]] is primarily [[wp:Verb–subject–object|VSO]], but [[wp:Modern_Standard_Arabic|MSA]] (Modern Standard Arabic) tends to be [[wp:Subject–verb–object|SVO]], favoring full agreement over partial.
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| : [[wp:Chinese_grammar|Chinese]] is classified as an SVO language. Transitive verbs precede their objects in typical simple clauses, while the subject precedes the verb.
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| : [[wp:Spanish_grammar|Spanish]] unmarked word order for affirmative declarative sentences is SVO; however, as in other Romance languages, in practice, word order is mostly variable.
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| : [[wp:English_grammar|English]] word order is almost exclusively SVO.
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| : [[wp:Hindustani_grammar|Hindi]] is primarily an SOV language.
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| Based on the above information about the main source languages for '''Kalo''', it is primarily an SVO (subject-verb-object) language. Modifiers generally follow what they modify, as do prepositional phrases and subordinate clauses.
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| * '''wa toma''' - <small>1S consume</small> - ''I eat.'' (SV)
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| :
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| * '''wa amo ko''' - <small>1S love 3S</small> - ''I love her.'' (SVO)
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| :
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| * '''o pan toma''' - <small>DO food consume</small> - ''The bread is eaten.'' (OV)
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| = lexicon =
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| Words in '''Kalo''' tend to function in multiple roles. * elefen.org/vocabulo_fundal.html
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| {{col-begin}}
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| {{col-break}}
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| * '''ARA''' - Arabic
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| * ELL - Greek
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| * '''ENG''' - English
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| * FRE - French
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| * GER - German
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| * HEB - Hebrew
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| * '''HIN''' - Hindi
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| {{col-break}}
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| * JPN - Japanese
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| * KOR - Korean
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| * PIE - Proto-Indo-European
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| * '''SPA''' - Spanish
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| * TUR - Turkish
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| * '''ZHO''' - Mandarin
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| {{col-break}}
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| * ''adj'' - adjective
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| * ''n'' - noun
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| * ''num'' - number/numeral
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| * ''part'' - particle
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| * ''prep'' - preposition
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| * ''pro'' - pronoun
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| * ''v'' - verb
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| {{col-end}}
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| == particles ==
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| * '''kai''' - should; ought to; need to; have to (ZHO [[Wiktionary:該#Definitions|該]])
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| :: '''ni kai ila''' - <small>2s should go</small> - ''You should leave.''
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| * '''ke''' - number marker (ZHO [[Wiktionary:個#Definitions|個]])
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| * '''kisa''' - maybe; perhaps; possibly (SPA [[Wiktionary:quizá|quizá]])
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| * '''le''' - past tense marker [PST] (ZHO [[Wiktionary:了#Definitions|了]])
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| :: '''wa toma le''' - <small>1s consume PST</small> - ''I ate.''
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| * '''ma''' - what; which; question marker [Q] (ARA/ZHO [[wiktionary:ما#Pronoun|ما]]/[[wiktionary:嗎#Definitions|嗎]])
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| * '''ne''' - no; not; negative; neither (ENG [[Wiktionary:nay#English|nay]])
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| * '''o''' - direct object marker [DO] (JPN [[Wiktionary:を#Particle|を]])
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| * '''sa''' - future tense marker [FUT] (ARA [[Wiktionary:س#Particle|سَـ]])
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| :: '''nilo ne wite sa ko''' - <small>2pl NEG see FUT 3sg</small> - ''You all will not see her.''
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| * '''se''' - reflexive marker [REFL] (SPA [[Wiktionary:se#Spanish|se]])
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| :: '''ko se lawa le''' - <small>3s REFL wash PST</small> - ''She bathed herself.''
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| == determiners ==
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| * '''pu''' - this; these (TUR [[Wiktionary:bu#Turkish|bu]])
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| * '''su''' - that; those (TUR [[Wiktionary:şu#Turkish|şu]])
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| == pronouns ==
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| * '''wa''' - I; me [1sg] (ZHO [[Wiktionary:我|我]])
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| * '''ni''' - you [2sg] (ZHO [[Wiktionary:你|你]])
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| * '''ko''' - person; individual; adult / he; she [3sg] (ZHO [[Wiktionary:個|個]])
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| === possession ===
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| * Possession is shown with the particle '''te''' - ''of; from'', or with the suffix '''-yo''' - ''have; possess''
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| * Plurality is marked with the suffix '''-lo''' - ''a pile''
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| {{col-begin}}
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| {{col-break}}
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| * '''kasalo te ko'''
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| : <small>house-PL of 3sg</small>
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| : ''His homes''
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| {{col-break}}
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| * '''kasa te walo'''
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| : <small>house of 1sg-PL</small>
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| : ''Our home''
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| {{col-break}}
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| * '''ipin wayo'''
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| : <small>child 1sg.POSS</small>
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| : ''my child''
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| {{col-break}}
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| * '''pu kana te kolo'''
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| : <small>this COP of 3pl</small>
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| : ''this is theirs''
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| {{col-end}}
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| == conjunctions ==
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| * '''awa''' - or; either; other (ARA [[Wiktionary:أو|أو]])
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| * '''e''' - and; also; too; as well (SPA/ZHO [[Wiktionary:e#Conjunction_30|e]]/[[Wiktionary:和#Definitions_2|和]])
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| * '''ita''' - if; whether (ARA [[Wiktionary:إذا|إذا]])
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| * '''me''' - but; however; although; yet (FRE [[Wiktionary:mais#French|mais]])
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| == common verbs ==
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| * '''kan(a)''' - yes; be; exist; live; occur; thus (ARA/HEB [[wiktionary:كان#Arabic|كان]]/[[wiktionary:כן#Hebrew|כן]])
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| * '''maka''' - do; make; cause; happen (ENG [[Wiktionary:make#English|make]])
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| * '''pote''' - be able; can; possible; potential (SPA [[Wiktionary:poder#Spanish|poder]])
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| * '''salu''' - need; require; necessity; a must (HIN [[wiktionary:ज़रूरी|ज़रूरी]])
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| * '''wan''' - want; desire; wish (for) (ENG [[wiktionary:want#English|want]])
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| * '''yo''' - have; possess (ZHO [[Wiktionary:有|有]])
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| == quantity ==
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| * '''laka''' - count; number; enumerate; numeral; digit; amount; sum (ARA [[wiktionary:رقم|رقم]])
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| * '''lo''' - plural marker [PL] (ZHO [[wiktionary:摞|摞]])
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| * '''nupa''' - enough; sufficient; appropriate (ENG [[wiktionary:enough|enough]])
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| === numbers ===
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| * '''nulu''' - zero; 0; empty; nothing (SPA [[wiktionary:nulo#Spanish|nulo]])
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| * '''wa''' - one; 1; single; singular; alone (ARA [[wiktionary:واحد#Arabic|واحد]])
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| * '''li''' - two; 2; double; duo (ZHO [[wiktionary:两|两]])
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| * '''san''' - three; 3; triple (ZHO [[wiktionary:三|三]])
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| * '''si''' - four; 4 (ZHO [[wiktionary:四|四]])
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| * '''pen''' - five; 5 (ELL [[wiktionary:πέντε|πέντε]])
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| * '''we''' - six; 6 (PIE [[wiktionary:Reconstruction:Proto-Indo-European/swéḱs|swéḱs]])
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| * '''na''' - seven; 7 (JPN [[wiktionary:なな|なな]])
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| * '''pa''' - eight; 8 (ZHO [[wiktionary:八|八]])
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| * '''nun''' - nine; 9 (PIE [[wiktionary:Reconstruction:Proto-Indo-European/h₁néwn̥|h₁néwn̥]])
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| * '''ye''' - 10; ten (KOR [[wiktionary:열|열]])
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| * '''aku/-ku''' - hundred; 100; many; much; a lot (JPN [[wiktionary:ひゃく|ひゃく]])
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| * '''mila''' - thousand; 1000 (SPA [[wiktionary:mil#Spanish|mil]])
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| ==== higher numbers ====
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| * '''yewa''' - 11; eleven
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| * '''yeli''' - 12; twelve
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| * '''liye''' - 20; twenty
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| * '''liyesi''' - 24; twenty-four
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| * '''kuyeli''' - 112; one-hundred-twelve
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| * '''sankuweyepen''' ('''sanwepen''') - 365; three-hundred-sixty-five
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| == time ==
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| * '''anyo''' - year; 365 days (SPA [[wiktionary:año#Spanish|año]])
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| * '''note''' - night; darkness (SPA [[wiktionary:noche#Spanish|noche]])
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| * '''saman''' - time; age; period; passing of events (ARA/HIN [[wiktionary:زمن|زمن]]/[[wiktionary:समय|समय]])
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| * '''yuma''' - day; daylight; 24 hour period (ARA [[wiktionary:يوم|يوم]])
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| == location words ==
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| * '''ante''' - before; in front; forward; ahead; facing (SPA [[wiktionary:ante#Spanish|ante]])
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| * '''ila''' - be toward; at; go; walk; travel; leave (ARA [[wiktionary:إلى|إلى]]/SPA [[wiktionary:ir#Spanish|ir]])
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| * '''loka''' - place; location; point; spot (SPA [[wiktionary:local#Spanish|local]])
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| * '''nai''' - in(side); interior; during; among (JPN [[wiktionary:内#Japanese|内]])
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| * '''po''' - by; for; through; across; about (SPA [[wiktionary:por#Spanish|por]]/[[wiktionary:para#Spanish|para]])
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| * '''te''' - of; from; about (SPA [[wiktionary:de#Spanish|de]]/ZHO [[wiktionary:的#Etymology_2|的]])
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| * '''wela''' - out(side); exterior (SPA [[wiktionary:fuera#Spanish|fuera]])
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| * '''yu''' - in; at; to; by; than; out of (ZHO [[wiktionary:於#Pronunciation_1|於/于]])
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| == basic adjectives ==
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| * '''pula''' - bad; spoiled; broken; to break down; wicked; evil (HIN [[wiktionary:बुरा|बुरा]])
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| :: '''pula maso''' - "worse" >> '''pula ta''' - "worst"
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| * '''tipa/tupa''' - good; pleasant; agreeable; nice; sweet; OK (ARA/HEB [[wiktionary:طيب#Etymology_1|طيب]]/[[wiktionary:טוב#Etymology_1|טוב]])
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| :: '''tipa maso''' - "better" >> '''tipa ta''' - "best"
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| == people ==
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| === family ===
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| Because of the ubiquity of a bilabial plosive and nasal being used for "father" and "mother" words respectively, the words used in '''Kalo''' sound, and look very familiar and possibly derived from any one of numerous languages. However, this section will explain how the '''Kalo''' words came to be, and indicate that all other words are gender neutral, unless modified by the gender affixes.
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| * '''apa''' - father; man; husband ('''-pa''' masculine gender)
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| : Mandarin: [[Wiktionary:爸#Chinese|爸]] /pa˥˩/
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| : Arabic: [[Wiktionary:أب#Arabic|أب]] /ʔab/
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| : Spanish: [[Wiktionary:padre#Spanish|padre]] /ˈpadɾe/
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| : English: [[Wiktionary:papa#English|papa]] /ˈpɑː.pə/
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| : Hindi: [[Wiktionary:पिता#Hindi|पिता]] /pɪ.t̪ɑː/
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| * '''uma''' - mother; woman; wife ('''-ma''' feminine gender)
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| : Mandarin: [[Wiktionary:媽#Chinese|媽]] /ma˥/
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| : Arabic: [[Wiktionary:أم#Etymology_2|أم]] /ʔumm/
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| : Spanish: [[Wiktionary:madre#Spanish|madre]] /ˈma.ð̞ɾe/
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| : English: [[Wiktionary:mama#English|mama]] /ˈmɑmə/
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| : Hindi: [[Wiktionary:माता#Hindi|माता]] /mɑː.t̪ɑː/
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| === other terms ===
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| * '''ami''' - friend; acquaintance; colleague (SPA [[Wiktionary:amigo#Spanish|amigo/a]])
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| * '''amo''' - like; love; adore / affection; adoration; love (SPA [[Wiktionary:amor#Spanish|amor]])
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| * '''(i)pin''' - child; offspring; kid; daughter; son (ARA [[wiktionary:ابن|ابن]])
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| :: '''pinama''' - "daughter; niece" / '''pinapa''' - "son; nephew"
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| * '''pama''' - parent; mother; father ('''apa''' + '''uma''')
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| * '''(s)aki''' - sibling; cousin; shared (grand)parents (ARA [[wiktionary:شقيق|شقيق]]/[[wiktionary:أخ|أخ]])
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| :: '''akima''' - "sister; female cousin" / '''akipa''' - "brother; male cousin"
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| * '''sawa''' - spouse; husband; wife; sweetheart; mate; partner (ARA [[wiktionary:زوج|زوج]])
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| * '''waya''' - adult; mature thing / grow; mature; develop (HIN [[Wiktionary:वयस्क|वयस्क]])
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| == food ==
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| * '''pan''' - food; bread; sustenance (SPA [[Wiktionary:pan#Spanish|pan]]/ZHO [[Wiktionary:飯#Definitions|飯]])
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| * '''sosa''' - juice; sauce; gravy; dressing (ENG [[Wiktionary:sauce|sauce]])
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| * '''wino''' - alcohol; beer; wine; drink ~ (SPA [[Wiktionary:vino#Spanish|vino]])
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| * '''toma''' - consume; eat; drink (SPA [[Wiktionary:tomar#Spanish|tomar]])
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| = phrases =
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| * wikitravel.org/en/Category:Phrasebooks
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| :
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| :
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| :
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| * Hello - '''salama''' (''formal'')
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| :: '''ola''' (''informal'')
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| * How are you? - '''moto ni ma?'''
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| * Please (used to make a polite request) - '''po tipa''' ("for good")
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| * Thank you (very much) - '''tanka''' ('''ta''')
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| * Yes - '''kan(a)''' (it is)
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| * No - '''ne'''
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| * Maybe - '''kisa'''
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