https://www.frathwiki.com/api.php?action=feedcontributions&user=PaulBennett&feedformat=atomFrathWiki - User contributions [en]2024-03-29T13:20:34ZUser contributionsMediaWiki 1.24.4https://www.frathwiki.com/index.php?title=Br%27ga&diff=2747Br'ga2005-06-13T13:57:40Z<p>PaulBennett: </p>
<hr />
<div>This page is a collection of notes. One day, I'll organise them.<br />
<br />
For some reason, this page is not accepting Wiki codes. What's up with that?<br />
<br />
--Alphabet--<br />
<br />
a /A/<br />
<br />
á /a/<br />
<br />
å /Q/<br />
<br />
ą̊ /Q~/<br />
<br />
b /b/<br />
<br />
br /B\/<br />
<br />
ch /tS/<br />
<br />
d /d/<br />
<br />
dr /r/<br />
<br />
e /e/<br />
<br />
g /g/<br />
<br />
gr /R\/<br />
<br />
h /h/<br />
<br />
i /i/<br />
<br />
k /k/<br />
<br />
l /l/<br />
<br />
ll /5/<br />
<br />
lh /K/<br />
<br />
m /m/<br />
<br />
n /n/<br />
<br />
ng /N/<br />
<br />
o /o/<br />
<br />
ö /2/<br />
<br />
ő /2_w/<br />
<br />
ǫ /o~/<br />
<br />
p /p/<br />
<br />
r /r\/<br />
<br />
s /s/<br />
<br />
sh /S/<br />
<br />
t /t/<br />
<br />
tj /C/<br />
<br />
u /u/<br />
<br />
ü /y/<br />
<br />
ű /y_w/<br />
<br />
ų /u~/<br />
<br />
w /w/<br />
<br />
y /j/<br />
<br />
' /@/<br />
<br />
<br />
--Sentence Structure--<br />
<br />
AnimateSubject? AnimateObject? InanimateArgument* (Adverb Verb)+<br />
<br />
--Verb Structure--<br />
<br />
<br />
(Attitudinal:Realis)?-SubjectObjectPrefix?-(Deictic*-Gender-Case)+-TAM*-SubjectObjectSuffix?-Evidential<br />
<br />
<br />
Chon Bob pep'ri ngųlą̊shihámabr'gasi.<br />
<br />
Chon Bob pep'ri ngų-lą̊-shi-háma-br'ga-0-0-si<br />
<br />
John Bob paper favorable:irrealis-3A:3P-spkr:near-flat-communicative-aorist-0-common_knowledge<br />
<br />
It would obviously be good if John were to write a letter to Bob on this paper.<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
Chon Bob pep'ri ngųtjűgöhámabr'ganüsi.<br />
<br />
Chon Bob pep'ri ngų-tjű-gö-háma-br'ga-0-nü-si<br />
<br />
John Bob paper favorable:irrealis-3P:3A-hearer:near-flat-communicative-aorist-3P:3A-common_knowledge<br />
<br />
It would obviously be good if Bob were to write a letter to John on that paper near you.</div>PaulBennetthttps://www.frathwiki.com/index.php?title=Br%27ga&diff=2746Br'ga2005-06-13T13:53:25Z<p>PaulBennett: </p>
<hr />
<div>This page is a collection of notes. One day, I'll organise them.<br />
<br />
<br />
--Alphabet--<br />
<br />
a /A/<br />
<br />
á /a/<br />
<br />
å /Q/<br />
<br />
ą̊ /Q~/<br />
<br />
b /b/<br />
<br />
br /B\/<br />
<br />
ch /tS/<br />
<br />
d /d/<br />
<br />
dr /r/<br />
<br />
e /e/<br />
<br />
g /g/<br />
<br />
gr /R\/<br />
<br />
h /h/<br />
<br />
i /i/<br />
<br />
k /k/<br />
<br />
l /l/<br />
<br />
ll /5/<br />
<br />
lh /K/<br />
<br />
m /m/<br />
<br />
n /n/<br />
<br />
ng /N/<br />
<br />
o /o/<br />
<br />
ö /2/<br />
<br />
ő /2_w/<br />
<br />
ǫ /o~/<br />
<br />
p /p/<br />
<br />
r /r\/<br />
<br />
s /s/<br />
<br />
sh /S/<br />
<br />
t /t/<br />
<br />
tj /C/<br />
<br />
u /u/<br />
<br />
ü /y/<br />
<br />
ű /y_w/<br />
<br />
ų /u~/<br />
<br />
w /w/<br />
<br />
y /j/<br />
<br />
' /@/<br />
<br />
<br />
--Sentence Structure--<br />
<br />
AnimateSubject? AnimateObject? InanimateArgument* (Adverb Verb)+<br />
<br />
--Verb Structure--<br />
<br />
<br />
(Attitudinal:Realis)?-SubjectObjectPrefix?-(Deictic*-Gender-Case)+-TAM*-SubjectObjectSuffix?-Evidential<br />
<br />
<br />
Chon Bob pep'ri ngųlą̊shihámabr'gasi.<br />
<br />
Chon Bob pep'ri ngų-lą̊-shi-háma-br'ga-0-0-si<br />
<br />
John Bob paper favorable:irrealis-3A:3P-spkr:near-flat-communicative-aorist-0-common_knowledge<br />
<br />
It would obviously be good if John were to write a letter to Bob on this paper.<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
Chon Bob pep'ri ngųtjűgöhámabr'ganüsi.<br />
<br />
Chon Bob pep'ri ngų-tjű-gö-háma-br'ga-0-nü-si<br />
<br />
John Bob paper favorable:irrealis-3P:3A-hearer:near-flat-communicative-aorist-3P:3A-common_knowledge<br />
<br />
It would obviously be good if Bob were to write a letter to John on that paper near you.</div>PaulBennetthttps://www.frathwiki.com/index.php?title=Br%27ga&diff=2745Br'ga2005-06-13T13:51:37Z<p>PaulBennett: </p>
<hr />
<div>This page is a collection of notes. One day, I'll organise them.<br />
<br />
a /A/<br />
á /a/<br />
å /Q/<br />
ą̊ /Q~/<br />
b /b/<br />
br /B\/<br />
ch /tS/<br />
d /d/<br />
dr /r/<br />
e /e/<br />
g /g/<br />
gr /R\/<br />
h /h/<br />
i /i/<br />
k /k/<br />
l /l/<br />
ll /5/<br />
lh /K/<br />
m /m/<br />
n /n/<br />
ng /N/<br />
o /o/<br />
ö /2/<br />
ő /2_w/<br />
ǫ /o~/<br />
p /p/<br />
r /r\/<br />
s /s/<br />
sh /S/<br />
t /t/<br />
tj /C/<br />
u /u/<br />
ü /y/<br />
ű /y_w/<br />
ų /u~/<br />
w /w/<br />
y /j/<br />
' /@/<br />
<br />
Sentence:<br />
<br />
AnimateSubject? AnimateObject? InanimateArgument* (Adverb Verb)+<br />
<br />
Verb:<br />
<br />
(Attitudinal:Realis)?-SubjectObjectPrefix?-(Deictic*-Gender-Case)+-TAM*-SubjectObjectSuffix?-Evidential<br />
<br />
Chon Bob pep'ri ngųlą̊shihámabr'gasi.<br />
Chon Bob pep'ri ngų-lą̊-shi-háma-br'ga-0-0-si<br />
John Bob paper favorable:irrealis-3A:3P-spkr:near-flat-communicative-aorist-0-common_knowledge<br />
It would obviously be good if John were to write a letter to Bob on this paper.<br />
<br />
Chon Bob pep'ri ngųtjűgöhámabr'ganüsi.<br />
Chon Bob pep'ri ngų-tjű-gö-háma-br'ga-0-nü-si<br />
John Bob paper favorable:irrealis-3P:3A-hearer:near-flat-communicative-aorist-3P:3A-common_knowledge<br />
It would obviously be good if Bob were to write a letter to John on that paper near you.</div>PaulBennetthttps://www.frathwiki.com/index.php?title=User:PaulBennett&diff=4584User:PaulBennett2005-06-13T13:44:32Z<p>PaulBennett: </p>
<hr />
<div>I'm Paul Bennett, a member of the Conlang mailing list, and the Livejournal conlang community. I'm more of a tinkerer than a serious language creator. I have several new projects a week, and occasionally actually do stuff to one of my more stable projects. These currently are a [[Noric]] language (currently under just a code name), [[Thagojian]], [[Br'ga]] and [[Lizardman]].</div>PaulBennetthttps://www.frathwiki.com/index.php?title=Proto-Eteonoric&diff=2712Proto-Eteonoric2005-06-03T22:02:05Z<p>PaulBennett: </p>
<hr />
<div>'''Proto-Noric''' is the reconstructed common ancestor of the [[Noric]]<br />
languages. It was probably spoken about 3000 years ago in central<br />
Austria, somewhere between Vienna and Salzburg.<br />
<br />
==Phonology==<br />
<br />
===Consonants===<br />
<br />
{|<br />
| || Labial || Alveolar || Postalveolar || Palatal || Velar || Glottal<br />
|-<br />
| Stops, voiceless<br />
| '''*p''' || '''*t''' || || || '''*k''' || '''*q''' [ʔ]<br />
|-<br />
| Stops, voiced<br />
| '''*b''' || '''*d''' || || || '''*g''' ||<br />
|-<br />
| Stops, aspirated<br />
| '''*ph''' [pʰ] || '''*th''' [tʰ] || || || '''*kh''' [kʰ] ||<br />
|-<br />
| Affricates, voiceless<br />
| || '''*ts''' || '''*tc''' [tʃ] || || ||<br />
|-<br />
| Affricates, voiced<br />
| || '''*dz''' || '''*dx''' [dʒ] || || ||<br />
|-<br />
| Affricates, aspirated<br />
| || '''*tsh''' [tsʰ] || '''*tch''' [tʃʰ] || || ||<br />
|-<br />
| Fricatives, voiceless<br />
| || '''*s''' || '''*c''' [ʃ] || || || '''*h'''<br />
|-<br />
| Fricatives, voiced<br />
| || '''*z''' || '''*x''' [ʒ] || || ||<br />
|-<br />
| Nasals<br />
| '''*m''' || '''*n''' || || || ||<br />
|-<br />
| Liquids<br />
| || '''*l,*r''' || || || ||<br />
|-<br />
| Glides<br />
| '''*w''' || || || '''*j''' || ||<br />
|}<br />
<br />
===Vowels===<br />
<br />
* Short: '''*a, *e, *i, *o, *u, *y''' [ɨ]<br />
* Long: '''*â, *ê, *î, *ô, *û'''<br />
<br />
===Root structure===<br />
<br />
C(R)VC or CV(R)C<br />
<br />
==Morphology==<br />
<br />
(to be filled in)<br />
<br />
==Syntax==<br />
<br />
(to be filled in)<br />
<br />
==Semantic Spaces== (Paul Bennett)<br />
<br />
Do we need to discuss the partitioning of semantic space? It is obvious that the Noric people were subjected to and survived several waves of outside dominant cultures (by my eye Italo-Celtic, Italic, Germanic, Ugric and/or Turkic and Germanic again, more or less). That cultural overlay is going to lead to loan-words and the loaning of which things are culturally significant enough to have special terms for them. For instance, Noric people are likely to have grown wheat and barley, driven goats or sheep, drunk wine and mead --knowledge of both probably came with IE speakers (wine in turn probably came from Caucasian people (something like /ɣwinja/ IIRC)), and beer came later (around 1AD?) from the Romans (Latin ''cerevisia''), who got it from the Egyptians. They would have known about horses but probably not donkeys (knowledge of the horse (PIE *''ek^uo'') probably came with IE speakers), and had a concept of a home consisting of an entrance area and an inner area with a hearth. They would probably have had separate words for a village and a town (actually, the PIE word for "town" (cf. Greek ''polis'') was apparently borrowed from an unknown source -- might be worth thinking about). Plausibly, they traded in slaves (with a word for "slave" distinct to "man", and a word for "buy/sell slave(s)" distinct from the general "buy/sell"). Plausibly they would draw a line between a libation and a "regular" drink, and maybe between sacrificial killing, killing in battle/"slaying", and "regular" killing.<br />
<br />
:Would they really have "towns" as opposed to "villages". BTW Greek ''polis'' may well be from Pelasgian -- that would be my first hypothesis lacking other evidence. [[User:Melroch|BPJ]] 13:35, 2 Jun 2005 (PDT)<br />
<br />
:At some point, yes they would. I'm not sure of the age of the ''polis'' words, but we're talking about a culture from the Copper or Bronze age all the way through to modern times. At some point, I suspect they'd have need of a distinction. [[User:PaulBennett|Pb]] 08:25, 3 Jun 2005 (PDT)<br />
<br />
:Wouldn't they take up whatever word the dominant culture used,<br />
be it ''civitas, Stadt'' or ''város'' or whatever? [[User:Melroch|BPJ]] 12:55, 3 Jun 2005 (PDT)<br />
<br />
:Possibly. Probably, in fact. However, the question is going to be at what point in time did the borrowing occur, and what was the dominant language at that time? Would there have been a *''bherg^h-''/''polis'' term as well as something in the ''Stadt'' range? I beleive *''bherg^h''s developed somewhere between villages and true cities, and indeed that's what they are. I think ''Stadt'' would make a perfectly servicable borrowing c. X to XV century (ish), when true cities became a reality. I think *''bherg^h-'' would be borrowed to describe, well, a *''bherg^h-'' [[User:PaulBennett|Pb]] 15:02, 3 Jun 2005 (PDT)<br />
<br />
[[Category:Noric]]<br />
[[Category:LLL]]</div>PaulBennetthttps://www.frathwiki.com/index.php?title=P-Noric&diff=4582P-Noric2005-06-03T15:36:42Z<p>PaulBennett: </p>
<hr />
<div>A [[Noric]] language. Right now, the page and language is in a very volatile state.<br />
<br />
<br />
==Phonology==<br />
<br />
===Consonants===<br />
<br />
{|<br />
| || Labial || Alveolar || Postalveolar || Palatal || Velar || Glottal<br />
|-<br />
| Stops, voiceless<br />
| '''*p''' || '''*t''' || || || '''*k''' || '''*q''' [ʔ]<br />
|-<br />
| Stops, voiced<br />
| '''*b''' || '''*d''' || || || '''*g''' ||<br />
|-<br />
| Stops, aspirated<br />
| '''*ph''' [pʰ] || '''*th''' [tʰ] || || || '''*kh''' [kʰ] ||<br />
|-<br />
| Affricates, voiceless<br />
| || '''*c''' [ts] || '''*č''' [tʃ] || || ||<br />
|-<br />
| Affricates, voiced<br />
| || '''*dz''' || '''*ǰ''' [dʒ] || || ||<br />
|-<br />
| Affricates, aspirated<br />
| || '''*c' ''' [tsʰ] || '''*č' ''' [tʃʰ] || || ||<br />
|-<br />
| Fricatives, voiceless<br />
| || '''*s''' || '''*š''' [ʃ] || || || '''*h'''<br />
|-<br />
| Fricatives, voiced<br />
| || '''*z''' || '''*ž''' [ʒ] || || ||<br />
|-<br />
| Nasals<br />
| '''*m''' || '''*n''' || || || ||<br />
|-<br />
| Liquids<br />
| || '''*l,*r''' || || || ||<br />
|-<br />
| Glides<br />
| '''*w''' || || || '''*j''' || ||<br />
|}<br />
<br />
===Vowels===<br />
<br />
'''a''' /a/, '''ae''' /ɛ/, '''ai''' /aj/, '''ao''' /aw/, '''aw''' /ɔ/, '''e''', '''i''', '''o''', '''u''', '''y''' /ə/<br />
<br />
<br />
==Sound Changes==<br />
<br />
<br />
Before stress: <br />
<br />
a: > aa <br />
<br />
e > ai<br />
<br />
e: > aai<br />
<br />
o > au <br />
<br />
o: > aau <br />
<br />
aa > a3 <br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
On or after stress: <br />
<br />
a: > 3a <br />
<br />
e: > ɛ <br />
<br />
i: > ji <br />
<br />
o: > ɔ <br />
<br />
u: > wu <br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
Anywhere:<br />
<br />
3h > 3 <br />
<br />
_h3 > 0<br />
<br />
3C > C3<br />
<br />
33 > 3<br />
<br />
? > C[+v][=POA][+stop] / # _ {V,R}<br />
<br />
R > C[+v][=POA][+stop] / R _ R<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
The symbol "3" becomes the location of the pitch accent. Syllables before the accent are low tone, syllables including and after the accent are high tone. Depending on where in a diphthong the accent falls, diphthongs may also be rising tone, shown with a caron.<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
âêîôû<br />
<br />
áéíóú<br />
<br />
čšž<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
Some words, including a new romanization:<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
`wîlô > wjiláu (More work required here for sure) > wyjláo (?) Maybe /Ojlaw/?<br />
<br />
`âdâ > áda<br />
<br />
qê`na > daina<br />
<br />
iw`ka > iwka > üka<br />
<br />
`qotse > doce<br />
<br />
`wûdxa > wwúdxa > wúdža (?)<br />
<br />
tsha:'xo > ts_ha3Zo > ts_haZ3o > tsha_L.Zo_H |c'ažó|<br />
<br />
'qu:tsy > ?wuts)1 > bwuts)_L |bwuc|<br />
<br />
'a:nru: > 3anrwu > 3andwu > an_H.dwu_H |ándwu| (syllable break position?)<br />
<br />
e:'he > a3ihe > a_M.i_H.he_M > aj_R.he_H |ǎihe|<br />
<br />
'a:re > 3are > a_H.re_H |áre|<br />
<br />
qa'tca > ?atSa > da_LtSa_L |dača|<br />
<br />
o:'na > a3una > |ǎona| /aw_R.na_H/<br />
<br />
aw'ku > awku > |aoku| /aw_L.ku_L/<br />
<br />
'a:ko: > 3akO > |ákaw| /a_H.kO_H/<br />
<br />
qa:'da: > ?a3d3a > dad3a > |dadá| /da_L.da_H/<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
[[Category:Noric]]<br />
[[Category:LLL]]</div>PaulBennetthttps://www.frathwiki.com/index.php?title=P-Noric&diff=2709P-Noric2005-06-03T15:35:34Z<p>PaulBennett: /* Sound Changes */</p>
<hr />
<div>A [[Noric]] language. Right now, the page and language is in a very volatile state.<br />
<br />
<br />
==Phonology==<br />
<br />
===Consonants===<br />
<br />
{|<br />
| || Labial || Alveolar || Postalveolar || Palatal || Velar || Glottal<br />
|-<br />
| Stops, voiceless<br />
| '''*p''' || '''*t''' || || || '''*k''' || '''*q''' [ʔ]<br />
|-<br />
| Stops, voiced<br />
| '''*b''' || '''*d''' || || || '''*g''' ||<br />
|-<br />
| Stops, aspirated<br />
| '''*ph''' [pʰ] || '''*th''' [tʰ] || || || '''*kh''' [kʰ] ||<br />
|-<br />
| Affricates, voiceless<br />
| || '''*c''' [ts] || '''*č''' [tʃ] || || ||<br />
|-<br />
| Affricates, voiced<br />
| || '''*dz''' || '''*ǰ''' [dʒ] || || ||<br />
|-<br />
| Affricates, aspirated<br />
| || '''*c' ''' [tsʰ] || '''*č' ''' [tʃʰ] || || ||<br />
|-<br />
| Fricatives, voiceless<br />
| || '''*s''' || '''*š''' [ʃ] || || || '''*h'''<br />
|-<br />
| Fricatives, voiced<br />
| || '''*z''' || '''*ž''' [ʒ] || || ||<br />
|-<br />
| Nasals<br />
| '''*m''' || '''*n''' || || || ||<br />
|-<br />
| Liquids<br />
| || '''*l,*r''' || || || ||<br />
|-<br />
| Glides<br />
| '''*w''' || || || '''*j''' || ||<br />
|}<br />
<br />
===Vowels===<br />
<br />
'''a''' /a/, '''ae''' /ɛ/, '''ai''' /aj/, '''ao''' /aw/, '''aw''' /ɔ/, '''e''', '''i''', '''o''', '''u''', '''y''' /ə/<br />
<br />
<br />
==Sound Changes==<br />
<br />
Before stress: <br />
a: > aa <br />
e > ai<br />
e: > aai<br />
o > au <br />
o: > aau <br />
aa > a3 <br />
<br />
On or after stress: <br />
a: > 3a <br />
e: > ɛ <br />
i: > ji <br />
o: > ɔ <br />
u: > wu <br />
<br />
Anywhere:<br />
3h > 3 <br />
_h3 > 0<br />
3C > C3<br />
33 > 3<br />
? > C[+v][=POA][+stop] / # _ {V,R}<br />
R > C[+v][=POA][+stop] / R _ R<br />
<br />
The symbol "3" becomes the location of the pitch accent. Syllables before the accent are low tone, syllables including and after the accent are high tone. Depending on where in a diphthong the accent falls, diphthongs may also be rising tone, shown with a caron.<br />
<br />
âêîôû<br />
áéíóú<br />
čšž<br />
<br />
Some words, including a new romanization:<br />
<br />
`wîlô > wjiláu (More work required here for sure) > wyjláo (?) Maybe /Ojlaw/?<br />
`âdâ > áda<br />
qê`na > daina<br />
iw`ka > iwka > üka<br />
`qotse > doce<br />
`wûdxa > wwúdxa > wúdža (?)<br />
tsha:'xo > ts_ha3Zo > ts_haZ3o > tsha_L.Zo_H |c'ažó|<br />
'qu:tsy > ?wuts)1 > bwuts)_L |bwuc|<br />
'a:nru: > 3anrwu > 3andwu > an_H.dwu_H |ándwu| (syllable break position?)<br />
e:'he > a3ihe > a_M.i_H.he_M > aj_R.he_H |ǎihe|<br />
'a:re > 3are > a_H.re_H |áre|<br />
qa'tca > ?atSa > da_LtSa_L |dača|<br />
o:'na > a3una > |ǎona| /aw_R.na_H/<br />
aw'ku > awku > |aoku| /aw_L.ku_L/<br />
'a:ko: > 3akO > |ákaw| /a_H.kO_H/<br />
qa:'da: > ?a3d3a > dad3a > |dadá| /da_L.da_H/<br />
<br />
[[Category:Noric]]<br />
[[Category:LLL]]</div>PaulBennetthttps://www.frathwiki.com/index.php?title=Proto-Eteonoric&diff=2710Proto-Eteonoric2005-06-03T15:26:33Z<p>PaulBennett: /* Semantic Spaces */</p>
<hr />
<div>'''Proto-Noric''' is the reconstructed common ancestor of the [[Noric]]<br />
languages. It was probably spoken about 3000 years ago in central<br />
Austria, somewhere between Vienna and Salzburg.<br />
<br />
==Phonology==<br />
<br />
===Consonants===<br />
<br />
{|<br />
| || Labial || Alveolar || Postalveolar || Palatal || Velar || Glottal<br />
|-<br />
| Stops, voiceless<br />
| '''*p''' || '''*t''' || || || '''*k''' || '''*q''' [ʔ]<br />
|-<br />
| Stops, voiced<br />
| '''*b''' || '''*d''' || || || '''*g''' ||<br />
|-<br />
| Stops, aspirated<br />
| '''*ph''' [pʰ] || '''*th''' [tʰ] || || || '''*kh''' [kʰ] ||<br />
|-<br />
| Affricates, voiceless<br />
| || '''*ts''' || '''*tc''' [tʃ] || || ||<br />
|-<br />
| Affricates, voiced<br />
| || '''*dz''' || '''*dx''' [dʒ] || || ||<br />
|-<br />
| Affricates, aspirated<br />
| || '''*tsh''' [tsʰ] || '''*tch''' [tʃʰ] || || ||<br />
|-<br />
| Fricatives, voiceless<br />
| || '''*s''' || '''*c''' [ʃ] || || || '''*h'''<br />
|-<br />
| Fricatives, voiced<br />
| || '''*z''' || '''*x''' [ʒ] || || ||<br />
|-<br />
| Nasals<br />
| '''*m''' || '''*n''' || || || ||<br />
|-<br />
| Liquids<br />
| || '''*l,*r''' || || || ||<br />
|-<br />
| Glides<br />
| '''*w''' || || || '''*j''' || ||<br />
|}<br />
<br />
===Vowels===<br />
<br />
* Short: '''*a, *e, *i, *o, *u, *y''' [ɨ]<br />
* Long: '''*â, *ê, *î, *ô, *û'''<br />
<br />
===Root structure===<br />
<br />
C(R)VC or CV(R)C<br />
<br />
==Morphology==<br />
<br />
(to be filled in)<br />
<br />
==Syntax==<br />
<br />
(to be filled in)<br />
<br />
==Semantic Spaces== (Paul Bennett)<br />
<br />
Do we need to discuss the partitioning of semantic space? It is obvious that the Noric people were subjected to and survived several waves of outside dominant cultures (by my eye Italo-Celtic, Italic, Germanic, Ugric and/or Turkic and Germanic again, more or less). That cultural overlay is going to lead to loan-words and the loaning of which things are culturally significant enough to have special terms for them. For instance, Noric people are likely to have grown wheat and barley, driven goats or sheep, drunk wine and mead --knowledge of both probably came with IE speakers (wine in turn probably came from Caucasian people (something like /ɣwinja/ IIRC)), and beer came later (around 1AD?) from the Romans (Latin ''cerevisia''), who got it from the Egyptians. They would have known about horses but probably not donkeys (knowledge of the horse (PIE *''ek^uo'') probably came with IE speakers), and had a concept of a home consisting of an entrance area and an inner area with a hearth. They would probably have had separate words for a village and a town (actually, the PIE word for "town" (cf. Greek ''polis'') was apparently borrowed from an unknown source -- might be worth thinking about). Plausibly, they traded in slaves (with a word for "slave" distinct to "man", and a word for "buy/sell slave(s)" distinct from the general "buy/sell"). Plausibly they would draw a line between a libation and a "regular" drink, and maybe between sacrificial killing, killing in battle/"slaying", and "regular" killing.<br />
<br />
:Would they really have "towns" as opposed to "villages". BTW Greek ''polis'' may well be from Pelasgian -- that would be my first hypothesis lacking other evidence. [[User:Melroch|BPJ]] 13:35, 2 Jun 2005 (PDT)<br />
<br />
:At some point, yes they would. I'm not sure of the age of the ''polis'' words, but we're talking about a culture from the Copper or Bronze age all the way through to modern times. At some point, I suspect they'd have need of a distinction. [[User:PaulBennett|Pb]] 08:25, 3 Jun 2005 (PDT)<br />
<br />
[[Category:Noric]]<br />
[[Category:LLL]]</div>PaulBennetthttps://www.frathwiki.com/index.php?title=Proto-Eteonoric&diff=2707Proto-Eteonoric2005-06-03T15:25:27Z<p>PaulBennett: /* Semantic Spaces */</p>
<hr />
<div>'''Proto-Noric''' is the reconstructed common ancestor of the [[Noric]]<br />
languages. It was probably spoken about 3000 years ago in central<br />
Austria, somewhere between Vienna and Salzburg.<br />
<br />
==Phonology==<br />
<br />
===Consonants===<br />
<br />
{|<br />
| || Labial || Alveolar || Postalveolar || Palatal || Velar || Glottal<br />
|-<br />
| Stops, voiceless<br />
| '''*p''' || '''*t''' || || || '''*k''' || '''*q''' [ʔ]<br />
|-<br />
| Stops, voiced<br />
| '''*b''' || '''*d''' || || || '''*g''' ||<br />
|-<br />
| Stops, aspirated<br />
| '''*ph''' [pʰ] || '''*th''' [tʰ] || || || '''*kh''' [kʰ] ||<br />
|-<br />
| Affricates, voiceless<br />
| || '''*ts''' || '''*tc''' [tʃ] || || ||<br />
|-<br />
| Affricates, voiced<br />
| || '''*dz''' || '''*dx''' [dʒ] || || ||<br />
|-<br />
| Affricates, aspirated<br />
| || '''*tsh''' [tsʰ] || '''*tch''' [tʃʰ] || || ||<br />
|-<br />
| Fricatives, voiceless<br />
| || '''*s''' || '''*c''' [ʃ] || || || '''*h'''<br />
|-<br />
| Fricatives, voiced<br />
| || '''*z''' || '''*x''' [ʒ] || || ||<br />
|-<br />
| Nasals<br />
| '''*m''' || '''*n''' || || || ||<br />
|-<br />
| Liquids<br />
| || '''*l,*r''' || || || ||<br />
|-<br />
| Glides<br />
| '''*w''' || || || '''*j''' || ||<br />
|}<br />
<br />
===Vowels===<br />
<br />
* Short: '''*a, *e, *i, *o, *u, *y''' [ɨ]<br />
* Long: '''*â, *ê, *î, *ô, *û'''<br />
<br />
===Root structure===<br />
<br />
C(R)VC or CV(R)C<br />
<br />
==Morphology==<br />
<br />
(to be filled in)<br />
<br />
==Syntax==<br />
<br />
(to be filled in)<br />
<br />
==Semantic Spaces== (Paul Bennett)<br />
<br />
Do we need to discuss the partitioning of semantic space? It is obvious that the Noric people were subjected to and survived several waves of outside dominant cultures (by my eye Italo-Celtic, Italic, Germanic, Ugric and/or Turkic and Germanic again, more or less). That cultural overlay is going to lead to loan-words and the loaning of which things are culturally significant enough to have special terms for them. For instance, Noric people are likely to have grown wheat and barley, driven goats or sheep, drunk wine and mead --knowledge of both probably came with IE speakers (wine in turn probably came from Caucasian people (something like /ɣwinja/ IIRC)), and beer came later (around 1AD?) from the Romans (Latin ''cerevisia''), who got it from the Egyptians. They would have known about horses but probably not donkeys (knowledge of the horse (PIE *''ek^uo'') probably came with IE speakers), and had a concept of a home consisting of an entrance area and an inner area with a hearth. They would probably have had separate words for a village and a town (actually, the PIE word for "town" (cf. Greek ''polis'') was apparently borrowed from an unknown source -- might be worth thinking about). Plausibly, they traded in slaves (with a word for "slave" distinct to "man", and a word for "buy/sell slave(s)" distinct from the general "buy/sell"). Plausibly they would draw a line between a libation and a "regular" drink, and maybe between sacrificial killing, killing in battle/"slaying", and "regular" killing.<br />
<br />
:Would they really have "towns" as opposed to "villages". BTW Greek ''polis'' may well be from Pelasgian -- that would be my first hypothesis lacking other evidence. [[User:Melroch|BPJ]] 13:35, 2 Jun 2005 (PDT)<br />
<br />
:At some point, yes they would. I'm not sure of the age of the ''polis'' words, but we're talking about a culture from the Copper or Bronze age all the way through to modern times. At some point, I suspect they'd have need of a distinction. [[User:PaulBennett|P]] 08:25, 3 Jun 2005 (PDT)<br />
<br />
[[Category:Noric]]<br />
[[Category:LLL]]</div>PaulBennetthttps://www.frathwiki.com/index.php?title=Sisiw%C3%B6n&diff=313Sisiwön2004-07-02T00:58:07Z<p>PaulBennett: </p>
<hr />
<div>"Sisiwön" is the provisional name of a collaborative Conlang, started in early 2004, by a small group of members of the Conlang list.<br />
<br />
The name itself, while phonologically compatible with the language, doesn't actually ''mean'' anything (yet).<br />
<br />
''I know nothing about editing this Wiki, and the help page is blank. Help!'' (PaulBennett)<br />
<br />
Vowels:<br />
<br />
There are a total of twenty phonetic vowels:<br />
<br />
i ii ü üü ï ïï u uu e ee ö öö ë ëë o oo ä ää a aa<br />
ɪ i: ʏ y: ɯ ɯ: ʊ u:<br />
<br />
However, due to vowel harmony, any given word will only contain a subset of these, either <br />
<br />
i ii ü üü e ee ö öö ä ää<br />
<br />
or <br />
<br />
ï ïï u uu ë ëë o oo a aa<br />
<br />
Thus, it could be said that the language has 10 vowel phonemes, plus a +-back suprasegmental phoneme.<br />
<br />
Also, given the syllable structure, it makes sense to think of vowel length as provided by a single /:/ phoneme, reducing the inventory even further to just five basic vowels: ï u ë o a, plus two vowel-modifying phonemes, /:/ and [+front], the last of which occurs zero or one times in each word, effecting all the vowels in it.<br />
<br />
Consonants:<br />
<br />
Some of the consonants seem to be in a bit of a state of flux, particularly the labialised and palatalised series. There are definitely the following ...<br />
<br />
p t k q<br />
pʼ tʼ kʼ<br />
pʰ tʰ kʰ<br />
m n ŋ<br />
f s ʃ x h<br />
ts tʃ <br />
ɾ<br />
l <br />
ɬ <br />
tɬ <br />
w y<br />
<br />
... plus labialised and palatalised variants of some of them.<br />
<br />
Syllable structure:<br />
<br />
It seems the consensus is CV(N) with N being any non-stop, non-affricate, or alternatively the aforementioned vowel-lengthening phoneme /:/. The symobl C may also stand for a word-initial ∅, allowing vowel-initial words.<br />
<br />
Word structure: <br />
<br />
Any number of syllables, as defined above, with no other contstraints known at this time.</div>PaulBennetthttps://www.frathwiki.com/index.php?title=Sisiw%C3%B6n&diff=308Sisiwön2004-07-02T00:32:00Z<p>PaulBennett: </p>
<hr />
<div>"Sisiwön" is the provisional name of a collaborative Conlang, started in early 2004, by a small group of members of the Conlang list.<br />
<br />
The name itself, while phonologically compatible with the language, doesn't actually ''mean'' anything (yet).<br />
<br />
''I know nothing about editing this Wiki, and the help page is blank. Help!'' (PaulBennett)<br />
<br />
Vowels:<br />
<br />
There are a total of twenty phonetic vowels:<br />
<br />
i ii ü üü ï ïï u uu e ee ö öö ë ëë o oo ä ää a aa<br />
ɪ i: ʏ y: ɯ ɯ: ʊ u:<br />
<br />
However, due to vowel harmony, any given word will only contain a subset of these, either <br />
<br />
i ii ü üü e ee ö öö ä ää<br />
<br />
or <br />
<br />
ï ïï u uu ë ëë o oo a aa<br />
<br />
Thus, it could be said that the language has 10 vowel phonemes, plus a +-back suprasegmental phoneme.<br />
<br />
Also, given the syllable structure, it makes sense to think of vowel length as provided by a single /:/ phoneme, reducing the inventory even further to just five basic vowels, plus two vowel-modifying phonemes.<br />
<br />
Consonants:<br />
<br />
Some of the consonants seem to be in a bit of a state of flux, particularly the labialised and palatalised series. There are definitely the following ...<br />
<br />
p t k q<br />
pʼ tʼ kʼ<br />
pʰ tʰ kʰ<br />
m n ŋ<br />
f s ʃ x h<br />
ts tʃ <br />
ɾ<br />
l <br />
ɬ <br />
tɬ <br />
w y<br />
<br />
... plus labialised and palatalised variants of some of them.<br />
<br />
Syllable structure:<br />
<br />
It seems the consensus is CV(N) with N being any non-stop, non-affricate, or alternatively the aforementioned vowel-lengthening phoneme /:/. The symobl C may also stand for a word-initial ∅, allowing vowel-initial words.<br />
<br />
Word structure: <br />
<br />
Any number of syllables, as defined above, with no other contstraints known at this time.</div>PaulBennetthttps://www.frathwiki.com/index.php?title=Sisiw%C3%B6n&diff=307Sisiwön2004-07-02T00:31:36Z<p>PaulBennett: </p>
<hr />
<div>"Sisiwön" is the provisional name of a collaborative Conlang, started in early 2004, by a small group of members of the Conlang list.<br />
<br />
The name itself, while phonologically compatible with the language, doesn't actually ''mean'' anything (yet).<br />
<br />
''I know nothing about editing this Wiki, and the help page is blank. Help!'' (PaulBennett)<br />
<br />
Vowels:<br />
<br />
There are a total of twenty phonetic vowels:<br />
<br />
i ii ü üü ï ïï u uu e ee ö öö ë ëë o oo ä ää a aa<br />
ɪ i: ʏ y: ɯ ɯ: ʊ u:<br />
<br />
However, due to vowel harmony, any given word will only contain a subset of these, either <br />
<br />
i ii ü üü e ee ö öö ä ää<br />
<br />
or <br />
<br />
ï ïï u uu ë ëë o oo a aa<br />
<br />
Thus, it could be said that the language has 10 vowel phonemes, plus a +-back suprasegmental phoneme.<br />
<br />
Also, given the syllable structure, it makes sense to think of vowel length as provided by a single /:/ phoneme, reducing the inventory even further to just five basic vowels, plus two vowel-modifying phonemes.<br />
<br />
Consonants:<br />
<br />
Some of the consonants seem to be in a bit of a state of flux, particularly the labialised and palatalised series. There are definitely the following ...<br />
<br />
p t k q<br />
pʼ tʼ kʼ<br />
pʰ tʰ kʰ<br />
m n ŋ<br />
f s ʃ x h<br />
ts tʃ <br />
ɾ<br />
l <br />
ɬ <br />
tɬ <br />
w y<br />
<br />
... plus labialised and palatalised variants of some of them.<br />
<br />
Syllable structure:<br />
<br />
It seems the consensus is CV(N) with N being any non-stop, non-affricate, or alternatively the aforementioned vowel-lengthening phoneme /:/. The symobl C may also stand for a word-initial ∅, allowing vowel-initial words.<br />
<br />
Word structure: <br />
<br />
Any number of syllables, as defined above, with no other contstraints known at this time.</div>PaulBennetthttps://www.frathwiki.com/index.php?title=Sisiw%C3%B6n&diff=306Sisiwön2004-07-02T00:21:08Z<p>PaulBennett: </p>
<hr />
<div>"Sisiwön" is the provisional name of a collaborative Conlang, started in early 2004, by a small group of members of the Conlang list.<br />
<br />
The name itself, while phonologically compatible with the language, doesn't actually ''mean'' anything (yet).<br />
<br />
''I know nothing about editing this Wiki, and the help page is blank. Help!'' (PaulBennett)<br />
<br />
Vowels:<br />
<br />
There are a total of twenty phonetic vowels:<br />
<br />
i ii ü üü ï ïï u uu e ee ö öö ë ëë o oo ä ää a aa<br />
<br />
However, due to vowel harmony, any given word will only contain a subset of these, either <br />
<br />
i ii ü üü e ee ö öö ä ää<br />
<br />
or <br />
<br />
ï ïï u uu ë ëë o oo a aa<br />
<br />
Thus, it could be said that the language has 10 vowel phonemes, plus a +-back suprasegmental phoneme.<br />
<br />
Also, given the syllable structure, it makes sense to think of vowel length as provided by a single /:/ phoneme, reducing the inventory even further to just five basic vowels, plus two vowel-modifying phonemes.<br />
<br />
Consonants:<br />
<br />
Some of the consonants seem to be in a bit of a state of flux, particularly the labialised and palatalised series. There are definitely the following ...<br />
<br />
p t k q<br />
pʼ tʼ kʼ<br />
pʰ tʰ kʰ<br />
m n ŋ<br />
f s ʃ x h<br />
ts tʃ <br />
ɾ<br />
l <br />
ɬ <br />
tɬ <br />
w y<br />
<br />
... plus labialised and palatalised variants of some of them.<br />
<br />
Syllable structure:<br />
<br />
It seems the consensus is CV(N) with N being any non-stop, non-affricate, or alternatively the aforementioned vowel-lengthening phoneme /:/. The symobl C may also stand for a word-initial ∅, allowing vowel-initial words.<br />
<br />
Word structure: <br />
<br />
Any number of syllables, as defined above, with no other contstraints known at this time.</div>PaulBennetthttps://www.frathwiki.com/index.php?title=Sisiw%C3%B6n&diff=305Sisiwön2004-07-02T00:19:10Z<p>PaulBennett: </p>
<hr />
<div>"Sisiwön" is the provisional name of a collaborative Conlang, started in early 2004, by a small group of members of the Conlang list.<br />
<br />
The name itself, while phonologically compatible with the language, doesn't actually ''mean'' anything (yet).<br />
<br />
''I know nothing about editing this Wiki, and the help page is blank. Help!'' (PaulBennett)<br />
<br />
Vowels:<br />
<br />
There are a total of twenty phonetic vowels:<br />
<br />
i ii ü üü ï ïï u uu e ee ö öö ë ëë o oo ä ää a aa<br />
<br />
However, due to vowel harmony, any given word will only contain a subset of these, either <br />
<br />
i ii ü üü e ee ö öö ä ää<br />
<br />
or <br />
<br />
ï ïï u uu ë ëë o oo a aa<br />
<br />
Thus, it could be said that the language has 10 vowel phonemes, plus a +-back suprasegmental phoneme.<br />
<br />
Also, given the syllable structure, it makes sense to think of vowel length as provided by a single /:/ phoneme, reducing the inventory even further to just five basic vowels.<br />
<br />
Consonants:<br />
<br />
Some of the consonants seem to be in a bit of a state of flux, particularly the labialised and palatalised series. There are definitely the following ...<br />
<br />
p t k q<br />
pʼ tʼ kʼ<br />
pʰ tʰ kʰ<br />
m n ŋ<br />
f s ʃ x h<br />
ts tʃ <br />
ɾ<br />
l <br />
ɬ <br />
tɬ <br />
w y<br />
<br />
... plus labialised and palatalised variants of some of them.<br />
<br />
Syllable structure:<br />
<br />
It seems the consensus is CV(N) with N being any non-stop, non-affricate, or alternatively the aforementioned vowel-lengthening phoneme /:/. The symobl C may also stand for a word-initial ∅, allowing vowel-initial words.<br />
<br />
Word structure: <br />
<br />
Any number of syllables, as defined above, with no other contstraints known at this time.</div>PaulBennetthttps://www.frathwiki.com/index.php?title=Sisiw%C3%B6n&diff=304Sisiwön2004-07-02T00:18:27Z<p>PaulBennett: </p>
<hr />
<div>"Sisiwön" is the provisional name of a collaborative Conlang, started in early 2004, by a small group of members of the Conlang list.<br />
<br />
The name itself, while phonologically compatible with the language, doesn't actually ''mean'' anything (yet).<br />
<br />
''I know nothing about editing this Wiki, and the help page is blank. Help!'' (PaulBennett)<br />
<br />
Vowels:<br />
<br />
There are a total of twenty phonetic vowels:<br />
<br />
i ii ü üü ï ïï u uu e ee ö öö ë ëë o oo ä ää a aa<br />
<br />
However, due to vowel harmony, any given word will only contain a subset of these, either <br />
<br />
i ii ü üü e ee ö öö ä ää<br />
<br />
or <br />
<br />
ï ïï u uu ë ëë o oo a aa<br />
<br />
Thus, it could be said that the language has 10 vowel phonemes, plus a +-back suprasegmental phoneme.<br />
<br />
Also, given the syllable structure, it makes sense to think of vowel length as provided by a single /:/ phoneme, reducing the inventory even further to just five basic vowels.<br />
<br />
Consonants:<br />
<br />
Some of the consonants seem to be in a bit of a state of flux, particularly the labialised and palatalised series. There are definitely the following ...<br />
<br />
p t k q<br />
pʼ tʼ kʼ<br />
pʰ tʰ kʰ<br />
m n ŋ<br />
f s ʃ x h<br />
ts tʃ <br />
ɾ<br />
l <br />
ɬ <br />
tɬ <br />
w y<br />
<br />
... plus labialised and palatalised variants of some of them.<br />
<br />
Syllable structure:<br />
<br />
It seems the consensus is CV(N) with N being any non-stop, non-affricate, or alternatively the aforementioned vowel-lengthening phoneme /:/. The symobl C may also stand for a word-initial ∅, allowing vowel-initial words.<br />
<br />
Word structure: <br />
<br />
Any number of syllables, as defined above, with no other contstraints known at this time.</div>PaulBennetthttps://www.frathwiki.com/index.php?title=Sisiw%C3%B6n&diff=303Sisiwön2004-07-01T21:14:41Z<p>PaulBennett: </p>
<hr />
<div>"Sisiwön" is the provisional name of a collaborative Conlang, started in early 2004, by a small group of members of the Conlang list.<br />
<br />
The name itself, while phonologically compatible with the language, doesn't actually ''mean'' anything (yet).<br />
<br />
''I know nothing about editing this Wiki, and the help page is blank. Help!'' (PaulBennett)<br />
<br />
Vowels:<br />
<br />
There are a total of twenty phonetic vowels:<br />
<br />
i ii ü üü ï ïï u uu e ee ö öö ë ëë o oo ä ää a aa<br />
<br />
However, due to vowel harmony, any given word will only contain a subset of these, either <br />
<br />
i ii ü üü e ee ö öö ä ää<br />
<br />
or <br />
<br />
ï ïï u uu ë ëë o oo a aa<br />
<br />
Thus, it could be said that the language has 10 vowel phonemes, plus a +-back suprasegmental phoneme.<br />
<br />
Consonants:<br />
<br />
(insert consonants here)</div>PaulBennetthttps://www.frathwiki.com/index.php?title=Main_Page&diff=325Main Page2004-07-01T20:58:59Z<p>PaulBennett: </p>
<hr />
<div><center>Today is {{CURRENTDAYNAME}}, {{CURRENTDAY}} {{CURRENTMONTHNAME}} {{CURRENTYEAR}} (UTC)</center><br />
<br />
{| cellspacing=5<br />
|align="left" valign="top" style="background:#f3f3f3; padding:8px" colspan="2"|<br />
<br />
Welcome to '''FrathWiki''', a project to produce public documentation of conlangs and concultures, and information on topics relating to conlanging, conculturing, and worldbuilding. FrathWiki currently has '''{{NUMBEROFARTICLES}}''' pages.<br />
<br />
The contents of FrathWiki are free (as in speech). See [[FrathWiki:Copyrights]] for details of use.<br />
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|-<br />
|align="left" valign="top" style="background:#e0f3f3; padding:8px" colspan="2"|<br />
<br />
'''Language topics:''' [[person]] - [[number]] - [[tense]] - [[aspect]] - [[mood]] - [[Swadesh list]]<br />
<br />
|-<br />
|align="left" valign="top" style="background:#FFFFE0; padding:8px" width="50%"|<br />
<br />
'''Index of Conlangs:'''<br />
*[[Atlantic]]<br />
*[[Henaudute]]<br />
*[[Kasin]]<br />
*[[Kosi]]<br />
*[[Sisiwön]]<br />
*[[Trentish]]<br />
<br />
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<br />
'''Index of Conworlds and Concultures:'''<br />
<br />
|}</div>PaulBennett