View source for Koṭärt

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{|border=1 align=right cellpadding=4 cellspacing=0 width=300 class=bordertable style="margin: 0 0 1em 1em; background: #f9f9f9; border: 2px #aaaaaa solid; border-collapse: collapse; font-size: 95%;"
|colspan="2" bgcolor="#cf82f2" color="#000000" align="center" |<font size=4>'''Koṭärt'''</font>
|-
|valign="top"|Spoken in:
||Lakkāl
|-
|valign="top"|Universe:
||Paukaṣṣat
|-
|valign="top"|Writing system:
||Koṭärt abugida (modern)
|-
|valign="top"|Genealogical classification:
||Śäts Valley languages<br>
:Koṭärt languages
::'''Koṭärt'''
|-
|colspan="2" bgcolor="#cf82f2" color="#000000" align="center" |'''Typology'''
|-
|valign="top"|Morphological type:
||Agglutinative
|-
|valign="top"|[[Morphosyntactic alignment]]:
||Fluid-S Ergative-Absolutive
|-
|colspan="2" bgcolor="#cf82f2" color="#000000" align="center" |'''Conlang details'''
|-
|valign="top"|Conlang type:
||[[Artlang|Artificial language]]
|-
|valign="top"|Real-world inspirations:
||Tocharian languages, Finnish, Turkish, Sanskrit, Lithuanian, Tamil etc. 
|-
|colspan="2" bgcolor="#cf82f2" color="#000000" align="center" |'''Created by:'''
|-
|colspan="2" align="center"| [[User:Ākśśau wë Tlyauñi|Hyacinth Fairfax]]
|}

[[Koṭärt]] (Native names: ''Koṭärt'' /ko̞ˈʈæɹt/, ''lyāpṣmä wë Koṭärt'' /ʎɑːpˈʂmæ wə ko̞ˈʈæɹt/, or ''Koṭärtlyap'' /ko̞ʈæɹˈc͡ʎ̝̊ap/) is an artificial language created by [[User:Ākśśau wë Tlyauñi|Hyacinth Fairfax]] for a conworld project, ''Paukaṣṣat'', and a future book. It is a most commonly spoken, literary, and academic language in the land of ''Lakkāl'', serving as a [[lingua franca]] between various Lakkālt communes. It is also the most spoken human language in Paukaṣṣat.

==History==

WIP

==Phonology==

===Consonants===

{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;"
|-
|+ Consonant inventory (Standard dialect)
! colspan=1 rowspan=1 |
! colspan=1| [[Labial consonant|Labial]]
! colspan=1| [[Alveolar consonant|Alveolar]]
! colspan=1| Retroflex
! colspan=1| [[Palatal]]
! colspan=1| [[Velar consonant|Velar]]
! colspan=1| Glottal<br>
|-
! rowspan=1| [[Stop|Plosive]]
| [[Voiceless bilabial stop|p]]
| [[Voiceless alveolar stop|t]]
| [[Voiceless retroflex stop|ʈ]]
| [[Voiceless palatal stop|c]]~[[Palatalization|k̟ʲ]]
| [[Voiceless velar stop|k]]
| ([[Glottal stop|ʔ]])
|-
! rowspan=1| [[Nasal consonant|Nasal]]
| [[Bilabial nasal|m]]
| [[Alveolar nasal|n]]
| [[Retroflex nasal|ɳ]]
| ɲ
| [[Velar nasal|ŋ]]
|
|-
!rowspan=1| [[Fricative]]
|
| [[Voiceless alveolar sibilant|s]]
| ʂ
| ɕ
| [[Velar fricative|ɣ]]
|
|-
!rowspan=1| [[Affricate]]
| 
| t͡s
| ʈ͡ʂ
| t͡ɕ
| 
|
|-
!rowspan=1| Lateral Affricate
|
| [[Voiceless alveolar lateral affricate|t͡ɬ]]
|
| c͡ʎ̝̊
|
|
|-
!rowspan=1| Approximant
| w
| ɹ
|(ɻ)
| [[Palatal approximant|j]]
| ɰ
|
|-
! rowspan=1| Lateral Approximant
| 
| [[Lateral alveolar approximant|l]]
| ɭ
| ʎ
|
|
|-
! rowspan=1| Flap
|
| 
|ɽ
|
|
|
|-
|}

Notes:<br>
* Certain consonants can be prolonged, and some plosives can be pronounced with no audible release at the end of words (with the following word starting with a consonant) or in the clusters in the syllable's coda.
* The pronunciation of /[[w:Voiceless palatal plosive|c]]~[[w:Palatalization|k̟ʲ]]/ varies, the forms [‌[[w:Voiceless palatal plosive|c]]‌], [‌[[w:Palatalization|k̟ʲ]]‌] and [c̠] oftenly coexist and are dependent on the speaker. Historically it derives from Old Koṭärt /[[w:Palatalization|kʲ]]/
* [‌[[w:Voiced retroflex approximant|ɻ]]‌] is usually an [[w:Allophone|allophone]] of /[[w:Voiced alveolar approximant|ɹ]]/ around retroflex consonants. However some speakers always pronounce /ɹ/ as [ɻ].
* [‌[[w:Voiced velar fricative|ɣ]]‌] is an allophone of /[[w:Voiced velar approximant|ɰ]]/ when followed by /i/ or /y/. /ɰ/ is a result of a sound change from Old Koṭärt to Modern Koṭärt and appears in a Koṭärt-Weśte Standard dialect, as an example.
* /[[w:Voiced velar nasal|ŋ]]/ is realized variously and can also be an allophone of /[[w:Voiced alveolar nasal|n]]/. Around vowels (/Vŋ/) it is pronounced simply as a nasalized vowel ([Ṽ]), however when followed by a velar plosive it is usually pronounced as a standalone consonant with preceding vowel nasalized ([Ṽŋk]). Rarely, whenever /ŋ/ is in the consonant cluster, following /t/, it is usually realized as /t/ with [[w:Nasal release|Nasal release]]: [tⁿ].
* [[w:Glottal stop|Glottal stop]] is not a phoneme in Koṭärt, but it may sometimes appear in speech, e.g. in the beginning of words which start with vowel, to put emphasis, or to avoid [[w:Vowel hiatus|hiatus]].

{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;"
|+ '''Romanization for Consonants'''
! Letter !! [[w:International Phonetic Alphabet|IPA]] !! Letter !! [[w:International Phonetic Alphabet|IPA]]
|-
| [[w:P|p]] || /[[IPA for Koṭärt|p]]‌/ || [[w:S|s]] || /[[IPA for Koṭärt|s]]‌/
|-
| [[w:T|t]] || /[[IPA for Koṭärt|t]]‌/ || [[w:Latin Extended Additional|ṭ]] || /[[IPA for Koṭärt|ʈ]]‌/
|-
| [[w:Latin Extended Additional|ḳ]] || /[[IPA for Koṭärt|c~k̟ʲ]]‌/ || [[w:Latin Extended Additional|ṣ]] || /[[IPA for Koṭärt|ʂ]]‌/
|-
| [[w:K|k]] || /[[IPA for Koṭärt|k]]‌/ || [[w:Ś|ś]] || /[[IPA for Koṭärt|ɕ]]‌/
|-
| [[w:M|m]] || /[[IPA for Koṭärt|m]]‌/ || [[w:Ts (digraph)|ts]] || /[[IPA for Koṭärt|t͡s]]‌/
|-
| [[w:N|n]] || /[[IPA for Koṭärt|n]]‌/ || [[w:C|c]] || /[[IPA for Koṭärt|ʈ͡ʂ]]‌/
|-
| [[w:Latin Extended Additional|ṇ]] || /[[IPA for Koṭärt|ɳ]]‌/ || [[w:Ć|ć]] || /[[IPA for Koṭärt|t͡ɕ]]‌/
|-
| [[w:Ñ|ñ]] || /[[IPA for Koṭärt|ɲ]]‌/ || [[w:List of Latin-script digraphs|tl]] || /[[IPA for Koṭärt|t͡ɬ]]‌/
|-
| [[w:Latin Extended Additional|ṃ]] || /[[IPA for Koṭärt|ŋ]]‌/¹ || [[w:List of Latin-script trigraphs|tly]] || /[[IPA for Koṭärt|c͡ʎ̝̊]]‌/
|-
| [[w:Latin Extended Additional|ṛ]] || /[[IPA for Koṭärt|ɽ]]‌/ || [[w:W|w]] || /[[IPA for Koṭärt|w]]‌/²
|-
| [[w:Y|y]] || /[[IPA for Koṭärt|j]]‌/³ || [[w:R|r]] || /[[IPA for Koṭärt|ɹ]]‌/
|-
| [[w:L|l]] || /[[IPA for Koṭärt|l]]‌/ || [[w:G|g]] || /[[IPA for Koṭärt|ɰ]]‌/
|-
| [[w:List of Latin-script digraphs|ly]] || /[[IPA for Koṭärt|ʎ]]‌/ || [[w:Latin Extended Additional|ḷ]] || /[[IPA for Koṭärt|ɭ]]‌/
|-
|}

Notes:<br>
¹ – The ⟨ṃ⟩ represents the phonetic /ŋ/, meaning it also indicates vowel nasalization<br>
² – ⟨u⟩ as a semivowel in diphthongs<br>
³ – ⟨i⟩ as a semivowel in diphthongs<br>
⁴ – The digraph ⟨wy⟩ represents [jː], historically pronounced as [wj]<br>

===Vowels===
Vowels in Koṭärt are more complicated than consonants. It differentiates [[w:Vowel length|long]] and short [[w:Monopthong|monophthongs]], with long vowels being phonologically different vowels than short ones. This is a because of sound changes that resulted in a vowel shift. There are also many diphthongs. The vowels operate within [[w:Umlaut|umlaut]] and [[w:Ablaut|ablaut]] systems, see [[Koṭärt#Phonetics|Phonetics]] part for explanation.

All vowels can be nasalized, in romanization it's represented as ⟨Vṃ⟩, m with a dot below.

{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;"
|-
|+ Short monophthongs 
! colspan=1 rowspan=1 |
! colspan=1|'''[[w:Front vowel|Front]]
! colspan=1|'''[[w:Central vowel|Central]]
! colspan=1|'''[[w:Back vowel|Back]]
|-
! rowspan=1|'''[[w:Close vowel|Close]]'''
| [[w:Close front unrounded vowel|i]] [[w:Close front rounded vowel|y]]
| ([[w:Close central unrounded vowel|ɨ]])
| [[w:Close back rounded vowel|u]]
|-
! rowspan=1|'''[[w:Close-mid vowel|Close-mid]]'''
| 
| ([[w:Close-mid central rounded vowel|ɵ]])
|
|-
! rowspan=1|'''[[w:Mid vowel|Mid]]'''
| [[w:Mid front unrounded vowel|e̞]] [[w:Mid front rounded vowel|ø̞]]
| [[w:Mid central vowel|ə]] ([[w:Mid central rounded vowel|ɵ̞]])
| [[w:Mid back rounded vowel|o̞]]
|-
! rowspan=1|'''[[w:Open-mid vowel|Open-mid]]'''
|
| ([[w:Open-mid central unrounded vowel|ɜ]])
|
|-
! rowspan=1|'''[[w:Near-open vowel|Near-open]]'''
| [[w:Near-open front unrounded vowel|æ]]
| ([[w:Near-open central vowel|ɐ]])
|
|-
! rowspan=1|'''[[w:Open vowel|Open]]'''
| [[w:Open front unrounded vowel|a]]
|
|
|-
|}

Notes:<br>
* /[[w:Mid front rounded vowel|ø̞]]/ can have different phonological values, depending on a dialect, and even speaker's idiolect (just as certain aforementioned nuances with some consonants), it may be realised as [‌[[w:Mid front rounded vowel|ø̞]]‌], [‌[[w:Close-mid central rounded vowel|ɵ]]‌], or [‌[[w:Mid central rounded vowel|ɵ̞]]‌].
* [‌[[w:Mid central vowel|ə]]‌] is an allophone of /[[w:Open front unrounded vowel|a]]/ when unstressed, however [‌[[w:Near-open central vowel|ɐ]]‌] is an unstressed allophone of /a/ as well, but in two-syllable words and when it precedes a stressed syllable in a multisyllable word. For example, ''ṣtaṃśau'' [‌[[IPA for Koṭärt|ʂtɐ̃ˈɕaʊ̯̈]]‌].
* [‌[[w:Open-mid central unrounded vowel|ɜ]]‌] is a stressed allophone of /[[w:Mid central vowel|ə]]/, however some put stress on /[[w:Mid central vowel|ə]]/ nonetheless.
* [‌[[w:Close central unrounded vowel|ɨ]]‌] is an allophone of /[[w:Close front unrounded vowel|i]]/ when it follows a retroflex consonant.
* If a vowel that isn't open or near-open is followed by a [[w:Rhotic consonant|rhotic]], then it's not infrequent to be pronounced as a [[w: R-colored vowel|r-colored vowel]].

{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;"
|-
|+ Long monophthongs 
! colspan=1 rowspan=1 |
! colspan=1|'''[[w:Front vowel|Front]]
! colspan=1|[[w:Near-front vowel|Near-front]]
! colspan=1|'''[[w:Central vowel|Central]]'''
! colspan=1|[[w:Near-back vowel|Near-back]]
! colspan=1|'''[[w:Back vowel|Back]]'''
|-
! rowspan=1|'''[[w:Close vowel|Close]]'''
| [[w:Close front rounded vowel|yː]]
|
|
|
|
|-
! rowspan=1|'''[[w:Near-close vowel|Near-close]]'''
| 
| [[w:Near-close near-front unrounded vowel|ɪː]]
|
| [[w:Near-close near-back rounded vowel|ʊː]]
|
|-
! rowspan=1|'''[[w:Open-mid vowel|Open-mid]]'''
| [[w:Open-mid front unrounded vowel|ɛː]] [[w:Open-mid front rounded vowel|œː]]
| 
| [[w:Open-mid central unrounded vowel|ɜː]]
|
| [[w:Open-mid back rounded vowel|ɔː]]
|-
! rowspan=1|[[w:Near-open vowel|Near-open]]
| 
| 
|
|
| [[w:Open back unrounded vowel|ʌ̞ː]]
|-
! rowspan=1|[[w:Open vowel|Open]]
|
|
|
|
| [[w:Open back unrounded vowel|ɑː]]
|-
|}

Long vowels are pronounced with a length of two [[w:Mora|morae]]. Lengthening plays a role in morphology and semantics of words.

{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;"
|-
|+ Diphthongs
! colspan=1 rowspan=1 |
! colspan=4|[[w:Close back rounded vowel|-/u/]]
! colspan=4|[[w:Close front unrounded vowel|-/i/]]
|-
! colspan=1| 
! colspan=1|Phonetic 
! colspan=1|Unstressed
! colspan=1|Pre-stress
! colspan=1|Stressed
! colspan=1|Phonetic
! colspan=1|Unstressed
! colspan=1|Pre-stress
! colspan=1|Stressed
|-
! rowspan=1|[[w:Mid front unrounded vowel|/e̞/-]]
| /e̞u̯/
| [eʊ̯̈]
| [e̞ʊ̯̈]
| [e̞ʊ̯̈]
| /e̞i̯/
| [eɪ̯]
| [e̞ɪ̯]
| [ɛi̯]
|-
! rowspan=1|[[w:Mid central vowel|/ə/-]]
| /əu̯/
| [əu̯]
| [əu̯]
| [ɜʊ̯̈]
| /əi̯/
| [əi̯]
| [əi̯]
| [ɜɪ̯̈]
|-
! rowspan=1|[[w:Open-mid front unrounded vowel|/ɛː/-]]
| /ɛːu̯/
| [ɛːʊ̯̈]
| [ɛːʊ̯̈]
| [ɛːʉ̯]
| /ɛːi̯/
| [ɛːi̯]
| [ɛːi̯]
| [ɛːi̯]
|-
! rowspan=1|[[w:Open-mid central unrounded vowell|/ɜː/-]]
| /ɜːu̯/
| [ɜːʊ̯]
| [ɜː⁽ʊ̯̈⁾]
| [ɜːʊ̯̈]
| /ɜːi̯/
| [ɜːɨ̯]
| [ɜːɨ̯]
| [ɜːɪ̯̈]
|-
! rowspan=1|[[w:Open front unrounded vowel|/a/-]]
| /au̯/
| [əʊ̯]
| [ɐu̯]
| [aʊ̯]
| /ai̯/
| [əi̯]
| [ɐi̯]
| [ai̯]
|-
! rowspan=1|[[w:Near-open front unrounded vowel|/æ/-]]
| /æu̯/
| [æʊ̯]
| [æʊ̯̈]
| [æu̯]
| /æi̯/
| [æɪ̯̈]
| [æi̯]
| [æi̯]
|-
|}

Koṭärt [[Koṭärt#Phonotactics|phonotactics]] allow [[w:Vowel hiatus|vowel hiatus]] up to two consonants in a row, which are oftenly pronounced as a vowel-semivowel pair, meaning phonologically there are more diphthongs than presented on a table, yet they do not carry any sort of [[w:Semantics|semantic]] significance, and can be alternatively substituted by two vowels with an intervocalic [[w:glottal stop|glottal stop]].

{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;"
|+ '''Romanization for Vowels'''
! [[w:Vowel length|Short vowel]] !! [[w:International Phonetic Alphabet|IPA]] !! [[w:Umlaut|Umlaut]] !! [[w:International Phonetic Alphabet|IPA]] !! [[w:Vowel length|Long vowel]] !! [[w:International Phonetic Alphabet|IPA]] !! [[w:Vowel length|Lengthened]] [[w:Umlaut|Umlaut]] !! [[w:International Phonetic Alphabet|IPA]]
|-
| [[w:A|a]] || /[[IPA for Koṭärt|a]]/ || [[w:Ä|ä]] || /[[IPA for Koṭärt|æ]]/ || [[w:Ā|ā]] || /[[IPA for Koṭärt|ɑː]]/ || [[w:Á|á]] || /[[IPA for Koṭärt|ʌ̞ː]]/ 
|-
| [[w:I|i]] || /[[IPA for Koṭärt|i]]/ || || || [[w:Ī|ī]] || /[[IPA for Koṭärt|ɪː]]/ || ||
|-
| [[w:U|u]] || /[[IPA for Koṭärt|u]]/ || [[w:Ü|ü]] || /[[IPA for Koṭärt|y]]/ || [[w:Macron (diacritic)|ū]] || /[[IPA for Koṭärt|ʊː]]/ || [[w:Ú|ú]] || /[[IPA for Koṭärt|yː]]/ 
|-
| [[w:E|e]] || /[[IPA for Koṭärt|e̞]]/ || || || [[w:Macron (diacritic)|ē]] || /[[IPA for Koṭärt|ɛː]]/ || ||
|-
| [[w:Ë|ë]] || /[[IPA for Koṭärt|ə]]/ || || || [[w:É|é]] || /[[IPA for Koṭärt|ɜː]]/ || ||
|-
| [[w:O|o]] || /[[IPA for Koṭärt|o̞]]/ || [[w:Ö|ö]] || /[[IPA for Koṭärt|ø̞]]/ || [[w:Macron (diacritic)|ō]] || /[[IPA for Koṭärt|ɔː]]/ || [[w:Ó|ó]] || /[[IPA for Koṭärt|œː]]/
|-
|}

==Phonetics==

WIP

==Phonotactics==

WIP

==Syntax==

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==Grammar==

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==Morphology==

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==Orthography==

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==Lexicon==

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==Notes==

==Links==