Proto-Hispanic

Proto-Hispanic is the reconstructed common ancestor of the fictional group of Hispanic languages. Not yet estimated when it was spoken, and maybe it's asociated to Cardium pottery in Iberian peninsula. It is based on Basque and the Northern Caucasian languages.

Phonology

Consonants

		Labial	Laminodental	Apicoalveolar	Postalveolar	Velar	Glottal
Nasal		*m		*n		*ŋ
Stop	Aspirated	*pʰ		*tʰ		*kʰ	*h
	Voiceless	*p		*t		*k
	Voiced	*b		*d		*g
Affricate	Aspirated		*tʰz	*tʰs	*tʰʃ
	Voiceless		*tz	*ts	*tʃ
	Voiced		*dz	*ds	*dʃ
Fricative			*z	*s	*ʃ	*x	*ɦ
Lateral	Fricative			*ɬ
	Aproximant			*l		*ɫ
Rhotic	Aproximant			*ɹ
	Trill			*r
	Tap			*ɾ

Consonant gradation

	Lenis	Fortis	Lenis/Fortis
Nasal	*ŋ	*n	*m
Labial Stop	*b	*p	*pʰ
Dentoalveolar Stop	*d	*t	*tʰ
Velar Stop	*g	*k	*kʰ
Laminodental Affricate	*dz	*tz	*tʰz
Apicoalveolar Affricate	*ds	*ts	*tʰs
Postalveolar Affricate	*dʃ	*tʃ	*tʰʃ
Sibilant Fricative	*z	*s	*ʃ
Laringal	*ɦ	*h	*x
Lateral	*l	*ɫ	*ɬ
Rhotic	*ɾ	*r	*ɹ

Vowels

	Front	Central	Back
High	*i	*ɨ	*u
Mid	*e	*ə	*o
Low		*a

Ablaut patterns

	I	II	III
Type 1	*a	*e	*i
Type 2	*a	*ə	*ɨ
Type 3	*a	*o	*u

Pronoun

Personal

	1st person			2nd person				3rd person				4th person
	Exclusive		Inclusive	Masculine		Feminine		Animate		Inanimate
	Singular	Plural	Plural	Singular	Plural	Singular	Plural	Singular	Plural	Singular	Plural	Singular	Plural
Absolutive	*ni	*gu	*ɬu	*hi	*zu	*bi	*su	*be	*pe-rǝ	*ɦa	*ɦa-rǝ	*no	*no-rǝ
Ergative	*da, *ni-kǝ	*gu-kǝ	*ɬu-kǝ	*xa, *hi-kǝ	*zu-kǝ	*na, *bi-kǝ	*su-kǝ	*be-kǝ	*pe-rǝ-kǝ	*ɦa-kǝ	*ɦa-rǝ-kǝ	*no-kǝ	*no-rǝ-kǝ
Dative	*da-ɦi, *ni-r-ɦi	*gu-r-ɦi	*ɬu-r-ɦi	*xa-ɦi, *hi-r-ɦi	*zu-r-ɦi	*na-ɦi, *bi-r-ɦi	*su-r-ɦi	*be-r-ɦi	*pe-rǝ-r-ɦi	*ɦar-ɦi	*ɦa-rǝ-r-ɦi	*no-r-ɦi	*no-rǝ-r-ɦi
Instrumental	*ni-ta-z	*gu-ta-z	*ɬu-ta-z	*hi-ta-z	*zu-ta-z	*bi-ta-z	*su-ta-z	*be-ta-z	*pe-rǝ-ta-z	*ɦa-ta-z	*ɦa-rǝ-ta-z	*no-ta-z	*no-rǝ-ta-z
Genitive possesive	*ni-re	*gu-re	*ɬu-re	*hi-re	*zu-re	*bi-re	*su-re	*be-re	*pe-rǝ-re	*ɦa-re	*ɦa-rǝ-re	*no-re	*no-rǝ-re
Genitive locative	*ɦi-ni-nǝ	*ɦi-gu-nǝ	*ɦi-ɬu-nǝ	*ɦi-hi-nǝ	*ɦi-zu-nǝ	*ɦi-bi-nǝ	*ɦi-su-nǝ	*ɦi-be-nǝ	*ɦi-pe-rǝ-nǝ	*ɦi-ɦa-nǝ	*ɦi-ɦa-rǝ-nǝ	*ɦi-no-nǝ	*ɦi-no-rǝ-nǝ
Vocative	*zo	*ʃe	*ɬe	*do	*ze	*mo	*se	*da, *la	*ta, *ɫa	*za	*sa	*ga	*ka
Reflexive	*mi-ɦiŋǝ	*ʃi-ɦiŋǝ	*ɬi-ɦiŋǝ	*bi-ɦiŋǝ	*zi-ɦiŋǝ	*ni-ɦiŋǝ	*si-ɦiŋǝ	*ɫi	*ɫu	*dsi	*dsu	*tʃi	*tʃu

Demonstrative

	Proximal		Medial-proximal		Medial		Medial-distal		Distal		Indeterminate
	Singular	Plural	Plural	Singular	Plural	Singular	Plural	Singular	Plural	Singular	Plural	Singular
Absolutive	*ɦa	*ɦa-rǝ	*ɦi	*ɦi-rǝ	*ɦe	*ɦe-rǝ	*ɦo	*ɦo-rǝ	*ɦu	*ɦu-rǝ	*gǝ	*kǝ-rǝ

Interrogative

		Original	Interrogative
Inanimate (What)		*za	*za-ɦi
Animate	Non-human (Which)	*kʰɨ	*kʰɨ-ɦi
	Human (Who)	*nǝ	*nǝ-ɦi

Noun morphology

Declension

	Animate			Inanimate
	Singular	Plural	Indeterminate	Singular	Plural	Indeterminate
Absolutive/Nominative/Essive	*-	*-rǝ	*-	*-	*-nǝ	*-
Ergative	*-kǝ	*-kǝ	*-kǝ	*-kǝ	*-kǝ	*-kǝ
Dative /elative	*-ɦi	*-ɦi	*-ɦi	*-ɦi	*-ɦi	*-ɦi
Instrumental (Attributive/dative)	*-z	*-z	*-z	*-ɬtu	*-ɬtu	*-ɬtu
Genitive	*-nǝ	*-nǝ	*-nǝ	*-nǝ	*-nǝ	*-nǝ
Allative	*-la	*-la	*-la	*-ɫa	*-ɫa	*-ɫa
Comitative	*-ki-n	*-ki-n	*-ki-n	*-ki-n	*-ki-n	*-ki-n
Innesive	*-nǝ	*-nǝ	*-nǝ	*-nǝ	*-nǝ	*-nǝ
Locative general	*-dǝ-	*-dǝ-	*-dǝ-	*-dǝ-	*-dǝ-	*-dǝ-
Essive/Prolative	*-tʰʃǝ	*-tʰʃǝ	*-tʰʃǝ	*-tʰʃǝ	*-tʰʃǝ	*-tʰʃǝ
Locative series	*-g-a-	*-k-a-	*-x-a-	*-g-a-	*-k-a-	*-x-a-
Instrumental/Comitative	*-tʰzǝ	*-tʰzǝ	*-tʰzǝ	*-tʰzǝ	*-tʰzǝ	*-tʰzǝ
Instrumental	*-bǝ	*-bǝ	*-bǝ	*-bǝ	*-bǝ	*-bǝ
Elative	*-ɦi	*-ɦu	*-ɦǝ	*-ɦi	*-ɦu	*-ɦǝ

Other cases

Oblique marks: *-rǝ-, *-ɦi- Directive: *-rǝ Locative: *-rǝ, *-tʰʃu ad series: *-kǝ-, *-tʃǝ-, *-xǝ-, *-gǝ- post/close series: *-kǝ, *-gǝ complete series: *-ɬtʰ- empty series: *-ɦ-

Negative particles

• bǝ /*-bǝ (negative/prohibitive)
• dǝ (prohibitive)
• dse/*tse
• -g- (privative)
• ɦu
• nǝ

Other particles

• -d- (substantivator/adjective)
• -d- (frequentative)
• -t- (substantivator of adjectives)

Class markers

Animate indeterminate: *(ɦ)a- Animate maculine: *(ɦ)u- I Animate feminine: *(ɦ)i- II

Inanimate (Factitive/frequentative): *-b- III

Affective *-ǝ-

Verb morphology

Personal particles

		Singular		Plural
		Subject	Object	Subject	Object
1st person	Exclusive	*n-	*da	*gu	*gu
	Inclusive	-	-	*ɬu	*ɬu
2nd person	Masculine	*h-	*xa	*zu	*zu
	Feminine	*b-	*na	*su	*su

Third person particles

	Subject	Object
Indeterminate	*ʃ-	*ga
Proximal	*p-	*ɦa
Medial-proximal	*d-	*ɦi
Medial	*tʰ-	*ɦe
Medial-distal	*ɫ-	*ɦo
Distal	*z-	*ɦu

Phonemic correspondences with real languages

Consonants

Proto-Hispanic	Iberian	Basque
*ŋ	?	n-/-0-/-n
*n	?	n
*m	?	m/n
*b	?	b
*p	?	p/b-
*pʰ	?	p
*d	?	d/t-
*t	?	t
*tʰ	?	t
*g	?	g
*k	?	k
*kʰ	?	h/0
*dz	?	z
*tz	?	z-/sU-/-tz-/-tsU-
*tʰz	?	z-/sU-/-tz-/-tsU-
*ds	?	z
*ts	?	tx-/tsU-/-tz-/-tsU-
*tʰs	?	z/sU
*dʃ	?	z
*tʃ	?	tx-/tsU-/-tz-/-tsU-
*tʰʃ	?	z-/sU-/-tz-/-tsU-
*z	?	z
*s	?	z
*ʃ	?	s
*ɦ	?	ɦ/h/0
*h	?	h/0
*x	?	g/h/0
*l	?	l-/-ɾ-/-l
*ɫ	?	l
*ɬ	?	l-/-lh-/-rC-/-l
*ɾ	?	ɾ
*r	?	r
*ɹ	?	ɾ/r?

Vowels

Proto-Hispanic	Iberian	Basque
*i	?	i?
*ɨ	?	i/u?
*u	?	u?
*e	?	e?
*ə	?	e/o?
*o	?	o?
*a	?	a?

Thematic lexicon

Personal relations

Proto-Hispanic	English meaning	Spanish meaning	Basque cognate	Notes
*ɦa-ma	mother	madre	?	-
*da-da-ɦi	father	padre	?	-
*i=tʰsi/*e=tʰsi	sister	hermana	?	-
*u=tʰsi/*o=tʰsi	brother	hermano	?	-

Day's cycle

Proto-Hispanic	English meaning	Spanish meaning	Basque cognate	Notes
*zeu̯ŋǝ / *ɦǝtʰsa / *tʰsaɦǝ	yesterday	ayer	atzo, átzo	-

Flora

Proto-Hispanic	English meaning	Spanish meaning	Basque cognate	Notes
*ɦˈaɬtǝ-lǝ	brach, pod	rama, vaina	adar, ádar	-
*ɦˈakʰǝ-ŋǝ	brach, pod	tronco, rama, haz	aihen, aien, axen	-

Adjectives

Proto-Hispanic	English meaning	Spanish meaning	Basque cognate	Notes
*ɦaɫǝ-ɦǝ	weak, slow	débil, lento	ahul, aul, abol, áhül, aultu	-

Verbs

Proto-Hispanic	English meaning	Spanish meaning	Basque cognate	Notes
*e-(a)tʰzei̯-n	catch, gather, take	atrapar, coger, llevar, tomar, recoger, reunir	atzitu, atzipe, atzipatu, atsipatu	-