FrathWiki - User contributions [en]

Proto-Uralic/distribution

2019-02-01T21:07:11Z

Tropylium: /* Missing in 3 branches */

==Missing in 0-1 branches==
(73 roots)

{| class="wikitable"
|-
! colspan="2"| Found in all branches
|-
|
* pronouns: '''*ku-''' 'who', '''*me-''' '1PP', '''*mi-''' 'what', '''*minä''' ¹ '1PS', '''*to''' 'that'
* basic verbs: '''*elä-''' ² 'to live', '''*kalə-''' 'to die', '''*kad₂a-''' 'to disappear', '''*ńalə-''' 'to lick', '''*ńälə-''' 'to swallow', '''*puna-''' 'to plait', '''*ujə-''' 'to swim'
* body parts: '''*künčə''' ³ 'nail', '''*mëksa''' 'liver', '''*sënə''' 'vein', '''*sülə''' 'bosom', '''*śilmä''' 'eye', '''*śɜd₁äm(ə)''' 'heart'
* other nouns: '''*ëla''' 'low', '''*nimə''' 'name', '''*ńëlə''' 'arrow', '''*ńërə''' 'moist/wet', '''*pälä''' ⁴ 'half', '''*pesä''' 'nest', '''*purkə''' ⁵ 'smoke/blizzard', '''#wäśkä''' 'metal'
* etc: '''*kuma-''' 'overturned', '''#kɜk/ttA''' '2', '''#wittə''' '5'
|
# Ms. *äm, Hu. ''én'' questionable
# Mo. *eŕa- irregular
# Smy. *kəčä irregular
# S. *pealē irregular
# Hu. ''forr'' 'to boil' questionable
|-
! colspan="2"| Found everywhere except Samoyedic
|-
|
* numerals: '''#kormɜ''' '3', '''#kuwtə''' '6', '''*neljä''' '4', '''*śëta''' '100'
* others: '''*jäŋə''' 'ice', '''*jećə''' ¹ 'soul', '''*kälä-''' 'to wade', '''*kätə''' 'hand', '''*keččä''' ² 'ring', '''*kerə''' 'bark', '''#kuwlə-''' 'to hear', '''*tälwä''' 'winter', '''*sükśə''' 'autumn', '''*śarw/pə''' ³ 'horn', '''*wajə''' 'butter', '''*wäkə''' 'power', '''*werə''' 'blood', '''*wɜd₁ɜm''' 'marrow'
| ¹ K. ''ać'' unclear
² Mo. ''či'' 'sun' unclear
³ Ms/Kh 'elk' unclear
|-
! colspan="2"| Found everywhere except Khanty
|-
| '''*lämə''' 'broth', '''*wetə''' ¹ 'water'
| ¹ S. ''*vëcë'' 'newly fallen snow' questionable
|-
! colspan="2"| Found everywhere except Hungarian
|-
| '''#kowsə''' 'spruce', '''*kärə-''' 'to wrap', '''*d₂ëmə''' 'bird cherry', '''*poŋə''' 'bosom', '''*porə-''' 'to bite', '''*wü/ilɜ''' 'upper'
|-
! colspan="2"| Found everywhere except Permic
|-
| '''*joŋsə''' 'bow', '''*kala''' 'fish', '''*konta''' 'group', '''*muna''' 'egg', '''*śinśä''' ¹ 'inside'
| ¹ Kh. *ćuućii unclear
|-
! colspan="2"| Found everywhere except Mari
|-
| '''*pelə-''' 'to fear', '''*tulka''' ¹ 'feather', '''*tu/üd₂kA''' 'prod'
| ¹ F. ''*sulka''?!
|-
! colspan="2"| Found everywhere except Mordvinic
|-
| '''*kunśə'''(-) '(to) pee', '''*menə-''' 'to go', '''*pončə''' 'tail', '''#sɜja''' 'sleeve'¹, '''*śälə-''' 'to cut'
| ¹ F. ''hija'' unclear
|-
! colspan="2"| Found everywhere except Finnic
|-
| '''*ipsə/ä-''' '(to) smell', '''#sejə''' 'pus'
| ¹ Mo. unclear
|-
! colspan="2"| Found everywhere except Samic
|-
| '''*küńä''' 'elbow', '''*piŋə''' ¹ 'tooth', '''*walə-''' 'to be'
| ¹ Smy. *pəj 'flint' unclear
|}

{| class="wikitable"
|+ Totals
|-
! S !! F !! Mo !! Ma !! P !! H !! Ms !! Kh !! Smy
|-
| 70 || 70 || 67 || 69 || 67 || 66 || 72 || 71 || 54
|}

==Missing in 2 branches==
(65 roots)

{| class="wikitable"
|-
! !! Finnic !! Mordvinic !! Mari !! Permic !! Hungarian !! Mansi !! Khanty !! Samoyedic
|-
! Samic
| '''*kuńa-''' 'to blink' || '''*täwd₁ə''' 'full' (Ma. irreg.) || '''*sewə-''' 'to eat' || '''*kompa''' 'wave'
| '''*lowə''' 'bone' '''*pAnə-''' 'to put' '''*śača-''' 'to grow' || ||
| '''*kiwə''' 'stone' '''*sula-''' 'to melt'
|-
! Finnic
| style="background:lightgray"|
| || '''*ëńa''' 'aunt' '''*soŋə-''' 'to go thru' || '''*këččə''' 'bitter' '''*ńërə''' 'cartilage' (if not = 'moist') || || '''*oŋə''' 'mouth' (?) ||
| '''*mälkə''' 'breast' '''*peljä''' 'ear'
|-
! Mordv.
| colspan="2" style="background:lightgray"|
| '''*mińä''' 'dtr-in-law' '''*pura''' 'bore' '''*pušə-''' 'to blow'
| '''*ëppə''' 'pa-in-law' '''*śojə(-)''' '(to) sound' '''*śowə''' 'mouth' || '''*suxə-''' 'to row' '''*sɜnśɜ-''' 'to stand' || || '''*jɜxə-''' 'to drink'
| '''*puća-''' 'to squeeze' (Ma. irreg.) '''*särä''' 'root'
|-
! Mari
| colspan="3" style="background:lightgray"|
| '''*nüd₁ə''' 'handle' (H. irreg.) '''*pala''' 'bit'
| '''*enä''' 'big' (P. irreg.) '''*jëka-''' 'to divide' '''*karə''' 'crust' '''*kälə''' 'tongue' '''*mexə-''' 'to sell' '''#näjə''' 'girl, woman'
| '''*kulkə-''' 'to go' ||
| '''*ćäŋkə-''' 'to cut' (Mo. irreg.) '''#kiśkä-''' 'to rip' '''*kulə-''' 'to run out' '''*näkə-''' 'to see' '''*omtə''' 'cavity' '''*śëlka''' 'pole' '''*ü/ejə''' 'night'
|-
! Permic
| colspan="4" style="background:lightgray"|
| '''*kanta-''' 'to carry' '''*sala-''' 'to steal' '''*śüdₓə''' 'coal' || '''#wiŋü''' 'son-in-law' (messy!) || || '''*pućka''' 'shit' (F. irreg.) '''*wëlka-''' 'to leave'
|-
! Hung.
| colspan="5" style="background:lightgray"|
| '''*ëkta-''' 'to put' || '''#kośkə''' 'dry' '''*śečä''' 'uncle'
| '''*śepä''' 'neck' '''*śëmə''' 'scales' '''*śod₁(ka)''' 'goldeneye' '''*śülkə''' 'spit'
|-
! Mansi
| colspan="6" style="background:lightgray"|
| '''*kajwa-''' 'to dig' (S. irreg.) '''*lomə''' 'snow' (H. q:ble) '''*te-''' '2PP' '''*tinä''' '2PS' '''*wod₂ə''' 'new'
| '''*kota''' 'house' '''*pilwə''' 'cloud' '''*śalə''' 'intestine' (H. q:ble)
|-
! Khanty
| colspan="7" style="background:lightgray"|
| '''*miŋä''' 'behind'
|}

{| class="wikitable"
|+ Total missing
|-
! S !! F !! Mo !! Ma !! P !! H !! Ms !! Kh !! Smy
|-
| 9 || 8 || 12 || 22 || 14 || 21 || 12 || 9 || 23
|}

{| class="wikitable"
|+ Correlations
|-
! !! F !! Mo !! Ma !! P !! H !! Ms !! Kh !! Smy
|-
! S
| 1 || 1 || 1 || 1 || 3 || 0 || 0 || 2
|-
! F
| style="background:lightgrey"|
| 0 || 2 || 2 || 0 || 1 || 0 || 2
|-
! Mo
| style="background:lightgrey" colspan="2"|
| 3 || 3 || 2 || 0 || 1 || 2
|-
! Ma
| style="background:lightgrey" colspan="3"|
| 2 || 6 || 1 || 0 || 7
|-
! P
| style="background:lightgrey" colspan="4"|
| 3 || 1 || 0 || 2
|-
! H
| style="background:lightgrey" colspan="5"|
| 1 || 2 || 4
|-
! Ms
| style="background:lightgrey" colspan="6"|
| 5 || 3
|-
! Kh
| style="background:lightgrey" colspan="7"|
| 1
|}

==Missing in 3 branches==
(69 roots)

{|
|-
|
* '''*ad₁əma''' 'sleep' (S F Smy)
* '''*kojəra''' 'male animal', '''*sälɜ-''' 'to load', '''*warə''' 'mountain' (S Mo Ma)
* '''*pata''' 'pot' (S Mo P)
* '''*kütkə-''' 'to tie' (S Mo Kh)
* '''*kama''' 'crust' (messy!), '''*üćä''' 'small' (S Mo Kh)
* '''*täjə''' 'louse' (?S Mo Smy)
* '''*šiŋərə''' 'mouse' (S Ma Smy)
* '''*ń/nükə-''' 'to pull', '''*totkə''' 'tench' (S P Kh)
* '''*aśkəl''' 'step' (S H Kh)
* '''*käjä''' 'moth', '''*pićlä''' ~ '''*pećrä''' 'rowan', '''*śawə''' 'clay' (S H Smy)
* '''#küjə(wä)''' 'adder', '''*mośkə-''' 'to wash' (S Ms Kh)
* '''*jorə-''' 'to go round' (F Mo Ma; H. q:ble)
* '''*ńëkćəm''' 'gills', '''*wanča-''' 'to go carefully' (F Mo H)
* '''#läpd₁ä''' 'spleen' (F Mo Ms)
* '''*soskə-''' 'to chew', '''*ulkə''' 'pole' (F Ma H)
* '''*küjə-''' 'to follow' (F Ma Smy)
* '''*čaŋa-''' 'to hit', '''*këččɜ''' 'rotten' (F P H)
* '''*närə''' 'nose' (F H Ms)
* '''*panča-''' 'to open' (F H Smy)
* '''*ćappa-''' 'to hit' (F Kh Smy)
* '''#kïra-''' 'to curse', '''*woča''' 'fish trap' (Mo Ma P)
* '''*käwd₁ə''' 'rope', '''*parwə''' 'raft' (Mo Ma H)
* '''*kixə-''' 'to rut', '''*(ń)imə-''' 'to suck' (Mo Ma Ms)
* '''*wolka''' 'shoulder' (Mo Ma Kh)
* '''*kod₁(wa)''' 'while', '''*kolɜ''' 'hole', '''*lewlə''' 'soul', '''#wïča-''' 'to scrape' (Mo Ma Smy)
* '''*ëptə''' 'hair' (Mo P H)
* '''#lïntɜ''' 'bird' (Mo P Smy)
* '''*pud₂a-''' 'to break', '''*siwə''' 'year ring' (Mo H Kh; S. irreg.)
* '''*läppä''' 'cover', '''*śänä''' ~ '''*śenä''' 'mushroom' (Mo H Smy)
* '''#üwä''' 'belt' (Mo Ms Kh)
* '''*kurɜ''' 'cleft' (Mo Ms Smy)
* '''*mu-''' 'other' (Mo Kh Smy)
* '''*toxə-''' 'to bring' (Ma P H)
* '''*tekə-''' 'to do' (Ma P Smy)
* '''*kälü''' 'sis-in-law', '''*šarəwa''' 'dry' (Ma H Ms)
* '''*kačka-''' 'to bite', '''*laśkɜ-''' 'to let go', '''*tarkə-''' 'to tremble' (Ma H Smy)
* '''*säppä''' 'gall', '''*päŋə''' 'head', '''*waja-''' 'to sink' (Ma Kh Smy)
* '''*marja''' 'berry' (P H Smy)
* '''*ićä''' 'father; big' (P Kh Smy)
* '''*no-''' 'those', '''*ora''' 'squirrel', '''*pečä''' 'pine', '''tulə''' 'fire' (H Ms Kh)
* '''*läktə-''' 'to depart', '''*oksənta-''' 'to vomit' (H ?Kh Smy)
* '''*loŋə-''' 'to throw' (messy!), '''*penä''' 'dog' (Ms Kh Smy)
| width="15"|
| valign="top"|
{| class="wikitable"
|+ Total missing
|-
! S !! F !! Mo !! Ma !! P !! H !! Ms !! Kh !! Smy
|-
| 18 || 13 || 32 || 29 || 13 || 32 || 17 || 25 || 31
|}

{| class="wikitable"
|+ Correlations
|-
! !! F !! Mo !! Ma !! P !! H !! Ms !! Kh !! Smy
|-
! S
| 1 || 8 || 4 || 3 || 4 || 2 || 8 || 6
|-
! F
| style="background:lightgrey"|
| 4 || 4 || 2 || 8 || 2 || 1 || 4
|-
! Mo
| style="background:lightgrey" colspan="2"|
| 15 || 5 || 9 || 5 || 8 || 10
|-
! Ma
| style="background:lightgrey" colspan="3"|
| 4 || 10 || 4 || 4 || 13
|-
! P
| style="background:lightgrey" colspan="4"|
| 5 || 0 || 3 || 4
|-
! H
| style="background:lightgrey" colspan="5"|
| 8 || 8 || 12
|-
! Ms
| style="background:lightgrey" colspan="6"|
| 9 || 4
|-
! Kh
| style="background:lightgrey" colspan="7"|
| 9
|}

|}

Proto-Uralic/distribution

2019-01-16T01:25:52Z

Tropylium: /* Missing in 3 branches */ +1

==Missing in 0-1 branches==
(73 roots)

{| class="wikitable"
|-
! colspan="2"| Found in all branches
|-
|
* pronouns: '''*ku-''' 'who', '''*me-''' '1PP', '''*mi-''' 'what', '''*minä''' ¹ '1PS', '''*to''' 'that'
* basic verbs: '''*elä-''' ² 'to live', '''*kalə-''' 'to die', '''*kad₂a-''' 'to disappear', '''*ńalə-''' 'to lick', '''*ńälə-''' 'to swallow', '''*puna-''' 'to plait', '''*ujə-''' 'to swim'
* body parts: '''*künčə''' ³ 'nail', '''*mëksa''' 'liver', '''*sënə''' 'vein', '''*sülə''' 'bosom', '''*śilmä''' 'eye', '''*śɜd₁äm(ə)''' 'heart'
* other nouns: '''*ëla''' 'low', '''*nimə''' 'name', '''*ńëlə''' 'arrow', '''*ńërə''' 'moist/wet', '''*pälä''' ⁴ 'half', '''*pesä''' 'nest', '''*purkə''' ⁵ 'smoke/blizzard', '''#wäśkä''' 'metal'
* etc: '''*kuma-''' 'overturned', '''#kɜk/ttA''' '2', '''#wittə''' '5'
|
# Ms. *äm, Hu. ''én'' questionable
# Mo. *eŕa- irregular
# Smy. *kəčä irregular
# S. *pealē irregular
# Hu. ''forr'' 'to boil' questionable
|-
! colspan="2"| Found everywhere except Samoyedic
|-
|
* numerals: '''#kormɜ''' '3', '''#kuwtə''' '6', '''*neljä''' '4', '''*śëta''' '100'
* others: '''*jäŋə''' 'ice', '''*jećə''' ¹ 'soul', '''*kälä-''' 'to wade', '''*kätə''' 'hand', '''*keččä''' ² 'ring', '''*kerə''' 'bark', '''#kuwlə-''' 'to hear', '''*tälwä''' 'winter', '''*sükśə''' 'autumn', '''*śarw/pə''' ³ 'horn', '''*wajə''' 'butter', '''*wäkə''' 'power', '''*werə''' 'blood', '''*wɜd₁ɜm''' 'marrow'
| ¹ K. ''ać'' unclear
² Mo. ''či'' 'sun' unclear
³ Ms/Kh 'elk' unclear
|-
! colspan="2"| Found everywhere except Khanty
|-
| '''*lämə''' 'broth', '''*wetə''' ¹ 'water'
| ¹ S. ''*vëcë'' 'newly fallen snow' questionable
|-
! colspan="2"| Found everywhere except Hungarian
|-
| '''#kowsə''' 'spruce', '''*kärə-''' 'to wrap', '''*d₂ëmə''' 'bird cherry', '''*poŋə''' 'bosom', '''*porə-''' 'to bite', '''*wü/ilɜ''' 'upper'
|-
! colspan="2"| Found everywhere except Permic
|-
| '''*joŋsə''' 'bow', '''*kala''' 'fish', '''*konta''' 'group', '''*muna''' 'egg', '''*śinśä''' ¹ 'inside'
| ¹ Kh. *ćuućii unclear
|-
! colspan="2"| Found everywhere except Mari
|-
| '''*pelə-''' 'to fear', '''*tulka''' ¹ 'feather', '''*tu/üd₂kA''' 'prod'
| ¹ F. ''*sulka''?!
|-
! colspan="2"| Found everywhere except Mordvinic
|-
| '''*kunśə'''(-) '(to) pee', '''*menə-''' 'to go', '''*pončə''' 'tail', '''#sɜja''' 'sleeve'¹, '''*śälə-''' 'to cut'
| ¹ F. ''hija'' unclear
|-
! colspan="2"| Found everywhere except Finnic
|-
| '''*ipsə/ä-''' '(to) smell', '''#sejə''' 'pus'
| ¹ Mo. unclear
|-
! colspan="2"| Found everywhere except Samic
|-
| '''*küńä''' 'elbow', '''*piŋə''' ¹ 'tooth', '''*walə-''' 'to be'
| ¹ Smy. *pəj 'flint' unclear
|}

{| class="wikitable"
|+ Totals
|-
! S !! F !! Mo !! Ma !! P !! H !! Ms !! Kh !! Smy
|-
| 70 || 70 || 67 || 69 || 67 || 66 || 72 || 71 || 54
|}

==Missing in 2 branches==
(65 roots)

{| class="wikitable"
|-
! !! Finnic !! Mordvinic !! Mari !! Permic !! Hungarian !! Mansi !! Khanty !! Samoyedic
|-
! Samic
| '''*kuńa-''' 'to blink' || '''*täwd₁ə''' 'full' (Ma. irreg.) || '''*sewə-''' 'to eat' || '''*kompa''' 'wave'
| '''*lowə''' 'bone' '''*pAnə-''' 'to put' '''*śača-''' 'to grow' || ||
| '''*kiwə''' 'stone' '''*sula-''' 'to melt'
|-
! Finnic
| style="background:lightgray"|
| || '''*ëńa''' 'aunt' '''*soŋə-''' 'to go thru' || '''*këččə''' 'bitter' '''*ńërə''' 'cartilage' (if not = 'moist') || || '''*oŋə''' 'mouth' (?) ||
| '''*mälkə''' 'breast' '''*peljä''' 'ear'
|-
! Mordv.
| colspan="2" style="background:lightgray"|
| '''*mińä''' 'dtr-in-law' '''*pura''' 'bore' '''*pušə-''' 'to blow'
| '''*ëppə''' 'pa-in-law' '''*śojə(-)''' '(to) sound' '''*śowə''' 'mouth' || '''*suxə-''' 'to row' '''*sɜnśɜ-''' 'to stand' || || '''*jɜxə-''' 'to drink'
| '''*puća-''' 'to squeeze' (Ma. irreg.) '''*särä''' 'root'
|-
! Mari
| colspan="3" style="background:lightgray"|
| '''*nüd₁ə''' 'handle' (H. irreg.) '''*pala''' 'bit'
| '''*enä''' 'big' (P. irreg.) '''*jëka-''' 'to divide' '''*karə''' 'crust' '''*kälə''' 'tongue' '''*mexə-''' 'to sell' '''#näjə''' 'girl, woman'
| '''*kulkə-''' 'to go' ||
| '''*ćäŋkə-''' 'to cut' (Mo. irreg.) '''#kiśkä-''' 'to rip' '''*kulə-''' 'to run out' '''*näkə-''' 'to see' '''*omtə''' 'cavity' '''*śëlka''' 'pole' '''*ü/ejə''' 'night'
|-
! Permic
| colspan="4" style="background:lightgray"|
| '''*kanta-''' 'to carry' '''*sala-''' 'to steal' '''*śüdₓə''' 'coal' || '''#wiŋü''' 'son-in-law' (messy!) || || '''*pućka''' 'shit' (F. irreg.) '''*wëlka-''' 'to leave'
|-
! Hung.
| colspan="5" style="background:lightgray"|
| '''*ëkta-''' 'to put' || '''#kośkə''' 'dry' '''*śečä''' 'uncle'
| '''*śepä''' 'neck' '''*śëmə''' 'scales' '''*śod₁(ka)''' 'goldeneye' '''*śülkə''' 'spit'
|-
! Mansi
| colspan="6" style="background:lightgray"|
| '''*kajwa-''' 'to dig' (S. irreg.) '''*lomə''' 'snow' (H. q:ble) '''*te-''' '2PP' '''*tinä''' '2PS' '''*wod₂ə''' 'new'
| '''*kota''' 'house' '''*pilwə''' 'cloud' '''*śalə''' 'intestine' (H. q:ble)
|-
! Khanty
| colspan="7" style="background:lightgray"|
| '''*miŋä''' 'behind'
|}

{| class="wikitable"
|+ Total missing
|-
! S !! F !! Mo !! Ma !! P !! H !! Ms !! Kh !! Smy
|-
| 9 || 8 || 12 || 22 || 14 || 21 || 12 || 9 || 23
|}

{| class="wikitable"
|+ Correlations
|-
! !! F !! Mo !! Ma !! P !! H !! Ms !! Kh !! Smy
|-
! S
| 1 || 1 || 1 || 1 || 3 || 0 || 0 || 2
|-
! F
| style="background:lightgrey"|
| 0 || 2 || 2 || 0 || 1 || 0 || 2
|-
! Mo
| style="background:lightgrey" colspan="2"|
| 3 || 3 || 2 || 0 || 1 || 2
|-
! Ma
| style="background:lightgrey" colspan="3"|
| 2 || 6 || 1 || 0 || 7
|-
! P
| style="background:lightgrey" colspan="4"|
| 3 || 1 || 0 || 2
|-
! H
| style="background:lightgrey" colspan="5"|
| 1 || 2 || 4
|-
! Ms
| style="background:lightgrey" colspan="6"|
| 5 || 3
|-
! Kh
| style="background:lightgrey" colspan="7"|
| 1
|}

==Missing in 3 branches==
(69 roots)

{|
|-
|
* '''*ad₁əma''' 'sleep' (S F Smy)
* '''*kojəra''' 'male animal', '''*sälɜ-''' 'to load', '''*warə''' 'mountain' (S Mo Ma)
* '''*pata''' 'pot' (S Mo P)
* '''*kütkə-''' 'to tie' (S Mo Kh)
* '''*kama''' 'crust' (messy!), '''*üćä''' 'small' (S Mo Kh)
* '''*täjə''' 'louse' (S Mo Smy)
* '''*šiŋərə''' 'mouse' (S Ma Smy)
* '''*ń/nükə-''' 'to pull', '''*totkə''' 'tench' (S P Kh)
* '''*aśkəl''' 'step' (S H Kh)
* '''*käjä''' 'moth', '''*pićlä''' ~ '''*pećrä''' 'rowan', '''*śawə''' 'clay' (S H Smy)
* '''#küjə(wä)''' 'adder', '''*mośkə-''' 'to wash' (S Ms Kh)
* '''*jorə-''' 'to go round' (F Mo Ma; H. q:ble)
* '''*ńëkćəm''' 'gills', '''*wanča-''' 'to go carefully' (F Mo H)
* '''#läpd₁ä''' 'spleen' (F Mo Ms)
* '''*soskə-''' 'to chew', '''*ulkə''' 'pole' (F Ma H)
* '''*küjə-''' 'to follow' (F Ma Smy)
* '''*čaŋa-''' 'to hit', '''*këččɜ''' 'rotten' (F P H)
* '''*närə''' 'nose' (F H Ms)
* '''*panča-''' 'to open' (F H Smy)
* '''*ćappa-''' 'to hit' (F Kh Smy)
* '''#kïra-''' 'to curse', '''*woča''' 'fish trap' (Mo Ma P)
* '''*käwd₁ə''' 'rope', '''*parwə''' 'raft' (Mo Ma H)
* '''*kixə-''' 'to rut', '''*(ń)imə-''' 'to suck' (Mo Ma Ms)
* '''*wolka''' 'shoulder' (Mo Ma Kh)
* '''*kod₁(wa)''' 'while', '''*kolɜ''' 'hole', '''*lewlə''' 'soul', '''#wïča-''' 'to scrape' (Mo Ma Smy)
* '''*ëptə''' 'hair' (Mo P H)
* '''#lïntɜ''' 'bird' (Mo P Smy)
* '''*pud₂a-''' 'to break', '''*siwə''' 'year ring' (Mo H Kh; S. irreg.)
* '''*läppä''' 'cover', '''*śänä''' ~ '''*śenä''' 'mushroom' (Mo H Smy)
* '''#üwä''' 'belt' (Mo Ms Kh)
* '''*kurɜ''' 'cleft' (Mo Ms Smy)
* '''*mu-''' 'other' (Mo Kh Smy)
* '''*toxə-''' 'to bring' (Ma P H)
* '''*tekə-''' 'to do' (Ma P Smy)
* '''*kälü''' 'sis-in-law', '''*šarəwa''' 'dry' (Ma H Ms)
* '''*kačka-''' 'to bite', '''*laśkɜ-''' 'to let go', '''*tarkə-''' 'to tremble' (Ma H Smy)
* '''*säppä''' 'gall', '''*päŋə''' 'head', '''*waja-''' 'to sink' (Ma Kh Smy)
* '''*marja''' 'berry' (P H Smy)
* '''*ićä''' 'father; big' (P Kh Smy)
* '''*no-''' 'those', '''*ora''' 'squirrel', '''*pečä''' 'pine', '''tulə''' 'fire' (H Ms Kh)
* '''*läktə-''' 'to depart', '''*oksənta-''' 'to vomit' (H Ms Smy)
* '''*loŋə-''' 'to throw' (messy!), '''*penä''' 'dog' (Ms Kh Smy)
| width="15"|
| valign="top"|
{| class="wikitable"
|+ Total missing
|-
! S !! F !! Mo !! Ma !! P !! H !! Ms !! Kh !! Smy
|-
| 18 || 13 || 32 || 29 || 13 || 32 || 17 || 25 || 31
|}

{| class="wikitable"
|+ Correlations
|-
! !! F !! Mo !! Ma !! P !! H !! Ms !! Kh !! Smy
|-
! S
| 1 || 8 || 4 || 3 || 4 || 2 || 8 || 6
|-
! F
| style="background:lightgrey"|
| 4 || 4 || 2 || 8 || 2 || 1 || 4
|-
! Mo
| style="background:lightgrey" colspan="2"|
| 15 || 5 || 9 || 5 || 8 || 10
|-
! Ma
| style="background:lightgrey" colspan="3"|
| 4 || 10 || 4 || 4 || 13
|-
! P
| style="background:lightgrey" colspan="4"|
| 5 || 0 || 3 || 4
|-
! H
| style="background:lightgrey" colspan="5"|
| 8 || 8 || 12
|-
! Ms
| style="background:lightgrey" colspan="6"|
| 9 || 4
|-
! Kh
| style="background:lightgrey" colspan="7"|
| 9
|}

|}

Proto-Uralic/I

2018-12-26T16:37:28Z

Tropylium:

{|
|- style="background:#FFA0A0"
! Lexeme
! [[Finnish|Finnic]] !! [[Proto-Samic|Samic]] !! [[Mordvinic|Mordv.]] !! [[Mari]] !! [[Permic]] !! [[Hungarian|Hung.]] !! [[Mansi]] !! [[Khanty]] !! [[Proto-Samoyedic|Samoy.]]
! Comments
|- style="background:#A0FFA0"
! colspan="10"| *i_ə = std. PU *i_i (F *i_i, S *ɤ_ɤ, Mo *e, P *i, Ms *ä, Kh *ee, Smy *i)
| old cases mostly *CVCV(CV)?
|-
| "to suck"
| *ime- || ńɤmɤ- || - || - || K. ńim- || ëm- || - || *eem- || *ńim-, *əm-
| Two variants *imə-, *ńimə-
|-
| "stone"
| *kivi || - || kev || *küj || U. ''kɤ'' ~ K. ki || köö : köve- || *käw || *kööɣ || -
|-
| "year ring"
| ''*süü'' || '''*sēvɤ''' || - || *šĭja || *si || - || *täw || - || *tiə
| *siwə?
|-
| "name"
| *nimi || *nɤmɤ || style="color:red"| *ľem || style="color:red"| ''*lü̆m'' || style="color:green"| *ńim || style="color:green"| neev : neve- || *nämə || *neem || *nim
| Cf. IE; PBS *inmen-
|-
| "long"
| *pit-kä || - || - || - || - || fël-, '''föl-''' || *pälit || '''*peL-''' || *pir-
|-
| "tooth, flint"
| *pii || - || pej || *püj || *piń || '''fog''' || *päŋk || *pööŋk || ''*pəj''
| S. *pānē probly unrelated. Smy. cf. *suŋə > *təŋ
|-
| "hedgehog"
| *siili || - || *śejəľ || Hi. šülə ~ Me. '''šulo''' || - || †sül || '''"soule"''' || - || -
| *śixələ, ix > iw > ü in H?
|-
| "ceiling space"
| *sii- || - || - || - || *śig || - || - || '''*siiŋ''' || '''*seŋ'''
|-
| "last"
| *vii-- || - || - || - || - || veeg || - || - || -
|-
| "to kill"
| - || *fɤðō- "to beat" || - || - || *vijɨ- || öl- || *äl- || *weeL- ||
| H+Ms *wi- > *ü-. S. *vɤlē- "jump" to be excluded.
|-
| "to scrape"
| - || - || - || - || *ńir-- || ńiir(o)- || - || - || Ne. ńira-
|-
| "cloud"
| *pilvi || *pɤlvɤ || peľ || *pĭl ||style="color:green"| *piľ- || felhöö || - || style="color:red"| ''*peLəŋ'' || -
| Kh. *e / _CC?
|-
| "to smell"
| - || KiT *lɤkɤ || - || - || - || - || - || Vj ɭööɣ- || -
|-
| "connecting river"
| - || - || - || ''*wiš'' || *vis(k-) || *äɣt || - || - || -
| StUE4. Ms *wi- > *ü-.
|-
| "tongs"
| *pihti || *pɤstɤ || peš || - || K. '''peš''' || - || - || - || -
|-
| "bast"
| *niini || - || (ľeŋgɜ) || ń/ni || ńiń/n || - || - || - || -
| can be *nijənə, *nixənə etc.
|-
| "now"
| *nükü-- || - || Er. ńej ~ Mk. ''ńi'' || - || *ni || - || - || - || -
| *i-ü > *ü-ü in F.
|-
| "to stay"
| *pisü- || - || *pezə- || '''pižä-''' || - || - || - || - || -
| *i-ü > *ü-ü in F.
|-
| ""
| || || || || || || || ||
|-
| "visible"
| *ilmi || *ɤlmɤ || - || - || - || - || - || - || -
| ← *ilma
|-
| "wonder"
| *imeh || *ɤmɤs || - || - || - || - || - || - || -
| ← B?
|-
| "5"
| style="color:red"| *viici || style="color:red"| *vītɤ || *veťɜ ||style="color:green"| *vĭć || *vit || öt(ö-) || *ät || *weet || *wü(ə)t
| *wittə, H+Ms+Smy *wi- > *(w)ü-. FS *wiitə by analogy with *kuutə 'six'?
|-
| "gadfly"
| - || - || - || - || - || - || *päləm || *peeLəm || #pil-
|-
| "to pull"
| - || - || - || - || - || ńer- || *ńär-əmt- || *ńeer- || -
| CMs *ńä- > *ńi-
|- style="background:#A0FFA0"
! colspan="10"| Permic *ɨ (default in non-palatal environs?)
|-
| "mouse"
| *hiiri || - || *šeŋəŕ || - || ''*šɨr'' || '''egeer''' : '''egere-''' || *täŋkər || *ɬööŋkər || -
|-
| "behind"
| *möö- || *mɤŋē || mej- || Hi məŋge ~ Me '''möŋgö''' || K. ''mɨ-śt'' || mëg || CMs *män-t || - || -
| F *iwä > *üwä > *öö
|-
| "illness"
| *kitu- || - || - || - || ''*kɨž'' || - || - || ''*kečə'' || -
|-
| "prop"
| - || - ||style="color:red"| *ńežə- || - || K. ''mɨdž'' || - || E määs || ''*me₂č'' || -
| Fi. nyde better < *nüðə
|-
| "conifer branch"
| - || - || - || *lüjəš || ''*lɨs(k-)'' || - || - || style="color:red"| *leepəs || -
|-
| "to fly"
| - || - || - || - || K ''šɨlgɨ-'' || - || '''*tiɣl-''' || ''*ɬe₁ɣəL-'' || *tij-
| Or Ms *tiiɣl-? Pel. /tēl-/
|-
| "to bathe"
| - || - || - || - || ''*pɨlaś-'' || style="color:red"| '''*fürö-''' || *päɣl- || *pööɣəL- || -
| cf. F. *külpe- (metathesis < *pülkə-??)
|-
| "rise (of water)"
| - || - || - || - || K. ''ɨt-va'' || - || - || *eepət- || -
|-
| "spark"
| *kipen-- || *kɤpɤ || - || - || K. ''*kɨń'' || - || - || - || -
| S "gunk, cover", semantics?? F also ''*küben''
|-
| "threshing ground"
| *riihi || - || - || - || U. '''inšɨr''' ~ K. ''rɨnɨš'' || - || - || - || -
| E. '''rehi'''. Gmc (''Riege'' etc) ← F.
|-
| "thick; big"
| - || - || *ečkɜ || - || K. ''*ɨdžɨt'' || - || - || - || -
| medials?
|- style="background:#A0FFA0"
! colspan="10"| Samic *ī-ɤ
|-
| "to soften"
| - || *tīnɤ- || - || - || - || - || *tim- *tintəl- || *tentəL- || -
| StUE4
|-
| "coal"
| - || *čīnɤ || - || - || - || seen : sene- || - || - || -
| Or H. < *ćänä "tinder"
|-
| "smell"
| - || *cīvnɤ || *čijńɜ || - || - || - || - || - || -
| *čixə-nə?
|- style="background:#A0FFA0"
! colspan="10"| Std. PU *i_a (*i_ä) > similar except P ??
|-
| "eye"
| *silmä || *čɤlmē || *śeľmɜ || *s/šinzä || ''*śin(m-)'' || sëm || style="color:green"| *šäm || *seem || *səjmä
|-
| "father; big"
| *isä || *ɤčē || Mk. '''oćä''' || *ĭźa || - || öös || *äćə || - || style="color:red"| '''*äjsä'''
| Contam. of *äjjä + *iśä in Smy? Mk from ''oću'' "big" < *ićäw (cf. F. *isoi)?
|-
| "to appear"
| *itä- || style="color:red"| *ɤcé- || - || - || - || - || *ätər- || *eet- || *ətä-
| Cf. IE *ǵīd-
|-
| "(to) smell"
| - || *ɤpsē- || Mk. '''opəś''' || *üpš ||style="color:red"| K. isk- || ''iiz(e-)'' || *ät(ə)- || *eepəL || *əptə-
|-
| "to cover"
| *pint-eh || - || - || - || *'''pod''' || fëd- || *pänt- || *peent- || -
|-
| "deep; calm"
| *tüveni || *tɤvē || - || *tüɣə || - || - || *täwənt || *teeɣən || -
| F. *i > ü / _wä. Also: *süvä?
|-
| "knife"
| - || - || - ||style="color:red"| ''kü̆źə'' || - || keeš || *käšV || *kööčəɣ || -
|-
| "fir; pine"
| - || - || - ||style="color:red"| Hi tɤrke || - || - || *tärəɣ || N. teexər || -
| OU metathesis discrepancy. *tirKə-ka?!
|-
| "to hit"
| - || - || *keŕV- || *kĭre- || *köral- || - || Tv kär- || - || -
|-
| "sky"
| - || - || *meńəľ || - || - || mëńń || - || - || -
| *e_ə possible. H. *ńl > ńń
|-
| "crowd"
| - || *vɤlvē || *veľɜ || *-wəlä || - || - || - || - || -
|-
| "slanted"
| *vino || *vɤńē || Er veńaža || - || - || - || - || - || -
|-
| "trap"
| *rita || *rɤtē || - || style="color:red"| *lüðe || K. *ri || - || - || - || -
|-
| "to stick"
| *pistä- || *pɤstē- || - || Hi. '''pište-''' ~ Me. pɤšte- || - || - || - || - || -
| *pis-tä-, cf. "to stay"
|-
| "more, to add"
| *lisä || *lɤsē || *ľezɜ || - || - || - || - || - || -
|-
| "rowan"
| *pihlä || - || '''*piźəl''' ||style="color:red"| *pĭzlə || U. '''paledź''' ~ K. '''pelɨź''' || - || *päćər || ''*pećər'' || -
|-
| ""
| || || || || || || || ||
|- style="background:#A0FFA0"
! colspan="10"| Loans (NB Mo. *i-a > *ə-a > *∅-a!)
|-
| "place"
| *sija || *sɤjē || - || - || - || - || - || - || -
| ← Gmc *stīja-
|-
| ""
| *hiici || *sijtɤ || - || - || - || - || - || - || (Sk *tiitə)
| ← Gmc *sīdōn
|-
| "office, position"
| *virka || *vīrkē || - || - || - || - || - || - || -
| ← Gmc. *wirkja-; F. *virka "sign" ← B. *virge-. Nen. ẃārkā (< *wärkä) "to lasso" doesn't belong
|-
| "good"
| *hüvä || *sɤvē || - || - || - || - || - || - || -
| ← Ir *šiva. Mo ''*čiva'' independantly. MaPH ''šuŋɜ'' "healthy" = different
|-
| "belt"
| *hihna || - || *kšna || *šü̆štə || - || - || - || - || -
| ← B. *šikšna
|-
| "wax"
| - || - || *kšta || *šištə || U śuś ~ K śiś || - || - || - || -
| ← II
|-
| "sand"
| *liiva || - || - || - || U. luo ~ K. lɨva || - || - ||style="color:green"| *ɭowi || -
| B ^ F → P → Kh
|- style="background:#A0FFA0"
! colspan="10"| Samic *ī_ē
|-
| "breast"
| *nisä || *ńīńčē || || || || || || || *ńimsä-
| *ńimə-śä? S. *i > *ī also before palatals? (not in *mińa)
|-
| "inside; breast"
| *sisä- || *čīńčē || style="color:red"| *seźəm || *ćĭźə || - || sü(ü)ɟ; čëč || N śiś || E ťuťi || *sünsə
| Cf. the previous
|-
| "little bird"
| - || *cīcē- || - || - || K. džɨdž || - || - || *čii₂nč || *sinsä-
| Onomatopoetic?
|-
| "to let go"
| - || *tīptē- || tuvto- || - || - || - || - || - || -
| cf. *tejə ??
|-
| "sno, frost"
| - || *rīnē || - || *rün || - || - || - || - || -
|-
| "grandmother"
| - || *īmē || - || - || - || - || - || *ii₁mə || #imä
|-
| "frost"
| - || *pīcē || - ||style="color:red"| '''*pöršə''' || '''*puuž''' || - || - || '''*paačəm''' || -
| Most better *pëčə
|-
| ""
| || || || || || || || ||
|-
| ""
| || || || || || || || ||
|- style="background:#A0FFA0"
! colspan="10"| Permic ''e'' ~ ''o''
|-
| "daughter-in-law"
| *miniä || *mɤńē || - || - || U. -meń ~ K. mooń || mëń || *mäńə || *meeń || '''*mäńä'''
|-
| "to rut"
| ''*kej-ma, *kii-ma'' || *kīkɤ- || - || - || U. kemdžɨ- ~ K. koj || ''kej-, höö'' || *käj- || *kööj- || -
| *kixə ? S. *kēj-mē- ← F.
|-
| "to rip"
| *kisko- || *kɤškō- || Er. '''śkiŕa-''' ~ Mk. '''kəśkəŕa-''' || - || U. keś- ~ K. koś- || ''kiišaal-'' || E '''*küštəl-''' || *köös- || -
| OU *ü? H. also ''köszvény'' "gout". Cf. [[Proto-Uralic/new|*kïčkə-]]
|- style="background:#A0FFA0"
! colspan="10"| TBS: FP only
|-
| "to tear"
| *riicu- || *rīččō- || - || - || *reź- || - || - || - || -
|-
| "fang"
| - || *čɤlā- ||style="color:red"| ćilä || - || - || - || - || - || -
|-
| "sweet"
| *imelä || N amiidi || - || - || '''*juumol''' || - || - || - || -
| F better ← "to suck"
|-
| "slanted"
| ''*vita'' || - || vaša- || Hi. wočɤk ~ Me. wažɤk || U '''vož''' ~ K *veež || - || - || - || -
| P. "intersection"
|-
| "to press"
| *liccat- || - || - || *ləźərte- ~ "JU" lazerte- || K. ľićkɨ- || - || - || - || -
|-
| "to sneeze"
| *niistä- || - || - || *nü̆/ǔšte- || - || - || - || - || -
| prob. unrel.: S *nīstē- 'to claim', P *ńiskɨ-- 'to whet, etc.'
|-
| "scoop; board"
| *lippVj || - || Er. ľipuža ~ Mk. ľebža || - || - || - || - || - || -
|-
| "to bind"
| *nito- || *nëðē- || *ńed'''a'''- || - || - || - || - || - || -
| Cf. IE
|-
| "woman"
| - || *nīsōn || Er. ńizaka, ńizańa || - || - || - || - || - || -
|-
| "yarn"
| - || - || - || *šü̆rtə || '''*šort''' || - || - || - || -
| Or *ü
|-
| "whole"
| - || - || - || *ćĭl'''ä''' || *ćɨl || - || - || - || -
| Or *ü?
|- style="background:#A0FFA0"
! colspan="10"| TBS: East only
|-
| "fire"
| - || - || - || - || - || tüüz : tüze- || *tääwət || *töɣət || -
| ? *tiwätə, or *ü with SMs irregular?
|-
| "quiver"
| - || - || - || - || - ||style="color:red"| tëgëz || *täwət || '''*tii₁ɣət''' || -
| Possibly *-ŋ-.
|-
| "to run, jump"
| - || - || - || - || - || üüz- || *it(ɣəl-) || *ii₁t- || -
|-
| "doe; mother"
| - || - || - || - || - || üsöö || - || *ees || -
|-
| "to shine"
| - || - || - || - || - || šüt- || šit- || - || -
| better *čekt-?
|- style="background:#A0FFA0"
! colspan="10"| TBS: rest
|-
| "son-in-law"
| '''*vävvü''' || '''*vīvɤ''' || ''ov'' || Hi. wiŋgə ~ Me. '''weŋə''' || - || vöö || - || *wööŋ || *wi²ŋə
| Analogy in F from *kälü "daughter-in-law", loaned to S before that? Smy *we-?
|-
| "knee ~ elbow"
| - || - || - || - || *pidźəs || - || *päs || - || -
|-
| "to tear"
| - || *ńɤckē- || - || - || K. ńečkɨ- || ńeš- || - || E ''ńeć-'' ||
|-
| ""
| || || || || || || || ||
|-
| "dark"
| *pimeðä || - || - || - || *peľmɨt || - || - || - || *pəjmətä
| *-d₂m- ? cf. Smy. #pij "dark"
|-
| "to unhair"
| - || *nɤvē- || ńeveľe/ila- || - || - || - || ''nä/oɣt-'' || style="color:green"| '''*ɳaaw-''' || '''*nïŋkə-'''
| F. nivo- ← S.
|-
| "to sho"
| Es. viisA- || - || - || - || U. vodź- ~ K. vidź- || viɟaaz- || - || - || -
| Cf. Gmc?
|-
| "narro"
| - || - || ťäj- || - || - || - || - || - || #täj-
| Better *ä
|-
| "decking"
| - || - || - || - || K. tis(k)a || - || - || - || *tät
| better *täskə?
|-
| "grave"
| - || - || - || *šüɣer || - || style="color:red"| ''šee/iir(o-)'', †seyr || - || - || -
|-
| "to run; to hurry"
| - || - || Er. čije- || - || - || style="color:red"| šiet- || *ćiɣ 'time' || - || -
| source for Ms?? Better *e-ä
|-
| "sleigh belt"
| - || *čɤnɤ || - || - || - || - || - || - || Ne. śān
| ← IE?
|-
| "to moov"
| *liikku- || - || - || - || - || - || *luk-, *läkʷ- || style="color:red"| *ɬok- || *ləkə-
|-
| "peg"
| - || *cɤŋkē || - || - || *čög || čegeľ || - || - || -
| Or S ~ *tüŋkä
|-
| "gums"
| *igen || - || - || - || *aŋ || iiń(e-) || - || - || -
| Better *jEkəń(ə); add OUg
|-
| "evening"
| *ilta || - || Mk. iľä || - || - || - || - || W *iiLaaj || -
| better *je-?
|-
| "son"
| - || - || - || *iɣə || - || - || - || N. jiix (!) || Sk. ii
|-
| "this / that / it"
| *se : *sii- || - || *śä "this" *śijä "there" || '''*seðe''' || - || - || - || *ćii₁ || style="color:red"| '''*kä(tɜ)'''
|-
| "I"
| *minä : *minu-|| '''*mon''' || '''*mon''' || *mĭńə₂ || *mön || (een : ''engëm'') || (*äm) || *mää(n) || *mə̈n
|-
| ""
| || || || || || || || ||
|}

Proto-Uralic/checklist

2018-12-16T22:51:31Z

Tropylium:

State of dumping data from [http://starling.rinet.ru/cgi-bin/query.cgi?root=config&morpho=0&basename=\data\uralic\uralet StarLing].

; Rare
* √ *d₁-, *d₂-
* √ *(C)
* √ *ë
* √ [[Proto-Uralic/Ü|*ü]] (when not also listed as *i)

==Table==

{| class="wikitable"
|-
! !! *∅- !! *p- !! *t- !! *č- !! *ć- !! *k- !! *m- !! *n- *ń- !! *s- *ś- !! *š- !! *l- *ĺ- !! *r- !! *j- !! *w-
|-
! [[Proto-Uralic/A|*a]]
| (51) || (39) || (29) || (17) || (9) || (77) ||style="background:#C0C0C0"| √ (22) || (15) || (58) ||style="background:#C0C0C0"| √ (11) || (23) ||style="background:#C0C0C0"| √ (10) ||style="background:#C0C0C0"| √ (15) || (56)
|-
! [[Proto-Uralic/Ä|*ä]]
|style="background:#C0C0C0"| √ (27) || (30) ||style="background:#C0C0C0"| √ (18) ||style="background:#C0C0C0"| √ (6) ||style="background:#C0C0C0"| √ (10) || (37) ||style="background:#C0C0C0"| √ (16) ||style="background:#C0C0C0"| √ (12) || (38) ||style="background:#C0C0C0"| √ (8) ||style="background:#C0C0C0"| √ (20) || style="background:#C0C0C0"| √ (3)||style="background:#C0C0C0"| √ (18) ||style="background:#C0C0C0"| √ (16)
|-
! [[Proto-Uralic/E|*e]]
| (31) || (49) ||style="background:#C0C0C0"| √ (20) ||style="background:#C0C0C0"| √ (10) || … (16) || (58) ||style="background:#C0C0C0"| √ (25) ||style="background:#C0C0C0"| √ (15) || (36) ||style="background:#C0C0C0"| √ (6) ||style="background:#C0C0C0"| √ (26) ||style="background:#C0C0C0"| √ (13) ||style="background:#C0C0C0"| √ (9) ||style="background:#C0C0C0"| √ (20)
|-
! [[Proto-Uralic/I|*i]]
|style="background:#C0C0C0"| √ (26) || (38) ||style="background:#C0C0C0"| √ (9) ||style="background:#C0C0C0"| √ (7) ||style="background:#C0C0C0"| √ (8) || (45) ||style="background:#C0C0C0"| √ (9) || … (22)  || (32) ||style="background:#C0C0C0"| √ (7) ||style="background:#C0C0C0"| √ (14) ||style="background:#C0C0C0"| √ (5) ||style="background:#C0C0C0"| √ (6) ||style="background:#C0C0C0"| √ (15)
|-
! [[Proto-Uralic/O|*o]]
| (54) || (50) || … (28) ||style="background:#C0C0C0"| √ (7) || (12) || (89) || …(17) ||style="background:#C0C0C0"| √ (38) || (49) ||style="background:#C0C0C0"| √ (10) || (22) ||style="background:#C0C0C0"| √ (8) ||style="background:#C0C0C0"| √ (20) ||style="background:#C0C0C0"| √ (27)
|-
! [[Proto-Uralic/U|*u]]
| … (25) || (46) ||style="background:#C0C0C0"| √ (20) ||style="background:#C0C0C0"| √ (5) || (12) || (88) || (23) ||style="background:#C0C0C0"| √ (14) || (31) ||style="background:#C0C0C0"| √ (9) ||style="background:#C0C0C0"| √ (13) ||style="background:#C0C0C0"| √ (3) ||style="background:#C0C0C0"| √ (14) ||style="background:#C0C0C0"| √ (4)
|}

Overlap counts (see source)

Proto-Uralic/I

2018-12-16T22:50:59Z

Tropylium: +1

{|
|- style="background:#FFA0A0"
! Lexeme
! [[Finnish|Finnic]] !! [[Proto-Samic|Samic]] !! [[Mordvinic|Mordv.]] !! [[Mari]] !! [[Permic]] !! [[Hungarian|Hung.]] !! [[Mansi]] !! [[Khanty]] !! [[Proto-Samoyedic|Samoy.]]
! Comments
|- style="background:#A0FFA0"
! colspan="10"| *i_ə = std. PU *i_i (F *i_i, S *ɤ_ɤ, Mo *e, P *i, Ms *ä, Kh *ee, Smy *i)
| old cases mostly *CVCV(CV)?
|-
| "to suck"
| *ime- || ńɤmɤ- || - || - || K. ńim- || ëm- || - || *eem- || *ńim-, *əm-
| Two variants *imə-, *ńimə-
|-
| "stone"
| *kivi || - || kev || *küj || U. ''kɤ'' ~ K. ki || köö : köve- || *käw || *kööɣ || -
|-
| "year ring"
| ''*süü'' || '''*sēvɤ''' || - || *šĭja || *si || - || *täw || - || *tiə
| *siwə?
|-
| "name"
| *nimi || *nɤmɤ || style="color:red"| *ľem || style="color:red"| ''*lü̆m'' || style="color:green"| *ńim || style="color:green"| neev : neve- || *nämə || *neem || *nim
| Cf. IE; PBS *inmen-
|-
| "long"
| *pit-kä || - || - || - || - || fël-, '''föl-''' || *pälit || '''*peL-''' || *pir-
|-
| "tooth, flint"
| *pii || - || pej || *püj || *piń || '''fog''' || *päŋk || *pööŋk || ''*pəj''
| S. *pānē probly unrelated. Smy. cf. *suŋə > *təŋ
|-
| "hedgehog"
| *siili || - || *śejəľ || Hi. šülə ~ Me. '''šulo''' || - || †sül || '''"soule"''' || - || -
| *śixələ, ix > iw > ü in H?
|-
| "ceiling space"
| *sii- || - || - || - || *śig || - || - || '''*siiŋ''' || '''*seŋ'''
|-
| "last"
| *vii- || - || - || - || - || veeg || - || - || -
|-
| "to kill"
| - || *fɤðō- "to beat" || - || - || *vijɨ- || öl- || *äl- || *weeL- ||
| H+Ms *wi- > *ü-. S. *vɤlē- "jump" to be excluded.
|-
| "to scrape"
| - || - || - || - || *ńir- || ńiir(o)- || - || - || Ne. ńira-
|-
| "cloud"
| *pilvi || *pɤlvɤ || peľ || *pĭl ||style="color:green"| *piľ- || felhöö || - || style="color:red"| ''*peLəŋ'' || -
| Kh. *e / _CC?
|-
| "to smell"
| - || KiT *lɤkɤ || - || - || - || - || - || Vj ɭööɣ- || -
|-
| "connecting river"
| - || - || - || ''*wiš'' || *vis(k-) || *äɣt || - || - || -
| StUE4. Ms *wi- > *ü-.
|-
| "tongs"
| *pihti || *pɤstɤ || peš || - || K. '''peš''' || - || - || - || -
|-
| "new"
| *nükü || - || Er. ńej ~ Mk. ni || - || *ni || - || - || - || -
| *i-ü > *ü-ü in F.
|-
| "to stay"
| *püsü- || - || *pezə- || '''pižä-''' || - || - || - || - || -
| *i-ü > *ü-ü in F.
|-
| ""
| || || || || || || || ||
|-
| "visible"
| *ilmi || *ɤlmɤ || - || - || - || - || - || - || -
| ← *ilma
|-
| "wonder"
| *imeh || *ɤmɤs || - || - || - || - || - || - || -
| ← B?
|-
| "5"
| style="color:red"| *viici || style="color:red"| *vītɤ || *veťɜ ||style="color:green"| *vĭć || *vit || öt(ö-) || *ät || *weet || *wü(ə)t
| *wittə, H+Ms+Smy *wi- > *(w)ü-. FS *wiitə by analogy with *kuutə 'six'?
|-
| "gadfly"
| - || - || - || - || - || - || *päləm || *peeLəm || #pil-
|-
| "to pull"
| - || - || - || - || - || ńer- || *ńär-əmt- || *ńeer- || -
| CMs *ńä- > *ńi-
|- style="background:#A0FFA0"
! colspan="10"| Permic *ɨ (default in non-palatal environs?)
|-
| "mouse"
| *hiiri || - || *šeŋəŕ || - || ''*šɨr'' || '''egeer''' : '''egere-''' || *täŋkər || *ɬööŋkər || -
|-
| "behind"
| *möö- || *mɤŋē || mej- || Hi məŋge ~ Me '''möŋgö''' || K. ''mɨ-śt'' || mëg || CMs *män-t || - || -
| F *iwä > *üwä > *öö
|-
| "illness"
| *kitu- || - || - || - || ''*kɨž'' || - || - || ''*kečə'' || -
|-
| "prop"
| - || - ||style="color:red"| *ńežə- || - || K. ''mɨdž'' || - || E määs || ''*me₂č'' || -
| Fi. nyde better < *nüðə
|-
| "conifer branch"
| - || - || - || *lüjəš || ''*lɨs(k-)'' || - || - || style="color:red"| *leepəs || -
|-
| "to fly"
| - || - || - || - || K ''šɨlgɨ-'' || - || '''*tiɣl-''' || ''*ɬe₁ɣəL-'' || *tij-
| Or Ms *tiiɣl-? Pel. /tēl-/
|-
| "to bathe"
| - || - || - || - || ''*pɨlaś-'' || style="color:red"| '''*fürö-''' || *päɣl- || *pööɣəL- || -
| But cf. F. *külpe- (metathesis < *pülkə-??)
|-
| "rise (of water)"
| - || - || - || - || K. ''ɨt-va'' || - || - || *eepət- || -
|-
| "spark"
| *kipen-- || *kɤpɤ || - || - || K. ''*kɨń'' || - || - || - || -
| S "gunk, cover", semantics?? F also ''*küben''
|-
| "threshing ground"
| *riihi || - || - || - || U. '''inšɨr''' ~ K. ''rɨnɨš'' || - || - || - || -
| E. '''rehi'''. Gmc (''Riege'' etc) ← F.
|-
| "thick; big"
| - || - || *ečkɜ || - || K. ''*ɨdžɨt'' || - || - || - || -
| medials?
|- style="background:#A0FFA0"
! colspan="10"| Samic *ī-ɤ
|-
| "to soften"
| - || *tīnɤ- || - || - || - || - || *tim- *tintəl- || *tentəL- || -
| StUE4
|-
| "coal"
| - || *čīnɤ || - || - || - || seen : sene- || - || - || -
| Or H. < *ćänä "tinder"
|-
| "smell"
| - || *cīvnɤ || *čijńɜ || - || - || - || - || - || -
| *čixə-nə?
|- style="background:#A0FFA0"
! colspan="10"| Std. PU *i_a (*i_ä) > similar except P ??
|-
| "eye"
| *silmä || *čɤlmē || *śeľmɜ || *s/šinzä || ''*śin(m-)'' || sëm || style="color:green"| *šäm || *seem || *səjmä
|-
| "father; big"
| *isä || *ɤčē || Mk. '''oćä''' || *ĭźa || - || öös || *äćə || - || style="color:red"| '''*äjsä'''
| Contam. of *äjjä + *iśä in Smy? Mk from ''oću'' "big" < *ićäw (cf. F. *isoi)?
|-
| "to appear"
| *itä- || style="color:red"| *ɤcé- || - || - || - || - || *ätər- || *eet- || *ətä-
| Cf. IE *ǵīd-
|-
| "(to) smell"
| - || ɤpsē- || Mk '''opəś''' || *üpš ||style="color:red"| K. isk- || ''iiz(e-)'' || *ät(ə)- || *eepəL || *əptə-
|-
| "to cover"
| *pint-eh || - || - || - || *'''pod''' || fëd- || *pänt- || *peent- || -
|-
| "deep; calm"
| *tüveni || *tɤvē || - || *tüɣə || - || - || *täwənt || *teeɣən || -
| F. *i > ü / _wä. Also: *süvä?
|-
| "knife"
| - || - || - ||style="color:red"| ''kü̆źə'' || - || keeš || *käšV || *kööčəɣ || -
|-
| "fir; pine"
| - || - || - ||style="color:red"| Hi tɤrke || - || - || *tärəɣ || N. teexər || -
| OU metathesis discrepancy. *tirKə-ka?!
|-
| "to hit"
| - || - || *keŕV- || *kĭre- || *köral- || - || Tv kär- || - || -
|-
| "sky"
| - || - || *meńəľ || - || - || mëńń || - || - || -
| *e_ə possible. H. *ńl > ńń
|-
| "crowd"
| - || *vɤlvē || *veľɜ || *-wəlä || - || - || - || - || -
|-
| "slanted"
| *vino || *vɤńē || Er veńaža || - || - || - || - || - || -
|-
| "trap"
| *rita || *rɤtē || - || style="color:red"| *lüðe || K. *ri || - || - || - || -
|-
| "to stick"
| *pistä- || *pɤstē- || - || Hi. '''pište-''' ~ Me. pɤšte- || - || - || - || - || -
| *pis-tä-, cf. "to stay"
|-
| "more, to add"
| *lisä || *lɤsē || *ľezɜ || - || - || - || - || - || -
|-
| "rowan"
| *pihlä || - || '''*piźəl''' ||style="color:red"| *pĭzlə || U. '''paledź''' ~ K. '''pelɨź''' || - || *päćər || ''*pećər'' || -
|-
| ""
| || || || || || || || ||
|- style="background:#A0FFA0"
! colspan="10"| Loans (NB Mo. *i-a > *ə-a > *∅-a!)
|-
| "place"
| *sija || *sɤjē || - || - || - || - || - || - || -
| ← Gmc *stīja-
|-
| ""
| *hiici || *sijtɤ || - || - || - || - || - || - || (Sk *tiitə)
| ← Gmc *sīdōn
|-
| "office, position"
| *virka || *vīrkē || - || - || - || - || - || - || -
| ← Gmc. *wirkja-; F. *virka "sign" ← B. *virge-. Nen. ẃārkā (< *wärkä) "to lasso" doesn't belong
|-
| "good"
| *hüvä || *sɤvē || - || - || - || - || - || - || -
| ← Ir *šiva. Mo ''*čiva'' independantly. MaPH ''šuŋɜ'' "healthy" = different
|-
| "belt"
| *hihna || - || *kšna || *šü̆štə || - || - || - || - || -
| ← B. *šikšna
|-
| "wax"
| - || - || *kšta || *šištə || U śuś ~ K śiś || - || - || - || -
| ← II
|-
| "sand"
| *liiva || - || - || - || U. luo ~ K. lɨva || - || - ||style="color:green"| *ɭowi || -
| B ^ F → P → Kh
|- style="background:#A0FFA0"
! colspan="10"| Samic *ī_ē
|-
| "breast"
| *nisä || *ńīńčē || || || || || || || *ńimsä-
| *ńimə-śä? S. *i > *ī also before palatals? (not in *mińa)
|-
| "inside; breast"
| *sisä- || *čīńčē || style="color:red"| *seźəm || *ćĭźə || - || sü(ü)ɟ; čëč || N śiś || E ťuťi || *sünsə
| Cf. the previous
|-
| "little bird"
| - || *cīcē- || - || - || K. džɨdž || - || - || *čii₂nč || *sinsä-
| Onomatopoetic?
|-
| "to let go"
| - || *tīptē- || tuvto- || - || - || - || - || - || -
| cf. *tejə ??
|-
| "sno, frost"
| - || *rīnē || - || *rün || - || - || - || - || -
|-
| "grandmother"
| - || *īmē || - || - || - || - || - || *ii₁mə || #imä
|-
| "frost"
| - || *pīcē || - ||style="color:red"| '''*pöršə''' || '''*puuž''' || - || - || '''*paačəm''' || -
| Most better *pëčə
|-
| "to run, jump"
| - || - || - || - || - || üüz- || *it(ɣəl-) || *ii₁t- || -
|-
| ""
| || || || || || || || ||
|-
| ""
| || || || || || || || ||
|- style="background:#A0FFA0"
! colspan="10"| Permic ''e'' ~ ''o''
|-
| "daughter-in-law"
| *miniä || *mɤńē || - || - || U. -meń ~ K. mooń || mëń || *mäńə || *meeń || '''*mäńä'''
|-
| "to rut"
| ''*kej-ma, *kii-ma'' || *kīkɤ- || - || - || U. kemdžɨ- ~ K. koj || ''kej-, höö'' || *käj- || *kööj- || -
| *kixə ? S. *kēj-mē- ← F.
|-
| "to rip"
| *kisko- || *kɤškō- || Er. '''śkiŕa-''' ~ Mk. '''kəśkəŕa-''' || - || U. keś- ~ K. koś- || ''kiišaal-'' || E '''*küštəl-''' || '''*kös-''' || -
| OU *ü? H. also ''köszvény'' "gout". Cf. [[Proto-Uralic/new|*kïčkə-]]
|- style="background:#A0FFA0"
! colspan="10"| TBS: FP only
|-
| "to tear"
| *riicu- || *rīččō- || - || - || *reź- || - || - || - || -
|-
| "fang"
| - || *čɤlā- ||style="color:red"| ćilä || - || - || - || - || - || -
|-
| "sweet"
| *imelä || N amiidi || - || - || '''*juumol''' || - || - || - || -
| F better ← "to suck"
|-
| "slanted"
| ''*vita'' || - || vaša- || Hi. wočɤk ~ Me. wažɤk || U '''vož''' ~ K *veež || - || - || - || -
| P. "intersection"
|-
| "to press"
| *liccat- || - || - || *ləźərte- ~ "JU" lazerte- || K. ľićkɨ- || - || - || - || -
|-
| "scoop; board"
| *lippVj || - || Er. ľipuža ~ Mk. ľebža || - || - || - || - || - || -
|-
| "to bind"
| *nito- || *nëðē- || *ńed'''a'''- || - || - || - || - || - || -
| Cf. IE
|-
| "yarn"
| - || - || - || *šü̆rtə || '''*šort''' || - || - || - || -
| Or *ü
|-
| "whole"
| - || - || - || *ćĭl'''ä''' || *ćɨl || - || - || - || -
| Or *ü?
|- style="background:#A0FFA0"
! colspan="10"| TBS: East only
|-
| "fire"
| - || - || - || - || - || tüüz : tüze- || *tääwət || *töɣət || -
| ? *tiwätə, or *ü with SMs irregular?
|-
| "quiver"
| - || - || - || - || - ||style="color:red"| tëgëz || *täwət || '''*tii₁ɣət''' || -
| Possibly *-ŋ-.
|-
| "doe; mother"
| - || - || - || - || - || üsöö || - || *ees || -
|-
| "to shine"
| - || - || - || - || - || šüt- || šit- || - || -
| better *čekt-?
|- style="background:#A0FFA0"
! colspan="10"| TBS: rest
|-
| "son-in-law"
| '''*vävvü''' || '''*vīvɤ''' || ''ov'' || Hi. wiŋgə ~ Me. '''weŋə''' || - || vöö || - || *wööŋ || *wi²ŋə
| Analogy in F from *kälü "daughter-in-law", loaned to S before that? Smy *we-?
|-
| "knee ~ elbow"
| - || - || - || - || *pidźəs || - || *päs || - || -
|-
| "to tear"
| - || *ńɤckē- || - || - || K. ńečkɨ- || ńeš- || - || E ''ńeć-'' ||
|-
| ""
| || || || || || || || ||
|-
| "dark"
| *pimeðä || - || - || - || *peľmɨt || - || - || - || *pəjmətä
| *-d₂m- ? cf. Smy. #pij "dark"
|-
| "to unhair"
| - || *nɤvē- || ńeveľe/ila- || - || - || - || ''nä/oɣt-'' || style="color:green"| '''*ɳaaw-''' || '''*nïŋkə-'''
| F. nivo- ← S.
|-
| "to sho"
| Es. viisA- || - || - || - || U. vodź- ~ K. vidź- || viɟaaz- || - || - || -
| Cf. Gmc?
|-
| "narro"
| - || - || ťäj- || - || - || - || - || - || #täj-
| Better *ä
|-
| "decking"
| - || - || - || - || K. tis(k)a || - || - || - || *tät
| better *täskə?
|-
| "grave"
| - || - || - || *šüɣer || - || style="color:red"| ''šee/iir(o-)'', †seyr || - || - || -
|-
| "to run; to hurry"
| - || - || Er. čije- || - || - || style="color:red"| šiet- || *ćiɣ 'time' || - || -
| source for Ms?? Better *e-ä
|-
| "sleigh belt"
| - || *čɤnɤ || - || - || - || - || - || - || Ne. śān
| ← IE?
|-
| "to moov"
| *liikku- || - || - || - || - || - || *luk-, *läkʷ- || style="color:red"| *ɬok- || *ləkə-
|-
| "peg"
| - || *cɤŋkē || - || - || *čög || čegeľ || - || - || -
| Or S ~ *tüŋkä
|-
| "gums"
| *igen || - || - || - || *aŋ || iiń(e-) || - || - || -
| Better *jEkəń(ə); add OUg
|-
| "evening"
| *ilta || - || Mk. iľä || - || - || - || - || W *iiLaaj || -
| better *je-?
|-
| "son"
| - || - || - || *iɣə || - || - || - || N. jiix (!) || Sk. ii
|-
| "this / that / it"
| *se : *sii- || - || *śä "this" *śijä "there" || '''*seðe''' || - || - || - || *ćii₁ || style="color:red"| '''*kä(tɜ)'''
|-
| "I"
| *minä : *minu-|| '''*mon''' || '''*mon''' || *mĭńə₂ || *mön || (een : engëm) || (*äm) || *mää(n) || *mə̈n
|-
| ""
| || || || || || || || ||
|}

Proto-Uralic/Ü

2018-12-16T22:39:52Z

Tropylium:

{|
|- style="background:#FFA0A0"
! Lexeme
! [[Finnish|Finnic]] !! [[Proto-Samic|Samic]] !! [[Mordvinic|Mordv.]] !! [[Mari]] !! [[Permic]] !! [[Hungarian|Hung.]] !! [[Mansi]] !! [[Khanty]] !! [[Proto-Samoyedic|Samoy.]]
! Comments
|- style="background:#A0FFA0"
! colspan="10"| *ü_ə = std. PU *ü_i
|-
| "nail"
| *künci || *kɤncɤ || *kenžɜ || style="color:red"| *kü̆č || U. gižɨ ~ K. ''gɨž'' || köröm : körmö- || *kʷänš || *könč || style="color:red"| ''*kəčå''
| Smy, K. *a-stem?!
|-
| "threshold"
| *küntüks || - || keŋkš || - || - || - || - || - || -
| Cf. prev.
|-
| "autumn"
| *süksü || style="color:green"| *čɤkčɤ || style="color:green"| ''śokś'' || *šĭžə || U. ''siźɨl'' || öös || *täkʷs || *söɣəs || -
| S+Mo sibilant assimilation? Mo. o / _K? P. i / _Ć?
|-
| "to tie"
| *kütke- || - || - || style="color:red"| *kĭćke- || U. kɨtkɨ- || köt- ||style="color:red"| *kät- || - || *küt-
| Smy. retention / k_
|-
| "1"
| *ükci || *ɤktɤ || '''*vəçkä''' || '''*iktə''' || U. '''odig''' ~ K. '''ɤťik''' || || *äkʷ || '''*ej''' || -
|-
| "9"
| *ükteksä || *ɤkcé || *veçksa ||style="color:red"| *ĭndekšə || - || - || - || - || -
| Cf. prev.
|-
| "bosom"
| *süli || *sɤlɤ || *seľ || *šü̆l || U. sul ~ K. sɨl || öl : öle- || *täl || *ɬöL || *tij
|-
| "handle"
| *nüci || *nɤðɤ || ńeď || - || - || style="color:red"| '''ńeel''' : '''ńele-''' || *näl || *nöL || *nir
| Mo. neže- cf. [[Proto-Uralic/Ä|*mäčə]]
|-
| "coal"
| *süci || *čɤðɤ || *śeď || *šüj || - || - || ''*süľii'' || *söj || *sijə
|-
| "to smoulder"
| *küte- || style="color:red"| *cɤkɤ- || - || - || - || - || *kʷäš- || *köč- || ''kəčkü-''
| S. metathesis?
|-
| "to tear"
| *nükVj- || - || - || - || - || ńüü-, ńöö- || *ńäw- || - || (''*ńe-'')
|-
| "smoke"
| - || - || - || - ||*kɨd || köd : ködö- || - || - || *küntə
| Smy. retention / k_
|-
| "to skin"
| *nülke- || *ńɤlkɤ- || *ńeľgə- || - || - || - || - || *ńeɣLəm- || -
|-
| "base"
| *tüvi || - || *ťej-- || *tü̆ŋ ||style="color:green"| '''*diŋ''' || töö : töve- || - || - || -
|-
| "full"
| *türe- || *tɤrɤ- || - || - || *tɨr- || - || - || - || *tirə
| Smy. might also be ← *täwðə (per -ə)
|-
| "to look for"
| - || - || Er. ťeťke- || Hi. tütka- || - || - ||style="color:red"| *täkt- || *töɣət- || *titə-
| or *titkə-?
|-
| "to follow"
| - || - || - || - || K. kɨj- || style="color:red"| követ- || *kʷäj- || *köć- || -
| *-j-tä- > Kh *-ć-. KhV ''kööj'' "to run around" better = "to lek" (StUE4)
|-
| "ripe"
| *küpsi || IS kopša || - || - || ''*kiś-'' || - || - || - || -
| Fi. ''kypsä'' secondary ä-stem, cf. kystä. P. i / _Ć?
|-
| "spit"
| *sülki || '''*čolkɤ''' || śeľgä || *šü̆wəl || '''*śolal''' || - || ''*süľɣ-'' || *söjəɣ || -
|-
| "to knead"
| - || - || - || *nü̆štəlä- || U. '''nadź-''' || - || - || - || -
|-
| "back"
| - || - || - || *mü̆škər || *mɨš(k)- || - || - || - || -
|-
| "to call"
| - || - || - || *üžä- || U. ''iź--'' || - || - || - || -
| P. i / _Ć?
|-
| "to push"
| *süsk''ä''- || *sɤskɤ- || - || *šü̆škä- || - || - || - || - || -
| Fi. süsä-
|-
| "to ask"
| *küsü- || *kɤčɤ- || Er. kevkśte- ~ Mk. '''kiźəfte-''' || - || - || - || - || - || -
|-
| "10"
| *kümmen || - || kemeń || - || - || - || - || - || -
|-
| "to coff"
| *rüki- || *rɤkɤ- || - || - || - || - || - || - || -
|-
| "to be engulf'd"
| *tüppe- || *tɤppɤ- || - || - || - || - || - || - || -
|-
| "imposing"
| *jühke- || *jɤskɤ- || - || - || - || - || - || - || -
|-
| "to hide in"
| *lümV- || *lɤmɤ- || - || - || - || - || - || - || -
|-
| "to come"
| - || - || - || - || - || jöv- || *ji- ~ *jäj- || *jöɣ- || -
| or *jeKə-? F. *''jää-'' "to stay" ← II
|-
| ""
| || || || || || || || ||
|-
| "tear"
| *küünel || *kɤńɤl || - || - || U. -kɨľi || köńń || - || - || ''kəńələ''
|- style="background:#DDDDDD"
| "to blink"
| '''küünü''' || - || końe- || *kŭme- || *kuń || huń || - || *koń- || *kəń-
| for comparision
|- style="background:#A0FFA0"
! colspan="10" | St. PU *ü_a (main difference Mari *ĭ?)
|-
| "to push"
| *lükkä- || - || - || - || - || lök- || *läkʷ- || *lök- || -
|-
| "cold"
| *külmä || *kɤlmē || keľme || *kĭlmə || *kɨnmɨ || - || - || - || -
|-
| "mute"
| *mükkä || *mɤkkē- || - || *mĭk || *mɨk || - || - || - || -
|-
| "elbow"
| ''*küünärä'' || style="color:red"| ''*kɤrńēlē'' || keńeŕ || *kĭńer || *gɨr(dža) || köńök || *kʷän- || style="color:green"| *köɳ-ŋääj || -
|-
| "with"
| *möö || *mɤŋē- || mej || ''*möŋgə'' || K. mɨ- || mög- || - || - || -
|-
| "to hit"
| *löö- || - || - || ''*lüje-''  || K. lɨj- || löv- || - || - || Sk. *čü-
| Sk ← Smy *jiwɜ (cf. AASmy1) JH07 has Ms '''*ji''', source??
|-
| "thick"
| - || *kɤsē || - || ''*kü̆žgə'' || *kɨz || - || - || *köL || -
| *-gi in Mari?
|-
| "middle"
| - || - || - || *kĭðäl || - || köz : közö- || *kʷätəľ || *köt || -
|-
| "birch bark vessel"
| - || - || keče- || - || - || - || *kʷäšəm || *köčəm || style="color:red"| *kitä
|-
| "village"
| *külä || '''*kɤlɤj''' || - || - || - || - || *kʷäl || - || -
|-
| "glue"
| *tümä || *ðɤmē || - || Me. lümö || '''*ľem''' || - || - || - || *jimä
|-
| "to pluck"
| *nühtä- || - || *ńeftə- || *ńĭkta- || - || - || - || - || *ńüt-
| *ńük-tä-, cf. "to tear". Smy. retention / _k
|-
| "sulfur; moss"
| - || - || - || - || K. '''teg''', '''-tɤg''' || - || *täŋʷkʷ || *töŋk || -
|-
| "tree stump"
| - || *jɤlŋēs || - || - || U. '''jal''' || - || - || *jöŋkəL ||style="color:red"| '''*jä''' ?
|-
| "to gnaw"
| *jürä- || - || - || - || *jɨr- || - || *jär- || - || -
|-
| "(to) milk"
| *lüpsä- || - || style="color:#800000"| ('''lovca''') || ''*lüšte-'' || *lɨśtɨ- || - || - || - || -
| *lüpśä-ta? Mo. cf. *lupsa
|-
| "to sweep"
| Li. müca- || - || - || - || *mɨć- || - || - || - || Ne. misii-
|-
| "holy"
| *pühä || *pɤsē || peže- || || || || || ||
|-
| "to strive for"
| *pürkVj- || *pɤrkē- || Er. peŕge-- || - || - || - || - || - || -
| ← Gmc. *wurkjan?
|-
| "side"
| *sürjä || - || style color="red"| '''šiŕä''' || - || - || - || - || - || -
|-
| "groom; boy"
| *ülkä || *ɤlkē || - || - || - || - || - || - || -
|-
| "breast"
| *üskä || *ɤskē || - || - || - || - || - || - || -
|-
| "stump"
| *tüŋkä || *cēŋkē || - || - || - || - || - || - || -
| *č/tüŋ-kä, cf. "base"
|-
| "deep spot"
| *jürä || *jɤrēm || - || - || U '''jer''', K jir, Jz jɤr || - || - || - ||
| S. cf. *jor-mē? U *jë
|-
| ""
| || || || || || || || ||
|- style="background:#A0FFA0"
! colspan="10"| With Khanty *e₂ (East *i?)
|-
| "upper"
| *ülä || *ɤl- || veľ-ks || ''*wü̆lnə'' || *vɨl || - || *äl-- || ''*e₂Lää'' "cover" || ''*i-''
| *-nə in Mari? Check Samic
|- style="background:#A0FFA0"
! colspan="10"| Unclear
|-
| "marrow"
| *ütim || *ɤðɤm || '''uďem''' || ''*weem'' || '''*veejɨm''' || '''velöö''' || '''*wääləm''' || '''*weeLəm''' || Se. ''küütü''
| Ma-Ug *wäd₁Vm
|-
| "hill"
| Es. sünk(a-) || '''*čoŋē''' || Mk ''ćoŋga'' || *šü̆ŋgä || - || '''šeg, šeeg''' || *säŋkʷ || N *śuuŋk || -
| Mo. ''o'' / _K. PKh *ćöŋk
|-
| "boy"
| Fi. yrkä || - || - || '''*erɣe''' || - || -er || - || - || -
| *ärkä with contam. with *ülka in F??
|-
| "navel"
| - || - || Mk. ''pokəń'' || - || - || - || '''#pikʷńi''' ||style="color:green"| *pöɣɭən ~ *pökəɳ || -
| Mo. ''o'' / _K
|-
| "blunt"
| - || - || Er. '''noška''' || *nü̆škə || *nɨdž || - || - || - || -
| Or *u with Ma irregular; cf. *nušja 'club'?! K → OUg.
|-
| "clean"
| - || - || - || - || U śudźal- ~ K sɤdź || süüz || style="color:red"| '''*ćääć''' || - || -
| might be *śäwəćɜ or w/e
|-
| "belt"
| *vöö || *ɤvē || - || ''*ü̆štə'' || U *jɤ, K *jɨ; K vɤń || öv || - || - || *iəj ?
|-
| "copper"
| - || - || - || *wü̆rɣeńə || *ɨrgon || - || - || - || -
| Compound *ürə-kɜnɜ? Or Ma ← "blood"
|-
| "outside"
| - || - || - || - || - || ki || *kʷäm || *küüm, *kœœmən || -
|-
| "to shine"
| - || - || - || - || - || šüt- || '''*šit-''' || - || -
| "bake" T. šät-, otherwise id.
|-
| "small"
| Es. üsa || - || - || '''*iźi''' || ''*ić-'' || "*üć" || '''*(w)ić''' || - || "*ücä"
| P. i / _Ć? H. öč "younger brother" intended? Smy cf. S. *uccē
|-
| "adder"
| *küü || - || Mk. ''kuj'', Er. ''kijov'' || style="color:red"| *kĭškə || U. kɨj || '''kiiɟoo''' || - || - || *kiwä
| Mk. metath. ← *kju ← *kəjəv ? Mo/Smy. ← *küjəwä?
|-
| "hazelhen"
| *püü || style="color:red"| *pɤŋkōj || ''povo'' || - || - || '''fogoľ''' || - || *pöŋk || *piŋə ?
| Mo. ''o'' / _K. F. backderived from *püütä- "to hunt"?
|-
| ""
| || || || || || || || ||
|- style="background:#A0FFA0"
! colspan="10"| Rejectable / loans
|-
| "wart"
| *süklä || '''*čīvlē''' || '''śiľge''' || *šĭɣəľe || - || šüľ (etc.) || - || - || -
| Most, if not all, probably ← Turkic *sigöl
|-
| "poison"
| *mürkkü || - || - || - || - || style="color:red"| '''meerëg''' : '''meerge-''' || - || - || -
| Bad. H ← Ir. *märg
|-
| "sacrifice"
| NF *lüüli || - || - || - || - || - || - || (Trj?) ɬ́iiɬ́təɣɬəɬ- || -
| F rather 'to pamper', ← Ru. люли
|-
| "merry"
| - || N. arvuk || - || - || - || öröm || - || - || -
| *ürwə-? or H ← Trk.
|-
| "fire"
| - || - || - || - || - || tüüz || '''*tääwət''' || *töɣət || -
| ← Mongolic? Ms. *üɣ → *äw?
|}

Proto-Uralic/Ä

2018-12-16T22:31:04Z

Tropylium: /* Std. PU *ä_ə */ +1

→ Finnic *ä, Moksha ''ä'', Mari *e, Mansi *ää, Khanty *ee (/ ''*öö'' next to a velar), Smy. *ä

==Std. PU *ä_ə==
> S. ''*ē_ɤ'' (ā_ō)
{|
|- style="background:#FFA0A0"
! Lexeme
! [[Finnish|Finnic]] !! [[Proto-Samic|Samic]] !! [[Mordvinic|Mordv.]] !! [[Mari]] !! [[Permic]] !! [[Hungarian|Hung.]] !! [[Mansi]] !! [[Khanty]] !! [[Proto-Samoyedic|Samoy.]]
! Comments
|- style="background:#A0FFA0"
! colspan="10"| Permic *o (_l when V₂ not lost early?!)
|-
| "to fill"
| *täwci || - || - || style="color:red"| ''*tić'' || *dol- || tel- || *tääɣəl || *teeL || *tärə
| S. *teavtɤ ← F.
|-
| "rope"
| '''*kewci''' || *kēvðɤ || - || - || *kol || - || style="color:red"| *kʷääləɣ || *kööLəɣ || ''*kürə''
| Smy *äw > *ü ? Within F, cf. Võ ''käütämä'' "to fasten" with *ä retained. Mari ''*kəl'' ← P.
|-
| "sister-in-law"
| *kälü || *kālōj || '''kel''' || - || U. kaľi ~ K. ''kel'' || - || - || *kööLə || *kälü
| Perhaps *kälü rather than *käləw. K. *-ëľ > el?
|-
| "joint"
| *jäsen || - || jäźńä || Hi. ježəŋ ~ Me. '''jɤžəŋ''' || *joz || '''iiz''' || - || - || -
| Ma. *ə with Hi. *jə > je ??
|-
| "to order"
| *käske- || - || - || '''*küštə-''' || *kos || || || ||
|-
| "thigh"
| *sääri || - || *śäj'''ä'''ŕ || - || K. ćɤr || - || - || - || -
| *śäxərə better than *śäjərə; or *śäxärə??
|- style="background:#A0FFA0"
! colspan="10"| Permic *i (with a lost nonlabial medial?)
|-
| ""
| || || || || || || || ||
|-
| "hand"
| *käci || *kētɤ || käď || ''*kit'' || *ki || keez : keze- || *käätə || *kööt || -
|-
| "power"
| *väki || *vēkɤ || '''vij''' || *vi || *vi || vele- ? || *wääɣ || ''*wööɣ'' || -
| Ma. *e > *i _#
|-
| "sap"
| - || - || - || - || *li || - || - || - || Kam. lêji
| *läŋə or *läjə; rather not *i.
|- style="background:#A0FFA0"
! colspan="10"| Permic *ɨ (_R), Finnic *ee (_Ri) ≈ older PU *äx_i
|-
| "tongue"
| *keeli || *kēlɤ || *käľ || - || *kɨl || - || *kääləmt- "inquire" || *kööL || *käə-
| Mari *kəl "string, handle" from *käwðə via P.
|-
| "broth"
| *leemi || *lēmɤ || *ľäm || *lem || U. lɨm || lee : leve- || *läämə || - || *jäm-
| K. ľem "jelly" rather < *d₂ümä
|-
| "to bind; bundle"
| *keer-- || *kērɤ- || kärks || *kerä- || ''ge/ɤrd'', ''ke/ɤrt-'' || ''kür-, küür-'' ||style="color:green"| *kʷäärək || *keerää || *kär-
| OU 'to weave' not here (AASmy 2). P. *kär-tä-, or ← Sl-II *kert-. Cf. also F. '''*kääri-'''?
|-
| "side, pole"
| *peeli || - || *päľ || *pel || - || feel || *päälə || - || -
| cf. *pälä "half", *wärə "side"?
|-
| "mind"
| *meeli || *mēlɤ || *mäľ || - || *mɨl || - || - || - || -
|-
| "side"
| *veeri || *vērɤ || *väŕə || - || - || - || - || - || -
|-
| "to swallo"
| *neele- || *ńēlɤ- || ''*ńiľə-'' || *nelä- || *ńɨl(ɨ)- || '''ńel-''' || *ńääl- || *ńeeL- || style="color:green"| '''*ńal-'''
| Mo. *ä > *e in open syllables?
|-
| "to drink"
| *seeme- || - || ''*śimə-'' || - || - || - || - || - || -
| Mo. *ä > *e in open syllables?
|-
| "to drink"
| - || - || ''*iŕəďə-'' || - || K. *ɨrɤš || - || - || - || -
| Mo. *ä > *e in open syllables? Smy *ɤ-r- better < *jëxə-
|-
| "lung"
| *tävvü || - || '''ťevlav''' || - || *tɨ || style="color:red"| tüdöö || - || - || style="color:red"| *täjwä ?
| Cf. "to fill"
|-
| "air"
| *sää || - || - || - || K. sɨnɤd || eeg : ege- || - || - || -
| *säŋə
|-
| "to enter"
| - || - || - || '''*pŭre-''' || *pɨr- || feer- || - || - || -
| Or *pura- with H irregular
|-
| "woodpecker"
| *kärki || - || *käŕgä || *kerɣə || *kɨr || - || - || - || -
|-
| "to press"
| - || - || *ńäŕgə- || - || *nɨr- || - || - || *nööɣər- || -
| (AA, p.c.)
|-
| "nose"
| - || *nērɤ || *ńäŕ || *ner || *nɨr || - || - || '''*niir''' || *ńär'''ə'''
|-
| "breast"
| - || *mēlkɤ || style="color:red"| *mäľkɜ || *mel || U. mɨl || mell || *määɣəl || *mööɣəL || -
| F. ''*mälvi'' "bird breast''?
|-
| "voice"
| ''*ääni'', C. ''*hääli'' || *jēnɤ || - || - || - || eenek || - || - || -
| F. *ää > *ee blocked / #_ ?
|-
| "piece"
| *pärek || - || - || - || *pɨrɨ || - || *päär || '''*per''' || -
| and Es. peerg < *peere-kä?
|-
| "mare"
| Liv. keev || *kēvɤ || - || || || || || ||
|- style="background:#A0FFA0"
! colspan="10"| Kh *ii₁ / _k?
|-
| "to depart"
| *läkte- || *lēktɤ- || ''#ľixtə-'' || *lektä- || '''lɨ/okt-''' || - || - || style="color:red"| ''*ɬii₁ɣət-'' || -
| re P/Mo cf. *mäjäkä
|-
| "osprey; gull"
| ''*sääksi'' || *čēkčɤ || - || - || K. '''ćikći''' || - || '''*siɣs''' || ''*sii₁ɣəs'' || -
| some confusion w/ *čäkčij? two roots?
|-
| "to see"
| *näke- || *nēkɤ- || näj- || - || U. '''naal-''' ? || style="color:red"| neez- || ''*näɣəl-'', '''*niiɣəl-''' || ''*nii₁-'' || -
|-
| "fog"
| - || *cēkɤ || - || - || - || - || - || ''*čii₁ɣ'' || -
| StUE4
|-
| "hill"
| *mäki || - || - || - || - || - || - || ''*mii₁ɣ'' || -

|- style="background:#A0FFA0"
! colspan="10"| Remainder (no regular Permic reflex??)
|-
| "ice"
| *jää || *jēŋɤ || *jäŋ || *i ||style="color:red"| ''*jɤɤ'' || jeeg : jege- || *jääŋkə || *jööŋk || '''*jaŋ-'''
| *jäŋi. Ma. *e > *i / _#
|-
| "string"
| *jänti || - || - || - || - || '''ideg''' || *jääntəɣ || '''*jöntəɣ''' || *jänti
|-
| "to become cold"
| *jäähty- || *jēŋsō- || jäkše- || '''*jükše-''' || - || - || - || '''*jöɣLi-''' || -
| *jäŋ-(k)štə-; non-West *jükšə- ??
|-
| "head, end"
| *pää || - || '''pe''' || - || '''*pooŋ''' || style="color:red"| fej : feje- || '''*päŋk''' || - || '''#pa'''
| better *e??
|-
| "louse"
| *täi || - || - || *ti || U. tej ~ K. toj || tetüü : tetve- || *tääkmə || *tööɣtəm || -
| S. *tīkɤ ← Gmc? Ma. *e > *i / _#
|-
| "bit, to cut"
| *säŋki || *čēŋkɤ- || Er. ''śive-'' || - || *ćeeg- || seg- || *sääŋk- || *sööŋk- || -
| Mo. *ä > *e in open syllables?
|-
| "cradle"
| *kätküt || *kētkɤ- || - || - || U. kɤkɨ || - || - || - || *kätə-
|-
| "near"
| *lähe- || - || - || ''*lišnə'' || - || - || - || - || *jät-
| Cf. *läkte-
|-
| "warm"
| *lämpe- || - || *ľämbɜ || ''*liwə'' || - || || - || - || *jämpə-
| Smy. "clothes"
|-
| "trace"
| *jälki || - || - || - || - || jel || - ||style="color:green"| '''*jääɣəɭ''' || *jä
| Smy. 'heel'
|-
| "lichen on trees"
| - || *jēvjɤmē || - || - || - || - || - || *jeej || ''*jüjə''
| Smy *äw > *ü ?
|-
| "mild"
| '''*leppedä''' || - || Mk. ľäpä || (*liwə) || - || - || - || *ɬeepət || -
| F → SLu lehpagis? Ma. possibly better < 'warm'
|-
| "fish sp."
| - || - || - || '''*müktə''' || K. ''mɨk'' || - || TJ mäwtək || *mööɣtəɣ || -
| *mäwəktV? PMs *määɣtəɣ (not **mäɣ- > ˣmüw-)
|-
| "7"
| *säjcen || *čēčɤm || ''*śiśəm'' || '''*sĭm''' || *śiźɨm || - || - || - || -
| Core Finnic > *seicen; Mo. *ä > *e in open syllables? ← IE?
|-
| "heavy"
| *läülV || *lēvlɤ || - || *lelə || - || - || - || - || -
| Ms. *ľuuľ "weak", Kh. *ɬöL "cold" prob. don't belong
|-
| "a bird"
| E. ähk || - || *šäkšəj || style="color:red"| *ćećkem || K. čakčej || - || - || - || -
|-
| "to suffer"
| *kärsi- || *kērtɤ- || '''*kiŕďə-''' || *kerð/ta- || - || - || - || - || -
| ← Gmc. *hardja-
|-
| "to hide"
| *kätke- || - || *käkšə- || || || || || ||
| Cf. "cradle"
|-
| "to trust"
| - || - || - || - || - || mer- || *määr- || - || -
|-
| "to dive"
| - || - || - || - || - || meriit- || *määrəkt- || '''*merət-''' || -
|-
| "net"
| - || - || - || - || - || meet || *määkt || *mööɣət || -
|-
| "to fit"
| - || - || - || - || - || meeltoo || - || *meeL- || -
|-
| "warm"
| - || - || - || - || - || meleg || *määli || *meeLək || -
|-
| "to bind"
| - || - || - || - || - ||style="color:red"| †ńeek || '''*neeɣ-''' || Kr. neewəj- || -
|-
| "saddle"
| - || - || - || - || - ||style="color:red"| ńerëg || '''*näɣər''' || E '''*nœœɣər''' || -
| or *i with H irregular?
|-
| "to tear"
| - || - || - || - || - || ńer- || *ńir(əmt)- || *ńer- || -
| better *e?
|-
| ""
| - || - || - || - || - || - || - || - || -
|- style="background:#A0FFA0"
! colspan="10"| Derivatives & such
|-
| "mound"
| style="color:red"| ''*mättäs'' || *mēktɤ || - || - || - || - || - || - || style="color:red"| *mäktə
| Cf. *mäkə
|-
| "sun"
| *päjvä || '''*peajvē''' || - || - || K. bi || - || - || - || *päjwä
| possibly *päjə-wä. Permic CV ⇒ *i
|-
| "badger"
| - || - || Mk. ńärgas || *nerɣə || U. '''nardɨ''' || - || - || - || ''*narkå''
| #närə-ka
|}

==*ä_a, etc.==
> F. *ä_ä (/ *-jC-, *Ć-?) ~ *a_e (default?), S. *ā_ē, Ma. *e
{|
|- style="background:#FFA0A0"
! Lexeme
! [[Finnish|Finnic]] !! [[Proto-Samic|Samic]] !! [[Mordvinic|Mordv.]] !! [[Mari]] !! [[Permic]] !! [[Hungarian|Hung.]] !! [[Mansi]] !! [[Khanty]] !! [[Proto-Samoyedic|Samoy.]]
! Comments
|- style="background:#A0FFA0"
! colspan="10"| Finnic *a-i (main development?), *ä-- (derivatives)
|-
| "winter"
| *talvi || *tālvē || Er. ťeľe, Mk. '''ƭaľa''' || *tel(ə) || *tol || teel : tele- || *täälə || '''*teləɣ''' || -
| *w > Ms ∅
|-
| "to cut"
| ''*säli-'', ''*sälek'' || *čālē- || - || *šelä- || *ćol- || sel- || '''*sil-''' || '''*süüL-''' || *sälä-
|-
| "half"
| *pooli || '''*pealē''' || *päľɜ || *pele || *pol || feel : fele- || - ||style="color:green"| *peeɭək || *pälä
| cf. *pälə "side"; preF *palə → Slavic *polъ [*palʊ] → Mo *pola "spouse"?
|-
| "to wade"
| *koolë- || *kālē- || *käľə- || *kelä-, *kelðə- || '''*köl-''', *kolt- || kel- || style="color:red"| *kʷääl- || '''*küüL-''' || -
| F. ''*kaalat-'' ← S; Ma & P. #2 "to fish with a pull-net"
|-
| "root, vein"
| Liv. sūoŗ || *sārē || - || *šer || U. ''ser'' || eer : ere- || *täärə || *ɬeer || -
| F. *soori < *sarə; Udm. e / _r?
|-
| "to load"
| ''*sälyttä-'' || - || - || - || K. sɤl- || ell- || *tääl- || *ɬeeL- || '''*tij-'''
| could be *ä-ə?
|-
| "moisture"
| *kasi || *kāsē || - || - || - || - || EW *köäťəľ || *keeLää || ''*käta''
|-
| "moth"
| *koi || - || Er. '''ki''' || Me. kije || k''e''/ɤj || - || Tv '''kij, käj''' || *keej || -
| F. from *kooji < *kajə; ES '''*koajɤ''' ← F? U. e / _Ć
|-
| "gall"
| *sappi || *sāppē || *säpɜ || - || s''e''/ɤp || epe || *tääpə || - || -
|-
| "to scoop"
| F. *ammi? || - || - || - || U. omɨrt- || - || *äämärt- || *eemər- || -
| if not F. < *ama-
|-
| "dirt"
| *saksi || *sāksē || '''*seksɜ''' || - || s''e''/ɤs || - || - || - || -
| F > *sa(a)s-ta
|-
| "scab"
| *loomi || - || Er. ľeme || Hi. lim ~ Me. '''lümö''' || *lom || - || - || - || -
|-
| "tree sp."
| *sarni || - || - || *šertńe || '''*śir''' || - || - || - || -
| F. "ash", Ma "willow", P. "elm"
|- style="background:#A0FFA0"
! colspan="10"| not in F. but regular enough
|-
| "spleen"
| - ||style="color:green"| *ðāpðē || - || *lep(ə) || '''*loop''' || leep || - || *leepət || Ne. ''rapśaa''
| S. *l-ð > *ð-ð?
|-
| "woman; weasel"
| - || *kāðvē || - || - || - || style="color:red"| †helɟ || *kääľ || *kööjəɣ || *käjwä
| Ms. *ľɣ > ľ; MHu. > ''hölgy''
|-
| "twig"
| - || *sāŋkē || - || *šeŋge || - ||style="color:red"| eek || - || '''*ɬöŋk''' || -
|-
| "to shoo"
| - || *ārē- || - || - || - || - || *äärt- || *eerət- ||
|-
| "water"
| - || *čācē || - || - || - || - || - || *seeč- || Ne. ''sada''
|-
| "to find place"
| - || - || - || - || *t''e''/ɤrɨ- || teer- || - || - || -
| Udm. e / _r?
|-
| "to put in/on"
| - || *cākē- || - || *čie- || - || - || - || - || -
| Ma. *e > *i in hiatus (StUE1)
|-
| "mare"
| - || *āltō || *äľďɜ || - || - || - || - || - || -
|- style="background:#A0FFA0"
! colspan="10"|
|-
| "ungulate sp."
| - || *vāðōk || style="color:red"| '''vedraš''' || '''*wü̆ľə''' || *vol || - || - || '''*we₂lii''' || -
| SMo "cow", MaP "horse", Kh. "reindeer". Es '''veis''' ← *vetä-, perhaps also Mo. Cf also Gmc *weθruz, L. ''vitulus'' etc.)
|-
| "moment"
| Fi. '''hetki''' ~ Ka. hätki || - || style="color:red"| '''ška''' || - || *čož || - || - || - || -
| WTF?
|-
| "ring"
| - || - || - || *jĭr || *jor || - || - || - || Ne. jorka ?
| U. *jeros > ''joros''?
|- style="background:#A0FFA0"
! colspan="10"| Udm e ~ Komi ɤ
|-
| "back"
| Fi. '''perä''' ~ E. ''pära'' || - || '''*pŕa''' || - || be/ɤr || - || '''*pärəɣ''' || '''*pertaɣ''' || -
| ObU *perɜ > *per-əɣ
|-
| "part"
| - || - || - || "рызе" || *re/ɤć || rees || -rFś || - || -
| cf. Fi. ''räsä'' "broken", unless a variant of ''risa''; Ms. dmnt.
|-
| "to prepare"
| - || *lāčē- || - || '''*lĭšte-''' || le/ɤśal-, *le/ɤśɜtɨ- || - || - || - || -
|-
| "hemp"
| - || - || - || *kĭńe || ke/ɤn || - || - || - || -
| Wanderwort.
|-
| "to freeze"
| - || - || - || Hi. kiže- || ke/ɤdź- || - || - || - || '''*kə̈nsä-'''
| or *kinśä with K. irregular?
|- style="background:#A0FFA0"
! colspan="10"| *ä-ä type 2: F *ä-ä ~ S *ā-ē; Komi *e; Ms *ee ~ Kh *ää (*ii)
| all with -CC-?
|-
| "tongue"
| - || *ńālmē || - || ''*ńĭlmə'' || - || ńelv, ńeev || *ńeeləm || *ńääLəm || style="color:red"| -
| Ne. ''ńāᵒḿu'' better ← *ńåə- < *ńalə-
|-
| "power"
| '''*tarmo''', Fi. tärmä || *tārmō || - || - || - || - || *teeriŋ || *täärəm || -
|-
| "(to) cover"
| *läppä || Lu '''liehppa''' || - || *leweðä- *lewäš || U. ''ľipɨ-'' ~ K. lep || lep- || *leep- || - || -
|-
| "lasso; trap"
| NF *lämsä || *lāmčē || - || - || K. leć || - || *leesə || ''*lii₁s'' || *jä²sɜn
| Medials messy; F perhaps ← Gmc *slamsa-, OU ← K?
|-
| "needle"
| *äjmä || *ājmē || - || *imə || K. jem || - || - || - || *äjmä
| Ma. *ej > *i. Also cf. U. '''veń'''
|-
| "old man"
| *äjjä || *ājjē || - || - || '''*ajɨ''' || - || - || - || style="color:red"| *äjsä
| Contam. of *äjjä + *äććä in Smy?
|-
| "lath"
| '''*tarja''' || - || - || #tiər || - || - || N '''tarəs''' || *täärəs || -
| Fi. ~ ''tärjä'', contam. with *sarja? *tärə-, derivs?
|-
| "larch"
| - || - || - || - || K. ń/nia ~ ńeja || - || EWMs ''ńix'' || *nääŋk || -
| Medials messy. PMs *ee, shortened?
|-
| "worm"
| - || - || - || - || K. perk || feerëg || *peer(ə)k || - || -
| medials?? probably nor *-rkk-
|-
| "bay, lake"
| - || - || - || - || U kalɤm ~ K. kela || || *keeləɣ ||style="color:green"| ''*kœœɭəɣ'' || -
| Ud. a / _l ? Sk. *kuəľ not here (< PS *wåj)
|-
| "spot"
| *täplä || *tāplē || - || - || - || - || - || - || -
|- style="background:#A0FFA0"
! colspan="10"| With F *ä-ä ~ S *ea-ē
|-
| "thumb"
| - || ''*pealkē'' || style="color:red"| *päľka || - || U. pɤlɨ ~ K. pel || - || - || - || '''*pej'''
| *pälə-kkä, cf. "side"? F. *pewka- ← Gmc.
|-
| "bog"
| - || ''*jeaŋkē'' || - || - || K. jeg || - || *jääŋkə || *jööŋk || -
| Fi. jänkä prob. ← S.
|-
| "smoke hole"
| ''*räppänä'' || ''*reapēnē'' || - || - || *ropɨ- || - || - || - || -
|-
| "lichen"
| ''*jäkälä'' || ''*jeakēl'' || - || - || K. ''jal'' || - || - || - || -
|-
| "to understand"
| Fi ''äly'' || ''*ealvē-'' || - || - || K. ''al'' || - || - || - || - || -
|- style="background:#A0FFA0"
! colspan="10"| With Komi /e/
|-
| "to freeze"
| (*jääty-) || - || - || - || K. jed- || - || *jäänt- ||style="color:green"| '''*jentəɭ-''' ||
| *jäŋ-tä-. Also K. jo/ɤdmɨ "to harden"
|-
| "to reach"
| - || - || - || - || K. šergɤd- || eer- || *täärt- || *ɬeerəmt- || -
|-
| "to believe"
| - || - || - || - || *öskɨ- || - || ''*äɣt-'' || *ööɣəL- || -
| Ms. cf. *aa > *a / _ɣt. Cf. *usko-?
|-
| "to fly"
| - || - || - || - || ''*löb-'' || lebëg-, libëg- || - || - || -
| Rather *e? Cf. F. *lentä- ??
|-
| "thin"
| - || - || - || - || *vek-- || veekoń || - || - || -
|-
| "to understand; think"
| - || - || - || - || #väälal- || veel- || - || - || -
|-
| "old"
| - || - || - || - || K. vener || veen || - || - || -
|Or *winä?
|-
| "block"
| - || - || - || - || U džɤk ~ K džek || '''čök''' || - || - || -
|- style="background:#A0FFA0"
! colspan="10"| remainder
|-
| "friend"
| - || *lāvē || - || - || - || - || N. ''leekʷ''|| style="color:red"| *ɬöɣ || -
| Ms. transfer of labzn? S. ← ObU?
|-
| "paw"
| *käpsä || - || - || '''*küpš''' || U. '''kus-''' ~ K. '''kɨs, kɤs''' || - ||style="color:red"| '''*kʷät''' || *kööpəL || -
|-
| "this"
| *tä-mä || *tā || tä || Hi. '''ti''' ~ Me. '''tɤ''' || *ta || te- || '''*ti''' || '''*te''' ? || '''*tê-'''
| East *tê, if not rel. to "that"
|-
| "these"
| *nä-mä || *nā || *ńä || *nĭjne || K. na || ''-ni'', -ne || ? *-nää || ? *-nää || *nä
| Ugr. lativ ending
|-
| "ass"
| - || - || - || *šeŋgə || - || šegg || style="color:red"| *sääŋkʷ || - || '''*čɤŋkå'''
| *č not palatalized in Smy?
|-
| "to chop"
| - || *āktē- || - || - || '''*ooktɨ-''' || üt- || '''*jäkt-''' || *ööɣət- || -
| Ms *ää > *ä / _kt? Cf. "to believe". P *oktɨ- "gather" not here (''contra'' HPUL)
|-
| "big, mother"
| '''*emä''' || '''*eamē''' || - || - || - || eme || - || - || *ämä
| F & S. with analogy from *ena? Cf. F. *ämmä
|-
| "bone"
| Fi. tähde || *tāktē || - || - || - || tetem || - || - || -
| F. "leftovers"
|-
| "elm"
| - || - || śäľi || '''*šol''' || - || '''sil''' || - || - || -
| F. *salaka, *halaka "willow" ← Gmc.
|-
| "star"
| ''*tähti'' || *tāstē || *ťäšťɜ || '''*tištə''' || - || - || - || - || -
| Or -i?
|- style="background:#A0FFA0"
! colspan="10"| With Ms *ää ~ Kh *ää (most spotty, perhaps most *-ə)
|-
| "to cut"
| ''*vejci'' Võ. väić || - || - || - || K. vɤź- || veeš- || - || *wäänć- || -
| nom. *wäńćə (> F. "knife"), verb *wäńć-ä-?
|-
| "girl"
| ''*nejt--'' Võ. näio || *nējtɤ || E. ''ńi'' || - || *nɨl || - || *nääj "lady" || *nääj "lady" || *nä
| *näjə. Cf. Ms *nee ~ Kh *nii₂ŋ "woman"
|-
| "roach; ruffe"
| *särki || - || *säŕgɜ || style="color:red"| *šereŋɣə || - || - || *täärəɣ || *ɬäärəɣ || -
| Liv. ''särg'' w/o umlaut (< *särkä?)
|-
| "father"
| - || W *āččē || - || - || - || - || *ääći || *ääćii || NE #åt³sä-
| S. also E *ëćē = F. *icä?
|-
| "soft"
| - || OSw "nemok"? || - || - || - || - || *ńäämək || *ńäämək ||
|-
| "lap"
| - || - || *äľ || Hi. elt- ~ Me. ölt- ||style="color:red"| *wol''' || - || *ääl || *ääL || -
|-
| "(to) bend"
| - || - || *mäńə- || - || - || meen || || *määnəj-, '''*mii₂n''' || '''#mËnə-'''
|-
| "to choke"
| - || - || - || - || *čök-, U. ''džok-'' ~ K. ''džag-'' || - || '''*šük-''' || *čääkən- || -
|-
| "to feel"
| - || - || - || - || K. malal || - || *määlVćl- || *määL- || -
| Es. mälu < *mälə "mind"
|-
| "honey"
| - || - || - || *mü(j) || - || - || *määɣ || *määɣ ||
| Newer loans, e.g. from Permic?
|- style="background:#A0FFA0"
! colspan="10"| Loans: old
|-
| "board"
| *parci || || - || - || style="color:red"| ''*börd'' || - || *päärtə || *peert || -
| ← IE *bʰerdʰ-; separately in P.?
|-
| "lake"
| *jarvi, ''*järvi'' || *jāvrē || style="color:red"| järkä || *jer || - || - || - || - || -
| +Merya #jäkrä; ← IE *jewHro-
|-
| "to flee; to disappear"
| - || *pātārɤ- || - || - || - || - || *päätər- || - || -
| ← II *patar- "flying" (StUE1)
|-
| "goose"
| *hanhi || - || Er. šenže || - || - || - || - || - || -
| *šänšä ← B.
|- style="background:#A0FFA0"
! colspan="10"| Loans: likely parallel
|-
| "to tire; be ill"
| *väsü- || *vēsɤ- || - || - || *viśɨ- || - || - || - || -
| FS ← Gmc *wēsia-
|-
| "crust"
| *kärnä || ''*kearnē'' || style="color:red"| ''kšńat'' || - || - || - || || '''*käärńə-''' ||
| F & S. ← Gmc. *herna
|-
| "to go"
| *käve- || - || - || Hi. kej ~ Me. kaj|| - || - || - || - || -
| F. ← Gmc. *skeewjan
|-
| "small, few"
| *vähä || - || Er. vež- || - || - || - || - || - || -
| F. ← Gmc *wēxa-, also Er.?
|-
| "kidney"
| - || - || - || *werɣə || K. vɤrk || - || - || - || -
| ← II *vr̥tka
|-
| "iron"
| - || - || ''kšńi'' || '''*kü̆rtńe''' || *kort || - || - || - || -
| ← Ir. *kaart-
|- style="background:#A0FFA0"
! colspan="10"| With Permic *a
|-
| "tree stump"
| - || '''*jɤlŋēs''' || - || - || U. ''jal'' || - || - || '''*jöŋkəL''' || *jä
| Check Smy.
|-
| "bird sp."
| Es. ähk(a-) || - || *šäkša-- || *ćećkem || K. ''čakčej'' || - || - || - || -
|-
| "backside"
| - || NW *kācākɤ || - || - || K. ''kadž'' || - || - || - || -
|-
| "birch bark vessel"
| - || - || - || *leŋəš || ''*ľaŋes'' || - || - || *jeŋəL || -
|-
| "house"
| - || - || - || *mĭt || ''*matɤ'' || - || - || - || *mat
|-
| "fish sp."
| - || - || - || - || U. ''karei'' || - || *käärɣəj || *köörə || Ne. xirii
|-
| "net"
| - || - || - || - || ''*ka(d)ź'' || - || - || Kam. koťəp || -
|-
| "trap"
| - || - || - || - || ''*naľk'' || - || *ńääľə || - || -
| Cf. Fi. ''nalkki'' ??
|-
| "year; time"
| - || - || - || - || ''*ar'' || - || #arəm || - || -
| But Smy *ërö < *ëd₁ə
|-
| "time"
| - || - || - || - || K. ''kad'' || †kedig, keedig || - || - || -
|-
| "to knead"
| - || - || - || *nüštəlä- || U. ''nadź-'' || - || - || - || -
| Weak
|- style="background:#A0FFA0"
! colspan="10"| TBS: FP only
|-
| "woodpecker"
| style="color:red"|*hähnä || *čāšnē || - || *šištə || *śiź || - || - || - || -
|-
| "beaver"
| '''*majaka''' || *mājēkē || ''mijav'' || - || ''mɨ/oj'' || - || - || - || -
| NB Mo. *i, P. ɨ~o also in "to leave"
|-
| "rotten"
| style="color:red"| ''*mätä'' || *mēckɤ || - || '''*määkš''' || - || - || - || - || -
| Medials incoherent
|-
| "fine; short"
| '''*hɤɤno''' || - || - || - || K. dženɨt || - || - || - || -
| Bad. K ~ F hiven = *čiŋɜ-?
|-
| "whetstone"
| '''*hɤɤra''' || - || - || - || U. šer || - || - || - || -
|-
| "cambium; milk"
| Fi. jälsi || - || - || - || *jɤl || - || - || - || -
| Bad semantics
|-
| "sickness"
| *närä || - || - || - || K. ńora || - || - || - || -
|-
| "to choke, strangle"
| *läppä(htä)- || '''*lɤppɤsē-''' || *ľäpəja-, *ľäpst'''a'''- || - || - || - || - || - || -
| Cf. *läkkä-
|-
| "near"
| *lähe-, *läs-nä || - || - || *lĭš-nə || - || - || - || - || -
|-
| "thin"
| E *väčkü || - || - || *wĭćkəž || - || - || - || - || -
|-
| "aunt; mother"
| *tätej || - || "ťäďä" || - || - || - || - || - || -
| Lallwort
|-
| "paw"
| *käppä || - || *käpɜ || - || - || - || - || - || -
| Cf. *käpsä, also Fi. käpälä
|-
| "to breathe"
| *läkkä- || - || *ľäk'''a'''- || - || - || - || - || - || -
|-
| "valley"
| - || *leakē || ľäj || - || - || - || - || - || -
| Cf. *lakc'i; WPIE *lakos
|- style="background:#A0FFA0"
! colspan="10"| TBS: Permic + East
|-
| "rare; open"
| - || - || - || - || U. šer || - || *täärəɣ || *Lii₂r(tV) || -
|-
| "even"
| - || - || - || - || U. voľɨt ~ K. voľk(ɨd) || - || - || E weeľəɣ ~ W *weĽək || -
|-
| "to see"
| - || - || - || - || K. vidlɨ- || veed- || - || N. waant- || -
| Better *E? Cf. IE
|-
| "to heat"
| - || - || - || - || U est(ɨ)- K ɤzji- || - || - || W *eL-, V '''öl-''' || -
| cf. PIE *h₂as-? also cf. *ešə-
|-
| "sour"
| - || - || - || - || U šɤm ~ K šom || - || - || '''*čii₂m''' ||
| Nothing works. Cf. *šAppa(ma), *čɜGɜ-, *šoKɜ-
|-
| "to disappear"
| - || - || - || - || U. vez- || ve(e)s- || - || - || -
|-
| "sack"
| - || - || - || - || U. '''puj(ɨ)''' || - || *pääjəp || - || -
| or *pejV? SMs ä ~ EMs öä < *ää, but NMs a < *ä (WMs a undiagnostic)
|- style="background:#A0FFA0"
! colspan="10"| TBS: East only
|-
| "squirrel"
| - || - || - || - || - || evet || N. '''tapriś''' || - || Sk. #täpäk
| Or H ~ V iiwə, Trj jiipət (*-ɬääŋkii)
|-
| "to lift"
| - || - || - || - || - ||style="color:red"| emel- || *äälm- || *ääl(əm)- || '''*(j)i²lə-'''
|-
| "daughter"
| - || - || - || - || - || ia- || *ääwi || *ööɣii || -
| H. in ia-fia "one's children"
|-
| "other side"
| - || - || - || - || - || elv || *ääləm || *ääLəm || -
|-
| "dog"
| - || - || - || - || - || '''ëb''' || *äämpə || *äämp || -
|-
| "strawberry"
| - || - || - || - || - || epër || *ääpərjek || - || -
|-
| "to harden (steel)"
| - || - || - || - || - || edz- || E öät- || *äät- || -
|-
| "glue"
| - || - || - || - || - || eńv || *eeľəm || E eejəm ~ W *ääjəm ||
| H *ľm > *ńm > ńv?
|-
| "to walk; have room"
| - || - || - || - || - || leep- || *lääp- || *Leep- ||
|-
| "to lurk"
| - || - || - || - || - || leš- || *lääć- || N laaśii- || -
|-
| "thin"
| - || - || - || - || - ||style="color:red"| veezna || '''*(w)iś''' || *wääńć || -
| and K. ''vɤsńi''??
|-
| "tail"
| - || - || - || - || - || - || style="color:red"| *määnśək || *määsəɣ || Sk. ''mäča''
|-
| "horse; herd"
| - || - || - || - || - || meen || - || *määnəŋ || -
| *E possible
|-
| "to look"
| - || - || - || - || - || tekint- || - || E. tääɣən- || -
|-
| "to scoop"
| - || - || - || - || - || - || - || *ɬäät- || *täti-
| cf. Komi šɤt- 'to bring in'?!
|-
| "rapids"
| - || - || - || - || -|| šellöö || *säärlV || - || -
| *č- or *ś-?
|- style="background:#A0FFA0"
! colspan="10"| TBS: Rest
|-
| ""
| || || || || || || || ||
|-
| ""
| || || || || || || || ||
|-
| "son-in-law"
| *vävvü ||style="color:red"| '''*vīvɤ''' || Mk. ''ov'' || '''*wiŋə''' || - || vöö || - || W *weeŋ ~ E '''wooŋ''' || '''*weŋü'''
|-
| "younger male relat."
| - || *lāvē || - || - || - || - || N '''leekʷ''' || style="color:green"| *ľööɣii || -
| Kh *ɬööɣ "slave" probs not here
|-
| "sap"
| - || *ālē || - || - || - || - || '''*iľ''', Tv '''oľ''' || W '''*eɭə(ɣ)''' ~ V '''öɭ''' || '''*ï/ülə'''
| Cf. "cambium"
|-
| "to burn"
| - || - || - || #Iŋä- || K. ɨń || eeg- || - || *jääŋ(L)əL- || -
| *äŋə-
|-
| "raspberry"
| - || - || *ińəźəŋ || Me. (eŋ)əž ~ Hi. (əŋg)əž || U. (em)edź ~ K. (ɤm)edź || - || - || *-ääńć || -
| Probs a compound also in Ma. (← eŋa- ~ əŋgä- 'to burn'?), P.
|-
| "don't"
| *älä || '''ɤlēk''' || '''iľa(k)''' || - || - || - || Tv äl / '''wil, ul''' || *ääL || (#i)
| much irregular. very analogy
|-
| "child; young"
| - || - || *ejď || - || - || i-fjú || - || *ääj || -
|-
| "porridge"
| '''*rokka''' || - || - || - || '''*rook''' || - || W raɣt, *räk- || *rook, *rääk ||
| *rokka ~ *rekkä??
|-
| "hill"
| *kääp(p)ä || - || - || - || - || - || *käp || - || -
| F. may be ← B.
|-
| "palm"
| N *kämmen, S *kämmäl || - || - || - || - || - || - || *köömən || -
| S. *keamë- ← F.
|-
| "hard"
| *kämä || - || '''kemä''' || - || - || kemeeń || - || - || *kom?
|-
| "small bird"
| - || - || - || *kaj (?!) || - || - || So. koj || Kaz. kuj || Mt, Tv kai "goose"
|-
| "spear, spit"
| - ||style="color:red"| '''*sńipčō''' || - || *jɤpš || *jooć/ś || - || - || *jii₂pəs || '''*japsə'''
| Ma (++?) cf. Trk?
|-
| "belt"
| || || || || *jee || || || || *jiəj ?
| Cf. "vyö"
|-
| "juniper"
| *kataka || *kɤsŋɤs; *koaccēvē "needle" || - || "MRS" kož || K. kač || - || *kääš- || - || -
| F. from *kača "resin" (vs. S. *kāssē "wax" < G?), or B.?
|-
| "blood"
| - || *kēlō- || - || - || - || - || ''*keel(ə)p'' || *käLə- ? || Ne. śelw-
| NS also kīlu-
|-
| "tail; back"
| '''*häntä''' || *cɤ/īckɤ || - || - || - || - || *šiš || '''*čönč''' || -
| best *e
|-
| "otter"
| NF? *hähkä || - || - || - || - || - || - || - || Sk. töötə
| Ma. šä/aškə ← Trk.
|-
| "string"
| Fi. jänni || - || - || - || - || - || - || Vj jönää ~ W *jen || -
| Bad (prob variants of *jäntə)
|-
| "wagtail"
| #västɜräkkɜ || - || *uśkəŕəj || - || - || - || *wärćək || *we/örćək || -
| S. #peštōr ← Kar. ''päistärikko''
|-
| "animal hair"
| - || - || - || '''*wäjä''' || - || - || - || - || Ne. #ẃeići
|-
| "to help"
| - || - || Er. '''čaŋgoďe-''' || - || - || šegiit- || - || - || -
| *č-ŋk-nt-, but wtf vowels?
|-
| "to pull, lead"
| '''*vetä-''' || - || *väďa- ~ *väťa- || #wi/üðe- || - || vezet- || - || - || -
|better *ä than *e? also cf. Er. ''viťi-''
|-
| "net"
| - || - || - || *wäpte-/əš || *vötes || - || - || - || -
|-
| "trap"
| - ||style="color:red"| ''*šeaššē'' || - || ? ''*ćüćäš'' || - || - || *seesəɣ || - || -
| but Ma. ← *ćüće- 'to dig' (MaWb)
|-
| "hard sno"
| - || *čiekɤr || - || - || - || - || CMs #ćAɣr || '''*ćaɣər''' ||style="color:red"| #käkar
| probably rather TN śexer, Km šëër ← OU
|-
| "to kick, jump"
| - || *čēkčɤ- || - || '''*ćükće-''' || *ćekćɨ- || - || - || - || -
|-
| ""
| || || || || || || || ||
|-
| ""
| || || || || || || || ||
|- style="background:#A0FFA0"
! colspan="10"| Rejectable
|-
| "to ruminate"
| *märeh(ti-) || style="color:red"| ''*smērēcē-'' || - || - || *roməćtɨ- || - || - || - ||
| P. probably better ← II *raumantH-
|-
| "chin"
| - || - || - || - || ''*aŋ'' || || '''*eeɣən''' ||style="color:green"| *ääɣəɳ || *aŋ
| OUg better ~ *jekən, Smy ← *aŋ 'mouth' < *oŋə
|-
| "cereal"
| - || - || - || *šeðäŋə || K. *šoogdi || e(e)d || - || *ɬäänt || -
| H+Kh < *sewə-ntä
|-
| "weak"
| - || - || - || '''*läńćərä''' || K. ľić || - || - || style="color:green"| ''*ɭääsək'' || -
| Medials inconsistent, Ma unetymological (better < *lańśə 'soft'?)
|-
| "weasel"
| - || - || - || - || U. jurmek || - || - || - || Sk. ńärmäk
| *je- ~ *ńä-?!
|-
| "to go"
| - || - || - || - || - || üldöz- || *jäl- || VVj jel- || -
| OU better < *elä-
|-
| "berry stew"
| - || - || - || - || K. ľaz(j-) || - || - || *lüüs || -
| Zero phonetic match
|-
| "tip of nose"
| - || *tīŋɤ || - || - || - || - || - || - || TNe tɨna
| *ŋ ~ *n? *ī ~ *ï?
|-
| "leather ~ bark"
| - || *čɤvtē || - || - || - || - || - || - ||style="color:red"| *käpti
|-
| "to turn"
| '''*kääntä-''' || - || - || - || *kož- || - || - || - || -
|-
| "hill"
| - || '''*tēvā''' || - || - || K. di || - || - || - || -
| S. uninheritable
|}

Proto-Uralic/I

2018-12-16T22:28:42Z

Tropylium: move

{|
|- style="background:#FFA0A0"
! Lexeme
! [[Finnish|Finnic]] !! [[Proto-Samic|Samic]] !! [[Mordvinic|Mordv.]] !! [[Mari]] !! [[Permic]] !! [[Hungarian|Hung.]] !! [[Mansi]] !! [[Khanty]] !! [[Proto-Samoyedic|Samoy.]]
! Comments
|- style="background:#A0FFA0"
! colspan="10"| *i_ə = std. PU *i_i (F *i_i, S *ɤ_ɤ, Mo *e, P *i, Ms *ä, Kh *ee, Smy *i)
| old cases mostly *CVCV(CV)?
|-
| "to suck"
| *ime- || ńɤmɤ- || - || - || K. ńim- || ëm- || - || *eem- || *ńim-, *əm-
| Two variants *imə-, *ńimə-
|-
| "stone"
| *kivi || - || kev || *küj || U. ''kɤ'' ~ K. ki || köö : köve- || *käw || *kööɣ || -
|-
| "year ring"
| ''*süü'' || '''*sēvɤ''' || - || *šĭja || *si || - || *täw || - || *tiə
| *siwə?
|-
| "name"
| *nimi || *nɤmɤ || style="color:red"| *ľem || style="color:red"| ''*lü̆m'' || style="color:green"| *ńim || style="color:green"| neev : neve- || *nämə || *neem || *nim
| Cf. IE; PBS *inmen-
|-
| "long"
| *pit-kä || - || - || - || - || fël-, '''föl-''' || *pälit || '''*peL-''' || *pir-
|-
| "tooth, flint"
| *pii || - || pej || *püj || *piń || '''fog''' || *päŋk || *pööŋk || ''*pəj''
| S. *pānē probly unrelated. Smy. cf. *suŋə > *təŋ
|-
| "hedgehog"
| *siili || - || *śejəľ || Hi. šülə ~ Me. '''šulo''' || - || †sül || '''"soule"''' || - || -
| *śixələ, ix > iw > ü in H?
|-
| "ceiling space"
| *sii- || - || - || - || *śig || - || - || '''*siiŋ''' || '''*seŋ'''
|-
| "last"
| *vii- || - || - || - || - || veeg || - || - || -
|-
| "to kill"
| - || *fɤðō- "to beat" || - || - || *vijɨ- || öl- || *äl- || *weeL- ||
| H+Ms *wi- > *ü-. S. *vɤlē- "jump" to be excluded.
|-
| "to scrape"
| - || - || - || - || *ńir- || ńiir(o)- || - || - || Ne. ńira-
|-
| "cloud"
| *pilvi || *pɤlvɤ || peľ || *pĭl ||style="color:green"| *piľ- || felhöö || - || style="color:red"| ''*peLəŋ'' || -
| Kh. *e / _CC?
|-
| "to smell"
| - || KiT *lɤkɤ || - || - || - || - || - || Vj ɭööɣ- || -
|-
| "connecting river"
| - || - || - || ''*wiš'' || *vis(k-) || *äɣt || - || - || -
| StUE4. Ms *wi- > *ü-.
|-
| "tongs"
| *pihti || *pɤstɤ || peš || - || K. '''peš''' || - || - || - || -
|-
| "new"
| *nükü || - || Er. ńej ~ Mk. ni || - || *ni || - || - || - || -
| *i-ü > *ü-ü in F.
|-
| "to stay"
| *püsü- || - || *pezə- || '''pižä-''' || - || - || - || - || -
| *i-ü > *ü-ü in F.
|-
| ""
| || || || || || || || ||
|-
| "visible"
| *ilmi || *ɤlmɤ || - || - || - || - || - || - || -
| ← *ilma
|-
| "wonder"
| *imeh || *ɤmɤs || - || - || - || - || - || - || -
| ← B?
|-
| "5"
| style="color:red"| *viici || style="color:red"| *vītɤ || *veťɜ ||style="color:green"| *vĭć || *vit || öt(ö-) || *ät || *weet || *wü(ə)t
| *wittə, H+Ms+Smy *wi- > *(w)ü-. FS *wiitə by analogy with *kuutə 'six'?
|-
| "gadfly"
| - || - || - || - || - || - || *päləm || *peeLəm || #pil-
|-
| "to pull"
| - || - || - || - || - || ńer- || *ńär-əmt- || *ńeer- || -
| CMs *ńä- > *ńi-
|- style="background:#A0FFA0"
! colspan="10"| Permic *ɨ (default in non-palatal environs?)
|-
| "mouse"
| *hiiri || - || *šeŋəŕ || - || ''*šɨr'' || '''egeer''' : '''egere-''' || *täŋkər || *ɬööŋkər || -
|-
| "behind"
| *möö- || *mɤŋē || mej- || Hi məŋge ~ Me '''möŋgö''' || K. ''mɨ-śt'' || mëg || CMs *män-t || - || -
| F *iwä > *üwä > *öö
|-
| "illness"
| *kitu- || - || - || - || ''*kɨž'' || - || - || ''*kečə'' || -
|-
| "prop"
| - || - ||style="color:red"| *ńežə- || - || K. ''mɨdž'' || - || E määs || ''*me₂č'' || -
| Fi. nyde better < *nüðə
|-
| "conifer branch"
| - || - || - || *lüjəš || ''*lɨs(k-)'' || - || - || style="color:red"| *leepəs || -
|-
| "to fly"
| - || - || - || - || K ''šɨlgɨ-'' || - || '''*tiɣl-''' || ''*ɬe₁ɣəL-'' || *tij-
| Or Ms *tiiɣl-? Pel. /tēl-/
|-
| "to bathe"
| - || - || - || - || ''*pɨlaś-'' || style="color:red"| '''*fürö-''' || *päɣl- || *pööɣəL- || -
| But cf. F. *külpe- (metathesis < *pülkə-??)
|-
| "rise (of water)"
| - || - || - || - || K. ''ɨt-va'' || - || - || *eepət- || -
|-
| "spark"
| *kipen-- || *kɤpɤ || - || - || K. ''*kɨń'' || - || - || - || -
| S "gunk, cover", semantics?? F also ''*küben''
|-
| "threshing ground"
| *riihi || - || - || - || U. '''inšɨr''' ~ K. ''rɨnɨš'' || - || - || - || -
| E. '''rehi'''. Gmc (''Riege'' etc) ← F.
|-
| "thick; big"
| - || - || *ečkɜ || - || K. ''*ɨdžɨt'' || - || - || - || -
| medials?
|- style="background:#A0FFA0"
! colspan="10"| Samic *ī-ɤ
|-
| "to soften"
| - || *tīnɤ- || - || - || - || - || *tim- *tintəl- || *tentəL- || -
| StUE4
|-
| "coal"
| - || *čīnɤ || - || - || - || seen : sene- || - || - || -
| Or H. < *ćänä "tinder"
|-
| "smell"
| - || *cīvnɤ || *čijńɜ || - || - || - || - || - || -
| *čixə-nə?
|- style="background:#A0FFA0"
! colspan="10"| Std. PU *i_a (*i_ä) > similar except P ??
|-
| "eye"
| *silmä || *čɤlmē || *śeľmɜ || *s/šinzä || ''*śin(m-)'' || sëm || style="color:green"| *šäm || *seem || *səjmä
|-
| "father; big"
| *isä || *ɤčē || Mk. '''oćä''' || *ĭźa || - || öös || *äćə || - || style="color:red"| '''*äjsä'''
| Contam. of *äjjä + *iśä in Smy? Mk from ''oću'' "big" < *ićäw (cf. F. *isoi)?
|-
| "to appear"
| *itä- || style="color:red"| *ɤcé- || - || - || - || - || *ätər- || *eet- || *ətä-
| Cf. IE *ǵīd-
|-
| "(to) smell"
| - || ɤpsē- || Mk '''opəś''' || *üpš ||style="color:red"| K. isk- || ''iiz(e-)'' || *ät(ə)- || *eepəL || *əptə-
|-
| "to cover"
| *pint-eh || - || - || - || *'''pod''' || fëd- || *pänt- || *peent- || -
|-
| "deep; calm"
| *tüveni || *tɤvē || - || *tüɣə || - || - || *täwənt || *teeɣən || -
| F. *i > ü / _wä. Also: *süvä?
|-
| "knife"
| - || - || - ||style="color:red"| ''kü̆źə'' || - || keeš || *käšV || *kööčəɣ || -
|-
| "fir; pine"
| - || - || - ||style="color:red"| Hi tɤrke || - || - || *tärəɣ || N. teexər || -
| OU metathesis discrepancy. *tirKə-ka?!
|-
| "to hit"
| - || - || *keŕV- || *kĭre- || *köral- || - || Tv kär- || - || -
|-
| "sky"
| - || - || *meńəľ || - || - || mëńń || - || - || -
| *e_ə possible. H. *ńl > ńń
|-
| "crowd"
| - || *vɤlvē || *veľɜ || *-wəlä || - || - || - || - || -
|-
| "slanted"
| *vino || *vɤńē || Er veńaža || - || - || - || - || - || -
|-
| "trap"
| *rita || *rɤtē || - || style="color:red"| *lüðe || K. *ri || - || - || - || -
|-
| "to stick"
| *pistä- || *pɤstē- || - || Hi. '''pište-''' ~ Me. pɤšte- || - || - || - || - || -
| *pis-tä-, cf. "to stay"
|-
| "more, to add"
| *lisä || *lɤsē || *ľezɜ || - || - || - || - || - || -
|-
| "rowan"
| *pihlä || - || '''*piźəl''' ||style="color:red"| *pĭzlə || U. '''paledź''' ~ K. '''pelɨź''' || - || *päćər || ''*pećər'' || -
|-
| ""
| || || || || || || || ||
|- style="background:#A0FFA0"
! colspan="10"| Loans (NB Mo. *i-a > *ə-a > *∅-a!)
|-
| "place"
| *sija || *sɤjē || - || - || - || - || - || - || -
| ← Gmc *stīja-
|-
| ""
| *hiici || *sijtɤ || - || - || - || - || - || - || (Sk *tiitə)
| ← Gmc *sīdōn
|-
| "office, position"
| *virka || *vīrkē || - || - || - || - || - || - || -
| ← Gmc. *wirkja-; F. *virka "sign" ← B. *virge-. Nen. ẃārkā (< *wärkä) "to lasso" doesn't belong
|-
| "good"
| *hüvä || *sɤvē || - || - || - || - || - || - || -
| ← Ir *šiva. Mo ''*čiva'' independantly. MaPH ''šuŋɜ'' "healthy" = different
|-
| "belt"
| *hihna || - || *kšna || *šü̆štə || - || - || - || - || -
| ← B. *šikšna
|-
| "wax"
| - || - || *kšta || *šištə || U śuś ~ K śiś || - || - || - || -
| ← II
|-
| "sand"
| *liiva || - || - || - || U. luo ~ K. lɨva || - || - ||style="color:green"| *ɭowi || -
| B ^ F → P → Kh
|- style="background:#A0FFA0"
! colspan="10"| Samic *ī_ē
|-
| "breast"
| *nisä || *ńīńčē || || || || || || || *ńimsä-
| *ńimə-śä? S. *i > *ī also before palatals? (not in *mińa)
|-
| "inside; breast"
| *sisä- || *čīńčē || style="color:red"| *seźəm || *ćĭźə || - || sü(ü)ɟ; čëč || N śiś || E ťuťi || *sünsə
| Cf. the previous
|-
| "little bird"
| - || *cīcē- || - || - || K. džɨdž || - || - || *čii₂nč || *sinsä-
| Onomatopoetic?
|-
| "to let go"
| - || *tīptē- || tuvto- || - || - || - || - || - || -
| cf. *tejə ??
|-
| "sno, frost"
| - || *rīnē || - || *rün || - || - || - || - || -
|-
| "grandmother"
| - || *īmē || - || - || - || - || - || *ii₁mə || #imä
|-
| "frost"
| - || *pīcē || - ||style="color:red"| '''*pöršə''' || '''*puuž''' || - || - || '''*paačəm''' || -
| Most better *pëčə
|-
| "to run, jump"
| - || - || - || - || - || üüz- || *it(ɣəl-) || *ii₁t- || -
|-
| ""
| || || || || || || || ||
|-
| ""
| || || || || || || || ||
|- style="background:#A0FFA0"
! colspan="10"| Permic ''e'' ~ ''o''
|-
| "daughter-in-law"
| *miniä || *mɤńē || - || - || U. -meń ~ K. mooń || mëń || *mäńə || *meeń || '''*mäńä'''
|-
| "to rut"
| ''*kej-ma, *kii-ma'' || *kīkɤ- || - || - || U. kemdžɨ- ~ K. koj || ''kej-, höö'' || *käj- || *kööj- || -
| *kixə ? S. *kēj-mē- ← F.
|-
| "to rip"
| *kisko- || *kɤškō- || Er. '''śkiŕa-''' ~ Mk. '''kəśkəŕa-''' || - || U. keś- ~ K. koś- || ''kiišaal-'' || E '''*küštəl-''' || '''*kös-''' || -
| OU *ü? H. also ''köszvény'' "gout". Cf. [[Proto-Uralic/new|*kïčkə-]]
|- style="background:#A0FFA0"
! colspan="10"| TBS: FP only
|-
| "to tear"
| *riicu- || *rīččō- || - || - || *reź- || - || - || - || -
|-
| "fang"
| - || *čɤlā- ||style="color:red"| ćilä || - || - || - || - || - || -
|-
| "sweet"
| *imelä || N amiidi || - || - || '''*juumol''' || - || - || - || -
| F better ← "to suck"
|-
| "slanted"
| ''*vita'' || - || vaša- || Hi. wočɤk ~ Me. wažɤk || U '''vož''' ~ K *veež || - || - || - || -
| P. "intersection"
|-
| "to press"
| *liccat- || - || - || *ləźərte- ~ "JU" lazerte- || K. ľićkɨ- || - || - || - || -
|-
| "scoop; board"
| *lippVj || - || Er. ľipuža ~ Mk. ľebža || - || - || - || - || - || -
|-
| "yarn"
| - || - || - || *šü̆rtə || '''*šort''' || - || - || - || -
| Or *ü
|-
| "whole"
| - || - || - || *ćĭl'''ä''' || *ćɨl || - || - || - || -
| Or *ü?
|- style="background:#A0FFA0"
! colspan="10"| TBS: East only
|-
| "fire"
| - || - || - || - || - || tüüz : tüze- || *tääwət || *töɣət || -
| ? *tiwätə, or *ü with SMs irregular?
|-
| "quiver"
| - || - || - || - || - ||style="color:red"| tëgëz || *täwət || '''*tii₁ɣət''' || -
| Possibly *-ŋ-.
|-
| "doe; mother"
| - || - || - || - || - || üsöö || - || *ees || -
|-
| "to shine"
| - || - || - || - || - || šüt- || šit- || - || -
| better *čekt-?
|- style="background:#A0FFA0"
! colspan="10"| TBS: rest
|-
| "son-in-law"
| '''*vävvü''' || '''*vīvɤ''' || ''ov'' || Hi. wiŋgə ~ Me. '''weŋə''' || - || vöö || - || *wööŋ || *wi²ŋə
| Analogy in F from *kälü "daughter-in-law", loaned to S before that? Smy *we-?
|-
| "knee ~ elbow"
| - || - || - || - || *pidźəs || - || *päs || - || -
|-
| "to tear"
| - || *ńɤckē- || - || - || K. ńečkɨ- || ńeš- || - || E ''ńeć-'' ||
|-
| ""
| || || || || || || || ||
|-
| "dark"
| *pimeðä || - || - || - || *peľmɨt || - || - || - || *pəjmətä
| *-d₂m- ? cf. Smy. #pij "dark"
|-
| "to unhair"
| - || *nɤvē- || ńeveľe/ila- || - || - || - || ''nä/oɣt-'' || style="color:green"| '''*ɳaaw-''' || '''*nïŋkə-'''
| F. nivo- ← S.
|-
| "to sho"
| Es. viisA- || - || - || - || U. vodź- ~ K. vidź- || viɟaaz- || - || - || -
| Cf. Gmc?
|-
| "narro"
| - || - || ťäj- || - || - || - || - || - || #täj-
| Better *ä
|-
| "decking"
| - || - || - || - || K. tis(k)a || - || - || - || *tät
| better *täskə?
|-
| "grave"
| - || - || - || *šüɣer || - || style="color:red"| ''šee/iir(o-)'', †seyr || - || - || -
|-
| "to run; to hurry"
| - || - || Er. čije- || - || - || style="color:red"| šiet- || *ćiɣ 'time' || - || -
| source for Ms?? Better *e-ä
|-
| "sleigh belt"
| - || *čɤnɤ || - || - || - || - || - || - || Ne. śān
| ← IE?
|-
| "to moov"
| *liikku- || - || - || - || - || - || *luk-, *läkʷ- || style="color:red"| *ɬok- || *ləkə-
|-
| "peg"
| - || *cɤŋkē || - || - || *čög || čegeľ || - || - || -
| Or S ~ *tüŋkä
|-
| "gums"
| *igen || - || - || - || *aŋ || iiń(e-) || - || - || -
| Better *jEkəń(ə); add OUg
|-
| "evening"
| *ilta || - || Mk. iľä || - || - || - || - || W *iiLaaj || -
| better *je-?
|-
| "son"
| - || - || - || *iɣə || - || - || - || N. jiix (!) || Sk. ii
|-
| "this / that / it"
| *se : *sii- || - || *śä "this" *śijä "there" || '''*seðe''' || - || - || - || *ćii₁ || style="color:red"| '''*kä(tɜ)'''
|-
| "I"
| *minä : *minu-|| '''*mon''' || '''*mon''' || *mĭńə₂ || *mön || (een : engëm) || (*äm) || *mää(n) || *mə̈n
|-
| ""
| || || || || || || || ||
|}

Proto-Uralic/I

2018-12-16T17:35:30Z

Tropylium:

{|
|- style="background:#FFA0A0"
! Lexeme
! [[Finnish|Finnic]] !! [[Proto-Samic|Samic]] !! [[Mordvinic|Mordv.]] !! [[Mari]] !! [[Permic]] !! [[Hungarian|Hung.]] !! [[Mansi]] !! [[Khanty]] !! [[Proto-Samoyedic|Samoy.]]
! Comments
|- style="background:#A0FFA0"
! colspan="10"| *i_ə = std. PU *i_i (F *i_i, S *ɤ_ɤ, Mo *e, P *i, Ms *ä, Kh *ee, Smy *i)
| old cases mostly *CVCV(CV)?
|-
| "to suck"
| *ime- || ńɤmɤ- || - || - || K. ńim- || ëm- || - || *eem- || *ńim-, *əm-
| Two variants *imə-, *ńimə-
|-
| "stone"
| *kivi || - || kev || *küj || U. ''kɤ'' ~ K. ki || köö : köve- || *käw || *kööɣ || -
|-
| "year ring"
| ''*süü'' || '''*sēvɤ''' || - || *šĭja || *si || - || *täw || - || *tiə
| *siwə?
|-
| "name"
| *nimi || *nɤmɤ || style="color:red"| *ľem || style="color:red"| ''*lü̆m'' || style="color:green"| *ńim || style="color:green"| neev : neve- || *nämə || *neem || *nim
| Cf. IE; PBS *inmen-
|-
| "long"
| *pit-kä || - || - || - || - || fël-, '''föl-''' || *pälit || '''*peL-''' || *pir-
|-
| "tooth, flint"
| *pii || - || pej || *püj || *piń || '''fog''' || *päŋk || *pööŋk || ''*pəj''
| S. *pānē probly unrelated. Smy. cf. *suŋə > *təŋ
|-
| "hedgehog"
| *siili || - || *śejəľ || Hi. šülə ~ Me. '''šulo''' || - || †sül || '''"soule"''' || - || -
| *śixələ, ix > iw > ü in H?
|-
| "ceiling space"
| *sii- || - || - || - || *śig || - || - || '''*siiŋ''' || '''*seŋ'''
|-
| "last"
| *vii- || - || - || - || - || veeg || - || - || -
|-
| "to kill"
| - || *fɤðō- "to beat" || - || - || *vijɨ- || öl- || *äl- || *weeL- ||
| H+Ms *wi- > *ü-. S. *vɤlē- "jump" to be excluded.
|-
| "to scrape"
| - || - || - || - || *ńir- || ńiir(o)- || - || - || Ne. ńira-
|-
| "cloud"
| *pilvi || *pɤlvɤ || peľ || *pĭl ||style="color:green"| *piľ- || felhöö || - || style="color:red"| ''*peLəŋ'' || -
| Kh. *e / _CC?
|-
| "to smell"
| - || KiT *lɤkɤ || - || - || - || - || - || Vj ɭööɣ- || -
|-
| "connecting river"
| - || - || - || ''*wiš'' || *vis(k-) || *äɣt || - || - || -
| StUE4. Ms *wi- > *ü-.
|-
| "tongs"
| *pihti || *pɤstɤ || peš || - || K. '''peš''' || - || - || - || -
|-
| "new"
| *nükü || - || Er. ńej ~ Mk. ni || - || *ni || - || - || - || -
| *i-ü > *ü-ü in F.
|-
| "to stay"
| *püsü- || - || *pezə- || '''pižä-''' || - || - || - || - || -
| *i-ü > *ü-ü in F.
|-
| ""
| || || || || || || || ||
|-
| "visible"
| *ilmi || *ɤlmɤ || - || - || - || - || - || - || -
| ← *ilma
|-
| "wonder"
| *imeh || *ɤmɤs || - || - || - || - || - || - || -
| ← B?
|-
| "5"
| style="color:red"| *viici || style="color:red"| *vītɤ || *veťɜ ||style="color:green"| *vĭć || *vit || öt(ö-) || *ät || *weet || *wü(ə)t
| *wittə, H+Ms+Smy *wi- > *(w)ü-. FS *wiitə by analogy with *kuutə 'six'?
|-
| "gadfly"
| - || - || - || - || - || - || *päləm || *peeLəm || #pil-
|-
| "to pull"
| - || - || - || - || - || ńer- || *ńär-əmt- || *ńeer- || -
| CMs *ńä- > *ńi-
|- style="background:#A0FFA0"
! colspan="10"| Permic *ɨ (default in non-palatal environs?)
|-
| "mouse"
| *hiiri || - || *šeŋəŕ || - || ''*šɨr'' || '''egeer''' : '''egere-''' || *täŋkər || *ɬööŋkər || -
|-
| "behind"
| *möö- || *mɤŋē || mej- || Hi məŋge ~ Me '''möŋgö''' || K. ''mɨ-śt'' || mëg || CMs *män-t || - || -
| F *iwä > *üwä > *öö
|-
| "illness"
| *kitu- || - || - || - || ''*kɨž'' || - || - || ''*kečə'' || -
|-
| "prop"
| - || - ||style="color:red"| *ńežə- || - || K. ''mɨdž'' || - || E määs || ''*me₂č'' || -
| Fi. nyde better < *nüðə
|-
| "conifer branch"
| - || - || - || *lüjəš || ''*lɨs(k-)'' || - || - || style="color:red"| *leepəs || -
|-
| "to fly"
| - || - || - || - || K ''šɨlgɨ-'' || - || '''*tiɣl-''' || ''*ɬe₁ɣəL-'' || *tij-
| Or Ms *tiiɣl-? Pel. /tēl-/
|-
| "to bathe"
| - || - || - || - || ''*pɨlaś-'' || style="color:red"| '''*fürö-''' || *päɣl- || *pööɣəL- || -
| But cf. F. *külpe- (metathesis < *pülkə-??)
|-
| "rise (of water)"
| - || - || - || - || K. ''ɨt-va'' || - || - || *eepət- || -
|-
| "spark"
| *kipen-- || *kɤpɤ || - || - || K. ''*kɨń'' || - || - || - || -
| S "gunk, cover", semantics?? F also ''*küben''
|-
| "threshing ground"
| *riihi || - || - || - || U. '''inšɨr''' ~ K. ''rɨnɨš'' || - || - || - || -
| E. '''rehi'''. Gmc (''Riege'' etc) ← F.
|-
| "thick; big"
| - || - || *ečkɜ || - || K. ''*ɨdžɨt'' || - || - || - || -
| medials?
|- style="background:#A0FFA0"
! colspan="10"| Samic *ī-ɤ
|-
| "to soften"
| - || *tīnɤ- || - || - || - || - || *tim- *tintəl- || *tentəL- || -
| StUE4
|-
| "coal"
| - || *čīnɤ || - || - || - || seen : sene- || - || - || -
| Or H. < *ćänä "tinder"
|-
| "smell"
| - || *cīvnɤ || *čijńɜ || - || - || - || - || - || -
| *čixə-nə?
|- style="background:#A0FFA0"
! colspan="10"| Std. PU *i_a (*i_ä) > similar except P ??
|-
| "eye"
| *silmä || *čɤlmē || *śeľmɜ || *s/šinzä || ''*śin(m-)'' || sëm || style="color:green"| *šäm || *seem || *səjmä
|-
| "father; big"
| *isä || *ɤčē || Mk. '''oćä''' || *ĭźa || - || öös || *äćə || - || style="color:red"| '''*äjsä'''
| Contam. of *äjjä + *iśä in Smy? Mk from ''oću'' "big" < *ićäw (cf. F. *isoi)?
|-
| "to appear"
| *itä- || style="color:red"| *ɤcé- || - || - || - || - || *ätər- || *eet- || *ətä-
| Cf. IE *ǵīd-
|-
| "(to) smell"
| - || ɤpsē- || Mk '''opəś''' || *üpš ||style="color:red"| K. isk- || ''iiz(e-)'' || *ät(ə)- || *eepəL || *əptə-
|-
| "to cover"
| *pint-eh || - || - || - || *'''pod''' || fëd- || *pänt- || *peent- || -
|-
| "deep; calm"
| *tüveni || *tɤvē || - || *tüɣə || - || - || *täwənt || *teeɣən || -
| F. *i > ü / _wä. Also: *süvä?
|-
| "knife"
| - || - || - ||style="color:red"| ''kü̆źə'' || - || keeš || *käšV || *kööčəɣ || -
|-
| "fir; pine"
| - || - || - ||style="color:red"| Hi tɤrke || - || - || *tärəɣ || N. teexər || -
| OU metathesis discrepancy. *tirKə-ka?!
|-
| "to hit"
| - || - || *keŕV- || *kĭre- || *köral- || - || Tv kär- || - || -
|-
| "sky"
| - || - || *meńəľ || - || - || mëńń || - || - || -
| *e_ə possible. H. *ńl > ńń
|-
| "crowd"
| - || *vɤlvē || *veľɜ || *-wəlä || - || - || - || - || -
|-
| "slanted"
| *vino || *vɤńē || Er veńaža || - || - || - || - || - || -
|-
| "trap"
| *rita || *rɤtē || - || style="color:red"| *lüðe || K. *ri || - || - || - || -
|-
| "to stick"
| *pistä- || *pɤstē- || - || Hi. '''pište-''' ~ Me. pɤšte- || - || - || - || - || -
| *pis-tä-, cf. "to stay"
|-
| "more, to add"
| *lisä || *lɤsē || *ľezɜ || - || - || - || - || - || -
|-
| "rowan"
| *pihlä || - || '''*piźəl''' ||style="color:red"| *pĭzlə || U. '''paledź''' ~ K. '''pelɨź''' || - || *päćər || ''*pećər'' || -
|-
| ""
| || || || || || || || ||
|- style="background:#A0FFA0"
! colspan="10"| Loans (NB Mo. *i-a > *ə-a > *∅-a!)
|-
| "place"
| *sija || *sɤjē || - || - || - || - || - || - || -
| ← Gmc *stīja-
|-
| ""
| *hiici || *sijtɤ || - || - || - || - || - || - || (Sk *tiitə)
| ← Gmc *sīdōn
|-
| "office, position"
| *virka || *vīrkē || - || - || - || - || - || - || -
| ← Gmc. *wirkja-; F. *virka "sign" ← B. *virge-. Nen. ẃārkā (< *wärkä) "to lasso" doesn't belong
|-
| "good"
| *hüvä || *sɤvē || - || - || - || - || - || - || -
| ← Ir *šiva. Mo ''*čiva'' independantly. MaPH ''šuŋɜ'' "healthy" = different
|-
| "belt"
| *hihna || - || *kšna || *šü̆štə || - || - || - || - || -
| ← B. *šikšna
|-
| "wax"
| - || - || *kšta || *šištə || U śuś ~ K śiś || - || - || - || -
| ← II
|-
| "sand"
| *liiva || - || - || - || U. luo ~ K. lɨva || - || - ||style="color:green"| *ɭowi || -
| B ^ F → P → Kh
|- style="background:#A0FFA0"
! colspan="10"| Samic *ī_ē
|-
| "breast"
| *nisä || *ńīńčē || || || || || || || *ńimsä-
| *ńimə-śä? S. *i > *ī also before palatals? (not in *mińa)
|-
| "inside; breast"
| *sisä- || *čīńčē || style="color:red"| *seźəm || *ćĭźə || - || sü(ü)ɟ; čëč || N śiś || E ťuťi || *sünsə
| Cf. the previous
|-
| "little bird"
| - || *cīcē- || - || - || K. džɨdž || - || - || *čii₂nč || *sinsä-
| Onomatopoetic?
|-
| "to let go"
| - || *tīptē- || tuvto- || - || - || - || - || - || -
| cf. *tejə ??
|-
| "sno, frost"
| - || *rīnē || - || *rün || - || - || - || - || -
|-
| "grandmother"
| - || *īmē || - || - || - || - || - || *ii₁mə || #imä
|-
| "frost"
| - || *pīcē || - ||style="color:red"| '''*pöršə''' || '''*puuž''' || - || - || '''*paačəm''' || -
| Most better *pëčə
|-
| "to run, jump"
| - || - || - || - || - || üüz- || *it(ɣəl-) || *ii₁t- || -
|-
| ""
| || || || || || || || ||
|-
| ""
| || || || || || || || ||
|- style="background:#A0FFA0"
! colspan="10"| Permic ''e'' ~ ''o''
|-
| "daughter-in-law"
| *miniä || *mɤńē || - || - || U. -meń ~ K. mooń || mëń || *mäńə || *meeń || '''*mäńä'''
|-
| "to rut"
| ''*kej-ma, *kii-ma'' || *kīkɤ- || - || - || U. kemdžɨ- ~ K. koj || ''kej-, höö'' || *käj- || *kööj- || -
| *kixə ? S. *kēj-mē- ← F.
|-
| "to rip"
| *kisko- || *kɤškō- || Er. '''śkiŕa-''' ~ Mk. '''kəśkəŕa-''' || - || U. keś- ~ K. koś- || ''kiišaal-'' || E '''*küštəl-''' || '''*kös-''' || -
| OU *ü? H. also ''köszvény'' "gout". Cf. [[Proto-Uralic/new|*kïčkə-]]
|- style="background:#A0FFA0"
! colspan="10"| TBS: FP only
|-
| "to tear"
| *riicu- || *rīččō- || - || - || *reź- || - || - || - || -
|-
| "fang"
| - || *čɤlā- ||style="color:red"| ćilä || - || - || - || - || - || -
|-
| "sweet"
| *imelä || N amiidi || - || - || '''*juumol''' || - || - || - || -
| F better ← "to suck"
|-
| "slanted"
| ''*vita'' || - || vaša- || Hi. wočɤk ~ Me. wažɤk || U '''vož''' ~ K *veež || - || - || - || -
| P. "intersection"
|-
| "to press"
| *liccat- || - || - || *ləźərte- ~ "JU" lazerte- || K. ľićkɨ- || - || - || - || -
|-
| "scoop; board"
| *lippVj || - || Er. ľipuža ~ Mk. ľebža || - || - || - || - || - || -
|-
| "yarn"
| - || - || - || *šü̆rtə || '''*šort''' || - || - || - || -
| Or *ü
|-
| "whole"
| - || - || - || *ćĭl'''ä''' || *ćɨl || - || - || - || -
| Or *ü?
|- style="background:#A0FFA0"
! colspan="10"| TBS: East only
|-
| "fire"
| - || - || - || - || - || tüüz : tüze- || *tääwət || *töɣət || -
| ? *tiwätə, or *ü with SMs irregular?
|-
| "quiver"
| - || - || - || - || - ||style="color:red"| tëgëz || *täwət || '''*tii₁ɣət''' || -
| Possibly *-ŋ-.
|-
| "doe; mother"
| - || - || - || - || - || üsöö || - || *ees || -
|-
| "to shine"
| - || - || - || - || - || šüt- || šit- || - || -
| better *čekt-?
|- style="background:#A0FFA0"
! colspan="10"| TBS: rest
|-
| "son-in-law"
| '''*vävvü''' || '''*vīvɤ''' || ''ov'' || Hi. wiŋgə ~ Me. '''weŋə''' || - || vöö || - || *wööŋ || *wi²ŋə
| Analogy in F from *kälü "daughter-in-law", loaned to S before that? Smy *we-?
|-
| "knee ~ elbow"
| - || - || - || - || *pidźəs || - || *päs || - || -
|-
| "to tear"
| - || *ńɤckē- || - || - || K. ńečkɨ- || ńeš- || - || E ''ńeć-'' ||
|-
| ""
| || || || || || || || ||
|-
| "dark"
| *pimeðä || - || - || - || *peľmɨt || - || - || - || *pəjmətä
| *-d₂m- ? cf. Smy. #pij "dark"
|-
| "to unhair"
| - || *nɤvē- || ńeveľe/ila- || - || - || - || ''nä/oɣt-'' || style="color:green"| '''*ɳaaw-''' || '''*nïŋkə-'''
| F. nivo- ← S.
|-
| "to sho"
| Es. viisA- || - || - || - || U. vodź- ~ K. vidź- || viɟaaz- || - || - || -
| Cf. Gmc?
|-
| "narro"
| - || - || ťäj- || - || - || - || - || - || #täj-
| Better *ä
|-
| "decking"
| - || - || - || - || K. tis(k)a || - || - || - || *tät
| better *täskə?
|-
| "grave"
| - || - || - || *šüɣer || - || style="color:red"| ''šee/iir(o-)'', †seyr || - || - || -
|-
| "to run; to hurry"
| - || - || Er. čije- || - || - || style="color:red"| šiet- || *ćiɣ 'time' || - || -
| source for Ms?? Better *e-ä
|-
| "sleigh belt"
| - || *čɤnɤ || - || - || - || - || - || - || Ne. śān
| ← IE?
|-
| "sap"
| - || - || - || - || *li || - || - || - || Kam. lêji
| Better *ä
|-
| "to moov"
| *liikku- || - || - || - || - || - || *luk-, *läkʷ- || style="color:red"| *ɬok- || *ləkə-
|-
| "peg"
| - || *cɤŋkē || - || - || *čög || čegeľ || - || - || -
| Or S ~ *tüŋkä
|-
| "gums"
| *igen || - || - || - || *aŋ || iiń(e-) || - || - || -
| Better *jEkəń(ə); add OUg
|-
| "evening"
| *ilta || - || Mk. iľä || - || - || - || - || W *iiLaaj || -
| better *je-?
|-
| "son"
| - || - || - || *iɣə || - || - || - || N. jiix (!) || Sk. ii
|-
| "this / that / it"
| *se : *sii- || - || *śä "this" *śijä "there" || '''*seðe''' || - || - || - || *ćii₁ || style="color:red"| '''*kä(tɜ)'''
|-
| "I"
| *minä : *minu-|| '''*mon''' || '''*mon''' || *mĭńə₂ || *mön || (een : engëm) || (*äm) || *mää(n) || *mə̈n
|-
| ""
| || || || || || || || ||
|}

Proto-Uralic/I

2018-12-16T17:34:20Z

Tropylium:

{|
|- style="background:#FFA0A0"
! Lexeme
! [[Finnish|Finnic]] !! [[Proto-Samic|Samic]] !! [[Mordvinic|Mordv.]] !! [[Mari]] !! [[Permic]] !! [[Hungarian|Hung.]] !! [[Mansi]] !! [[Khanty]] !! [[Proto-Samoyedic|Samoy.]]
! Comments
|- style="background:#A0FFA0"
! colspan="10"| *i_ə = std. PU *i_i (F *i_i, S *ɤ_ɤ, Mo *e, P *i, Ms *ä, Kh *ee, Smy *i)
| old cases mostly *CVCV(CV)?
|-
| "to suck"
| *ime- || ńɤmɤ- || - || - || K. ńim- || ëm- || - || *eem- || *ńim-, *əm-
| Two variants *imə-, *ńimə-
|-
| "stone"
| *kivi || - || kev || *küj || U. ''kɤ'' ~ K. ki || köö : köve- || *käw || *kööɣ || -
|-
| "year ring"
| ''*süü'' || '''*sēvɤ''' || - || *šĭja || *si || - || *täw || - || *tiə
| *siwə?
|-
| "name"
| *nimi || *nɤmɤ || style="color:red"| *ľem || style="color:red"| ''*lü̆m'' || style="color:green"| *ńim || style="color:green"| neev : neve- || *nämə || *neem || *nim
| Cf. IE; PBS *inmen-
|-
| "long"
| *pit-kä || - || - || - || - || fël-, '''föl-''' || *pälit || '''*peL-''' || *pir-
|-
| "tooth, flint"
| *pii || - || pej || *püj || *piń || '''fog''' || *päŋk || *pööŋk || ''*pəj''
| S. *pānē probly unrelated. Smy. cf. *suŋə > *təŋ
|-
| "hedgehog"
| *siili || - || *śejəľ || Hi. šülə ~ Me. '''šulo''' || - || †sül || '''"soule"''' || - || -
| *śixələ, ix > iw > ü in H?
|-
| "ceiling space"
| *sii- || - || - || - || *śig || - || - || '''*siiŋ''' || '''*seŋ'''
|-
| "last"
| *vii- || - || - || - || - || veeg || - || - || -
|-
| "to kill"
| - || *fɤðō- "to beat" || - || - || *vijɨ- || öl- || *äl- || *weeL- ||
| H+Ms *wi- > *ü-. S. *vɤlē- "jump" to be excluded.
|-
| "to scrape"
| - || - || - || - || *ńir- || ńiir(o)- || - || - || Ne. ńira-
|-
| "cloud"
| *pilvi || *pɤlvɤ || peľ || *pĭl ||style="color:green"| *piľ- || felhöö || - || style="color:red"| ''*peLəŋ'' || -
| Kh. *e / _CC?
|-
| "to smell"
| - || KiT *lɤkɤ || - || - || - || - || - || Vj ɭööɣ- || -
|-
| "connecting river"
| - || - || - || ''*wiš'' || *vis(k-) || *äɣt || - || - || -
| StUE4. Ms *wi- > *ü-.
|-
| "tongs"
| *pihti || *pɤstɤ || peš || - || K. '''peš''' || - || - || - || -
|-
| "new"
| *nükü || - || Er. ńej ~ Mk. ni || - || *ni || - || - || - || -
| *i-ü > *ü-ü in F.
|-
| "to stay"
| *püsü- || - || *pezə- || '''pižä-''' || - || - || - || - || -
| *i-ü > *ü-ü in F.
|-
| ""
| || || || || || || || ||
|-
| "visible"
| *ilmi || *ɤlmɤ || - || - || - || - || - || - || -
| ← *ilma
|-
| "wonder"
| *imeh || *ɤmɤs || - || - || - || - || - || - || -
| ← B?
|-
| "5"
| style="color:red"| *viici || style="color:red"| *vītɤ || *veťɜ ||style="color:green"| *vĭć || *vit || öt(ö-) || *ät || *weet || *wü(ə)t
| *wittə, H+Ms+Smy *wi- > *(w)ü-. FS *wiitə by analogy with *kuutə 'six'?
|-
| "gadfly"
| - || - || - || - || - || - || *päləm || *peeLəm || #pil-
|-
| "to pull"
| - || - || - || - || - || ńer- || *ńär-əmt- || *ńeer- || -
| CMs *ńä- > *ńi-
|- style="background:#A0FFA0"
! colspan="10"| Permic *ɨ (default in non-palatal environs?)
|-
| "mouse"
| *hiiri || - || *šeŋəŕ || - || ''*šɨr'' || '''egeer''' : '''egere-''' || *täŋkər || *ɬööŋkər || -
|-
| "behind"
| *möö- || *mɤŋē || mej- || Hi məŋge ~ Me '''möŋgö''' || K. ''mɨ-śt'' || mëg || CMs *män-t || - || -
| F *iwä > *üwä > *öö
|-
| "illness"
| *kitu- || - || - || - || ''*kɨž'' || - || - || ''*kečə'' || -
|-
| "prop"
| - || - ||style="color:red"| *ńežə- || - || K. ''mɨdž'' || - || E määs || ''*me₂č'' || -
| Fi. nyde better < *nüðə
|-
| "conifer branch"
| - || - || - || *lüjəš || ''*lɨs(k-)'' || - || - || style="color:red"| *leepəs || -
|-
| "to fly"
| - || - || - || - || K ''šɨlgɨ-'' || - || '''*tiɣl-''' || ''*ɬe₁ɣəL-'' || *tij-
| Or Ms *tiiɣl-? Pel. /tēl-/
|-
| "to bathe"
| - || - || - || - || ''*pɨlaś-'' || style="color:red"| '''*fürö-''' || *päɣl- || *pööɣəL- || -
| But cf. F. *külpe- (metathesis < *pülkə-??)
|-
| "rise (of water)"
| - || - || - || - || K. ''ɨt-va'' || - || - || *eepət- || -
|-
| "spark"
| *kipen-- || *kɤpɤ || - || - || K. ''*kɨń'' || - || - || - || -
| S "gunk, cover", semantics?? F also ''*küben''
|-
| "threshing ground"
| *riihi || - || - || - || U. '''inšɨr''' ~ K. ''rɨnɨš'' || - || - || - || -
| E. '''rehi'''. Gmc (''Riege'' etc) ← F.
|-
| "thick; big"
| - || - || *ečkɜ || - || K. ''*ɨdžɨt'' || - || - || - || -
| medials?
|-
| "all"
| - || - || - ||style="color:red"| *ćĭlä || ''*ćɨl-'' || - || - || - || -
|- style="background:#A0FFA0"
! colspan="10"| Samic *ī-ɤ
|-
| "to soften"
| - || *tīnɤ- || - || - || - || - || *tim- *tintəl- || *tentəL- || -
| StUE4
|-
| "coal"
| - || *čīnɤ || - || - || - || seen : sene- || - || - || -
| Or H. < *ćänä "tinder"
|-
| "smell"
| - || *cīvnɤ || *čijńɜ || - || - || - || - || - || -
| *čixə-nə?
|- style="background:#A0FFA0"
! colspan="10"| Std. PU *i_a (*i_ä) > similar except P ??
|-
| "eye"
| *silmä || *čɤlmē || *śeľmɜ || *s/šinzä || ''*śin(m-)'' || sëm || style="color:green"| *šäm || *seem || *səjmä
|-
| "father; big"
| *isä || *ɤčē || Mk. '''oćä''' || *ĭźa || - || öös || *äćə || - || style="color:red"| '''*äjsä'''
| Contam. of *äjjä + *iśä in Smy? Mk from ''oću'' "big" < *ićäw (cf. F. *isoi)?
|-
| "to appear"
| *itä- || style="color:red"| *ɤcé- || - || - || - || - || *ätər- || *eet- || *ətä-
| Cf. IE *ǵīd-
|-
| "(to) smell"
| - || ɤpsē- || Mk '''opəś''' || *üpš ||style="color:red"| K. isk- || ''iiz(e-)'' || *ät(ə)- || *eepəL || *əptə-
|-
| "to cover"
| *pint-eh || - || - || - || *'''pod''' || fëd- || *pänt- || *peent- || -
|-
| "deep; calm"
| *tüveni || *tɤvē || - || *tüɣə || - || - || *täwənt || *teeɣən || -
| F. *i > ü / _wä. Also: *süvä?
|-
| "knife"
| - || - || - ||style="color:red"| ''kü̆źə'' || - || keeš || *käšV || *kööčəɣ || -
|-
| "fir; pine"
| - || - || - ||style="color:red"| Hi tɤrke || - || - || *tärəɣ || N. teexər || -
| OU metathesis discrepancy. *tirKə-ka?!
|-
| "to hit"
| - || - || *keŕV- || *kĭre- || *köral- || - || Tv kär- || - || -
|-
| "sky"
| - || - || *meńəľ || - || - || mëńń || - || - || -
| *e_ə possible. H. *ńl > ńń
|-
| "crowd"
| - || *vɤlvē || *veľɜ || *-wəlä || - || - || - || - || -
|-
| "slanted"
| *vino || *vɤńē || Er veńaža || - || - || - || - || - || -
|-
| "trap"
| *rita || *rɤtē || - || style="color:red"| *lüðe || K. *ri || - || - || - || -
|-
| "to stick"
| *pistä- || *pɤstē- || - || Hi. '''pište-''' ~ Me. pɤšte- || - || - || - || - || -
| *pis-tä-, cf. "to stay"
|-
| "more, to add"
| *lisä || *lɤsē || *ľezɜ || - || - || - || - || - || -
|-
| "rowan"
| *pihlä || - || '''*piźəl''' ||style="color:red"| *pĭzlə || U. '''paledź''' ~ K. '''pelɨź''' || - || *päćər || ''*pećər'' || -
|-
| ""
| || || || || || || || ||
|- style="background:#A0FFA0"
! colspan="10"| Loans (NB Mo. *i-a > *ə-a > *∅-a!)
|-
| "place"
| *sija || *sɤjē || - || - || - || - || - || - || -
| ← Gmc *stīja-
|-
| ""
| *hiici || *sijtɤ || - || - || - || - || - || - || (Sk *tiitə)
| ← Gmc *sīdōn
|-
| "office, position"
| *virka || *vīrkē || - || - || - || - || - || - || -
| ← Gmc. *wirkja-; F. *virka "sign" ← B. *virge-. Nen. ẃārkā (< *wärkä) "to lasso" doesn't belong
|-
| "good"
| *hüvä || *sɤvē || - || - || - || - || - || - || -
| ← Ir *šiva. Mo ''*čiva'' independantly. MaPH ''šuŋɜ'' "healthy" = different
|-
| "belt"
| *hihna || - || *kšna || *šü̆štə || - || - || - || - || -
| ← B. *šikšna
|-
| "wax"
| - || - || *kšta || *šištə || U śuś ~ K śiś || - || - || - || -
| ← II
|-
| "sand"
| *liiva || - || - || - || U. luo ~ K. lɨva || - || - ||style="color:green"| *ɭowi || -
| B ^ F → P → Kh
|- style="background:#A0FFA0"
! colspan="10"| Samic *ī_ē
|-
| "breast"
| *nisä || *ńīńčē || || || || || || || *ńimsä-
| *ńimə-śä? S. *i > *ī also before palatals? (not in *mińa)
|-
| "inside; breast"
| *sisä- || *čīńčē || style="color:red"| *seźəm || *ćĭźə || - || sü(ü)ɟ; čëč || N śiś || E ťuťi || *sünsə
| Cf. the previous
|-
| "little bird"
| - || *cīcē- || - || - || K. džɨdž || - || - || *čii₂nč || *sinsä-
| Onomatopoetic?
|-
| "to let go"
| - || *tīptē- || tuvto- || - || - || - || - || - || -
| cf. *tejə ??
|-
| "sno, frost"
| - || *rīnē || - || *rün || - || - || - || - || -
|-
| "grandmother"
| - || *īmē || - || - || - || - || - || *ii₁mə || #imä
|-
| "frost"
| - || *pīcē || - ||style="color:red"| '''*pöršə''' || '''*puuž''' || - || - || '''*paačəm''' || -
| Most better *pëčə
|-
| "to run, jump"
| - || - || - || - || - || üüz- || *it(ɣəl-) || *ii₁t- || -
|-
| ""
| || || || || || || || ||
|-
| ""
| || || || || || || || ||
|- style="background:#A0FFA0"
! colspan="10"| Permic ''e'' ~ ''o''
|-
| "daughter-in-law"
| *miniä || *mɤńē || - || - || U. -meń ~ K. mooń || mëń || *mäńə || *meeń || '''*mäńä'''
|-
| "to rut"
| ''*kej-ma, *kii-ma'' || *kīkɤ- || - || - || U. kemdžɨ- ~ K. koj || ''kej-, höö'' || *käj- || *kööj- || -
| *kixə ? S. *kēj-mē- ← F.
|-
| "to rip"
| *kisko- || *kɤškō- || Er. '''śkiŕa-''' ~ Mk. '''kəśkəŕa-''' || - || U. keś- ~ K. koś- || ''kiišaal-'' || E '''*küštəl-''' || '''*kös-''' || -
| OU *ü? H. also ''köszvény'' "gout". Cf. [[Proto-Uralic/new|*kïčkə-]]
|- style="background:#A0FFA0"
! colspan="10"| TBS: FP only
|-
| "to tear"
| *riicu- || *rīččō- || - || - || *reź- || - || - || - || -
|-
| "fang"
| - || *čɤlā- ||style="color:red"| ćilä || - || - || - || - || - || -
|-
| "sweet"
| *imelä || N amiidi || - || - || '''*juumol''' || - || - || - || -
| F better ← "to suck"
|-
| "slanted"
| ''*vita'' || - || vaša- || Hi. wočɤk ~ Me. wažɤk || U '''vož''' ~ K *veež || - || - || - || -
| P. "intersection"
|-
| "to press"
| *liccat- || - || - || *ləźərte- ~ "JU" lazerte- || K. ľićkɨ- || - || - || - || -
|-
| "scoop; board"
| *lippVj || - || Er. ľipuža ~ Mk. ľebža || - || - || - || - || - || -
|-
| "yarn"
| - || - || - || *šü̆rtə || '''*šort''' || - || - || - || -
| Or *ü
|-
| "whole"
| - || - || - || *ćĭlä || *ćɨl || - || - || - || -
| Or *ü?
|- style="background:#A0FFA0"
! colspan="10"| TBS: East only
|-
| "fire"
| - || - || - || - || - || tüüz : tüze- || *tääwət || *töɣət || -
| ? *tiwätə, or *ü with SMs irregular?
|-
| "quiver"
| - || - || - || - || - ||style="color:red"| tëgëz || *täwət || '''*tii₁ɣət''' || -
| Possibly *-ŋ-.
|-
| "doe; mother"
| - || - || - || - || - || üsöö || - || *ees || -
|-
| "to shine"
| - || - || - || - || - || šüt- || šit- || - || -
| better *čekt-?
|- style="background:#A0FFA0"
! colspan="10"| TBS: rest
|-
| "son-in-law"
| '''*vävvü''' || '''*vīvɤ''' || ''ov'' || Hi. wiŋgə ~ Me. '''weŋə''' || - || vöö || - || *wööŋ || *wi²ŋə
| Analogy in F from *kälü "daughter-in-law", loaned to S before that? Smy *we-?
|-
| "knee ~ elbow"
| - || - || - || - || *pidźəs || - || *päs || - || -
|-
| "to tear"
| - || *ńɤckē- || - || - || K. ńečkɨ- || ńeš- || - || E ''ńeć-'' ||
|-
| ""
| || || || || || || || ||
|-
| "dark"
| *pimeðä || - || - || - || *peľmɨt || - || - || - || *pəjmətä
| *-d₂m- ? cf. Smy. #pij "dark"
|-
| "to unhair"
| - || *nɤvē- || ńeveľe/ila- || - || - || - || ''nä/oɣt-'' || style="color:green"| '''*ɳaaw-''' || '''*nïŋkə-'''
| F. nivo- ← S.
|-
| "to sho"
| Es. viisA- || - || - || - || U. vodź- ~ K. vidź- || viɟaaz- || - || - || -
| Cf. Gmc?
|-
| "narro"
| - || - || ťäj- || - || - || - || - || - || #täj-
| Better *ä
|-
| "decking"
| - || - || - || - || K. tis(k)a || - || - || - || *tät
| better *täskə?
|-
| "grave"
| - || - || - || *šüɣer || - || style="color:red"| ''šee/iir(o-)'', †seyr || - || - || -
|-
| "to run; to hurry"
| - || - || Er. čije- || - || - || style="color:red"| šiet- || *ćiɣ 'time' || - || -
| source for Ms?? Better *e-ä
|-
| "sleigh belt"
| - || *čɤnɤ || - || - || - || - || - || - || Ne. śān
| ← IE?
|-
| "sap"
| - || - || - || - || *li || - || - || - || Kam. lêji
| Better *ä
|-
| "to moov"
| *liikku- || - || - || - || - || - || *luk-, *läkʷ- || style="color:red"| *ɬok- || *ləkə-
|-
| "peg"
| - || *cɤŋkē || - || - || *čög || čegeľ || - || - || -
| Or S ~ *tüŋkä
|-
| "gums"
| *igen || - || - || - || *aŋ || iiń(e-) || - || - || -
| Better *jEkəń(ə); add OUg
|-
| "evening"
| *ilta || - || Mk. iľä || - || - || - || - || W *iiLaaj || -
| better *je-?
|-
| "son"
| - || - || - || *iɣə || - || - || - || N. jiix (!) || Sk. ii
|-
| "this / that / it"
| *se : *sii- || - || *śä "this" *śijä "there" || '''*seðe''' || - || - || - || *ćii₁ || style="color:red"| '''*kä(tɜ)'''
|-
| "I"
| *minä : *minu-|| '''*mon''' || '''*mon''' || *mĭńə₂ || *mön || (een : engëm) || (*äm) || *mää(n) || *mə̈n
|-
| ""
| || || || || || || || ||
|}

Proto-Uralic/I

2018-12-15T16:47:39Z

Tropylium:

{|
|- style="background:#FFA0A0"
! Lexeme
! [[Finnish|Finnic]] !! [[Proto-Samic|Samic]] !! [[Mordvinic|Mordv.]] !! [[Mari]] !! [[Permic]] !! [[Hungarian|Hung.]] !! [[Mansi]] !! [[Khanty]] !! [[Proto-Samoyedic|Samoy.]]
! Comments
|- style="background:#A0FFA0"
! colspan="10"| *i_ə = std. PU *i_i (F *i_i, S *ɤ_ɤ, Mo *e, P *i, Ms *ä, Kh *ee, Smy *i)
| old cases mostly *CVCV(CV)?
|-
| "to suck"
| *ime- || ńɤmɤ- || - || - || K. ńim- || ëm- || - || *eem- || *ńim-, *əm-
| Two variants *imə-, *ńimə-
|-
| "stone"
| *kivi || - || kev || *küj || U. ''kɤ'' ~ K. ki || köö : köve- || *käw || *kööɣ || -
|-
| "year ring"
| ''*süü'' || '''*sēvɤ''' || - || *šĭja || *si || - || *täw || - || *tiə
| *siwə?
|-
| "name"
| *nimi || *nɤmɤ || style="color:red"| *ľem || style="color:red"| ''*lü̆m'' || style="color:green"| *ńim || style="color:green"| neev : neve- || *nämə || *neem || *nim
| Cf. IE; PBS *inmen-
|-
| "long"
| *pit-kä || - || - || - || - || fël-, '''föl-''' || *pälit || '''*peL-''' || *pir-
|-
| "tooth, flint"
| *pii || - || pej || *püj || *piń || '''fog''' || *päŋk || *pööŋk || ''*pəj''
| S. *pānē probly unrelated. Smy. cf. *suŋə > *təŋ
|-
| "hedgehog"
| *siili || - || *śejəľ || Hi. šülə ~ Me. '''šulo''' || - || †sül || '''"soule"''' || - || -
| *śixələ, ix > iw > ü in H?
|-
| "ceiling space"
| *sii- || - || - || - || *śig || - || - || '''*siiŋ''' || '''*seŋ'''
|-
| "last"
| *vii- || - || - || - || - || veeg || - || - || -
|-
| "to kill"
| - || *fɤðō- "to beat" || - || - || *vijɨ- || öl- || *äl- || *weeL- ||
| H+Ms *wi- > *ü-. S. *vɤlē- "jump" to be excluded.
|-
| "to scrape"
| - || - || - || - || *ńir- || ńiir(o)- || - || - || Ne. ńira-
|-
| "cloud"
| *pilvi || *pɤlvɤ || peľ || *pĭl ||style="color:green"| *piľ- || felhöö || - || style="color:red"| ''*peLəŋ'' || -
| Kh. *e / _CC?
|-
| "to smell"
| - || KiT *lɤkɤ || - || - || - || - || - || Vj ɭööɣ- || -
|-
| "connecting river"
| - || - || - || ''*wiš'' || *vis(k-) || *äɣt || - || - || -
| StUE4. Ms *wi- > *ü-.
|-
| "tongs"
| *pihti || *pɤstɤ || peš || - || K. '''peš''' || - || - || - || -
|-
| "new"
| *nükü || - || Er. ńej ~ Mk. ni || - || *ni || - || - || - || -
| *i-ü > *ü-ü in F.
|-
| "to stay"
| *püsü- || - || *pezə- || '''pižä-''' || - || - || - || - || -
| *i-ü > *ü-ü in F.
|-
| ""
| || || || || || || || ||
|-
| "visible"
| *ilmi || *ɤlmɤ || - || - || - || - || - || - || -
| ← *ilma
|-
| "wonder"
| *imeh || *ɤmɤs || - || - || - || - || - || - || -
| ← B?
|-
| "5"
| style="color:red"| *viici || style="color:red"| *vītɤ || *veťɜ ||style="color:green"| *vĭć || *vit || öt(ö-) || *ät || *weet || *wü(ə)t
| *wittə, H+Ms+Smy *wi- > *(w)ü-. FS *wiitə by analogy with *kuutə 'six'?
|-
| "gadfly"
| - || - || - || - || - || - || *päləm || *peeLəm || #pil-
|-
| "to pull"
| - || - || - || - || - || ńer- || *ńär-əmt- || *ńeer- || -
| CMs *ńä- > *ńi-
|- style="background:#A0FFA0"
! colspan="10"| Permic *ɨ (default in non-palatal environs?)
|-
| "mouse"
| *hiiri || - || *šeŋəŕ || - || ''*šɨr'' || '''egeer''' : '''egere-''' || *täŋkər || *ɬööŋkər || -
|-
| "behind"
| *möö- || *mɤŋē || mej- || Hi məŋge ~ Me '''möŋgö''' || K. ''mɨ-śt'' || mëg || CMs *män-t || - || -
| F *iwä > *üwä > *öö
|-
| "illness"
| *kitu- || - || - || - || ''*kɨž'' || - || - || ''*kečə'' || -
|-
| "prop"
| - || - ||style="color:red"| *ńežə- || - || K. ''mɨdž'' || - || E määs || ''*me₂č'' || -
| Fi. nyde better < *nüðə
|-
| "conifer branch"
| - || - || - || *lüjəš || ''*lɨs(k-)'' || - || - || style="color:red"| *leepəs || -
|-
| "to fly"
| - || - || - || - || K ''šɨlgɨ-'' || - || '''*tiɣl-''' || ''*ɬe₁ɣəL-'' || *tij-
| Or Ms *tiiɣl-? Pel. /tēl-/
|-
| "to bathe"
| - || - || - || - || ''*pɨlaś-'' || style="color:red"| '''*fürö-''' || *päɣl- || *pööɣəL- || -
| But cf. F. *külpe- (metathesis < *pülkə-??)
|-
| "rise (of water)"
| - || - || - || - || K. ''ɨt-va'' || - || - || *eepət- || -
|-
| "spark"
| *kipen-- || *kɤpɤ || - || - || K. ''*kɨń'' || - || - || - || -
| S "gunk, cover", semantics?? F also ''*küben''
|-
| "threshing ground"
| *riihi || - || - || - || U. '''inšɨr''' ~ K. ''rɨnɨš'' || - || - || - || -
| E. '''rehi'''. Gmc (''Riege'' etc) ← F.
|-
| "thick; big"
| - || - || *ečkɜ || - || K. ''*ɨdžɨt'' || - || - || - || -
| medials?
|-
| "all"
| - || - || - ||style="color:red"| *ćĭlä || ''*ćɨl-'' || - || - || - || -
|- style="background:#A0FFA0"
! colspan="10"| Samic *ī-ɤ
|-
| "to soften"
| - || *tīnɤ- || - || - || - || - || *tim- *tintəl- || *tentəL- || -
| StUE4
|-
| "coal"
| - || *čīnɤ || - || - || - || seen : sene- || - || - || -
| Or H. < *ćänä "tinder"
|-
| "smell"
| - || *cīvnɤ || *čijńɜ || - || - || - || - || - || -
| *čixə-nə?
|- style="background:#A0FFA0"
! colspan="10"| Std. PU *i_a (*i_ä) > similar except P ??
|-
| "eye"
| *silmä || *čɤlmē || *śeľmɜ || *s/šinzä || ''*śin(m-)'' || sëm || style="color:green"| *šäm || *seem || *səjmä
|-
| "father; big"
| *isä || *ɤčē || Mk. '''oćä''' || *ĭźa || - || öös || *äćə || - || style="color:red"| '''*äjsä'''
| Contam. of *äjjä + *iśä in Smy? Mk from ''oću'' "big" < *ićäw (cf. F. *isoi)?
|-
| "to appear"
| *itä- || style="color:red"| *ɤcé- || - || - || - || - || *ätər- || *eet- || *ətä-
| Cf. IE *ǵīd-
|-
| "(to) smell"
| - || ɤpsē- || Mk '''opəś''' || *üpš ||style="color:red"| K. isk- || ''iiz(e-)'' || *ät(ə)- || *eepəL || *əptə-
|-
| "to cover"
| *pint-eh || - || - || - || *'''pod''' || fëd- || *pänt- || *peent- || -
|-
| "deep; calm"
| *tüveni || *tɤvē || - || *tüɣə || - || - || *täwənt || *teeɣən || -
| F. *i > ü / _wä. Also: *süvä?
|-
| "knife"
| - || - || - ||style="color:red"| ''kü̆źə'' || - || keeš || *käšV || *kööčəɣ || -
|-
| "fir; pine"
| - || - || - ||style="color:red"| Hi tɤrke || - || - || *tärəɣ || N. teexər || -
| OU metathesis discrepancy. *tirKə-ka?!
|-
| "to hit"
| - || - || *keŕV- || *kĭre- || *köral- || - || Tv kär- || - || -
|-
| "sky"
| - || - || *meńəľ || - || - || mëńń || - || - || -
| *e_ə possible. H. *ńl > ńń
|-
| "crowd"
| - || *vɤlvē || *veľɜ || *-wəlä || - || - || - || - || -
|-
| "slanted"
| *vino || *vɤńē || Er veńaža || - || - || - || - || - || -
|-
| "trap"
| *rita || *rɤtē || - || style="color:red"| *lüðe || K. *ri || - || - || - || -
|-
| "to stick"
| *pistä- || *pɤstē- || - || Hi. '''pište-''' ~ Me. pɤšte- || - || - || - || - || -
| *pis-tä-, cf. "to stay"
|-
| "more, to add"
| *lisä || *lɤsē || *ľezɜ || - || - || - || - || - || -
|-
| "rowan"
| *pihlä || - || '''*piźəl''' ||style="color:red"| *pĭzlə || U. '''paledź''' ~ K. '''pelɨź''' || - || *päćər || ''*pećər'' || -
|-
| ""
| || || || || || || || ||
|- style="background:#A0FFA0"
! colspan="10"| Loans (NB Mo. *i-a > *ə-a > *∅-a!)
|-
| "place"
| *sija || *sɤjē || - || - || - || - || - || - || -
| ← Gmc *stīja-
|-
| ""
| *hiici || *sijtɤ || - || - || - || - || - || - || (Sk *tiitə)
| ← Gmc *sīdōn
|-
| "office, position"
| *virka || *vīrkē || - || - || - || - || - || - || -
| ← Gmc. *wirkja-; F. *virka "sign" ← B. *virge-. Nen. ẃārkā (< *wärkä) "to lasso" doesn't belong
|-
| "good"
| *hüvä || *sɤvē || - || - || - || - || - || - || -
| ← Ir *šiva. Mo ''*čiva'' independantly. MaPH ''šuŋɜ'' "healthy" = different
|-
| "belt"
| *hihna || - || *kšna || *šü̆štə || - || - || - || - || -
| ← B. *šikšna
|-
| "wax"
| - || - || *kšta || *šištə || U śuś ~ K śiś || - || - || - || -
| ← II
|-
| "sand"
| *liiva || - || - || - || U. luo ~ K. lɨva || - || - ||style="color:green"| *ɭowi || -
| B ^ F → P → Kh
|- style="background:#A0FFA0"
! colspan="10"| Samic *ī_ē
|-
| "breast"
| *nisä || *ńīńčē || || || || || || || *ńimsä-
| *ńimə-śä? S. *i > *ī also before palatals? (not in *mińa)
|-
| "inside; breast"
| *sisä- || *čīńčē || style="color:red"| *seźəm || *ćĭźə || - || sü(ü)ɟ; čëč || N śiś || E ťuťi || *sünsə
| Cf. the previous
|-
| "little bird"
| - || *cīcē- || - || - || K. džɨdž || - || - || *čii₂nč || *sinsä-
| Onomatopoetic?
|-
| "to let go"
| - || *tīptē- || tuvto- || - || - || - || - || - || -
| cf. *tejə ??
|-
| "sno, frost"
| - || *rīnē || - || *rün || - || - || - || - || -
|-
| "grandmother"
| - || *īmē || - || - || - || - || - || *ii₁mə || #imä
|-
| "frost"
| - || *pīcē || - ||style="color:red"| '''*pöršə''' || '''*puuž''' || - || - || '''*paačəm''' || -
| Most better *pëčə
|-
| "to run, jump"
| - || - || - || - || - || üüz- || *it(ɣəl-) || *ii₁t- || -
|-
| ""
| || || || || || || || ||
|-
| ""
| || || || || || || || ||
|- style="background:#A0FFA0"
! colspan="10"| Permic ''e'' ~ ''o''
|-
| "daughter-in-law"
| *miniä || *mɤńē || - || - || U. -meń ~ K. mooń || mëń || *mäńə || *meeń || '''*mäńä'''
|-
| "to rut"
| ''*kej-ma, *kii-ma'' || *kīkɤ- || - || - || U. kemdžɨ- ~ K. koj || ''kej-, höö'' || *käj- || *kööj- || -
| *kixə ? S. *kēj-mē- ← F.
|-
| "to rip"
| *kisko- || *kɤškō- || Er. '''śkiŕa-''' ~ Mk. '''kəśkəŕa-''' || - || U. keś- ~ K. koś- || ''kiišaal-'' || E '''*küštəl-''' || '''*kös-''' || -
| OU *ü? H. also ''köszvény'' "gout". Cf. [[Proto-Uralic/new|*kïčkə-]]
|- style="background:#A0FFA0"
! colspan="10"| TBS: FP only
|-
| "to tear"
| *riicu- || *rīččō- || - || - || *reź- || - || - || - || -
|-
| "fang"
| - || *čɤlā- ||style="color:red"| ćilä || - || - || - || - || - || -
|-
| "yarn"
| - || - || - || *šü̆rtə || '''*šort''' || - || - || - || -
| Or *ü
|-
| "sweet"
| *imelä || N amiidi || - || - || '''*juumol''' || - || - || - || -
| F better ← "to suck"
|-
| "slanted"
| ''*vita'' || - || vaša- || Hi. wočɤk ~ Me. wažɤk || U '''vož''' ~ K *veež || - || - || - || -
| P. "intersection"
|-
| "to press"
| *liccat- || - || - || *ləźərte- ~ "JU" lazerte- || K. ľićkɨ- || - || - || - || -
|-
| "scoop; board"
| *lippVj || - || Er. ľipuža ~ Mk. ľebža || - || - || - || - || - || -
|- style="background:#A0FFA0"
! colspan="10"| TBS: East only
|-
| "fire"
| - || - || - || - || - || tüüz : tüze- || *tääwət || *töɣət || -
| ? *tiwätə, or *ü with SMs irregular?
|-
| "quiver"
| - || - || - || - || - ||style="color:red"| tëgëz || *täwət || '''*tii₁ɣət''' || -
| Possibly *-ŋ-.
|-
| "doe; mother"
| - || - || - || - || - || üsöö || - || *ees || -
|-
| "to shine"
| - || - || - || - || - || šüt- || šit- || - || -
| better *čekt-?
|- style="background:#A0FFA0"
! colspan="10"| TBS: rest
|-
| "son-in-law"
| '''*vävvü''' || '''*vīvɤ''' || ''ov'' || Hi. wiŋgə ~ Me. '''weŋə''' || - || vöö || - || *wööŋ || *wi²ŋə
| Analogy in F from *kälü "daughter-in-law", loaned to S before that? Smy *we-?
|-
| "knee ~ elbow"
| - || - || - || - || *pidźəs || - || *päs || - || -
|-
| "to tear"
| - || *ńɤckē- || - || - || K. ńečkɨ- || ńeš- || - || E ''ńeć-'' ||
|-
| ""
| || || || || || || || ||
|-
| "dark"
| *pimeðä || - || - || - || *peľmɨt || - || - || - || *pəjmətä
| *-d₂m- ? cf. Smy. #pij "dark"
|-
| "to unhair"
| - || *nɤvē- || ńeveľe/ila- || - || - || - || ''nä/oɣt-'' || style="color:green"| '''*ɳaaw-''' || '''*nïŋkə-'''
| F. nivo- ← S.
|-
| "to sho"
| Es. viisA- || - || - || - || U. vodź- ~ K. vidź- || viɟaaz- || - || - || -
| Cf. Gmc?
|-
| "narro"
| - || - || ťäj- || - || - || - || - || - || #täj-
| Better *ä
|-
| "decking"
| - || - || - || - || K. tis(k)a || - || - || - || *tät
| better *täskə?
|-
| "grave"
| - || - || - || *šüɣer || - || style="color:red"| ''šee/iir(o-)'', †seyr || - || - || -
|-
| "to run; to hurry"
| - || - || Er. čije- || - || - || style="color:red"| šiet- || *ćiɣ 'time' || - || -
| source for Ms?? Better *e-ä
|-
| "sleigh belt"
| - || *čɤnɤ || - || - || - || - || - || - || Ne. śān
| ← IE?
|-
| "sap"
| - || - || - || - || *li || - || - || - || Kam. lêji
| Better *ä
|-
| "to moov"
| *liikku- || - || - || - || - || - || *luk-, *läkʷ- || style="color:red"| *ɬok- || *ləkə-
|-
| "peg"
| - || *cɤŋkē || - || - || *čög || čegeľ || - || - || -
| Or S ~ *tüŋkä
|-
| "gums"
| *igen || - || - || - || *aŋ || iiń(e-) || - || - || -
| Better *jEkəń(ə); add OUg
|-
| "evening"
| *ilta || - || Mk. iľä || - || - || - || - || W *iiLaaj || -
| better *je-?
|-
| "son"
| - || - || - || *iɣə || - || - || - || N. jiix (!) || Sk. ii
|-
| "whole"
| - || - || - || *ćĭlä || *ćɨl || - || - || - || -
| better *ü?
|-
| "this / that / it"
| *se : *sii- || - || *śä "this" *śijä "there" || '''*seðe''' || - || - || - || *ćii₁ || style="color:red"| '''*kä(tɜ)'''
|-
| "I"
| *minä : *minu-|| '''*mon''' || '''*mon''' || *mĭńə₂ || *mön || (een : engëm) || (*äm) || *mää(n) || *mə̈n
|-
| ""
| || || || || || || || ||
|}

Affanian

2018-09-11T15:52:24Z

Tropylium: /* Southern and Central Finnicisms */

[[Affanian]] is an althistorical Finnic language spoken on Åland.

Affanian belonging in the Southern Finnic areal, showing some particularly close resemblance with Insular Estonian (InsE), but also with Southwestern Finnish (SWF).

==Vocalism==
The basic vowel qualities are ''a e i o u y ä ö'' (as in Finnish).

===*ë===
The most distinctive Southern Finnic feature of Affanian: Proto-Finnic *ë does not merge with *e, and even *o partly > *ë. However, later on *ë > ''ö'', as also in InsE.

===Long vowels===
* *ee *oo *öö > ''ie uo yö'' (not as far diphtongized as ''iä ua ia yä'' in SWF). Open ''aa ää'' and close ''ii uu yy'' remain; *ëë gives ''öö'' (compare InsE *öö *ëë > [øː œː]).

===Unstressed vowels===
* Vowel harmony is either retained or re-established. ''ö'' < *ë now triggers front harmony, e.g. *louna 'south' > ''löyn'' : ''löynä''; *pëlto 'field' > ''pölt'' : ''pölly''.
* Trimoraic apocope, same as in both Est. and SWF.
* Unstressed *ü is retained.

==Consonantism==

===Southern and Central Finnicisms===
* *Vns > ''VVs'': ''aas'' 'trap', ''kyys'' 'nail', ''lääs'' 'west'.
* *Uh and *hv merge. The result is characteristically ''ff'' (as seen even in the name of the language): *kahva > ''kaff'' 'handle', *keyhä > ''köff'' 'poor'. (Compare SWF sporadic ''kaff(a)'', ''ahven(a)'' > ''affen(a)'' 'perch'.)

===Consonant gradation===
* *b > ''v'' and *mb *ld *nd > ''mm ll nn'', as almost everywhere in Finnic.
* *d > /ð/ is retained.
* *g > *ɣ is lost, without vocalization: *härkä : *härgän 'bull' > Aff. ''härk'' : ''härä'', similar to Est ''härg'' : ''hära'', but SWF ''härk'' : ''härjän''; *halko : *halgon 'firewood' > Aff. ''halk'' : ''halu'', similar to Est. ''halg'' : ''halu'', but SWF ''halk'' : ''halvon''.
* *ŋg seemingly remains as /ŋg/, but judging by certain Swedish loanwords outside of consonant gradation, this is a late reversion from *ŋŋ.
* As in Finnish, the weak geminates *pˑ *tˑ *kˑ merge with the strong singletons /p t k/.

===Final consonants===
* *-k *-h *-n *-t are lost, the last notably even in the nominative plural. (What happens to 1PS / 2PS?)

Affanian

2018-09-11T15:52:01Z

Tropylium: /* Consonantism */

[[Affanian]] is an althistorical Finnic language spoken on Åland.

Affanian belonging in the Southern Finnic areal, showing some particularly close resemblance with Insular Estonian (InsE), but also with Southwestern Finnish (SWF).

==Vocalism==
The basic vowel qualities are ''a e i o u y ä ö'' (as in Finnish).

===*ë===
The most distinctive Southern Finnic feature of Affanian: Proto-Finnic *ë does not merge with *e, and even *o partly > *ë. However, later on *ë > ''ö'', as also in InsE.

===Long vowels===
* *ee *oo *öö > ''ie uo yö'' (not as far diphtongized as ''iä ua ia yä'' in SWF). Open ''aa ää'' and close ''ii uu yy'' remain; *ëë gives ''öö'' (compare InsE *öö *ëë > [øː œː]).

===Unstressed vowels===
* Vowel harmony is either retained or re-established. ''ö'' < *ë now triggers front harmony, e.g. *louna 'south' > ''löyn'' : ''löynä''; *pëlto 'field' > ''pölt'' : ''pölly''.
* Trimoraic apocope, same as in both Est. and SWF.
* Unstressed *ü is retained.

==Consonantism==

===Southern and Central Finnicisms===
* *Vns > ''VVs'': ''aas'' 'trap', ''kyys'' 'nail', ''lääs'' 'west'.
* *Uh and *hv merge. The result is characteristically ''ff'' (as seen even in the name of the language): *kahva > ''kaff'' 'handle', *köyhä > ''köff'' 'poor'. (Compare SWF sporadic ''kaff(a)'', ''ahven(a)'' > ''affen(a)'' 'perch'.)

===Consonant gradation===
* *b > ''v'' and *mb *ld *nd > ''mm ll nn'', as almost everywhere in Finnic.
* *d > /ð/ is retained.
* *g > *ɣ is lost, without vocalization: *härkä : *härgän 'bull' > Aff. ''härk'' : ''härä'', similar to Est ''härg'' : ''hära'', but SWF ''härk'' : ''härjän''; *halko : *halgon 'firewood' > Aff. ''halk'' : ''halu'', similar to Est. ''halg'' : ''halu'', but SWF ''halk'' : ''halvon''.
* *ŋg seemingly remains as /ŋg/, but judging by certain Swedish loanwords outside of consonant gradation, this is a late reversion from *ŋŋ.
* As in Finnish, the weak geminates *pˑ *tˑ *kˑ merge with the strong singletons /p t k/.

===Final consonants===
* *-k *-h *-n *-t are lost, the last notably even in the nominative plural. (What happens to 1PS / 2PS?)

Affanian

2018-09-11T15:17:32Z

Tropylium: Created page with "Affanian is an althistorical Finnic language spoken on Åland. Affanian belonging in the Southern Finnic areal, showing some particularly close resemblance with Insular E..."

[[Affanian]] is an althistorical Finnic language spoken on Åland.

Affanian belonging in the Southern Finnic areal, showing some particularly close resemblance with Insular Estonian (InsE), but also with Southwestern Finnish (SWF).

==Vocalism==
The basic vowel qualities are ''a e i o u y ä ö'' (as in Finnish).

===*ë===
The most distinctive Southern Finnic feature of Affanian: Proto-Finnic *ë does not merge with *e, and even *o partly > *ë. However, later on *ë > ''ö'', as also in InsE.

===Long vowels===
* *ee *oo *öö > ''ie uo yö'' (not as far diphtongized as ''iä ua ia yä'' in SWF). Open ''aa ää'' and close ''ii uu yy'' remain; *ëë gives ''öö'' (compare InsE *öö *ëë > [øː œː]).

===Unstressed vowels===
* Vowel harmony is either retained or re-established. ''ö'' < *ë now triggers front harmony, e.g. *louna 'south' > ''löyn'' : ''löynä''; *pëlto 'field' > ''pölt'' : ''pölly''.
* Trimoraic apocope, same as in both Est. and SWF.
* Unstressed *ü is retained.

==Consonantism==

===Southern and Central Finnicisms===
* *Vns > ''VVs'': ''aas'' 'trap', ''kyys'' 'nail', ''lääs'' 'west'.
* *Uh and *hv merge. The result is characteristically ''ff'' (as seen even in the name of the language): *kahva > ''kaff'' 'handle', *köyhä > ''köff'' 'poor'. (Compare SWF sporadic ''kaff(a)'', ''ahven(a)'' > ''affen(a)'' 'perch'.)

===Consonant gradation===
* *b > ''v'' and *mb *ld *nd > ''mm ll nn'', as almost everywhere in Finnic.
* *d > /ð/ is retained.
* *g > *ɣ is lost, without vocalization: *härkä : *härgän 'bull' > Aff. ''härk'' : ''härä'', similar to Est ''härg'' : ''hära'', but SWF ''härk'' : ''härjän''; *halko : *halgon 'firewood' > Aff. ''halk'' : ''halu'', similar to Est. ''halg'' : ''halu'', but SWF ''halk'' : ''halvon''.
* *ŋg seemingly remains as /ŋg/, but judging by certain Swedish loanwords outside of consonant gradation, this is a late reversion from *ŋŋ.
* As in Finnish, the weak geminates *pˑ *tˑ *kˑ merge with the strong singletons /p t k/.

Proto-Uralic/O

2018-05-08T08:01:27Z

Tropylium: /* *o_ə */

==PU *a_ə==
{|
|- style="background:#FFA0A0"
! Lexeme
! [[Finnish|Finnic]] !! [[Proto-Samic|Samic]] !! [[Mordvinic|Mordv.]] !! [[Mari]] !! [[Permic]] !! [[Hungarian|Hung.]] !! [[Mansi]] !! [[Khanty]] !! [[Proto-Samoyedic|Samoy.]]
! Comments
|- style="background:#A0FFA0"
! colspan="10"| *a_ə type 1: F. *a_i, S. *oa_ē (!), Mo. *u(CCə), Ma. *u, P. *uu, Ms. *aaC/aCC, Kh. *a (~ *oo), Smy. *å(CCə)
| default
|-
| "to be"
| ''*olë-'' || - ||style="color:green"| *uľə- || '''*ŭla-''' || *vɤɤl(ɨ)- || val- ||style="color:red"| *aal- || E *waL- ~ W *ooL- ||style="color:red"| *åə-
| P. *wa- > *wo-, F. unstressed shortening? Hu. *alT > olT (volt)
|-
| "gadfly"
| (*parma) || *poar''ō'' || *purəmə || (*parmə) || - || - || - || (O. puurəm) || -
| *parə, *parma; cf. "sleep". F. ''paarma'' (_rN?)
|-
| "to tremble"
| *tarkënë- "to stay warm" || *toarkēstē- || *turgəďə- || - || K. tural- || - || N. toorɣ- || *ta('''a''')rəɣ- || -
|-
| "raft"
| *parvi || *poarē(vē) || - || - || *puurj || - || *paara || *parə || *pårV
| Smy ← OU?
|-
| "flock"
| *parvi || - || - || - || - || - || - || *parə || -
| Same root as prev.?
|-
| "clay"
| *savi || - || ''*śovəń'' || *šun || K. śun || - || style="color:red"| '''*suwľ''' || *saɣɯɯ || -
| Mo. > *-ow- > *-uw-. Kh. < *-əj.
|-
| "cold weather"
| - || *joasō || - || *juž || U. juz || - || - || - || *jat
| Smy > *a / Ć_. Cf. also SS juoskos ~ joåskos "cold"
|-
| "group"
| '''*ko/unta''' || '''*kontē''' || Mk. '''końďä''' || - || - || had(a-) || *kaant || *kantəɣ || *kåntə
| WU contam. with Gmc *hundra?
|-
| "willow"
| *paju || ''*poajōi'' || - || - || style="color:red"| '''*baď''' || faɟal(o-) || - || - || style="color:red"| '''*päwə'''
| S. *oa per -o? Not to be conflated with *pojə "aspen"
|-
| "horn"
| *sarvi || *čoarvē || *śurə || *šur || *śuur || sarv(a-) || *saarəp || '''*ćärpə''' || -
| ← II, Ug. separately?
|-
| "to go thru"
| - || *soaŋē- || Er. ''sova-'' ~ Mo. ''suva-'' || - || U. zum- ~ K. sun- || av- || '''*tuu-''' || *ɬaŋ- || '''*tüj-'''
| Mo. *oŋ → oŋ
|-
| "bend"
| - || NS moagge || - || - || '''*mög''' || - || ''*muuɣəl'' || *makəL || -
| *maŋkə-la > *ma(ŋ)kla in pre-Ms?
|-
| "tin, lead"
| - || - || - || *wulnə || - || ''oon(o-)'' || *alən || ''*ooLnaa'' || -
| H. *alT > *olT, *Vln > VVn. Cf. WU *wala- 'to pour'
|-
| "to want"
|style="color:red"| *hapi-- || - || - || - || - || - || *taŋk- || *ɬaŋkaa- || -
| *šaŋə- with F. analogical *v > p?? F. *soo- "to grant" ← *suwa- ← II.
|-
| "to bild"
| Fi. rakenta- || - || - || - || - || rak- || - || - || -
| Or Fi rather ← Gmc *rakjan
|-
| "lid"
| *kanci || *koamtē || *kundə || '''*komdəš''' || K. kudj || - || - || - || -
|-
| "oak"
| *tammi || - || *tumə || *tumə || *tu || - || - || - || -
|-
| "to split"
| *halkët- || - || *Čulgə- || - || K. '''čaľal-''' || - || - || - || -
| SKES; not in UEW.
|-
| "maple"
| *vahtëra || - || *ukštər || ''*waštar'' || - || - || - || - || -
| Ma. *a / w_
|- style="background:#A0FFA0"
! colspan="10"| *a_ə type 2: similar but S. *ō_ɤ, Mo. *a, P. *oo, Smy. *a / _Ć
| palatalization
|-
| "butter"
| *voi || *vōjɤ || *vaj || '''*ü''' || U. ''vɤj'' ~ K '''vɨj''' || vaj(a-) || *waaj || ''*wooj'' || -
| ~ IA *āǵja — but *w- ? Maybe *wëjə. F. via *voojə
|-
| "to step"
| *askël, *as-tu- || - || Er. aśkiľa- || ''*aškəl-'' || *ooćkVl- || - || ''*uusəl'' || - || *asəl
|-
| "to receive"
| *saa- || NW ''*sākɤ-'' || Mk. sajə- || *šo- || K. su- || - || - || - || *tåj-
| *saxə. Note assim. only in S/Mo. Hi. ''u'' per hiatus
|-
| "grass, awn"
| - || *kōjɤ || - || - || '''*kɨ''' || haj(a-) || *kaaj || - || Sk. *quu < *kåə
|-
| "spirit"
| *vaimo || *vōjŋɤ || *vajmə || - || - || ''vaaɟ(a-)'' || - || - || *wajŋə
| F. & Mo. < *vajŋ-ma-. Cf. S. ''*vājmō'' "heart"?
|-
| "to spread, bed"
| - || *vōðō "bottom layer" || - || - || ''*wååľ-'' || ''aaɟ(a-)'' || *aaľ || - || -
| P. per class 4, F. ''vuode'' < vuota ← B, Mo. *aca ← Tat.
|-
| "river bend"
| - || - || - || - || K. voľ || '''völɟ(ä-)''' || CMs *wooľ ||style="color:red"| *wakəĽ || Ne. wäej
| NB *ľ?!
|-
| "penis"
| - || *pōčɤ || - || - || - || fas || - || - || -
| or H. ← German
|- style="background:#A0FFA0"
! colspan="10"| *a_ə type 3: similar but F. *oo / _Rə (= std. PU *oo/*ox), Ma. *o
| "long" cases
|-
| "to lick"
| *noolë- || style="color:red"| *noalō- || '''*nola'''- || '''*nŭle-''' || *ńuul- || ńal- || '''*ńal-amt-''' || *ńaLaa- || *ńåə-
| F. also cf. ''*nola'' "slime". Check Kh. forms. Mo. analogy with *elä- "live"?
|-
| "to die"
| *koolë- || *koalō- "freeze" || *kulə- || *kole- || *kuul- || hal- || *kaal- || *kaLaa- || *kåə-
| S. may be ← Gmc. Cf. *kal-ma "death".
|-
| "intestine"
| *sooli || *čoalē || *śulə/''a'' || *šolə || *śuulj || ''saal(a-)'' "thread" || - || ''*sooL'' || -
| ← II *ćālā
|-
| "to sleep"
| *voodë-k "bed" || *oaðē- || *udə- || - || - || al- || *aal- || *aLaa- || -
| or F. < *voota "hide"? *ad₂ə "bed" predicts *ota
|-
| "mountain"
| *voori || - || - || - || *vɤɤr || '''orr(o-)''' || *waar || ''*woor'' || Km. ''boor''
| ~ II *aras — but *w- ? P. *wa- > *wo-. Also cf. *wara
|-
| "crust"
| *koori || *koarē || ''*kaŕ'' || - || K. ''kɨrś'' || - || '''*kur-''' || W *karə, '''*kuurəp''' || ''*kar''
| For Se. ''ker-'' cf. [[Proto-Uralic/new|*kêri]]
|-
| "thicket"
| - || - || Er. kuro || - || - || - || *kaarəp || S. xar || FNe. '''kuur'''
| clearly not *kurV!
|-
| "to whittle, to plane"
| *voolë- || *oalō- || - || - || ''*vɤl-'' || - || ''*walt-'' || *waLt- || -
| S. *vōlɤ- ← F.; P. *wa- > *wo-
|-
| "ash; heat; flame"
| - || - || - || *lom(p)ɤž || *luum- || laaŋg(o-) || - || - || -
|- style="background:#A0FFA0"
! colspan="10"| *a_ə type 4: similar but F. *o_a, P. *wåå / #_ (bled by prev. two exception classes!)
|-
| "sleep"
| - || - || *udəmə || *omə || *uunm || ''aalom(o-)'' || ''*uuləm'' || '''*aaLəm''', ''*wuuLəm'' "dream" || -
| *aðəma; > *alma in P+Ug? cf. "to sleep"
|-
| "shoulder"
| *o/õlka || *oalkē || - || - || K. volɨs || vaall(a-) || ''*waaɣləp'' || - || *wajk
| Cf. BSl. *olkuti ? Ms. 'shoulderband'. NB Smy palzn
|-
| "awl"
| *ora || *oarē || *urə || - || - || aar(a-) || - || - || -
| ← II *ārā (Vo ''õra'')
|-
| "slave"
| *orja || *oarjē "south" || *uŕɜ || - || U. war || - || - || - || -
| ← II *ārya. K. '''verɤs''' 'husband' better < *wirä(s) ← IE (Katz)
|-
| "to shine"
| - || - || - || - || *vååľ(k)'' || - || *waľɣ- || N. *waĽə- || -
| *w- ?? Cf. *wëlkə "light"!
|-
| "early"
| - || - || - || *ažno || *wåådź || - || - || - || -
|}

==*o_ə==
F. *o_i/e-, S. *ō_ɤ, Mo. u(CCə)

{|
|- style="background:#FFA0A0"
! Lexeme
! [[Finnish|Finnic]] !! [[Proto-Samic|Samic]] !! [[Mordvinic|Mordv.]] !! [[Mari]] !! [[Permic]] !! [[Hungarian|Hung.]] !! [[Mansi]] !! [[Khanty]] !! [[Proto-Samoyedic|Samoy.]]
! Comments
|- style="background:#A0FFA0"
! colspan="10"| *o_ə type 1a > Ma. *a/*o, P. *(kʷ/w)ɤɤ, Ms. *aa, Kh *oo, Smy. *å)
| all EU cases with medial clusters?
|-
| "hollow, cavity"
| *o/õnci || *vōmtɤ || *undə || - || U. '''udur''' || ''odur'' || *aantər || *oontər || -
| *omtə(-rV)
|-
| "opening, mouth"
| *o/õvvi || W *vōŋɤs || *oŋ-kst || '''*äŋ''' || *wɤɤm || ''ajak'' : ''ajka-'' || - || *ooŋ || '''*aŋ'''
| *owŋə? F. ''aukko'' ← *aŋa- "to open". Mo. *oŋ > oŋ.
|-
| "to chew"
| - || *sōskɤ- || *suskə- || - || *sɤɤsk- || - || *taaɣt- || *ɬookəL- || '''#tutə-'''
|-
| "bow"
| *jousi || *jōksɤ || *joŋs || *jaŋež || - || '''iij(a-)''' || *jaaGt || *jookəL || '''*jïntə'''
| *-ŋs-. Mo. *oŋ > oŋ
|-
| "tail"
| *poč-ka || *poac-kē || - || *pač ||style="color:green"| *bɤɤž || ''far(o-)'' || *paanš ||style="color:red"| *pooč || *pånčə
| *-č- or *-nč-? F, S *po(n)č-ka "shin"
|-
| "thick; many"
| - || - || - || *čaka(-ta) || K. čɤk || ''šok'' ||style="color:red"| *šaaw || - || -
| Cf. Turkic *čok
|-
| "net needle"
| - || *čōps'''ē'''mē || - || *šapš || - || - || *taas || *soopəs || -
|-
| "lung; gills"
| - || - || - || *šoðɤ || K. šɤľ || - || - || - || -
| no cluster? S. suovtē 'gills' better ← Gmc (and ≠ P anyway)
|-
| ""
| || || || || || || || ||
|- style="background:#A0FFA0"
! colspan="10"| *o_ə type 1b: similar except F. *uu (= PU *ow_ə?)
| coronal or zero-ish medials
|-
| "spruce"
| ''*kuusi'' || ''*kōsɤ'' || *kuz || *kož || *kʷɤɤz || - || style="color:green"| *kaaɣt || *kooL || *kåət
| *kowsə?
|-
| "root, base"
| ''*juuri'' || - || *jur || - || ''*jur'' || - || - || - || *jår
| *jowrə? Smy not ~ F. jaaru
|-
| "cereal"
| ''*suurimo'' "groats" || - || *surə "millet" || - ||style="color:green"| *zɤɤr "oats" || - || - || - || -
| Or F ~ Mo śu/orə 'corn' etc.
|-
| "drape"
| ''*uudim'' || - || - || - || *wɤɤn(m-) || - || *aaməl || *ooLəp || -
| *owðəmə? NB no *ð > ∅ in P. Possibly PMs *aalma > CMs *aaməl
|-
| "other"
| ''*muu'' || ''*mū-'' || - || *molə || *mɤɤd *muuket || maaš || *maat; S+E ''*mɤɤt'' || || -
| *mow-?!
|- style="background:#A0FFA0"
! colspan="10"| *o_ə type 1c: similar except Ma. *u, P. *⁽ʷ⁾ɤ (U+KP /ɤ/, Zyrian /o/)
|-
| "to vomit"
| *oksënta- || SS vuoksedi- || *uksəndə- || ''*ukšənća-'' || ''*wɤskɨ-'' || - || - || - || -
| Core S '''*vōksē-'''-, backformation? Or F. *a > *ə / T_T?
|-
| "to touch"
| NF *koske- || *kōskɤ- || - || ''*kuške-'' || K. kos- || - || - || - || -
| K from P. *kʷɤɤs-?
|-
| "(to) patch"
| - || W *tōŋɤ- ~ E *tōvŋɤ- || - || ''*tuməš'' || K. *dɤɤm- || - || - || - || -
| ŋ/m? Ma. per *a-stem?
|-
| "belly, abdomen"
| *ko/õktu || - || - || - || ''*kʷɤt'' || - || - || - || -
|-
| "dry"
| - || - || - || ''*kukšə'' || ''*kʷɤs'' || - || - || - || -
| cf. *kôśkə?
|-
| "worm"
| - || *sōksɤ || *suks || ''*šukš'' || - || - || - || - || -
|- style="background:#A0FFA0"
! colspan="10"| *o_ə type 1d: indistinct/unclear
|-
| "to wash"
| *mo/õskë- || - || *muśkə- || ''*mŭška-'' || ''*mɨśk-'' ||style="color:red"| ''moš-'' || - || - || *måsə-
| MaP *u, / m_?
|-
| "hole"
| *oŋk- || *vōŋkō || - || - || - || - || *waaŋka || *wooŋk || *wåŋkə
| F. onk'''a'''lo cf. varsi : vartalo
|-
| "to scorch"
| *ko/õrpët- || *kōrpɤ- || *kurv'''a'''- || - || - || - || - || - || *kårpə-
|-
| "knee"
| *po/õlvi || *pōlvɤ || *pul- || ''*pŭl'' || - || - || - || - || '''*puəj'''
| Ma. *ŭ / _[+LAB]_
|-
| "thin"
| *o/õhut || - || - || - || - || - || *waaɣta || *wookəL || -
| *wokšə (AA13)
|-
| "netstring"
| - || *cōncɤ || - || - || - || - || - || *čoončəɣ || -
|-
| "hole in wood"
| - || *vōwtɤ || - || - || - || - || - || *ooŋət || -
| *oŋtə, cf. *omtə
|-
| "(to) knot"
| *so/õlmi || *čōlmɤ || *śulm'''a''' || - || - || ''čomoo'' || - || - || -
|-
| "snot"
| *no/õlki ||style="color:green"| *snōlkɤ || '''*nolgə''' || - || - ||style="color:red"| '''ńaal(a-)''' || - || - || -
| S. affected by Gmc *snuut?
|-
| "spear"
| - || - || - ||style="color:red"| ''*umdə'' || - || - || *aaGta || *ooŋtəw || ''*aŋtə''
| Tv ''awtā'' ← *-ɣt- , WMs *owta/NMs *oowta ← *wt = Ms *-ŋt-? F. *ota better < *woča
|-
| "woods"
| - || - || - || - || - || vad(a-) || - || *woont || -
| S. *vōvtē ← Gmc
|-
| "to pin; to sew"
| - || - || - || - || - || - || *saalt- || - || *såjtə-
|-
| "to oppose"
| *to/õrju- || *toarjō- || *tuŕə- || - || - || - || - || - || -
| S. "to support". Cf. *tora
|- style="background:#A0FFA0"
! colspan="10"| *o_ə type 2: similar except P. *(k)wåå/*ooĆ/*uu, Ms. *u(u), Smy *o
| open syllables with a dorsal medial
|-
| "male"
| - || *kōjɤ || - || - || *koom || hiim || CMs ''*kuj'', *kum || ''*kuu₂j'' || -
| *kojə(-ma). Ms. *uuj > *uj?
|-
| "to sound"
| *so/õi- || *čōjɤ- || - || *ša-kte- || - || †saj- || ''*suj-'' || '''*söj-''' || *så(jmå)
| Ms. *uuj > *uj? Better *a?
|-
| "to find; riddle"
| - || - || *mujə- || *moa- ||style="color:red"| ''*mååď'' || ''mu(u)t'' || - || *muuj-- || -
| F. ''mu/o/õista-'' "to remember" ← R. мысл- "to think"
|-
| "to bring"
| *too- || *tōkɤ- || *tujə- || - || - || - || *tuul- || *tuu₂-~ *tuu₁ɣ- || '''*tå-''' / '''*tə-'''
| H. *toj- "lay eggs" may be ← Trc
|-
| "bosom"
| *po/õvvi || *pōŋɤ || Er. poŋgo ~ Mk. pov || Hi. poŋgəš ~ Me. poməš || *pi || - || *puut || E puuɣəL ~ N poxəL || *påŋə
| *powŋə? Mo. *oŋ > *oŋ. Smy ment'd in AA13, reflexes??
|-
| "to pursue"
| *no/õu-ta- || - || - || - || - || - || ''*ńɤɤwl-'' || *ńuu₂/ååkəL- || *ńo-
| V -uu-, Vj -ɔɔ-. Ms. cheshirization? Also cf. P. *nuu-, Ma. *nŭmala- "carry"
|-
| "to experience"
| *koke- || I. kuoha- || - || - || - || - || - || - || *ko-
|-
| "berry"
| Võ pal'''a''' || - || || - || K. pul || style="color:red"| '''boľoo, boɟoo ?''' || ''*pul'' || - || Sk. '''*pəl-'''
| Core F. *poola probably reshaped after *joo-la- "V. uliginosum"
|-
| "steam, fog"
| - || - || - || - || *ruu || - || - || *ruu₂t || -
|-
| "to say"
| *hoke- || - || - || - || *šuu- || - || - || - || -
|-
| "barley"
| - || - || *čuž ||style="color:red"| *šož || *čuužj || - || - || - || -
| substratal? note *-š-
|- style="background:#A0FFA0"
! colspan="10"| *o_ə type 3: as per [[Proto-Uralic/U|*u]] in WU+P, H. ''uu'', Ms. *u, Kh. *o, Smy *o
| open syllables with an anterior medial
|-
| "sno"
| *lumi || *lomɤ ||style="color:red"| *loŋ || *lŭm || *lɨmɨ || ''lom'' || - || - || *jom-
| Ma. *ŭ / _[+LAB]_
|-
| "to bite"
| *pure- || *porɤ- ||style="color:green"| *poŕə- || *pŭra- || '''*puur(ɨ)-''' || - || *pur- || *por- || *por-
| Ma. *ŭ / _[+LAB]_
|-
| "to blo"
| *puhu- *puhalta- || *posō- || - || - || K. '''puškɨ-''' || fuu- || *put- || *poLaa- || Sk. ''puttu''?
| K. ~ Fi. puhku-?
|-
| "bone"
| *luu || - || *lov''a''ža || *lu || *lɨ || - || *luw || *loɣ || '''*lɤ'''
| Mari CV ⇒ long
|-
| "mouth"
| *suu || *čovɤ, *čontɤk || - || *šu || - || '''saa-j''' || *sunt, ''*suup'' ||style="color:orange"| ''*ɬuuL'' || *so
| *śowə. Mari CV ⇒ long. Kh *śowə-sa > *suu-ɬ > *ɬuuɬ??
|-
| "new"
| ''*uuci'' || *oðɤ || *od ||style="color:brown"| *u || *vɨľ || uuj(a-) || - || - || Sk. oćɨŋ
| Mari CV ⇒ long. F. length from *wu-?
|-
| "(to) coff"
| - || *kosɤ(-) || *koz(ə-) || - || *kɨz(ɨ)- || - || - || ''*kooL(-)'' || *kot(-)
|-
| "to pass by"
| - || *molɤ- ||style="color:green"| *moľə- || - || style="color:red"| *mɤɤjm || muul- || Tv ''mal-'' ~ CMs *mul- || - || -
|-
| "to come"
| *tule- || *tolɤ- || - || *tola- || - || '''talaal-''' || - || - || *toj-
| Ma/H. cf. F. *talla- "tread"?
|-
| "lake"
| - || - || - || - || *tɨ || √tav- || Tv. ''too'' || *toɣ || *to
| *towə, not *toxə. PMs *tow? SKh ''tew''
|-
| "side"
| - || - || - || - || K vɨj || - || *wujəl || - || -
| Tv ''wɤjəl''
|-
| "hut"
| - || - || - || - || U. tɨlɨs || - || *tul || - || -
| Ms. "tent pole". F. *talas/-oi ← Baltic *tala-
|-
| "steep"
| - || - || - || - || *ńɨl- || - || *ńultəŋ || - || -
|-
| "remaining sno"
| - || W ''*jësë'', E ''*jëcë'' || - || *jož || '''*juuž''' 'hard snow' || - || - || - || -
| cf. *joččə 'path'
|-
| "sleep"
| *uni || - || on || - || - || - || - || - || -
| ← IE *oner
|- style="background:#A0FFA0"
! colspan="10"| Indistinct between *o₁_ə and *o₂_ə
|-
| demonstrativ stem
| *jo- || *jō- || E. ju- || *ju- || - || - || - || - || -
| ← IE?
|-
| ""
| || || || || || || || ||
|-
| "to be sick"
| *po/õte- || *pōcɤ- || - || - || - || - || - || - || -
|-
| "true"
| *to/õci || *tōtɤ || - || - || - || - || - || - || -
|-
| ""
| || || || || || || || ||
|-
| "to cut"
| - || - || - || - || - || farag || *paar || - || '''*pərå-'''
| Smy. "to scrape", may not belong
|-
| "to dry"
| - || - || - || - || - || asoo || style="color:green"| *taaš || *soos ||
|- style="background:#A0FFA0"
! colspan="10"| with Ms. *ɤɤ
|-
| "cheek"
| *po/õski || - || - || - || - || - || style="color:red"| *pɤɤjət || E puuɣLəm ~ W *poxLəm || *påtə
|-
| "tusk"
| - || - || - || - || *wåådźer || aɟar(a-) || *ɤɤńćər || '''*eńćər''' || -
|-
| "ghost"
| - || - || *čo(v) || - || K. šɤn || - || ''*tɤɤw'' || *ɬuu₂ŋk || -
| Mo. *oŋ > *oŋ, or *av > ov? Ms. cheshirization? F. ''huu'' better ← Gmc
|- style="background:#A0FFA0"
! colspan="10" | *ô_ə (F. ''*o'', Mo. ''*o'', Ma. ''*a''?)
|-
| "to dry; rapids"
| *koski || *koškɤ- || *kośkə- || *kaške(-) || *kʷååś-/k || - ||style="color:green"| *kaš (?) || - || *kåsə-
| F. → S. *kōškɤ "rapids"
|-
| "stick"
| *po/?nci || - || Mk. pond'''a''' || *pandə || *pood || - || - || - || -
| P. also ''*böd'' "staff"
|-
| "vessel"
| - || - || *očkə || *wačkɤ || U. vɨčkɨ || - || - || - || -
|-
| "grain"
| - || - || *norəv || - || K nur(j-) || - || - || - || -
|-
| "straw"
| *o/õlki || - || *olgə || - || - || - || - || - || -
|-
| "corner; to hide"
| *so/?ppi || - || *śopə- || - || - || - || - || - || -
|-
| "bear"
| *o/?kci || - || *ovtə || - || - || - || - || - || -
| Cf. late IE *arktos
|-
| "to sink"
| *lo/?nteh || - || londado- || - || - || - || - || - || -
|- style="background:#A0FFA0"
! colspan="10"| IE loans
|-
| "salt"
| suola || - || sal || Hi cal ~ Me '''ćal''' || U. ''sɨlal'' ~ K. sol || - || - || - || -
| ← IE, multiple loans? Mari affricated prenasally? (#sÖnćAl)
|-
| "to sieve"
| *pohtVj- || - || ponž'''a'''vto- || - || ''*poož-'' || - || - || - || -
| ← IE *powH-(ta-), *pewH-
|-
| "(to) hoe"
| *kookka || - || - || - || ''*kook-'' || - || - || - || -
| at least F ← Gmc *xōka
|-
| "gap"
| *lo/õvi || - || *luv || *lu || - || - || - || - || -
| ← Gmc. Mo/Ma better here than with F. *loma
|-
| "hook, to angle"
| *o/õŋki || *vōŋkɤ *oaŋkō- || - || ''*oŋgə'' || - || - || - || - || -
| ← IE
|-
| "to dare"
| *tohtVj- || *tōstɤ- || - || *tošta- || - || - || - || - || -
| ← II *dʰr̥š-?
|-
| "protection"
| suoja, hoi-va || *sōjē, šōjē || - || - || - || - || - || - || -
| ← II *sćaajaa
|- style="background:#A0FFA0"
! colspan="10" | Rejectable
|-
| "group"
| *jo/õukko || - || - || - || *juuk || ɟakor || - || - || -
| F. ← Sc. *jǫukja-, P. = *jëka- 'to divide'
|-
| "cover"
| - || NS '''goaran''' || - || - || - || - || N. xuri || *koraa || -
| better S < *koarō- 'to sew' (1), OU ← *kur- 'to skin' or *kur- 'to sew' (2), maybe Ms ← Kh.
|- style="background:#A0FFA0"
! colspan="10" | Messy stuff
|-
| "those"
| *noo || *nō- || nonat || *nŭnə || K. ''nɨ-'' || - || - || - || Se. na
|-
| "that"
| *too || *tō || to- || *tŭ || U. tu ~ K. ''tɨ'' || ta-, taa- || *tuu-, *tu- || *to₂-- || *tå-
|-
| "3"
| *kolmi || *kolmɤ || *kolmə || *kŭm ||style="color:red"| '''#kuuińm'''  || style="color:green"| '''haarom''' : ''harma-'' || style="color:green"| '''*kuurəm''' || *kooLəm || -
| *-rm-, analogy to '4' outside H+Ms?
|-
| "aspen"
| - || - || *poj || -|| *pi || - || - || *paaj || #pij
|-
| "to flay"
| - || *ńōvɤ- || - || - || *ńij- || ńuuz- || Tv. ńooj- ~ CMs *ńuj- || ||
| *-w-/*-j-? H. *ńoWə-ta-?
|-
| "pole"
| - || *čōlčɤ || - || - || - || - || - || - || *səlčə
| Bad
|-
| "pole"
| Fi. vuoli || - || - || - || - || - || *ula || N. *(w)ooɭ || -
| OU here under next item?
|- style="background:#DDDDDD"
| "pole"
| ulku || style="color:red"| *holkɤ || olga || - || K. ɨl || || N. aawla || N. *oxəL || *uj
| for comparision
|-
| "straight"
| *o/õikëda || *vōjkɤ || '''*vijəďɜ''' || '''*wij-''' || - || - || - || - || -
| S. may be ← F. Mo/Ma *wejä/*weKä?
|-
| "buckle"
| *so/õlki || '''*čūlkō-''' || *śulg'''a'''mə || ''*šolkama'' || - || - || - || - || -
| P. *śuul "ski" better ← *śëlka
|-
| "to feed"
| - || - || - || *wurde- || *vördɨ- || - || - || - || -
| Cf. IE *werdʰ-
|-
| "to throw"
| *loo || '''*lū''' || '''*ľijə-''' || *loŋa- || *lɤd- || loog- || || ||
| WTF
|-
| "dawn"
| *koi || - || - || - || K. ''kɨa'' || - || - || - || -
| Better *kajə? H. ''haj'', Ms. *kuuj cf. *kaja "sun"
|-
| "a fish"
| *to/õtki || - || *tutk'''a''' ||style="color:red"| *tatə || - || tat || *tokt || - || Sk. tut
| East *u?
|-
| "cloth"
| - || - || - || ''*tŭɣər'' || *te/ɤr''a'' || - || - || - || -
|-
| "many"
| *mo/õni || '''moanɤk''' || - || - || *-mɨn || *-vAn || *-mən || - || -
| Probly ← IE
|-
| "to lern; to see"
| *o/õppe(j)- || - || - || - || - || - || *waapl- || *waapəɣ- || -
| F. → S. *oappɤ-
|-
| "to be able; to fight"
| *vo/õi- || - || - || - || - || viiv- || - || - || -
|-
| "ski"
| - || - || - || '''*ječe''' || - || - || *jašə || - || -
| Bad
|-
| "weak"
| - || - || - || - || K. rudź- || ross || - || - || -
|-
| "to sweep"
| Fi. '''huosi-''' || - || - || - || U. '''čuž-''' || - || *šaaš- || '''*čaač-''' ||Sk čuuč-← *čåəč-
|-
| "go sour"
| - || - || - || Me. šua- || U. šut- ~ K. šuź- || - || - || - || -
| Cf. čapp
|-
| "harness"
| - || *vōtɤ || - || - || - || - || *vo/ät || '''*wäät''' || Sk. *kuu
|-
| "moss"
| - || *ńōrɤ || - || - || - || - || - || - || *ńår-
| Cf. *ńërə
|-
| ""
| || || || || || || || ||
|-
| ""
| || || || || || || || ||
|}

==*o_a==
{|
|- style="background:#FFA0A0"
! Lexeme
! [[Finnish|Finnic]] !! [[Proto-Samic|Samic]] !! [[Mordvinic|Mordv.]] !! [[Mari]] !! [[Permic]] !! [[Hungarian|Hung.]] !! [[Mansi]] !! [[Khanty]] !! [[Proto-Samoyedic|Samoy.]]
! Comments
|- style="background:#A0FFA0"
! colspan="10"| F. *o_a, S. *oa_ē, Mo. *u_ə, Ma. *u, P. *uu, H. aa, Ms. *uu, Kh. *aa, Smy. *å_å
|-
| "part; flesh"
| *osa || *oańčē || || Me. '''ü'''/užas || - || aaɟek, ''ost-'' || *uunć || - || -
| ← II?
|-
| "fish trap"
| *ota- || *oacē || - || - || K. '''vodž''' || - || *wuuš || *waač || ''*wåč''
| Mo. ''*oš'' "city" probably doesn't belong. Sk. *k⁽ʷ⁾ëččə a derivative?
|-
| "jaw"
| - || *oalōl || *ulə || - || - || aall(a-) || *uuləć || - || -
|-
| "awhile; to spend a night"
| NF *kotva || *koaðvē || - || - || '''*kʷɤl''' || haal- || *kuul- || *kaaL- || -
| AA15. Ma. kot "year" ← Ru. год (MZh14)
|-
| "time"
| || || - || - || - || - || - || - || -
|-
| "to conjure"
| - || - || Er. '''al(s)ta-''' || style="color:#D08000"| *ulte- || - || aald- || - || *aaLəL- || -
|-
| "spirit"
| - || - || - || - || *kuuľj || ''haɟ'' || '''*kuľ-''' || - || *kåjkə
| *-d₂k-. F. *koljoi ← Gmc
|-
| "raw, meat"
| - || - || - || - || *uuľ || - || - || - || *åjå
|-
| "skin"
| E. ''kõba'' || - || *kuvə || *kŭwə || *kuu || - || - || - || '''*kopå'''
| Ma. *ŭ / _[+LAB]_
|-
| "squirrel"
| *orava || *oarēvē || ''*ur'' || *ur || K. ur || - || - || - || Mt. orop
| Vo ''õrava''. PSmy *årop / *oråp
|-
| "eagle"
| *kotka || *koackēmē || style="color:red"| ''*kućkan'' || *kučkəž || *kuuč || - || - || - || -
|- style="background:#A0FFA0"
! colspan="10"| similar but P. *kʷåå, Ms. *aa
|-
| "house"
| *kota || *koatē || *kudə || *kuðɤ || *kʷåå || haaz(a-) || *kaatə || *kaat || -
| Old Ms хоть, хоать. ← II?
|-
| "ear; leaf"
| *ko/õrva || *koarvē || - || - || *kʷåår || ''harap'' || - || - || style="color:red"| ''*kåw''
|-
| "small fly"
| - || - || - || *lŭmej || U. ľum || - || *ľaaməj || - || -
| Ma. *ŭ / _[+LAB]_
|- style="background:#A0FFA0"
! colspan="10"| indistinct
|-
| "head"
| *oiva || *oajvē || Mk. uj- || *wuj || - || - || - || - || *åjwå
|-
| "to bring"
| - || *toalvō- || - || - || - || - || - || - || *tåjwå-
|-
| "wedge"
| *tolva || - || *tulə || - || *tuulj || - || - || - || ''*tajwA''
| F. → ??
|-
| "hare"
| - || *ńoamēlē || *numələ || - || K. '''ńimal''' || style="color:green"| ''ńuul(a-)'' || - || - || *ńåmå
| ← *ńoxə-ma(-la)? H. *m-lenition
|-
| "war"
| *so/õta || - || *śudə- || *šuðə- "curse" || - || - || - || - || *såjə
| S. *soattē ← F.
|-
| "quarrel"
| *to/õra || *toarō ||style="color:red"| *tuŕə- || - || - || || - || - || *tåro-
| Hi. "torle-" ∄ (MZh14)
|-
| "aunt"
| - || *koaskē || - || - || - || - || - || - || *kåtå
|-
| "shallow; to dry"
| - || *coakē- || - || - || - || - || - || - || Sk. *čëkə-
| PSmy *čåkå-?
|-
| "to go"
| - || - || jut''a''-, Mk. '''jota-''' || - || - || - || - || - || *jåtA-
| *jočə-ta-? Cf. OUg *jaač "path". S. *jotē- better ← B. *judē-.
|-
| "to dry"
| - || - || - || - || *śuur- || saar- || - || *saar- || -
| Ms. ''*šu(u)r(l)-'' ← Komi šural-?
|-
| "orphan"
| *orpoj || *oarpēs ||style="color:red"| *urəs || - || - || aarva || - || E. '''uurwɯɯ''' || -
| ← IE *(h₃)orbʰos
|-
| "to sew"
| - || - || - || *ŭrɣe-; *wŭrɣəm "cloth" || *vuurɨ- || var- || - || - || -
| Ma. *ŭ / _[+LAB]_
|-
| "south; day"
| *lo/õuna || - || - || - || U nun, lum ~ K lun || - || - || - || -
| ← IE *louksnos
|-
| "to gather"
| *korjat- || - || - || - || ''*kuurjal-'' || - || - || - || -
| may be loan F → P (-rj-!)
|-
| "reindeer"
|style="color:red"| *poro || *poačōj || - || Hi. pučə ~ Me. '''püčö''' || U. pudžej || - || - || - || -
| ← II *paču-; Ms *pääš ~ Kh *peeč indep.
|-
| "to wait"
| *odotta- || *oacōttē- || *učə- || *wŭče- || - || - || - || - || -
| Ma. *ŭ / _[+LAB]_
|-
| "shaman"
| *no/õjta || *noajtē || Er. nuď-ńe- "to divine" || - || - || - || '''*ńääjt''' || - || -
|-
| "sleigh"
| - || *čoanē "last sleigh" || - || - || - || - || style="color:green"| '''*šun''' || - || -
|-
| "wave"
| - || - || - || - || - || hab(o-) || '''*ku(m)p''' || ''*ko/uump'' || *kåmpå
| Distinct from FP *kumpu "hill".
|-
| "hill"
| - || - || - || *mŭčə || *muuč || - || - || - || -
| *močča, Ma. *ŭ / _[+LAB]_?
|-
| "cold"
| - || - || - || *juž || U. juz || - || - || - || -
|-
| "bent, to bend"
| *no/õtko/eda || *ńoackē || *nučk''a''- || - || - || - || - || - || -
|-
| ""
| || || || || || || || ||
|-
| ""
| || || || || || || || ||
|- style="background:#A0FFA0"
! colspan="10"| West *o_a, Mari *ŭ?, East *ë (P ambiguous)
|-
| "man, male animal"
| *koira(s) || - || - || - || K. '''kɨr''' || here || *kɤɤr || *kaar || ''*kora''
| *kojra ← *kojə-ra
|-
| "duck"
| *so/õtka || *čoaðkē || *śulgə || '''*šooe''' || *šuul || - || *sɤɤľ || *saaj || -
| *ś-l → *ś-ľ in Ug.
|-
| "ware"
| *os-ta- "to buy" || *oasē || - || *wŭža || *vuuz || - || *wɤɤta || - || -
| ← IE *wosā, Ma. *ŭ / _[+LAB]_. Ms via II?
|-
| "to peel"
| - || - || - || ''*kŭðaša-'' || *kuuľ- || - || *kɤɤľ- || - || -
|-
| "to dive"
| - || - || - || ''*šŭŋga-'' || *s/zuuŋ- || - || - || - || -
|-
| "to take, to pluck"
| *vo/õtta- || - || - || - || U. '''vɨtɨ-''' ~ K. '''vot-''' || - || *wɤɤt- || - || -
| *wolə-kta-?
|- style="background:#A0FFA0"
! colspan="10"| feat. Ms. *aCC, Kh. *oo
|-
| "soft"
| - || *loančē || - || "lënzë-" || - || laaɟ || *lanćəŋ ||style="color:green"| *ɭoonćə(ɣ) || -
| NB no palzn in S.
|-
| "rare"
| '''*harva''' || *soarvē || *šurə || - || K. šur- || - || - || *ɬoorəp || '''#tïrå-'''
| S. "dry tree", K. "to dry"
|-
| "soup"
| *rokka || - || - || - || - || - || LU raɣt || *rook || -
|-
| "to tire"
| - || - || - || *noje- || - || - || - || *nooj- || -
|-
| "to hack"
| - || - || - || *roe- || - || ''rov-'' || - || *rooɣ- || -
| Hi. ''u'' in hiatus
|-
| "to scrape"
| - || - || - || - ||style="color:red"| *vuušt- || vaaš- || style="color:red"| *ašɣ- || *woočəɣ- || -
|-
| "to stick in"
| - || - || - || - || - || ''ɟak-'' || *jɤɤkʷ- || *jooɣə- ||
| Or H ~ Fi tokka-, Ma *loɣe-
|-
| "sorcery"
| - || - || - || - || - || taaltoš || || *tooLt || -
| NMs ''tuultən'' "light, easy" semantically bad
|-
| "palm; span"
| - || - || - || - || - || marok(o-) || - || S muurəs || -
|-
| "collar"
| - || - || - || - || - || - || *rɤɤkʷ || *rook || -
| Ne. *ruku ← Kh.
|- style="background:#A0FFA0"
! colspan="10"| feat. P *oo
|-
| "friend"
| - || - || - || - || *joort || - || - || - || #(*j)üruŋ
|-
| "dish, chest"
| - || - || - || - ||style="color:green"| *dooz || - || - || *toL || -
|-
| "piece"
| - || - || - || - || *toor || - || *taawrV || - || -
|-
| "twig"
| *oksa || *oaksē || - || *ukš || *oosɨ || - || - || - || -
|-
| "space; warm"
| *hooneh || - || - || - || *šoon- || - || - || - || -
| Or F. ← B. *šānas "side" → "room"
|-
| "sleigh"
| - || - || *nurdə || - || *noort || - || - || - || -
|-
| "narrow; to worry"
| - || - || - || - || *šoog || aggod- , oog-|| - || - || -
| Semantics bad
|-
| "to stick"
| - || - || - || - || *tooj- || †toľ- || - || - || -
|-
| "to stretch"
| - || - || - || - || U nujt- ~ K ńojd- || ńuujt- || - || - || -
|-
| "to conjure"
| - || - || - || - || K. vom-- || †wima- || - || - || -
| *wojmɜ-, cf. F. voima?? (should be H. *-w-)
|- style="background:#A0FFA0"
! colspan="10"| feat. P *åå
|-
| "cleft"
| *kolo || *koalō || - || - || *kʷåål- || halok || *kal ||style="color:green"| *kååɭ || -
| FS possibly ← Gmc
|-
| "pig"
| *po/õrsas || - || *purćis || - || '''*påårś''' || - || - || - || -
| ← IE
|-
| "healthy"
| - || - || - || Hi. šu || *šååń || '''igen''' || - || - || -
| H. "very". Expected P -m?
|-
| "to knead"
| - || - || - || *lŭɣA- || *lååj- || - || - || - || -
|- style="background:#A0FFA0"
! colspan="10"| feat. Mo *o
|-
| "wet"
| *loppa || - || *lop-''a''ftə- || *lŭp || K '''lapɨd''' || - || - || - || -
| Ma. *ŭ / _[+LAB]_, unless *u?
|-
| "valley"
| *lotma || - || ložmo || - || - || - || - || - || -
| Phonotax non-Uralic
|-
| "bad; lazy"
| Fi. nolo || - || Mk. nola || - || - || - || - || - || -
| Better F ← S (cf AASL), Mk < *novla
|- style="background:#A0FFA0"
! colspan="10"| feat. Ma *a
|-
| "slime, phloam"
| *nola, *nila || - || - || *nalɤ || U. '''ńɤl''' ~ K. '''ńiľ''' || - || *ńiľ- "to peel" || *ńaL || Ne. nal-
| Cf. *ńïla. F. also '''nula'''
|-
| "fat"
| style="color:red"| Fi. kuu || - || *kuja || *kaja || U. kɤj; U. kwajɨ- || haaj(a-) || - || - || -
| Maybe *koxa??
|-
| "dung"
| *sonta || - || - || '''*šandə''' || U. zud "mud" || - || - || - || -
|-
| "brittle"
| NF *rohka || - || - || *raš/čka || *rɨž, K. rɨš(k)- || - || - || - || -
| *rošə, *roš-ka? OU ''ris'' etc. ← K. Don't see how H. roš- "slow" compares. Zek "P *ruuž"

|- style="background:#A0FFA0"
! colspan="10"| East only
|-
| "hill"
| - || - || - || - || - ||style="color:red"| domb(o-) || *tåmp || - || -
| clearly not PU
|-
| "to sink"
| - || - || - || - || - || style="color:red"| rokkan- || *rowt-, N. '''räɣ-''' || *raak- || -
|-
| "birch bark"
| || || || || || tidoo || || ||
| + OU per *tana
|-
| "to see"
| - || - || - || - || - || oov- || *wɤɤ(j)- || *wuu-/waa- || '''*wë(ra)-'''
| how about *ë
|-
| "to go"
| - || - || - || - || - || in-- || *jaam- || - || Ne. jaam-
|-
| "lead"
| - || - || - || - || - || oolom(o-) || *wuuləm || - || -
|-
| "hole"
| - || - || - || - || - || - || N. waapi || - || *wåpə
| Loan from Ne. → Ms?
|-
| "good"
| - || - || - || - || - || style="color:red"| joo, jav- || *jamas || '''*jem''' || -
| or Kh ~ F. *imeh
|-
| "plane (tool)"
| - || - || - || - || - || ɟal(l)u, ɟarol- || *jar(ɣə-) || - || -
| H. *rl → ll?
|-
| "to remain; thrifty"
| - || - || - || - || - || marad- || - || - || *mərəj
| better *u?
|-
| "head"
| - || - || - || - || - || - || *ɤɤw(t) || *ååk, *uu₂ŋkəL || *ukə
| Or Ms < *ojwa?
|-
| "road"
| - || - || - || - || - || uut(a-) || *ɤɤKt || *ååkət || *uət
|- style="background:#A0FFA0"
! colspan="10"| TBS
|-
| "vessel"
| F. '''purnu''' || '''*pōrnē''' || - || - || U. '''bɤrńo''' ~ K. burńa || - || - || - || -
|-
| "to sigh"
| '''*hooka-''' || SS såagedh || - || #šootVć- "to rest" || - || - || *šëëk- || - || -
| Consonants bad. F, S. better ← Gmc *swogan. F. → S. *śōkkē-
|-
| "stick"
| *sompa || *soampē || - || šo/umba? || K. '''*zɨb''' || - || - || - || -
| F. ← S. ← II?
|-
| "to prick"
| F. tokkaa- || - || - || Hi. loɣe- || - || ɟak- || - || - || -
|-
| "yellow"
| - || - ||style="color:red"| *ťuž'''a''' || - || U. čuž || - || - || - || -
| Fairly bad
|-
| "1000"
| - || - || - || - || *śuurs || - || style="color:green"| '''*šatər-''' || '''*ćorəs''' ||
| ← II *ǵʰasra, independantly?
|-
| "to peel"
| - || - || - || - || U. vɤľɨ- ~ K. *vɔľ- || *woľćt- || - || - || -
| S. *oalō- ← *walə-; E. *valə- ← *wala- "pour"??
|-
| "Labrador tea"
| - || ES '''*olo-''' || - || - || - || - || *waľ || '''*wääľ''' || -
| Bad. Note *ľ.
|-
| "fat"
| - || *jolē || - || - || - || - || - || *jaaL || -
| *u ~ *ë/*a?
|-
| "middle; with"
| Fi. jotka || - || *jutkə || - || - || jaat "friend" || E/N *jat, S/W '''*jät''' || TrJ jot, VVj '''jöt''' || ''*jotä''
|-
| "slow"
| - || *ńoacē || - || - || '''*ńož(jV-)''' || - || - || - || -
|-
| "club"
| *nujja, *nuhja || || || || || || || ||
|-
| "diver"
| - || *ńūNēl || - || - || - || - || - || - || *ńuənä
|-
| "to press together"
| - || - || - || *nŭmɤrge- || K. ńam- || ńom- || - || - || -
|-
| "neck"
| - || - || - || - || ńak || - || - || - || Sk. #nukV
|-
| "to crawl; to grab"
| - || *ńoamē- || - || - || - || ńuul- || - || - ||style="color:red"| '''*ńəʔmå-'''
|-
| "to crawl"
| - || E *ńoallē- || - || - || - || - || - || - || Ne. ńalo-
| Suspicious
|-
| "nettle"
| - || - || - || *nuž || - || - || - || - || Ne. nāca--
| medial??
|-
| "burden"
| - || - || - || - || U. '''nɨpɨ''' ~ K. nop, nup || - || *nɤɤp || - || -
|-
| "piece"
| - || *(s)moalō || - || - || - || - || - || - || #mAlå
| Rejectable; S ← Gmc
|-
| "~protrusion"
| - || '''*mājrē''' "crop" || - || Hi. mɤra "beehive" || *moorɤs "breast" || mar "withers" || - || - || *mərki "shoulder"
| to disassemble
|-
| "long"
| - || - || - || *kužə || *kuuź || ''hoss(a-)'' ||style="color:green"| ''*kʷašə'' || - || Km. kunzu
| Cent. *o ~ East *u?
|-
| "hat"
| - || - || - || ''*upšə'' || *uźɨ || - || - || - || -
| Ma. *u despite _p!?
|-
| "brittle"
| - || - || - || #rot || - || ruut, rot- || - || *ratək || -
| Cf. *roška
|-
| "pit"
| *kooppa || - || - || - || U. '''gop''' || - || - || - || -
| Coincidental?
|-
| ""
| || || || || || || || ||
|-
| ""
| || || || || || || || ||
|}

Proto-Uralic/distribution

2018-04-19T11:50:38Z

Tropylium: /* Missing in 0-1 branches */

==Missing in 0-1 branches==
(73 roots)

{| class="wikitable"
|-
! colspan="2"| Found in all branches
|-
|
* pronouns: '''*ku-''' 'who', '''*me-''' '1PP', '''*mi-''' 'what', '''*minä''' ¹ '1PS', '''*to''' 'that'
* basic verbs: '''*elä-''' ² 'to live', '''*kalə-''' 'to die', '''*kad₂a-''' 'to disappear', '''*ńalə-''' 'to lick', '''*ńälə-''' 'to swallow', '''*puna-''' 'to plait', '''*ujə-''' 'to swim'
* body parts: '''*künčə''' ³ 'nail', '''*mëksa''' 'liver', '''*sënə''' 'vein', '''*sülə''' 'bosom', '''*śilmä''' 'eye', '''*śɜd₁äm(ə)''' 'heart'
* other nouns: '''*ëla''' 'low', '''*nimə''' 'name', '''*ńëlə''' 'arrow', '''*ńërə''' 'moist/wet', '''*pälä''' ⁴ 'half', '''*pesä''' 'nest', '''*purkə''' ⁵ 'smoke/blizzard', '''#wäśkä''' 'metal'
* etc: '''*kuma-''' 'overturned', '''#kɜk/ttA''' '2', '''#wittə''' '5'
|
# Ms. *äm, Hu. ''én'' questionable
# Mo. *eŕa- irregular
# Smy. *kəčä irregular
# S. *pealē irregular
# Hu. ''forr'' 'to boil' questionable
|-
! colspan="2"| Found everywhere except Samoyedic
|-
|
* numerals: '''#kormɜ''' '3', '''#kuwtə''' '6', '''*neljä''' '4', '''*śëta''' '100'
* others: '''*jäŋə''' 'ice', '''*jećə''' ¹ 'soul', '''*kälä-''' 'to wade', '''*kätə''' 'hand', '''*keččä''' ² 'ring', '''*kerə''' 'bark', '''#kuwlə-''' 'to hear', '''*tälwä''' 'winter', '''*sükśə''' 'autumn', '''*śarw/pə''' ³ 'horn', '''*wajə''' 'butter', '''*wäkə''' 'power', '''*werə''' 'blood', '''*wɜd₁ɜm''' 'marrow'
| ¹ K. ''ać'' unclear
² Mo. ''či'' 'sun' unclear
³ Ms/Kh 'elk' unclear
|-
! colspan="2"| Found everywhere except Khanty
|-
| '''*lämə''' 'broth', '''*wetə''' ¹ 'water'
| ¹ S. ''*vëcë'' 'newly fallen snow' questionable
|-
! colspan="2"| Found everywhere except Hungarian
|-
| '''#kowsə''' 'spruce', '''*kärə-''' 'to wrap', '''*d₂ëmə''' 'bird cherry', '''*poŋə''' 'bosom', '''*porə-''' 'to bite', '''*wü/ilɜ''' 'upper'
|-
! colspan="2"| Found everywhere except Permic
|-
| '''*joŋsə''' 'bow', '''*kala''' 'fish', '''*konta''' 'group', '''*muna''' 'egg', '''*śinśä''' ¹ 'inside'
| ¹ Kh. *ćuućii unclear
|-
! colspan="2"| Found everywhere except Mari
|-
| '''*pelə-''' 'to fear', '''*tulka''' ¹ 'feather', '''*tu/üd₂kA''' 'prod'
| ¹ F. ''*sulka''?!
|-
! colspan="2"| Found everywhere except Mordvinic
|-
| '''*kunśə'''(-) '(to) pee', '''*menə-''' 'to go', '''*pončə''' 'tail', '''#sɜja''' 'sleeve'¹, '''*śälə-''' 'to cut'
| ¹ F. ''hija'' unclear
|-
! colspan="2"| Found everywhere except Finnic
|-
| '''*ipsə/ä-''' '(to) smell', '''#sejə''' 'pus'
| ¹ Mo. unclear
|-
! colspan="2"| Found everywhere except Samic
|-
| '''*küńä''' 'elbow', '''*piŋə''' ¹ 'tooth', '''*walə-''' 'to be'
| ¹ Smy. *pəj 'flint' unclear
|}

{| class="wikitable"
|+ Totals
|-
! S !! F !! Mo !! Ma !! P !! H !! Ms !! Kh !! Smy
|-
| 70 || 70 || 67 || 69 || 67 || 66 || 72 || 71 || 54
|}

==Missing in 2 branches==
(65 roots)

{| class="wikitable"
|-
! !! Finnic !! Mordvinic !! Mari !! Permic !! Hungarian !! Mansi !! Khanty !! Samoyedic
|-
! Samic
| '''*kuńa-''' 'to blink' || '''*täwd₁ə''' 'full' (Ma. irreg.) || '''*sewə-''' 'to eat' || '''*kompa''' 'wave'
| '''*lowə''' 'bone' '''*pAnə-''' 'to put' '''*śača-''' 'to grow' || ||
| '''*kiwə''' 'stone' '''*sula-''' 'to melt'
|-
! Finnic
| style="background:lightgray"|
| || '''*ëńa''' 'aunt' '''*soŋə-''' 'to go thru' || '''*këččə''' 'bitter' '''*ńërə''' 'cartilage' (if not = 'moist') || || '''*oŋə''' 'mouth' (?) ||
| '''*mälkə''' 'breast' '''*peljä''' 'ear'
|-
! Mordv.
| colspan="2" style="background:lightgray"|
| '''*mińä''' 'dtr-in-law' '''*pura''' 'bore' '''*pušə-''' 'to blow'
| '''*ëppə''' 'pa-in-law' '''*śojə(-)''' '(to) sound' '''*śowə''' 'mouth' || '''*suxə-''' 'to row' '''*sɜnśɜ-''' 'to stand' || || '''*jɜxə-''' 'to drink'
| '''*puća-''' 'to squeeze' (Ma. irreg.) '''*särä''' 'root'
|-
! Mari
| colspan="3" style="background:lightgray"|
| '''*nüd₁ə''' 'handle' (H. irreg.) '''*pala''' 'bit'
| '''*enä''' 'big' (P. irreg.) '''*jëka-''' 'to divide' '''*karə''' 'crust' '''*kälə''' 'tongue' '''*mexə-''' 'to sell' '''#näjə''' 'girl, woman'
| '''*kulkə-''' 'to go' ||
| '''*ćäŋkə-''' 'to cut' (Mo. irreg.) '''#kiśkä-''' 'to rip' '''*kulə-''' 'to run out' '''*näkə-''' 'to see' '''*omtə''' 'cavity' '''*śëlka''' 'pole' '''*ü/ejə''' 'night'
|-
! Permic
| colspan="4" style="background:lightgray"|
| '''*kanta-''' 'to carry' '''*sala-''' 'to steal' '''*śüdₓə''' 'coal' || '''#wiŋü''' 'son-in-law' (messy!) || || '''*pućka''' 'shit' (F. irreg.) '''*wëlka-''' 'to leave'
|-
! Hung.
| colspan="5" style="background:lightgray"|
| '''*ëkta-''' 'to put' || '''#kośkə''' 'dry' '''*śečä''' 'uncle'
| '''*śepä''' 'neck' '''*śëmə''' 'scales' '''*śod₁(ka)''' 'goldeneye' '''*śülkə''' 'spit'
|-
! Mansi
| colspan="6" style="background:lightgray"|
| '''*kajwa-''' 'to dig' (S. irreg.) '''*lomə''' 'snow' (H. q:ble) '''*te-''' '2PP' '''*tinä''' '2PS' '''*wod₂ə''' 'new'
| '''*kota''' 'house' '''*pilwə''' 'cloud' '''*śalə''' 'intestine' (H. q:ble)
|-
! Khanty
| colspan="7" style="background:lightgray"|
| '''*miŋä''' 'behind'
|}

{| class="wikitable"
|+ Total missing
|-
! S !! F !! Mo !! Ma !! P !! H !! Ms !! Kh !! Smy
|-
| 9 || 8 || 12 || 22 || 14 || 21 || 12 || 9 || 23
|}

{| class="wikitable"
|+ Correlations
|-
! !! F !! Mo !! Ma !! P !! H !! Ms !! Kh !! Smy
|-
! S
| 1 || 1 || 1 || 1 || 3 || 0 || 0 || 2
|-
! F
| style="background:lightgrey"|
| 0 || 2 || 2 || 0 || 1 || 0 || 2
|-
! Mo
| style="background:lightgrey" colspan="2"|
| 3 || 3 || 2 || 0 || 1 || 2
|-
! Ma
| style="background:lightgrey" colspan="3"|
| 2 || 6 || 1 || 0 || 7
|-
! P
| style="background:lightgrey" colspan="4"|
| 3 || 1 || 0 || 2
|-
! H
| style="background:lightgrey" colspan="5"|
| 1 || 2 || 4
|-
! Ms
| style="background:lightgrey" colspan="6"|
| 5 || 3
|-
! Kh
| style="background:lightgrey" colspan="7"|
| 1
|}

==Missing in 3 branches==
(68 roots)

{|
|-
|
* '''*ad₁əma''' 'sleep' (S F Smy)
* '''*kojəra''' 'male animal', '''*sälɜ-''' 'to load', '''*warə''' 'mountain' (S Mo Ma)
* '''*pata''' 'pot' (S Mo P)
* '''*kütkə-''' 'to tie' (S Mo Kh)
* '''*kama''' 'crust' (messy!), '''*üćä''' 'small' (S Mo Kh)
* '''*täjə''' 'louse' (S Mo Smy)
* '''*šiŋərə''' 'mouse' (S Ma Smy)
* '''*ń/nükə-''' 'to pull', '''*totkə''' 'tench' (S P Kh)
* '''*aśkəl''' 'step' (S H Kh)
* '''*käjä''' 'moth', '''*pićlä''' ~ '''*pećrä''' 'rowan', '''*śawə''' 'clay' (S H Smy)
* '''#küjə(wä)''' 'adder', '''*mośkə-''' 'to wash' (S Ms Kh)
* '''*jorə-''' 'to go round' (F Mo Ma; H. q:ble)
* '''*ńëkćəm''' 'gills', '''*wanča-''' 'to go carefully' (F Mo H)
* '''#läpd₁ä''' 'spleen' (F Mo Ms)
* '''*soskə-''' 'to chew', '''*ulkə''' 'pole' (F Ma H)
* '''*küjə-''' 'to follow' (F Ma Smy)
* '''*čaŋa-''' 'to hit', '''*këččɜ''' 'rotten' (F P H)
* '''*närə''' 'nose' (F H Ms)
* '''*panča-''' 'to open' (F H Smy)
* '''*ćappa-''' 'to hit' (F Kh Smy)
* '''#kïra-''' 'to curse', '''*woča''' 'fish trap' (Mo Ma P)
* '''*käwd₁ə''' 'rope', '''*parwə''' 'raft' (Mo Ma H)
* '''*kixə-''' 'to rut', '''*(ń)imə-''' 'to suck' (Mo Ma Ms)
* '''*wolka''' 'shoulder' (Mo Ma Kh)
* '''*kod₁(wa)''' 'while', '''*kolɜ''' 'hole', '''*lewlə''' 'soul', '''#wïča-''' 'to scrape' (Mo Ma Smy)
* '''*ëptə''' 'hair' (Mo P H)
* '''#lïntɜ''' 'bird' (Mo P Smy)
* '''*pud₂a-''' 'to break', '''*siwə''' 'year ring' (Mo H Kh; S. irreg.)
* '''*läppä''' 'cover', '''*śänä''' ~ '''*śenä''' 'mushroom' (Mo H Smy)
* '''#üwä''' 'belt' (Mo Ms Kh)
* '''*kurɜ''' 'cleft' (Mo Ms Smy)
* '''*mu-''' 'other' (Mo Kh Smy)
* '''*toxə-''' 'to bring' (Ma P H)
* '''*tekə-''' 'to do' (Ma P Smy)
* '''*kälü''' 'sis-in-law', '''*šarəwa''' 'dry' (Ma H Ms)
* '''*kačka-''' 'to bite', '''*laśkɜ-''' 'to let go', '''*tarkə-''' 'to tremble' (Ma H Smy)
* '''*säppä''' 'gall', '''*päŋə''' 'head', '''*waja-''' 'to sink' (Ma Kh Smy)
* '''*marja''' 'berry' (P H Smy)
* '''*ićä''' 'father; big' (P Kh Smy)
* '''*no-''' 'those', '''*ora''' 'squirrel', '''*pečä''' 'pine', '''tulə''' 'fire' (H Ms Kh)
* '''*läktə-''' 'to depart' (H Ms Smy)
* '''*loŋə-''' 'to throw' (messy!), '''*penä''' 'dog' (Ms Kh Smy)
| width="15"|
| valign="top"|
{| class="wikitable"
|+ Total missing
|-
! S !! F !! Mo !! Ma !! P !! H !! Ms !! Kh !! Smy
|-
| 18 || 13 || 32 || 29 || 13 || 31 || 17 || 24 || 30
|}

{| class="wikitable"
|+ Correlations
|-
! !! F !! Mo !! Ma !! P !! H !! Ms !! Kh !! Smy
|-
! S
| 1 || 8 || 4 || 3 || 4 || 2 || 8 || 6
|-
! F
| style="background:lightgrey"|
| 4 || 4 || 2 || 8 || 2 || 1 || 4
|-
! Mo
| style="background:lightgrey" colspan="2"|
| 15 || 5 || 9 || 5 || 8 || 10
|-
! Ma
| style="background:lightgrey" colspan="3"|
| 4 || 10 || 4 || 4 || 13
|-
! P
| style="background:lightgrey" colspan="4"|
| 5 || 0 || 3 || 4
|-
! H
| style="background:lightgrey" colspan="5"|
| 8 || 7 || 11
|-
! Ms
| style="background:lightgrey" colspan="6"|
| 9 || 4
|-
! Kh
| style="background:lightgrey" colspan="7"|
| 8
|}

|}

Proto-Uralic/N

2018-04-16T00:38:11Z

Tropylium:

{|class="wikitable"
|-
! !! A-stems !! ə-stems !! Unclear !! Ratio
|-
! *-m-
| *čama 'direct', *emä 'mother', *jama- 'be sick', *kama 'peel', *kuma 'turned', *kämä 'hard', *ĺümä 'glue', *ńo(xə)ma- 'hare', *oma 'old', *śuma 'cap'
| *(ń)imə- 'suck', *jëmə 'gruel' (?), *komɜ 'hollow' (?) *lumə 'snow', *lämə 'broth', *ĺëmə 'bird cherry', *nimə 'name', *śëmə 'scales'
| *amɜ- 'to scoop', *imɜ 'grandmother', *ku(xə)mɜ 'snow', *kumɜ 'cloud', *śomɜ 'sorrow'
| 9+1 : 6+2 ≈ 1.5
|-
! *-n-
| *enä 'big', *ëna 'mother-in-law', *ona 'short', #kana 'armpit', *mana- 'to say' (?), *muna 'egg', *puna 'hair', *puna- 'to plait', #śEnä 'mushroom', *śona 'sleigh' (?)
| *änə 'sound', *kanə- 'to carry' *menə- 'to go', *monə 'many', *panə- 'to put', *sënə 'vein', *śinə 'coal', *tonə- 'to know', *wenə- 'to stretch'
| *konɜ 'on back', #mEnɜ 'curve', *mänɜ- 'to get free'
| 8+2 : 9 ≈ 1
|-
! *-ń-
| *ańa 'older F relat', *kuńa- 'to blink', *küńä 'elbow', *leńä 'soft', *mińä 'daughter-in-law', *pańa- 'to press' 
| *ëńə 'tame', *peńə 'spoon', *puńə- 'to twist'
| *mińɜ 'sky'
| 6 : 3 ≈ 2
|-
! *-ŋ-
| *aŋₓa- 'to open', *čaŋ₁a- 'to hit', *miŋ₁ä 'behind' 
| *jäŋ₁ə 'ice', *kaŋ₁ərə 'bow', *loŋ₁ə- 'to throw', *piŋ₁ə 'tooth', *päŋₓə 'head', *püŋ₁ə 'hazelhen', *säŋ₁ə 'air', *šiŋ₁ərə 'mouse', *wiŋ₁ə 'end' 
<hr>*o(w?)ŋ₂ə 'mouth', *kuŋ₂ə 'moon', *peŋ₂ərä 'wheel', *po(w?)ŋ₂ə 'breast', *soŋ₂ə- 'to come in', *soŋ₂ə- 'to wish', *suŋ₂ə 'summer', *śiŋ₂ə 'corner', *šoŋₓə 'ghost', *tüŋ₂ə 'base'
| *ĺäŋ₁ɜsɜ 'vessel', #wiŋ₂ü 'son-in-law'
| 3 : 19 ≈
|-
! *-mp-
| *kompa 'wave'
| *lämpə 'warm'
| *ćumpɜ 'vessel', *lëmpɜ 'bog'
| 1 : 1 ≈ 1
|-
! *-mt-
| *ëmta- 'to give', *lëmta 'land'
| *omtə 'hollow', *kumtə 'wide', *tumtə- 'to feel'
| -
| 2 : 3 ≈ 0.7
|-
! *-nt-
| *kan-ta- 'to carry', *käntä 'edge' (?), *kënta 'tree stump', *konta 'cold', *konta 'group', *lunta 'goose', *mentä- 'to miss', *pEntä 'cover' 
| *jäntə 'string' 
| - 
| 7+1 : 1 ≈ 7
|-
! *-nč-
|
|
|
|
|-
! *-ńś-
| *ońśa 'part', *sańśa-/*säńśä- 'to stand', *śińśä 'breast'
| *kuńśə 'urine' (= *kunśə 'ant'?), *lańśə 'soft'
| - 
| 2 : 3+1 ≈ 0.7
|-
! *-ŋk-
| *ćüŋkä 'hill', *jäŋkä 'swamp', *paŋka 'handle', *pëŋka 'mushroom', *puŋka 'tuber', *śaŋka- 'to sting', *šoŋka 'old' 
| *ćaŋkə 'lump', *čeŋkə 'breath, steam', *këŋkə- 'to climb', *woŋkə 'hole' 
| *mAŋkɜ 'body', *śäŋkɜ- 'to break' (or plain *-ŋ-?) 
|
|}

*äjmä 'needle'
*ajŋə 'brain', *wajŋə 'soul'

List of communities

2018-04-16T00:34:24Z

Tropylium: /* Natural language lists */ Nostratic-L has been dead for a few years now

This page is a list of mailing lists where conlanging and/or conculturing etc. are on-topic. (A list of nat-stuff too, as a resource for ''a posteriori'' creators?)

This list is woefully incomplete, please contribute to it.

==Constructed language mailing lists==
*[http://listserv.brown.edu/archives/conlang.html CONLANG mailing list]
*:CONLANG is probably the largest constructed language list out there. The listserv imposes a limit of 100 messages a day (which is occasionally reached) and there is a per-user limit of 5 messages a day to keep traffic down. Auxlang advocacy is off-topic.

*[http://listserv.brown.edu/archives/auxlang.html AUXLANG mailing list]
*:AUXLANG was split off of CONLANG to provide a place for specific auxlang concerns.

*[[relay mailing list]]
*:Officially “translation relays and related stuff”, this is where most [[conlang relay]]s were organized in the past. Newer relays are increasingly moving to FrathWiki, but being subscribed to the list still can't hurt if you don't want to miss anything relay–related.

*[http://groups.yahoo.com/group/langmaker2 Langmaker2 Yahoogroup]
*:This group is associated with [http://www.langmaker.com/ langmaker.com].

*[http://groups.yahoo.com/group/romconlang Romconlang Yahoogroup]
*:A group for Romance conlangs, formerly called [http://groups.yahoo.com/group/romanceconlang romanceconlang].

*[http://groups.yahoo.com/group/pieconlang PIE Conlang Yahoogroup]
*:A group for conlangs based on [[Proto-Indo-European]].

*[http://groups.yahoo.com/group/celticonlang Celticonlang Yahoogroup]
*:A group for constructed languages based on [[Celtic languages]].

*[http://groups.yahoo.com/group/westasianconlangs/ West Asian Conlangs Yahoogroup]
*:A group for conlangs based on Turkic, Iranian, or Afro-Asiatic languages (or other languages of West Asia and North Africa).

*[http://groups.yahoo.com/group/eastasianconlangs/ East Asian Conlangs Yahoogroup]
*:A group for conlangs based on languages of East Asia.

*[http://groups.yahoo.com/group/slaviconlang/ Slaviconlang Yahoogroup]
*:A group for conlangs based on [[Slavic languages]], Baltic, Greek, Albanian, or Uralic.

*[http://groups.yahoo.com/group/germaniconlang/ Germaniconlang Yahoogroup]
*:A group for conlangs based on [[Germanic languages]].

*[http://groups.yahoo.com/group/lostlang/ Lostlangs Yahoogroup]
*:The discussion group of the [[League of Lost Languages]].

*[http://espanol.groups.yahoo.com/group/ideolengua/ IdeoLengua Yahoogroup]
*:In Spanish.

*[http://de.groups.yahoo.com/group/kunstsprachen/ Kunstsprachen Yahoogroup]
*:In German.

*[http://lists.conlang.org/listinfo.cgi/conlang_learners-conlang.org conlang_learners], a group of people voting on [[Learners shortlist|a conlang to learn together]]

*[http://groups.google.com/group/conlang-card-game Conlang Card Game Development], discussion of Glossotechnia

==Constructed culture lists==

*[http://groups.yahoo.com/group/conculture Conculture Yahoogroup]
*:A general conculture group split off of CONLANG.
*[http://ib.frath.net/w/Main_Page The Ill Bethisad Wiki]
*:A wiki devoted to discussion of all the languages, cultures and histories of the world that has grown out of the Brithenig Project.

==Natural language lists==

*[http://groups.yahoo.com/group/qalam Qalam Yahoogroup]
*:A group for discussion of writing systems of the world.

*[http://groups.yahoo.com/group/cybalist/ Cybalist Yahoogroup]
*:A group for Indo-European historical linguistics.

== Message Boards ==

* [[ZBB|Zompist Bulletin Board]]
*:The ZBB is a message board for discussing [[Almea]], conlangs, linguistics, etc.

*[[CBB|Conlanger BBoard]]
*:A friendly place to talk about conlangs and linguistics, to teach your conlangs and learn those of others and to translate text into your them.

*[[PFJ|Polskie Forum Językotwórców]]
*:A Polish conlinguistical community.
*[http://www.omniglot.com/forum/ Omniglot Forum]
*:Omniglot is another place for discussion matters conlinguistical.


== Wikis ==

* [[Main Page|FrathWiki]]
*: You are on FrathWiki right now.
* [http://conlang.wikia.com/wiki/ Conlang Wikia]
* [http://kneequickie.com/kq/ KneeQuickie]
*: Wiki closely connected with the [[ZBB]].
* [http://linguifex.com/wiki/Main_Page Linguifex]
* [http://ib.frath.net/w/ Ill Bethisad Wiki]
*: Wiki on the collaborative conworld [[Ill Bethisad]].
* [http://akana.conlang.org/wiki/ AkanaWiki]
*: Main documentation of the collaborative conworld [[Akana]].
* [http://www.unilang.org/wiki/index.php UniLang Wiki]
*: General wiki of the [[UniLang]] community, also hosts a couple of conlangs.

== IRC Channels ==

*[irc://chat.freenode.net/##conlang ##conlang] - The IRC channel ##conlang on Freenode
*[irc://irc.efnet.net/ConLang #ConLang] - The IRC channel #ConLang on EFNet

{{Conlangculture}}
[[Category:Source material]]

Oqomur

2018-03-26T23:00:56Z

Tropylium: /* Development */

The southwesternmost [[Persian']] language, Oqomur has one of the longest written histories on [[Earth']]. Archaic Oqomur emerges near the Persian Gulf around -4.4ka (for long attested only in [[Tsonboran]] records). Middle Oqomur is a stage with a considerable corpus, when the language expands both north and west starting around -2.9ka and flourishing around -2.2ka to -1.7ka. The western dialect ends up substratal to [[Åzuli]]; the central dialect enjoys wide currency as a ''lingua franca'' in Indic seatrade, and has exerted much influence on the native languages of the Arabic peninsula, in particular. Its descendant New Oqomur goes finally extinct around -1ka under its distant [[East Persian']] relatives.

Grammatically, Oqomur retains the West Persian' initial mutation system rather well and has even expanded it; original prefixes are eventually lost eventually, leaving a partly fusional typology. Suffixal derivational morphology remains, however, leading even to minor grammaticalization (in the verbal aspect system and nominal declension). The latest stages of the language show major development towards an isolating type.

==Development==
;Proto-Tsonboid to Archaic Oqomur:
* *ɸ *β > h w
* *θ *ð > h j
* *hF *Fh > *Fː
** *xs *χs > *Xː
** (*ɸθ *θɸ >) *hh > *xː
* Compensatory lengthening:
** *Fː from all sources > ːF
** (*θp *θK >) *hp *hK > ːp ːK
* *z > j / _F (counterfeeds retroflexion)
* Retroflexion:
** *z > *ʐ > ɣ / _u_
** (*hs > *sː >) *s > *ʂ > x / _u_
* *kʷ *gʷ *xʷ *w > p b f ʋ (including coda *kʷ xʷ!)
* *tw *dw > tp db

;Archaic to Old Oqomur:
* tj > t, dj dr > d, kr kl > k, qr ql qj > q
* Frication contrasts among voiced consonants collapse for good: ɣ > g, ɢ > ʁ
* Rise of nasal vowels

Old Oqomur is left with these consonants:
/m n /
/b d dɮ dʒ g ʁ /
/p t tɬ ts tʃ k q /
/f ɬ s ʃ x χ h/
/ʋ l r j /
[z], though rare by now, remains analyzable as the intervocalic allophone of /s/. /f ɬ/ also do not occur intervocally.

;Old to Middle Oqomur:
* Nʁ → ŋ
* z → ð
* j → ð, ∅
* tʃ dʒ ʃ → ts z s
* ð → ɦ / V_V (allophonic with /h/)
* m n ŋ → ɓ ɗ ɠ / _V[-NAS]
late: ð → ʋ / #_

[[Category:Conlangs]]
[[Category:Earth']]

Tsonboran

2018-03-26T22:42:31Z

Tropylium: /* to Proto-Tsonboid */ … there's no **mw **Nl **Nr; more deets

Attested in western Persia from around -5ka to -4.3ka as a language of one of the first major civilizations. Falls into disuse later, but not before contributing significant amounts of technical vocabulary to (…). Briefly re-emerges around -3ka before its apparent extinction some 500 years later.

===Consonants===

{|
|
! Labial
! Dental
! Alveolar
! Velar
! Uvular
! Glottal
|- align="center"
! align="left"| Nasals
| m || n || || || ||
|- align="center"
! align="left"| Voiceless plosivs
| p || t || ts || k || q || ʔ
|- align="center"
! align="left"| Voiced plosivs
| b || d || (dz) || || ||
|- align="center"
! align="left"| Voiceless fricativs
| f || θ || s || x || χ || h
|- align="center"
! align="left"| Voiced fricativs
| v || ð || z || || ||
|- align="center"
! align="left"| Approximants
| w || l || r || align="left" | j || ||
|}

===Vowels===

{|
|
! Front
! Central
! Back
|-
! Hi
| align="center" | i, y ||
| align="center" | u
|-
! Mid
| align="center" | e
| align="center" | ə
| align="center" | o
|-
! Lo
| align="center" colspan="3" | a~ɑ
|}

===Development from [[Proto-West Persian']]===
====to Proto-Tsonboid====
* hʀ > χ (earlier than other hR fricativizations! feeds uvular coloring, open-syllable reductions)
* palatalization
** k ɡ x > ʧ ʤ ʃ before /j/ & front vowels (incl. /a(ː)/)
** labiovelars palatalized only before /yː/
* spirantization & more in obstruent clusters:
** p t k⁽ʷ⁾ q > h θ x⁽ʷ⁾ χ before another obstruent
** p t > β d before a sonorant
** voiced stop clusters devoice
** tʀ > tχ
* o₁ː and o₂ː merge, then aː > o₃ː (the distinction's nature remains obscure)
* -h- lost
** resulting iV uV > jV wV, V₁V₂ː > V₂ː, Va > aː, other V₁V₂ > V₁ː (?)
* vowel reduction
** unstressed long vowels shortened in closed or final syllables
** unstressed short vowels commonly reduce to shwa
** …and are lost altogether in the pretonic position
* uvular coloring
** i u ə(j) > e₂ o a(j) / _Q
* prenasal fortition
** mɸ nɸ Nθ Nɬ Ns Nʃ Nx Nχ Nʁ > mp ŋkʷ Nt Ntɬ Nts Nʧ Nk Nq Nɢ
** nw Nj > ŋɡʷ Nʤ
** Nh > N̥ː > Nː ~ ːN ~ XN
* related:
** ɮ j w > dl ʤ ɡʷ also intervocally under certain conditions
** in non-fortiting intervocalic positions β ð ɮ > w j l. The l/ɬ contrast is thereby neutralized (remains only as -dl- versus -l-).
** morphological t + s l also change to ts tɬ, where still productiv
* geminates from cluster simplification etc.
** hF > Fː, hl > ɬː, hw > kʷː, hj > ʧː
** ht hK > tː Kː / {e a o}_
** pt > tː (the last remnant of *p+C)
** qʀ > qː
** -χ- > χː
** fate of θɸ θX Xɸ Xθ varies per language
** Xs generally remains
* loss of other coda *h
** h > x / i_{r t K}
** h > xʷ / u_{r t K}
** h > χ / {e a o}_r

====to Old Tsonboran====
* kʷ ɡʷ → p b
* voiced dorsal stops lost
** devoiced when adjacent to another obstruent
** word-finally spirantized and devoiced
** ɡ ɢ → ɡʷ ɢʷ → b / _{o u}
** ɢ → ʁ → ð, ∅, (…)
* umlaut
** i(ː) e₂(ː) → y(ː) ø(ː) / _(C)Cu/w, (original e(ː) = e₁(ː) unaffected)
** e₂β → ø
** ø(ː) → (j)o(ː)
* the distinction between e₁(ː) and e₂(ː), likewise o₁ː and o₃ː is lost
* word-final stops lost
* tj dj → ts dz
* Fː→ F
* tɬ dl ɬ → t d ʃ
* ɸ β → f v

====to New Tsonboran====
* do something w/ prenasality?
* some vowel breikage?
* dz > z
* ʧ ʤ ʃ > ts z s
*…

===Para-Tsonboran===
The remaining Tsonboid languages fall into two main branches: [[Oqomur]] in the South, near the Eufrat/Tigris delta (now extinct too), and the Northern Tsonboid languages. These are separated into three main groups on the basis of their obstruent correspondences. The palatalization of /t d/ to /ts dz/ affected all of these, as did the loss of lateral obstruents (but slightly differently in each). The loss of labiovelars and shibilants applied only sporadically and is in some cases dateable to the individual languages.

Side note: *lhaterals and *dr only occur medially. The evidence for *dr as distinct from *d is very feeble, based on transcriptions of New Tsonboran and a handful of group A lexemes.

{|
|- align="center"
! PTs
| *p || *t || *tɬ || *ts || *ʧ || *k || *kʷ || *q || *ʔ
| *b || *d || *dr || *dl || *dz || *ʤ || *g || *gʷ || *ɢ
| *f || *θ || *ɬ || *s || *s || *ʃ || *x || *xʷ || *χ || *h
| *v || *ð || *z || *z || *l || *r
|- align="center"
! A
| p || t || ks || ts || ʧ || k || kʷ || k || ʔ
| b || d || d/g || g || z || ʤ || g || gʷ || g
| h || s || x || x || s || ʃ || h || xʷ || x/h || h
| v || z || z || j || l || r
|- align="center"
! B
| f || ts || ts || θ || ʧ || x || k || k || h
| b || dz || dz || l || ð || ʤ || g || g || ɣ
| f || t || s || s || s || ʃ || k || k || k || ∅
| v || d || z || z || l || r
|- align="center"
! B'
| f || ts || ts || ʧ || ʧ || x || k || k || h
| p/w || ts/ɽ || ɽ || ɽ || ʧ/ʃ || ʧ/ʃ || k/∅ || k/w || k/∅ 
| h || t || s || s || s || ʃ || k || k || k || ∅
| f || t/l || s || s || l || t/l
|- align="center"
! C
| p || ts || t || ts || ts || k || kʷ || q || ʔ
| b || dz || dz || d || dz || dz || g || gʷ || ɢ
| f || t || t || s || θ || s || k || kʷ || q || x
| v || d || ð || z || x/∅ || r
|- align="center"
! Oq.
| p || t || tɬ || (t) || ʧ > ts || k || p || q || N/A
| b || d || d || dɮ || (d) || ʤ > z || g || b || ʁ
| h || h || ɬ || x || s || ʃ > s || x || f || χ || h
| w || j || h || ɣ > g || l || r
|- align="center"
! Ts.
| p || t || t || ts || ʧ > ts || k || p || q || ʔ
| b || d || d || d || dz || ʤ > z || b || b || ð, ∅
| f || θ || ʃ > s || (s) || s || ʃ > s || x || f || χ || h
| v || ð || z || (z) || l || r
|}
* Branch A, under Bustaxian influence, looses uvulars and most fricative distinctions. The development *tɬ *dl → ks g probably proceeds thru *tx *dɣ > *θx *ðɣ > *θk *ðg > *sk *zg and finally metathesis for the former. Additionally, initial *j *w become /x xʷ/. Glottalic initials also arise, pushing voiceless initials towards aspiration.
* Branch B sees lenition of original voiceless stops, combined with fortition of spirants (an aspirate intermediate is likely involved somewhere). This leads to a cyclic chain-shift concerning the phonemes /θ t ts/, and similarly, /ð d dz/. The first step is the fortition of the interdentals to dental stops. The chain-shift in proper begins when the alveolar affricates lenite to laminal alveolar sibilants. These then take the place of the old interdentals. The chain becomes complete when the alveolar stops become new affricates (alveolar ~ retroflex), and the dental stops shift to the alveolar position.
** Branch B' is a minor subgroup, displaying (in addition to a more recent devoicing tendency) some difference in treatment of certain consonants that may hint an erly split.
* Branch C resembles B in fortition of spirants and affrication of /t d/, but retains uvulars and most original stops. The old alveolar sibilants /s z/ become interdental. New /s/ is derived from /ʃ/ and /ʂ/, in modern-day languages also from the various affricate series.

[[Category: Earth']]
[[Category: Conlangs]]

Proto-West Persian'

2018-03-26T21:56:14Z

Tropylium: /* Changes from Proto-Persian' */

The branch further divides into the [[Bustax|Bustaxoid]] and [[Tsonboran|Tsonboid]] languages.

==Changes from [[Proto-Persian']]==
* high vowels
** ɪ ʊ ɪː ʊː → i u əj əw
** ɪw ɪj ʊj → iw iː uj
* loss of difthongs in _w
** (ʰ)k → (ʰ)kʷ / w_
** iw → yː
** ew → e₂ː
** æw → æː
** ow → uː
** əw → o₁ː
* more labiovelars
** kw → kʷ (what happens with qw?)
** k(ʰ)uj → k(ʰ)ʷiː
** k(ʰ)o₁ː → k(ʰ)ʷe₁ː
** k(ʰ)ɒː → k(ʰ)ʷaː / before a coronal consonant
* /i u/ lost initially before a single consonant; any newly initial velars occurring after /u/ labialized
* phonation/MOA changes
** intervocalic lenition: b d → β ð
** intervocalic voicing: p t s ɬ k(ʷ) q χ → b d z ɮ ɡ(ʷ) ɢ ʁ
** loss of aspiration
*** ʰp ʰt ʰk(ʷ) ʰq → p t k(ʷ) q
*** pʰ tʰ kʰ(ʷ) qʰ → ɸ θ x(ʷ) χ
*** hh → χ
** stop clusters with a 2nd voiced member become voiced thruout
* lo vowels
** æ ɐ æː ɒː → a ə aː o₂ː
* development of an initial mutation system from prefixation + partial or total elision of various function words
** t-mutation: P → B, b d r w j → tw tr tr tw tj, aspirates (''??''), other consonants unaffected
** q-mutation: (from Vq)
** p-mutation: (from pV) 
** w-mutation: (from Vw or perhaps u) k x → gʷ xʷ, b d → β ð, P → B, other consonants unaffected (some relict cases of χ₂ → ʁ exist)
** null mutation: (from Vh) B → P, F → P (but s, ɬ, χ₂ unaffected), h → χ, r w j → χr xʷ x, other consonants unaffected
** m-mutation: initial /m/ occurs as syllabic; |mb mw| → /mm/, |mn md| → /nn/, |mr ml| (regularly) → /ms mɬ/

==Intermediate form==

===Consonants===
{|
|-
| p || t || || || k || kʷ || q ||
|-
| b || d || || || ɡ || ɡʷ || ɢ ||
|-
| ɸ || θ || s || ɬ || x || xʷ || χ || h
|-
| [β || ð || z || ɮ] || || || ʁ ||
|-
| m || n || r || l || j || w || ||
|}

No evidence pointing to labialized uvulars exists.

[β ð z ɮ] are best analyzable as intervocalic allophones of their unvoiced counterparts. /χ/ and /ʁ/ do contrast, tho intervocalic /χ/ occurs only in inflection and is usually somewhat longer [χˑ].

Carrying over from Proto-Persian' was the feature that both nasals could occur before just about any consonants, apparently without any POA assimilation taking place. The existence of a separate, prenasal onglide for the folloing consonant has been proposed.

====Cluster/sandhi table====
{|
! Color key
|-
| style="background:#FFFFFF" | Plain consonant clusters; may occur morpheme-internally
|-
| style="background:#FFFFBF" | Plain consonant clusters with regular subphonemic modifications
|-
| style="background:#BFDFFF" | Contrast neutralization
|-
| style="background:#BFFFBF" | Intermorphemic only
|-
| style="background:#FFDFBF" | Intermorphemic sandhi
|-
| style="background:#DFDFBF" | Interword (?) sandhi
|-
| style="background:#DFDFDF" | Epenthetic /u/
|}

K, G, X are cover symbols for dorsals /k kʷ q/, /ɡ ɡʷ ɢ/, /x xʷ χ/.

{|
|Coda → Onset ↓
! p !! t !! K !! h !! m !! n !! ∅
|-
! ɸ
| style="background:#DFDFDF" | N/A || tɸ || Kɸ
| style="background:#BFDFFF" rowspan="3" valign="center" | p || mɸ || nɸ
| style="background:#FFFFBF" | β
|-
! p
| style="background:#DFDFDF" | N/A
| tp
| Kp || mp || np
| style="background:#FFDFBF" | b
|-
! b
| style="background:#DFDFDF" | N/A
| style="background:#FFFFBF" | db
| style="background:#FFFFBF" | Gb
| style="background:#DFDFBF" colspan="2" align="center" | m
| style="background:#FFDFBF" | β
|-
! θ
| pθ
| style="background:#FFDFBF" | qθ
| Kθ
| style="background:#BFDFFF" rowspan="3" valign="center" | t || mθ || nθ
| style="background:#FFFFBF" | ð
|-
! t
| pt
| style="background:#FFDFBF" | qt
| Kt || mt || nt
| style="background:#FFDFBF" | d
|-
! d
| style="background:#FFFFBF" | bd
| style="background:#DFDFBF" | tr
| style="background:#FFFFBF" | Gd
| style="background:#DFDFBF" colspan="2" align="center" | n
| style="background:#FFDFBF" | ð
|-
! X
| pX || tX
| style="background:#FFDFBF" align="center" | tX
| style="background:#BFDFFF" rowspan="2" valign="center" | K || mX || nX
| -
|-
! K
| pK
| tK
| style="background:#FFDFBF" align="center" | tK || mK || nK
| style="background:#FFDFBF" | G
|-
! χ2
| style="background:#DFDFDF" | uʁ
| style="background:#DFDFBF" colspan="3" align="center" | χ
| (mχ) || (nχ)
| (ʁ)
| Exception class from original *χ.
|-
! s
| style="background:#DFDFDF" | N/A
| style="background:#FFDFBF" | qs || Ks
| style="background:#BFFFBF" | hs || ms || ns
| style="background:#FFFFBF" | z
|-
! ɬ
| style="background:#DFDFDF" | N/A
| style="background:#FFDFBF" | ql
| style="background:#FFDFBF" | Kl
| style="background:#BFFFBF" | hɬ || mɬ || nɬ
| style="background:#FFFFBF" | ɮ
|-
! ʁ
| style="background:#DFDFDF" | N/A
| style="background:#FFFFBF" | tʀ
| style="background:#FFDFBF" | qʀ
| style="background:#FFFFBF" | hʀ || mʁ || nʁ || ʁ
|-
! h
| style="background:#FFDFBF" | p
| style="background:#FFDFBF" | t
| style="background:#FFDFBF" | K
| style="background:#FFDFBF" | χ || mh || nh || h
|-
! m
| style="background:#DFDFDF" | N/A
| style="background:#DFDFBF" colspan="2" align="center" | m || hm
| style="background:#DFDFBF" colspan="2" align="center" | m || m
|-
! n
| style="background:#DFDFDF" | N/A
| style="background:#DFDFBF" colspan="2" align="center" | n || hn
| style="background:#DFDFBF" colspan="2" align="center" | n || n
|-
! r
| pr || tr || Kr || hr
| style="background:#FFDFBF" | ms
| style="background:#FFDFBF" | ns || r
|-
! l
| pl
| style="background:#FFDFBF" | ql || Kl || hl
| style="background:#FFDFBF" | mɬ
| style="background:#FFDFBF" | nɬ || l
|-
! j
| pj || tj
| style="background:#FFFFBF" | K(ʀ)j || hj || mj || nj || j
|-
! w
| style="background:#DFDFDF" | N/A || tw || K(w) || hw
| style="background:#DFDFBF" | m || nw || w
|}

===Vowels===
The short vowel inventory is /a e ə o i u/, the long vowel inventory /aː eː oː iː yː uː/. Difthongs are /aj ej əj uj/.

Two distinct types of /eː oː/ are reconstructed for PWP'. Most likely these are /eː oː/ and /ɛː ɔː/, but it remains unclear which are which. An alternate theory proposes a roundedness distinction insted with /øː ɤː/, but with little additional clarification.

[[Category:Earth']]
[[Category:Diachronic conlangs]]
[[Category: Sketchlangs]]

Proto-Uralic/O

2018-03-18T17:44:41Z

Tropylium: /* PU *a_ə */

==PU *a_ə==
{|
|- style="background:#FFA0A0"
! Lexeme
! [[Finnish|Finnic]] !! [[Proto-Samic|Samic]] !! [[Mordvinic|Mordv.]] !! [[Mari]] !! [[Permic]] !! [[Hungarian|Hung.]] !! [[Mansi]] !! [[Khanty]] !! [[Proto-Samoyedic|Samoy.]]
! Comments
|- style="background:#A0FFA0"
! colspan="10"| *a_ə type 1: F. *a_i, S. *oa_ē (!), Mo. *u(CCə), Ma. *u, P. *uu, Ms. *aaC/aCC, Kh. *a (~ *oo), Smy. *å(CCə)
| default
|-
| "to be"
| ''*olë-'' || - ||style="color:green"| *uľə- || '''*ŭla-''' || *vɤɤl(ɨ)- || val- ||style="color:red"| *aal- || E *waL- ~ W *ooL- ||style="color:red"| *åə-
| P. *wa- > *wo-, F. unstressed shortening? Hu. *alT > olT (volt)
|-
| "gadfly"
| (*parma) || *poar''ō'' || *purəmə || (*parmə) || - || - || - || (O. puurəm) || -
| *parə, *parma; cf. "sleep". F. ''paarma'' (_rN?)
|-
| "to tremble"
| *tarkënë- "to stay warm" || *toarkēstē- || *turgəďə- || - || K. tural- || - || N. toorɣ- || *ta('''a''')rəɣ- || -
|-
| "raft"
| *parvi || *poarē(vē) || - || - || *puurj || - || *paara || *parə || *pårV
| Smy ← OU?
|-
| "flock"
| *parvi || - || - || - || - || - || - || *parə || -
| Same root as prev.?
|-
| "clay"
| *savi || - || ''*śovəń'' || *šun || K. śun || - || style="color:red"| '''*suwľ''' || *saɣɯɯ || -
| Mo. > *-ow- > *-uw-. Kh. < *-əj.
|-
| "cold weather"
| - || *joasō || - || *juž || U. juz || - || - || - || *jat
| Smy > *a / Ć_. Cf. also SS juoskos ~ joåskos "cold"
|-
| "group"
| '''*ko/unta''' || '''*kontē''' || Mk. '''końďä''' || - || - || had(a-) || *kaant || *kantəɣ || *kåntə
| WU contam. with Gmc *hundra?
|-
| "willow"
| *paju || ''*poajōi'' || - || - || style="color:red"| '''*baď''' || faɟal(o-) || - || - || style="color:red"| '''*päwə'''
| S. *oa per -o? Not to be conflated with *pojə "aspen"
|-
| "horn"
| *sarvi || *čoarvē || *śurə || *šur || *śuur || sarv(a-) || *saarəp || '''*ćärpə''' || -
| ← II, Ug. separately?
|-
| "to go thru"
| - || *soaŋē- || Er. ''sova-'' ~ Mo. ''suva-'' || - || U. zum- ~ K. sun- || av- || '''*tuu-''' || *ɬaŋ- || '''*tüj-'''
| Mo. *oŋ → oŋ
|-
| "bend"
| - || NS moagge || - || - || '''*mög''' || - || ''*muuɣəl'' || *makəL || -
| *maŋkə-la > *ma(ŋ)kla in pre-Ms?
|-
| "tin, lead"
| - || - || - || *wulnə || - || ''oon(o-)'' || *alən || ''*ooLnaa'' || -
| H. *alT > *olT, *Vln > VVn. Cf. WU *wala- 'to pour'
|-
| "to want"
|style="color:red"| *hapi-- || - || - || - || - || - || *taŋk- || *ɬaŋkaa- || -
| *šaŋə- with F. analogical *v > p?? F. *soo- "to grant" ← *suwa- ← II.
|-
| "to bild"
| Fi. rakenta- || - || - || - || - || rak- || - || - || -
| Or Fi rather ← Gmc *rakjan
|-
| "lid"
| *kanci || *koamtē || *kundə || '''*komdəš''' || K. kudj || - || - || - || -
|-
| "oak"
| *tammi || - || *tumə || *tumə || *tu || - || - || - || -
|-
| "to split"
| *halkët- || - || *Čulgə- || - || K. '''čaľal-''' || - || - || - || -
| SKES; not in UEW.
|-
| "maple"
| *vahtëra || - || *ukštər || ''*waštar'' || - || - || - || - || -
| Ma. *a / w_
|- style="background:#A0FFA0"
! colspan="10"| *a_ə type 2: similar but S. *ō_ɤ, Mo. *a, P. *oo, Smy. *a / _Ć
| palatalization
|-
| "butter"
| *voi || *vōjɤ || *vaj || '''*ü''' || U. ''vɤj'' ~ K '''vɨj''' || vaj(a-) || *waaj || ''*wooj'' || -
| ~ IA *āǵja — but *w- ? Maybe *wëjə. F. via *voojə
|-
| "to step"
| *askël, *as-tu- || - || Er. aśkiľa- || ''*aškəl-'' || *ooćkVl- || - || ''*uusəl'' || - || *asəl
|-
| "to receive"
| *saa- || NW ''*sākɤ-'' || Mk. sajə- || *šo- || K. su- || - || - || - || *tåj-
| *saxə. Note assim. only in S/Mo. Hi. ''u'' per hiatus
|-
| "grass, awn"
| - || *kōjɤ || - || - || '''*kɨ''' || haj(a-) || *kaaj || - || Sk. *quu < *kåə
|-
| "spirit"
| *vaimo || *vōjŋɤ || *vajmə || - || - || ''vaaɟ(a-)'' || - || - || *wajŋə
| F. & Mo. < *vajŋ-ma-. Cf. S. ''*vājmō'' "heart"?
|-
| "to spread, bed"
| - || *vōðō "bottom layer" || - || - || ''*wååľ-'' || ''aaɟ(a-)'' || *aaľ || - || -
| P. per class 4, F. ''vuode'' < vuota ← B, Mo. *aca ← Tat.
|-
| "river bend"
| - || - || - || - || K. voľ || '''völɟ(ä-)''' || CMs *wooľ ||style="color:red"| *wakəĽ || Ne. wäej
| NB *ľ?!
|-
| "penis"
| - || *pōčɤ || - || - || - || fas || - || - || -
| or H. ← German
|- style="background:#A0FFA0"
! colspan="10"| *a_ə type 3: similar but F. *oo / _Rə (= std. PU *oo/*ox), Ma. *o
| "long" cases
|-
| "to lick"
| *noolë- || style="color:red"| *noalō- || '''*nola'''- || '''*nŭle-''' || *ńuul- || ńal- || '''*ńal-amt-''' || *ńaLaa- || *ńåə-
| F. also cf. ''*nola'' "slime". Check Kh. forms. Mo. analogy with *elä- "live"?
|-
| "to die"
| *koolë- || *koalō- "freeze" || *kulə- || *kole- || *kuul- || hal- || *kaal- || *kaLaa- || *kåə-
| S. may be ← Gmc. Cf. *kal-ma "death".
|-
| "intestine"
| *sooli || *čoalē || *śulə/''a'' || *šolə || *śuulj || ''saal(a-)'' "thread" || - || ''*sooL'' || -
| ← II *ćālā
|-
| "to sleep"
| *voodë-k "bed" || *oaðē- || *udə- || - || - || al- || *aal- || *aLaa- || -
| or F. < *voota "hide"? *ad₂ə "bed" predicts *ota
|-
| "mountain"
| *voori || - || - || - || *vɤɤr || '''orr(o-)''' || *waar || ''*woor'' || Km. ''boor''
| ~ II *aras — but *w- ? P. *wa- > *wo-. Also cf. *wara
|-
| "crust"
| *koori || *koarē || ''*kaŕ'' || - || K. ''kɨrś'' || - || '''*kur-''' || W *karə, '''*kuurəp''' || ''*kar''
| For Se. ''ker-'' cf. [[Proto-Uralic/new|*kêri]]
|-
| "thicket"
| - || - || Er. kuro || - || - || - || *kaarəp || S. xar || FNe. '''kuur'''
| clearly not *kurV!
|-
| "to whittle, to plane"
| *voolë- || *oalō- || - || - || ''*vɤl-'' || - || ''*walt-'' || *waLt- || -
| S. *vōlɤ- ← F.; P. *wa- > *wo-
|-
| "ash; heat; flame"
| - || - || - || *lom(p)ɤž || *luum- || laaŋg(o-) || - || - || -
|- style="background:#A0FFA0"
! colspan="10"| *a_ə type 4: similar but F. *o_a, P. *wåå / #_ (bled by prev. two exception classes!)
|-
| "sleep"
| - || - || *udəmə || *omə || *uunm || ''aalom(o-)'' || ''*uuləm'' || '''*aaLəm''', ''*wuuLəm'' "dream" || -
| *aðəma; > *alma in P+Ug? cf. "to sleep"
|-
| "shoulder"
| *o/õlka || *oalkē || - || - || K. volɨs || vaall(a-) || ''*waaɣləp'' || - || *wajk
| Cf. BSl. *olkuti ? Ms. 'shoulderband'. NB Smy palzn
|-
| "awl"
| *ora || *oarē || *urə || - || - || aar(a-) || - || - || -
| ← II *ārā (Vo ''õra'')
|-
| "slave"
| *orja || *oarjē "south" || *uŕɜ || - || U. war || - || - || - || -
| ← II *ārya. K. '''verɤs''' 'husband' better < *wirä(s) ← IE (Katz)
|-
| "to shine"
| - || - || - || - || *vååľ(k)'' || - || *waľɣ- || N. *waĽə- || -
| *w- ?? Cf. *wëlkə "light"!
|-
| "early"
| - || - || - || *ažno || *wåådź || - || - || - || -
|}

==*o_ə==
F. *o_i/e-, S. *ō_ɤ, Mo. u(CCə)

{|
|- style="background:#FFA0A0"
! Lexeme
! [[Finnish|Finnic]] !! [[Proto-Samic|Samic]] !! [[Mordvinic|Mordv.]] !! [[Mari]] !! [[Permic]] !! [[Hungarian|Hung.]] !! [[Mansi]] !! [[Khanty]] !! [[Proto-Samoyedic|Samoy.]]
! Comments
|- style="background:#A0FFA0"
! colspan="10"| *o_ə type 1a > Ma. *a/*o, P. *(kʷ/w)ɤɤ, Ms. *aa, Kh *oo, Smy. *å)
| all EU cases with medial clusters?
|-
| "hollow, cavity"
| *o/õnci || *vōmtɤ || *undə || - || U. '''udur''' || ''odur'' || *aantər || *oontər || -
| *omtə(-rV)
|-
| "opening, mouth"
| *o/õvvi || W *vōŋɤs || *oŋ-kst || '''*äŋ''' || *wɤɤm || ''ajak'' : ''ajka-'' || - || *ooŋ || '''*aŋ'''
| *owŋə? F. ''aukko'' ← *aŋa- "to open". Mo. *oŋ > oŋ.
|-
| "to chew"
| - || *sōskɤ- || *suskə- || - || *sɤɤsk- || - || *taaɣt- || *ɬookəL- || '''#tutə-'''
|-
| "bow"
| *jousi || *jōksɤ || *joŋs || *jaŋež || - || '''iij(a-)''' || *jaaGt || *jookəL || '''*jïntə'''
| *-ŋs-. Mo. *oŋ > oŋ
|-
| "tail"
| *poč-ka || *poac-kē || - || *pač ||style="color:green"| *bɤɤž || ''far(o-)'' || *paanš ||style="color:red"| *pooč || *pånčə
| *-č- or *-nč-? F, S *po(n)č-ka "shin"
|-
| "thick; many"
| - || - || - || *čaka(-ta) || K. čɤk || ''šok'' ||style="color:red"| *šaaw || - || -
| Cf. Turkic *čok
|-
| "net needle"
| - || *čōps'''ē'''mē || - || *šapš || - || - || *taas || *soopəs || -
|-
| "lung; gills"
| - || - || - || *šoðɤ || K. šɤľ || - || - || - || -
| no cluster? S. suovtē 'gills' better ← Gmc (and ≠ P anyway)
|-
| ""
| || || || || || || || ||
|- style="background:#A0FFA0"
! colspan="10"| *o_ə type 1b: similar except F. *uu (= PU *ow_ə?)
| coronal or zero-ish medials
|-
| "spruce"
| ''*kuusi'' || ''*kōsɤ'' || *kuz || *kož || *kʷɤɤz || - || style="color:green"| *kaaɣt || *kooL || *kåət
| *kowsə?
|-
| "root, base"
| ''*juuri'' || - || *jur || - || ''*jur'' || - || - || - || *jår
| *jowrə? Smy not ~ F. jaaru
|-
| "cereal"
| ''*suurimo'' "groats" || - || *surə "millet" || - ||style="color:green"| *zɤɤr "oats" || - || - || - || -
| Or F ~ Mo śu/orə 'corn' etc.
|-
| "drape"
| ''*uudim'' || - || - || - || *wɤɤn(m-) || - || *aaməl || *ooLəp || -
| *owðəmə? NB no *ð > ∅ in P. Possibly PMs *aalma > CMs *aaməl
|-
| "other"
| ''*muu'' || ''*mū-'' || - || *molə || *mɤɤd *muuket || maaš || *maat; S+E ''*mɤɤt'' || || -
| *mow-?!
|- style="background:#A0FFA0"
! colspan="10"| *o_ə type 1c: similar except Ma. *u, P. *⁽ʷ⁾ɤ (U+KP /ɤ/, Zyrian /o/)
|-
| "to vomit"
| *oksënta- || SS vuoksedi- || *uksəndə- || ''*ukšənća-'' || ''*wɤskɨ-'' || - || - || - || -
| Core S '''*vōksē-'''-, backformation? Or F. *a > *ə / T_T?
|-
| "to touch"
| NF *koske- || *kōskɤ- || - || ''*kuške-'' || K. kos- || - || - || - || -
| K from P. *kʷɤɤs-?
|-
| "(to) patch"
| - || W *tōŋɤ- ~ E *tōvŋɤ- || - || ''*tuməš'' || K. *dɤɤm- || - || - || - || -
| ŋ/m? Ma. per *a-stem?
|-
| "belly, abdomen"
| *ko/õktu || - || - || - || ''*kʷɤt'' || - || - || - || -
|-
| "dry"
| - || - || - || ''*kukšə'' || ''*kʷɤs'' || - || - || - || -
| cf. *kôśkə?
|-
| "worm"
| - || *sōksɤ || *suks || ''*šukš'' || - || - || - || - || -
|- style="background:#A0FFA0"
! colspan="10"| *o_ə type 1d: indistinct/unclear
|-
| "to wash"
| *mo/õskë- || - || *muśkə- || ''*mŭška-'' || ''*mɨśk-'' ||style="color:red"| ''moš-'' || - || - || *måsə-
| MaP *u, / m_?
|-
| "hole"
| *oŋk- || *vōŋkō || - || - || - || - || *waaŋka || *wooŋk || *wåŋkə
| F. onk'''a'''lo cf. varsi : vartalo
|-
| "to scorch"
| *ko/õrpët- || *kōrpɤ- || *kurv'''a'''- || - || - || - || - || - || *kårpə-
|-
| "knee"
| *po/õlvi || *pōlvɤ || *pul- || ''*pŭl'' || - || - || - || - || '''*puəj'''
| Ma. *ŭ / _[+LAB]_
|-
| "thin"
| *o/õhut || - || - || - || - || - || *waaɣta || *wookəL || -
| *wokšə (AA13)
|-
| "netstring"
| - || *cōncɤ || - || - || - || - || - || *čoončəɣ || -
|-
| "hole in wood"
| - || *vōwtɤ || - || - || - || - || - || *ooŋət || -
| *oŋtə, cf. *omtə
|-
| "(to) knot"
| *so/õlmi || *čōlmɤ || *śulm'''a''' || - || - || ''čomoo'' || - || - || -
|-
| "snot"
| *no/õlki ||style="color:green"| *snōlkɤ || '''*nolgə''' || - || - ||style="color:red"| '''ńaal(a-)''' || - || - || -
| S. affected by Gmc *snuut?
|-
| "spear"
| - || - || - ||style="color:red"| ''*umdə'' || - || - || *aaGta || *ooŋtəw || ''*aŋtə''
| Tv ''awtā'' ← *-ɣt- , WMs *owta/NMs *oowta ← *wt = Ms *-ŋt-? F. *ota better < *woča
|-
| "woods"
| - || - || - || - || - || vad(a-) || - || *woont || -
| S. *vōvtē ← Gmc
|-
| "to pin; to sew"
| - || - || - || - || - || - || *saalt- || - || *såjtə-
|-
| "to oppose"
| *to/õrju- || *toarjō- || *tuŕə- || - || - || - || - || - || -
| S. "to support". Cf. *tora
|- style="background:#A0FFA0"
! colspan="10"| *o_ə type 2: similar except P. *(k)wåå/*ooĆ/*uu, Ms. *u(u), Smy *o
| open syllables with a dorsal medial
|-
| "male"
| - || *kōjɤ || - || - || *koom || hiim || CMs ''*kuj'', *kum || ''*kuu₂j'' || -
| *kojə(-ma). Ms. *uuj > *uj?
|-
| "to sound"
| *so/õi- || *čōjɤ- || - || *ša-kte- || - || †saj- || ''*suj-'' || '''*söj-''' || *so-
| Ms. *uuj > *uj? East *u?
|-
| "to find; riddle"
| - || - || *mujə- || *moa- ||style="color:red"| ''*mååď'' || ''mu(u)t'' || - || *muuj-- || -
| F. ''mu/o/õista-'' "to remember" ← R. мысл- "to think"
|-
| "to bring"
| *too- || *tōkɤ- || *tujə- || - || - || - || *tuul- || *tuu₂-~ *tuu₁ɣ- || '''*tå-''' / '''*tə-'''
| H. *toj- "lay eggs" may be ← Trc
|-
| "bosom"
| *po/õvvi || *pōŋɤ || Er. poŋgo ~ Mk. pov || Hi. poŋgəš ~ Me. poməš || *pi || - || *puut || E puuɣəL ~ N poxəL || *påŋə
| *powŋə? Mo. *oŋ > *oŋ. Smy ment'd in AA13, reflexes??
|-
| "to pursue"
| *no/õu-ta- || - || - || - || - || - || ''*ńɤɤwl-'' || *ńuu₂/ååkəL- || *ńo-
| V -uu-, Vj -ɔɔ-. Ms. cheshirization? Also cf. P. *nuu-, Ma. *nŭmala- "carry"
|-
| "to experience"
| *koke- || I. kuoha- || - || - || - || - || - || - || *ko-
|-
| "berry"
| Võ pal'''a''' || - || || - || K. pul || style="color:red"| '''boľoo, boɟoo ?''' || ''*pul'' || - || Sk. '''*pəl-'''
| Core F. *poola probably reshaped after *joo-la- "V. uliginosum"
|-
| "steam, fog"
| - || - || - || - || *ruu || - || - || *ruu₂t || -
|-
| "to say"
| *hoke- || - || - || - || *šuu- || - || - || - || -
|-
| "barley"
| - || - || *čuž ||style="color:red"| *šož || *čuužj || - || - || - || -
| substratal? note *-š-
|- style="background:#A0FFA0"
! colspan="10"| *o_ə type 3: as per [[Proto-Uralic/U|*u]] in WU+P, H. ''uu'', Ms. *u, Kh. *o, Smy *o
| open syllables with an anterior medial
|-
| "sno"
| *lumi || *lomɤ ||style="color:red"| *loŋ || *lŭm || *lɨmɨ || ''lom'' || - || - || *jom-
| Ma. *ŭ / _[+LAB]_
|-
| "to bite"
| *pure- || *porɤ- ||style="color:green"| *poŕə- || *pŭra- || '''*puur(ɨ)-''' || - || *pur- || *por- || *por-
| Ma. *ŭ / _[+LAB]_
|-
| "to blo"
| *puhu- *puhalta- || *posō- || - || - || K. '''puškɨ-''' || fuu- || *put- || *poLaa- || Sk. ''puttu''?
| K. ~ Fi. puhku-?
|-
| "bone"
| *luu || - || *lov''a''ža || *lu || *lɨ || - || *luw || *loɣ || '''*lɤ'''
| Mari CV ⇒ long
|-
| "mouth"
| *suu || *čovɤ, *čontɤk || - || *šu || - || '''saa-j''' || *sunt, ''*suup'' ||style="color:orange"| ''*ɬuuL'' || *so
| *śowə. Mari CV ⇒ long. Kh *śowə-sa > *suu-ɬ > *ɬuuɬ??
|-
| "new"
| ''*uuci'' || *oðɤ || *od ||style="color:brown"| *u || *vɨľ || uuj(a-) || - || - || Sk. oćɨŋ
| Mari CV ⇒ long. F. length from *wu-?
|-
| "(to) coff"
| - || *kosɤ(-) || *koz(ə-) || - || *kɨz(ɨ)- || - || - || ''*kooL(-)'' || *kot(-)
|-
| "to pass by"
| - || *molɤ- ||style="color:green"| *moľə- || - || style="color:red"| *mɤɤjm || muul- || Tv ''mal-'' ~ CMs *mul- || - || -
|-
| "to come"
| *tule- || *tolɤ- || - || *tola- || - || '''talaal-''' || - || - || *toj-
| Ma/H. cf. F. *talla- "tread"?
|-
| "lake"
| - || - || - || - || *tɨ || √tav- || Tv. ''too'' || *toɣ || *to
| *towə, not *toxə. PMs *tow? SKh ''tew''
|-
| "side"
| - || - || - || - || K vɨj || - || *wujəl || - || -
| Tv ''wɤjəl''
|-
| "hut"
| - || - || - || - || U. tɨlɨs || - || *tul || - || -
| Ms. "tent pole". F. *talas/-oi ← Baltic *tala-
|-
| "steep"
| - || - || - || - || *ńɨl- || - || *ńultəŋ || - || -
|-
| "remaining sno"
| - || W ''*jësë'', E ''*jëcë'' || - || *jož || '''*juuž''' 'hard snow' || - || - || - || -
| cf. *joččə 'path'
|-
| "sleep"
| *uni || - || on || - || - || - || - || - || -
| ← IE *oner
|- style="background:#A0FFA0"
! colspan="10"| Indistinct between *o₁_ə and *o₂_ə
|-
| demonstrativ stem
| *jo- || *jō- || E. ju- || *ju- || - || - || - || - || -
| ← IE?
|-
| ""
| || || || || || || || ||
|-
| "to be sick"
| *po/õte- || *pōcɤ- || - || - || - || - || - || - || -
|-
| "true"
| *to/õci || *tōtɤ || - || - || - || - || - || - || -
|-
| ""
| || || || || || || || ||
|-
| "to cut"
| - || - || - || - || - || farag || *paar || - || '''*pərå-'''
| Smy. "to scrape", may not belong
|-
| "to dry"
| - || - || - || - || - || asoo || style="color:green"| *taaš || *soos ||
|- style="background:#A0FFA0"
! colspan="10"| with Ms. *ɤɤ
|-
| "cheek"
| *po/õski || - || - || - || - || - || style="color:red"| *pɤɤjət || E puuɣLəm ~ W *poxLəm || *påtə
|-
| "tusk"
| - || - || - || - || *wåådźer || aɟar(a-) || *ɤɤńćər || '''*eńćər''' || -
|-
| "ghost"
| - || - || *čo(v) || - || K. šɤn || - || ''*tɤɤw'' || *ɬuu₂ŋk || -
| Mo. *oŋ > *oŋ, or *av > ov? Ms. cheshirization? F. ''huu'' better ← Gmc
|- style="background:#A0FFA0"
! colspan="10" | *ô_ə (F. ''*o'', Mo. ''*o'', Ma. ''*a''?)
|-
| "to dry; rapids"
| *koski || *koškɤ- || *kośkə- || *kaške(-) || *kʷååś-/k || - ||style="color:green"| *kaš (?) || - || *kåsə-
| F. → S. *kōškɤ "rapids"
|-
| "stick"
| *po/?nci || - || Mk. pond'''a''' || *pandə || *pood || - || - || - || -
| P. also ''*böd'' "staff"
|-
| "vessel"
| - || - || *očkə || *wačkɤ || U. vɨčkɨ || - || - || - || -
|-
| "grain"
| - || - || *norəv || - || K nur(j-) || - || - || - || -
|-
| "straw"
| *o/õlki || - || *olgə || - || - || - || - || - || -
|-
| "corner; to hide"
| *so/?ppi || - || *śopə- || - || - || - || - || - || -
|-
| "bear"
| *o/?kci || - || *ovtə || - || - || - || - || - || -
| Cf. late IE *arktos
|-
| "to sink"
| *lo/?nteh || - || londado- || - || - || - || - || - || -
|- style="background:#A0FFA0"
! colspan="10"| IE loans
|-
| "salt"
| suola || - || sal || Hi cal ~ Me '''ćal''' || U. ''sɨlal'' ~ K. sol || - || - || - || -
| ← IE, multiple loans? Mari affricated prenasally? (#sÖnćAl)
|-
| "to sieve"
| *pohtVj- || - || ponž'''a'''vto- || - || ''*poož-'' || - || - || - || -
| ← IE *powH-(ta-), *pewH-
|-
| "(to) hoe"
| *kookka || - || - || - || ''*kook-'' || - || - || - || -
| at least F ← Gmc *xōka
|-
| "gap"
| *lo/õvi || - || *luv || *lu || - || - || - || - || -
| ← Gmc. Mo/Ma better here than with F. *loma
|-
| "hook, to angle"
| *o/õŋki || *vōŋkɤ *oaŋkō- || - || ''*oŋgə'' || - || - || - || - || -
| ← IE
|-
| "to dare"
| *tohtVj- || *tōstɤ- || - || *tošta- || - || - || - || - || -
| ← II *dʰr̥š-?
|-
| "protection"
| suoja, hoi-va || *sōjē, šōjē || - || - || - || - || - || - || -
| ← II *sćaajaa
|- style="background:#A0FFA0"
! colspan="10" | Rejectable
|-
| "group"
| *jo/õukko || - || - || - || *juuk || ɟakor || - || - || -
| F. ← Sc. *jǫukja-, P. = *jëka- 'to divide'
|-
| "cover"
| - || NS '''goaran''' || - || - || - || - || N. xuri || *koraa || -
| better S < *koarō- 'to sew' (1), OU ← *kur- 'to skin' or *kur- 'to sew' (2), maybe Ms ← Kh.
|- style="background:#A0FFA0"
! colspan="10" | Messy stuff
|-
| "those"
| *noo || *nō- || nonat || *nŭnə || K. ''nɨ-'' || - || - || - || Se. na
|-
| "that"
| *too || *tō || to- || *tŭ || U. tu ~ K. ''tɨ'' || ta-, taa- || *tuu-, *tu- || *to₂-- || *tå-
|-
| "3"
| *kolmi || *kolmɤ || *kolmə || *kŭm ||style="color:red"| '''#kuuińm'''  || style="color:green"| '''haarom''' : ''harma-'' || style="color:green"| '''*kuurəm''' || *kooLəm || -
| *-rm-, analogy to '4' outside H+Ms?
|-
| "aspen"
| - || - || *poj || -|| *pi || - || - || *paaj || #pij
|-
| "to flay"
| - || *ńōvɤ- || - || - || *ńij- || ńuuz- || Tv. ńooj- ~ CMs *ńuj- || ||
| *-w-/*-j-? H. *ńoWə-ta-?
|-
| "pole"
| - || *čōlčɤ || - || - || - || - || - || - || *səlčə
| Bad
|-
| "pole"
| Fi. vuoli || - || - || - || - || - || *ula || N. *(w)ooɭ || -
| OU here under next item?
|- style="background:#DDDDDD"
| "pole"
| ulku || style="color:red"| *holkɤ || olga || - || K. ɨl || || N. aawla || N. *oxəL || *uj
| for comparision
|-
| "straight"
| *o/õikëda || *vōjkɤ || '''*vijəďɜ''' || '''*wij-''' || - || - || - || - || -
| S. may be ← F. Mo/Ma *wejä/*weKä?
|-
| "buckle"
| *so/õlki || '''*čūlkō-''' || *śulg'''a'''mə || ''*šolkama'' || - || - || - || - || -
| P. *śuul "ski" better ← *śëlka
|-
| "to feed"
| - || - || - || *wurde- || *vördɨ- || - || - || - || -
| Cf. IE *werdʰ-
|-
| "to throw"
| *loo || '''*lū''' || '''*ľijə-''' || *loŋa- || *lɤd- || loog- || || ||
| WTF
|-
| "dawn"
| *koi || - || - || - || K. ''kɨa'' || - || - || - || -
| Better *kajə? H. ''haj'', Ms. *kuuj cf. *kaja "sun"
|-
| "a fish"
| *to/õtki || - || *tutk'''a''' ||style="color:red"| *tatə || - || tat || *tokt || - || Sk. tut
| East *u?
|-
| "cloth"
| - || - || - || ''*tŭɣər'' || *te/ɤr''a'' || - || - || - || -
|-
| "many"
| *mo/õni || '''moanɤk''' || - || - || *-mɨn || *-vAn || *-mən || - || -
| Probly ← IE
|-
| "to lern; to see"
| *o/õppe(j)- || - || - || - || - || - || *waapl- || *waapəɣ- || -
| F. → S. *oappɤ-
|-
| "to be able; to fight"
| *vo/õi- || - || - || - || - || viiv- || - || - || -
|-
| "ski"
| - || - || - || '''*ječe''' || - || - || *jašə || - || -
| Bad
|-
| "weak"
| - || - || - || - || K. rudź- || ross || - || - || -
|-
| "to sweep"
| Fi. '''huosi-''' || - || - || - || U. '''čuž-''' || - || *šaaš- || '''*čaač-''' ||Sk čuuč-← *čåəč-
|-
| "go sour"
| - || - || - || Me. šua- || U. šut- ~ K. šuź- || - || - || - || -
| Cf. čapp
|-
| "harness"
| - || *vōtɤ || - || - || - || - || *vo/ät || '''*wäät''' || Sk. *kuu
|-
| "moss"
| - || *ńōrɤ || - || - || - || - || - || - || *ńår-
| Cf. *ńërə
|-
| ""
| || || || || || || || ||
|-
| ""
| || || || || || || || ||
|}

==*o_a==
{|
|- style="background:#FFA0A0"
! Lexeme
! [[Finnish|Finnic]] !! [[Proto-Samic|Samic]] !! [[Mordvinic|Mordv.]] !! [[Mari]] !! [[Permic]] !! [[Hungarian|Hung.]] !! [[Mansi]] !! [[Khanty]] !! [[Proto-Samoyedic|Samoy.]]
! Comments
|- style="background:#A0FFA0"
! colspan="10"| F. *o_a, S. *oa_ē, Mo. *u_ə, Ma. *u, P. *uu, H. aa, Ms. *uu, Kh. *aa, Smy. *å_å
|-
| "part; flesh"
| *osa || *oańčē || || Me. '''ü'''/užas || - || aaɟek, ''ost-'' || *uunć || - || -
| ← II?
|-
| "fish trap"
| *ota- || *oacē || - || - || K. '''vodž''' || - || *wuuš || *waač || ''*wåč''
| Mo. ''*oš'' "city" probably doesn't belong. Sk. *k⁽ʷ⁾ëččə a derivative?
|-
| "jaw"
| - || *oalōl || *ulə || - || - || aall(a-) || *uuləć || - || -
|-
| "awhile; to spend a night"
| NF *kotva || *koaðvē || - || - || '''*kʷɤl''' || haal- || *kuul- || *kaaL- || -
| AA15. Ma. kot "year" ← Ru. год (MZh14)
|-
| "time"
| || || - || - || - || - || - || - || -
|-
| "to conjure"
| - || - || Er. '''al(s)ta-''' || style="color:#D08000"| *ulte- || - || aald- || - || *aaLəL- || -
|-
| "spirit"
| - || - || - || - || *kuuľj || ''haɟ'' || '''*kuľ-''' || - || *kåjkə
| *-d₂k-. F. *koljoi ← Gmc
|-
| "raw, meat"
| - || - || - || - || *uuľ || - || - || - || *åjå
|-
| "skin"
| E. ''kõba'' || - || *kuvə || *kŭwə || *kuu || - || - || - || '''*kopå'''
| Ma. *ŭ / _[+LAB]_
|-
| "squirrel"
| *orava || *oarēvē || ''*ur'' || *ur || K. ur || - || - || - || Mt. orop
| Vo ''õrava''. PSmy *årop / *oråp
|-
| "eagle"
| *kotka || *koackēmē || style="color:red"| ''*kućkan'' || *kučkəž || *kuuč || - || - || - || -
|- style="background:#A0FFA0"
! colspan="10"| similar but P. *kʷåå, Ms. *aa
|-
| "house"
| *kota || *koatē || *kudə || *kuðɤ || *kʷåå || haaz(a-) || *kaatə || *kaat || -
| Old Ms хоть, хоать. ← II?
|-
| "ear; leaf"
| *ko/õrva || *koarvē || - || - || *kʷåår || ''harap'' || - || - || style="color:red"| ''*kåw''
|-
| "small fly"
| - || - || - || *lŭmej || U. ľum || - || *ľaaməj || - || -
| Ma. *ŭ / _[+LAB]_
|- style="background:#A0FFA0"
! colspan="10"| indistinct
|-
| "head"
| *oiva || *oajvē || Mk. uj- || *wuj || - || - || - || - || *åjwå
|-
| "to bring"
| - || *toalvō- || - || - || - || - || - || - || *tåjwå-
|-
| "wedge"
| *tolva || - || *tulə || - || *tuulj || - || - || - || ''*tajwA''
| F. → ??
|-
| "hare"
| - || *ńoamēlē || *numələ || - || K. '''ńimal''' || style="color:green"| ''ńuul(a-)'' || - || - || *ńåmå
| ← *ńoxə-ma(-la)? H. *m-lenition
|-
| "war"
| *so/õta || - || *śudə- || *šuðə- "curse" || - || - || - || - || *såjə
| S. *soattē ← F.
|-
| "quarrel"
| *to/õra || *toarō ||style="color:red"| *tuŕə- || - || - || || - || - || *tåro-
| Hi. "torle-" ∄ (MZh14)
|-
| "aunt"
| - || *koaskē || - || - || - || - || - || - || *kåtå
|-
| "shallow; to dry"
| - || *coakē- || - || - || - || - || - || - || Sk. *čëkə-
| PSmy *čåkå-?
|-
| "to go"
| - || - || jut''a''-, Mk. '''jota-''' || - || - || - || - || - || *jåtA-
| *jočə-ta-? Cf. OUg *jaač "path". S. *jotē- better ← B. *judē-.
|-
| "to dry"
| - || - || - || - || *śuur- || saar- || - || *saar- || -
| Ms. ''*šu(u)r(l)-'' ← Komi šural-?
|-
| "orphan"
| *orpoj || *oarpēs ||style="color:red"| *urəs || - || - || aarva || - || E. '''uurwɯɯ''' || -
| ← IE *(h₃)orbʰos
|-
| "to sew"
| - || - || - || *ŭrɣe-; *wŭrɣəm "cloth" || *vuurɨ- || var- || - || - || -
| Ma. *ŭ / _[+LAB]_
|-
| "south; day"
| *lo/õuna || - || - || - || U nun, lum ~ K lun || - || - || - || -
| ← IE *louksnos
|-
| "to gather"
| *korjat- || - || - || - || ''*kuurjal-'' || - || - || - || -
| may be loan F → P (-rj-!)
|-
| "reindeer"
|style="color:red"| *poro || *poačōj || - || Hi. pučə ~ Me. '''püčö''' || U. pudžej || - || - || - || -
| ← II *paču-; Ms *pääš ~ Kh *peeč indep.
|-
| "to wait"
| *odotta- || *oacōttē- || *učə- || *wŭče- || - || - || - || - || -
| Ma. *ŭ / _[+LAB]_
|-
| "shaman"
| *no/õjta || *noajtē || Er. nuď-ńe- "to divine" || - || - || - || '''*ńääjt''' || - || -
|-
| "sleigh"
| - || *čoanē "last sleigh" || - || - || - || - || style="color:green"| '''*šun''' || - || -
|-
| "wave"
| - || - || - || - || - || hab(o-) || '''*ku(m)p''' || ''*ko/uump'' || *kåmpå
| Distinct from FP *kumpu "hill".
|-
| "hill"
| - || - || - || *mŭčə || *muuč || - || - || - || -
| *močča, Ma. *ŭ / _[+LAB]_?
|-
| "cold"
| - || - || - || *juž || U. juz || - || - || - || -
|-
| "bent, to bend"
| *no/õtko/eda || *ńoackē || *nučk''a''- || - || - || - || - || - || -
|-
| ""
| || || || || || || || ||
|-
| ""
| || || || || || || || ||
|- style="background:#A0FFA0"
! colspan="10"| West *o_a, Mari *ŭ?, East *ë (P ambiguous)
|-
| "man, male animal"
| *koira(s) || - || - || - || K. '''kɨr''' || here || *kɤɤr || *kaar || ''*kora''
| *kojra ← *kojə-ra
|-
| "duck"
| *so/õtka || *čoaðkē || *śulgə || '''*šooe''' || *šuul || - || *sɤɤľ || *saaj || -
| *ś-l → *ś-ľ in Ug.
|-
| "ware"
| *os-ta- "to buy" || *oasē || - || *wŭža || *vuuz || - || *wɤɤta || - || -
| ← IE *wosā, Ma. *ŭ / _[+LAB]_. Ms via II?
|-
| "to peel"
| - || - || - || ''*kŭðaša-'' || *kuuľ- || - || *kɤɤľ- || - || -
|-
| "to dive"
| - || - || - || ''*šŭŋga-'' || *s/zuuŋ- || - || - || - || -
|-
| "to take, to pluck"
| *vo/õtta- || - || - || - || U. '''vɨtɨ-''' ~ K. '''vot-''' || - || *wɤɤt- || - || -
| *wolə-kta-?
|- style="background:#A0FFA0"
! colspan="10"| feat. Ms. *aCC, Kh. *oo
|-
| "soft"
| - || *loančē || - || "lënzë-" || - || laaɟ || *lanćəŋ ||style="color:green"| *ɭoonćə(ɣ) || -
| NB no palzn in S.
|-
| "rare"
| '''*harva''' || *soarvē || *šurə || - || K. šur- || - || - || *ɬoorəp || '''#tïrå-'''
| S. "dry tree", K. "to dry"
|-
| "soup"
| *rokka || - || - || - || - || - || LU raɣt || *rook || -
|-
| "to tire"
| - || - || - || *noje- || - || - || - || *nooj- || -
|-
| "to hack"
| - || - || - || *roe- || - || ''rov-'' || - || *rooɣ- || -
| Hi. ''u'' in hiatus
|-
| "to scrape"
| - || - || - || - ||style="color:red"| *vuušt- || vaaš- || style="color:red"| *ašɣ- || *woočəɣ- || -
|-
| "to stick in"
| - || - || - || - || - || ''ɟak-'' || *jɤɤkʷ- || *jooɣə- ||
| Or H ~ Fi tokka-, Ma *loɣe-
|-
| "sorcery"
| - || - || - || - || - || taaltoš || || *tooLt || -
| NMs ''tuultən'' "light, easy" semantically bad
|-
| "palm; span"
| - || - || - || - || - || marok(o-) || - || S muurəs || -
|-
| "collar"
| - || - || - || - || - || - || *rɤɤkʷ || *rook || -
| Ne. *ruku ← Kh.
|- style="background:#A0FFA0"
! colspan="10"| feat. P *oo
|-
| "friend"
| - || - || - || - || *joort || - || - || - || #(*j)üruŋ
|-
| "dish, chest"
| - || - || - || - ||style="color:green"| *dooz || - || - || *toL || -
|-
| "piece"
| - || - || - || - || *toor || - || *taawrV || - || -
|-
| "twig"
| *oksa || *oaksē || - || *ukš || *oosɨ || - || - || - || -
|-
| "space; warm"
| *hooneh || - || - || - || *šoon- || - || - || - || -
| Or F. ← B. *šānas "side" → "room"
|-
| "sleigh"
| - || - || *nurdə || - || *noort || - || - || - || -
|-
| "narrow; to worry"
| - || - || - || - || *šoog || aggod- , oog-|| - || - || -
| Semantics bad
|-
| "to stick"
| - || - || - || - || *tooj- || †toľ- || - || - || -
|-
| "to stretch"
| - || - || - || - || U nujt- ~ K ńojd- || ńuujt- || - || - || -
|-
| "to conjure"
| - || - || - || - || K. vom-- || †wima- || - || - || -
| *wojmɜ-, cf. F. voima?? (should be H. *-w-)
|- style="background:#A0FFA0"
! colspan="10"| feat. P *åå
|-
| "cleft"
| *kolo || *koalō || - || - || *kʷåål- || halok || *kal ||style="color:green"| *kååɭ || -
| FS possibly ← Gmc
|-
| "pig"
| *po/õrsas || - || *purćis || - || '''*påårś''' || - || - || - || -
| ← IE
|-
| "healthy"
| - || - || - || Hi. šu || *šååń || '''igen''' || - || - || -
| H. "very". Expected P -m?
|-
| "to knead"
| - || - || - || *lŭɣA- || *lååj- || - || - || - || -
|- style="background:#A0FFA0"
! colspan="10"| feat. Mo *o
|-
| "wet"
| *loppa || - || *lop-''a''ftə- || *lŭp || K '''lapɨd''' || - || - || - || -
| Ma. *ŭ / _[+LAB]_, unless *u?
|-
| "valley"
| *lotma || - || ložmo || - || - || - || - || - || -
| Phonotax non-Uralic
|-
| "bad; lazy"
| Fi. nolo || - || Mk. nola || - || - || - || - || - || -
| Better F ← S (cf AASL), Mk < *novla
|- style="background:#A0FFA0"
! colspan="10"| feat. Ma *a
|-
| "slime, phloam"
| *nola, *nila || - || - || *nalɤ || U. '''ńɤl''' ~ K. '''ńiľ''' || - || *ńiľ- "to peel" || *ńaL || Ne. nal-
| Cf. *ńïla. F. also '''nula'''
|-
| "fat"
| style="color:red"| Fi. kuu || - || *kuja || *kaja || U. kɤj; U. kwajɨ- || haaj(a-) || - || - || -
| Maybe *koxa??
|-
| "dung"
| *sonta || - || - || '''*šandə''' || U. zud "mud" || - || - || - || -
|-
| "brittle"
| NF *rohka || - || - || *raš/čka || *rɨž, K. rɨš(k)- || - || - || - || -
| *rošə, *roš-ka? OU ''ris'' etc. ← K. Don't see how H. roš- "slow" compares. Zek "P *ruuž"

|- style="background:#A0FFA0"
! colspan="10"| East only
|-
| "hill"
| - || - || - || - || - ||style="color:red"| domb(o-) || *tåmp || - || -
| clearly not PU
|-
| "to sink"
| - || - || - || - || - || style="color:red"| rokkan- || *rowt-, N. '''räɣ-''' || *raak- || -
|-
| "birch bark"
| || || || || || tidoo || || ||
| + OU per *tana
|-
| "to see"
| - || - || - || - || - || oov- || *wɤɤ(j)- || *wuu-/waa- || '''*wë(ra)-'''
| how about *ë
|-
| "to go"
| - || - || - || - || - || in-- || *jaam- || - || Ne. jaam-
|-
| "lead"
| - || - || - || - || - || oolom(o-) || *wuuləm || - || -
|-
| "hole"
| - || - || - || - || - || - || N. waapi || - || *wåpə
| Loan from Ne. → Ms?
|-
| "good"
| - || - || - || - || - || style="color:red"| joo, jav- || *jamas || '''*jem''' || -
| or Kh ~ F. *imeh
|-
| "plane (tool)"
| - || - || - || - || - || ɟal(l)u, ɟarol- || *jar(ɣə-) || - || -
| H. *rl → ll?
|-
| "to remain; thrifty"
| - || - || - || - || - || marad- || - || - || *mərəj
| better *u?
|-
| "head"
| - || - || - || - || - || - || *ɤɤw(t) || *ååk, *uu₂ŋkəL || *ukə
| Or Ms < *ojwa?
|-
| "road"
| - || - || - || - || - || uut(a-) || *ɤɤKt || *ååkət || *uət
|- style="background:#A0FFA0"
! colspan="10"| TBS
|-
| "vessel"
| F. '''purnu''' || '''*pōrnē''' || - || - || U. '''bɤrńo''' ~ K. burńa || - || - || - || -
|-
| "to sigh"
| '''*hooka-''' || SS såagedh || - || #šootVć- "to rest" || - || - || *šëëk- || - || -
| Consonants bad. F, S. better ← Gmc *swogan. F. → S. *śōkkē-
|-
| "stick"
| *sompa || *soampē || - || šo/umba? || K. '''*zɨb''' || - || - || - || -
| F. ← S. ← II?
|-
| "to prick"
| F. tokkaa- || - || - || Hi. loɣe- || - || ɟak- || - || - || -
|-
| "yellow"
| - || - ||style="color:red"| *ťuž'''a''' || - || U. čuž || - || - || - || -
| Fairly bad
|-
| "1000"
| - || - || - || - || *śuurs || - || style="color:green"| '''*šatər-''' || '''*ćorəs''' ||
| ← II *ǵʰasra, independantly?
|-
| "to peel"
| - || - || - || - || U. vɤľɨ- ~ K. *vɔľ- || *woľćt- || - || - || -
| S. *oalō- ← *walə-; E. *valə- ← *wala- "pour"??
|-
| "Labrador tea"
| - || ES '''*olo-''' || - || - || - || - || *waľ || '''*wääľ''' || -
| Bad. Note *ľ.
|-
| "fat"
| - || *jolē || - || - || - || - || - || *jaaL || -
| *u ~ *ë/*a?
|-
| "middle; with"
| Fi. jotka || - || *jutkə || - || - || jaat "friend" || E/N *jat, S/W '''*jät''' || TrJ jot, VVj '''jöt''' || ''*jotä''
|-
| "slow"
| - || *ńoacē || - || - || '''*ńož(jV-)''' || - || - || - || -
|-
| "club"
| *nujja, *nuhja || || || || || || || ||
|-
| "diver"
| - || *ńūNēl || - || - || - || - || - || - || *ńuənä
|-
| "to press together"
| - || - || - || *nŭmɤrge- || K. ńam- || ńom- || - || - || -
|-
| "neck"
| - || - || - || - || ńak || - || - || - || Sk. #nukV
|-
| "to crawl; to grab"
| - || *ńoamē- || - || - || - || ńuul- || - || - ||style="color:red"| '''*ńəʔmå-'''
|-
| "to crawl"
| - || E *ńoallē- || - || - || - || - || - || - || Ne. ńalo-
| Suspicious
|-
| "nettle"
| - || - || - || *nuž || - || - || - || - || Ne. nāca--
| medial??
|-
| "burden"
| - || - || - || - || U. '''nɨpɨ''' ~ K. nop, nup || - || *nɤɤp || - || -
|-
| "piece"
| - || *(s)moalō || - || - || - || - || - || - || #mAlå
| Rejectable; S ← Gmc
|-
| "~protrusion"
| - || '''*mājrē''' "crop" || - || Hi. mɤra "beehive" || *moorɤs "breast" || mar "withers" || - || - || *mərki "shoulder"
| to disassemble
|-
| "long"
| - || - || - || *kužə || *kuuź || ''hoss(a-)'' ||style="color:green"| ''*kʷašə'' || - || Km. kunzu
| Cent. *o ~ East *u?
|-
| "hat"
| - || - || - || ''*upšə'' || *uźɨ || - || - || - || -
| Ma. *u despite _p!?
|-
| "brittle"
| - || - || - || #rot || - || ruut, rot- || - || *ratək || -
| Cf. *roška
|-
| "pit"
| *kooppa || - || - || - || U. '''gop''' || - || - || - || -
| Coincidental?
|-
| ""
| || || || || || || || ||
|-
| ""
| || || || || || || || ||
|}

Proto-Uralic/A

2018-03-17T12:52:10Z

Tropylium: /* Standard PU *ë */

'''The many and varied cognates of Finno-Mordvinic *a.'''

'''Bold''' marks apparent vocalic irregularities (note tho that rules for Permic are partly unclear), red consonantal. ''Italic'' cases are unclear.

==Standard PU *a_a==
By default: F&Mo *a, S. *ō, Ma. *a/*o ([[Mari#The distribution of *a vs. *o|conditioning??]]) P. *uu, Ms *uu, Smy *å

{| cellpadding="0"|
|- style="background:#FFA0A0"
! Lexeme
! [[Finnish|Finnic]] !! [[Proto-Samic|Samic]] !! [[Mordvinic|Mordv.]] !! [[Mari]] !! [[Permic]] !! [[Hungarian|Hung.]] !! [[Mansi]] !! [[Khanty]] !! [[Proto-Samoyedic|Samoyedic]]
! Comments
|- style="background:#A0FFA0"
! colspan="10" | *a_ə (forking; formerly under *oo, *o_a)
|-
| "thru"
| F. pahki || - || Mk. pačk || - || K. '''pɨšji''' || - || *puuš || - || Se. ''pooč''
| check Se.
|-
| "twig"
| - || *tōrkɤ || - || Me. tor || - || - || - || *tuu₁ɣər || -
| or S ← Sc.
|-
| "wolf"
| - || <s>*čōrmɤ</s> || - || '''*šŭrmə''' || '''*śör''' || - || - || *ćuu₁rəm || *sårm'''å'''
| Ma. "lynx", P. "marten" may not belong
|-
| "ground"
| F. tanner || *tōntɤr || - || - || - || - || - || - || *tåntə-
|-
| "birch bark"
| - || - || - || - || *tooj || - || - || - || '''*təj'''
| Better *tojə, ~ H tidoo
|-
| "to stand"
| *saisë- || *čōnčō- || - || '''*šĭnće-''' || K. '''sidź-''' || - || *tuuńć- || W *ɬaańć-, E '''*ɬɯɯńť-''' || '''*tänsə-'''
| Ma. & Smy. point to original *ä. (Mo. *śta- ← IE?)
|- style="background:#A0FFA0"
! colspan="10" | *a₁_a: H. ''a'', Ms. *uu, Kh. *uu₁
|-
| "fish"
| *kala || *kōlē || *kal || *kol || - || hal(a-) || *kuul || *kuu₁L || *kålä
| Smy. *-å → *-ä after *l
|-
| "bit"
| *pala || *pōlē || *pal || - || - || fal-at- || *puul ||style="color:green"| *puu₁ɭ || *pålä
| Smy. *-å → *-ä after *l. Possibly K. '''palak''' "hole". Hi. '''pultəš''' ← *purəltəš ← *purə- "to bite".
|-
| "pot"
| *pata || - || - || *pat || - || fazeek(a-) || *puut || *puu₁t || *pat''ə''-
| Smy *a → *a between stops?
|-
| "to open"
| - || *pōncō "naked" || *panžə- || *pača- || K. pudž- || - || *puunš- || *puu₁ɳč- || -
|-
| "young deer"
| - || - || Mk. śarda || *šarðə || - || - || - || *suu₁rtə || Ne. '''siraj''' ?
| Ms. '''*surtə''' ← Kh?
|-
| "to scoop"
|style="color:brown"| *ammɜ-- || - || *amuĺa- || - || - || - || *uum- || *uu₁m- || -
|-
| "salmon sp."
| - || - || - || - || K. udž || - || *uuš || *uu₁ɳč || #ånčɜ
|-
| "sun"
| F. kaja- || NS guoje || Er. kaje- || *kaja- || - || haj(-) || CMs *kuj || - || *kåjå
| Ms *uuj → *uj. H/Ms. "dawn", better here than with F. koi
|-
| "in heat"
| F. '''suota''' || *čōðē- || - || - || K. ćulal- || salad- || - || - || style="color:red"| ''*såjä''
| F. ← S? Smy palatal assimilation? *-å → *-ä after *l/*ðʲ
|-
| "to present"
| - || - || *kaźə- || - || *koodźim  || hason(o-) || - || - || *kåso
| *a-ə possible. P. palzn. Ma. *kućək "dowry" ← P.
|-
| "to dig"
| F. kaiva- || '''*koajvō-''' || *kaj''a''- || ''*koe-'' || *kooj- || hajiit- || - || - || *kajwå-
| P, Smy. palzn. Hi. /u/ per hiatus.
|-
| "to thro"
| - || - || kaja- || - || *kooj- || hajiit- || - || - || -
| Homophonic with the prev.
|-
| "foot"
| *jalka || *jōlkē || *jalgə || *jal || - || ɟalog(o-) || - || - || -
|-
| "brain"
| F. aivo || *vōjŋē || - || - || - || aɟ(a-) || - || - || -
| Mk. ''uj'' rather ← *ojwa?
|-
| "to grasp"
| F. tarttu- || - || - || - || - || tart- || - || - || -
|-
| "roof"
| F. lakka || - || - || - || - || lak- || - || - || -
| H. "to dwell"
|-
| "to beat soft"
| *vanu- || - || - || - || - || vaańol- || - || - || -
| H. *wa- → vaa-?
|-
| "to roast"
| F. '''paahta-''' || - || - || - || '''*pɤɤž-''' || - || - || - || -
| F. 2ndary length?
|-
| "hole"
| - || - || - || *raž || K. roź || '''rees''' || - || - || -
| P. palzn.
|-
| "currant"
| - || - || - || *šaptər || U. suter ~ K. '''setɤr''' || - || - || - || -
| Cf. Gmc *sap ??
|-
| "rotten"
| - || - || - || *kaškə, *kaška- || '''*kuuź'''  || - || - || - || -
|-
| "to gro"
| - || - || - || *paše- || *puušjɨ- || - || - || - || -
|-
| "to ask"
| - || - || - || *jaða- || *juual- || - || - || - || -
| P. ← *-uuða- ?
|-
| "groove"
| NF *latu || - || - || *laðo || K. lu || - || - || - || -
| ← Baltic?
|-
| "rake"
| *hara, *harkki || *sōrē || *čar-kəďə- || *šar(əm) || - || - || - || - || -
| not loan; Gmc ← F
|-
| "opposite"
| *vasta || *vōstē || Mk. vasta || *waštareš || - || - || - || - || -
|-
| "wet"
| F. nahka "leather" || *ńōskē || Mk. načka || *načkə || - || - || - || ('''*ńašak''') || -
| Khanty "raw" may not belong
|-
| "to grind"
| *jauha- || - || jaž''a''- || *jaŋəže- || - || - || - || - || -
|-
| "fishing net"
| F. vata || - || - || *wat || - || - || - || - || -
| ← Gmc?
|- style="background:#A0FFA0"
! colspan="10"| *a₂_a: similar except Ma. *o, Kh. *aa
|-
| "to leave"
| *katoda- || *kōðē- || *kadə- || *koðe- || *kooĺ- || haɟ- || *kuuĺ- || *kaaćəɣ- ~ '''*ka/ɯɯj-''' || *kåjä-
| +Ma *koð''a''- "stay". P. palzn. Smy. *-å → *-ä after *ðʲ
|-
| "to steal, thief"
| F. sala- || *sōl-ɤk || sal''a''- || *šolə || - || - || *tuulmant- *tuulmak || *ɬaaLəm- *ɬaaLmaak || *tålä-
| + EKh ''*ɬɯɯLəɣ'' "stolen". Smy. *-å → *-ä after *l
|-
| "to carry"
| *kanta- || *kōntē- || *kandə- || *kande- || - || - || *kuunt- || *kaant- || *kån-
| *kanə-ta-, cf. Smy. ≠ *kënta "tree stump"!
|-
| "net"
| F. kalin || - || - || - || K. kulɤm || ''haalo'' || *kuuləp || *kaaLəp || -
| Cf. "fish"
|-
| "to open"
| *ava- || - || *aŋ-kśəma || - || - || style="color:red"| '''old-, ood-''' || *ɤɤŋkʷ- || VVj aaŋət-, W. '''*eeŋk-''' || -
| Ms. cheshirization
|-
| "to bark"
| - || - || - || *opte- || *uut- || - || *uut- || *aapət- || -
|-
| "low ground"
| - || - || - || - || U. śum || - || *suujəm || *saajəm || -
| *o_a possible
|-
| "wild; animal"
| - || - || - || Hi. wojər || K. vɤj || - || *wuj || *waajəɣ || -
| P. *waR → *vɤɤR- ? Ms *wuu → *wu
|-
| "white"
| *hahka || - || Mk. akša || *oš || - || - || - || *aaš || -
|-
| "to thro"
| *vatkada- || - || *vačk'''a'''- || ''wačkalt-'' ('lect?) || - || - || - || *waaškaLt- ||
| Ma. *a / w_
|-
| "to burst"
| *pakkahta- || - || - || - || - || fakad- || - || *paakən- || -
|-
| "fence"
| *ajta || - || - || - || - || - || - || *aać || -
|-
| "mole; beaver"
| - || - || Mk. maksa- || - || - || - || - || *maaɣ || -
| Weak. *ë_ə possible
|-
| "to sit"
| - || - || - || - || - || - || *uunl/t- || *aaməs/t- || *åmtə-
| *o_a possible
|- style="background:#A0FFA0"
! colspan="10"| With S. *ā, Khanty *åå (/ *č_?)
|-
| "to hit"
| - || ''*cāŋmē-'' || *čavə- || *čaŋe- || - || - || ''*šɤɤŋkʷ-'' || ''*čååŋk-'' || *čåŋå-
| Ms. cheshirization?
|-
| "to chop"
| - || T ''*cāppē-''; '''*cāpɤ-''' || *čapə- || - || *čuupɨ- || - || - || ''*čååp'' "piece" || -
| Onomat.? Cf. "to hit". U also ''čɨp-''. Kh. cf. also Ms '''šup''' "piece of wood"?
|-
| "to step"
| - || - || Mk. šašto- || - || - || - || *šuuš- || ''*čååč-'' || *čåčä-
|- style="background:#A0FFA0"
! colspan="10"| With Permic *oo poorly conditioned
|-
| "hard"
| - || '''*čārēs''' || - || - || *ćoorɨt || - || - || - || *sår''ə''
|-
| "crust"
| *kamara || - || - || *kom || *koomɤĺ || haaml- || '''*käämtol''' || - || ''*kamə'' !
| U. also kɤm
|-
| "fork"
| - || - || '''*užə''' || *waž || K. vož || - || - || - || *wåtå
| Or *woša with Ma./K. irregular
|-
| "berry"
| - || - || - || - || *oozɨ || - || - || '''*uu₂L''' || '''*ota'''
|-
| "rump"
| - || - || Er. kaśke ~ Mk. kaska || - || *koosk || - || - || - || -
|-
| "smell"
| Võ. katsk || - || kačam(o) || - || K. ''kočɨs'' || - || - || - || -
| Cf. "bitter"
|- style="background:#A0FFA0"
! colspan="10"| With Permic *u (→ Udm. /ɨ/)
|-
| "to go carefully"
| - || '''*vāncē-''' || - || *wanče- || *vuž- || - || *wuunč- || style="color:red"| *uu₁ɳč- || *wånč-
|-
| "root"
| - || - || - || *waž || *vuž || - || - || - || *wånčå
| Homophonic with the prev.
|-
| "to be born"
| - || - || *šačə- || *šača- || U. čɨžɨ- ~ K. ćuž- || - || *šašəɣ || W *čačəɣ || Sk. *čaačə
| Cf. F. *sato - *śačə with widespread sib. assims?
|-
| "to stand"
| - || - || - || *ša(l)ɣ || *sul- || aall- || - || - ||
|-
| "to shoot"
| *ampu- || - || - || - || U. ɨb- || - || - || - || -
| maybe *a → *ɨ / *_m_, cf. *mo- → *mɨ-. S. ''*āmpō-'' ← F.
|- style="background:#A0FFA0"
! colspan="10"|Indistinct *a_a
|-
| "to drive"
| *aja- || vōjē- || aj- || - || *ooj- || - ||style="color:red"| *wujt-''' || - || -
| ← IE *aǵe- ? P. palzn, Ms. *wuu → *(w)u
|-
| "mountain"
| - || '''*vārē''' || - || - || - || - || *wur || '''*woor''' || *wårå
| Ms. *wuu → *(w)u. Cf. *warə.
|-
| "to sink"
| *vaja- || *vōjō- || vaj'''a'''- || - || ''*vɤɤj(ɨ)-'' || vaaj-, '''vejse-''' || *(w)uj- || - || -
| P. *waR → *wɤɤR, H. *wa- → vaa-? Ms. *wuu → *(w)u
|-
| "marsh"
| *aro || - || - || - || - || - || *uuraj || ''*uu₂rə'' || -
| Kh *aa-U → *uu₂?
|-
| "death"
| *kalma || *kōlmē || kalma- "to bury" || || - || - || - || - || *kålm-
| *kaxl-ma? Cf. "to die"
|-
| "word"
| F. vala || *vōlē || val || - || - || - || - || - || *wålä
| Smy. *-å → *-ä after *l
|-
| "to stick; fork"
| Võ. tsank || *čōŋkō- || *śaŋgə || - || - || - || - || - || *såŋk''ə''-
|-
| "in-law"
| *nato || *nōtō || - || '''*nuðə''' || - || - || - || - || *nåto
|-
| "to peel"
| - || *vōtkē- || *vatk'''a'''- || *wakta-, *wotke- || - || - || - || - || Ne. waataa-
|-
| "knot"
| F. pahka || - || Mk. pakškä || - || - || - || - || - || *påktV
|-
| "branch"
| NF *sarka || *sōrkē || - || - || - || - || - || - || *tårkå
|-
| "skin"
| NF *talja || *tōljē || - || - || - || - || - || - || ''*tåəjə''
| Better F & S. ← B. Maybe *tawəd₂ə > NMs tAwəľ?
|-
| "behind"
| *taka- || *tuokē- || - || - || - || - || - || - || *tak''ə''
| Smy *a → *a between stops?
|-
| "clay"
| - || *čōwjē || - || - || *śooj || - || - || - || #såj
| probably *śaw-ja with metathesis in Kola Sami (unattested further west), cf. [[Proto-Uralic/O|*śawe]]
|-
| "to rain"
| *sata- || - || - || - || - || - || - || - || *sårå-
|-
| "left"
| *vasen || - || - || - || - || - || - || - || *wåtä ?
|-
| "to want"
| - || - || *karm''a''- || - || - || - || - || - || '''*kərmå-''' ?
|-
| "to rain"
| F. sata- || '''*čāðē-''' || - || - || - || - || - || - || *sårå-
| S. also *čōcē- "to hit" (won't go with Smy.)
|-
| "thru"
| - || - || Mk. ''šačk'' || - || - || - || - || - || Se. ''sačk''
| Only Mo. and Se, sibilant assimilation?
|-
| "aunt, older sister"
| - || - || - || - || K. ''ob'' || - || *uup || '''*o₂pə''' || *åpå
|-
| "rotten"
| - || *cōmcē || - || Me. '''šać''' ||style="color:green"| *žoodź  || - || - || - || -
| P. palzn, S. *c-ć → *c-c?
|-
| "series"
| *sarja || - || - || - || *śoor || - || - || - || -
| P. palzn. (*-rj-)
|-
| "with"
| F. kanssa || - || - || - ||style="color:green"| ''*gooz'' || - || - || - || -
| ← Gmc *xansa? P. palzn. also before plain sibilants?
|-
| ""
| || || || || || || || ||
|}

==Standard PU *ë==
> F. *a, S. *ō, Mo. *a as well; by default Ma. *ü
{|
|- style="background:#FFA0A0"
! Lexeme
! [[Finnish|Finnic]] !! [[Proto-Samic|Samic]] !! [[Mordvinic|Mordv.]] !! [[Mari]] !! [[Permic]] !! [[Hungarian|Hung.]] !! [[Mansi]] !! [[Khanty]] !! [[Proto-Samoyedic|Samoyedic]]
! Comments
|- style="background:#A0FFA0"
! colspan="10"| Ma. ''ö/ü'', P. ''*uu'', Ms. ''*ɤɤ'', Kh. ''*aa'', Smy. ''*ɤ'' (std. PU ''*ëCC, *ëCi'')
|-
| "father-in-law"
| NF *appi || *vōppɤ || - || '''*owə''' || - || ''ipa'', '''apa''' || S. '''ap''' ~ N. '''up''' || '''*uup''' || -
| Hu. *ëppə ~ *ëppə-sa > *ïp ~ *apa → ipa ~ apa?
|-
| "land"
| *maa || - || - || *mü, ''*mu'' || *muu || - || *mɤɤ(ɣ-) || '''*meɣ''' || -
| *mëxə
|-
| "hair"
| F. hapsi || *vōptɤ || - || *üp || - || - || *ɤɤt || E. aapət ~ W. '''*oopət''' || *ɤptə
|-
| "sore; groin"
| *narma || TS '''ńaarme''' || - || - || - || - || *ńɤɤrəm || *ńaarəm ||
| Cf. also F. '''näärvä''', S. '''*nārā-''' ibid.
|-
| "arc"
| *kaari || *kōŋɤr || - || - || - || - || *kɤɤŋraa || N. '''*xooŋkaar''' || -
|-
| "turnip; pine seed"
| *nakris || - || - || - || - || - || *nɤɤr || *naakər || -
| Suspicious
|-
| "cartilage"
| - || *ńōrkēs || *nar || *nörɣə || - || ''ńiir'' || *ńɤɤrəɣ || *ńaarək || *ńɤr
| *ńërə-ka (per Mo, Ma. Hu.); cf. *ńërə "soft"?
|-
| "gills"
| - || *ńōkčɤm || - || style="color:red"| ''*našmə'' || K. '''ńokćim''' || - || *ńɤɤkćəm || *ńaa(ŋ)kćəm || Ne. ńińśku, Ka. neeni ?
| Ma. *a~o / _CC
|-
| "crane"
| - || - || - || - || *tuuri ||style="color:red"| daru, -rva- || *tɤɤrəɣ || *taarəɣ || -
| *tërə-ka? Cf. abov.
|-
| "limb"
| - || - || - || - || - || '''loll''' || *lɤɤɣəl ||style="color:green"| *ɭaakəɭ || -
|-
| "light"
| *valkeda, *vale- || '''*vēlkɤtē''' || style="color:red"| *valdə || ''*walɣəðə'' || - || vilaag || - || - || -
| Ma. *a~o / _CC, > *a / w_. Cf. #woľa- "to shine"; IE ?
|-
| "to split"
| F. sali- || *čōlɤ- || - || - || - || sil || - || - || -
| Cf. F. säle "splinter"
|-
| "straight; obvious"
| - || *ńōlkɤ-tɤ || - || - || - || ńil-ván || - || - || -
|-
| "to live"
| *ase-, *as-u- || - || '''*äźə-''' || - || ''*uźɨ-'' || - || - || - || *ɤso-
| Cf. IE *h₁es-. Mo. and partly F may be rather < *äsä- (~ P *ozɜn).
|-
| "to be afraid"
| - || - || - ||style="color:green"| *lüðä- || - || - || - || - || *lɤrə-
| *-d₁- or *-t-? does *l- affect this?
|-
| "cradle"
| style="color:green"| *lapci || - || *lafś || '''*lŭ/epš''' || - || - || - || - || *j/lɤpsə
| F. "child"
|-
| "to chop"
| - || *lōkčɤ- || *lakśə- || ''*lokšə-nća-'' || U. lusjɨ- ~ K. '''lɤɤsjɨ-''' || - || - || - || -
| Ma. *a~o / _CC. U. ← K?
|-
| "soup; sweet"
| - || - || *jam || - || *juumal || - || - || - || -
| Smy *jäməj- 'soup' better < *lämə. Stem type? From *jëxə-ma??
|-
| "to clear wood"
| - || *sōntɤ- ||style="color:green"| *sańďə- ||style="color:red"| *śüðä- || - || - || - || - || -
|-
| "to get wet"
| - || *lōcɤ- || - || *löčä- || - || - || - || - || -
|-
| "to bury"
| - || - || - || *müðe- || *muudɨ- || - || - || - || -
| *mëxə-ta-, cf. "land"
|-
| "thick"
| *sakeda, sakka- || *sōkɤtē || - || '''*šukə''' "much" || K. suk || - || - || - || -
| *sëkə-ta, *sëk-ka? Could be *o_ə with F. irregular?
|-
| "stalk, axle"
| - || - || E. sad || *šüðər || style="color:red"| ''*zoo'' || - || - || - || -
| P. may point to *a
|-
| "stiff"
| *taŋkeda || - || Mk. taŋgəda || - || - || - || - || - || -
| NW+IS '''toaŋgi'''??
|- style="background:#A0FFA0"
! colspan="10"| *ëx: F *o, preS/Mo *u?
|-
| "to drink"
| ''*joo-'' || ''*jūkɤ-'' || - || *jüä- || *juu- || iv- || '''*äj-''' || ||style="color:red"| *ɤ-
| cf. IA *ǵuǵʰew-?
|-
| "minor river"
| ''*jo/õki'' || ''*jokɤ'' || Er. ''jov'' || - || *juu || joo || *jɤɤ || *jååkəɳ, *jɯɯkɯɯ || -
| *jëkV? Cf. *jëxə- "to drink/flow?" Ma. *joɣe- "to flow" ← Chuv. jox- "id."
|- style="background:#DDDDDD"
| "major river"
| *juka || - || - || || || || || *jååkəɳ || *jəka
| for comparision
|-
| "swan"
| ''*jo/?uccen'' || style="color:red"| ''*ńūkčɤ'' || style="color:red"| ''*lokś--'' || '''*jükšə''' || *juuś(k-) || - || - || - || style="color:red"| *jä¹ŋkɜ
| *jëxćə-? Initials messy
|-
| "loon"
| - || ''*toktɤ-kɤ'' || - || ''*toktə'' || K. '''toktɨ''' || - || *tɤɤɣ/kt || *taaktəŋ || -
| Ma. *a~o / _CC. Tv. → tʌt-kaa
|-
| "to reach; to spawn"
| - || ''*joksɤ-'' || - || - || - || (v)iiv- || - || - || -
| F. *jooksə- better from *joo- "drink, flow"? Bad without
|-
| "bent"
| - || - || Mk. ''nokəl(a)'' || - || *ńuuk || - || - || - || -
|- style="background:#A0FFA0"
! colspan="10"| *ëRə: similar except F. ''*oo'', P. ''*ɤ'' (std. PU ''*ëx_i'')
|-
| "vein"
| *sooni || *sōnɤ || san ||style="color:red"| *śün || *sɤn || iin(a-) || *tɤɤn || *ɬaan || style="color:red"| *čɤn
|-
| "arrow"
| *nooli || *ńōlɤ || nal || *nölə || U. '''ńil''' ~ K. '''ńɨl''' || ńiil(a-) || *ńɤɤl || *ńaaL || *ńɤj
|-
| "fish skin"
| *soomu || *čōmɤ || style="color:red"| śav || *šüm || *śɤm || - || *sɤɤm || *saam || -
| Ne. ''śaam'' < PS *kamə
|-
| "bird cherry"
| *toomi || *θōmɤ || Er. '''ľom''' ~ Mk. ''lajm'' || ''*lombə'' || *ľɤm || - || *ľɤɤm || '''*jååm''' || *jɤm
| Ma. *a~o / _CC (compound #ďëm-paw)
|-
| "year"
| *vooci || - || - || - || ''*wåå'' || '''-vaľ''' || - || *aaL || *ɤrö "autumn"
| S. *-vōtɤ semantically off. Cf. IA *vataḥ?
|-
| "wet place"
| *noori || *ńōrɤ || nar || *nöre- *nörɣə "sprout" || '''*ńuur''' *ńɤr "sprout" || ńirok || *ńɤɤr || - || *ńɤr
| F. "young", S. "weak" F. *noro ← Gmc.
|-
| "duck"
| - || SS ''sjotsjo''? || - || - || *čɤž || - || *šɤɤš || *čaač || -
| Er. ''šenže'' better ~ F. hanhi "goose", ← B.
|-
| "mitten"
| - || - || - || '''*piž''' || *pɤź || - || *pɤɤsɣə || *paas || -
|-
| "stale (bread)"
| *kalteda || - || - || - || *kɤldi || - || - || - || -
|-
| "to produce"
| - || *čōltē- || - || - || *ćɤlt- || - || - || - || -
| *ćëlə-ta-. F. ''suolta-'' rather ← *sooli
|- style="background:#A0FFA0"
! colspan="10"| IE loans: West *a_a, H. ''aa'', Ms. *ɤɤ, Kh. *aa
|-
| "100"
| *sata || *čōtē || *śadə || *šüðə || '''*śoo''' || saaz(a-) || style="color:green"| *šɤɤt || *saat || -
| ← II *śata; separately in P. ?
|-
| "tree stump"
| *kanto || *kōntōj || *kandə || - || (K. ''gɨd'') || - || *kɤɤnt || *kaant || -
| ← II *skandʰa-. S. *kāntē ← F. K. "bend, bottom", may not belong.
|-
| "calf"
| *vasa || *vōsē || ''*vaz'' || - || - || ('''üsöö''') || *wɤɤsəɣ || - || -
| ← II
|-
| "pole"
| NF *salko || *čōlkōj || *śalgə || - || *śuul || saal(fa) || *sɤɤɣlaa || *saakəL || -
| ← PIE *ǵʰalgʰaa. K. dźal probably later.
|-
| "mushroom"
| - || - || *paŋgə || ''*poŋgə'' || - || - || *pɤɤŋk || *paaŋk || *pɤŋkå-
| ← IE; Skr. ''paŋka'' "swamp" / L. ''fungus'' ~ G. ''spongos''. Ma. *a~o / _CC. Smy. "be intoxicated"
|-
| "to climb"
| *kangerta- || *kōŋkɤrtē- || - || - || - || haag- || *kɤɤŋk- || '''*kååŋk-''' || -
| ← PIE *gʰengʰ-
|-
| "grass"
| *tarna || - || - || - || style="color:#800000"| *tuurɨm || - || - || - || -
| ← II *trna
|-
| "streak"
| *jooni || *jōnɤ || jan || - || - || - || - || - || -
| ← IA *jaana, F. VV / _Rə. Also F. ''jana''!
|-
| "to pay"
| *maksa- || - || *maksə- || - || - || - || - || - || -
| ← Ir. *mandza-. F. → S *māksē-
|- style="background:#A0FFA0"
! colspan="10"| P. ''*u'', Ms. ''*a/*ɤɤ'', Kh. ''*ɯɯ'', Smy. ''*ɨ'' (std. PU ''*ëCa'' - note open syllables in Smy!)
|-
| "down"
| *ala- || *vōlē- || alə || *ül || *uul || al- || style="color:red"| ''*jal-'' || *ɯɯL || *ɨlə
| Ms. per original open syllable?
|-
| "to put"
| *akta- || *vōktē- || *aftə- ||style="color:red"| ''*opte-'' || K. '''oktɨ-''' || - || - || *ɯɯkət || *ɨtå-
| Ma. *a~o / _CC
|-
| "to divide"
| *jaka- || *jōkē- || *javə- || - ||style="color:red"| *juuk || - || E ''*jaɣtit'' || *jɯɯkəL "fork" || '''*jəkə-'''
| Or Ms. ~ Kh *jakaaj "neck"? Kh. also ''*jaaɣərt'' "split"
|-
| "lowland"
| *lanc''i'' || - ||style="color:green"| ''*lanďa-'' || Hi. ''landaka'' || *luud || - || - || - || Ng. lɨntə
| Ma. *a~o / _CC. excluded: S *lōmtē- "to kneel", Smy '''*ləmto''' "low"
|-
| "to leave"
| *valka-(ma) || *vōlkē- || *valgə- || ''*wale-'' || - || vaal- || *wɤɤɣəl- || *wɯɯkəL-, '''*waakəL-''' || -
| Ma. *a~o / _CC, > *a / w_
|-
| "sembra"
| - || - || - || - || *suus || - || *tɤɤt || *ɬɯɯkəL || *tɨtə(k)
|-
| "liver"
| *maksa || *mōksē || *maksə || ''*mokš'' || *muusk || maaj(a-) || *mɤɤj(ə)t || ''*muu₁kəL'' || *mɨtə
| Ma. *a~o / _CC. Kh. *ɯɯ > *uu after a labial?
|-
| "way"
| *matka || *muotkē || - || - || - || - || - || ''*muu₁kət'' || *mɨtɜ
| StUE4. Kh. *ɯɯ > *uu after a labial?
|-
| "wet sno"
| - || *vōnčē || - || - || - || - || - || ''*uu₁(n)ć-kəL'' || -
| *wënśa, with Kh. *ɯɯ > *uu after a labial? NB Vj. ''wɯɯťkəl''!
|-
| "mother-in-law"
| F. anoppi || *vōnēm || - || - || - || - || '''*aanəp''' || '''*oonəp''' || *ɨnəpə
| ObU *Onəp < *onə-pV?
|-
| "rested"
| - || *vōŋēs || - || *üŋəšə || - || - || - || - || -
|- style="background:#A0FFA0"
! colspan="10"| Indistinct between ''*ë_a'' and ''*a2_a''
|-
| "to stretch"
| - || NS ńuoddzi- || || - || *ńuuž- || - || ''*ńuunš-'' || ''*ńɯɯnč'' || -
| Argues against Ms. delabzn
|-
| "village"
| F. palva- || - || - || - || - || falu (-lva-) || ''*pɤɤwəl'' || ''*puu₁kəL'' || -
| Ms. cheshirization, or Kh. *uu after a labial?
|-
| "to giv"
| *anta- || *vōmtē- || *andə- || - || *uud- || ad- || - || - || -
|-
| "to dry"
| - || - || - || - || *šuupal- || apa-- || - || - || -
| *o_a also possible
|-
| "to take off; to be able"
| *jaksa- || - ||style="color:red"| '''*jukśə-''' || - || *juuskɨ- || - || - || - || -
| *o_a also possible. *ś / *s??
|-
| "bitter"
| *karvas || - || - || - || *kuurɨd || - || - || '''*koorəɣ''' ? || -
|-
| "handle"
| *vanka || - || - || - || *vuug || - || - || - || -
|-
| "hoop"
| *vanneh || - || - || - || *vuudž || - || - || - || -
| Or BF ← Gmc *wandi/uz (cf. JKl '76)
|-
| "tassel"
| - || *tōŋkē || - || - || *tuug || - || - || - || -
|-
| "to accuse"
| - || NS guoccot || - || - || U. kušɨ || - || - || - || -
| No other words! Could even be *a₁_a
|-
| "to bring"
| - || *pōktē- || - || ''*pokte-'' || - || - || - || - || -
| Ma. *a~o / _CC?
|-
| "to reach"
| - || - || Er. saźu- || - || *suudź- || - || - || - || -
| *a_ə also possible
|-
| "stiff; to freeze"
| - || - || Er. tarďe || - || K. tur- || - || - || - ||
|-
| "elm"
| - || - || - || ''*nolɣə'' || U. ńulo || - || - || - || -
| Ma. *a~o / _CC?
|-
| ""
| || || || || || || || ||
|}

==All the rest==
{|
|- style="background:#FFA0A0"
! Lexeme
! [[Finnish|Finnic]] !! [[Proto-Samic|Samic]] !! [[Mordvinic|Mordv.]] !! [[Mari]] !! [[Permic]] !! [[Hungarian|Hung.]] !! [[Mansi]] !! [[Khanty]] !! [[Proto-Samoyedic|Samoy.]]
! Comments
|- style="background:#A0FFA0"
! colspan="10"| More IE loans
|-
| "flood, lake"
| F. sarajas || - || || - || style="color:red"| ''*šoor'' || aar || *tuur || *ɬaar || -
| ← II *sáras; separately in P, H?
|-
| "value"
| *arvo || - || - || - || K. arta- || aar || - || - || -
| Mo. *aŕ-ćə- "think" may not belong
|-
| "lord"
| - || - || *azər || - || *oozɨr || - || *aatər; N. uutər? || - || -
| Komi ozɨr without /v/- ? Check NMs
|-
| "good"
| *paras || *pōrē || *parə || '''*pooro''' ||style="color:green"| *buur || - || - || - || -
| Ma. also *paarema- "to recover"
|-
| "shelter"
| *sooja || *sōjē || - || *šaj || *saj || - || - || - || -
| ← Ir. *scāja
|-
| "to press"
| *pajna- || *pōńō- "to dip" || *pańə- "to drive" || - || ''*pååń-'' || - || - || - || -
| *pańa- with cheshzn in F, ← Gmc *spannija- "to strain". S. *pājnē- ← F. Ms. *pańəɣt- better ← *puńa-, Ka. ''paŋdə-'' rejectable
|-
| "sister"
| || - || Mk. sazor || ''*šŭžar'' || *soozer || || || ||
| F. sisar (and Ma?) ← B.
|-
| "stallion"
| - || - || - || *ožə || *uuž || - || - || - || -
|May be two unrelated words; three IE etymologies available: *ukšan- *aćwa- *r̥ša-
|-
| "gold, copper"
| - || - || - || - || - || arań || *tarəń || *ɬoorńə || -
| ← Ir. *zarna
|- style="background:#A0FFA0"
! colspan="10"| Unclear correspondence 1: FM *a, P. *a, H. ''a'' (with palatals!)
|-
| "hard"
| - || - || - || - || K. nadź || naɟ || - || - || -
|-
| "back; belly"
| - || - || - || - || U. gač || has || - || - || -
| Dubious semantics
|-
| "to tred"
| F. talla- || - || - || - || K. taľ- || - || - || - || -
| Loan F → K?
|-
| "to hit"
| - || *čōppē- || *ćap''a''- || style="color:red"| ''*čuča-'' || *ćapkɨ- || čap- || *čopam? || - || -
| Onomatopoetic? Cf. "to chop"
|-
| "to fall"
| - || *vōčē- || - || style="color:green"| *waza- || U. vaź- || - || - || - || -
|-
| "to look"
| - || - || - || *anće- || *addź- || - || - || - || -
| ~ Fi. ais-ti?!
|-
| "to take out"
| - || - || - || *tara- || K. taral- || - || taar || - || -
| Ma. "far", H. "open"
|-
| "to unravel"
| - || '''*rūč-''' || - || style="color:red"| *ranće- || K. radź- || '''ronɟ''' "rag" || - || VVj rać-- || -
| Note Ma. *ć. Probably not ~ F. *riicci-
|-
| "to stomp"
| *tappa- || - || *tap''a''- || - || *tap- || '''top-''' || - || - || '''*təpər-'''
| F. "to kill". Onomatopoetic? EU *tuppa-
|-
| "net"
| - || - || - || - || *ka(d)ź || - || - || *koćəp || -
|- style="background:#A0FFA0"
! colspan="10"| Unclear correspondences 2: With Kh. *a-aa
|-
| "to tell"
| *sarna- || - || - || - || K. śorńi- || - || - || S. sarnaaɣ- || -
| *rn/*rń? S. *sārnō- ← F.
|-
| "to hang"
| F. takertu- || - || || - || - || - || - || V taɣraaɣtə- ~ W *taɣərLə- || Se. tokua- ?
|-
| "to climb ~ to float"
| F. kapua- || - || - || - || - || - || - || Vj kaɣaaɣəl- ~ W *xoowL- || -
| *-p- ~ *-w-?
|-
| "soul; stillborn"
| - || - || *pač''a'' || - || - || - || - || *pačaak || -
|-
| "to sink"
| - || - || - || - || - || maart- || *muur(s)- || *maraa- || -
|-
| "willow sp."
| - || - || - || - || - || malaat || - || *maɣLaaj || -
|-
| "area"
| - || - || - || - || - || taaj || - || *taɣaaj || -
|- style="background:#A0FFA0"
! colspan="10"| Unclear correspondence 3: FM *a, P. front, Ms. *a (substrate?)
|-
| "understanding"
| - || - || Er. važov || - || K. vežɤr || - || style="color:red"| *aš(tə) || style="color:red"| *ač(aam) || -
|-
| "to (let) go"
| laske- || *lōštē- || *laśk''a''- || - || *ledź- || - || CMs *loośke- ? || ''*lååskə-'' || -
| *-ə / *-a?
|-
| "membrane"
| *kalvo || style="color:red"| '''*kālɤ''' ?|| - || - || *kiľ || haaľog || *kaľəp || *kaĽ-- || -
| Note *ľ. In parts ← IE *ḱel-?
|- style="background:#A0FFA0"
! colspan="10"| Unclear correspondence 4: FM *a, Ma. *o, P. *ɨ, OU *uu ?
|-
| "2"
| *kakci || *kōktē || *kaftə || *kok || ''*kɨk'' || (keet) || (*kit) || (*kiit, käät) || (*ketä)
| EU *kettä
|- style="background:#A0FFA0"
! colspan="10"| Unclear correspondence 8: FP *a(p) ~ Ugric *o(ɣ)
|-
| "to freeze"
| *palëlë- || *pōlɤš || *palə- || - || - || style="color:red"| faɟ || ''*paaľ-'' || style="color:red"| *poojət- ||
| Cf. FSM *pala- "to burn". Note also *-l- ~ *-ľ- (*-lji?)
|-
| "dam, wall"
| NF *pato || *pōðō || - || *pat "net" || - || fal || - || *paL : *paLaa- || -
| West *paðo, East *palə. Mari per AA13, zek
|-
| "sour"
| *happami || - || *čap''a''mə; *čapaks "dough" || *šabə || - || style="color:red"| sava-, '''sooska-''' || ''*šɤɤɣ-'' || *čoɣ- ? || -
|- style="background:#A0FFA0"
! colspan="10"| Unclear correspondence 9: FM *a ~ Permic *ɤ (note *k_C!)
|-
| "to put"
| *pane- || - || *pańə- || *pańəža- || *pɤn- || - || ''*pɯn-'' || *pan- || *pɨn-
| close to *ë_ə
|-
| "bitter, to smell"
| - || *kōccɤk || *kač'''a'''də- || *kačə || U. kɤš || - || *kɤɤšɣə || '''*kɯɯč(ɯɯ)''' || *kɤčə-
| *këččə-; F. ''katkera'' better ~ ''kitkerä''.
|-
| "to bite"
| - || '''*kāckē-''' || - || *kačka- || K. gɤčkɨ- || - || - || - || -
|-
| "across"
| - || - || - || *kač || K. kɤččɤb || - || - || - || -
|- style="background:#A0FFA0"
! colspan="10"| under other vowels
|-
| "rung; pole"
| - || - || - || - || - ||style="color:red"| zaap || *šaapla || - || -
| *o_a? Ms. '''*šäp''' "pole" ← K
|-
| "piece"
| F. '''sukku''' || - || - || - || - || sak || - || *sak || -
| *u_ə??
|-
| "ski"
| - || style="color:red"| *čōjkɤ || - || - || - || - || *taj- || - || *tåj(-kə)
| S. ← IE, others *o_ə?
|-
| "to breik"
| *kacket- || - || - || '''*kŭčkeða-''' || U. kwačkal- || - || - || - || -
| Better *o_i
|-
| "shit"
| '''*paska''' || *pɤškɤ || *pəśkiźə- || *pŭškeda- || - || fos || *paaś || *poś || -
| *ô? S. → F?
|- style="background:#A0FFA0"
! colspan="10"| East only
|-
| "head"
| - || - || - || - || - || - || WE *ɤɤwt || *ååɣ- : *uuɣə- || *u(ə)kə
| NMs aaw''a'', NKh *ooŋx-. Cheshirization in Ms?
|-
| "endonym"
| - || - || - || - || - || maɟar || - || *maańć || -
| cf. megyer ~ *määńći
|-
| "tale"
| - || - || - || - || - || '''meše''' || - || *maańć- || -
|-
| "to hurry"
| - || - || - || - || - || '''sorog-''' || #surəkt || *saarək ||
|-
| "eight"
| - || - || - || - || - || ''ńolc'' || *ńalaa || *ńɯɯLəɣ || -
| *ńëla, Hu. *a > o / _lT
|-
| "long-tailed duck"
| - || - || - || - || - || - || *ɤɤŋkə || *ɯɯŋk || -
| Sami '''*hɤŋŋā''' prob substratal; NSmy '''*åt³ŋo''' unrelated
|-
| "horn; edge"
| - || - || - || - || - || - ||style="color:red"| *ɤɤńt || W *aaŋət || ''*amtə, *aŋtə''
|-
| "surface"
| - || - || - || - || - || raa, -rA || *raaŋk(aa) || - || -

|- style="background:#A0FFA0"
! colspan="10"| to be sorted
|-
| "flat"
| *lappe- || (''*lāppɤ'') || Er. lapuža ~ Mk. lapš || Hi. lap ~ Me. '''lap''' || *lååp || lap || - || style="color:green"| *ɭapsək || -
| *a-ə? S. "aside". Cf. "flat side" Check U. (UEW)
|-
| "this"
| *ta || - || - || Hi. ta ~ Me. '''ta''' || K. *too || - || - || *taa-- || *tə
| or F./Ma. from B. *ta
|-
| "staff"
| *sauva || ''*čāvŋē'' || - || - || - || - || N. su(u)w || '''*söɣ''' || -
| Kh → Ms?
|-
| "ice crust"
| - || *čōkē || - || - || - ||style="color:red"| zaj || *såj || *ćooɣ || -
| Consonants bad
|-
| "berry"
| *marja || *mōrjē || ''*maŕ'' || *mör || - || - || *maar- || *muur- ? || -
|-
| "to darken; to hide"
| - || - || - || *söste- || K. saśtɨ- || - || - || - || -
|-
| "instrument"
| - || - || Mk. kaŕźi || '''*kerəš''' || U. kɨre(d)ź || - || - || - || -
|-
| "tame"
| - || *vōń-ɤs || - || - || - || - || - || ''*aańɯɯ'' || ''*ɨńə''
| indistinct between *o_ə and *ë_a; cf. PiS ''vuotnjie'' ← *vōńē
|-
| "to touch"
| F. kajoa- || '''*kājō-''' || - || || - || - || *kaaj- || *kaaj- || -
|-
| "light"
| F. salama || - || - || - || - || - || *sɤɤl || *saL- || *sålə
|-
| "to dig"
| - || - || *kar'''a'''- || *kare- || K. kɨr- || - || - || '''*kiir-''' ? || -
| P. *kɨr- in general "to wash"
|-
| "pale"
| - || - || - || *šapə- || - || šaapad- || - || - || -
|-
| "dry place"
| *kaŋka- || - || - || *kaŋga || - || - || *kuŋkʷə ? || - || -
|-
| "sleigh"
| *ahk- || - || - || - || - || - || - || *ååɣəL || -
| Cf. Sw. ackja? TN ŋūtūʔ rather ← ŋū 'pole' (EH).
|-
| "valley"
| *lakso || '''leakšɤ''' || - || Hi. laksa || U. los(k) || - || - || - || -
|-
| "dear"
| FiKrl rakas || - || - || - || - || '''rokon''' || *raaw- || *raɣ-- || -
|Perhaps F ← Gmc *frakaz "covetous". Ms. "to let close"
|-
| "to tear"
| - || - || - || - || *oor- || aar(t)- || '''*aart-''' || *aarə- || -
|-
| "to bend"
| *tai- || '''*toajē-''' || - || - || K. tuj- || - || '''*täj-''' || '''*tɯɯj-''' || *tVj- ?
| *tajə-, *tëjə-? Check Smy.
|-
| "pond"
| F. lampi || *lōmpɤl || - ||style="color:red"| Me. lop || - || - || - || - || *lɨmpå
|-
| "older brother's wife"
| || *vōńē || *ań'''a''' || - || K. ɤńe, ońa, uńe  || aanɟ, ańa || *aańi || *ańəkɯɯ || #Vńä 
| Separate P. *ańɨ "mother-in-law"
|-
| "flat side"
| F. lapa || *lōpē || - || - || - || - || N. lop? || - || '''*ləpä'''
| Cf. "flat"
|-
| "crane"
| '''*kurki''' || *kōrkɤ || *kargə || - || - || - || - || - || '''*kərö'''
|-
| "resin"
| F. kata || NS '''kaččē''' || - || - || - || - || - || - || *kåCə
| S. *kássé ← Gmc.
|-
| "snot"
| *natta || IS '''ńetti''' || || - || - || - || - || - || style="color:red"| #nəåtə 
| maybe Smy < *ńolkə-tV??
|-
| "to shame"
| || - || Mo. '''viźďe''' || *wažəla- || U. vodźɨt- || - || - || - || -
|-
| "berry"
| - || - || - || '''*moodə''' || - || - || - || - || Ka. modo
| or Ma. ← P. *mooľɨ < *med₂V
|-
| "many; big"
| - || - || - || - || *uuna || - || - || *onə || Ng. Aniʔe
| *u?
|-
| "bed, platform"
| - || - || - || - || U. džɨdžol ~ K.džodž(-ul) || - || - || *čuuč || -
|-
| "to shake"
| - || - || - || *pačke- || K. '''pɨškɨ-''' || - || - || - || -
|-
| "to dig"
| - || - || - || - || K. kundɨ- || haań- || *kuun- || *kɯɯɳ-, O xaan- || -
| *a₂, Kh. umlaut?
|-
| "bag"
| - || - || - || - || #kuuda || - || *kuunt || *kɯɯnt : *kɯɯntɯɯ- || -
| (F. ''kontti'')
|-
| "basket"
| - || - || - || *kŭrəkš || U. kor || - || *kuurəɣ || *kɯɯr(əɣ) || *kor--
| *u-ish?
|-
| "block; dugout"
| - || - || - || - || U. ''kɨpɨ'' || - || *kɤɤp || N. *kaap || -
| *këppə/*koppə/*kuppɜ?
|-
| "milk; sap"
| *majto || - || - || - || U. mɤľ || - || - || - || -
|-
| "even; beautiful"
| - || N muoissa- || *mazə || - || - || - || - || - || -
|-
| "rotten"
| *mahe- || - || *makšə || - || - || - || - || - || -
|-
| "edge"
| *mala- || *mōlōs || *mal''a''s || - || - || - || - || - || -
| ← B
|-
| "clear weather"
| - || *mōńē || *mańəŋ || - || - || - || - || - || -
|-
| "to crawl; bridge"
| *mata- || - || Er. madamo || - || - || - || - || - || -
|-
| "to disappear, fail"
| - || - || Er. '''joma-''' ~ Mk. ''juma-' || *jama- || - || - || - || - || *jat³ma- / *jaŋkə-
| S. *jāmē- 'die' better < *jämä- 'to stiffen' (StUE3)
|-
| "to cool, cold"
| - || SS joasko- || *jakšamə || '''*jükše-''', '''*jüštə''' || - || - || - || - || -
| Es. jahtu- rather < *jȧhtü- < *jäštä-, possibly also Ma. Also OSwS ''juoskos'' "stiff" (PS *jōksō-?)
|-
| "split"
| Fi. rahko || - || *raškə || - || - || - || - || - || -
|-
| "lattice, grid"
| - || - || - || - || K. radź || raač ~ reeč || - || - || -
|-
| "hole"
| - || - || - || *(ə)raž || K. *rooź || '''reeš''', '''reš''' || - || - || -
| better *rećV, P. → Ma., and F. *riicci- here?!
|-
| "ship; pot"
| *hakci || - || *Čakš || - || - || - || - || - || -
| semantics bad
|-
| "shape"
| '''*haamV''' || (Lu. '''sjibmō''') || *Čam''a'' || - || - || - || - || - || -
| maybe S *šëmō, cf. Lu sjimer < *šëmērē (which is of no help whatsoever)
|-
| "back of knife"
| *hamara ||style="color:red"| '''*šëmērē''' || *Čov || - || - || - || - || - || -
| likely somehow ← IE *h₂aḱmor "stone, etc."
|-
| ""
| - || - || - || - || - || - || - || - || -
|}

==Rejectable==
{|
|- style="background:#FFA0A0"
! Lexeme
! Finnic !! [[Proto-Samic|Samic]] !! [[Mordvinic|Mordv.]] !! [[Mari]] !! [[Permic]] !! [[Hungarian|Hung.]] !! [[Mansi]] !! [[Khanty]] !! [[Proto-Samoyedic|Samoyedic]]
! Comments

|- style="background:#A0FFA0"
! colspan="10"| Irregularities explainable by alternate etymologies for some branches
|-
| "meadow"
| Es. '''aas''' || - || - || - || *adź  || asoo || - || - || -
| Es < *ansa, Hu < *saś- "to dry"
|-
| "woven band"
| *vakla || *vōvlē || - || - || - || - || *waaɣlap || - || -
| F & S. ← Gmc.
|-
| "bay"
| *lakci || *lōktɤ || - || - || - || - || *laak || *lok || -
| F & S. ← Baltic
|-
| "birch bark"
| style="color:red"| *tana || - || - || - || - || - || N. toont || *to₂ntəɣ || -
| F ← Sc. OUg better ~ H tidoo
|-
| "sturgeon"
| *sampi || - || - || - || - || - || style="color:red"| '''*šupəɣ''' || - || -
| Better F ← IE *stambʰ- 'pole'
|-
| "much"
| *paljo || - || - || Hi. pülä || - || - || *paal || - || *påj
| F. possibly ← Gmc, East *polə
|-
| "door bolt"
| F. sarana || - || - || - || U. dźɨrɨ ~ K. dźir || čir || - || - || -
| F. may be ← Baltic
|-
| "to stop"
| *taukot- || *tōvkō- || - || - || style="color:red"| *duugdɨ- || - || - || - || -
| F. & S. ← Gmc.
|-
| "far, long"
| *kauka(lo) || *kukkē || *kuvaka || - || - || - || - || *kooɣ || -
| F ← Gmc, S. *kāwkɤ- "stare" ← F, rest *kowVkka
|-
| "to look"
| *katso- || '''*keaččɤ-''' || - || - || K. kaźal- || - || - || - || -
| F, S. ← Gmc *gātijan-
|-
| "lot"
| *arpa || *vōrpē || - || - || - || '''orvo''' || - || - || -
| F. & S. ← Gmc *arba
|-
| "flat"
| style="color:red"| *latta-- || - || - || Hi. laptɤ- ~ Me. '''lapte''' || - || - || - || *ɬaaptək || '''*ləptå'''
| F. may be ← Gmc.
|-
| "board"
| *lauta || *lōvtē || - || - || - || - || - || - || *låtå
| F & S. ← Baltic?
|-
| "woods"
| - || E *mōjðē || || - || - || - || - || - || Sk. mačče
| Sk. instead < *məja < *mud₂a
|-
| "to throw"
| *heittä- || W *sāddē- || - || - || K šɤt- || - || - || - || -
| F. (and K.?) ← #šäjV-ttä- ← preGmc *sēja-; S. ← Sc. senda-
|-
| "ax"
| *tahko || - || - || *toš || ''*tɨš(k-)'' || - || - || - || -
| ← II *takš-. F. "grindstone" may be unrelated
|-
| "coarse"
| *karkeda || - || - || - || *gɨreś || - || - || - || -
| S. *kārkkē ← F. ← Gmc *hargaz.
|-
| "asp"
| '''*haapa''' || '''*sūpē''' || - || *šapke || - || - || - || - || -
| ← Gmc *asp- with metathesis?!
|-
| "branch"
| *hanka || - || - || - || - || aag || *tɤɤɣ || *ɬaɣɯɯ || -
| F. ← Gmc. Cf. ''honka'' here?
|-
| "to be able"
| *mahta- || - || *maštə- || ''*mɤšte-'' || - || - || ''*mučt-'' || style="color:red"| *mač(t)ə- || -
| OU may be ← Ru мочь-, Mo/Ma ← F ← Gmc *maxtiz
|-
| "river; mud"
| - || - || *rav(ə) "Volga"|| - || - || - || - || *roɣə || -
| Mo. ← II (F. rapa ← Gmc *draba)
|-
| "dead; dry (of cow)"
| *mardas || - || - || - || *muur || - || - || - || -
| F. ← II
|-
| "old"
| *vanha || - || - || - || #vooɜž || - || - || - || -
| P. ← B. *wetuša (ment'd in 6UE)
|-
| "stiff"
| *tankeda || - || Mk. taŋgəda || *tü̆ŋe- || - || - || - || - || -
| Also S ''toaŋkē'' (not **toaggē!) Mari may be ← Turkic
|-
| "cheap"
| style="color:red"| *halpa || - || - || style="color:red"| '''*šulðɤ''' || - || - || - || - || -
| F. ← Gmc *salwa ?
|-
| "to gro"
| *kasva- || - || *kasə- || style="color:red"| '''*kuška-''' || - || - || - || - || -
| F. & Mo. ← IE *h₂awks-? H. hason "use, advantage" rather from "to present"
|-
| "metal"
| *vaski || ''veaškē'' || *uśkɜ || *waž || U. -veś ~ K. -ɨś || vaš || '''*wüš''' || *waɣ || *wasa
| Messy Wanderwort
|-
| "shaft"
| *varci || - || - || *wu/ŭrðə || - || - || - || - || -
| ← B?
|-
| "joint; twin; center"
| *jama || *jōmēč || Er. jav || - || - || - || - || - || -
| better F, S ← IE (separately), Er. ← *jëka-
|-
| "to stretch; to spread"
| - || '''*rāččë-''' || *rać''a''kadə- || - || - || - || - || - || -
| better S ← Sc *braidja-
|-
| "woman"
| √naa- || - || - || - || - || naas || '''*näji''' || '''*nääj''' ? || -
| F. ← IE *gʷnah₂-, OU ← *näjə
|- style="background:#A0FFA0"
! colspan="10"| Too sparse & irregular
|-
| "skis"
| - || style="color:red"| SS. laabje || - || - || - || - || - || E. lump || Ne. lampa
| No other words.
|-
| "to fall apart"
| - || - || - || - || K. gɨlal- || - || N kuulat- || W *kooɭ-- || -
| probably loans in OUg.
|-
| "to graze"
| - || *kōtō- || - || - || - || - || - || - || '''*kətå-'''
|-
| "fishing gear"
| - || - || - || mača ? || - || - || - || - || Se. maaše-
|-
| "stomach"
| *vacca || - || - || - || - || - || N. '''waś''' || - || -
| Weak (suggests PMs '''*wäć'''). Fi. → S. ''*vāttē''. Mo. *vaćə "dirt" semantically bad
|-
| "to go"
| - || - || *jak''a''- || - || - || iktat- || - || - || -
|-
| "pine forest"
| - || - || - || - || style="color:red"| *jag || - || - || *jaaɣəm || -
| Ma *jäktə ~ Chuv. jaxtə;. Maybe Kh ← P, < *jäŋkä or ← IE *ǵʰeng-?? Cf. EU #jëKə 'pine'
|-
| "to write"
| - || - || - || - || - || iir(o)- || - || '''*jee₁rii-''' || -
|- style="background:#A0FFA0"
! colspan="10"| Messy crap
|-
| "beginning"
| F. alka- || *vōlkē- || - || - || - || - || style="color:red"| *aawəl || style="color:red"| *aaləŋ || '''*olə-'''
| Cf. *ole- "to be" ?
|-
| "armpit"
|style="color:red"| *kainalɜ ||style="color:red"| '''kājŋēl''' || Mk. kaval || *koŋla || *kuun || hoon || *kalna || style="color:red"| *konəŋ || #kali ? (En. seeri)
| Veps kaimal
|-
| "nits"
| Fi. saivar; Es. saere || style="color:red"| '''čīvrōs''' ||style="color:red"| *śarkə || *šarkeń(ć)e || style="color:red"| '''*śerel''' || - || N. seeri ? || E. sɯr ? || Ka. šurijar ?
| might be two items?
|-
| "gull"
| *kajaka || '''kājēkē''' || - || - || K. '''gaďa''' || - || ''*kajik'' || - || Ne. ''ho''
| Substrate word? Cf. "beaver"
|-
| "crow"
| *vari/eks || style="color:red"| *vōrččē || *varś/ćəŋ || - || - || style="color:red"| varjuu : varja- || N. uurin || style="color:red"| W *warŋaaj, E ''*wuurŋɯɯ'' || ''*wårä''
| Unreconstructible consonantism, onomatopoetic? Ne. *wərŋæ ← Kh?
|-
| "painted"
| - || - || - || Me. '''pač''' || U. pužɨ || - || - || - || style="color:red"| *påtå
|-
| "fly"
| '''*kärpänen''' || - || *karvə || Me. '''karme''' || - || - || - || - || -
|-
| "vessel"
| F. saima || - || *śuma, Er. śima || - || U. śumɨk || - || - || *sooma ? || Sk. somma ?
| Semantics all over the place.
|}

Proto-Uralic/A

2018-03-16T12:09:14Z

Tropylium: /* All the rest */ 'stallion' here

'''The many and varied cognates of Finno-Mordvinic *a.'''

'''Bold''' marks apparent vocalic irregularities (note tho that rules for Permic are partly unclear), red consonantal. ''Italic'' cases are unclear.

==Standard PU *a_a==
By default: F&Mo *a, S. *ō, Ma. *a/*o ([[Mari#The distribution of *a vs. *o|conditioning??]]) P. *uu, Ms *uu, Smy *å

{| cellpadding="0"|
|- style="background:#FFA0A0"
! Lexeme
! [[Finnish|Finnic]] !! [[Proto-Samic|Samic]] !! [[Mordvinic|Mordv.]] !! [[Mari]] !! [[Permic]] !! [[Hungarian|Hung.]] !! [[Mansi]] !! [[Khanty]] !! [[Proto-Samoyedic|Samoyedic]]
! Comments
|- style="background:#A0FFA0"
! colspan="10" | *a_ə (forking; formerly under *oo, *o_a)
|-
| "thru"
| F. pahki || - || Mk. pačk || - || K. '''pɨšji''' || - || *puuš || - || Se. ''pooč''
| check Se.
|-
| "twig"
| - || *tōrkɤ || - || Me. tor || - || - || - || *tuu₁ɣər || -
| or S ← Sc.
|-
| "wolf"
| - || <s>*čōrmɤ</s> || - || '''*šŭrmə''' || '''*śör''' || - || - || *ćuu₁rəm || *sårm'''å'''
| Ma. "lynx", P. "marten" may not belong
|-
| "ground"
| F. tanner || *tōntɤr || - || - || - || - || - || - || *tåntə-
|-
| "birch bark"
| - || - || - || - || *tooj || - || - || - || '''*təj'''
| Better *tojə, ~ H tidoo
|-
| "to stand"
| *saisë- || *čōnčō- || - || '''*šĭnće-''' || K. '''sidź-''' || - || *tuuńć- || W *ɬaańć-, E '''*ɬɯɯńť-''' || '''*tänsə-'''
| Ma. & Smy. point to original *ä. (Mo. *śta- ← IE?)
|- style="background:#A0FFA0"
! colspan="10" | *a₁_a: H. ''a'', Ms. *uu, Kh. *uu₁
|-
| "fish"
| *kala || *kōlē || *kal || *kol || - || hal(a-) || *kuul || *kuu₁L || *kålä
| Smy. *-å → *-ä after *l
|-
| "bit"
| *pala || *pōlē || *pal || - || - || fal-at- || *puul ||style="color:green"| *puu₁ɭ || *pålä
| Smy. *-å → *-ä after *l. Possibly K. '''palak''' "hole". Hi. '''pultəš''' ← *purəltəš ← *purə- "to bite".
|-
| "pot"
| *pata || - || - || *pat || - || fazeek(a-) || *puut || *puu₁t || *pat''ə''-
| Smy *a → *a between stops?
|-
| "to open"
| - || *pōncō "naked" || *panžə- || *pača- || K. pudž- || - || *puunš- || *puu₁ɳč- || -
|-
| "young deer"
| - || - || Mk. śarda || *šarðə || - || - || - || *suu₁rtə || Ne. '''siraj''' ?
| Ms. '''*surtə''' ← Kh?
|-
| "to scoop"
|style="color:brown"| *ammɜ-- || - || *amuĺa- || - || - || - || *uum- || *uu₁m- || -
|-
| "salmon sp."
| - || - || - || - || K. udž || - || *uuš || *uu₁ɳč || #ånčɜ
|-
| "sun"
| F. kaja- || NS guoje || Er. kaje- || *kaja- || - || haj(-) || CMs *kuj || - || *kåjå
| Ms *uuj → *uj. H/Ms. "dawn", better here than with F. koi
|-
| "in heat"
| F. '''suota''' || *čōðē- || - || - || K. ćulal- || salad- || - || - || style="color:red"| ''*såjä''
| F. ← S? Smy palatal assimilation? *-å → *-ä after *l/*ðʲ
|-
| "to present"
| - || - || *kaźə- || - || *koodźim  || hason(o-) || - || - || *kåso
| *a-ə possible. P. palzn. Ma. *kućək "dowry" ← P.
|-
| "to dig"
| F. kaiva- || '''*koajvō-''' || *kaj''a''- || ''*koe-'' || *kooj- || hajiit- || - || - || *kajwå-
| P, Smy. palzn. Hi. /u/ per hiatus.
|-
| "to thro"
| - || - || kaja- || - || *kooj- || hajiit- || - || - || -
| Homophonic with the prev.
|-
| "foot"
| *jalka || *jōlkē || *jalgə || *jal || - || ɟalog(o-) || - || - || -
|-
| "brain"
| F. aivo || *vōjŋē || - || - || - || aɟ(a-) || - || - || -
| Mk. ''uj'' rather ← *ojwa?
|-
| "to grasp"
| F. tarttu- || - || - || - || - || tart- || - || - || -
|-
| "roof"
| F. lakka || - || - || - || - || lak- || - || - || -
| H. "to dwell"
|-
| "to beat soft"
| *vanu- || - || - || - || - || vaańol- || - || - || -
| H. *wa- → vaa-?
|-
| "to roast"
| F. '''paahta-''' || - || - || - || '''*pɤɤž-''' || - || - || - || -
| F. 2ndary length?
|-
| "hole"
| - || - || - || *raž || K. roź || '''rees''' || - || - || -
| P. palzn.
|-
| "currant"
| - || - || - || *šaptər || U. suter ~ K. '''setɤr''' || - || - || - || -
| Cf. Gmc *sap ??
|-
| "rotten"
| - || - || - || *kaškə, *kaška- || '''*kuuź'''  || - || - || - || -
|-
| "to gro"
| - || - || - || *paše- || *puušjɨ- || - || - || - || -
|-
| "to ask"
| - || - || - || *jaða- || *juual- || - || - || - || -
| P. ← *-uuða- ?
|-
| "groove"
| NF *latu || - || - || *laðo || K. lu || - || - || - || -
| ← Baltic?
|-
| "rake"
| *hara, *harkki || *sōrē || *čar-kəďə- || *šar(əm) || - || - || - || - || -
| not loan; Gmc ← F
|-
| "opposite"
| *vasta || *vōstē || Mk. vasta || *waštareš || - || - || - || - || -
|-
| "wet"
| F. nahka "leather" || *ńōskē || Mk. načka || *načkə || - || - || - || ('''*ńašak''') || -
| Khanty "raw" may not belong
|-
| "to grind"
| *jauha- || - || jaž''a''- || *jaŋəže- || - || - || - || - || -
|-
| "fishing net"
| F. vata || - || - || *wat || - || - || - || - || -
| ← Gmc?
|- style="background:#A0FFA0"
! colspan="10"| *a₂_a: similar except Ma. *o, Kh. *aa
|-
| "to leave"
| *katoda- || *kōðē- || *kadə- || *koðe- || *kooĺ- || haɟ- || *kuuĺ- || *kaaćəɣ- ~ '''*ka/ɯɯj-''' || *kåjä-
| +Ma *koð''a''- "stay". P. palzn. Smy. *-å → *-ä after *ðʲ
|-
| "to steal, thief"
| F. sala- || *sōl-ɤk || sal''a''- || *šolə || - || - || *tuulmant- *tuulmak || *ɬaaLəm- *ɬaaLmaak || *tålä-
| + EKh ''*ɬɯɯLəɣ'' "stolen". Smy. *-å → *-ä after *l
|-
| "to carry"
| *kanta- || *kōntē- || *kandə- || *kande- || - || - || *kuunt- || *kaant- || *kån-
| *kanə-ta-, cf. Smy. ≠ *kënta "tree stump"!
|-
| "net"
| F. kalin || - || - || - || K. kulɤm || ''haalo'' || *kuuləp || *kaaLəp || -
| Cf. "fish"
|-
| "to open"
| *ava- || - || *aŋ-kśəma || - || - || style="color:red"| '''old-, ood-''' || *ɤɤŋkʷ- || VVj aaŋət-, W. '''*eeŋk-''' || -
| Ms. cheshirization
|-
| "to bark"
| - || - || - || *opte- || *uut- || - || *uut- || *aapət- || -
|-
| "low ground"
| - || - || - || - || U. śum || - || *suujəm || *saajəm || -
| *o_a possible
|-
| "wild; animal"
| - || - || - || Hi. wojər || K. vɤj || - || *wuj || *waajəɣ || -
| P. *waR → *vɤɤR- ? Ms *wuu → *wu
|-
| "white"
| *hahka || - || Mk. akša || *oš || - || - || - || *aaš || -
|-
| "to thro"
| *vatkada- || - || *vačk'''a'''- || ''wačkalt-'' ('lect?) || - || - || - || *waaškaLt- ||
| Ma. *a / w_
|-
| "to burst"
| *pakkahta- || - || - || - || - || fakad- || - || *paakən- || -
|-
| "fence"
| *ajta || - || - || - || - || - || - || *aać || -
|-
| "mole; beaver"
| - || - || Mk. maksa- || - || - || - || - || *maaɣ || -
| Weak. *ë_ə possible
|-
| "to sit"
| - || - || - || - || - || - || *uunl/t- || *aaməs/t- || *åmtə-
| *o_a possible
|- style="background:#A0FFA0"
! colspan="10"| With S. *ā, Khanty *åå (/ *č_?)
|-
| "to hit"
| - || ''*cāŋmē-'' || *čavə- || *čaŋe- || - || - || ''*šɤɤŋkʷ-'' || ''*čååŋk-'' || *čåŋå-
| Ms. cheshirization?
|-
| "to chop"
| - || T ''*cāppē-''; '''*cāpɤ-''' || *čapə- || - || *čuupɨ- || - || - || ''*čååp'' "piece" || -
| Onomat.? Cf. "to hit". U also ''čɨp-''. Kh. cf. also Ms '''šup''' "piece of wood"?
|-
| "to step"
| - || - || Mk. šašto- || - || - || - || *šuuš- || ''*čååč-'' || *čåčä-
|- style="background:#A0FFA0"
! colspan="10"| With Permic *oo poorly conditioned
|-
| "hard"
| - || '''*čārēs''' || - || - || *ćoorɨt || - || - || - || *sår''ə''
|-
| "crust"
| *kamara || - || - || *kom || *koomɤĺ || haaml- || '''*käämtol''' || - || ''*kamə'' !
| U. also kɤm
|-
| "fork"
| - || - || '''*užə''' || *waž || K. vož || - || - || - || *wåtå
| Or *woša with Ma./K. irregular
|-
| "berry"
| - || - || - || - || *oozɨ || - || - || '''*uu₂L''' || '''*ota'''
|-
| "rump"
| - || - || Er. kaśke ~ Mk. kaska || - || *koosk || - || - || - || -
|-
| "smell"
| Võ. katsk || - || kačam(o) || - || K. ''kočɨs'' || - || - || - || -
| Cf. "bitter"
|- style="background:#A0FFA0"
! colspan="10"| With Permic *u (→ Udm. /ɨ/)
|-
| "to go carefully"
| - || '''*vāncē-''' || - || *wanče- || *vuž- || - || *wuunč- || style="color:red"| *uu₁ɳč- || *wånč-
|-
| "root"
| - || - || - || *waž || *vuž || - || - || - || *wånčå
| Homophonic with the prev.
|-
| "to be born"
| - || - || *šačə- || *šača- || U. čɨžɨ- ~ K. ćuž- || - || *šašəɣ || W *čačəɣ || Sk. *čaačə
| Cf. F. *sato - *śačə with widespread sib. assims?
|-
| "to stand"
| - || - || - || *ša(l)ɣ || *sul- || aall- || - || - ||
|-
| "to shoot"
| *ampu- || - || - || - || U. ɨb- || - || - || - || -
| maybe *a → *ɨ / *_m_, cf. *mo- → *mɨ-. S. ''*āmpō-'' ← F.
|- style="background:#A0FFA0"
! colspan="10"|Indistinct *a_a
|-
| "to drive"
| *aja- || vōjē- || aj- || - || *ooj- || - ||style="color:red"| *wujt-''' || - || -
| ← IE *aǵe- ? P. palzn, Ms. *wuu → *(w)u
|-
| "mountain"
| - || '''*vārē''' || - || - || - || - || *wur || '''*woor''' || *wårå
| Ms. *wuu → *(w)u. Cf. *warə.
|-
| "to sink"
| *vaja- || *vōjō- || vaj'''a'''- || - || ''*vɤɤj(ɨ)-'' || vaaj-, '''vejse-''' || *(w)uj- || - || -
| P. *waR → *wɤɤR, H. *wa- → vaa-? Ms. *wuu → *(w)u
|-
| "marsh"
| *aro || - || - || - || - || - || *uuraj || ''*uu₂rə'' || -
| Kh *aa-U → *uu₂?
|-
| "death"
| *kalma || *kōlmē || kalma- "to bury" || || - || - || - || - || *kålm-
| *kaxl-ma? Cf. "to die"
|-
| "word"
| F. vala || *vōlē || val || - || - || - || - || - || *wålä
| Smy. *-å → *-ä after *l
|-
| "to stick; fork"
| Võ. tsank || *čōŋkō- || *śaŋgə || - || - || - || - || - || *såŋk''ə''-
|-
| "in-law"
| *nato || *nōtō || - || '''*nuðə''' || - || - || - || - || *nåto
|-
| "to peel"
| - || *vōtkē- || *vatk'''a'''- || *wakta-, *wotke- || - || - || - || - || Ne. waataa-
|-
| "knot"
| F. pahka || - || Mk. pakškä || - || - || - || - || - || *påktV
|-
| "branch"
| NF *sarka || *sōrkē || - || - || - || - || - || - || *tårkå
|-
| "skin"
| NF *talja || *tōljē || - || - || - || - || - || - || ''*tåəjə''
| Better F & S. ← B. Maybe *tawəd₂ə > NMs tAwəľ?
|-
| "behind"
| *taka- || *tuokē- || - || - || - || - || - || - || *tak''ə''
| Smy *a → *a between stops?
|-
| "clay"
| - || *čōwjē || - || - || *śooj || - || - || - || #såj
| probably *śaw-ja with metathesis in Kola Sami (unattested further west), cf. [[Proto-Uralic/O|*śawe]]
|-
| "to rain"
| *sata- || - || - || - || - || - || - || - || *sårå-
|-
| "left"
| *vasen || - || - || - || - || - || - || - || *wåtä ?
|-
| "to want"
| - || - || *karm''a''- || - || - || - || - || - || '''*kərmå-''' ?
|-
| "to rain"
| F. sata- || '''*čāðē-''' || - || - || - || - || - || - || *sårå-
| S. also *čōcē- "to hit" (won't go with Smy.)
|-
| "thru"
| - || - || Mk. ''šačk'' || - || - || - || - || - || Se. ''sačk''
| Only Mo. and Se, sibilant assimilation?
|-
| "aunt, older sister"
| - || - || - || - || K. ''ob'' || - || *uup || '''*o₂pə''' || *åpå
|-
| "rotten"
| - || *cōmcē || - || Me. '''šać''' ||style="color:green"| *žoodź  || - || - || - || -
| P. palzn, S. *c-ć → *c-c?
|-
| "series"
| *sarja || - || - || - || *śoor || - || - || - || -
| P. palzn. (*-rj-)
|-
| "with"
| F. kanssa || - || - || - ||style="color:green"| ''*gooz'' || - || - || - || -
| ← Gmc *xansa? P. palzn. also before plain sibilants?
|-
| ""
| || || || || || || || ||
|}

==Standard PU *ë==
> F. *a, S. *ō, Mo. *a as well; by default Ma. *ü
{|
|- style="background:#FFA0A0"
! Lexeme
! [[Finnish|Finnic]] !! [[Proto-Samic|Samic]] !! [[Mordvinic|Mordv.]] !! [[Mari]] !! [[Permic]] !! [[Hungarian|Hung.]] !! [[Mansi]] !! [[Khanty]] !! [[Proto-Samoyedic|Samoyedic]]
! Comments
|- style="background:#A0FFA0"
! colspan="10"| Ma. ''ö/ü'', P. ''*uu'', Ms. ''*ɤɤ'', Kh. ''*aa'', Smy. ''*ɤ'' (std. PU ''*ëCC, *ëCi'')
|-
| "father-in-law"
| NF *appi || *vōppɤ || - || '''*owə''' || - || ''ipa'', '''apa''' || S. '''ap''' ~ N. '''up''' || '''*uup''' || -
| Hu. *ëppə ~ *ëppə-sa > *ïp ~ *apa → ipa ~ apa?
|-
| "land"
| *maa || - || - || *mü, ''*mu'' || *muu || - || *mɤɤ(ɣ-) || '''*meɣ''' || -
| *mëxə
|-
| "hair"
| F. hapsi || *vōptɤ || - || *üp || - || - || *ɤɤt || E. aapət ~ W. '''*oopət''' || *ɤptə
|-
| "sore; groin"
| *narma || TS '''ńaarme''' || - || - || - || - || *ńɤɤrəm || *ńaarəm ||
| Cf. also F. '''näärvä''', S. '''*nārā-''' ibid.
|-
| "arc"
| *kaari || *kōŋɤr || - || - || - || - || *kɤɤŋraa || N. '''*xooŋkaar''' || -
|-
| "turnip; pine seed"
| *nakris || - || - || - || - || - || *nɤɤr || *naakər || -
| Suspicious
|-
| "cartilage"
| - || *ńōrkēs || *nar || *nörɣə || - || ''ńiir'' || *ńɤɤrəɣ || *ńaarək || *ńɤr
| *ńërə-ka (per Mo, Ma. Hu.); cf. *ńërə "soft"?
|-
| "gills"
| - || *ńōkčɤm || - || style="color:red"| ''*našmə'' || K. '''ńokćim''' || - || *ńɤɤkćəm || *ńaa(ŋ)kćəm || Ne. ńińśku, Ka. neeni ?
| Ma. *a~o / _CC
|-
| "crane"
| - || - || - || - || *tuuri ||style="color:red"| daru, -rva- || *tɤɤrəɣ || *taarəɣ || -
| *tërə-ka? Cf. abov.
|-
| "limb"
| - || - || - || - || - || '''loll''' || *lɤɤɣəl ||style="color:green"| *ɭaakəɭ || -
|-
| "light"
| *valkeda, *vale- || '''*vēlkɤtē''' || style="color:red"| *valdə || ''*walɣəðə'' || - || vilaag || - || - || -
| Ma. *a~o / _CC, > *a / w_. Cf. #woľa- "to shine"; IE ?
|-
| "to split"
| F. sali- || *čōlɤ- || - || - || - || sil || - || - || -
| Cf. F. säle "splinter"
|-
| "straight; obvious"
| - || *ńōlkɤ-tɤ || - || - || - || ńil-ván || - || - || -
|-
| "to live"
| *ase-, *as-u- || - || '''*äźə-''' || - || ''*uźɨ-'' || - || - || - || *ɤso-
| Cf. IE *h₁es-. Mo. and partly F may be rather < *äsä- (~ P *ozɜn).
|-
| "to be afraid"
| - || - || - ||style="color:green"| *lüðä- || - || - || - || - || *lɤrə-
| *-d₁- or *-t-? does *l- affect this?
|-
| "cradle"
| style="color:green"| *lapci || - || *lafś || '''*lŭ/epš''' || - || - || - || - || *j/lɤpsə
| F. "child"
|-
| "to chop"
| - || *lōkčɤ- || *lakśə- || ''*lokšə-nća-'' || U. lusjɨ- ~ K. '''lɤɤsjɨ-''' || - || - || - || -
| Ma. *a~o / _CC. U. ← K?
|-
| "soup; sweet"
| - || - || *jam || - || *juumal || - || - || - || -
| Smy *jäməj- 'soup' better < *lämə. Stem type? From *jëxə-ma??
|-
| "to clear wood"
| - || *sōntɤ- ||style="color:green"| *sańďə- ||style="color:red"| *śüðä- || - || - || - || - || -
|-
| "to get wet"
| - || *lōccɤ- || - || *löčä- || - || - || - || - || -
|-
| "to bury"
| - || - || - || *müðe- || *muudɨ- || - || - || - || -
| *mëxə-ta-, cf. "land"
|-
| "thick"
| *sakeda, sakka- || *sōkɤtē || - || '''*šukə''' "much" || K. suk || - || - || - || -
| *sëkə-ta, *sëk-ka? Could be *o_ə with F. irregular?
|-
| "stalk, axle"
| - || - || E. sad || *šüðər || style="color:red"| ''*zoo'' || - || - || - || -
| P. may point to *a
|-
| "stiff"
| *taŋkeda || - || Mk. taŋgəda || - || - || - || - || - || -
| NW+IS '''toaŋgi'''??
|- style="background:#A0FFA0"
! colspan="10"| *ëx: F *o, preS/Mo *u?
|-
| "to drink"
| ''*joo-'' || ''*jūkɤ-'' || - || *jüä- || *juu- || iv- || '''*äj-''' || ||style="color:red"| *ɤ-
| cf. IA *ǵuǵʰew-?
|-
| "minor river"
| ''*jo/õki'' || ''*jokɤ'' || Er. ''jov'' || - || *juu || joo || *jɤɤ || *jååkəɳ, *jɯɯkɯɯ || -
| *jëkV? Cf. *jëxə- "to drink/flow?" Ma. *joɣe- "to flow" ← Chuv. jox- "id."
|- style="background:#DDDDDD"
| "major river"
| *juka || - || - || || || || || *jååkəɳ || *jəka
| for comparision
|-
| "swan"
| ''*jo/?uccen'' || style="color:red"| ''*ńūkčɤ'' || style="color:red"| ''*lokś--'' || '''*jükšə''' || *juuś(k-) || - || - || - || style="color:red"| *jä¹ŋkɜ
| *jëxćə-? Initials messy
|-
| "loon"
| - || ''*toktɤ-kɤ'' || - || ''*toktə'' || K. '''toktɨ''' || - || *tɤɤɣ/kt || *taaktəŋ || -
| Ma. *a~o / _CC. Tv. → tʌt-kaa
|-
| "to reach; to spawn"
| - || ''*joksɤ-'' || - || - || - || (v)iiv- || - || - || -
| F. *jooksə- better from *joo- "drink, flow"? Bad without
|-
| "bent"
| - || - || Mk. ''nokəl(a)'' || - || *ńuuk || - || - || - || -
|- style="background:#A0FFA0"
! colspan="10"| *ëRə: similar except F. ''*oo'', P. ''*ɤ'' (std. PU ''*ëx_i'')
|-
| "vein"
| *sooni || *sōnɤ || san ||style="color:red"| *śün || *sɤn || iin(a-) || *tɤɤn || *ɬaan || style="color:red"| *čɤn
|-
| "arrow"
| *nooli || *ńōlɤ || nal || *nölə || U. '''ńil''' ~ K. '''ńɨl''' || ńiil(a-) || *ńɤɤl || *ńaaL || *ńɤj
|-
| "fish skin"
| *soomu || *čōmɤ || style="color:red"| śav || *šüm || *śɤm || - || *sɤɤm || *saam || -
| Ne. ''śaam'' < PS *kamə
|-
| "bird cherry"
| *toomi || *θōmɤ || Er. '''ľom''' ~ Mk. ''lajm'' || ''*lombə'' || *ľɤm || - || *ľɤɤm || '''*jååm''' || *jɤm
| Ma. *a~o / _CC (compound #ďëm-paw)
|-
| "year"
| *vooci || - || - || - || ''*wåå'' || '''-vaľ''' || - || *aaL || *ɤrö "autumn"
| S. *-vōtɤ semantically off. Cf. IA *vataḥ?
|-
| "wet place"
| *noori || *ńōrɤ || nar || *nöre- *nörɣə "sprout" || '''*ńuur''' *ńɤr "sprout" || ńirok || *ńɤɤr || - || *ńɤr
| F. "young", S. "weak" F. *noro ← Gmc.
|-
| "duck"
| - || SS ''sjotsjo''? || - || - || *čɤž || - || *šɤɤš || *čaač || -
| Er. ''šenže'' better ~ F. hanhi "goose", ← B.
|-
| "mitten"
| - || - || - || '''*piž''' || *pɤź || - || *pɤɤsɣə || *paas || -
|-
| "stale (bread)"
| *kalteda || - || - || - || *kɤldi || - || - || - || -
|-
| "to produce"
| - || *čōltē- || - || - || *ćɤlt- || - || - || - || -
| *ćëlə-ta-. F. ''suolta-'' rather ← *sooli
|- style="background:#A0FFA0"
! colspan="10"| IE loans: West *a_a, H. ''aa'', Ms. *ɤɤ, Kh. *aa
|-
| "100"
| *sata || *čōtē || *śadə || *šüðə || '''*śoo''' || saaz(a-) || style="color:green"| *šɤɤt || *saat || -
| ← II *śata; separately in P. ?
|-
| "tree stump"
| *kanto || *kōntōj || *kandə || - || (K. ''gɨd'') || - || *kɤɤnt || *kaant || -
| ← II *skandʰa-. S. *kāntē ← F. K. "bend, bottom", may not belong.
|-
| "calf"
| *vasa || *vōsē || ''*vaz'' || - || - || ('''üsöö''') || *wɤɤsəɣ || - || -
| ← II
|-
| "pole"
| NF *salko || *čōlkōj || *śalgə || - || *śuul || saal(fa) || *sɤɤɣlaa || *saakəL || -
| ← PIE *ǵʰalgʰaa. K. dźal probably later.
|-
| "mushroom"
| - || - || *paŋgə || ''*poŋgə'' || - || - || *pɤɤŋk || *paaŋk || *pɤŋkå-
| ← IE; Skr. ''paŋka'' "swamp" / L. ''fungus'' ~ G. ''spongos''. Ma. *a~o / _CC. Smy. "be intoxicated"
|-
| "to climb"
| *kangerta- || *kōŋkɤrtē- || - || - || - || haag- || *kɤɤŋk- || '''*kååŋk-''' || -
| ← PIE *gʰengʰ-
|-
| "grass"
| *tarna || - || - || - || style="color:#800000"| *tuurɨm || - || - || - || -
| ← II *trna
|-
| "streak"
| *jooni || *jōnɤ || jan || - || - || - || - || - || -
| ← IA *jaana, F. VV / _Rə. Also F. ''jana''!
|-
| "to pay"
| *maksa- || - || *maksə- || - || - || - || - || - || -
| ← Ir. *mandza-. F. → S *māksē-
|- style="background:#A0FFA0"
! colspan="10"| P. ''*u'', Ms. ''*a/*ɤɤ'', Kh. ''*ɯɯ'', Smy. ''*ɨ'' (std. PU ''*ëCa'' - note open syllables in Smy!)
|-
| "down"
| *ala- || *vōlē- || alə || *ül || *uul || al- || style="color:red"| ''*jal-'' || *ɯɯL || *ɨlə
| Ms. per original open syllable?
|-
| "to put"
| *akta- || *vōktē- || *aftə- ||style="color:red"| ''*opte-'' || K. '''oktɨ-''' || - || - || *ɯɯkət || *ɨtå-
| Ma. *a~o / _CC
|-
| "to divide"
| *jaka- || *jōkē- || *javə- || - ||style="color:red"| *juuk || - || E ''*jaɣtit'' || *jɯɯkəL "fork" || '''*jəkə-'''
| Or Ms. ~ Kh *jakaaj "neck"? Kh. also ''*jaaɣərt'' "split"
|-
| "lowland"
| *lanc''i'' || - ||style="color:green"| ''*lanďa-'' || Hi. ''landaka'' || *luud || - || - || - || Ng. lɨntə
| Ma. *a~o / _CC. excluded: S *lōmtē- "to kneel", Smy '''*ləmto''' "low"
|-
| "to leave"
| *valka-(ma) || *vōlkē- || *valgə- || ''*wale-'' || - || vaal- || *wɤɤɣəl- || *wɯɯkəL-, '''*waakəL-''' || -
| Ma. *a~o / _CC, > *a / w_
|-
| "sembra"
| - || - || - || - || *suus || - || *tɤɤt || *ɬɯɯkəL || *tɨtə(k)
|-
| "liver"
| *maksa || *mōksē || *maksə || ''*mokš'' || *muusk || maaj(a-) || *mɤɤj(ə)t || ''*muu₁kəL'' || *mɨtə
| Ma. *a~o / _CC. Kh. *ɯɯ > *uu after a labial?
|-
| "way"
| *matka || *muotkē || - || - || - || - || - || ''*muu₁kət'' || *mɨtɜ
| StUE4. Kh. *ɯɯ > *uu after a labial?
|-
| "wet sno"
| - || *vōnčē || - || - || - || - || - || ''*uu₁(n)ć-kəL'' || -
| *wënśa, with Kh. *ɯɯ > *uu after a labial? NB Vj. ''wɯɯťkəl''!
|-
| "mother-in-law"
| F. anoppi || *vōnēm || - || - || - || - || '''*aanəp''' || '''*oonəp''' || *ɨnəpə
| ObU *Onəp < *onə-pV?
|-
| "rested"
| - || *vōŋēs || - || *üŋəšə || - || - || - || - || -
|- style="background:#A0FFA0"
! colspan="10"| Indistinct between ''*ë_a'' and ''*a2_a''
|-
| "to stretch"
| - || NS ńuoddzi- || || - || *ńuuž- || - || ''*ńuunš-'' || ''*ńɯɯnč'' || -
| Argues against Ms. delabzn
|-
| "village"
| F. palva- || - || - || - || - || falu (-lva-) || ''*pɤɤwəl'' || ''*puu₁kəL'' || -
| Ms. cheshirization, or Kh. *uu after a labial?
|-
| "to giv"
| *anta- || *vōmtē- || *andə- || - || *uud- || ad- || - || - || -
|-
| "to dry"
| - || - || - || - || *šuupal- || apa-- || - || - || -
| *o_a also possible
|-
| "to take off; to be able"
| *jaksa- || - ||style="color:red"| '''*jukśə-''' || - || *juuskɨ- || - || - || - || -
| *o_a also possible. *ś / *s??
|-
| "bitter"
| *karvas || - || - || - || *kuurɨd || - || - || '''*koorəɣ''' ? || -
|-
| "handle"
| *vanka || - || - || - || *vuug || - || - || - || -
|-
| "hoop"
| *vanneh || - || - || - || *vuudž || - || - || - || -
| Or BF ← Gmc *wandi/uz (cf. JKl '76)
|-
| "tassel"
| - || *tōŋkē || - || - || *tuug || - || - || - || -
|-
| "to accuse"
| - || NS guoccot || - || - || U. kušɨ || - || - || - || -
| No other words! Could even be *a₁_a
|-
| "to bring"
| - || *pōktē- || - || ''*pokte-'' || - || - || - || - || -
| Ma. *a~o / _CC?
|-
| "to reach"
| - || - || Er. saźu- || - || *suudź- || - || - || - || -
| *a_ə also possible
|-
| "stiff; to freeze"
| - || - || Er. tarďe || - || K. tur- || - || - || - ||
|-
| "elm"
| - || - || - || ''*nolɣə'' || U. ńulo || - || - || - || -
| Ma. *a~o / _CC?
|-
| ""
| || || || || || || || ||
|}

==All the rest==
{|
|- style="background:#FFA0A0"
! Lexeme
! [[Finnish|Finnic]] !! [[Proto-Samic|Samic]] !! [[Mordvinic|Mordv.]] !! [[Mari]] !! [[Permic]] !! [[Hungarian|Hung.]] !! [[Mansi]] !! [[Khanty]] !! [[Proto-Samoyedic|Samoy.]]
! Comments
|- style="background:#A0FFA0"
! colspan="10"| More IE loans
|-
| "flood, lake"
| F. sarajas || - || || - || style="color:red"| ''*šoor'' || aar || *tuur || *ɬaar || -
| ← II *sáras; separately in P, H?
|-
| "value"
| *arvo || - || - || - || K. arta- || aar || - || - || -
| Mo. *aŕ-ćə- "think" may not belong
|-
| "lord"
| - || - || *azər || - || *oozɨr || - || *aatər; N. uutər? || - || -
| Komi ozɨr without /v/- ? Check NMs
|-
| "good"
| *paras || *pōrē || *parə || '''*pooro''' ||style="color:green"| *buur || - || - || - || -
| Ma. also *paarema- "to recover"
|-
| "shelter"
| *sooja || *sōjē || - || *šaj || *saj || - || - || - || -
| ← Ir. *scāja
|-
| "to press"
| *pajna- || *pōńō- "to dip" || *pańə- "to drive" || - || ''*pååń-'' || - || - || - || -
| *pańa- with cheshzn in F, ← Gmc *spannija- "to strain". S. *pājnē- ← F. Ms. *pańəɣt- better ← *puńa-, Ka. ''paŋdə-'' rejectable
|-
| "sister"
| || - || Mk. sazor || ''*šŭžar'' || *soozer || || || ||
| F. sisar (and Ma?) ← B.
|-
| "stallion"
| - || - || - || *ožə || *uuž || - || - || - || -
|May be two unrelated words; three IE etymologies available: *ukšan- *aćwa- *r̥ša-
|-
| "gold, copper"
| - || - || - || - || - || arań || *tarəń || *ɬoorńə || -
| ← Ir. *zarna
|- style="background:#A0FFA0"
! colspan="10"| Unclear correspondence 1: FM *a, P. *a, H. ''a'' (with palatals!)
|-
| "hard"
| - || - || - || - || K. nadź || naɟ || - || - || -
|-
| "back; belly"
| - || - || - || - || U. gač || has || - || - || -
| Dubious semantics
|-
| "to tred"
| F. talla- || - || - || - || K. taľ- || - || - || - || -
| Loan F → K?
|-
| "to hit"
| - || *čōppē- || *ćap''a''- || style="color:red"| ''*čuča-'' || *ćapkɨ- || čap- || *čopam? || - || -
| Onomatopoetic? Cf. "to chop"
|-
| "to fall"
| - || *vōčē- || - || style="color:green"| *waza- || U. vaź- || - || - || - || -
|-
| "to look"
| - || - || - || *anće- || *addź- || - || - || - || -
| ~ Fi. ais-ti?!
|-
| "to take out"
| - || - || - || *tara- || K. taral- || - || taar || - || -
| Ma. "far", H. "open"
|-
| "to unravel"
| - || '''*rūč-''' || - || style="color:red"| *ranće- || K. radź- || '''ronɟ''' "rag" || - || VVj rać-- || -
| Note Ma. *ć. Probably not ~ F. *riicci-
|-
| "to stomp"
| *tappa- || - || *tap''a''- || - || *tap- || '''top-''' || - || - || '''*təpər-'''
| F. "to kill". Onomatopoetic? EU *tuppa-
|-
| "net"
| - || - || - || - || *ka(d)ź || - || - || *koćəp || -
|- style="background:#A0FFA0"
! colspan="10"| Unclear correspondences 2: With Kh. *a-aa
|-
| "to tell"
| *sarna- || - || - || - || K. śorńi- || - || - || S. sarnaaɣ- || -
| *rn/*rń? S. *sārnō- ← F.
|-
| "to hang"
| F. takertu- || - || || - || - || - || - || V taɣraaɣtə- ~ W *taɣərLə- || Se. tokua- ?
|-
| "to climb ~ to float"
| F. kapua- || - || - || - || - || - || - || Vj kaɣaaɣəl- ~ W *xoowL- || -
| *-p- ~ *-w-?
|-
| "soul; stillborn"
| - || - || *pač''a'' || - || - || - || - || *pačaak || -
|-
| "to sink"
| - || - || - || - || - || maart- || *muur(s)- || *maraa- || -
|-
| "willow sp."
| - || - || - || - || - || malaat || - || *maɣLaaj || -
|-
| "area"
| - || - || - || - || - || taaj || - || *taɣaaj || -
|- style="background:#A0FFA0"
! colspan="10"| Unclear correspondence 3: FM *a, P. front, Ms. *a (substrate?)
|-
| "understanding"
| - || - || Er. važov || - || K. vežɤr || - || style="color:red"| *aš(tə) || style="color:red"| *ač(aam) || -
|-
| "to (let) go"
| laske- || *lōštē- || *laśk''a''- || - || *ledź- || - || CMs *loośke- ? || ''*lååskə-'' || -
| *-ə / *-a?
|-
| "membrane"
| *kalvo || style="color:red"| '''*kālɤ''' ?|| - || - || *kiľ || haaľog || *kaľəp || *kaĽ-- || -
| Note *ľ. In parts ← IE *ḱel-?
|- style="background:#A0FFA0"
! colspan="10"| Unclear correspondence 4: FM *a, Ma. *o, P. *ɨ, OU *uu ?
|-
| "2"
| *kakci || *kōktē || *kaftə || *kok || ''*kɨk'' || (keet) || (*kit) || (*kiit, käät) || (*ketä)
| EU *kettä
|- style="background:#A0FFA0"
! colspan="10"| Unclear correspondence 8: FP *a(p) ~ Ugric *o(ɣ)
|-
| "to freeze"
| *palëlë- || *pōlɤš || *palə- || - || - || style="color:red"| faɟ || ''*paaľ-'' || style="color:red"| *poojət- ||
| Cf. FSM *pala- "to burn". Note also *-l- ~ *-ľ- (*-lji?)
|-
| "dam, wall"
| NF *pato || *pōðō || - || *pat "net" || - || fal || - || *paL : *paLaa- || -
| West *paðo, East *palə. Mari per AA13, zek
|-
| "sour"
| *happami || - || *čap''a''mə; *čapaks "dough" || *šabə || - || style="color:red"| sava-, '''sooska-''' || ''*šɤɤɣ-'' || *čoɣ- ? || -
|- style="background:#A0FFA0"
! colspan="10"| Unclear correspondence 9: FM *a ~ Permic *ɤ (note *k_C!)
|-
| "to put"
| *pane- || - || *pańə- || *pańəža- || *pɤn- || - || ''*pɯn-'' || *pan- || *pɨn-
| close to *ë_ə
|-
| "bitter, to smell"
| - || *kōccɤk || *kač'''a'''də- || *kačə || U. kɤš || - || *kɤɤšɣə || '''*kɯɯč(ɯɯ)''' || *kɤčə-
| *këččə-; F. ''katkera'' better ~ ''kitkerä''.
|-
| "to bite"
| - || '''*kāckē-''' || - || *kačka- || K. gɤčkɨ- || - || - || - || -
|-
| "across"
| - || - || - || *kač || K. kɤččɤb || - || - || - || -
|- style="background:#A0FFA0"
! colspan="10"| under other vowels
|-
| "rung; pole"
| - || - || - || - || - ||style="color:red"| zaap || *šaapla || - || -
| *o_a? Ms. '''*šäp''' "pole" ← K
|-
| "piece"
| F. '''sukku''' || - || - || - || - || sak || - || *sak || -
| *u_ə??
|-
| "ski"
| - || style="color:red"| *čōjkɤ || - || - || - || - || *taj- || - || *tåj(-kə)
| S. ← IE, others *o_ə?
|-
| "to breik"
| *kacket- || - || - || '''*kŭčkeða-''' || U. kwačkal- || - || - || - || -
| Better *o_i
|-
| "shit"
| '''*paska''' || *pɤškɤ || *pəśkiźə- || *pŭškeda- || - || fos || *paaś || *poś || -
| *ô? S. → F?
|- style="background:#A0FFA0"
! colspan="10"| East only
|-
| "head"
| - || - || - || - || - || - || WE *ɤɤwt || *ååɣ- : *uuɣə- || *u(ə)kə
| NMs aaw''a'', NKh *ooŋx-. Cheshirization in Ms?
|-
| "endonym"
| - || - || - || - || - || maɟar || - || *maańć || -
| cf. megyer ~ *määńći
|-
| "tale"
| - || - || - || - || - || '''meše''' || - || *maańć- || -
|-
| "to hurry"
| - || - || - || - || - || '''sorog-''' || #surəkt || *saarək ||
|-
| "eight"
| - || - || - || - || - || ''ńolc'' || *ńalaa || *ńɯɯLəɣ || -
| *ńëla, Hu. *a > o / _lT
|-
| "long-tailed duck"
| - || - || - || - || - || - || *ɤɤŋkə || *ɯɯŋk || -
| Sami '''*hɤŋŋā''' prob substratal; NSmy '''*åt³ŋo''' unrelated
|-
| "horn; edge"
| - || - || - || - || - || - ||style="color:red"| *ɤɤńt || W *aaŋət || ''*amtə, *aŋtə''
|-
| "surface"
| - || - || - || - || - || raa, -rA || *raaŋk(aa) || - || -

|- style="background:#A0FFA0"
! colspan="10"| to be sorted
|-
| "flat"
| *lappe- || (''*lāppɤ'') || Er. lapuža ~ Mk. lapš || Hi. lap ~ Me. '''lap''' || *lååp || lap || - || style="color:green"| *ɭapsək || -
| *a-ə? S. "aside". Cf. "flat side" Check U. (UEW)
|-
| "this"
| *ta || - || - || Hi. ta ~ Me. '''ta''' || K. *too || - || - || *taa-- || *tə
| or F./Ma. from B. *ta
|-
| "staff"
| *sauva || ''*čāvŋē'' || - || - || - || - || N. su(u)w || '''*söɣ''' || -
| Kh → Ms?
|-
| "ice crust"
| - || *čōkē || - || - || - ||style="color:red"| zaj || *såj || *ćooɣ || -
| Consonants bad
|-
| "berry"
| *marja || *mōrjē || ''*maŕ'' || *mör || - || - || *maar- || *muur- ? || -
|-
| "to darken; to hide"
| - || - || - || *söste- || K. saśtɨ- || - || - || - || -
|-
| "instrument"
| - || - || Mk. kaŕźi || '''*kerəš''' || U. kɨre(d)ź || - || - || - || -
|-
| "tame"
| - || *vōń-ɤs || - || - || - || - || - || ''*aańɯɯ'' || ''*ɨńə''
| indistinct between *o_ə and *ë_a; cf. PiS ''vuotnjie'' ← *vōńē
|-
| "to touch"
| F. kajoa- || '''*kājō-''' || - || || - || - || *kaaj- || *kaaj- || -
|-
| "light"
| F. salama || - || - || - || - || - || *sɤɤl || *saL- || *sålə
|-
| "to dig"
| - || - || *kar'''a'''- || *kare- || K. kɨr- || - || - || '''*kiir-''' ? || -
| P. *kɨr- in general "to wash"
|-
| "pale"
| - || - || - || *šapə- || - || šaapad- || - || - || -
|-
| "dry place"
| *kaŋka- || - || - || *kaŋga || - || - || *kuŋkʷə ? || - || -
|-
| "sleigh"
| *ahk- || - || - || - || - || - || - || *ååɣəL || -
| Cf. Sw. ackja? TN ŋūtūʔ rather ← ŋū 'pole' (EH).
|-
| "valley"
| *lakso || '''leakšɤ''' || - || Hi. laksa || U. los(k) || - || - || - || -
|-
| "dear"
| FiKrl rakas || - || - || - || - || '''rokon''' || *raaw- || *raɣ-- || -
|Perhaps F ← Gmc *frakaz "covetous". Ms. "to let close"
|-
| "to tear"
| - || - || - || - || *oor- || aar(t)- || '''*aart-''' || *aarə- || -
|-
| "to bend"
| *tai- || '''*toajē-''' || - || - || K. tuj- || - || '''*täj-''' || '''*tɯɯj-''' || *tVj- ?
| *tajə-, *tëjə-? Check Smy.
|-
| "pond"
| F. lampi || *lōmpɤl || - ||style="color:red"| Me. lop || - || - || - || - || *lɨmpå
|-
| "older brother's wife"
| || *vōńē || *ań'''a''' || - || K. ɤńe, ońa, uńe  || aanɟ, ańa || *aańi || *ańəkɯɯ || #Vńä 
| Separate P. *ańɨ "mother-in-law"
|-
| "flat side"
| F. lapa || *lōpē || - || - || - || - || N. lop? || - || '''*ləpä'''
| Cf. "flat"
|-
| "crane"
| '''*kurki''' || *kōrkɤ || *kargə || - || - || - || - || - || '''*kərö'''
|-
| "resin"
| F. kata || NS '''kaččē''' || - || - || - || - || - || - || *kåCə
| S. *kássé ← Gmc.
|-
| "snot"
| *natta || IS '''ńetti''' || || - || - || - || - || - || style="color:red"| #nəåtə 
| maybe Smy < *ńolkə-tV??
|-
| "to shame"
| || - || Mo. '''viźďe''' || *wažəla- || U. vodźɨt- || - || - || - || -
|-
| "berry"
| - || - || - || '''*moodə''' || - || - || - || - || Ka. modo
| or Ma. ← P. *mooľɨ < *med₂V
|-
| "many; big"
| - || - || - || - || *uuna || - || - || *onə || Ng. Aniʔe
| *u?
|-
| "bed, platform"
| - || - || - || - || U. džɨdžol ~ K.džodž(-ul) || - || - || *čuuč || -
|-
| "to shake"
| - || - || - || *pačke- || K. '''pɨškɨ-''' || - || - || - || -
|-
| "to dig"
| - || - || - || - || K. kundɨ- || haań- || *kuun- || *kɯɯɳ-, O xaan- || -
| *a₂, Kh. umlaut?
|-
| "bag"
| - || - || - || - || #kuuda || - || *kuunt || *kɯɯnt : *kɯɯntɯɯ- || -
| (F. ''kontti'')
|-
| "basket"
| - || - || - || *kŭrəkš || U. kor || - || *kuurəɣ || *kɯɯr(əɣ) || *kor--
| *u-ish?
|-
| "block; dugout"
| - || - || - || - || U. ''kɨpɨ'' || - || *kɤɤp || N. *kaap || -
| *këppə/*koppə/*kuppɜ?
|-
| "milk; sap"
| *majto || - || - || - || U. mɤľ || - || - || - || -
|-
| "even; beautiful"
| - || N muoissa- || *mazə || - || - || - || - || - || -
|-
| "rotten"
| *mahe- || - || *makšə || - || - || - || - || - || -
|-
| "edge"
| *mala- || *mōlōs || *mal''a''s || - || - || - || - || - || -
| ← B
|-
| "clear weather"
| - || *mōńē || *mańəŋ || - || - || - || - || - || -
|-
| "to crawl; bridge"
| *mata- || - || Er. madamo || - || - || - || - || - || -
|-
| "to disappear, fail"
| - || - || Er. '''joma-''' ~ Mk. ''juma-' || *jama- || - || - || - || - || *jat³ma- / *jaŋkə-
| S. *jāmē- 'die' better < *jämä- 'to stiffen' (StUE3)
|-
| "to cool, cold"
| - || SS joasko- || *jakšamə || '''*jükše-''', '''*jüštə''' || - || - || - || - || -
| Es. jahtu- rather < *jȧhtü- < *jäštä-, possibly also Ma. Also OSwS ''juoskos'' "stiff" (PS *jōksō-?)
|-
| "split"
| Fi. rahko || - || *raškə || - || - || - || - || - || -
|-
| "lattice, grid"
| - || - || - || - || K. radź || raač ~ reeč || - || - || -
|-
| "hole"
| - || - || - || *(ə)raž || K. *rooź || '''reeš''', '''reš''' || - || - || -
| better *rećV, P. → Ma., and F. *riicci- here?!
|-
| "ship; pot"
| *hakci || - || *Čakš || - || - || - || - || - || -
| semantics bad
|-
| "shape"
| '''*haamV''' || (Lu. '''sjibmō''') || *Čam''a'' || - || - || - || - || - || -
| maybe S *šëmō, cf. Lu sjimer < *šëmērē (which is of no help whatsoever)
|-
| "back of knife"
| *hamara ||style="color:red"| '''*šëmērē''' || *Čov || - || - || - || - || - || -
| likely somehow ← IE *h₂aḱmor "stone, etc."
|-
| ""
| - || - || - || - || - || - || - || - || -
|}

==Rejectable==
{|
|- style="background:#FFA0A0"
! Lexeme
! Finnic !! [[Proto-Samic|Samic]] !! [[Mordvinic|Mordv.]] !! [[Mari]] !! [[Permic]] !! [[Hungarian|Hung.]] !! [[Mansi]] !! [[Khanty]] !! [[Proto-Samoyedic|Samoyedic]]
! Comments

|- style="background:#A0FFA0"
! colspan="10"| Irregularities explainable by alternate etymologies for some branches
|-
| "meadow"
| Es. '''aas''' || - || - || - || *adź  || asoo || - || - || -
| Es < *ansa, Hu < *saś- "to dry"
|-
| "woven band"
| *vakla || *vōvlē || - || - || - || - || *waaɣlap || - || -
| F & S. ← Gmc.
|-
| "bay"
| *lakci || *lōktɤ || - || - || - || - || *laak || *lok || -
| F & S. ← Baltic
|-
| "birch bark"
| style="color:red"| *tana || - || - || - || - || - || N. toont || *to₂ntəɣ || -
| F ← Sc. OUg better ~ H tidoo
|-
| "sturgeon"
| *sampi || - || - || - || - || - || style="color:red"| '''*šupəɣ''' || - || -
| Better F ← IE *stambʰ- 'pole'
|-
| "much"
| *paljo || - || - || Hi. pülä || - || - || *paal || - || *påj
| F. possibly ← Gmc, East *polə
|-
| "door bolt"
| F. sarana || - || - || - || U. dźɨrɨ ~ K. dźir || čir || - || - || -
| F. may be ← Baltic
|-
| "to stop"
| *taukot- || *tōvkō- || - || - || style="color:red"| *duugdɨ- || - || - || - || -
| F. & S. ← Gmc.
|-
| "far, long"
| *kauka(lo) || *kukkē || *kuvaka || - || - || - || - || *kooɣ || -
| F ← Gmc, S. *kāwkɤ- "stare" ← F, rest *kowVkka
|-
| "to look"
| *katso- || '''*keaččɤ-''' || - || - || K. kaźal- || - || - || - || -
| F, S. ← Gmc *gātijan-
|-
| "lot"
| *arpa || *vōrpē || - || - || - || '''orvo''' || - || - || -
| F. & S. ← Gmc *arba
|-
| "flat"
| style="color:red"| *latta-- || - || - || Hi. laptɤ- ~ Me. '''lapte''' || - || - || - || *ɬaaptək || '''*ləptå'''
| F. may be ← Gmc.
|-
| "board"
| *lauta || *lōvtē || - || - || - || - || - || - || *låtå
| F & S. ← Baltic?
|-
| "woods"
| - || E *mōjðē || || - || - || - || - || - || Sk. mačče
| Sk. instead < *məja < *mud₂a
|-
| "to throw"
| *heittä- || W *sāddē- || - || - || K šɤt- || - || - || - || -
| F. (and K.?) ← #šäjV-ttä- ← preGmc *sēja-; S. ← Sc. senda-
|-
| "ax"
| *tahko || - || - || *toš || ''*tɨš(k-)'' || - || - || - || -
| ← II *takš-. F. "grindstone" may be unrelated
|-
| "coarse"
| *karkeda || - || - || - || *gɨreś || - || - || - || -
| S. *kārkkē ← F. ← Gmc *hargaz.
|-
| "asp"
| '''*haapa''' || '''*sūpē''' || - || *šapke || - || - || - || - || -
| ← Gmc *asp- with metathesis?!
|-
| "branch"
| *hanka || - || - || - || - || aag || *tɤɤɣ || *ɬaɣɯɯ || -
| F. ← Gmc. Cf. ''honka'' here?
|-
| "to be able"
| *mahta- || - || *maštə- || ''*mɤšte-'' || - || - || ''*mučt-'' || style="color:red"| *mač(t)ə- || -
| OU may be ← Ru мочь-, Mo/Ma ← F ← Gmc *maxtiz
|-
| "river; mud"
| - || - || *rav(ə) "Volga"|| - || - || - || - || *roɣə || -
| Mo. ← II (F. rapa ← Gmc *draba)
|-
| "dead; dry (of cow)"
| *mardas || - || - || - || *muur || - || - || - || -
| F. ← II
|-
| "old"
| *vanha || - || - || - || #vooɜž || - || - || - || -
| P. ← B. *wetuša (ment'd in 6UE)
|-
| "stiff"
| *tankeda || - || Mk. taŋgəda || *tü̆ŋe- || - || - || - || - || -
| Also S ''toaŋkē'' (not **toaggē!) Mari may be ← Turkic
|-
| "cheap"
| style="color:red"| *halpa || - || - || style="color:red"| '''*šulðɤ''' || - || - || - || - || -
| F. ← Gmc *salwa ?
|-
| "to gro"
| *kasva- || - || *kasə- || style="color:red"| '''*kuška-''' || - || - || - || - || -
| F. & Mo. ← IE *h₂awks-? H. hason "use, advantage" rather from "to present"
|-
| "metal"
| *vaski || ''veaškē'' || *uśkɜ || *waž || U. -veś ~ K. -ɨś || vaš || '''*wüš''' || *waɣ || *wasa
| Messy Wanderwort
|-
| "shaft"
| *varci || - || - || *wu/ŭrðə || - || - || - || - || -
| ← B?
|-
| "joint; twin; center"
| *jama || *jōmēč || Er. jav || - || - || - || - || - || -
| better F, S ← IE (separately), Er. ← *jëka-
|-
| "to stretch; to spread"
| - || '''*rāččë-''' || *rać''a''kadə- || - || - || - || - || - || -
| better S ← Sc *braidja-
|-
| "woman"
| √naa- || - || - || - || - || naas || '''*näji''' || '''*nääj''' ? || -
| F. ← IE *gʷnah₂-, OU ← *näjə
|- style="background:#A0FFA0"
! colspan="10"| Too sparse & irregular
|-
| "skis"
| - || style="color:red"| SS. laabje || - || - || - || - || - || E. lump || Ne. lampa
| No other words.
|-
| "to fall apart"
| - || - || - || - || K. gɨlal- || - || N kuulat- || W *kooɭ-- || -
| probably loans in OUg.
|-
| "to graze"
| - || *kōtō- || - || - || - || - || - || - || '''*kətå-'''
|-
| "fishing gear"
| - || - || - || mača ? || - || - || - || - || Se. maaše-
|-
| "stomach"
| *vacca || - || - || - || - || - || N. '''waś''' || - || -
| Weak (suggests PMs '''*wäć'''). Fi. → S. ''*vāttē''. Mo. *vaćə "dirt" semantically bad
|-
| "to go"
| - || - || *jak''a''- || - || - || iktat- || - || - || -
|-
| "pine forest"
| - || - || - || - || style="color:red"| *jag || - || - || *jaaɣəm || -
| Ma *jäktə ~ Chuv. jaxtə;. Maybe Kh ← P, < *jäŋkä or ← IE *ǵʰeng-?? Cf. EU #jëKə 'pine'
|-
| "to write"
| - || - || - || - || - || iir(o)- || - || '''*jee₁rii-''' || -
|- style="background:#A0FFA0"
! colspan="10"| Messy crap
|-
| "beginning"
| F. alka- || *vōlkē- || - || - || - || - || style="color:red"| *aawəl || style="color:red"| *aaləŋ || '''*olə-'''
| Cf. *ole- "to be" ?
|-
| "armpit"
|style="color:red"| *kainalɜ ||style="color:red"| '''kājŋēl''' || Mk. kaval || *koŋla || *kuun || hoon || *kalna || style="color:red"| *konəŋ || #kali ? (En. seeri)
| Veps kaimal
|-
| "nits"
| Fi. saivar; Es. saere || style="color:red"| '''čīvrōs''' ||style="color:red"| *śarkə || *šarkeń(ć)e || style="color:red"| '''*śerel''' || - || N. seeri ? || E. sɯr ? || Ka. šurijar ?
| might be two items?
|-
| "gull"
| *kajaka || '''kājēkē''' || - || - || K. '''gaďa''' || - || ''*kajik'' || - || Ne. ''ho''
| Substrate word? Cf. "beaver"
|-
| "crow"
| *vari/eks || style="color:red"| *vōrččē || *varś/ćəŋ || - || - || style="color:red"| varjuu : varja- || N. uurin || style="color:red"| W *warŋaaj, E ''*wuurŋɯɯ'' || ''*wårä''
| Unreconstructible consonantism, onomatopoetic? Ne. *wərŋæ ← Kh?
|-
| "painted"
| - || - || - || Me. '''pač''' || U. pužɨ || - || - || - || style="color:red"| *påtå
|-
| "fly"
| '''*kärpänen''' || - || *karvə || Me. '''karme''' || - || - || - || - || -
|-
| "vessel"
| F. saima || - || *śuma, Er. śima || - || U. śumɨk || - || - || *sooma ? || Sk. somma ?
| Semantics all over the place.
|}

Proto-Uralic/A

2018-03-16T12:08:38Z

Tropylium: /* Standard PU *ë */ moving

'''The many and varied cognates of Finno-Mordvinic *a.'''

'''Bold''' marks apparent vocalic irregularities (note tho that rules for Permic are partly unclear), red consonantal. ''Italic'' cases are unclear.

==Standard PU *a_a==
By default: F&Mo *a, S. *ō, Ma. *a/*o ([[Mari#The distribution of *a vs. *o|conditioning??]]) P. *uu, Ms *uu, Smy *å

{| cellpadding="0"|
|- style="background:#FFA0A0"
! Lexeme
! [[Finnish|Finnic]] !! [[Proto-Samic|Samic]] !! [[Mordvinic|Mordv.]] !! [[Mari]] !! [[Permic]] !! [[Hungarian|Hung.]] !! [[Mansi]] !! [[Khanty]] !! [[Proto-Samoyedic|Samoyedic]]
! Comments
|- style="background:#A0FFA0"
! colspan="10" | *a_ə (forking; formerly under *oo, *o_a)
|-
| "thru"
| F. pahki || - || Mk. pačk || - || K. '''pɨšji''' || - || *puuš || - || Se. ''pooč''
| check Se.
|-
| "twig"
| - || *tōrkɤ || - || Me. tor || - || - || - || *tuu₁ɣər || -
| or S ← Sc.
|-
| "wolf"
| - || <s>*čōrmɤ</s> || - || '''*šŭrmə''' || '''*śör''' || - || - || *ćuu₁rəm || *sårm'''å'''
| Ma. "lynx", P. "marten" may not belong
|-
| "ground"
| F. tanner || *tōntɤr || - || - || - || - || - || - || *tåntə-
|-
| "birch bark"
| - || - || - || - || *tooj || - || - || - || '''*təj'''
| Better *tojə, ~ H tidoo
|-
| "to stand"
| *saisë- || *čōnčō- || - || '''*šĭnće-''' || K. '''sidź-''' || - || *tuuńć- || W *ɬaańć-, E '''*ɬɯɯńť-''' || '''*tänsə-'''
| Ma. & Smy. point to original *ä. (Mo. *śta- ← IE?)
|- style="background:#A0FFA0"
! colspan="10" | *a₁_a: H. ''a'', Ms. *uu, Kh. *uu₁
|-
| "fish"
| *kala || *kōlē || *kal || *kol || - || hal(a-) || *kuul || *kuu₁L || *kålä
| Smy. *-å → *-ä after *l
|-
| "bit"
| *pala || *pōlē || *pal || - || - || fal-at- || *puul ||style="color:green"| *puu₁ɭ || *pålä
| Smy. *-å → *-ä after *l. Possibly K. '''palak''' "hole". Hi. '''pultəš''' ← *purəltəš ← *purə- "to bite".
|-
| "pot"
| *pata || - || - || *pat || - || fazeek(a-) || *puut || *puu₁t || *pat''ə''-
| Smy *a → *a between stops?
|-
| "to open"
| - || *pōncō "naked" || *panžə- || *pača- || K. pudž- || - || *puunš- || *puu₁ɳč- || -
|-
| "young deer"
| - || - || Mk. śarda || *šarðə || - || - || - || *suu₁rtə || Ne. '''siraj''' ?
| Ms. '''*surtə''' ← Kh?
|-
| "to scoop"
|style="color:brown"| *ammɜ-- || - || *amuĺa- || - || - || - || *uum- || *uu₁m- || -
|-
| "salmon sp."
| - || - || - || - || K. udž || - || *uuš || *uu₁ɳč || #ånčɜ
|-
| "sun"
| F. kaja- || NS guoje || Er. kaje- || *kaja- || - || haj(-) || CMs *kuj || - || *kåjå
| Ms *uuj → *uj. H/Ms. "dawn", better here than with F. koi
|-
| "in heat"
| F. '''suota''' || *čōðē- || - || - || K. ćulal- || salad- || - || - || style="color:red"| ''*såjä''
| F. ← S? Smy palatal assimilation? *-å → *-ä after *l/*ðʲ
|-
| "to present"
| - || - || *kaźə- || - || *koodźim  || hason(o-) || - || - || *kåso
| *a-ə possible. P. palzn. Ma. *kućək "dowry" ← P.
|-
| "to dig"
| F. kaiva- || '''*koajvō-''' || *kaj''a''- || ''*koe-'' || *kooj- || hajiit- || - || - || *kajwå-
| P, Smy. palzn. Hi. /u/ per hiatus.
|-
| "to thro"
| - || - || kaja- || - || *kooj- || hajiit- || - || - || -
| Homophonic with the prev.
|-
| "foot"
| *jalka || *jōlkē || *jalgə || *jal || - || ɟalog(o-) || - || - || -
|-
| "brain"
| F. aivo || *vōjŋē || - || - || - || aɟ(a-) || - || - || -
| Mk. ''uj'' rather ← *ojwa?
|-
| "to grasp"
| F. tarttu- || - || - || - || - || tart- || - || - || -
|-
| "roof"
| F. lakka || - || - || - || - || lak- || - || - || -
| H. "to dwell"
|-
| "to beat soft"
| *vanu- || - || - || - || - || vaańol- || - || - || -
| H. *wa- → vaa-?
|-
| "to roast"
| F. '''paahta-''' || - || - || - || '''*pɤɤž-''' || - || - || - || -
| F. 2ndary length?
|-
| "hole"
| - || - || - || *raž || K. roź || '''rees''' || - || - || -
| P. palzn.
|-
| "currant"
| - || - || - || *šaptər || U. suter ~ K. '''setɤr''' || - || - || - || -
| Cf. Gmc *sap ??
|-
| "rotten"
| - || - || - || *kaškə, *kaška- || '''*kuuź'''  || - || - || - || -
|-
| "to gro"
| - || - || - || *paše- || *puušjɨ- || - || - || - || -
|-
| "to ask"
| - || - || - || *jaða- || *juual- || - || - || - || -
| P. ← *-uuða- ?
|-
| "groove"
| NF *latu || - || - || *laðo || K. lu || - || - || - || -
| ← Baltic?
|-
| "rake"
| *hara, *harkki || *sōrē || *čar-kəďə- || *šar(əm) || - || - || - || - || -
| not loan; Gmc ← F
|-
| "opposite"
| *vasta || *vōstē || Mk. vasta || *waštareš || - || - || - || - || -
|-
| "wet"
| F. nahka "leather" || *ńōskē || Mk. načka || *načkə || - || - || - || ('''*ńašak''') || -
| Khanty "raw" may not belong
|-
| "to grind"
| *jauha- || - || jaž''a''- || *jaŋəže- || - || - || - || - || -
|-
| "fishing net"
| F. vata || - || - || *wat || - || - || - || - || -
| ← Gmc?
|- style="background:#A0FFA0"
! colspan="10"| *a₂_a: similar except Ma. *o, Kh. *aa
|-
| "to leave"
| *katoda- || *kōðē- || *kadə- || *koðe- || *kooĺ- || haɟ- || *kuuĺ- || *kaaćəɣ- ~ '''*ka/ɯɯj-''' || *kåjä-
| +Ma *koð''a''- "stay". P. palzn. Smy. *-å → *-ä after *ðʲ
|-
| "to steal, thief"
| F. sala- || *sōl-ɤk || sal''a''- || *šolə || - || - || *tuulmant- *tuulmak || *ɬaaLəm- *ɬaaLmaak || *tålä-
| + EKh ''*ɬɯɯLəɣ'' "stolen". Smy. *-å → *-ä after *l
|-
| "to carry"
| *kanta- || *kōntē- || *kandə- || *kande- || - || - || *kuunt- || *kaant- || *kån-
| *kanə-ta-, cf. Smy. ≠ *kënta "tree stump"!
|-
| "net"
| F. kalin || - || - || - || K. kulɤm || ''haalo'' || *kuuləp || *kaaLəp || -
| Cf. "fish"
|-
| "to open"
| *ava- || - || *aŋ-kśəma || - || - || style="color:red"| '''old-, ood-''' || *ɤɤŋkʷ- || VVj aaŋət-, W. '''*eeŋk-''' || -
| Ms. cheshirization
|-
| "to bark"
| - || - || - || *opte- || *uut- || - || *uut- || *aapət- || -
|-
| "low ground"
| - || - || - || - || U. śum || - || *suujəm || *saajəm || -
| *o_a possible
|-
| "wild; animal"
| - || - || - || Hi. wojər || K. vɤj || - || *wuj || *waajəɣ || -
| P. *waR → *vɤɤR- ? Ms *wuu → *wu
|-
| "white"
| *hahka || - || Mk. akša || *oš || - || - || - || *aaš || -
|-
| "to thro"
| *vatkada- || - || *vačk'''a'''- || ''wačkalt-'' ('lect?) || - || - || - || *waaškaLt- ||
| Ma. *a / w_
|-
| "to burst"
| *pakkahta- || - || - || - || - || fakad- || - || *paakən- || -
|-
| "fence"
| *ajta || - || - || - || - || - || - || *aać || -
|-
| "mole; beaver"
| - || - || Mk. maksa- || - || - || - || - || *maaɣ || -
| Weak. *ë_ə possible
|-
| "to sit"
| - || - || - || - || - || - || *uunl/t- || *aaməs/t- || *åmtə-
| *o_a possible
|- style="background:#A0FFA0"
! colspan="10"| With S. *ā, Khanty *åå (/ *č_?)
|-
| "to hit"
| - || ''*cāŋmē-'' || *čavə- || *čaŋe- || - || - || ''*šɤɤŋkʷ-'' || ''*čååŋk-'' || *čåŋå-
| Ms. cheshirization?
|-
| "to chop"
| - || T ''*cāppē-''; '''*cāpɤ-''' || *čapə- || - || *čuupɨ- || - || - || ''*čååp'' "piece" || -
| Onomat.? Cf. "to hit". U also ''čɨp-''. Kh. cf. also Ms '''šup''' "piece of wood"?
|-
| "to step"
| - || - || Mk. šašto- || - || - || - || *šuuš- || ''*čååč-'' || *čåčä-
|- style="background:#A0FFA0"
! colspan="10"| With Permic *oo poorly conditioned
|-
| "hard"
| - || '''*čārēs''' || - || - || *ćoorɨt || - || - || - || *sår''ə''
|-
| "crust"
| *kamara || - || - || *kom || *koomɤĺ || haaml- || '''*käämtol''' || - || ''*kamə'' !
| U. also kɤm
|-
| "fork"
| - || - || '''*užə''' || *waž || K. vož || - || - || - || *wåtå
| Or *woša with Ma./K. irregular
|-
| "berry"
| - || - || - || - || *oozɨ || - || - || '''*uu₂L''' || '''*ota'''
|-
| "rump"
| - || - || Er. kaśke ~ Mk. kaska || - || *koosk || - || - || - || -
|-
| "smell"
| Võ. katsk || - || kačam(o) || - || K. ''kočɨs'' || - || - || - || -
| Cf. "bitter"
|- style="background:#A0FFA0"
! colspan="10"| With Permic *u (→ Udm. /ɨ/)
|-
| "to go carefully"
| - || '''*vāncē-''' || - || *wanče- || *vuž- || - || *wuunč- || style="color:red"| *uu₁ɳč- || *wånč-
|-
| "root"
| - || - || - || *waž || *vuž || - || - || - || *wånčå
| Homophonic with the prev.
|-
| "to be born"
| - || - || *šačə- || *šača- || U. čɨžɨ- ~ K. ćuž- || - || *šašəɣ || W *čačəɣ || Sk. *čaačə
| Cf. F. *sato - *śačə with widespread sib. assims?
|-
| "to stand"
| - || - || - || *ša(l)ɣ || *sul- || aall- || - || - ||
|-
| "to shoot"
| *ampu- || - || - || - || U. ɨb- || - || - || - || -
| maybe *a → *ɨ / *_m_, cf. *mo- → *mɨ-. S. ''*āmpō-'' ← F.
|- style="background:#A0FFA0"
! colspan="10"|Indistinct *a_a
|-
| "to drive"
| *aja- || vōjē- || aj- || - || *ooj- || - ||style="color:red"| *wujt-''' || - || -
| ← IE *aǵe- ? P. palzn, Ms. *wuu → *(w)u
|-
| "mountain"
| - || '''*vārē''' || - || - || - || - || *wur || '''*woor''' || *wårå
| Ms. *wuu → *(w)u. Cf. *warə.
|-
| "to sink"
| *vaja- || *vōjō- || vaj'''a'''- || - || ''*vɤɤj(ɨ)-'' || vaaj-, '''vejse-''' || *(w)uj- || - || -
| P. *waR → *wɤɤR, H. *wa- → vaa-? Ms. *wuu → *(w)u
|-
| "marsh"
| *aro || - || - || - || - || - || *uuraj || ''*uu₂rə'' || -
| Kh *aa-U → *uu₂?
|-
| "death"
| *kalma || *kōlmē || kalma- "to bury" || || - || - || - || - || *kålm-
| *kaxl-ma? Cf. "to die"
|-
| "word"
| F. vala || *vōlē || val || - || - || - || - || - || *wålä
| Smy. *-å → *-ä after *l
|-
| "to stick; fork"
| Võ. tsank || *čōŋkō- || *śaŋgə || - || - || - || - || - || *såŋk''ə''-
|-
| "in-law"
| *nato || *nōtō || - || '''*nuðə''' || - || - || - || - || *nåto
|-
| "to peel"
| - || *vōtkē- || *vatk'''a'''- || *wakta-, *wotke- || - || - || - || - || Ne. waataa-
|-
| "knot"
| F. pahka || - || Mk. pakškä || - || - || - || - || - || *påktV
|-
| "branch"
| NF *sarka || *sōrkē || - || - || - || - || - || - || *tårkå
|-
| "skin"
| NF *talja || *tōljē || - || - || - || - || - || - || ''*tåəjə''
| Better F & S. ← B. Maybe *tawəd₂ə > NMs tAwəľ?
|-
| "behind"
| *taka- || *tuokē- || - || - || - || - || - || - || *tak''ə''
| Smy *a → *a between stops?
|-
| "clay"
| - || *čōwjē || - || - || *śooj || - || - || - || #såj
| probably *śaw-ja with metathesis in Kola Sami (unattested further west), cf. [[Proto-Uralic/O|*śawe]]
|-
| "to rain"
| *sata- || - || - || - || - || - || - || - || *sårå-
|-
| "left"
| *vasen || - || - || - || - || - || - || - || *wåtä ?
|-
| "to want"
| - || - || *karm''a''- || - || - || - || - || - || '''*kərmå-''' ?
|-
| "to rain"
| F. sata- || '''*čāðē-''' || - || - || - || - || - || - || *sårå-
| S. also *čōcē- "to hit" (won't go with Smy.)
|-
| "thru"
| - || - || Mk. ''šačk'' || - || - || - || - || - || Se. ''sačk''
| Only Mo. and Se, sibilant assimilation?
|-
| "aunt, older sister"
| - || - || - || - || K. ''ob'' || - || *uup || '''*o₂pə''' || *åpå
|-
| "rotten"
| - || *cōmcē || - || Me. '''šać''' ||style="color:green"| *žoodź  || - || - || - || -
| P. palzn, S. *c-ć → *c-c?
|-
| "series"
| *sarja || - || - || - || *śoor || - || - || - || -
| P. palzn. (*-rj-)
|-
| "with"
| F. kanssa || - || - || - ||style="color:green"| ''*gooz'' || - || - || - || -
| ← Gmc *xansa? P. palzn. also before plain sibilants?
|-
| ""
| || || || || || || || ||
|}

==Standard PU *ë==
> F. *a, S. *ō, Mo. *a as well; by default Ma. *ü
{|
|- style="background:#FFA0A0"
! Lexeme
! [[Finnish|Finnic]] !! [[Proto-Samic|Samic]] !! [[Mordvinic|Mordv.]] !! [[Mari]] !! [[Permic]] !! [[Hungarian|Hung.]] !! [[Mansi]] !! [[Khanty]] !! [[Proto-Samoyedic|Samoyedic]]
! Comments
|- style="background:#A0FFA0"
! colspan="10"| Ma. ''ö/ü'', P. ''*uu'', Ms. ''*ɤɤ'', Kh. ''*aa'', Smy. ''*ɤ'' (std. PU ''*ëCC, *ëCi'')
|-
| "father-in-law"
| NF *appi || *vōppɤ || - || '''*owə''' || - || ''ipa'', '''apa''' || S. '''ap''' ~ N. '''up''' || '''*uup''' || -
| Hu. *ëppə ~ *ëppə-sa > *ïp ~ *apa → ipa ~ apa?
|-
| "land"
| *maa || - || - || *mü, ''*mu'' || *muu || - || *mɤɤ(ɣ-) || '''*meɣ''' || -
| *mëxə
|-
| "hair"
| F. hapsi || *vōptɤ || - || *üp || - || - || *ɤɤt || E. aapət ~ W. '''*oopət''' || *ɤptə
|-
| "sore; groin"
| *narma || TS '''ńaarme''' || - || - || - || - || *ńɤɤrəm || *ńaarəm ||
| Cf. also F. '''näärvä''', S. '''*nārā-''' ibid.
|-
| "arc"
| *kaari || *kōŋɤr || - || - || - || - || *kɤɤŋraa || N. '''*xooŋkaar''' || -
|-
| "turnip; pine seed"
| *nakris || - || - || - || - || - || *nɤɤr || *naakər || -
| Suspicious
|-
| "cartilage"
| - || *ńōrkēs || *nar || *nörɣə || - || ''ńiir'' || *ńɤɤrəɣ || *ńaarək || *ńɤr
| *ńërə-ka (per Mo, Ma. Hu.); cf. *ńërə "soft"?
|-
| "gills"
| - || *ńōkčɤm || - || style="color:red"| ''*našmə'' || K. '''ńokćim''' || - || *ńɤɤkćəm || *ńaa(ŋ)kćəm || Ne. ńińśku, Ka. neeni ?
| Ma. *a~o / _CC
|-
| "crane"
| - || - || - || - || *tuuri ||style="color:red"| daru, -rva- || *tɤɤrəɣ || *taarəɣ || -
| *tërə-ka? Cf. abov.
|-
| "limb"
| - || - || - || - || - || '''loll''' || *lɤɤɣəl ||style="color:green"| *ɭaakəɭ || -
|-
| "light"
| *valkeda, *vale- || '''*vēlkɤtē''' || style="color:red"| *valdə || ''*walɣəðə'' || - || vilaag || - || - || -
| Ma. *a~o / _CC, > *a / w_. Cf. #woľa- "to shine"; IE ?
|-
| "to split"
| F. sali- || *čōlɤ- || - || - || - || sil || - || - || -
| Cf. F. säle "splinter"
|-
| "straight; obvious"
| - || *ńōlkɤ-tɤ || - || - || - || ńil-ván || - || - || -
|-
| "to live"
| *ase-, *as-u- || - || '''*äźə-''' || - || ''*uźɨ-'' || - || - || - || *ɤso-
| Cf. IE *h₁es-. Mo. and partly F may be rather < *äsä- (~ P *ozɜn).
|-
| "to be afraid"
| - || - || - ||style="color:green"| *lüðä- || - || - || - || - || *lɤrə-
| *-d₁- or *-t-? does *l- affect this?
|-
| "cradle"
| style="color:green"| *lapci || - || *lafś || '''*lŭ/epš''' || - || - || - || - || *j/lɤpsə
| F. "child"
|-
| "to chop"
| - || *lōkčɤ- || *lakśə- || ''*lokšə-nća-'' || U. lusjɨ- ~ K. '''lɤɤsjɨ-''' || - || - || - || -
| Ma. *a~o / _CC. U. ← K?
|-
| "soup; sweet"
| - || - || *jam || - || *juumal || - || - || - || -
| Smy *jäməj- 'soup' better < *lämə. Stem type? From *jëxə-ma??
|-
| "to clear wood"
| - || *sōntɤ- ||style="color:green"| *sańďə- ||style="color:red"| *śüðä- || - || - || - || - || -
|-
| "to get wet"
| - || *lōccɤ- || - || *löčä- || - || - || - || - || -
|-
| "to bury"
| - || - || - || *müðe- || *muudɨ- || - || - || - || -
| *mëxə-ta-, cf. "land"
|-
| "thick"
| *sakeda, sakka- || *sōkɤtē || - || '''*šukə''' "much" || K. suk || - || - || - || -
| *sëkə-ta, *sëk-ka? Could be *o_ə with F. irregular?
|-
| "stalk, axle"
| - || - || E. sad || *šüðər || style="color:red"| ''*zoo'' || - || - || - || -
| P. may point to *a
|-
| "stiff"
| *taŋkeda || - || Mk. taŋgəda || - || - || - || - || - || -
| NW+IS '''toaŋgi'''??
|- style="background:#A0FFA0"
! colspan="10"| *ëx: F *o, preS/Mo *u?
|-
| "to drink"
| ''*joo-'' || ''*jūkɤ-'' || - || *jüä- || *juu- || iv- || '''*äj-''' || ||style="color:red"| *ɤ-
| cf. IA *ǵuǵʰew-?
|-
| "minor river"
| ''*jo/õki'' || ''*jokɤ'' || Er. ''jov'' || - || *juu || joo || *jɤɤ || *jååkəɳ, *jɯɯkɯɯ || -
| *jëkV? Cf. *jëxə- "to drink/flow?" Ma. *joɣe- "to flow" ← Chuv. jox- "id."
|- style="background:#DDDDDD"
| "major river"
| *juka || - || - || || || || || *jååkəɳ || *jəka
| for comparision
|-
| "swan"
| ''*jo/?uccen'' || style="color:red"| ''*ńūkčɤ'' || style="color:red"| ''*lokś--'' || '''*jükšə''' || *juuś(k-) || - || - || - || style="color:red"| *jä¹ŋkɜ
| *jëxćə-? Initials messy
|-
| "loon"
| - || ''*toktɤ-kɤ'' || - || ''*toktə'' || K. '''toktɨ''' || - || *tɤɤɣ/kt || *taaktəŋ || -
| Ma. *a~o / _CC. Tv. → tʌt-kaa
|-
| "to reach; to spawn"
| - || ''*joksɤ-'' || - || - || - || (v)iiv- || - || - || -
| F. *jooksə- better from *joo- "drink, flow"? Bad without
|-
| "bent"
| - || - || Mk. ''nokəl(a)'' || - || *ńuuk || - || - || - || -
|- style="background:#A0FFA0"
! colspan="10"| *ëRə: similar except F. ''*oo'', P. ''*ɤ'' (std. PU ''*ëx_i'')
|-
| "vein"
| *sooni || *sōnɤ || san ||style="color:red"| *śün || *sɤn || iin(a-) || *tɤɤn || *ɬaan || style="color:red"| *čɤn
|-
| "arrow"
| *nooli || *ńōlɤ || nal || *nölə || U. '''ńil''' ~ K. '''ńɨl''' || ńiil(a-) || *ńɤɤl || *ńaaL || *ńɤj
|-
| "fish skin"
| *soomu || *čōmɤ || style="color:red"| śav || *šüm || *śɤm || - || *sɤɤm || *saam || -
| Ne. ''śaam'' < PS *kamə
|-
| "bird cherry"
| *toomi || *θōmɤ || Er. '''ľom''' ~ Mk. ''lajm'' || ''*lombə'' || *ľɤm || - || *ľɤɤm || '''*jååm''' || *jɤm
| Ma. *a~o / _CC (compound #ďëm-paw)
|-
| "year"
| *vooci || - || - || - || ''*wåå'' || '''-vaľ''' || - || *aaL || *ɤrö "autumn"
| S. *-vōtɤ semantically off. Cf. IA *vataḥ?
|-
| "wet place"
| *noori || *ńōrɤ || nar || *nöre- *nörɣə "sprout" || '''*ńuur''' *ńɤr "sprout" || ńirok || *ńɤɤr || - || *ńɤr
| F. "young", S. "weak" F. *noro ← Gmc.
|-
| "duck"
| - || SS ''sjotsjo''? || - || - || *čɤž || - || *šɤɤš || *čaač || -
| Er. ''šenže'' better ~ F. hanhi "goose", ← B.
|-
| "mitten"
| - || - || - || '''*piž''' || *pɤź || - || *pɤɤsɣə || *paas || -
|-
| "stale (bread)"
| *kalteda || - || - || - || *kɤldi || - || - || - || -
|-
| "to produce"
| - || *čōltē- || - || - || *ćɤlt- || - || - || - || -
| *ćëlə-ta-. F. ''suolta-'' rather ← *sooli
|- style="background:#A0FFA0"
! colspan="10"| IE loans: West *a_a, H. ''aa'', Ms. *ɤɤ, Kh. *aa
|-
| "100"
| *sata || *čōtē || *śadə || *šüðə || '''*śoo''' || saaz(a-) || style="color:green"| *šɤɤt || *saat || -
| ← II *śata; separately in P. ?
|-
| "tree stump"
| *kanto || *kōntōj || *kandə || - || (K. ''gɨd'') || - || *kɤɤnt || *kaant || -
| ← II *skandʰa-. S. *kāntē ← F. K. "bend, bottom", may not belong.
|-
| "calf"
| *vasa || *vōsē || ''*vaz'' || - || - || ('''üsöö''') || *wɤɤsəɣ || - || -
| ← II
|-
| "pole"
| NF *salko || *čōlkōj || *śalgə || - || *śuul || saal(fa) || *sɤɤɣlaa || *saakəL || -
| ← PIE *ǵʰalgʰaa. K. dźal probably later.
|-
| "mushroom"
| - || - || *paŋgə || ''*poŋgə'' || - || - || *pɤɤŋk || *paaŋk || *pɤŋkå-
| ← IE; Skr. ''paŋka'' "swamp" / L. ''fungus'' ~ G. ''spongos''. Ma. *a~o / _CC. Smy. "be intoxicated"
|-
| "to climb"
| *kangerta- || *kōŋkɤrtē- || - || - || - || haag- || *kɤɤŋk- || '''*kååŋk-''' || -
| ← PIE *gʰengʰ-
|-
| "grass"
| *tarna || - || - || - || style="color:#800000"| *tuurɨm || - || - || - || -
| ← II *trna
|-
| "streak"
| *jooni || *jōnɤ || jan || - || - || - || - || - || -
| ← IA *jaana, F. VV / _Rə. Also F. ''jana''!
|-
| "to pay"
| *maksa- || - || *maksə- || - || - || - || - || - || -
| ← Ir. *mandza-. F. → S *māksē-
|- style="background:#A0FFA0"
! colspan="10"| P. ''*u'', Ms. ''*a/*ɤɤ'', Kh. ''*ɯɯ'', Smy. ''*ɨ'' (std. PU ''*ëCa'' - note open syllables in Smy!)
|-
| "down"
| *ala- || *vōlē- || alə || *ül || *uul || al- || style="color:red"| ''*jal-'' || *ɯɯL || *ɨlə
| Ms. per original open syllable?
|-
| "to put"
| *akta- || *vōktē- || *aftə- ||style="color:red"| ''*opte-'' || K. '''oktɨ-''' || - || - || *ɯɯkət || *ɨtå-
| Ma. *a~o / _CC
|-
| "to divide"
| *jaka- || *jōkē- || *javə- || - ||style="color:red"| *juuk || - || E ''*jaɣtit'' || *jɯɯkəL "fork" || '''*jəkə-'''
| Or Ms. ~ Kh *jakaaj "neck"? Kh. also ''*jaaɣərt'' "split"
|-
| "lowland"
| *lanc''i'' || - ||style="color:green"| ''*lanďa-'' || Hi. ''landaka'' || *luud || - || - || - || Ng. lɨntə
| Ma. *a~o / _CC. excluded: S *lōmtē- "to kneel", Smy '''*ləmto''' "low"
|-
| "to leave"
| *valka-(ma) || *vōlkē- || *valgə- || ''*wale-'' || - || vaal- || *wɤɤɣəl- || *wɯɯkəL-, '''*waakəL-''' || -
| Ma. *a~o / _CC, > *a / w_
|-
| "sembra"
| - || - || - || - || *suus || - || *tɤɤt || *ɬɯɯkəL || *tɨtə(k)
|-
| "liver"
| *maksa || *mōksē || *maksə || ''*mokš'' || *muusk || maaj(a-) || *mɤɤj(ə)t || ''*muu₁kəL'' || *mɨtə
| Ma. *a~o / _CC. Kh. *ɯɯ > *uu after a labial?
|-
| "way"
| *matka || *muotkē || - || - || - || - || - || ''*muu₁kət'' || *mɨtɜ
| StUE4. Kh. *ɯɯ > *uu after a labial?
|-
| "wet sno"
| - || *vōnčē || - || - || - || - || - || ''*uu₁(n)ć-kəL'' || -
| *wënśa, with Kh. *ɯɯ > *uu after a labial? NB Vj. ''wɯɯťkəl''!
|-
| "mother-in-law"
| F. anoppi || *vōnēm || - || - || - || - || '''*aanəp''' || '''*oonəp''' || *ɨnəpə
| ObU *Onəp < *onə-pV?
|-
| "rested"
| - || *vōŋēs || - || *üŋəšə || - || - || - || - || -
|- style="background:#A0FFA0"
! colspan="10"| Indistinct between ''*ë_a'' and ''*a2_a''
|-
| "to stretch"
| - || NS ńuoddzi- || || - || *ńuuž- || - || ''*ńuunš-'' || ''*ńɯɯnč'' || -
| Argues against Ms. delabzn
|-
| "village"
| F. palva- || - || - || - || - || falu (-lva-) || ''*pɤɤwəl'' || ''*puu₁kəL'' || -
| Ms. cheshirization, or Kh. *uu after a labial?
|-
| "to giv"
| *anta- || *vōmtē- || *andə- || - || *uud- || ad- || - || - || -
|-
| "to dry"
| - || - || - || - || *šuupal- || apa-- || - || - || -
| *o_a also possible
|-
| "to take off; to be able"
| *jaksa- || - ||style="color:red"| '''*jukśə-''' || - || *juuskɨ- || - || - || - || -
| *o_a also possible. *ś / *s??
|-
| "bitter"
| *karvas || - || - || - || *kuurɨd || - || - || '''*koorəɣ''' ? || -
|-
| "handle"
| *vanka || - || - || - || *vuug || - || - || - || -
|-
| "hoop"
| *vanneh || - || - || - || *vuudž || - || - || - || -
| Or BF ← Gmc *wandi/uz (cf. JKl '76)
|-
| "tassel"
| - || *tōŋkē || - || - || *tuug || - || - || - || -
|-
| "to accuse"
| - || NS guoccot || - || - || U. kušɨ || - || - || - || -
| No other words! Could even be *a₁_a
|-
| "to bring"
| - || *pōktē- || - || ''*pokte-'' || - || - || - || - || -
| Ma. *a~o / _CC?
|-
| "to reach"
| - || - || Er. saźu- || - || *suudź- || - || - || - || -
| *a_ə also possible
|-
| "stiff; to freeze"
| - || - || Er. tarďe || - || K. tur- || - || - || - ||
|-
| "elm"
| - || - || - || ''*nolɣə'' || U. ńulo || - || - || - || -
| Ma. *a~o / _CC?
|-
| ""
| || || || || || || || ||
|}

==All the rest==
{|
|- style="background:#FFA0A0"
! Lexeme
! [[Finnish|Finnic]] !! [[Proto-Samic|Samic]] !! [[Mordvinic|Mordv.]] !! [[Mari]] !! [[Permic]] !! [[Hungarian|Hung.]] !! [[Mansi]] !! [[Khanty]] !! [[Proto-Samoyedic|Samoy.]]
! Comments
|- style="background:#A0FFA0"
! colspan="10"| More IE loans
|-
| "flood, lake"
| F. sarajas || - || || - || style="color:red"| ''*šoor'' || aar || *tuur || *ɬaar || -
| ← II *sáras; separately in P, H?
|-
| "value"
| *arvo || - || - || - || K. arta- || aar || - || - || -
| Mo. *aŕ-ćə- "think" may not belong
|-
| "lord"
| - || - || *azər || - || *oozɨr || - || *aatər; N. uutər? || - || -
| Komi ozɨr without /v/- ? Check NMs
|-
| "good"
| *paras || *pōrē || *parə || '''*pooro''' ||style="color:green"| *buur || - || - || - || -
| Ma. also *paarema- "to recover"
|-
| "shelter"
| *sooja || *sōjē || - || *šaj || *saj || - || - || - || -
| ← Ir. *scāja
|-
| "to press"
| *pajna- || *pōńō- "to dip" || *pańə- "to drive" || - || ''*pååń-'' || - || - || - || -
| *pańa- with cheshzn in F, ← Gmc *spannija- "to strain". S. *pājnē- ← F. Ms. *pańəɣt- better ← *puńa-, Ka. ''paŋdə-'' rejectable
|-
| "sister"
| || - || Mk. sazor || ''*šŭžar'' || *soozər || || || ||
| F. sisar (and Ma?) ← B.
|-
| "gold, copper"
| - || - || - || - || - || arań || *tarəń || *ɬoorńə || -
| ← Ir. *zarna
|- style="background:#A0FFA0"
! colspan="10"| Unclear correspondence 1: FM *a, P. *a, H. ''a'' (with palatals!)
|-
| "hard"
| - || - || - || - || K. nadź || naɟ || - || - || -
|-
| "back; belly"
| - || - || - || - || U. gač || has || - || - || -
| Dubious semantics
|-
| "to tred"
| F. talla- || - || - || - || K. taľ- || - || - || - || -
| Loan F → K?
|-
| "to hit"
| - || *čōppē- || *ćap''a''- || style="color:red"| ''*čuča-'' || *ćapkɨ- || čap- || *čopam? || - || -
| Onomatopoetic? Cf. "to chop"
|-
| "to fall"
| - || *vōčē- || - || style="color:green"| *waza- || U. vaź- || - || - || - || -
|-
| "to look"
| - || - || - || *anće- || *addź- || - || - || - || -
| ~ Fi. ais-ti?!
|-
| "to take out"
| - || - || - || *tara- || K. taral- || - || taar || - || -
| Ma. "far", H. "open"
|-
| "to unravel"
| - || '''*rūč-''' || - || style="color:red"| *ranće- || K. radź- || '''ronɟ''' "rag" || - || VVj rać-- || -
| Note Ma. *ć. Probably not ~ F. *riicci-
|-
| "to stomp"
| *tappa- || - || *tap''a''- || - || *tap- || '''top-''' || - || - || '''*təpər-'''
| F. "to kill". Onomatopoetic? EU *tuppa-
|-
| "net"
| - || - || - || - || *ka(d)ź || - || - || *koćəp || -
|- style="background:#A0FFA0"
! colspan="10"| Unclear correspondences 2: With Kh. *a-aa
|-
| "to tell"
| *sarna- || - || - || - || K. śorńi- || - || - || S. sarnaaɣ- || -
| *rn/*rń? S. *sārnō- ← F.
|-
| "to hang"
| F. takertu- || - || || - || - || - || - || V taɣraaɣtə- ~ W *taɣərLə- || Se. tokua- ?
|-
| "to climb ~ to float"
| F. kapua- || - || - || - || - || - || - || Vj kaɣaaɣəl- ~ W *xoowL- || -
| *-p- ~ *-w-?
|-
| "soul; stillborn"
| - || - || *pač''a'' || - || - || - || - || *pačaak || -
|-
| "to sink"
| - || - || - || - || - || maart- || *muur(s)- || *maraa- || -
|-
| "willow sp."
| - || - || - || - || - || malaat || - || *maɣLaaj || -
|-
| "area"
| - || - || - || - || - || taaj || - || *taɣaaj || -
|- style="background:#A0FFA0"
! colspan="10"| Unclear correspondence 3: FM *a, P. front, Ms. *a (substrate?)
|-
| "understanding"
| - || - || Er. važov || - || K. vežɤr || - || style="color:red"| *aš(tə) || style="color:red"| *ač(aam) || -
|-
| "to (let) go"
| laske- || *lōštē- || *laśk''a''- || - || *ledź- || - || CMs *loośke- ? || ''*lååskə-'' || -
| *-ə / *-a?
|-
| "membrane"
| *kalvo || style="color:red"| '''*kālɤ''' ?|| - || - || *kiľ || haaľog || *kaľəp || *kaĽ-- || -
| Note *ľ. In parts ← IE *ḱel-?
|- style="background:#A0FFA0"
! colspan="10"| Unclear correspondence 4: FM *a, Ma. *o, P. *ɨ, OU *uu ?
|-
| "2"
| *kakci || *kōktē || *kaftə || *kok || ''*kɨk'' || (keet) || (*kit) || (*kiit, käät) || (*ketä)
| EU *kettä
|- style="background:#A0FFA0"
! colspan="10"| Unclear correspondence 8: FP *a(p) ~ Ugric *o(ɣ)
|-
| "to freeze"
| *palëlë- || *pōlɤš || *palə- || - || - || style="color:red"| faɟ || ''*paaľ-'' || style="color:red"| *poojət- ||
| Cf. FSM *pala- "to burn". Note also *-l- ~ *-ľ- (*-lji?)
|-
| "dam, wall"
| NF *pato || *pōðō || - || *pat "net" || - || fal || - || *paL : *paLaa- || -
| West *paðo, East *palə. Mari per AA13, zek
|-
| "sour"
| *happami || - || *čap''a''mə; *čapaks "dough" || *šabə || - || style="color:red"| sava-, '''sooska-''' || ''*šɤɤɣ-'' || *čoɣ- ? || -
|- style="background:#A0FFA0"
! colspan="10"| Unclear correspondence 9: FM *a ~ Permic *ɤ (note *k_C!)
|-
| "to put"
| *pane- || - || *pańə- || *pańəža- || *pɤn- || - || ''*pɯn-'' || *pan- || *pɨn-
| close to *ë_ə
|-
| "bitter, to smell"
| - || *kōccɤk || *kač'''a'''də- || *kačə || U. kɤš || - || *kɤɤšɣə || '''*kɯɯč(ɯɯ)''' || *kɤčə-
| *këččə-; F. ''katkera'' better ~ ''kitkerä''.
|-
| "to bite"
| - || '''*kāckē-''' || - || *kačka- || K. gɤčkɨ- || - || - || - || -
|-
| "across"
| - || - || - || *kač || K. kɤččɤb || - || - || - || -
|- style="background:#A0FFA0"
! colspan="10"| under other vowels
|-
| "rung; pole"
| - || - || - || - || - ||style="color:red"| zaap || *šaapla || - || -
| *o_a? Ms. '''*šäp''' "pole" ← K
|-
| "piece"
| F. '''sukku''' || - || - || - || - || sak || - || *sak || -
| *u_ə??
|-
| "ski"
| - || style="color:red"| *čōjkɤ || - || - || - || - || *taj- || - || *tåj(-kə)
| S. ← IE, others *o_ə?
|-
| "to breik"
| *kacket- || - || - || '''*kŭčkeða-''' || U. kwačkal- || - || - || - || -
| Better *o_i
|-
| "shit"
| '''*paska''' || *pɤškɤ || *pəśkiźə- || *pŭškeda- || - || fos || *paaś || *poś || -
| *ô? S. → F?
|- style="background:#A0FFA0"
! colspan="10"| East only
|-
| "head"
| - || - || - || - || - || - || WE *ɤɤwt || *ååɣ- : *uuɣə- || *u(ə)kə
| NMs aaw''a'', NKh *ooŋx-. Cheshirization in Ms?
|-
| "endonym"
| - || - || - || - || - || maɟar || - || *maańć || -
| cf. megyer ~ *määńći
|-
| "tale"
| - || - || - || - || - || '''meše''' || - || *maańć- || -
|-
| "to hurry"
| - || - || - || - || - || '''sorog-''' || #surəkt || *saarək ||
|-
| "eight"
| - || - || - || - || - || ''ńolc'' || *ńalaa || *ńɯɯLəɣ || -
| *ńëla, Hu. *a > o / _lT
|-
| "long-tailed duck"
| - || - || - || - || - || - || *ɤɤŋkə || *ɯɯŋk || -
| Sami '''*hɤŋŋā''' prob substratal; NSmy '''*åt³ŋo''' unrelated
|-
| "horn; edge"
| - || - || - || - || - || - ||style="color:red"| *ɤɤńt || W *aaŋət || ''*amtə, *aŋtə''
|-
| "surface"
| - || - || - || - || - || raa, -rA || *raaŋk(aa) || - || -

|- style="background:#A0FFA0"
! colspan="10"| to be sorted
|-
| "flat"
| *lappe- || (''*lāppɤ'') || Er. lapuža ~ Mk. lapš || Hi. lap ~ Me. '''lap''' || *lååp || lap || - || style="color:green"| *ɭapsək || -
| *a-ə? S. "aside". Cf. "flat side" Check U. (UEW)
|-
| "this"
| *ta || - || - || Hi. ta ~ Me. '''ta''' || K. *too || - || - || *taa-- || *tə
| or F./Ma. from B. *ta
|-
| "staff"
| *sauva || ''*čāvŋē'' || - || - || - || - || N. su(u)w || '''*söɣ''' || -
| Kh → Ms?
|-
| "ice crust"
| - || *čōkē || - || - || - ||style="color:red"| zaj || *såj || *ćooɣ || -
| Consonants bad
|-
| "berry"
| *marja || *mōrjē || ''*maŕ'' || *mör || - || - || *maar- || *muur- ? || -
|-
| "to darken; to hide"
| - || - || - || *söste- || K. saśtɨ- || - || - || - || -
|-
| "instrument"
| - || - || Mk. kaŕźi || '''*kerəš''' || U. kɨre(d)ź || - || - || - || -
|-
| "tame"
| - || *vōń-ɤs || - || - || - || - || - || ''*aańɯɯ'' || ''*ɨńə''
| indistinct between *o_ə and *ë_a; cf. PiS ''vuotnjie'' ← *vōńē
|-
| "to touch"
| F. kajoa- || '''*kājō-''' || - || || - || - || *kaaj- || *kaaj- || -
|-
| "light"
| F. salama || - || - || - || - || - || *sɤɤl || *saL- || *sålə
|-
| "to dig"
| - || - || *kar'''a'''- || *kare- || K. kɨr- || - || - || '''*kiir-''' ? || -
| P. *kɨr- in general "to wash"
|-
| "pale"
| - || - || - || *šapə- || - || šaapad- || - || - || -
|-
| "dry place"
| *kaŋka- || - || - || *kaŋga || - || - || *kuŋkʷə ? || - || -
|-
| "sleigh"
| *ahk- || - || - || - || - || - || - || *ååɣəL || -
| Cf. Sw. ackja? TN ŋūtūʔ rather ← ŋū 'pole' (EH).
|-
| "valley"
| *lakso || '''leakšɤ''' || - || Hi. laksa || U. los(k) || - || - || - || -
|-
| "dear"
| FiKrl rakas || - || - || - || - || '''rokon''' || *raaw- || *raɣ-- || -
|Perhaps F ← Gmc *frakaz "covetous". Ms. "to let close"
|-
| "to tear"
| - || - || - || - || *oor- || aar(t)- || '''*aart-''' || *aarə- || -
|-
| "to bend"
| *tai- || '''*toajē-''' || - || - || K. tuj- || - || '''*täj-''' || '''*tɯɯj-''' || *tVj- ?
| *tajə-, *tëjə-? Check Smy.
|-
| "pond"
| F. lampi || *lōmpɤl || - ||style="color:red"| Me. lop || - || - || - || - || *lɨmpå
|-
| "older brother's wife"
| || *vōńē || *ań'''a''' || - || K. ɤńe, ońa, uńe  || aanɟ, ańa || *aańi || *ańəkɯɯ || #Vńä 
| Separate P. *ańɨ "mother-in-law"
|-
| "flat side"
| F. lapa || *lōpē || - || - || - || - || N. lop? || - || '''*ləpä'''
| Cf. "flat"
|-
| "crane"
| '''*kurki''' || *kōrkɤ || *kargə || - || - || - || - || - || '''*kərö'''
|-
| "resin"
| F. kata || NS '''kaččē''' || - || - || - || - || - || - || *kåCə
| S. *kássé ← Gmc.
|-
| "snot"
| *natta || IS '''ńetti''' || || - || - || - || - || - || style="color:red"| #nəåtə 
| maybe Smy < *ńolkə-tV??
|-
| "to shame"
| || - || Mo. '''viźďe''' || *wažəla- || U. vodźɨt- || - || - || - || -
|-
| "berry"
| - || - || - || '''*moodə''' || - || - || - || - || Ka. modo
| or Ma. ← P. *mooľɨ < *med₂V
|-
| "many; big"
| - || - || - || - || *uuna || - || - || *onə || Ng. Aniʔe
| *u?
|-
| "bed, platform"
| - || - || - || - || U. džɨdžol ~ K.džodž(-ul) || - || - || *čuuč || -
|-
| "to shake"
| - || - || - || *pačke- || K. '''pɨškɨ-''' || - || - || - || -
|-
| "to dig"
| - || - || - || - || K. kundɨ- || haań- || *kuun- || *kɯɯɳ-, O xaan- || -
| *a₂, Kh. umlaut?
|-
| "bag"
| - || - || - || - || #kuuda || - || *kuunt || *kɯɯnt : *kɯɯntɯɯ- || -
| (F. ''kontti'')
|-
| "basket"
| - || - || - || *kŭrəkš || U. kor || - || *kuurəɣ || *kɯɯr(əɣ) || *kor--
| *u-ish?
|-
| "block; dugout"
| - || - || - || - || U. ''kɨpɨ'' || - || *kɤɤp || N. *kaap || -
| *këppə/*koppə/*kuppɜ?
|-
| "milk; sap"
| *majto || - || - || - || U. mɤľ || - || - || - || -
|-
| "even; beautiful"
| - || N muoissa- || *mazə || - || - || - || - || - || -
|-
| "rotten"
| *mahe- || - || *makšə || - || - || - || - || - || -
|-
| "edge"
| *mala- || *mōlōs || *mal''a''s || - || - || - || - || - || -
| ← B
|-
| "clear weather"
| - || *mōńē || *mańəŋ || - || - || - || - || - || -
|-
| "to crawl; bridge"
| *mata- || - || Er. madamo || - || - || - || - || - || -
|-
| "to disappear, fail"
| - || - || Er. '''joma-''' ~ Mk. ''juma-' || *jama- || - || - || - || - || *jat³ma- / *jaŋkə-
| S. *jāmē- 'die' better < *jämä- 'to stiffen' (StUE3)
|-
| "to cool, cold"
| - || SS joasko- || *jakšamə || '''*jükše-''', '''*jüštə''' || - || - || - || - || -
| Es. jahtu- rather < *jȧhtü- < *jäštä-, possibly also Ma. Also OSwS ''juoskos'' "stiff" (PS *jōksō-?)
|-
| "split"
| Fi. rahko || - || *raškə || - || - || - || - || - || -
|-
| "lattice, grid"
| - || - || - || - || K. radź || raač ~ reeč || - || - || -
|-
| "hole"
| - || - || - || *(ə)raž || K. *rooź || '''reeš''', '''reš''' || - || - || -
| better *rećV, P. → Ma., and F. *riicci- here?!
|-
| "ship; pot"
| *hakci || - || *Čakš || - || - || - || - || - || -
| semantics bad
|-
| "shape"
| '''*haamV''' || (Lu. '''sjibmō''') || *Čam''a'' || - || - || - || - || - || -
| maybe S *šëmō, cf. Lu sjimer < *šëmērē (which is of no help whatsoever)
|-
| "back of knife"
| *hamara ||style="color:red"| '''*šëmērē''' || *Čov || - || - || - || - || - || -
| likely somehow ← IE *h₂aḱmor "stone, etc."
|-
| ""
| - || - || - || - || - || - || - || - || -
|}

==Rejectable==
{|
|- style="background:#FFA0A0"
! Lexeme
! Finnic !! [[Proto-Samic|Samic]] !! [[Mordvinic|Mordv.]] !! [[Mari]] !! [[Permic]] !! [[Hungarian|Hung.]] !! [[Mansi]] !! [[Khanty]] !! [[Proto-Samoyedic|Samoyedic]]
! Comments

|- style="background:#A0FFA0"
! colspan="10"| Irregularities explainable by alternate etymologies for some branches
|-
| "meadow"
| Es. '''aas''' || - || - || - || *adź  || asoo || - || - || -
| Es < *ansa, Hu < *saś- "to dry"
|-
| "woven band"
| *vakla || *vōvlē || - || - || - || - || *waaɣlap || - || -
| F & S. ← Gmc.
|-
| "bay"
| *lakci || *lōktɤ || - || - || - || - || *laak || *lok || -
| F & S. ← Baltic
|-
| "birch bark"
| style="color:red"| *tana || - || - || - || - || - || N. toont || *to₂ntəɣ || -
| F ← Sc. OUg better ~ H tidoo
|-
| "sturgeon"
| *sampi || - || - || - || - || - || style="color:red"| '''*šupəɣ''' || - || -
| Better F ← IE *stambʰ- 'pole'
|-
| "much"
| *paljo || - || - || Hi. pülä || - || - || *paal || - || *påj
| F. possibly ← Gmc, East *polə
|-
| "door bolt"
| F. sarana || - || - || - || U. dźɨrɨ ~ K. dźir || čir || - || - || -
| F. may be ← Baltic
|-
| "to stop"
| *taukot- || *tōvkō- || - || - || style="color:red"| *duugdɨ- || - || - || - || -
| F. & S. ← Gmc.
|-
| "far, long"
| *kauka(lo) || *kukkē || *kuvaka || - || - || - || - || *kooɣ || -
| F ← Gmc, S. *kāwkɤ- "stare" ← F, rest *kowVkka
|-
| "to look"
| *katso- || '''*keaččɤ-''' || - || - || K. kaźal- || - || - || - || -
| F, S. ← Gmc *gātijan-
|-
| "lot"
| *arpa || *vōrpē || - || - || - || '''orvo''' || - || - || -
| F. & S. ← Gmc *arba
|-
| "flat"
| style="color:red"| *latta-- || - || - || Hi. laptɤ- ~ Me. '''lapte''' || - || - || - || *ɬaaptək || '''*ləptå'''
| F. may be ← Gmc.
|-
| "board"
| *lauta || *lōvtē || - || - || - || - || - || - || *låtå
| F & S. ← Baltic?
|-
| "woods"
| - || E *mōjðē || || - || - || - || - || - || Sk. mačče
| Sk. instead < *məja < *mud₂a
|-
| "to throw"
| *heittä- || W *sāddē- || - || - || K šɤt- || - || - || - || -
| F. (and K.?) ← #šäjV-ttä- ← preGmc *sēja-; S. ← Sc. senda-
|-
| "ax"
| *tahko || - || - || *toš || ''*tɨš(k-)'' || - || - || - || -
| ← II *takš-. F. "grindstone" may be unrelated
|-
| "coarse"
| *karkeda || - || - || - || *gɨreś || - || - || - || -
| S. *kārkkē ← F. ← Gmc *hargaz.
|-
| "asp"
| '''*haapa''' || '''*sūpē''' || - || *šapke || - || - || - || - || -
| ← Gmc *asp- with metathesis?!
|-
| "branch"
| *hanka || - || - || - || - || aag || *tɤɤɣ || *ɬaɣɯɯ || -
| F. ← Gmc. Cf. ''honka'' here?
|-
| "to be able"
| *mahta- || - || *maštə- || ''*mɤšte-'' || - || - || ''*mučt-'' || style="color:red"| *mač(t)ə- || -
| OU may be ← Ru мочь-, Mo/Ma ← F ← Gmc *maxtiz
|-
| "river; mud"
| - || - || *rav(ə) "Volga"|| - || - || - || - || *roɣə || -
| Mo. ← II (F. rapa ← Gmc *draba)
|-
| "dead; dry (of cow)"
| *mardas || - || - || - || *muur || - || - || - || -
| F. ← II
|-
| "old"
| *vanha || - || - || - || #vooɜž || - || - || - || -
| P. ← B. *wetuša (ment'd in 6UE)
|-
| "stiff"
| *tankeda || - || Mk. taŋgəda || *tü̆ŋe- || - || - || - || - || -
| Also S ''toaŋkē'' (not **toaggē!) Mari may be ← Turkic
|-
| "cheap"
| style="color:red"| *halpa || - || - || style="color:red"| '''*šulðɤ''' || - || - || - || - || -
| F. ← Gmc *salwa ?
|-
| "to gro"
| *kasva- || - || *kasə- || style="color:red"| '''*kuška-''' || - || - || - || - || -
| F. & Mo. ← IE *h₂awks-? H. hason "use, advantage" rather from "to present"
|-
| "metal"
| *vaski || ''veaškē'' || *uśkɜ || *waž || U. -veś ~ K. -ɨś || vaš || '''*wüš''' || *waɣ || *wasa
| Messy Wanderwort
|-
| "shaft"
| *varci || - || - || *wu/ŭrðə || - || - || - || - || -
| ← B?
|-
| "joint; twin; center"
| *jama || *jōmēč || Er. jav || - || - || - || - || - || -
| better F, S ← IE (separately), Er. ← *jëka-
|-
| "to stretch; to spread"
| - || '''*rāččë-''' || *rać''a''kadə- || - || - || - || - || - || -
| better S ← Sc *braidja-
|-
| "woman"
| √naa- || - || - || - || - || naas || '''*näji''' || '''*nääj''' ? || -
| F. ← IE *gʷnah₂-, OU ← *näjə
|- style="background:#A0FFA0"
! colspan="10"| Too sparse & irregular
|-
| "skis"
| - || style="color:red"| SS. laabje || - || - || - || - || - || E. lump || Ne. lampa
| No other words.
|-
| "to fall apart"
| - || - || - || - || K. gɨlal- || - || N kuulat- || W *kooɭ-- || -
| probably loans in OUg.
|-
| "to graze"
| - || *kōtō- || - || - || - || - || - || - || '''*kətå-'''
|-
| "fishing gear"
| - || - || - || mača ? || - || - || - || - || Se. maaše-
|-
| "stomach"
| *vacca || - || - || - || - || - || N. '''waś''' || - || -
| Weak (suggests PMs '''*wäć'''). Fi. → S. ''*vāttē''. Mo. *vaćə "dirt" semantically bad
|-
| "to go"
| - || - || *jak''a''- || - || - || iktat- || - || - || -
|-
| "pine forest"
| - || - || - || - || style="color:red"| *jag || - || - || *jaaɣəm || -
| Ma *jäktə ~ Chuv. jaxtə;. Maybe Kh ← P, < *jäŋkä or ← IE *ǵʰeng-?? Cf. EU #jëKə 'pine'
|-
| "to write"
| - || - || - || - || - || iir(o)- || - || '''*jee₁rii-''' || -
|- style="background:#A0FFA0"
! colspan="10"| Messy crap
|-
| "beginning"
| F. alka- || *vōlkē- || - || - || - || - || style="color:red"| *aawəl || style="color:red"| *aaləŋ || '''*olə-'''
| Cf. *ole- "to be" ?
|-
| "armpit"
|style="color:red"| *kainalɜ ||style="color:red"| '''kājŋēl''' || Mk. kaval || *koŋla || *kuun || hoon || *kalna || style="color:red"| *konəŋ || #kali ? (En. seeri)
| Veps kaimal
|-
| "nits"
| Fi. saivar; Es. saere || style="color:red"| '''čīvrōs''' ||style="color:red"| *śarkə || *šarkeń(ć)e || style="color:red"| '''*śerel''' || - || N. seeri ? || E. sɯr ? || Ka. šurijar ?
| might be two items?
|-
| "gull"
| *kajaka || '''kājēkē''' || - || - || K. '''gaďa''' || - || ''*kajik'' || - || Ne. ''ho''
| Substrate word? Cf. "beaver"
|-
| "crow"
| *vari/eks || style="color:red"| *vōrččē || *varś/ćəŋ || - || - || style="color:red"| varjuu : varja- || N. uurin || style="color:red"| W *warŋaaj, E ''*wuurŋɯɯ'' || ''*wårä''
| Unreconstructible consonantism, onomatopoetic? Ne. *wərŋæ ← Kh?
|-
| "painted"
| - || - || - || Me. '''pač''' || U. pužɨ || - || - || - || style="color:red"| *påtå
|-
| "fly"
| '''*kärpänen''' || - || *karvə || Me. '''karme''' || - || - || - || - || -
|-
| "vessel"
| F. saima || - || *śuma, Er. śima || - || U. śumɨk || - || - || *sooma ? || Sk. somma ?
| Semantics all over the place.
|}

Proto-Uralic/distribution

2018-03-15T19:41:18Z

Tropylium: /* Missing in 2 branches */ +1 upgraded

==Missing in 0-1 branches==
(73 roots)

{| class="wikitable"
|-
! colspan="2"| Found in all branches
|-
|
* pronouns: '''*ku-''' 'who', '''*me-''' '1PP', '''*mi-''' 'what', '''*minä''' ¹ '1PS', '''*to''' 'that'
* basic verbs: '''*elä-''' ² 'to live', '''*kalə-''' 'to die', '''*kad₂a-''' 'to disappear', '''*ńalə-''' 'to lick', '''*ńälə-''' 'to swallow', '''*puna-''' 'to plait', '''*ujə-''' 'to swim'
* body parts: '''*künčə''' ³ 'nail', '''*mëksa''' 'liver', '''*sënə''' 'vein', '''*sülə''' 'bosom', '''*śilmä''' 'eye', '''*śɜd₁äm(ə)''' 'heart'
* other nouns: '''*ëla''' 'low', '''*nimə''' 'name', '''*ńëlə''' 'arrow', '''*ńërə''' 'moist/wet', '''*pälä''' ⁴ 'half', '''*pesä''' 'nest', '''*purkə''' ⁵ 'smoke/blizzard', '''#wäśkä''' 'metal'
* etc: '''*kuma-''' 'overturned', '''#kɜk/ttA''' '2', '''#wittə''' '5'
|
# Ms. *äm, Hu. ''én'' questionable
# Mo. *eŕa- irregular
# Smy. *kəčä irregular
# S. *pealē irregular
# Hu. ''forr'' 'to boil' questionable
|-
! colspan="2"| Found everywhere except Samoyedic
|-
|
* numerals: '''#kormɜ''' '3', '''#kuwtə''' '6', '''*neljä''' '4', '''*śëta''' '100'
* others: '''*jäŋə''' 'ice', '''*jećə''' ¹ 'soul', '''*kälä-''' 'to wade', '''*kätə''' 'hand', '''*keččä''' ² 'ring', '''*kerə''' 'bark', '''#kuwlə-''' 'to hear', '''*tälwə''' 'winter', '''*sükśə''' 'autumn', '''*śarw/pə''' ³ 'horn', '''*wajə''' 'butter', '''*wäkə''' 'power', '''*werə''' 'blood', '''*wɜd₁ɜm''' 'marrow'
| ¹ K. ''ać'' unclear
² Mo. ''či'' 'sun' unclear
³ Ms/Kh 'elk' unclear
|-
! colspan="2"| Found everywhere except Khanty
|-
| '''*lämə''' 'broth', '''*wetə''' ¹ 'water'
| ¹ S. ''*vëcë'' 'newly fallen snow' questionable
|-
! colspan="2"| Found everywhere except Hungarian
|-
| '''#kowsə''' 'spruce', '''*kärə-''' 'to wrap', '''*d₂ëmə''' 'bird cherry', '''*poŋə''' 'bosom', '''*porə-''' 'to bite', '''*wü/ilɜ''' 'upper'
|-
! colspan="2"| Found everywhere except Permic
|-
| '''*joŋsə''' 'bow', '''*kala''' 'fish', '''*konta''' 'group', '''*muna''' 'egg', '''*śinśä''' ¹ 'inside'
| ¹ Kh. *ćuućii unclear
|-
! colspan="2"| Found everywhere except Mari
|-
| '''*pelə-''' 'to fear', '''*tulka''' ¹ 'feather', '''*tu/üd₂kA''' 'prod'
| ¹ F. ''*sulka''?!
|-
! colspan="2"| Found everywhere except Mordvinic
|-
| '''*kunśə'''(-) '(to) pee', '''*menə-''' 'to go', '''*pončə''' 'tail', '''#sɜja''' 'sleeve'¹, '''*śälə-''' 'to cut'
| ¹ F. ''hija'' unclear
|-
! colspan="2"| Found everywhere except Finnic
|-
| '''*ipsə/ä-''' '(to) smell', '''#sejə''' 'pus'
| ¹ Mo. unclear
|-
! colspan="2"| Found everywhere except Samic
|-
| '''*küńä''' 'elbow', '''*piŋə''' ¹ 'tooth', '''*walə-''' 'to be'
| ¹ Smy. *pəj 'flint' unclear
|}

{| class="wikitable"
|+ Totals
|-
! S !! F !! Mo !! Ma !! P !! H !! Ms !! Kh !! Smy
|-
| 70 || 70 || 67 || 69 || 67 || 66 || 72 || 71 || 54
|}

==Missing in 2 branches==
(65 roots)

{| class="wikitable"
|-
! !! Finnic !! Mordvinic !! Mari !! Permic !! Hungarian !! Mansi !! Khanty !! Samoyedic
|-
! Samic
| '''*kuńa-''' 'to blink' || '''*täwd₁ə''' 'full' (Ma. irreg.) || '''*sewə-''' 'to eat' || '''*kompa''' 'wave'
| '''*lowə''' 'bone' '''*pAnə-''' 'to put' '''*śača-''' 'to grow' || ||
| '''*kiwə''' 'stone' '''*sula-''' 'to melt'
|-
! Finnic
| style="background:lightgray"|
| || '''*ëńa''' 'aunt' '''*soŋə-''' 'to go thru' || '''*këččə''' 'bitter' '''*ńërə''' 'cartilage' (if not = 'moist') || || '''*oŋə''' 'mouth' (?) ||
| '''*mälkə''' 'breast' '''*peljä''' 'ear'
|-
! Mordv.
| colspan="2" style="background:lightgray"|
| '''*mińä''' 'dtr-in-law' '''*pura''' 'bore' '''*pušə-''' 'to blow'
| '''*ëppə''' 'pa-in-law' '''*śojə(-)''' '(to) sound' '''*śowə''' 'mouth' || '''*suxə-''' 'to row' '''*sɜnśɜ-''' 'to stand' || || '''*jɜxə-''' 'to drink'
| '''*puća-''' 'to squeeze' (Ma. irreg.) '''*särä''' 'root'
|-
! Mari
| colspan="3" style="background:lightgray"|
| '''*nüd₁ə''' 'handle' (H. irreg.) '''*pala''' 'bit'
| '''*enä''' 'big' (P. irreg.) '''*jëka-''' 'to divide' '''*karə''' 'crust' '''*kälə''' 'tongue' '''*mexə-''' 'to sell' '''#näjə''' 'girl, woman'
| '''*kulkə-''' 'to go' ||
| '''*ćäŋkə-''' 'to cut' (Mo. irreg.) '''#kiśkä-''' 'to rip' '''*kulə-''' 'to run out' '''*näkə-''' 'to see' '''*omtə''' 'cavity' '''*śëlka''' 'pole' '''*ü/ejə''' 'night'
|-
! Permic
| colspan="4" style="background:lightgray"|
| '''*kanta-''' 'to carry' '''*sala-''' 'to steal' '''*śüdₓə''' 'coal' || '''#wiŋü''' 'son-in-law' (messy!) || || '''*pućka''' 'shit' (F. irreg.) '''*wëlka-''' 'to leave'
|-
! Hung.
| colspan="5" style="background:lightgray"|
| '''*ëkta-''' 'to put' || '''#kośkə''' 'dry' '''*śečä''' 'uncle'
| '''*śepä''' 'neck' '''*śëmə''' 'scales' '''*śod₁(ka)''' 'goldeneye' '''*śülkə''' 'spit'
|-
! Mansi
| colspan="6" style="background:lightgray"|
| '''*kajwa-''' 'to dig' (S. irreg.) '''*lomə''' 'snow' (H. q:ble) '''*te-''' '2PP' '''*tinä''' '2PS' '''*wod₂ə''' 'new'
| '''*kota''' 'house' '''*pilwə''' 'cloud' '''*śalə''' 'intestine' (H. q:ble)
|-
! Khanty
| colspan="7" style="background:lightgray"|
| '''*miŋä''' 'behind'
|}

{| class="wikitable"
|+ Total missing
|-
! S !! F !! Mo !! Ma !! P !! H !! Ms !! Kh !! Smy
|-
| 9 || 8 || 12 || 22 || 14 || 21 || 12 || 9 || 23
|}

{| class="wikitable"
|+ Correlations
|-
! !! F !! Mo !! Ma !! P !! H !! Ms !! Kh !! Smy
|-
! S
| 1 || 1 || 1 || 1 || 3 || 0 || 0 || 2
|-
! F
| style="background:lightgrey"|
| 0 || 2 || 2 || 0 || 1 || 0 || 2
|-
! Mo
| style="background:lightgrey" colspan="2"|
| 3 || 3 || 2 || 0 || 1 || 2
|-
! Ma
| style="background:lightgrey" colspan="3"|
| 2 || 6 || 1 || 0 || 7
|-
! P
| style="background:lightgrey" colspan="4"|
| 3 || 1 || 0 || 2
|-
! H
| style="background:lightgrey" colspan="5"|
| 1 || 2 || 4
|-
! Ms
| style="background:lightgrey" colspan="6"|
| 5 || 3
|-
! Kh
| style="background:lightgrey" colspan="7"|
| 1
|}

==Missing in 3 branches==
(68 roots)

{|
|-
|
* '''*ad₁əma''' 'sleep' (S F Smy)
* '''*kojəra''' 'male animal', '''*sälɜ-''' 'to load', '''*warə''' 'mountain' (S Mo Ma)
* '''*pata''' 'pot' (S Mo P)
* '''*kütkə-''' 'to tie' (S Mo Kh)
* '''*kama''' 'crust' (messy!), '''*üćä''' 'small' (S Mo Kh)
* '''*täjə''' 'louse' (S Mo Smy)
* '''*šiŋərə''' 'mouse' (S Ma Smy)
* '''*ń/nükə-''' 'to pull', '''*totkə''' 'tench' (S P Kh)
* '''*aśkəl''' 'step' (S H Kh)
* '''*käjä''' 'moth', '''*pićlä''' ~ '''*pećrä''' 'rowan', '''*śawə''' 'clay' (S H Smy)
* '''#küjə(wä)''' 'adder', '''*mośkə-''' 'to wash' (S Ms Kh)
* '''*jorə-''' 'to go round' (F Mo Ma; H. q:ble)
* '''*ńëkćəm''' 'gills', '''*wanča-''' 'to go carefully' (F Mo H)
* '''#läpd₁ä''' 'spleen' (F Mo Ms)
* '''*soskə-''' 'to chew', '''*ulkə''' 'pole' (F Ma H)
* '''*küjə-''' 'to follow' (F Ma Smy)
* '''*čaŋa-''' 'to hit', '''*këččɜ''' 'rotten' (F P H)
* '''*närə''' 'nose' (F H Ms)
* '''*panča-''' 'to open' (F H Smy)
* '''*ćappa-''' 'to hit' (F Kh Smy)
* '''#kïra-''' 'to curse', '''*woča''' 'fish trap' (Mo Ma P)
* '''*käwd₁ə''' 'rope', '''*parwə''' 'raft' (Mo Ma H)
* '''*kixə-''' 'to rut', '''*(ń)imə-''' 'to suck' (Mo Ma Ms)
* '''*wolka''' 'shoulder' (Mo Ma Kh)
* '''*kod₁(wa)''' 'while', '''*kolɜ''' 'hole', '''*lewlə''' 'soul', '''#wïča-''' 'to scrape' (Mo Ma Smy)
* '''*ëptə''' 'hair' (Mo P H)
* '''#lïntɜ''' 'bird' (Mo P Smy)
* '''*pud₂a-''' 'to break', '''*siwə''' 'year ring' (Mo H Kh; S. irreg.)
* '''*läppä''' 'cover', '''*śänä''' ~ '''*śenä''' 'mushroom' (Mo H Smy)
* '''#üwä''' 'belt' (Mo Ms Kh)
* '''*kurɜ''' 'cleft' (Mo Ms Smy)
* '''*mu-''' 'other' (Mo Kh Smy)
* '''*toxə-''' 'to bring' (Ma P H)
* '''*tekə-''' 'to do' (Ma P Smy)
* '''*kälü''' 'sis-in-law', '''*šarəwa''' 'dry' (Ma H Ms)
* '''*kačka-''' 'to bite', '''*laśkɜ-''' 'to let go', '''*tarkə-''' 'to tremble' (Ma H Smy)
* '''*säppä''' 'gall', '''*päŋə''' 'head', '''*waja-''' 'to sink' (Ma Kh Smy)
* '''*marja''' 'berry' (P H Smy)
* '''*ićä''' 'father; big' (P Kh Smy)
* '''*no-''' 'those', '''*ora''' 'squirrel', '''*pečä''' 'pine', '''tulə''' 'fire' (H Ms Kh)
* '''*läktə-''' 'to depart' (H Ms Smy)
* '''*loŋə-''' 'to throw' (messy!), '''*penä''' 'dog' (Ms Kh Smy)
| width="15"|
| valign="top"|
{| class="wikitable"
|+ Total missing
|-
! S !! F !! Mo !! Ma !! P !! H !! Ms !! Kh !! Smy
|-
| 18 || 13 || 32 || 29 || 13 || 31 || 17 || 24 || 30
|}

{| class="wikitable"
|+ Correlations
|-
! !! F !! Mo !! Ma !! P !! H !! Ms !! Kh !! Smy
|-
! S
| 1 || 8 || 4 || 3 || 4 || 2 || 8 || 6
|-
! F
| style="background:lightgrey"|
| 4 || 4 || 2 || 8 || 2 || 1 || 4
|-
! Mo
| style="background:lightgrey" colspan="2"|
| 15 || 5 || 9 || 5 || 8 || 10
|-
! Ma
| style="background:lightgrey" colspan="3"|
| 4 || 10 || 4 || 4 || 13
|-
! P
| style="background:lightgrey" colspan="4"|
| 5 || 0 || 3 || 4
|-
! H
| style="background:lightgrey" colspan="5"|
| 8 || 7 || 11
|-
! Ms
| style="background:lightgrey" colspan="6"|
| 9 || 4
|-
! Kh
| style="background:lightgrey" colspan="7"|
| 8
|}

|}

Proto-Uralic/distribution

2018-03-15T19:39:12Z

Tropylium: /* Missing in 3 branches */

==Missing in 0-1 branches==
(73 roots)

{| class="wikitable"
|-
! colspan="2"| Found in all branches
|-
|
* pronouns: '''*ku-''' 'who', '''*me-''' '1PP', '''*mi-''' 'what', '''*minä''' ¹ '1PS', '''*to''' 'that'
* basic verbs: '''*elä-''' ² 'to live', '''*kalə-''' 'to die', '''*kad₂a-''' 'to disappear', '''*ńalə-''' 'to lick', '''*ńälə-''' 'to swallow', '''*puna-''' 'to plait', '''*ujə-''' 'to swim'
* body parts: '''*künčə''' ³ 'nail', '''*mëksa''' 'liver', '''*sënə''' 'vein', '''*sülə''' 'bosom', '''*śilmä''' 'eye', '''*śɜd₁äm(ə)''' 'heart'
* other nouns: '''*ëla''' 'low', '''*nimə''' 'name', '''*ńëlə''' 'arrow', '''*ńërə''' 'moist/wet', '''*pälä''' ⁴ 'half', '''*pesä''' 'nest', '''*purkə''' ⁵ 'smoke/blizzard', '''#wäśkä''' 'metal'
* etc: '''*kuma-''' 'overturned', '''#kɜk/ttA''' '2', '''#wittə''' '5'
|
# Ms. *äm, Hu. ''én'' questionable
# Mo. *eŕa- irregular
# Smy. *kəčä irregular
# S. *pealē irregular
# Hu. ''forr'' 'to boil' questionable
|-
! colspan="2"| Found everywhere except Samoyedic
|-
|
* numerals: '''#kormɜ''' '3', '''#kuwtə''' '6', '''*neljä''' '4', '''*śëta''' '100'
* others: '''*jäŋə''' 'ice', '''*jećə''' ¹ 'soul', '''*kälä-''' 'to wade', '''*kätə''' 'hand', '''*keččä''' ² 'ring', '''*kerə''' 'bark', '''#kuwlə-''' 'to hear', '''*tälwə''' 'winter', '''*sükśə''' 'autumn', '''*śarw/pə''' ³ 'horn', '''*wajə''' 'butter', '''*wäkə''' 'power', '''*werə''' 'blood', '''*wɜd₁ɜm''' 'marrow'
| ¹ K. ''ać'' unclear
² Mo. ''či'' 'sun' unclear
³ Ms/Kh 'elk' unclear
|-
! colspan="2"| Found everywhere except Khanty
|-
| '''*lämə''' 'broth', '''*wetə''' ¹ 'water'
| ¹ S. ''*vëcë'' 'newly fallen snow' questionable
|-
! colspan="2"| Found everywhere except Hungarian
|-
| '''#kowsə''' 'spruce', '''*kärə-''' 'to wrap', '''*d₂ëmə''' 'bird cherry', '''*poŋə''' 'bosom', '''*porə-''' 'to bite', '''*wü/ilɜ''' 'upper'
|-
! colspan="2"| Found everywhere except Permic
|-
| '''*joŋsə''' 'bow', '''*kala''' 'fish', '''*konta''' 'group', '''*muna''' 'egg', '''*śinśä''' ¹ 'inside'
| ¹ Kh. *ćuućii unclear
|-
! colspan="2"| Found everywhere except Mari
|-
| '''*pelə-''' 'to fear', '''*tulka''' ¹ 'feather', '''*tu/üd₂kA''' 'prod'
| ¹ F. ''*sulka''?!
|-
! colspan="2"| Found everywhere except Mordvinic
|-
| '''*kunśə'''(-) '(to) pee', '''*menə-''' 'to go', '''*pončə''' 'tail', '''#sɜja''' 'sleeve'¹, '''*śälə-''' 'to cut'
| ¹ F. ''hija'' unclear
|-
! colspan="2"| Found everywhere except Finnic
|-
| '''*ipsə/ä-''' '(to) smell', '''#sejə''' 'pus'
| ¹ Mo. unclear
|-
! colspan="2"| Found everywhere except Samic
|-
| '''*küńä''' 'elbow', '''*piŋə''' ¹ 'tooth', '''*walə-''' 'to be'
| ¹ Smy. *pəj 'flint' unclear
|}

{| class="wikitable"
|+ Totals
|-
! S !! F !! Mo !! Ma !! P !! H !! Ms !! Kh !! Smy
|-
| 70 || 70 || 67 || 69 || 67 || 66 || 72 || 71 || 54
|}

==Missing in 2 branches==
(64 roots)

{| class="wikitable"
|-
! !! Finnic !! Mordvinic !! Mari !! Permic !! Hungarian !! Mansi !! Khanty !! Samoyedic
|-
! Samic
| '''*kuńa-''' 'to blink' || '''*täwd₁ə''' 'full' (Ma. irreg.) || '''*sewə-''' 'to eat' || '''*kompa''' 'wave'
| '''*lowə''' 'bone' '''*pAnə-''' 'to put' '''*śača-''' 'to grow' || ||
| '''*kiwə''' 'stone' '''*sula-''' 'to melt'
|-
! Finnic
| style="background:lightgray"|
| || '''*ëńa''' 'aunt' '''*soŋə-''' 'to go thru' || '''*këččə''' 'bitter' '''*ńërə''' 'cartilage' (if not = 'moist') || || '''*oŋə''' 'mouth' (?) ||
| '''*mälkə''' 'breast' '''*peljä''' 'ear'
|-
! Mordv.
| colspan="2" style="background:lightgray"|
| '''*mińä''' 'dtr-in-law' '''*pura''' 'bore' '''*pušə-''' 'to blow'
| '''*ëppə''' 'pa-in-law' '''*śojə(-)''' '(to) sound' '''*śowə''' 'mouth' || '''*suxə-''' 'to row' '''*sɜnśɜ-''' 'to stand' || || '''*jɜxə-''' 'to drink'
| '''*puća-''' 'to squeeze' (Ma. irreg.) '''*särä''' 'root'
|-
! Mari
| colspan="3" style="background:lightgray"|
| '''*nüd₁ə''' 'handle' (H. irreg.) '''*pala''' 'bit'
| '''*enä''' 'big' (P. irreg.) '''*jëka-''' 'to divide' '''*karə''' 'crust' '''*kälə''' 'tongue' '''*mexə-''' 'to sell' '''#näjə''' 'girl, woman'
| '''*kulkə-''' 'to go' ||
| '''*ćäŋkə-''' 'to cut' (Mo. irreg.) '''#kiśkä-''' 'to rip' '''*kulə-''' 'to run out' '''*näkə-''' 'to see' '''*omtə''' 'cavity' '''*śëlka''' 'pole' '''*ü/ejə''' 'night'
|-
! Permic
| colspan="4" style="background:lightgray"|
| '''*kanta-''' 'to carry' '''*sala-''' 'to steal' '''*śüdₓə''' 'coal' || '''#wiŋü''' 'son-in-law' (messy!) || || '''*pućka''' 'shit' (F. irreg.) '''*wëlka-''' 'to leave'
|-
! Hung.
| colspan="5" style="background:lightgray"|
| '''*ëkta-''' 'to put' || '''#kośkə''' 'dry' '''*śečä''' 'uncle'
| '''*śepä''' 'neck' '''*śëmə''' 'scales' '''*śod₁(ka)''' 'goldeneye' '''*śülkə''' 'spit'
|-
! Mansi
| colspan="6" style="background:lightgray"|
| '''*kajwa-''' 'to dig' (S. irreg.) '''*lomə''' 'snow' (H. q:ble) '''*te-''' '2PP' '''*tinä''' '2PS'
| '''*kota''' 'house' '''*pilwə''' 'cloud' '''*śalə''' 'intestine' (H. q:ble)
|-
! Khanty
| colspan="7" style="background:lightgray"|
| '''*miŋä''' 'behind'
|}

{| class="wikitable"
|+ Total missing
|-
! S !! F !! Mo !! Ma !! P !! H !! Ms !! Kh !! Smy
|-
| 9 || 8 || 12 || 22 || 14 || 21 || 11 || 8 || 23
|}

{| class="wikitable"
|+ Correlations
|-
! !! F !! Mo !! Ma !! P !! H !! Ms !! Kh !! Smy
|-
! S
| 1 || 1 || 1 || 1 || 3 || 0 || 0 || 2
|-
! F
| style="background:lightgrey"|
| 0 || 2 || 2 || 0 || 1 || 0 || 2
|-
! Mo
| style="background:lightgrey" colspan="2"|
| 3 || 3 || 2 || 0 || 1 || 2
|-
! Ma
| style="background:lightgrey" colspan="3"|
| 2 || 6 || 1 || 0 || 7
|-
! P
| style="background:lightgrey" colspan="4"|
| 3 || 1 || 0 || 2
|-
! H
| style="background:lightgrey" colspan="5"|
| 1 || 2 || 4
|-
! Ms
| style="background:lightgrey" colspan="6"|
| 4 || 3
|-
! Kh
| style="background:lightgrey" colspan="7"|
| 1
|}

==Missing in 3 branches==
(68 roots)

{|
|-
|
* '''*ad₁əma''' 'sleep' (S F Smy)
* '''*kojəra''' 'male animal', '''*sälɜ-''' 'to load', '''*warə''' 'mountain' (S Mo Ma)
* '''*pata''' 'pot' (S Mo P)
* '''*kütkə-''' 'to tie' (S Mo Kh)
* '''*kama''' 'crust' (messy!), '''*üćä''' 'small' (S Mo Kh)
* '''*täjə''' 'louse' (S Mo Smy)
* '''*šiŋərə''' 'mouse' (S Ma Smy)
* '''*ń/nükə-''' 'to pull', '''*totkə''' 'tench' (S P Kh)
* '''*aśkəl''' 'step' (S H Kh)
* '''*käjä''' 'moth', '''*pićlä''' ~ '''*pećrä''' 'rowan', '''*śawə''' 'clay' (S H Smy)
* '''#küjə(wä)''' 'adder', '''*mośkə-''' 'to wash' (S Ms Kh)
* '''*jorə-''' 'to go round' (F Mo Ma; H. q:ble)
* '''*ńëkćəm''' 'gills', '''*wanča-''' 'to go carefully' (F Mo H)
* '''#läpd₁ä''' 'spleen' (F Mo Ms)
* '''*soskə-''' 'to chew', '''*ulkə''' 'pole' (F Ma H)
* '''*küjə-''' 'to follow' (F Ma Smy)
* '''*čaŋa-''' 'to hit', '''*këččɜ''' 'rotten' (F P H)
* '''*närə''' 'nose' (F H Ms)
* '''*panča-''' 'to open' (F H Smy)
* '''*ćappa-''' 'to hit' (F Kh Smy)
* '''#kïra-''' 'to curse', '''*woča''' 'fish trap' (Mo Ma P)
* '''*käwd₁ə''' 'rope', '''*parwə''' 'raft' (Mo Ma H)
* '''*kixə-''' 'to rut', '''*(ń)imə-''' 'to suck' (Mo Ma Ms)
* '''*wolka''' 'shoulder' (Mo Ma Kh)
* '''*kod₁(wa)''' 'while', '''*kolɜ''' 'hole', '''*lewlə''' 'soul', '''#wïča-''' 'to scrape' (Mo Ma Smy)
* '''*ëptə''' 'hair' (Mo P H)
* '''#lïntɜ''' 'bird' (Mo P Smy)
* '''*pud₂a-''' 'to break', '''*siwə''' 'year ring' (Mo H Kh; S. irreg.)
* '''*läppä''' 'cover', '''*śänä''' ~ '''*śenä''' 'mushroom' (Mo H Smy)
* '''#üwä''' 'belt' (Mo Ms Kh)
* '''*kurɜ''' 'cleft' (Mo Ms Smy)
* '''*mu-''' 'other' (Mo Kh Smy)
* '''*toxə-''' 'to bring' (Ma P H)
* '''*tekə-''' 'to do' (Ma P Smy)
* '''*kälü''' 'sis-in-law', '''*šarəwa''' 'dry' (Ma H Ms)
* '''*kačka-''' 'to bite', '''*laśkɜ-''' 'to let go', '''*tarkə-''' 'to tremble' (Ma H Smy)
* '''*säppä''' 'gall', '''*päŋə''' 'head', '''*waja-''' 'to sink' (Ma Kh Smy)
* '''*marja''' 'berry' (P H Smy)
* '''*ićä''' 'father; big' (P Kh Smy)
* '''*no-''' 'those', '''*ora''' 'squirrel', '''*pečä''' 'pine', '''tulə''' 'fire' (H Ms Kh)
* '''*läktə-''' 'to depart' (H Ms Smy)
* '''*loŋə-''' 'to throw' (messy!), '''*penä''' 'dog' (Ms Kh Smy)
| width="15"|
| valign="top"|
{| class="wikitable"
|+ Total missing
|-
! S !! F !! Mo !! Ma !! P !! H !! Ms !! Kh !! Smy
|-
| 18 || 13 || 32 || 29 || 13 || 31 || 17 || 24 || 30
|}

{| class="wikitable"
|+ Correlations
|-
! !! F !! Mo !! Ma !! P !! H !! Ms !! Kh !! Smy
|-
! S
| 1 || 8 || 4 || 3 || 4 || 2 || 8 || 6
|-
! F
| style="background:lightgrey"|
| 4 || 4 || 2 || 8 || 2 || 1 || 4
|-
! Mo
| style="background:lightgrey" colspan="2"|
| 15 || 5 || 9 || 5 || 8 || 10
|-
! Ma
| style="background:lightgrey" colspan="3"|
| 4 || 10 || 4 || 4 || 13
|-
! P
| style="background:lightgrey" colspan="4"|
| 5 || 0 || 3 || 4
|-
! H
| style="background:lightgrey" colspan="5"|
| 8 || 7 || 11
|-
! Ms
| style="background:lightgrey" colspan="6"|
| 9 || 4
|-
! Kh
| style="background:lightgrey" colspan="7"|
| 8
|}

|}

Proto-Uralic/O

2018-03-15T18:31:58Z

Tropylium: /* *o_ə */

==PU *a_ə==
{|
|- style="background:#FFA0A0"
! Lexeme
! [[Finnish|Finnic]] !! [[Proto-Samic|Samic]] !! [[Mordvinic|Mordv.]] !! [[Mari]] !! [[Permic]] !! [[Hungarian|Hung.]] !! [[Mansi]] !! [[Khanty]] !! [[Proto-Samoyedic|Samoy.]]
! Comments
|- style="background:#A0FFA0"
! colspan="10"| *a_ə type 1: F. *a_i, S. *oa_ē (!), Mo. *u(CCə), Ma. *u, P. *uu, Ms. *aaC/aCC, Kh. *a (~ *oo), Smy. *å(CCə)
| default
|-
| "to be"
| ''*olë-'' || - ||style="color:green"| *uľə- || '''*ŭla-''' || *vɤɤl(ɨ)- || val- ||style="color:red"| *aal- || E *waL- ~ W *ooL- ||style="color:red"| *åə-
| P. *wa- > *wo-, F. unstressed shortening? Hu. *alT > olT (volt)
|-
| "gadfly"
| (*parma) || *poar''ō'' || *purəmə || (*parmə) || - || - || - || (O. puurəm) || -
| *parə, *parma; cf. "sleep". F. ''paarma'' (_rN?)
|-
| "to tremble"
| *tarkënë- "to stay warm" || *toarkēstē- || *turgəďə- || - || K. tural- || - || N. toorɣ- || *ta('''a''')rəɣ- || -
|-
| "raft"
| *parvi || *poarē(vē) || - || - || *puurj || - || *paara || *parə || *pårV
| Smy ← OU?
|-
| "flock"
| *parvi || - || - || - || - || - || - || *parə || -
| Same root as prev.?
|-
| "clay"
| *savi || - || ''*śovəń'' || *šun || K. śun || - || style="color:red"| '''*suwľ''' || *saɣɯɯ || -
| Mo. > *-ow- > *-uw-. Kh. < *-əj.
|-
| "cold weather"
| - || *joasō || - || *juž || U. juz || - || - || - || *jat
| Smy > *a / Ć_. Cf. also SS juoskos ~ joåskos "cold"
|-
| "group"
| '''*ko/unta''' || '''*kontē''' || Mk. '''końďä''' || - || - || had(a-) || *kaant || *kantəɣ || *kåntə
| WU contam. with Gmc *hundra?
|-
| "willow"
| *paju || ''*poajōi'' || - || - || style="color:red"| '''*baď''' || faɟal(o-) || - || - || style="color:red"| '''*päwə'''
| S. *oa per -o? Not to be conflated with *pojə "aspen"
|-
| "horn"
| *sarvi || *čoarvē || *śurə || *šur || *śuur || sarv(a-) || *saarəp || '''*ćärpə''' || -
| ← II, Ug. separately?
|-
| "to go thru"
| - || *soaŋē- || Er. ''sova-'' ~ Mo. ''suva-'' || - || U. zum- ~ K. sun- || av- || '''*tuu-''' || *ɬaŋ- || '''*tüj-'''
| Mo. *oŋ → oŋ
|-
| "bend"
| - || NS moagge || - || - || '''*mög''' || - || ''*muuɣəl'' || *makəL || -
| *maŋkə-la > *ma(ŋ)kla in pre-Ms?
|-
| "tin, lead"
| - || - || - || *wulnə || - || ''oon(o-)'' || *alən || ''*ooLnaa'' || -
| H. *alT > *olT, *Vln > VVn. Cf. WU *wala- 'to pour'
|-
| "to want"
|style="color:red"| *hapi-- || - || - || - || - || - || *taŋk- || *ɬaŋkaa- || -
| *šaŋə- with F. analogical *v > p?? F. *soo- "to grant" ← *suwa- ← II.
|-
| "to bild"
| Fi. rakenta- || - || - || - || - || rak- || - || - || -
| Or Fi rather ← Gmc *rakjan
|-
| "lid"
| *kanci || *koamtē || *kundə || '''*komdəš''' || K. kudj || - || - || - || -
|-
| "oak"
| *tammi || - || *tumə || *tumə || *tu || - || - || - || -
|-
| "to split"
| *halkët- || - || *Čulgə- || - || K. '''čaľal-''' || - || - || - || -
| SKES; not in UEW.
|-
| "maple"
| *vahtëra || - || *ukštər || ''*waštar'' || - || - || - || - || -
| Ma. *a / w_
|- style="background:#A0FFA0"
! colspan="10"| *a_ə type 2: similar but S. *ō_ɤ, Mo. *a, P. *oo, Smy. *a / _Ć
| palatalization
|-
| "butter"
| *voi || *vōjɤ || *vaj || '''*ü''' || U. ''vɤj'' ~ K '''vɨj''' || vaj(a-) || *waaj || ''*wooj'' || -
| ~ IA *āǵja — but *w- ? Maybe *wëjə. F. via *voojə
|-
| "to step"
| *askël, *as-tu- || - || Er. aśkiľa- || ''*aškəl-'' || *ooćkVl- || - || ''*uusəl'' || - || *asəl
|-
| "to receive"
| *saa- || NW ''*sākɤ-'' || Mk. sajə- || *šo- || K. su- || - || - || - || *tåj-
| *saxə. Note assim. only in S/Mo. Hi. ''u'' per hiatus
|-
| "grass, awn"
| - || *kōjɤ || - || - || '''*kɨ''' || haj(a-) || *kaaj || - || Sk. *quu < *kåə
|-
| "spirit"
| *vaimo || *vōjŋɤ || *vajmə || - || - || ''vaaɟ(a-)'' || - || - || *wajŋə
| F. & Mo. < *vajŋ-ma-. Cf. S. ''*vājmō'' "heart"?
|-
| "to spread, bed"
| - || *vōðō "bottom layer" || - || - || ''*wååľ-'' || ''aaɟ(a-)'' || *aaľ || - || -
| P. per class 4, F. ''vuode'' < vuota ← B, Mo. *aca ← Tat.
|-
| "river bend"
| - || - || - || - || K. voľ || '''völɟ(ä-)''' || CMs *wooľ ||style="color:red"| *wakəĽ || Ne. wäej
| NB *ľ?!
|-
| "penis"
| - || *pōčɤ || - || - || - || fas || - || - || -
| or H. ← German
|- style="background:#A0FFA0"
! colspan="10"| *a_ə type 3: similar but F. *oo / _Rə (= std. PU *oo/*ox), Ma. *o
| "long" cases
|-
| "to lick"
| *noolë- || style="color:red"| *noalō- || '''*nola'''- || '''*nŭle-''' || *ńuul- || ńal- || '''*ńal-amt-''' || *ńaLaa- || *ńåə-
| F. also cf. ''*nola'' "slime". Check Kh. forms. Mo. analogy with *elä- "live"?
|-
| "to die"
| *koolë- || *koalō- "freeze" || *kulə- || *kole- || *kuul- || hal- || *kaal- || *kaLaa- || *kåə-
| S. may be ← Gmc. Cf. *kal-ma "death".
|-
| "intestine"
| *sooli || *čoalē || *śulə/''a'' || *šolə || *śuulj || ''saal(a-)'' "thread" || - || ''*sooL'' || -
| ← II *ćālā
|-
| "to sleep"
| *voodë-k "bed" || *oaðē- || *udə- || - || - || al- || *aal- || *aLaa- || -
| or F. < *voota "hide"? *ad₂ə "bed" predicts *ota
|-
| "mountain"
| *voori || - || - || - || *vɤɤr || '''orr(o-)''' || *waar || ''*woor'' || Km. ''boor''
| ~ II *aras — but *w- ? P. *wa- > *wo-. Also cf. *wara
|-
| "crust"
| *koori || *koarē || ''*kaŕ'' || - || K. ''kɨrś'' || - || '''*kur-''' || W *karə, '''*kuurəp''' || ''*kar''
| For Se. ''ker-'' cf. [[Proto-Uralic/new|*kêri]]
|-
| "thicket"
| - || - || Er. kuro || - || - || - || *kaarəp || S. xar || FNe. '''kuur'''
| clearly not *kurV!
|-
| "to whittle, to plane"
| *voolë- || *oalō- || - || - || ''*vɤl-'' || - || ''*walt-'' || *waLt- || -
| S. *vōlɤ- ← F.; P. *wa- > *wo-
|-
| "ash; heat; flame"
| - || - || - || *lom(p)ɤž || *luum- || laaŋg(o-) || - || - || -
|- style="background:#A0FFA0"
! colspan="10"| *a_ə type 4: similar but F. *o_a, P. *wåå / #_ (bled by prev. two exception classes!)
|-
| "sleep"
| - || - || *udəmə || *omə || *uunm || ''aalom(o-)'' || ''*uuləm'' || '''*aaLəm''', ''*wuuLəm'' "dream" || -
| *aðəma; > *alma in P+Ug? cf. "to sleep"
|-
| "shoulder"
| *o/õlka || *oalkē || - || - || K. volɨs || vaall(a-) || ''*waaɣləp'' || - || *wajk
| Cf. BSl. *olkuti ? Ms. 'shoulderband'. NB Smy palzn
|-
| "awl"
| *ora || *oarē || *urə || - || - || aar(a-) || - || - || -
| ← II *ārā (Vo ''õra'')
|-
| "slave"
| *orja || *oarjē "south" || *uŕɜ || - || U. war || - || - || - || -
| ← II *ārya. K. '''verɤs''' 'husband' may not belong
|-
| "to shine"
| - || - || - || - || *vååľ(k)'' || - || *waľɣ- || N. *waĽə- || -
| *w- ?? Cf. *wëlkə "light"!
|-
| "early"
| - || - || - || *ažno || *wåådź || - || - || - || -
|}

==*o_ə==
F. *o_i/e-, S. *ō_ɤ, Mo. u(CCə)

{|
|- style="background:#FFA0A0"
! Lexeme
! [[Finnish|Finnic]] !! [[Proto-Samic|Samic]] !! [[Mordvinic|Mordv.]] !! [[Mari]] !! [[Permic]] !! [[Hungarian|Hung.]] !! [[Mansi]] !! [[Khanty]] !! [[Proto-Samoyedic|Samoy.]]
! Comments
|- style="background:#A0FFA0"
! colspan="10"| *o_ə type 1a > Ma. *a/*o, P. *(kʷ/w)ɤɤ, Ms. *aa, Kh *oo, Smy. *å)
| all EU cases with medial clusters?
|-
| "hollow, cavity"
| *o/õnci || *vōmtɤ || *undə || - || U. '''udur''' || ''odur'' || *aantər || *oontər || -
| *omtə(-rV)
|-
| "opening, mouth"
| *o/õvvi || W *vōŋɤs || *oŋ-kst || '''*äŋ''' || *wɤɤm || ''ajak'' : ''ajka-'' || - || *ooŋ || '''*aŋ'''
| *owŋə? F. ''aukko'' ← *aŋa- "to open". Mo. *oŋ > oŋ.
|-
| "to chew"
| - || *sōskɤ- || *suskə- || - || *sɤɤsk- || - || *taaɣt- || *ɬookəL- || '''#tutə-'''
|-
| "bow"
| *jousi || *jōksɤ || *joŋs || *jaŋež || - || '''iij(a-)''' || *jaaGt || *jookəL || '''*jïntə'''
| *-ŋs-. Mo. *oŋ > oŋ
|-
| "tail"
| *poč-ka || *poac-kē || - || *pač ||style="color:green"| *bɤɤž || ''far(o-)'' || *paanš ||style="color:red"| *pooč || *pånčə
| *-č- or *-nč-? F, S *po(n)č-ka "shin"
|-
| "thick; many"
| - || - || - || *čaka(-ta) || K. čɤk || ''šok'' ||style="color:red"| *šaaw || - || -
| Cf. Turkic *čok
|-
| "net needle"
| - || *čōps'''ē'''mē || - || *šapš || - || - || *taas || *soopəs || -
|-
| "lung; gills"
| - || - || - || *šoðɤ || K. šɤľ || - || - || - || -
| no cluster? S. suovtē 'gills' better ← Gmc (and ≠ P anyway)
|-
| ""
| || || || || || || || ||
|- style="background:#A0FFA0"
! colspan="10"| *o_ə type 1b: similar except F. *uu (= PU *ow_ə?)
| coronal or zero-ish medials
|-
| "spruce"
| ''*kuusi'' || ''*kōsɤ'' || *kuz || *kož || *kʷɤɤz || - || style="color:green"| *kaaɣt || *kooL || *kåət
| *kowsə?
|-
| "root, base"
| ''*juuri'' || - || *jur || - || ''*jur'' || - || - || - || *jår
| *jowrə? Smy not ~ F. jaaru
|-
| "cereal"
| ''*suurimo'' "groats" || - || *surə "millet" || - ||style="color:green"| *zɤɤr "oats" || - || - || - || -
| Or F ~ Mo śu/orə 'corn' etc.
|-
| "drape"
| ''*uudim'' || - || - || - || *wɤɤn(m-) || - || *aaməl || *ooLəp || -
| *owðəmə? NB no *ð > ∅ in P. Possibly PMs *aalma > CMs *aaməl
|-
| "other"
| ''*muu'' || ''*mū-'' || - || *molə || *mɤɤd *muuket || maaš || *maat; S+E ''*mɤɤt'' || || -
| *mow-?!
|- style="background:#A0FFA0"
! colspan="10"| *o_ə type 1c: similar except Ma. *u, P. *⁽ʷ⁾ɤ (U+KP /ɤ/, Zyrian /o/)
|-
| "to vomit"
| *oksënta- || SS vuoksedi- || *uksəndə- || ''*ukšənća-'' || ''*wɤskɨ-'' || - || - || - || -
| Core S '''*vōksē-'''-, backformation? Or F. *a > *ə / T_T?
|-
| "to touch"
| NF *koske- || *kōskɤ- || - || ''*kuške-'' || K. kos- || - || - || - || -
| K from P. *kʷɤɤs-?
|-
| "(to) patch"
| - || W *tōŋɤ- ~ E *tōvŋɤ- || - || ''*tuməš'' || K. *dɤɤm- || - || - || - || -
| ŋ/m? Ma. per *a-stem?
|-
| "belly, abdomen"
| *ko/õktu || - || - || - || ''*kʷɤt'' || - || - || - || -
|-
| "dry"
| - || - || - || ''*kukšə'' || ''*kʷɤs'' || - || - || - || -
| cf. *kôśkə?
|-
| "worm"
| - || *sōksɤ || *suks || ''*šukš'' || - || - || - || - || -
|- style="background:#A0FFA0"
! colspan="10"| *o_ə type 1d: indistinct/unclear
|-
| "to wash"
| *mo/õskë- || - || *muśkə- || ''*mŭška-'' || ''*mɨśk-'' ||style="color:red"| ''moš-'' || - || - || *måsə-
| MaP *u, / m_?
|-
| "hole"
| *oŋk- || *vōŋkō || - || - || - || - || *waaŋka || *wooŋk || *wåŋkə
| F. onk'''a'''lo cf. varsi : vartalo
|-
| "to scorch"
| *ko/õrpët- || *kōrpɤ- || *kurv'''a'''- || - || - || - || - || - || *kårpə-
|-
| "knee"
| *po/õlvi || *pōlvɤ || *pul- || ''*pŭl'' || - || - || - || - || '''*puəj'''
| Ma. *ŭ / _[+LAB]_
|-
| "thin"
| *o/õhut || - || - || - || - || - || *waaɣta || *wookəL || -
| *wokšə (AA13)
|-
| "netstring"
| - || *cōncɤ || - || - || - || - || - || *čoončəɣ || -
|-
| "hole in wood"
| - || *vōwtɤ || - || - || - || - || - || *ooŋət || -
| *oŋtə, cf. *omtə
|-
| "(to) knot"
| *so/õlmi || *čōlmɤ || *śulm'''a''' || - || - || ''čomoo'' || - || - || -
|-
| "snot"
| *no/õlki ||style="color:green"| *snōlkɤ || '''*nolgə''' || - || - ||style="color:red"| '''ńaal(a-)''' || - || - || -
| S. affected by Gmc *snuut?
|-
| "spear"
| - || - || - ||style="color:red"| ''*umdə'' || - || - || *aaGta || *ooŋtəw || ''*aŋtə''
| Tv ''awtā'' ← *-ɣt- , WMs *owta/NMs *oowta ← *wt = Ms *-ŋt-? F. *ota better < *woča
|-
| "woods"
| - || - || - || - || - || vad(a-) || - || *woont || -
| S. *vōvtē ← Gmc
|-
| "to pin; to sew"
| - || - || - || - || - || - || *saalt- || - || *såjtə-
|-
| "to oppose"
| *to/õrju- || *toarjō- || *tuŕə- || - || - || - || - || - || -
| S. "to support". Cf. *tora
|- style="background:#A0FFA0"
! colspan="10"| *o_ə type 2: similar except P. *(k)wåå/*ooĆ/*uu, Ms. *u(u), Smy *o
| open syllables with a dorsal medial
|-
| "male"
| - || *kōjɤ || - || - || *koom || hiim || CMs ''*kuj'', *kum || ''*kuu₂j'' || -
| *kojə(-ma). Ms. *uuj > *uj?
|-
| "to sound"
| *so/õi- || *čōjɤ- || - || *ša-kte- || - || †saj- || ''*suj-'' || '''*söj-''' || *so-
| Ms. *uuj > *uj? East *u?
|-
| "to find; riddle"
| - || - || *mujə- || *moa- ||style="color:red"| ''*mååď'' || ''mu(u)t'' || - || *muuj-- || -
| F. ''mu/o/õista-'' "to remember" ← R. мысл- "to think"
|-
| "to bring"
| *too- || *tōkɤ- || *tujə- || - || - || - || *tuul- || *tuu₂-~ *tuu₁ɣ- || '''*tå-''' / '''*tə-'''
| H. *toj- "lay eggs" may be ← Trc
|-
| "bosom"
| *po/õvvi || *pōŋɤ || Er. poŋgo ~ Mk. pov || Hi. poŋgəš ~ Me. poməš || *pi || - || *puut || E puuɣəL ~ N poxəL || *påŋə
| *powŋə? Mo. *oŋ > *oŋ. Smy ment'd in AA13, reflexes??
|-
| "to pursue"
| *no/õu-ta- || - || - || - || - || - || ''*ńɤɤwl-'' || *ńuu₂/ååkəL- || *ńo-
| V -uu-, Vj -ɔɔ-. Ms. cheshirization? Also cf. P. *nuu-, Ma. *nŭmala- "carry"
|-
| "to experience"
| *koke- || I. kuoha- || - || - || - || - || - || - || *ko-
|-
| "berry"
| Võ pal'''a''' || - || || - || K. pul || style="color:red"| '''boľoo, boɟoo ?''' || ''*pul'' || - || Sk. '''*pəl-'''
| Core F. *poola probably reshaped after *joo-la- "V. uliginosum"
|-
| "steam, fog"
| - || - || - || - || *ruu || - || - || *ruu₂t || -
|-
| "to say"
| *hoke- || - || - || - || *šuu- || - || - || - || -
|-
| "barley"
| - || - || *čuž ||style="color:red"| *šož || *čuužj || - || - || - || -
| substratal? note *-š-
|- style="background:#A0FFA0"
! colspan="10"| *o_ə type 3: as per [[Proto-Uralic/U|*u]] in WU+P, H. ''uu'', Ms. *u, Kh. *o, Smy *o
| open syllables with an anterior medial
|-
| "sno"
| *lumi || *lomɤ ||style="color:red"| *loŋ || *lŭm || *lɨmɨ || ''lom'' || - || - || *jom-
| Ma. *ŭ / _[+LAB]_
|-
| "to bite"
| *pure- || *porɤ- ||style="color:green"| *poŕə- || *pŭra- || '''*puur(ɨ)-''' || - || *pur- || *por- || *por-
| Ma. *ŭ / _[+LAB]_
|-
| "to blo"
| *puhu- *puhalta- || *posō- || - || - || K. '''puškɨ-''' || fuu- || *put- || *poLaa- || Sk. ''puttu''?
| K. ~ Fi. puhku-?
|-
| "bone"
| *luu || - || *lov''a''ža || *lu || *lɨ || - || *luw || *loɣ || '''*lɤ'''
| Mari CV ⇒ long
|-
| "mouth"
| *suu || *čovɤ, *čontɤk || - || *šu || - || '''saa-j''' || *sunt, ''*suup'' ||style="color:orange"| ''*ɬuuL'' || *so
| *śowə. Mari CV ⇒ long. Kh *śowə-sa > *suu-ɬ > *ɬuuɬ??
|-
| "new"
| ''*uuci'' || *oðɤ || *od ||style="color:brown"| *u || *vɨľ || uuj(a-) || - || - || Sk. oćɨŋ
| Mari CV ⇒ long. F. length from *wu-?
|-
| "(to) coff"
| - || *kosɤ(-) || *koz(ə-) || - || *kɨz(ɨ)- || - || - || ''*kooL(-)'' || *kot(-)
|-
| "to pass by"
| - || *molɤ- ||style="color:green"| *moľə- || - || style="color:red"| *mɤɤjm || muul- || Tv ''mal-'' ~ CMs *mul- || - || -
|-
| "to come"
| *tule- || *tolɤ- || - || *tola- || - || '''talaal-''' || - || - || *toj-
| Ma/H. cf. F. *talla- "tread"?
|-
| "lake"
| - || - || - || - || *tɨ || √tav- || Tv. ''too'' || *toɣ || *to
| *towə, not *toxə. PMs *tow? SKh ''tew''
|-
| "side"
| - || - || - || - || K vɨj || - || *wujəl || - || -
| Tv ''wɤjəl''
|-
| "hut"
| - || - || - || - || U. tɨlɨs || - || *tul || - || -
| Ms. "tent pole". F. *talas/-oi ← Baltic *tala-
|-
| "steep"
| - || - || - || - || *ńɨl- || - || *ńultəŋ || - || -
|-
| "remaining sno"
| - || W ''*jësë'', E ''*jëcë'' || - || *jož || '''*juuž''' 'hard snow' || - || - || - || -
| cf. *joččə 'path'
|-
| "sleep"
| *uni || - || on || - || - || - || - || - || -
| ← IE *oner
|- style="background:#A0FFA0"
! colspan="10"| Indistinct between *o₁_ə and *o₂_ə
|-
| demonstrativ stem
| *jo- || *jō- || E. ju- || *ju- || - || - || - || - || -
| ← IE?
|-
| ""
| || || || || || || || ||
|-
| "to be sick"
| *po/õte- || *pōcɤ- || - || - || - || - || - || - || -
|-
| "true"
| *to/õci || *tōtɤ || - || - || - || - || - || - || -
|-
| ""
| || || || || || || || ||
|-
| "to cut"
| - || - || - || - || - || farag || *paar || - || '''*pərå-'''
| Smy. "to scrape", may not belong
|-
| "to dry"
| - || - || - || - || - || asoo || style="color:green"| *taaš || *soos ||
|- style="background:#A0FFA0"
! colspan="10"| with Ms. *ɤɤ
|-
| "cheek"
| *po/õski || - || - || - || - || - || style="color:red"| *pɤɤjət || E puuɣLəm ~ W *poxLəm || *påtə
|-
| "tusk"
| - || - || - || - || *wåådźer || aɟar(a-) || *ɤɤńćər || '''*eńćər''' || -
|-
| "ghost"
| - || - || *čo(v) || - || K. šɤn || - || ''*tɤɤw'' || *ɬuu₂ŋk || -
| Mo. *oŋ > *oŋ, or *av > ov? Ms. cheshirization? F. ''huu'' better ← Gmc
|- style="background:#A0FFA0"
! colspan="10" | *ô_ə (F. ''*o'', Mo. ''*o'', Ma. ''*a''?)
|-
| "to dry; rapids"
| *koski || *koškɤ- || *kośkə- || *kaške(-) || *kʷååś-/k || - ||style="color:green"| *kaš (?) || - || *kåsə-
| F. → S. *kōškɤ "rapids"
|-
| "stick"
| *po/?nci || - || Mk. pond'''a''' || *pandə || *pood || - || - || - || -
| P. also ''*böd'' "staff"
|-
| "vessel"
| - || - || *očkə || *wačkɤ || U. vɨčkɨ || - || - || - || -
|-
| "grain"
| - || - || *norəv || - || K nur(j-) || - || - || - || -
|-
| "straw"
| *o/õlki || - || *olgə || - || - || - || - || - || -
|-
| "corner; to hide"
| *so/?ppi || - || *śopə- || - || - || - || - || - || -
|-
| "bear"
| *o/?kci || - || *ovtə || - || - || - || - || - || -
| Cf. late IE *arktos
|-
| "to sink"
| *lo/?nteh || - || londado- || - || - || - || - || - || -
|- style="background:#A0FFA0"
! colspan="10"| IE loans
|-
| "salt"
| suola || - || sal || Hi cal ~ Me '''ćal''' || U. ''sɨlal'' ~ K. sol || - || - || - || -
| ← IE, multiple loans? Mari affricated prenasally? (#sÖnćAl)
|-
| "to sieve"
| *pohtVj- || - || ponž'''a'''vto- || - || ''*poož-'' || - || - || - || -
| ← IE *powH-(ta-), *pewH-
|-
| "(to) hoe"
| *kookka || - || - || - || ''*kook-'' || - || - || - || -
| at least F ← Gmc *xōka
|-
| "gap"
| *lo/õvi || - || *luv || *lu || - || - || - || - || -
| ← Gmc. Mo/Ma better here than with F. *loma
|-
| "hook, to angle"
| *o/õŋki || *vōŋkɤ *oaŋkō- || - || ''*oŋgə'' || - || - || - || - || -
| ← IE
|-
| "to dare"
| *tohtVj- || *tōstɤ- || - || *tošta- || - || - || - || - || -
| ← II *dʰr̥š-?
|-
| "protection"
| suoja, hoi-va || *sōjē, šōjē || - || - || - || - || - || - || -
| ← II *sćaajaa
|- style="background:#A0FFA0"
! colspan="10" | Rejectable
|-
| "group"
| *jo/õukko || - || - || - || *juuk || ɟakor || - || - || -
| F. ← Sc. *jǫukja-, P. = *jëka- 'to divide'
|-
| "cover"
| - || NS '''goaran''' || - || - || - || - || N. xuri || *koraa || -
| better S < *koarō- 'to sew' (1), OU ← *kur- 'to skin' or *kur- 'to sew' (2), maybe Ms ← Kh.
|- style="background:#A0FFA0"
! colspan="10" | Messy stuff
|-
| "those"
| *noo || *nō- || nonat || *nŭnə || K. ''nɨ-'' || - || - || - || Se. na
|-
| "that"
| *too || *tō || to- || *tŭ || U. tu ~ K. ''tɨ'' || ta-, taa- || *tuu-, *tu- || *to₂-- || *tå-
|-
| "3"
| *kolmi || *kolmɤ || *kolmə || *kŭm ||style="color:red"| '''#kuuińm'''  || style="color:green"| '''haarom''' : ''harma-'' || style="color:green"| '''*kuurəm''' || *kooLəm || -
| *-rm-, analogy to '4' outside H+Ms?
|-
| "aspen"
| - || - || *poj || -|| *pi || - || - || *paaj || #pij
|-
| "to flay"
| - || *ńōvɤ- || - || - || *ńij- || ńuuz- || Tv. ńooj- ~ CMs *ńuj- || ||
| *-w-/*-j-? H. *ńoWə-ta-?
|-
| "pole"
| - || *čōlčɤ || - || - || - || - || - || - || *səlčə
| Bad
|-
| "pole"
| Fi. vuoli || - || - || - || - || - || *ula || N. *(w)ooɭ || -
| OU here under next item?
|- style="background:#DDDDDD"
| "pole"
| ulku || style="color:red"| *holkɤ || olga || - || K. ɨl || || N. aawla || N. *oxəL || *uj
| for comparision
|-
| "straight"
| *o/õikëda || *vōjkɤ || '''*vijəďɜ''' || '''*wij-''' || - || - || - || - || -
| S. may be ← F. Mo/Ma *wejä/*weKä?
|-
| "buckle"
| *so/õlki || '''*čūlkō-''' || *śulg'''a'''mə || ''*šolkama'' || - || - || - || - || -
| P. *śuul "ski" better ← *śëlka
|-
| "to feed"
| - || - || - || *wurde- || *vördɨ- || - || - || - || -
| Cf. IE *werdʰ-
|-
| "to throw"
| *loo || '''*lū''' || '''*ľijə-''' || *loŋa- || *lɤd- || loog- || || ||
| WTF
|-
| "dawn"
| *koi || - || - || - || K. ''kɨa'' || - || - || - || -
| Better *kajə? H. ''haj'', Ms. *kuuj cf. *kaja "sun"
|-
| "a fish"
| *to/õtki || - || *tutk'''a''' ||style="color:red"| *tatə || - || tat || *tokt || - || Sk. tut
| East *u?
|-
| "cloth"
| - || - || - || ''*tŭɣər'' || *te/ɤr''a'' || - || - || - || -
|-
| "many"
| *mo/õni || '''moanɤk''' || - || - || *-mɨn || *-vAn || *-mən || - || -
| Probly ← IE
|-
| "to lern; to see"
| *o/õppe(j)- || - || - || - || - || - || *waapl- || *waapəɣ- || -
| F. → S. *oappɤ-
|-
| "to be able; to fight"
| *vo/õi- || - || - || - || - || viiv- || - || - || -
|-
| "ski"
| - || - || - || '''*ječe''' || - || - || *jašə || - || -
| Bad
|-
| "weak"
| - || - || - || - || K. rudź- || ross || - || - || -
|-
| "to sweep"
| Fi. '''huosi-''' || - || - || - || U. '''čuž-''' || - || *šaaš- || '''*čaač-''' ||Sk čuuč-← *čåəč-
|-
| "go sour"
| - || - || - || Me. šua- || U. šut- ~ K. šuź- || - || - || - || -
| Cf. čapp
|-
| "harness"
| - || *vōtɤ || - || - || - || - || *vo/ät || '''*wäät''' || Sk. *kuu
|-
| "moss"
| - || *ńōrɤ || - || - || - || - || - || - || *ńår-
| Cf. *ńërə
|-
| ""
| || || || || || || || ||
|-
| ""
| || || || || || || || ||
|}

==*o_a==
{|
|- style="background:#FFA0A0"
! Lexeme
! [[Finnish|Finnic]] !! [[Proto-Samic|Samic]] !! [[Mordvinic|Mordv.]] !! [[Mari]] !! [[Permic]] !! [[Hungarian|Hung.]] !! [[Mansi]] !! [[Khanty]] !! [[Proto-Samoyedic|Samoy.]]
! Comments
|- style="background:#A0FFA0"
! colspan="10"| F. *o_a, S. *oa_ē, Mo. *u_ə, Ma. *u, P. *uu, H. aa, Ms. *uu, Kh. *aa, Smy. *å_å
|-
| "part; flesh"
| *osa || *oańčē || || Me. '''ü'''/užas || - || aaɟek, ''ost-'' || *uunć || - || -
| ← II?
|-
| "fish trap"
| *ota- || *oacē || - || - || K. '''vodž''' || - || *wuuš || *waač || ''*wåč''
| Mo. ''*oš'' "city" probably doesn't belong. Sk. *k⁽ʷ⁾ëččə a derivative?
|-
| "jaw"
| - || *oalōl || *ulə || - || - || aall(a-) || *uuləć || - || -
|-
| "awhile; to spend a night"
| NF *kotva || *koaðvē || - || - || '''*kʷɤl''' || haal- || *kuul- || *kaaL- || -
| AA15. Ma. kot "year" ← Ru. год (MZh14)
|-
| "time"
| || || - || - || - || - || - || - || -
|-
| "to conjure"
| - || - || Er. '''al(s)ta-''' || style="color:#D08000"| *ulte- || - || aald- || - || *aaLəL- || -
|-
| "spirit"
| - || - || - || - || *kuuľj || ''haɟ'' || '''*kuľ-''' || - || *kåjkə
| *-d₂k-. F. *koljoi ← Gmc
|-
| "raw, meat"
| - || - || - || - || *uuľ || - || - || - || *åjå
|-
| "skin"
| E. ''kõba'' || - || *kuvə || *kŭwə || *kuu || - || - || - || '''*kopå'''
| Ma. *ŭ / _[+LAB]_
|-
| "squirrel"
| *orava || *oarēvē || ''*ur'' || *ur || K. ur || - || - || - || Mt. orop
| Vo ''õrava''. PSmy *årop / *oråp
|-
| "eagle"
| *kotka || *koackēmē || style="color:red"| ''*kućkan'' || *kučkəž || *kuuč || - || - || - || -
|- style="background:#A0FFA0"
! colspan="10"| similar but P. *kʷåå, Ms. *aa
|-
| "house"
| *kota || *koatē || *kudə || *kuðɤ || *kʷåå || haaz(a-) || *kaatə || *kaat || -
| Old Ms хоть, хоать. ← II?
|-
| "ear; leaf"
| *ko/õrva || *koarvē || - || - || *kʷåår || ''harap'' || - || - || style="color:red"| ''*kåw''
|-
| "small fly"
| - || - || - || *lŭmej || U. ľum || - || *ľaaməj || - || -
| Ma. *ŭ / _[+LAB]_
|- style="background:#A0FFA0"
! colspan="10"| indistinct
|-
| "head"
| *oiva || *oajvē || Mk. uj- || *wuj || - || - || - || - || *åjwå
|-
| "to bring"
| - || *toalvō- || - || - || - || - || - || - || *tåjwå-
|-
| "wedge"
| *tolva || - || *tulə || - || *tuulj || - || - || - || ''*tajwA''
| F. → ??
|-
| "hare"
| - || *ńoamēlē || *numələ || - || K. '''ńimal''' || style="color:green"| ''ńuul(a-)'' || - || - || *ńåmå
| ← *ńoxə-ma(-la)? H. *m-lenition
|-
| "war"
| *so/õta || - || *śudə- || *šuðə- "curse" || - || - || - || - || *såjə
| S. *soattē ← F.
|-
| "quarrel"
| *to/õra || *toarō ||style="color:red"| *tuŕə- || - || - || || - || - || *tåro-
| Hi. "torle-" ∄ (MZh14)
|-
| "aunt"
| - || *koaskē || - || - || - || - || - || - || *kåtå
|-
| "shallow; to dry"
| - || *coakē- || - || - || - || - || - || - || Sk. *čëkə-
| PSmy *čåkå-?
|-
| "to go"
| - || - || jut''a''-, Mk. '''jota-''' || - || - || - || - || - || *jåtA-
| *jočə-ta-? Cf. OUg *jaač "path". S. *jotē- better ← B. *judē-.
|-
| "to dry"
| - || - || - || - || *śuur- || saar- || - || *saar- || -
| Ms. ''*šu(u)r(l)-'' ← Komi šural-?
|-
| "orphan"
| *orpoj || *oarpēs ||style="color:red"| *urəs || - || - || aarva || - || E. '''uurwɯɯ''' || -
| ← IE *(h₃)orbʰos
|-
| "to sew"
| - || - || - || *ŭrɣe-; *wŭrɣəm "cloth" || *vuurɨ- || var- || - || - || -
| Ma. *ŭ / _[+LAB]_
|-
| "south; day"
| *lo/õuna || - || - || - || U nun, lum ~ K lun || - || - || - || -
| ← IE *louksnos
|-
| "to gather"
| *korjat- || - || - || - || ''*kuurjal-'' || - || - || - || -
| may be loan F → P (-rj-!)
|-
| "reindeer"
|style="color:red"| *poro || *poačōj || - || Hi. pučə ~ Me. '''püčö''' || U. pudžej || - || - || - || -
| ← II *paču-; Ms *pääš ~ Kh *peeč indep.
|-
| "to wait"
| *odotta- || *oacōttē- || *učə- || *wŭče- || - || - || - || - || -
| Ma. *ŭ / _[+LAB]_
|-
| "shaman"
| *no/õjta || *noajtē || Er. nuď-ńe- "to divine" || - || - || - || '''*ńääjt''' || - || -
|-
| "sleigh"
| - || *čoanē "last sleigh" || - || - || - || - || style="color:green"| '''*šun''' || - || -
|-
| "wave"
| - || - || - || - || - || hab(o-) || '''*ku(m)p''' || ''*ko/uump'' || *kåmpå
| Distinct from FP *kumpu "hill".
|-
| "hill"
| - || - || - || *mŭčə || *muuč || - || - || - || -
| *močča, Ma. *ŭ / _[+LAB]_?
|-
| "cold"
| - || - || - || *juž || U. juz || - || - || - || -
|-
| "bent, to bend"
| *no/õtko/eda || *ńoackē || *nučk''a''- || - || - || - || - || - || -
|-
| ""
| || || || || || || || ||
|-
| ""
| || || || || || || || ||
|- style="background:#A0FFA0"
! colspan="10"| West *o_a, Mari *ŭ?, East *ë (P ambiguous)
|-
| "man, male animal"
| *koira(s) || - || - || - || K. '''kɨr''' || here || *kɤɤr || *kaar || ''*kora''
| *kojra ← *kojə-ra
|-
| "duck"
| *so/õtka || *čoaðkē || *śulgə || '''*šooe''' || *šuul || - || *sɤɤľ || *saaj || -
| *ś-l → *ś-ľ in Ug.
|-
| "ware"
| *os-ta- "to buy" || *oasē || - || *wŭža || *vuuz || - || *wɤɤta || - || -
| ← IE *wosā, Ma. *ŭ / _[+LAB]_. Ms via II?
|-
| "to peel"
| - || - || - || ''*kŭðaša-'' || *kuuľ- || - || *kɤɤľ- || - || -
|-
| "to dive"
| - || - || - || ''*šŭŋga-'' || *s/zuuŋ- || - || - || - || -
|-
| "to take, to pluck"
| *vo/õtta- || - || - || - || U. '''vɨtɨ-''' ~ K. '''vot-''' || - || *wɤɤt- || - || -
| *wolə-kta-?
|- style="background:#A0FFA0"
! colspan="10"| feat. Ms. *aCC, Kh. *oo
|-
| "soft"
| - || *loančē || - || "lënzë-" || - || laaɟ || *lanćəŋ ||style="color:green"| *ɭoonćə(ɣ) || -
| NB no palzn in S.
|-
| "rare"
| '''*harva''' || *soarvē || *šurə || - || K. šur- || - || - || *ɬoorəp || '''#tïrå-'''
| S. "dry tree", K. "to dry"
|-
| "soup"
| *rokka || - || - || - || - || - || LU raɣt || *rook || -
|-
| "to tire"
| - || - || - || *noje- || - || - || - || *nooj- || -
|-
| "to hack"
| - || - || - || *roe- || - || ''rov-'' || - || *rooɣ- || -
| Hi. ''u'' in hiatus
|-
| "to scrape"
| - || - || - || - ||style="color:red"| *vuušt- || vaaš- || style="color:red"| *ašɣ- || *woočəɣ- || -
|-
| "to stick in"
| - || - || - || - || - || ''ɟak-'' || *jɤɤkʷ- || *jooɣə- ||
| Or H ~ Fi tokka-, Ma *loɣe-
|-
| "sorcery"
| - || - || - || - || - || taaltoš || || *tooLt || -
| NMs ''tuultən'' "light, easy" semantically bad
|-
| "palm; span"
| - || - || - || - || - || marok(o-) || - || S muurəs || -
|-
| "collar"
| - || - || - || - || - || - || *rɤɤkʷ || *rook || -
| Ne. *ruku ← Kh.
|- style="background:#A0FFA0"
! colspan="10"| feat. P *oo
|-
| "friend"
| - || - || - || - || *joort || - || - || - || #(*j)üruŋ
|-
| "dish, chest"
| - || - || - || - ||style="color:green"| *dooz || - || - || *toL || -
|-
| "piece"
| - || - || - || - || *toor || - || *taawrV || - || -
|-
| "twig"
| *oksa || *oaksē || - || *ukš || *oosɨ || - || - || - || -
|-
| "space; warm"
| *hooneh || - || - || - || *šoon- || - || - || - || -
| Or F. ← B. *šānas "side" → "room"
|-
| "sleigh"
| - || - || *nurdə || - || *noort || - || - || - || -
|-
| "narrow; to worry"
| - || - || - || - || *šoog || aggod- , oog-|| - || - || -
| Semantics bad
|-
| "to stick"
| - || - || - || - || *tooj- || †toľ- || - || - || -
|-
| "to stretch"
| - || - || - || - || U nujt- ~ K ńojd- || ńuujt- || - || - || -
|-
| "to conjure"
| - || - || - || - || K. vom-- || †wima- || - || - || -
| *wojmɜ-, cf. F. voima?? (should be H. *-w-)
|- style="background:#A0FFA0"
! colspan="10"| feat. P *åå
|-
| "cleft"
| *kolo || *koalō || - || - || *kʷåål- || halok || *kal ||style="color:green"| *kååɭ || -
| FS possibly ← Gmc
|-
| "pig"
| *po/õrsas || - || *purćis || - || '''*påårś''' || - || - || - || -
| ← IE
|-
| "healthy"
| - || - || - || Hi. šu || *šååń || '''igen''' || - || - || -
| H. "very". Expected P -m?
|-
| "to knead"
| - || - || - || *lŭɣA- || *lååj- || - || - || - || -
|- style="background:#A0FFA0"
! colspan="10"| feat. Mo *o
|-
| "wet"
| *loppa || - || *lop-''a''ftə- || *lŭp || K '''lapɨd''' || - || - || - || -
| Ma. *ŭ / _[+LAB]_, unless *u?
|-
| "valley"
| *lotma || - || ložmo || - || - || - || - || - || -
| Phonotax non-Uralic
|-
| "bad; lazy"
| Fi. nolo || - || Mk. nola || - || - || - || - || - || -
| Better F ← S (cf AASL), Mk < *novla
|- style="background:#A0FFA0"
! colspan="10"| feat. Ma *a
|-
| "slime, phloam"
| *nola, *nila || - || - || *nalɤ || U. '''ńɤl''' ~ K. '''ńiľ''' || - || *ńiľ- "to peel" || *ńaL || Ne. nal-
| Cf. *ńïla. F. also '''nula'''
|-
| "fat"
| style="color:red"| Fi. kuu || - || *kuja || *kaja || U. kɤj; U. kwajɨ- || haaj(a-) || - || - || -
| Maybe *koxa??
|-
| "dung"
| *sonta || - || - || '''*šandə''' || U. zud "mud" || - || - || - || -
|-
| "brittle"
| NF *rohka || - || - || *raš/čka || *rɨž, K. rɨš(k)- || - || - || - || -
| *rošə, *roš-ka? OU ''ris'' etc. ← K. Don't see how H. roš- "slow" compares. Zek "P *ruuž"

|- style="background:#A0FFA0"
! colspan="10"| East only
|-
| "hill"
| - || - || - || - || - ||style="color:red"| domb(o-) || *tåmp || - || -
| clearly not PU
|-
| "to sink"
| - || - || - || - || - || style="color:red"| rokkan- || *rowt-, N. '''räɣ-''' || *raak- || -
|-
| "birch bark"
| || || || || || tidoo || || ||
| + OU per *tana
|-
| "to see"
| - || - || - || - || - || oov- || *wɤɤ(j)- || *wuu-/waa- || '''*wë(ra)-'''
| how about *ë
|-
| "to go"
| - || - || - || - || - || in-- || *jaam- || - || Ne. jaam-
|-
| "lead"
| - || - || - || - || - || oolom(o-) || *wuuləm || - || -
|-
| "hole"
| - || - || - || - || - || - || N. waapi || - || *wåpə
| Loan from Ne. → Ms?
|-
| "good"
| - || - || - || - || - || style="color:red"| joo, jav- || *jamas || '''*jem''' || -
| or Kh ~ F. *imeh
|-
| "plane (tool)"
| - || - || - || - || - || ɟal(l)u, ɟarol- || *jar(ɣə-) || - || -
| H. *rl → ll?
|-
| "to remain; thrifty"
| - || - || - || - || - || marad- || - || - || *mərəj
| better *u?
|-
| "head"
| - || - || - || - || - || - || *ɤɤw(t) || *ååk, *uu₂ŋkəL || *ukə
| Or Ms < *ojwa?
|-
| "road"
| - || - || - || - || - || uut(a-) || *ɤɤKt || *ååkət || *uət
|- style="background:#A0FFA0"
! colspan="10"| TBS
|-
| "vessel"
| F. '''purnu''' || '''*pōrnē''' || - || - || U. '''bɤrńo''' ~ K. burńa || - || - || - || -
|-
| "to sigh"
| '''*hooka-''' || SS såagedh || - || #šootVć- "to rest" || - || - || *šëëk- || - || -
| Consonants bad. F, S. better ← Gmc *swogan. F. → S. *śōkkē-
|-
| "stick"
| *sompa || *soampē || - || šo/umba? || K. '''*zɨb''' || - || - || - || -
| F. ← S. ← II?
|-
| "to prick"
| F. tokkaa- || - || - || Hi. loɣe- || - || ɟak- || - || - || -
|-
| "yellow"
| - || - ||style="color:red"| *ťuž'''a''' || - || U. čuž || - || - || - || -
| Fairly bad
|-
| "1000"
| - || - || - || - || *śuurs || - || style="color:green"| '''*šatər-''' || '''*ćorəs''' ||
| ← II *ǵʰasra, independantly?
|-
| "to peel"
| - || - || - || - || U. vɤľɨ- ~ K. *vɔľ- || *woľćt- || - || - || -
| S. *oalō- ← *walə-; E. *valə- ← *wala- "pour"??
|-
| "Labrador tea"
| - || ES '''*olo-''' || - || - || - || - || *waľ || '''*wääľ''' || -
| Bad. Note *ľ.
|-
| "fat"
| - || *jolē || - || - || - || - || - || *jaaL || -
| *u ~ *ë/*a?
|-
| "middle; with"
| Fi. jotka || - || *jutkə || - || - || jaat "friend" || E/N *jat, S/W '''*jät''' || TrJ jot, VVj '''jöt''' || ''*jotä''
|-
| "slow"
| - || *ńoacē || - || - || '''*ńož(jV-)''' || - || - || - || -
|-
| "club"
| *nujja, *nuhja || || || || || || || ||
|-
| "diver"
| - || *ńūNēl || - || - || - || - || - || - || *ńuənä
|-
| "to press together"
| - || - || - || *nŭmɤrge- || K. ńam- || ńom- || - || - || -
|-
| "neck"
| - || - || - || - || ńak || - || - || - || Sk. #nukV
|-
| "to crawl; to grab"
| - || *ńoamē- || - || - || - || ńuul- || - || - ||style="color:red"| '''*ńəʔmå-'''
|-
| "to crawl"
| - || E *ńoallē- || - || - || - || - || - || - || Ne. ńalo-
| Suspicious
|-
| "nettle"
| - || - || - || *nuž || - || - || - || - || Ne. nāca--
| medial??
|-
| "burden"
| - || - || - || - || U. '''nɨpɨ''' ~ K. nop, nup || - || *nɤɤp || - || -
|-
| "piece"
| - || *(s)moalō || - || - || - || - || - || - || #mAlå
| Rejectable; S ← Gmc
|-
| "~protrusion"
| - || '''*mājrē''' "crop" || - || Hi. mɤra "beehive" || *moorɤs "breast" || mar "withers" || - || - || *mərki "shoulder"
| to disassemble
|-
| "long"
| - || - || - || *kužə || *kuuź || ''hoss(a-)'' ||style="color:green"| ''*kʷašə'' || - || Km. kunzu
| Cent. *o ~ East *u?
|-
| "hat"
| - || - || - || ''*upšə'' || *uźɨ || - || - || - || -
| Ma. *u despite _p!?
|-
| "brittle"
| - || - || - || #rot || - || ruut, rot- || - || *ratək || -
| Cf. *roška
|-
| "pit"
| *kooppa || - || - || - || U. '''gop''' || - || - || - || -
| Coincidental?
|-
| ""
| || || || || || || || ||
|-
| ""
| || || || || || || || ||
|}

Proto-Uralic/A

2018-03-12T15:39:15Z

Tropylium: /* Standard PU *ë */ new result on Mari

'''The many and varied cognates of Finno-Mordvinic *a.'''

'''Bold''' marks apparent vocalic irregularities (note tho that rules for Permic are partly unclear), red consonantal. ''Italic'' cases are unclear.

==Standard PU *a_a==
By default: F&Mo *a, S. *ō, Ma. *a/*o ([[Mari#The distribution of *a vs. *o|conditioning??]]) P. *uu, Ms *uu, Smy *å

{| cellpadding="0"|
|- style="background:#FFA0A0"
! Lexeme
! [[Finnish|Finnic]] !! [[Proto-Samic|Samic]] !! [[Mordvinic|Mordv.]] !! [[Mari]] !! [[Permic]] !! [[Hungarian|Hung.]] !! [[Mansi]] !! [[Khanty]] !! [[Proto-Samoyedic|Samoyedic]]
! Comments
|- style="background:#A0FFA0"
! colspan="10" | *a_ə (forking; formerly under *oo, *o_a)
|-
| "thru"
| F. pahki || - || Mk. pačk || - || K. '''pɨšji''' || - || *puuš || - || Se. ''pooč''
| check Se.
|-
| "twig"
| - || *tōrkɤ || - || Me. tor || - || - || - || *tuu₁ɣər || -
| or S ← Sc.
|-
| "wolf"
| - || <s>*čōrmɤ</s> || - || '''*šŭrmə''' || '''*śör''' || - || - || *ćuu₁rəm || *sårm'''å'''
| Ma. "lynx", P. "marten" may not belong
|-
| "ground"
| F. tanner || *tōntɤr || - || - || - || - || - || - || *tåntə-
|-
| "birch bark"
| - || - || - || - || *tooj || - || - || - || '''*təj'''
| Better *tojə, ~ H tidoo
|-
| "to stand"
| *saisë- || *čōnčō- || - || '''*šĭnće-''' || K. '''sidź-''' || - || *tuuńć- || W *ɬaańć-, E '''*ɬɯɯńť-''' || '''*tänsə-'''
| Ma. & Smy. point to original *ä. (Mo. *śta- ← IE?)
|- style="background:#A0FFA0"
! colspan="10" | *a₁_a: H. ''a'', Ms. *uu, Kh. *uu₁
|-
| "fish"
| *kala || *kōlē || *kal || *kol || - || hal(a-) || *kuul || *kuu₁L || *kålä
| Smy. *-å → *-ä after *l
|-
| "bit"
| *pala || *pōlē || *pal || - || - || fal-at- || *puul ||style="color:green"| *puu₁ɭ || *pålä
| Smy. *-å → *-ä after *l. Possibly K. '''palak''' "hole". Hi. '''pultəš''' ← *purəltəš ← *purə- "to bite".
|-
| "pot"
| *pata || - || - || *pat || - || fazeek(a-) || *puut || *puu₁t || *pat''ə''-
| Smy *a → *a between stops?
|-
| "to open"
| - || *pōncō "naked" || *panžə- || *pača- || K. pudž- || - || *puunš- || *puu₁ɳč- || -
|-
| "young deer"
| - || - || Mk. śarda || *šarðə || - || - || - || *suu₁rtə || Ne. '''siraj''' ?
| Ms. '''*surtə''' ← Kh?
|-
| "to scoop"
|style="color:brown"| *ammɜ-- || - || *amuĺa- || - || - || - || *uum- || *uu₁m- || -
|-
| "salmon sp."
| - || - || - || - || K. udž || - || *uuš || *uu₁ɳč || #ånčɜ
|-
| "sun"
| F. kaja- || NS guoje || Er. kaje- || *kaja- || - || haj(-) || CMs *kuj || - || *kåjå
| Ms *uuj → *uj. H/Ms. "dawn", better here than with F. koi
|-
| "in heat"
| F. '''suota''' || *čōðē- || - || - || K. ćulal- || salad- || - || - || style="color:red"| ''*såjä''
| F. ← S? Smy palatal assimilation? *-å → *-ä after *l/*ðʲ
|-
| "to present"
| - || - || *kaźə- || - || *koodźim  || hason(o-) || - || - || *kåso
| *a-ə possible. P. palzn. Ma. *kućək "dowry" ← P.
|-
| "to dig"
| F. kaiva- || '''*koajvō-''' || *kaj''a''- || ''*koe-'' || *kooj- || hajiit- || - || - || *kajwå-
| P, Smy. palzn. Hi. /u/ per hiatus.
|-
| "to thro"
| - || - || kaja- || - || *kooj- || hajiit- || - || - || -
| Homophonic with the prev.
|-
| "foot"
| *jalka || *jōlkē || *jalgə || *jal || - || ɟalog(o-) || - || - || -
|-
| "brain"
| F. aivo || *vōjŋē || - || - || - || aɟ(a-) || - || - || -
| Mk. ''uj'' rather ← *ojwa?
|-
| "to grasp"
| F. tarttu- || - || - || - || - || tart- || - || - || -
|-
| "roof"
| F. lakka || - || - || - || - || lak- || - || - || -
| H. "to dwell"
|-
| "to beat soft"
| *vanu- || - || - || - || - || vaańol- || - || - || -
| H. *wa- → vaa-?
|-
| "to roast"
| F. '''paahta-''' || - || - || - || '''*pɤɤž-''' || - || - || - || -
| F. 2ndary length?
|-
| "hole"
| - || - || - || *raž || K. roź || '''rees''' || - || - || -
| P. palzn.
|-
| "currant"
| - || - || - || *šaptər || U. suter ~ K. '''setɤr''' || - || - || - || -
| Cf. Gmc *sap ??
|-
| "rotten"
| - || - || - || *kaškə, *kaška- || '''*kuuź'''  || - || - || - || -
|-
| "to gro"
| - || - || - || *paše- || *puušjɨ- || - || - || - || -
|-
| "to ask"
| - || - || - || *jaða- || *juual- || - || - || - || -
| P. ← *-uuða- ?
|-
| "groove"
| NF *latu || - || - || *laðo || K. lu || - || - || - || -
| ← Baltic?
|-
| "rake"
| *hara, *harkki || *sōrē || *čar-kəďə- || *šar(əm) || - || - || - || - || -
| not loan; Gmc ← F
|-
| "opposite"
| *vasta || *vōstē || Mk. vasta || *waštareš || - || - || - || - || -
|-
| "wet"
| F. nahka "leather" || *ńōskē || Mk. načka || *načkə || - || - || - || ('''*ńašak''') || -
| Khanty "raw" may not belong
|-
| "to grind"
| *jauha- || - || jaž''a''- || *jaŋəže- || - || - || - || - || -
|-
| "fishing net"
| F. vata || - || - || *wat || - || - || - || - || -
| ← Gmc?
|- style="background:#A0FFA0"
! colspan="10"| *a₂_a: similar except Ma. *o, Kh. *aa
|-
| "to leave"
| *katoda- || *kōðē- || *kadə- || *koðe- || *kooĺ- || haɟ- || *kuuĺ- || *kaaćəɣ- ~ '''*ka/ɯɯj-''' || *kåjä-
| +Ma *koð''a''- "stay". P. palzn. Smy. *-å → *-ä after *ðʲ
|-
| "to steal, thief"
| F. sala- || *sōl-ɤk || sal''a''- || *šolə || - || - || *tuulmant- *tuulmak || *ɬaaLəm- *ɬaaLmaak || *tålä-
| + EKh ''*ɬɯɯLəɣ'' "stolen". Smy. *-å → *-ä after *l
|-
| "to carry"
| *kanta- || *kōntē- || *kandə- || *kande- || - || - || *kuunt- || *kaant- || *kån-
| *kanə-ta-, cf. Smy. ≠ *kënta "tree stump"!
|-
| "net"
| F. kalin || - || - || - || K. kulɤm || ''haalo'' || *kuuləp || *kaaLəp || -
| Cf. "fish"
|-
| "to open"
| *ava- || - || *aŋ-kśəma || - || - || style="color:red"| '''old-, ood-''' || *ɤɤŋkʷ- || VVj aaŋət-, W. '''*eeŋk-''' || -
| Ms. cheshirization
|-
| "to bark"
| - || - || - || *opte- || *uut- || - || *uut- || *aapət- || -
|-
| "low ground"
| - || - || - || - || U. śum || - || *suujəm || *saajəm || -
| *o_a possible
|-
| "wild; animal"
| - || - || - || Hi. wojər || K. vɤj || - || *wuj || *waajəɣ || -
| P. *waR → *vɤɤR- ? Ms *wuu → *wu
|-
| "white"
| *hahka || - || Mk. akša || *oš || - || - || - || *aaš || -
|-
| "to thro"
| *vatkada- || - || *vačk'''a'''- || ''wačkalt-'' ('lect?) || - || - || - || *waaškaLt- ||
| Ma. *a / w_
|-
| "to burst"
| *pakkahta- || - || - || - || - || fakad- || - || *paakən- || -
|-
| "fence"
| *ajta || - || - || - || - || - || - || *aać || -
|-
| "mole; beaver"
| - || - || Mk. maksa- || - || - || - || - || *maaɣ || -
| Weak. *ë_ə possible
|-
| "to sit"
| - || - || - || - || - || - || *uunl/t- || *aaməs/t- || *åmtə-
| *o_a possible
|- style="background:#A0FFA0"
! colspan="10"| With S. *ā, Khanty *åå (/ *č_?)
|-
| "to hit"
| - || ''*cāŋmē-'' || *čavə- || *čaŋe- || - || - || ''*šɤɤŋkʷ-'' || ''*čååŋk-'' || *čåŋå-
| Ms. cheshirization?
|-
| "to chop"
| - || T ''*cāppē-''; '''*cāpɤ-''' || *čapə- || - || *čuupɨ- || - || - || ''*čååp'' "piece" || -
| Onomat.? Cf. "to hit". U also ''čɨp-''. Kh. cf. also Ms '''šup''' "piece of wood"?
|-
| "to step"
| - || - || Mk. šašto- || - || - || - || *šuuš- || ''*čååč-'' || *čåčä-
|- style="background:#A0FFA0"
! colspan="10"| With Permic *oo poorly conditioned
|-
| "hard"
| - || '''*čārēs''' || - || - || *ćoorɨt || - || - || - || *sår''ə''
|-
| "crust"
| *kamara || - || - || *kom || *koomɤĺ || haaml- || '''*käämtol''' || - || ''*kamə'' !
| U. also kɤm
|-
| "fork"
| - || - || '''*užə''' || *waž || K. vož || - || - || - || *wåtå
| Or *woša with Ma./K. irregular
|-
| "berry"
| - || - || - || - || *oozɨ || - || - || '''*uu₂L''' || '''*ota'''
|-
| "rump"
| - || - || Er. kaśke ~ Mk. kaska || - || *koosk || - || - || - || -
|-
| "smell"
| Võ. katsk || - || kačam(o) || - || K. ''kočɨs'' || - || - || - || -
| Cf. "bitter"
|- style="background:#A0FFA0"
! colspan="10"| With Permic *u (→ Udm. /ɨ/)
|-
| "to go carefully"
| - || '''*vāncē-''' || - || *wanče- || *vuž- || - || *wuunč- || style="color:red"| *uu₁ɳč- || *wånč-
|-
| "root"
| - || - || - || *waž || *vuž || - || - || - || *wånčå
| Homophonic with the prev.
|-
| "to be born"
| - || - || *šačə- || *šača- || U. čɨžɨ- ~ K. ćuž- || - || *šašəɣ || W *čačəɣ || Sk. *čaačə
| Cf. F. *sato - *śačə with widespread sib. assims?
|-
| "to stand"
| - || - || - || *ša(l)ɣ || *sul- || aall- || - || - ||
|-
| "to shoot"
| *ampu- || - || - || - || U. ɨb- || - || - || - || -
| maybe *a → *ɨ / *_m_, cf. *mo- → *mɨ-. S. ''*āmpō-'' ← F.
|- style="background:#A0FFA0"
! colspan="10"|Indistinct *a_a
|-
| "to drive"
| *aja- || vōjē- || aj- || - || *ooj- || - ||style="color:red"| *wujt-''' || - || -
| ← IE *aǵe- ? P. palzn, Ms. *wuu → *(w)u
|-
| "mountain"
| - || '''*vārē''' || - || - || - || - || *wur || '''*woor''' || *wårå
| Ms. *wuu → *(w)u. Cf. *warə.
|-
| "to sink"
| *vaja- || *vōjō- || vaj'''a'''- || - || ''*vɤɤj(ɨ)-'' || vaaj-, '''vejse-''' || *(w)uj- || - || -
| P. *waR → *wɤɤR, H. *wa- → vaa-? Ms. *wuu → *(w)u
|-
| "marsh"
| *aro || - || - || - || - || - || *uuraj || ''*uu₂rə'' || -
| Kh *aa-U → *uu₂?
|-
| "death"
| *kalma || *kōlmē || kalma- "to bury" || || - || - || - || - || *kålm-
| *kaxl-ma? Cf. "to die"
|-
| "word"
| F. vala || *vōlē || val || - || - || - || - || - || *wålä
| Smy. *-å → *-ä after *l
|-
| "to stick; fork"
| Võ. tsank || *čōŋkō- || *śaŋgə || - || - || - || - || - || *såŋk''ə''-
|-
| "in-law"
| *nato || *nōtō || - || '''*nuðə''' || - || - || - || - || *nåto
|-
| "to peel"
| - || *vōtkē- || *vatk'''a'''- || *wakta-, *wotke- || - || - || - || - || Ne. waataa-
|-
| "knot"
| F. pahka || - || Mk. pakškä || - || - || - || - || - || *påktV
|-
| "branch"
| NF *sarka || *sōrkē || - || - || - || - || - || - || *tårkå
|-
| "skin"
| NF *talja || *tōljē || - || - || - || - || - || - || ''*tåəjə''
| Better F & S. ← B. Maybe *tawəd₂ə > NMs tAwəľ?
|-
| "behind"
| *taka- || *tuokē- || - || - || - || - || - || - || *tak''ə''
| Smy *a → *a between stops?
|-
| "clay"
| - || *čōwjē || - || - || *śooj || - || - || - || #såj
| probably *śaw-ja with metathesis in Kola Sami (unattested further west), cf. [[Proto-Uralic/O|*śawe]]
|-
| "to rain"
| *sata- || - || - || - || - || - || - || - || *sårå-
|-
| "left"
| *vasen || - || - || - || - || - || - || - || *wåtä ?
|-
| "to want"
| - || - || *karm''a''- || - || - || - || - || - || '''*kərmå-''' ?
|-
| "to rain"
| F. sata- || '''*čāðē-''' || - || - || - || - || - || - || *sårå-
| S. also *čōcē- "to hit" (won't go with Smy.)
|-
| "thru"
| - || - || Mk. ''šačk'' || - || - || - || - || - || Se. ''sačk''
| Only Mo. and Se, sibilant assimilation?
|-
| "aunt, older sister"
| - || - || - || - || K. ''ob'' || - || *uup || '''*o₂pə''' || *åpå
|-
| "rotten"
| - || *cōmcē || - || Me. '''šać''' ||style="color:green"| *žoodź  || - || - || - || -
| P. palzn, S. *c-ć → *c-c?
|-
| "series"
| *sarja || - || - || - || *śoor || - || - || - || -
| P. palzn. (*-rj-)
|-
| "with"
| F. kanssa || - || - || - ||style="color:green"| ''*gooz'' || - || - || - || -
| ← Gmc *xansa? P. palzn. also before plain sibilants?
|-
| ""
| || || || || || || || ||
|}

==Standard PU *ë==
> F. *a, S. *ō, Mo. *a as well; by default Ma. *ü
{|
|- style="background:#FFA0A0"
! Lexeme
! [[Finnish|Finnic]] !! [[Proto-Samic|Samic]] !! [[Mordvinic|Mordv.]] !! [[Mari]] !! [[Permic]] !! [[Hungarian|Hung.]] !! [[Mansi]] !! [[Khanty]] !! [[Proto-Samoyedic|Samoyedic]]
! Comments
|- style="background:#A0FFA0"
! colspan="10"| Ma. ''ö/ü'', P. ''*uu'', Ms. ''*ɤɤ'', Kh. ''*aa'', Smy. ''*ɤ'' (std. PU ''*ëCC, *ëCi'')
|-
| "father-in-law"
| NF *appi || *vōppɤ || - || '''*owə''' || - || ''ipa'', '''apa''' || S. '''ap''' ~ N. '''up''' || '''*uup''' || -
| Hu. *ëppə ~ *ëppə-sa > *ïp ~ *apa → ipa ~ apa?
|-
| "land"
| *maa || - || - || *mü, ''*mu'' || *muu || - || *mɤɤ(ɣ-) || '''*meɣ''' || -
| *mëxə
|-
| "hair"
| F. hapsi || *vōptɤ || - || *üp || - || - || *ɤɤt || E. aapət ~ W. '''*oopət''' || *ɤptə
|-
| "sore; groin"
| *narma || TS '''ńaarme''' || - || - || - || - || *ńɤɤrəm || *ńaarəm ||
| Cf. also F. '''näärvä''', S. '''*nārā-''' ibid.
|-
| "arc"
| *kaari || *kōŋɤr || - || - || - || - || *kɤɤŋraa || N. '''*xooŋkaar''' || -
|-
| "turnip; pine seed"
| *nakris || - || - || - || - || - || *nɤɤr || *naakər || -
| Suspicious
|-
| "cartilage"
| - || *ńōrkēs || *nar || *nörɣə || - || ''ńiir'' || *ńɤɤrəɣ || *ńaarək || *ńɤr
| *ńërə-ka (per Mo, Ma. Hu.); cf. *ńërə "soft"?
|-
| "gills"
| - || *ńōkčɤm || - || style="color:red"| ''*našmə'' || K. '''ńokćim''' || - || *ńɤɤkćəm || *ńaa(ŋ)kćəm || Ne. ńińśku, Ka. neeni ?
| Ma. *a~o / _CC
|-
| "crane"
| - || - || - || - || *tuuri ||style="color:red"| daru, -rva- || *tɤɤrəɣ || *taarəɣ || -
| *tërə-ka? Cf. abov.
|-
| "limb"
| - || - || - || - || - || '''loll''' || *lɤɤɣəl ||style="color:green"| *ɭaakəɭ || -
|-
| "light"
| *valkeda, *vale- || '''*vēlkɤtē''' || style="color:red"| *valdə || ''*walɣəðə'' || - || vilaag || - || - || -
| Ma. *a~o / _CC, > *a / w_. Cf. #woľa- "to shine"; IE ?
|-
| "to split"
| F. sali- || *čōlɤ- || - || - || - || sil || - || - || -
| Cf. F. säle "splinter"
|-
| "straight; obvious"
| - || *ńōlkɤ-tɤ || - || - || - || ńil-ván || - || - || -
|-
| "to live"
| *ase-, *as-u- || - || '''*äźə-''' || - || ''*uźɨ-'' || - || - || - || *ɤso-
| Cf. IE *h₁es-. Mo. and partly F may be rather < *äsä- (~ P *ozɜn).
|-
| "to be afraid"
| - || - || - ||style="color:green"| *lüðä- || - || - || - || - || *lɤrə-
| *-d₁- or *-t-? does *l- affect this?
|-
| "cradle"
| style="color:green"| *lapci || - || *lafś || '''*lŭ/epš''' || - || - || - || - || *j/lɤpsə
| F. "child"
|-
| "to chop"
| - || *lōkčɤ- || *lakśə- || ''*lokšə-nća-'' || U. lusjɨ- ~ K. '''lɤɤsjɨ-''' || - || - || - || -
| Ma. *a~o / _CC. U. ← K?
|-
| "soup; sweet"
| - || - || *jam || - || *juumal || - || - || - || -
| Smy *jäməj- 'soup' better < *lämə. Stem type? From *jëxə-ma??
|-
| "to clear wood"
| - || *sōntɤ- ||style="color:green"| *sańďə- ||style="color:red"| *śüðä- || - || - || - || - || -
|-
| "to get wet"
| - || *lōccɤ- || - || *löčä- || - || - || - || - || -
|-
| "to bury"
| - || - || - || *müðe- || *muudɨ- || - || - || - || -
| *mëxə-ta-, cf. "land"
|-
| "thick"
| *sakeda, sakka- || *sōkɤtē || - || '''*šukə''' "much" || K. suk || - || - || - || -
| *sëkə-ta, *sëk-ka? Could be *o_ə with F. irregular?
|-
| "stalk, axle"
| - || - || E. sad || *šüðər || style="color:red"| ''*zoo'' || - || - || - || -
| P. may point to *a
|-
| "stiff"
| *taŋkeda || - || Mk. taŋgəda || - || - || - || - || - || -
| NW+IS '''toaŋgi'''??
|- style="background:#A0FFA0"
! colspan="10"| *ëx: F *o, preS/Mo *u?
|-
| "to drink"
| ''*joo-'' || ''*jūkɤ-'' || - || *jüä- || *juu- || iv- || '''*äj-''' || ||style="color:red"| *ɤ-
| cf. IA *ǵuǵʰew-?
|-
| "minor river"
| ''*jo/õki'' || ''*jokɤ'' || Er. ''jov'' || - || *juu || joo || *jɤɤ || *jååkəɳ, *jɯɯkɯɯ || -
| *jëkV? Cf. *jëxə- "to drink/flow?" Ma. *joɣe- "to flow" ← Chuv. jox- "id."
|- style="background:#DDDDDD"
| "major river"
| *juka || - || - || || || || || *jååkəɳ || *jəka
| for comparision
|-
| "swan"
| ''*jo/?uccen'' || style="color:red"| ''*ńūkčɤ'' || style="color:red"| ''*lokś--'' || '''*jükšə''' || *juuś(k-) || - || - || - || style="color:red"| *jä¹ŋkɜ
| *jëxćə-? Initials messy
|-
| "loon"
| - || ''*toktɤ-kɤ'' || - || ''*toktə'' || K. '''toktɨ''' || - || *tɤɤɣ/kt || *taaktəŋ || -
| Ma. *a~o / _CC. Tv. → tʌt-kaa
|-
| "to reach; to spawn"
| - || ''*joksɤ-'' || - || - || - || (v)iiv- || - || - || -
| F. *jooksə- better from *joo- "drink, flow"? Bad without
|-
| "bent"
| - || - || Mk. ''nokəl(a)'' || - || *ńuuk || - || - || - || -
|- style="background:#A0FFA0"
! colspan="10"| *ëRə: similar except F. ''*oo'', P. ''*ɤ'' (std. PU ''*ëx_i'')
|-
| "vein"
| *sooni || *sōnɤ || san ||style="color:red"| *śün || *sɤn || iin(a-) || *tɤɤn || *ɬaan || style="color:red"| *čɤn
|-
| "arrow"
| *nooli || *ńōlɤ || nal || *nölə || U. '''ńil''' ~ K. '''ńɨl''' || ńiil(a-) || *ńɤɤl || *ńaaL || *ńɤj
|-
| "fish skin"
| *soomu || *čōmɤ || style="color:red"| śav || *šüm || *śɤm || - || *sɤɤm || *saam || -
| Ne. ''śaam'' < PS *kamə
|-
| "bird cherry"
| *toomi || *θōmɤ || Er. '''ľom''' ~ Mk. ''lajm'' || ''*lombə'' || *ľɤm || - || *ľɤɤm || '''*jååm''' || *jɤm
| Ma. *a~o / _CC (compound #ďëm-paw)
|-
| "year"
| *vooci || - || - || - || ''*wåå'' || '''-vaľ''' || - || *aaL || *ɤrö "autumn"
| S. *-vōtɤ semantically off. Cf. IA *vataḥ?
|-
| "wet place"
| *noori || *ńōrɤ || nar || *nöre- *nörɣə "sprout" || '''*ńuur''' *ńɤr "sprout" || ńirok || *ńɤɤr || - || *ńɤr
| F. "young", S. "weak" F. *noro ← Gmc.
|-
| "duck"
| - || SS ''sjotsjo''? || - || - || *čɤž || - || *šɤɤš || *čaač || -
| Er. ''šenže'' better ~ F. hanhi "goose", ← B.
|-
| "mitten"
| - || - || - || '''*piž''' || *pɤź || - || *pɤɤsɣə || *paas || -
|-
| "stale (bread)"
| *kalteda || - || - || - || *kɤldi || - || - || - || -
|-
| "to produce"
| - || *čōltē- || - || - || *ćɤlt- || - || - || - || -
| *ćëlə-ta-. F. ''suolta-'' rather ← *sooli
|- style="background:#A0FFA0"
! colspan="10"| IE loans: West *a_a, H. ''aa'', Ms. *ɤɤ, Kh. *aa
|-
| "100"
| *sata || *čōtē || *śadə || *šüðə || '''*śoo''' || saaz(a-) || style="color:green"| *šɤɤt || *saat || -
| ← II *śata; separately in P. ?
|-
| "tree stump"
| *kanto || *kōntōj || *kandə || - || (K. ''gɨd'') || - || *kɤɤnt || *kaant || -
| ← II *skandʰa-. S. *kāntē ← F. K. "bend, bottom", may not belong.
|-
| "calf"
| *vasa || *vōsē || ''*vaz'' || - || - || ('''üsöö''') || *wɤɤsəɣ || - || -
| ← II
|-
| "pole"
| NF *salko || *čōlkōj || *śalgə || - || *śuul || saal(fa) || *sɤɤɣlaa || *saakəL || -
| ← PIE *ǵʰalgʰaa. K. dźal probably later.
|-
| "mushroom"
| - || - || *paŋgə || ''*poŋgə'' || - || - || *pɤɤŋk || *paaŋk || *pɤŋkå-
| ← IE; Skr. ''paŋka'' "swamp" / L. ''fungus'' ~ G. ''spongos''. Ma. *a~o / _CC. Smy. "be intoxicated"
|-
| "to climb"
| *kangerta- || *kōŋkɤrtē- || - || - || - || haag- || *kɤɤŋk- || '''*kååŋk-''' || -
| ← PIE *gʰengʰ-
|-
| "grass"
| *tarna || - || - || - || style="color:#800000"| *tuurɨm || - || - || - || -
| ← II *trna
|-
| "streak"
| *jooni || *jōnɤ || jan || - || - || - || - || - || -
| ← IA *jaana, F. VV / _Rə. Also F. ''jana''!
|-
| "to pay"
| *maksa- || - || *maksə- || - || - || - || - || - || -
| ← Ir. *mandza-. F. → S *māksē-
|- style="background:#A0FFA0"
! colspan="10"| P. ''*u'', Ms. ''*a/*ɤɤ'', Kh. ''*ɯɯ'', Smy. ''*ɨ'' (std. PU ''*ëCa'' - note open syllables in Smy!)
|-
| "down"
| *ala- || *vōlē- || alə || *ül || *uul || al- || style="color:red"| ''*jal-'' || *ɯɯL || *ɨlə
| Ms. per original open syllable?
|-
| "to put"
| *akta- || *vōktē- || *aftə- ||style="color:red"| ''*opte-'' || K. '''oktɨ-''' || - || - || *ɯɯkət || *ɨtå-
| Ma. *a~o / _CC
|-
| "to divide"
| *jaka- || *jōkē- || *javə- || - ||style="color:red"| *juuk || - || E ''*jaɣtit'' || *jɯɯkəL "fork" || '''*jəkə-'''
| Or Ms. ~ Kh *jakaaj "neck"? Kh. also ''*jaaɣərt'' "split"
|-
| "lowland"
| *lanc''i'' || - ||style="color:green"| ''*lanďa-'' || Hi. ''landaka'' || *luud || - || - || - || Ng. lɨntə
| Ma. *a~o / _CC. excluded: S *lōmtē- "to kneel", Smy '''*ləmto''' "low"
|-
| "to leave"
| *valka-(ma) || *vōlkē- || *valgə- || ''*wale-'' || - || vaal- || *wɤɤɣəl- || *wɯɯkəL-, '''*waakəL-''' || -
| Ma. *a~o / _CC, > *a / w_
|-
| "sembra"
| - || - || - || - || *suus || - || *tɤɤt || *ɬɯɯkəL || *tɨtə(k)
|-
| "liver"
| *maksa || *mōksē || *maksə || ''*mokš'' || *muusk || maaj(a-) || *mɤɤj(ə)t || ''*muu₁kəL'' || *mɨtə
| Ma. *a~o / _CC. Kh. *ɯɯ > *uu after a labial?
|-
| "way"
| *matka || *muotkē || - || - || - || - || - || ''*muu₁kət'' || *mɨtɜ
| StUE4. Kh. *ɯɯ > *uu after a labial?
|-
| "wet sno"
| - || *vōnčē || - || - || - || - || - || ''*uu₁(n)ć-kəL'' || -
| *wënśa, with Kh. *ɯɯ > *uu after a labial? NB Vj. ''wɯɯťkəl''!
|-
| "mother-in-law"
| F. anoppi || *vōnēm || - || - || - || - || '''*aanəp''' || '''*oonəp''' || *ɨnəpə
| ObU *Onəp < *onə-pV?
|-
| "rested"
| - || *vōŋēs || - || *üŋəšə || - || - || - || - || -
|- style="background:#A0FFA0"
! colspan="10"| Indistinct between ''*ë_a'' and ''*a2_a''
|-
| "to stretch"
| - || NS ńuoddzi- || || - || *ńuuž- || - || ''*ńuunš-'' || ''*ńɯɯnč'' || -
| Argues against Ms. delabzn
|-
| "village"
| F. palva- || - || - || - || - || falu (-lva-) || ''*pɤɤwəl'' || ''*puu₁kəL'' || -
| Ms. cheshirization, or Kh. *uu after a labial?
|-
| "to giv"
| *anta- || *vōmtē- || *andə- || - || *uud- || ad- || - || - || -
|-
| "to dry"
| - || - || - || - || *šuupal- || apa-- || - || - || -
| *o_a also possible
|-
| "to take off; to be able"
| *jaksa- || - ||style="color:red"| '''*jukśə-''' || - || *juuskɨ- || - || - || - || -
| *o_a also possible. *ś / *s??
|-
| "bitter"
| *karvas || - || - || - || *kuurɨd || - || - || '''*koorəɣ''' ? || -
|-
| "handle"
| *vanka || - || - || - || *vuug || - || - || - || -
|-
| "hoop"
| *vanneh || - || - || - || *vuudž || - || - || - || -
| Or BF ← Gmc *wandi/uz (cf. JKl '76)
|-
| "tassel"
| - || *tōŋkē || - || - || *tuug || - || - || - || -
|-
| "to accuse"
| - || NS guoccot || - || - || U. kušɨ || - || - || - || -
| No other words! Could even be *a₁_a
|-
| "to bring"
| - || *pōktē- || - || ''*pokte-'' || - || - || - || - || -
| Ma. *a~o / _CC?
|-
| "to reach"
| - || - || Er. saźu- || - || *suudź- || - || - || - || -
| *a_ə also possible
|-
| "stiff; to freeze"
| - || - || Er. tarďe || - || K. tur- || - || - || - ||
|-
| "elm"
| - || - || - || ''*nolɣə'' || U. ńulo || - || - || - || -
| Ma. *a~o / _CC?
|-
| "stallion"
| - || - || - || *ožə || *uuž || - || - || - || -
|If related; three IE etymologies available (*ukšan- *aćwa- *r̥ša-)
|-
| ""
| || || || || || || || ||
|}

==All the rest==
{|
|- style="background:#FFA0A0"
! Lexeme
! [[Finnish|Finnic]] !! [[Proto-Samic|Samic]] !! [[Mordvinic|Mordv.]] !! [[Mari]] !! [[Permic]] !! [[Hungarian|Hung.]] !! [[Mansi]] !! [[Khanty]] !! [[Proto-Samoyedic|Samoy.]]
! Comments
|- style="background:#A0FFA0"
! colspan="10"| More IE loans
|-
| "flood, lake"
| F. sarajas || - || || - || style="color:red"| ''*šoor'' || aar || *tuur || *ɬaar || -
| ← II *sáras; separately in P, H?
|-
| "value"
| *arvo || - || - || - || K. arta- || aar || - || - || -
| Mo. *aŕ-ćə- "think" may not belong
|-
| "lord"
| - || - || *azər || - || *oozɨr || - || *aatər; N. uutər? || - || -
| Komi ozɨr without /v/- ? Check NMs
|-
| "good"
| *paras || *pōrē || *parə || '''*pooro''' ||style="color:green"| *buur || - || - || - || -
| Ma. also *paarema- "to recover"
|-
| "shelter"
| *sooja || *sōjē || - || *šaj || *saj || - || - || - || -
| ← Ir. *scāja
|-
| "to press"
| *pajna- || *pōńō- "to dip" || *pańə- "to drive" || - || ''*pååń-'' || - || - || - || -
| *pańa- with cheshzn in F, ← Gmc *spannija- "to strain". S. *pājnē- ← F. Ms. *pańəɣt- better ← *puńa-, Ka. ''paŋdə-'' rejectable
|-
| "sister"
| || - || Mk. sazor || ''*šŭžar'' || *soozər || || || ||
| F. sisar (and Ma?) ← B.
|-
| "gold, copper"
| - || - || - || - || - || arań || *tarəń || *ɬoorńə || -
| ← Ir. *zarna
|- style="background:#A0FFA0"
! colspan="10"| Unclear correspondence 1: FM *a, P. *a, H. ''a'' (with palatals!)
|-
| "hard"
| - || - || - || - || K. nadź || naɟ || - || - || -
|-
| "back; belly"
| - || - || - || - || U. gač || has || - || - || -
| Dubious semantics
|-
| "to tred"
| F. talla- || - || - || - || K. taľ- || - || - || - || -
| Loan F → K?
|-
| "to hit"
| - || *čōppē- || *ćap''a''- || style="color:red"| ''*čuča-'' || *ćapkɨ- || čap- || *čopam? || - || -
| Onomatopoetic? Cf. "to chop"
|-
| "to fall"
| - || *vōčē- || - || style="color:green"| *waza- || U. vaź- || - || - || - || -
|-
| "to look"
| - || - || - || *anće- || *addź- || - || - || - || -
| ~ Fi. ais-ti?!
|-
| "to take out"
| - || - || - || *tara- || K. taral- || - || taar || - || -
| Ma. "far", H. "open"
|-
| "to unravel"
| - || '''*rūč-''' || - || style="color:red"| *ranće- || K. radź- || '''ronɟ''' "rag" || - || VVj rać-- || -
| Note Ma. *ć. Probably not ~ F. *riicci-
|-
| "to stomp"
| *tappa- || - || *tap''a''- || - || *tap- || '''top-''' || - || - || '''*təpər-'''
| F. "to kill". Onomatopoetic? EU *tuppa-
|-
| "net"
| - || - || - || - || *ka(d)ź || - || - || *koćəp || -
|- style="background:#A0FFA0"
! colspan="10"| Unclear correspondences 2: With Kh. *a-aa
|-
| "to tell"
| *sarna- || - || - || - || K. śorńi- || - || - || S. sarnaaɣ- || -
| *rn/*rń? S. *sārnō- ← F.
|-
| "to hang"
| F. takertu- || - || || - || - || - || - || V taɣraaɣtə- ~ W *taɣərLə- || Se. tokua- ?
|-
| "to climb ~ to float"
| F. kapua- || - || - || - || - || - || - || Vj kaɣaaɣəl- ~ W *xoowL- || -
| *-p- ~ *-w-?
|-
| "soul; stillborn"
| - || - || *pač''a'' || - || - || - || - || *pačaak || -
|-
| "to sink"
| - || - || - || - || - || maart- || *muur(s)- || *maraa- || -
|-
| "willow sp."
| - || - || - || - || - || malaat || - || *maɣLaaj || -
|-
| "area"
| - || - || - || - || - || taaj || - || *taɣaaj || -
|- style="background:#A0FFA0"
! colspan="10"| Unclear correspondence 3: FM *a, P. front, Ms. *a (substrate?)
|-
| "understanding"
| - || - || Er. važov || - || K. vežɤr || - || style="color:red"| *aš(tə) || style="color:red"| *ač(aam) || -
|-
| "to (let) go"
| laske- || *lōštē- || *laśk''a''- || - || *ledź- || - || CMs *loośke- ? || ''*lååskə-'' || -
| *-ə / *-a?
|-
| "membrane"
| *kalvo || style="color:red"| '''*kālɤ''' ?|| - || - || *kiľ || haaľog || *kaľəp || *kaĽ-- || -
| Note *ľ. In parts ← IE *ḱel-?
|- style="background:#A0FFA0"
! colspan="10"| Unclear correspondence 4: FM *a, Ma. *o, P. *ɨ, OU *uu ?
|-
| "2"
| *kakci || *kōktē || *kaftə || *kok || ''*kɨk'' || (keet) || (*kit) || (*kiit, käät) || (*ketä)
| EU *kettä
|- style="background:#A0FFA0"
! colspan="10"| Unclear correspondence 8: FP *a(p) ~ Ugric *o(ɣ)
|-
| "to freeze"
| *palëlë- || *pōlɤš || *palə- || - || - || style="color:red"| faɟ || ''*paaľ-'' || style="color:red"| *poojət- ||
| Cf. FSM *pala- "to burn". Note also *-l- ~ *-ľ- (*-lji?)
|-
| "dam, wall"
| NF *pato || *pōðō || - || *pat "net" || - || fal || - || *paL : *paLaa- || -
| West *paðo, East *palə. Mari per AA13, zek
|-
| "sour"
| *happami || - || *čap''a''mə; *čapaks "dough" || *šabə || - || style="color:red"| sava-, '''sooska-''' || ''*šɤɤɣ-'' || *čoɣ- ? || -
|- style="background:#A0FFA0"
! colspan="10"| Unclear correspondence 9: FM *a ~ Permic *ɤ (note *k_C!)
|-
| "to put"
| *pane- || - || *pańə- || *pańəža- || *pɤn- || - || ''*pɯn-'' || *pan- || *pɨn-
| close to *ë_ə
|-
| "bitter, to smell"
| - || *kōccɤk || *kač'''a'''də- || *kačə || U. kɤš || - || *kɤɤšɣə || '''*kɯɯč(ɯɯ)''' || *kɤčə-
| *këččə-; F. ''katkera'' better ~ ''kitkerä''.
|-
| "to bite"
| - || '''*kāckē-''' || - || *kačka- || K. gɤčkɨ- || - || - || - || -
|-
| "across"
| - || - || - || *kač || K. kɤččɤb || - || - || - || -
|- style="background:#A0FFA0"
! colspan="10"| under other vowels
|-
| "rung; pole"
| - || - || - || - || - ||style="color:red"| zaap || *šaapla || - || -
| *o_a? Ms. '''*šäp''' "pole" ← K
|-
| "piece"
| F. '''sukku''' || - || - || - || - || sak || - || *sak || -
| *u_ə??
|-
| "ski"
| - || style="color:red"| *čōjkɤ || - || - || - || - || *taj- || - || *tåj(-kə)
| S. ← IE, others *o_ə?
|-
| "to breik"
| *kacket- || - || - || '''*kŭčkeða-''' || U. kwačkal- || - || - || - || -
| Better *o_i
|-
| "shit"
| '''*paska''' || *pɤškɤ || *pəśkiźə- || *pŭškeda- || - || fos || *paaś || *poś || -
| *ô? S. → F?
|- style="background:#A0FFA0"
! colspan="10"| East only
|-
| "head"
| - || - || - || - || - || - || WE *ɤɤwt || *ååɣ- : *uuɣə- || *u(ə)kə
| NMs aaw''a'', NKh *ooŋx-. Cheshirization in Ms?
|-
| "endonym"
| - || - || - || - || - || maɟar || - || *maańć || -
| cf. megyer ~ *määńći
|-
| "tale"
| - || - || - || - || - || '''meše''' || - || *maańć- || -
|-
| "to hurry"
| - || - || - || - || - || '''sorog-''' || #surəkt || *saarək ||
|-
| "eight"
| - || - || - || - || - || ''ńolc'' || *ńalaa || *ńɯɯLəɣ || -
| *ńëla, Hu. *a > o / _lT
|-
| "long-tailed duck"
| - || - || - || - || - || - || *ɤɤŋkə || *ɯɯŋk || -
| Sami '''*hɤŋŋā''' prob substratal; NSmy '''*åt³ŋo''' unrelated
|-
| "horn; edge"
| - || - || - || - || - || - ||style="color:red"| *ɤɤńt || W *aaŋət || ''*amtə, *aŋtə''
|-
| "surface"
| - || - || - || - || - || raa, -rA || *raaŋk(aa) || - || -

|- style="background:#A0FFA0"
! colspan="10"| to be sorted
|-
| "flat"
| *lappe- || (''*lāppɤ'') || Er. lapuža ~ Mk. lapš || Hi. lap ~ Me. '''lap''' || *lååp || lap || - || style="color:green"| *ɭapsək || -
| *a-ə? S. "aside". Cf. "flat side" Check U. (UEW)
|-
| "this"
| *ta || - || - || Hi. ta ~ Me. '''ta''' || K. *too || - || - || *taa-- || *tə
| or F./Ma. from B. *ta
|-
| "staff"
| *sauva || ''*čāvŋē'' || - || - || - || - || N. su(u)w || '''*söɣ''' || -
| Kh → Ms?
|-
| "ice crust"
| - || *čōkē || - || - || - ||style="color:red"| zaj || *såj || *ćooɣ || -
| Consonants bad
|-
| "berry"
| *marja || *mōrjē || ''*maŕ'' || *mör || - || - || *maar- || *muur- ? || -
|-
| "to darken; to hide"
| - || - || - || *söste- || K. saśtɨ- || - || - || - || -
|-
| "instrument"
| - || - || Mk. kaŕźi || '''*kerəš''' || U. kɨre(d)ź || - || - || - || -
|-
| "tame"
| - || *vōń-ɤs || - || - || - || - || - || ''*aańɯɯ'' || ''*ɨńə''
| indistinct between *o_ə and *ë_a; cf. PiS ''vuotnjie'' ← *vōńē
|-
| "to touch"
| F. kajoa- || '''*kājō-''' || - || || - || - || *kaaj- || *kaaj- || -
|-
| "light"
| F. salama || - || - || - || - || - || *sɤɤl || *saL- || *sålə
|-
| "to dig"
| - || - || *kar'''a'''- || *kare- || K. kɨr- || - || - || '''*kiir-''' ? || -
| P. *kɨr- in general "to wash"
|-
| "pale"
| - || - || - || *šapə- || - || šaapad- || - || - || -
|-
| "dry place"
| *kaŋka- || - || - || *kaŋga || - || - || *kuŋkʷə ? || - || -
|-
| "sleigh"
| *ahk- || - || - || - || - || - || - || *ååɣəL || -
| Cf. Sw. ackja? TN ŋūtūʔ rather ← ŋū 'pole' (EH).
|-
| "valley"
| *lakso || '''leakšɤ''' || - || Hi. laksa || U. los(k) || - || - || - || -
|-
| "dear"
| FiKrl rakas || - || - || - || - || '''rokon''' || *raaw- || *raɣ-- || -
|Perhaps F ← Gmc *frakaz "covetous". Ms. "to let close"
|-
| "to tear"
| - || - || - || - || *oor- || aar(t)- || '''*aart-''' || *aarə- || -
|-
| "to bend"
| *tai- || '''*toajē-''' || - || - || K. tuj- || - || '''*täj-''' || '''*tɯɯj-''' || *tVj- ?
| *tajə-, *tëjə-? Check Smy.
|-
| "pond"
| F. lampi || *lōmpɤl || - ||style="color:red"| Me. lop || - || - || - || - || *lɨmpå
|-
| "older brother's wife"
| || *vōńē || *ań'''a''' || - || K. ɤńe, ońa, uńe  || aanɟ, ańa || *aańi || *ańəkɯɯ || #Vńä 
| Separate P. *ańɨ "mother-in-law"
|-
| "flat side"
| F. lapa || *lōpē || - || - || - || - || N. lop? || - || '''*ləpä'''
| Cf. "flat"
|-
| "crane"
| '''*kurki''' || *kōrkɤ || *kargə || - || - || - || - || - || '''*kərö'''
|-
| "resin"
| F. kata || NS '''kaččē''' || - || - || - || - || - || - || *kåCə
| S. *kássé ← Gmc.
|-
| "snot"
| *natta || IS '''ńetti''' || || - || - || - || - || - || style="color:red"| #nəåtə 
| maybe Smy < *ńolkə-tV??
|-
| "to shame"
| || - || Mo. '''viźďe''' || *wažəla- || U. vodźɨt- || - || - || - || -
|-
| "berry"
| - || - || - || '''*moodə''' || - || - || - || - || Ka. modo
| or Ma. ← P. *mooľɨ < *med₂V
|-
| "many; big"
| - || - || - || - || *uuna || - || - || *onə || Ng. Aniʔe
| *u?
|-
| "bed, platform"
| - || - || - || - || U. džɨdžol ~ K.džodž(-ul) || - || - || *čuuč || -
|-
| "to shake"
| - || - || - || *pačke- || K. '''pɨškɨ-''' || - || - || - || -
|-
| "to dig"
| - || - || - || - || K. kundɨ- || haań- || *kuun- || *kɯɯɳ-, O xaan- || -
| *a₂, Kh. umlaut?
|-
| "bag"
| - || - || - || - || #kuuda || - || *kuunt || *kɯɯnt : *kɯɯntɯɯ- || -
| (F. ''kontti'')
|-
| "basket"
| - || - || - || *kŭrəkš || U. kor || - || *kuurəɣ || *kɯɯr(əɣ) || *kor--
| *u-ish?
|-
| "block; dugout"
| - || - || - || - || U. ''kɨpɨ'' || - || *kɤɤp || N. *kaap || -
| *këppə/*koppə/*kuppɜ?
|-
| "milk; sap"
| *majto || - || - || - || U. mɤľ || - || - || - || -
|-
| "even; beautiful"
| - || N muoissa- || *mazə || - || - || - || - || - || -
|-
| "rotten"
| *mahe- || - || *makšə || - || - || - || - || - || -
|-
| "edge"
| *mala- || *mōlōs || *mal''a''s || - || - || - || - || - || -
| ← B
|-
| "clear weather"
| - || *mōńē || *mańəŋ || - || - || - || - || - || -
|-
| "to crawl; bridge"
| *mata- || - || Er. madamo || - || - || - || - || - || -
|-
| "to disappear, fail"
| - || - || Er. '''joma-''' ~ Mk. ''juma-' || *jama- || - || - || - || - || *jat³ma- / *jaŋkə-
| S. *jāmē- 'die' better < *jämä- 'to stiffen' (StUE3)
|-
| "to cool, cold"
| - || SS joasko- || *jakšamə || '''*jükše-''', '''*jüštə''' || - || - || - || - || -
| Es. jahtu- rather < *jȧhtü- < *jäštä-, possibly also Ma. Also OSwS ''juoskos'' "stiff" (PS *jōksō-?)
|-
| "split"
| Fi. rahko || - || *raškə || - || - || - || - || - || -
|-
| "lattice, grid"
| - || - || - || - || K. radź || raač ~ reeč || - || - || -
|-
| "hole"
| - || - || - || *(ə)raž || K. *rooź || '''reeš''', '''reš''' || - || - || -
| better *rećV, P. → Ma., and F. *riicci- here?!
|-
| "ship; pot"
| *hakci || - || *Čakš || - || - || - || - || - || -
| semantics bad
|-
| "shape"
| '''*haamV''' || (Lu. '''sjibmō''') || *Čam''a'' || - || - || - || - || - || -
| maybe S *šëmō, cf. Lu sjimer < *šëmērē (which is of no help whatsoever)
|-
| "back of knife"
| *hamara ||style="color:red"| '''*šëmērē''' || *Čov || - || - || - || - || - || -
| likely somehow ← IE *h₂aḱmor "stone, etc."
|-
| ""
| - || - || - || - || - || - || - || - || -
|}

==Rejectable==
{|
|- style="background:#FFA0A0"
! Lexeme
! Finnic !! [[Proto-Samic|Samic]] !! [[Mordvinic|Mordv.]] !! [[Mari]] !! [[Permic]] !! [[Hungarian|Hung.]] !! [[Mansi]] !! [[Khanty]] !! [[Proto-Samoyedic|Samoyedic]]
! Comments

|- style="background:#A0FFA0"
! colspan="10"| Irregularities explainable by alternate etymologies for some branches
|-
| "meadow"
| Es. '''aas''' || - || - || - || *adź  || asoo || - || - || -
| Es < *ansa, Hu < *saś- "to dry"
|-
| "woven band"
| *vakla || *vōvlē || - || - || - || - || *waaɣlap || - || -
| F & S. ← Gmc.
|-
| "bay"
| *lakci || *lōktɤ || - || - || - || - || *laak || *lok || -
| F & S. ← Baltic
|-
| "birch bark"
| style="color:red"| *tana || - || - || - || - || - || N. toont || *to₂ntəɣ || -
| F ← Sc. OUg better ~ H tidoo
|-
| "sturgeon"
| *sampi || - || - || - || - || - || style="color:red"| '''*šupəɣ''' || - || -
| Better F ← IE *stambʰ- 'pole'
|-
| "much"
| *paljo || - || - || Hi. pülä || - || - || *paal || - || *påj
| F. possibly ← Gmc, East *polə
|-
| "door bolt"
| F. sarana || - || - || - || U. dźɨrɨ ~ K. dźir || čir || - || - || -
| F. may be ← Baltic
|-
| "to stop"
| *taukot- || *tōvkō- || - || - || style="color:red"| *duugdɨ- || - || - || - || -
| F. & S. ← Gmc.
|-
| "far, long"
| *kauka(lo) || *kukkē || *kuvaka || - || - || - || - || *kooɣ || -
| F ← Gmc, S. *kāwkɤ- "stare" ← F, rest *kowVkka
|-
| "to look"
| *katso- || '''*keaččɤ-''' || - || - || K. kaźal- || - || - || - || -
| F, S. ← Gmc *gātijan-
|-
| "lot"
| *arpa || *vōrpē || - || - || - || '''orvo''' || - || - || -
| F. & S. ← Gmc *arba
|-
| "flat"
| style="color:red"| *latta-- || - || - || Hi. laptɤ- ~ Me. '''lapte''' || - || - || - || *ɬaaptək || '''*ləptå'''
| F. may be ← Gmc.
|-
| "board"
| *lauta || *lōvtē || - || - || - || - || - || - || *låtå
| F & S. ← Baltic?
|-
| "woods"
| - || E *mōjðē || || - || - || - || - || - || Sk. mačče
| Sk. instead < *məja < *mud₂a
|-
| "to throw"
| *heittä- || W *sāddē- || - || - || K šɤt- || - || - || - || -
| F. (and K.?) ← #šäjV-ttä- ← preGmc *sēja-; S. ← Sc. senda-
|-
| "ax"
| *tahko || - || - || *toš || ''*tɨš(k-)'' || - || - || - || -
| ← II *takš-. F. "grindstone" may be unrelated
|-
| "coarse"
| *karkeda || - || - || - || *gɨreś || - || - || - || -
| S. *kārkkē ← F. ← Gmc *hargaz.
|-
| "asp"
| '''*haapa''' || '''*sūpē''' || - || *šapke || - || - || - || - || -
| ← Gmc *asp- with metathesis?!
|-
| "branch"
| *hanka || - || - || - || - || aag || *tɤɤɣ || *ɬaɣɯɯ || -
| F. ← Gmc. Cf. ''honka'' here?
|-
| "to be able"
| *mahta- || - || *maštə- || ''*mɤšte-'' || - || - || ''*mučt-'' || style="color:red"| *mač(t)ə- || -
| OU may be ← Ru мочь-, Mo/Ma ← F ← Gmc *maxtiz
|-
| "river; mud"
| - || - || *rav(ə) "Volga"|| - || - || - || - || *roɣə || -
| Mo. ← II (F. rapa ← Gmc *draba)
|-
| "dead; dry (of cow)"
| *mardas || - || - || - || *muur || - || - || - || -
| F. ← II
|-
| "old"
| *vanha || - || - || - || #vooɜž || - || - || - || -
| P. ← B. *wetuša (ment'd in 6UE)
|-
| "stiff"
| *tankeda || - || Mk. taŋgəda || *tü̆ŋe- || - || - || - || - || -
| Also S ''toaŋkē'' (not **toaggē!) Mari may be ← Turkic
|-
| "cheap"
| style="color:red"| *halpa || - || - || style="color:red"| '''*šulðɤ''' || - || - || - || - || -
| F. ← Gmc *salwa ?
|-
| "to gro"
| *kasva- || - || *kasə- || style="color:red"| '''*kuška-''' || - || - || - || - || -
| F. & Mo. ← IE *h₂awks-? H. hason "use, advantage" rather from "to present"
|-
| "metal"
| *vaski || ''veaškē'' || *uśkɜ || *waž || U. -veś ~ K. -ɨś || vaš || '''*wüš''' || *waɣ || *wasa
| Messy Wanderwort
|-
| "shaft"
| *varci || - || - || *wu/ŭrðə || - || - || - || - || -
| ← B?
|-
| "joint; twin; center"
| *jama || *jōmēč || Er. jav || - || - || - || - || - || -
| better F, S ← IE (separately), Er. ← *jëka-
|-
| "to stretch; to spread"
| - || '''*rāččë-''' || *rać''a''kadə- || - || - || - || - || - || -
| better S ← Sc *braidja-
|-
| "woman"
| √naa- || - || - || - || - || naas || '''*näji''' || '''*nääj''' ? || -
| F. ← IE *gʷnah₂-, OU ← *näjə
|- style="background:#A0FFA0"
! colspan="10"| Too sparse & irregular
|-
| "skis"
| - || style="color:red"| SS. laabje || - || - || - || - || - || E. lump || Ne. lampa
| No other words.
|-
| "to fall apart"
| - || - || - || - || K. gɨlal- || - || N kuulat- || W *kooɭ-- || -
| probably loans in OUg.
|-
| "to graze"
| - || *kōtō- || - || - || - || - || - || - || '''*kətå-'''
|-
| "fishing gear"
| - || - || - || mača ? || - || - || - || - || Se. maaše-
|-
| "stomach"
| *vacca || - || - || - || - || - || N. '''waś''' || - || -
| Weak (suggests PMs '''*wäć'''). Fi. → S. ''*vāttē''. Mo. *vaćə "dirt" semantically bad
|-
| "to go"
| - || - || *jak''a''- || - || - || iktat- || - || - || -
|-
| "pine forest"
| - || - || - || - || style="color:red"| *jag || - || - || *jaaɣəm || -
| Ma *jäktə ~ Chuv. jaxtə;. Maybe Kh ← P, < *jäŋkä or ← IE *ǵʰeng-?? Cf. EU #jëKə 'pine'
|-
| "to write"
| - || - || - || - || - || iir(o)- || - || '''*jee₁rii-''' || -
|- style="background:#A0FFA0"
! colspan="10"| Messy crap
|-
| "beginning"
| F. alka- || *vōlkē- || - || - || - || - || style="color:red"| *aawəl || style="color:red"| *aaləŋ || '''*olə-'''
| Cf. *ole- "to be" ?
|-
| "armpit"
|style="color:red"| *kainalɜ ||style="color:red"| '''kājŋēl''' || Mk. kaval || *koŋla || *kuun || hoon || *kalna || style="color:red"| *konəŋ || #kali ? (En. seeri)
| Veps kaimal
|-
| "nits"
| Fi. saivar; Es. saere || style="color:red"| '''čīvrōs''' ||style="color:red"| *śarkə || *šarkeń(ć)e || style="color:red"| '''*śerel''' || - || N. seeri ? || E. sɯr ? || Ka. šurijar ?
| might be two items?
|-
| "gull"
| *kajaka || '''kājēkē''' || - || - || K. '''gaďa''' || - || ''*kajik'' || - || Ne. ''ho''
| Substrate word? Cf. "beaver"
|-
| "crow"
| *vari/eks || style="color:red"| *vōrččē || *varś/ćəŋ || - || - || style="color:red"| varjuu : varja- || N. uurin || style="color:red"| W *warŋaaj, E ''*wuurŋɯɯ'' || ''*wårä''
| Unreconstructible consonantism, onomatopoetic? Ne. *wərŋæ ← Kh?
|-
| "painted"
| - || - || - || Me. '''pač''' || U. pužɨ || - || - || - || style="color:red"| *påtå
|-
| "fly"
| '''*kärpänen''' || - || *karvə || Me. '''karme''' || - || - || - || - || -
|-
| "vessel"
| F. saima || - || *śuma, Er. śima || - || U. śumɨk || - || - || *sooma ? || Sk. somma ?
| Semantics all over the place.
|}

Mordvinic

2018-03-11T02:10:02Z

Tropylium: /* On the correspondence PU *m > /v/ */

Some reconstruction notes.
==Development from [[Proto-Uralic]]==
Changes shared with Samic in gray, those also shared with Finnic in green, and those with even wider distribution in orange.
* *V > *Vː / _x (both preconsonantal and prevocalic!)
* *a > *o / _C*ə (except _Ć, _x)
* *ë > *a
* *ü > *i, by default
** initially *wi- (*ük- > *vej-, *(w)ülä- > *veľ-; any others??)
** *ü > *u / _velar (*mok- *pokəń *poŋə *śokś); counterfed by the previous. NB also *miŋä > *meŋ- > mej-!
*Vowel height switch:
*# *i *u > *ɪ *ʊ
*# *Vː > *V
*# *e *o > *i *u (assuming a long stage not required)
*# *ɪ *ʊ > *e *o
** *o remains before *ŋ however (*čov *joŋs *lokśəj *oŋ poŋgo/pov *sova-, possibly *poŋa ~ Es põv, or poŋgo/povə ~ Es pooma (depending on if *uŋa > BF *oo))
** Possibly including: *ɪː *ʊː > *iː *uː > *i *u (*wêxə- > *vij-)
** Last two stages probably postdate vowel reduction (given loanwords like *kerda > *kirda)
* Stress shifts from *e / *o to a later-syllable *ä / *a
* *mt > *nt
* *ć > *ś (if PU *ć even existed; /ć/ is found in Mk ''oćä'', seems to be secondary; lenition may be later than voicing: *eś ~ ''itse'', *śiśəm ~ ''seitsen'', )
*Medial lenition, round 1 (all this when intervocalic or prenasal)
** *pp *tt *čč *kk > *p *t *č *k (clear examples exist only for *pp though!)
** *p *t *k > *b *d *g
** *s *š *ś *x > *z *ž *ź *j
** *č, however, remains strictly unvoiced
* *nź > ź? (Er. ''saźi-'' ~ P. *suudź-)
* *rs *šn > š (*kürsä *warsa *wešnä > *kši *vašə *višɜ)
** or *ər > š? (Ir. *kārt → *kšńi, but cf. Av. *rt > <š>)
* Word-final *ə > ∅ after a single consonant, or peripheral + sibilant (*joŋs *käťks *lafś *mekš *piks *soks *sokś *suks, ? *vaks)
** after this, unstress'd *ä *a > *ə too
** secondarily *ə > ∅ / al_ (''al kal pal sal val''); ''-a'' still attested in 17th century
** possibly also *ə > ∅ / {j w ŋ}_ ? (*čoŋ *toŋ *vej)
** unclear: *marja > *maŕ, *ora(wa) > *ur
* *d₂ > *ľ / #_, _C (only ''ľom~lajmä'', *śulgə)
* Palatalization redistribution
** *t *d *n *l *r (but not *s/*z!) > *ť *ď *ń *ŕ *ľ before/after front vowels or *j
** *ń > *n initially before back vowels (the *n/*ń contrast is completely lost initially)
** if *soďka > *suľgə, then also here further *ľ > *l
** Palatalization occurs also in all back-vocalic originally *ə-stem verbs (*koľgə- *moľə- *poŕə- *sańďə- *uľə-, possibly *pańə- if ~ F. *pane- rather than *paina-), perhaps analogy from the preterite stem? (*kolgə-j- > *kolgi- > *koľgi- etc.)
*** Counterfed by *a-ə > *o-a: cf. *kalə- > *kola- > *kulə-. (But, regardless, *uľə-? Cf F *olë-)
*** Also *-x- > *-j- may fall under this (however: *lukə- > *lovə-)
** Also non-alveolar consonants are palatalized before front vowels, but this remains allophonic.
* *j *w > ∅ / C_, *w > *v elsewhere
** This probably phonemicizes *ŕ (*maŕ *uŕə); in theory also *ľ, but no good examples exist.
** Obstruent + *w remains voiceless (*kaswa- > *kasə-, *latwa > *latə, *wiśwɜ > *veśə)
** Possibly also: *j > ∅ / F_# (i.e. nominals only: *ki *pi *si(j) *ve). Counterfed by *ŋ > ''j'', possibly also *k > *g > *j? (*vi(j))
** No good evidence exists on retention of *-w / B_#; only *pov ~ alleged Est. dial. ''põv'', source??
* Medial lenition, round 2 (intervocalic)
** *b > *v; also r_V (*karvə *ku/orva- *tərva *u/eŕva)
** *g > *v/*j (per vowel backness); possibly late, since *ŋ > ''v ~ j'' by similar conditioning in most dialects is post-PMo.
* But: *d₁, *d₂ > *d/*ď
** This and the last may indicate that common Mordvinic still had */ð ɣ/ (similar to older Mari) and /d g/ is recent Russian influence (similar to westernmost Finnish, Votic, newer Mari, possibly Veps).
* *kt *pt > *ft; *ps *pś > fs fś (*lafś *lofsa)
* *k > *t / C_# (in the imperativ)
[…TBC…]

==Development to the individual languages==
'''Vowels''':
* Erzya:
** *ä > e
** Dialectally, *e > ä (yet *ä always > e!) (Gor. Ba. Hl. Nask. Kažl.)
** *a > o / _j. (''ojdor ojmams ojme voj kojme''; perhaps ''ľom'' ~ Mk ''lajmä''; ''bojar nojabŕa vojna'' ~ Mk ''bajar najabŕä vajna'' (< Ru боярин ноябрь война); but ''ajge- g/kajge- tajmaza'', ''g/kajťan-'' < Ru гайтан.)
** in later syllables e ə > Će/Co (i.e. not strictly "vowel harmony"); some exceptions (''piźol'')
** in Tambov Oblast (Kad. Kal. Kažl. Šir.), *u > *vi / _Ć (''viľ- viŕaš viŕna- viśkä viźiŕ'')
**: — does this indicate *u > *ü > *vi, and similar late retention PU *ü > *ö > *ve?!
* Mokša:
** *ə is split as allophonic [ə̟] ~ [ə̠], similar to Erzya
*** /ə/ → [ə̠] also between a (phonemic) nonpalatal and a palatal (at least ''ćipəŕ kavəŕ kopəŕ mokəŕ odgəŕ šäxəŕ tokəŕ'', cases with other /Cʲ/ TBA) — but contrast ''kevəŕ'' with [ə̟]?
**** later than *ŋ > j/v: ''šej''[ə̠]''ŕ'' < *šeŋəŕ
** *ə > ä/a / _# per harmony; ä also after palatals, a after nonpalatal *s/*z (or other alveolars) — i.e. [ə̠] > a, [ə̟] > ä
** *əj *əw (from *əɣ *əŋ) > i u
** *i *u > ə / initial pretonic
** in P Pš, *e > ä / {v k}_ŕ (''käŕ käŕ- käŕč käŕämäť väŕ väŕəďə-'') - maybe generalizable as peripheral + ''ŕ'', no counterexamples with ''m- p-''
A possible final *-ə/-ä contrast does not seem reconstructible (will write *-ɜ), but should medially remain in Mk. (only inherited example: ''śäjäŕ'').

'''Consonants''':
* Erzya:
** *š > č / #_ (dialectal)
** *j > ∅ / _e (fed by *ä-raising; *je- previously didn't exist)
** *nd > n / 3rd+ syllable
** *ft > /vt/ = [wt] in "mainstream" dialects (Mar. NSurk. Kozl. VVr. Jeg.) and literary Erzya
*** Widely retained (Atr. Večk. Bug. Petr. Šokša; Kad. Kal.; Gor. Ba. Hl. Nask. Kažl.; SŠant. Is.?)
*** Does not go with general devoicing, e.g. /vkst/ typically remains (however, Ba. ''kuluv'' : pl. ''kuluft'')
* Mokša:
** ? *č > š / #_ (if not already in Proto-Mordv.)
*** initial ''č-'' occurs in recent loans (''čavka'' ← Tat.), onomatopoeia / ideophones (''čaka-'', ''čoka-'' 'to hit', ''čof'' 'whistle', ''čofaďə-'' 'to push/swat away', ''čura-'' 'to piss', ''čəka'' 'game pin'), ? (''čińas čiva čivgä čopaftə-''; ''ču/əŕkä'' < ? *čŕka)
** *k > ∅ / F_š (''jäšä käšə- ľeš meš päšä ťišä äšťəŕ'' - but: ''šäkši''), also sometimes #_šC (before nonpalatals? ''šna šta'', but ''kšńi kšńit'')
** Devoicing: m n r l j v > p t r̥ l̥ ç f / _{p t c č k}. Dialectally ç > ɕ.
** *s > ś / _F
** n > ń / #_Vŕ (''ńuŕa- ńuŕgə- ńuŕgamə-'') (check other palatals?)
* *ŋ > j/v per vowel backness, except dialectally in Erzya

'''Analogies & such'''
* n-l metathesis:
** Erzya ''keŋgeľems'', MkSučk. MkUr. ''käŋgəľəms'' ~ Moksha ''käľgəťńəms'' 'to lie'
** Erzya ''keńďal'' ~ Moksha (P Pš) ''kelda'' 'bug, bedbug'
* Erzya ''vaľgej'' ~ ErVečk. SSant. ''vajgeľ'', Moksha ''vajgäľ'' 'voice': is this *vaj_käľ > *vajgäľ from *käľ 'tongue', with analogy from ''val'' 'word' in most of Erzya; or vice versa: *vaľgəj from 'word', with analogy from 'tongue' in Moksha + Večk. SSant.?

===Dialect table===

{| class="wikitable"
! colspan="3" rowspan="3"| Vocalism → Consonantism ↓
! colspan="2"| Erzya !! colspan="4"| Moksha
|-
! rowspan="2"| *e *ä > /ä e/
! rowspan="2" colspan="2"| *e *ä > /e/
! colspan="2"| *e *ä ≡ !! rowspan="2"| *e *ä > /i e/
|-
! !! *e > /ä/ / _ŕ
|-
! *ŋ ≡ / _# !! !!
| || Atrať (Atr.) ||
|-
! *ŋ > j/v !! !!
| || Literary
| || Literary || P. Pš.
|-
! *ŋ > v !! !!
|||
|}

==On the correspondence PU *m > /v/==

After PU *u
* *lumə "sno" > *loŋ (!)
* *kumV "cloud" > *kovol

Suffix exchange?
* *śüðäm(ə) "heart" > *śeďeŋ

Versus BF *-u
* *śëmə(-w?) > *śëëmu > *śav (cf. BF *soomu)
* ''*suv'' "fog" ~ BF *sumu ~ S. *somō
* *ľevəš "lime bast" ~ BF *lehmus ~ Ma. ''*nəməštə''

Limited comparanda
* <s>Er. ''jav'' "joint" ~ BF *jama ~ S *jōmē</s> (better ~ ''javoms'' < *jëka-)
* ''*šov'' "butt of knife" ~ BF *hamara ~ S *ši/ëmērē ← Gmc *hamaraz
* ''*šovar'' "mortar" ~ BF *huumar ~ Ma. *šuer
* *toŋ (!) "kernel" ~ F. ''tuma ~ tuuma'' ~ E. ''tuum'' ~ Me. ''tum'' ~ Hi. ''toŋ''
* *kav "granary, barn" ~ K. ''kum'' "loft"
(*luv "gap" = Ma. *lu better ~ F *lovi than *loma)

But not in:
* <s>Er. ''kumoka'' "fever" ~ BF *kuuma "hot"</s> (better ← Ru.)
* *lamə "many" ~ BF *laama
* *šamə "shape" ~ BF *haamo
* *kuma > *koma, *juma- > ''*jumi-'', *tammə > *tumə
* *numələ *śumərdə- ''umaŕ'' ''*komər'' Er. ''umok''
* *ľem *kämə
* #ľajmə *ľäm *śimə-

Also *p ~ Mari *m
* *karvə "fly" ~ BF *kärpä-, Ma. #ka/arme

==*kt notes==
Ravila '33:
* Mk ĺiç/ɕťə- (Selišče, Pšenevo) ~ ĺifťə- "hervornehmen/-ziehen/-quellen/-sprudeln" (kausatiivi?)
* Mk ĺiçťəma (Gorodišče) "lähde"
* Mk śeɕťə- (Pš.) ~ Er. sevťnə- "sormeilla"
* Mk ťiçťəďə- (Čembar) ~ ťifťəďə- (Sel.) "ochutitjsja"
* ńäfťə- "näyttää", vifťə- "johdattaa" (*vêx-ta-), ĺifťə- "paeta" ← ĺijə- "lentää" (eikä ← *läkti-?)

{{Natlangs}}

Mordvinic

2018-03-11T01:54:04Z

Tropylium: /* Development to the individual languages */

Some reconstruction notes.
==Development from [[Proto-Uralic]]==
Changes shared with Samic in gray, those also shared with Finnic in green, and those with even wider distribution in orange.
* *V > *Vː / _x (both preconsonantal and prevocalic!)
* *a > *o / _C*ə (except _Ć, _x)
* *ë > *a
* *ü > *i, by default
** initially *wi- (*ük- > *vej-, *(w)ülä- > *veľ-; any others??)
** *ü > *u / _velar (*mok- *pokəń *poŋə *śokś); counterfed by the previous. NB also *miŋä > *meŋ- > mej-!
*Vowel height switch:
*# *i *u > *ɪ *ʊ
*# *Vː > *V
*# *e *o > *i *u (assuming a long stage not required)
*# *ɪ *ʊ > *e *o
** *o remains before *ŋ however (*čov *joŋs *lokśəj *oŋ poŋgo/pov *sova-, possibly *poŋa ~ Es põv, or poŋgo/povə ~ Es pooma (depending on if *uŋa > BF *oo))
** Possibly including: *ɪː *ʊː > *iː *uː > *i *u (*wêxə- > *vij-)
** Last two stages probably postdate vowel reduction (given loanwords like *kerda > *kirda)
* Stress shifts from *e / *o to a later-syllable *ä / *a
* *mt > *nt
* *ć > *ś (if PU *ć even existed; /ć/ is found in Mk ''oćä'', seems to be secondary; lenition may be later than voicing: *eś ~ ''itse'', *śiśəm ~ ''seitsen'', )
*Medial lenition, round 1 (all this when intervocalic or prenasal)
** *pp *tt *čč *kk > *p *t *č *k (clear examples exist only for *pp though!)
** *p *t *k > *b *d *g
** *s *š *ś *x > *z *ž *ź *j
** *č, however, remains strictly unvoiced
* *nź > ź? (Er. ''saźi-'' ~ P. *suudź-)
* *rs *šn > š (*kürsä *warsa *wešnä > *kši *vašə *višɜ)
** or *ər > š? (Ir. *kārt → *kšńi, but cf. Av. *rt > <š>)
* Word-final *ə > ∅ after a single consonant, or peripheral + sibilant (*joŋs *käťks *lafś *mekš *piks *soks *sokś *suks, ? *vaks)
** after this, unstress'd *ä *a > *ə too
** secondarily *ə > ∅ / al_ (''al kal pal sal val''); ''-a'' still attested in 17th century
** possibly also *ə > ∅ / {j w ŋ}_ ? (*čoŋ *toŋ *vej)
** unclear: *marja > *maŕ, *ora(wa) > *ur
* *d₂ > *ľ / #_, _C (only ''ľom~lajmä'', *śulgə)
* Palatalization redistribution
** *t *d *n *l *r (but not *s/*z!) > *ť *ď *ń *ŕ *ľ before/after front vowels or *j
** *ń > *n initially before back vowels (the *n/*ń contrast is completely lost initially)
** if *soďka > *suľgə, then also here further *ľ > *l
** Palatalization occurs also in all back-vocalic originally *ə-stem verbs (*koľgə- *moľə- *poŕə- *sańďə- *uľə-, possibly *pańə- if ~ F. *pane- rather than *paina-), perhaps analogy from the preterite stem? (*kolgə-j- > *kolgi- > *koľgi- etc.)
*** Counterfed by *a-ə > *o-a: cf. *kalə- > *kola- > *kulə-. (But, regardless, *uľə-? Cf F *olë-)
*** Also *-x- > *-j- may fall under this (however: *lukə- > *lovə-)
** Also non-alveolar consonants are palatalized before front vowels, but this remains allophonic.
* *j *w > ∅ / C_, *w > *v elsewhere
** This probably phonemicizes *ŕ (*maŕ *uŕə); in theory also *ľ, but no good examples exist.
** Obstruent + *w remains voiceless (*kaswa- > *kasə-, *latwa > *latə, *wiśwɜ > *veśə)
** Possibly also: *j > ∅ / F_# (i.e. nominals only: *ki *pi *si(j) *ve). Counterfed by *ŋ > ''j'', possibly also *k > *g > *j? (*vi(j))
** No good evidence exists on retention of *-w / B_#; only *pov ~ alleged Est. dial. ''põv'', source??
* Medial lenition, round 2 (intervocalic)
** *b > *v; also r_V (*karvə *ku/orva- *tərva *u/eŕva)
** *g > *v/*j (per vowel backness); possibly late, since *ŋ > ''v ~ j'' by similar conditioning in most dialects is post-PMo.
* But: *d₁, *d₂ > *d/*ď
** This and the last may indicate that common Mordvinic still had */ð ɣ/ (similar to older Mari) and /d g/ is recent Russian influence (similar to westernmost Finnish, Votic, newer Mari, possibly Veps).
* *kt *pt > *ft; *ps *pś > fs fś (*lafś *lofsa)
* *k > *t / C_# (in the imperativ)
[…TBC…]

==Development to the individual languages==
'''Vowels''':
* Erzya:
** *ä > e
** Dialectally, *e > ä (yet *ä always > e!) (Gor. Ba. Hl. Nask. Kažl.)
** *a > o / _j. (''ojdor ojmams ojme voj kojme''; perhaps ''ľom'' ~ Mk ''lajmä''; ''bojar nojabŕa vojna'' ~ Mk ''bajar najabŕä vajna'' (< Ru боярин ноябрь война); but ''ajge- g/kajge- tajmaza'', ''g/kajťan-'' < Ru гайтан.)
** in later syllables e ə > Će/Co (i.e. not strictly "vowel harmony"); some exceptions (''piźol'')
** in Tambov Oblast (Kad. Kal. Kažl. Šir.), *u > *vi / _Ć (''viľ- viŕaš viŕna- viśkä viźiŕ'')
**: — does this indicate *u > *ü > *vi, and similar late retention PU *ü > *ö > *ve?!
* Mokša:
** *ə is split as allophonic [ə̟] ~ [ə̠], similar to Erzya
*** /ə/ → [ə̠] also between a (phonemic) nonpalatal and a palatal (at least ''ćipəŕ kavəŕ kopəŕ mokəŕ odgəŕ šäxəŕ tokəŕ'', cases with other /Cʲ/ TBA) — but contrast ''kevəŕ'' with [ə̟]?
**** later than *ŋ > j/v: ''šej''[ə̠]''ŕ'' < *šeŋəŕ
** *ə > ä/a / _# per harmony; ä also after palatals, a after nonpalatal *s/*z (or other alveolars) — i.e. [ə̠] > a, [ə̟] > ä
** *əj *əw (from *əɣ *əŋ) > i u
** *i *u > ə / initial pretonic
** in P Pš, *e > ä / {v k}_ŕ (''käŕ käŕ- käŕč käŕämäť väŕ väŕəďə-'') - maybe generalizable as peripheral + ''ŕ'', no counterexamples with ''m- p-''
A possible final *-ə/-ä contrast does not seem reconstructible (will write *-ɜ), but should medially remain in Mk. (only inherited example: ''śäjäŕ'').

'''Consonants''':
* Erzya:
** *š > č / #_ (dialectal)
** *j > ∅ / _e (fed by *ä-raising; *je- previously didn't exist)
** *nd > n / 3rd+ syllable
** *ft > /vt/ = [wt] in "mainstream" dialects (Mar. NSurk. Kozl. VVr. Jeg.) and literary Erzya
*** Widely retained (Atr. Večk. Bug. Petr. Šokša; Kad. Kal.; Gor. Ba. Hl. Nask. Kažl.; SŠant. Is.?)
*** Does not go with general devoicing, e.g. /vkst/ typically remains (however, Ba. ''kuluv'' : pl. ''kuluft'')
* Mokša:
** ? *č > š / #_ (if not already in Proto-Mordv.)
*** initial ''č-'' occurs in recent loans (''čavka'' ← Tat.), onomatopoeia / ideophones (''čaka-'', ''čoka-'' 'to hit', ''čof'' 'whistle', ''čofaďə-'' 'to push/swat away', ''čura-'' 'to piss', ''čəka'' 'game pin'), ? (''čińas čiva čivgä čopaftə-''; ''ču/əŕkä'' < ? *čŕka)
** *k > ∅ / F_š (''jäšä käšə- ľeš meš päšä ťišä äšťəŕ'' - but: ''šäkši''), also sometimes #_šC (before nonpalatals? ''šna šta'', but ''kšńi kšńit'')
** Devoicing: m n r l j v > p t r̥ l̥ ç f / _{p t c č k}. Dialectally ç > ɕ.
** *s > ś / _F
** n > ń / #_Vŕ (''ńuŕa- ńuŕgə- ńuŕgamə-'') (check other palatals?)
* *ŋ > j/v per vowel backness, except dialectally in Erzya

'''Analogies & such'''
* n-l metathesis:
** Erzya ''keŋgeľems'', MkSučk. MkUr. ''käŋgəľəms'' ~ Moksha ''käľgəťńəms'' 'to lie'
** Erzya ''keńďal'' ~ Moksha (P Pš) ''kelda'' 'bug, bedbug'
* Erzya ''vaľgej'' ~ ErVečk. SSant. ''vajgeľ'', Moksha ''vajgäľ'' 'voice': is this *vaj_käľ > *vajgäľ from *käľ 'tongue', with analogy from ''val'' 'word' in most of Erzya; or vice versa: *vaľgəj from 'word', with analogy from 'tongue' in Moksha + Večk. SSant.?

===Dialect table===

{| class="wikitable"
! colspan="3" rowspan="3"| Vocalism → Consonantism ↓
! colspan="2"| Erzya !! colspan="4"| Moksha
|-
! rowspan="2"| *e *ä > /ä e/
! rowspan="2" colspan="2"| *e *ä > /e/
! colspan="2"| *e *ä ≡ !! rowspan="2"| *e *ä > /i e/
|-
! !! *e > /ä/ / _ŕ
|-
! *ŋ ≡ / _# !! !!
| || Atrať (Atr.) ||
|-
! *ŋ > j/v !! !!
| || Literary
| || Literary || P. Pš.
|-
! *ŋ > v !! !!
|||
|}

==On the correspondence PU *m > /v/==

After PU *u
* *lumə "sno" > *loŋ (!)
* *kumV "cloud" > *kovol

Suffix exchange?
* *śüðäm(ə) "heart" > *śeďeŋ

Versus BF *-u
* *śëmə(-w?) > *śëëmu > *śav (cf. BF *soomu)
* ''*suv'' "fog" ~ BF *sumu ~ S. *somō
* *ľevəš "lime bast" ~ BF *lehmus ~ Ma. ''*nəməštə''

Limited comparanda
* Er. ''jav'' "joint" ~ BF *jama ~ S *jōmē (or better ~ ''javoms'' < *jëka-)
* ''*šov'' "butt of knife" ~ BF *hamara ~ S *ši/ëmērē ← Gmc *hamaraz
* ''*šovar'' "mortar" ~ BF *huumar ~ Ma. *šuer
* *toŋ (!) "kernel" ~ F. ''tuma ~ tuuma'' ~ E. ''tuum'' ~ Me. ''tum'' ~ Hi. ''toŋ''
* *kav "granary, barn" ~ K. ''kum'' "loft"
(*luv "gap" = Ma. *lu better ~ F *lovi than *loma)

But not in:
* <s>Er. ''kumoka'' "fever" ~ BF *kuuma "hot"</s>
* *lamə "many" ~ BF *laama
* *šamə "shape" ~ BF *haamo
* *kuma > *koma, *juma- > ''*jumi-'', *tammə > *tumə
* *numələ *śumərdə- ''umaŕ'' ''*komər'' Er. ''umok''
* *ľem *kämə
* #ľajmə *ľäm *śimə-

Also *p ~ Mari *m
* *karvə "fly" ~ BF *kärpä-, Ma. #ka/arme

cf. Hungarian:
*kumi > ''hava-, hó''

==*kt notes==
Ravila '33:
* Mk ĺiç/ɕťə- (Selišče, Pšenevo) ~ ĺifťə- "hervornehmen/-ziehen/-quellen/-sprudeln" (kausatiivi?)
* Mk ĺiçťəma (Gorodišče) "lähde"
* Mk śeɕťə- (Pš.) ~ Er. sevťnə- "sormeilla"
* Mk ťiçťəďə- (Čembar) ~ ťifťəďə- (Sel.) "ochutitjsja"
* ńäfťə- "näyttää", vifťə- "johdattaa" (*vêx-ta-), ĺifťə- "paeta" ← ĺijə- "lentää" (eikä ← *läkti-?)

{{Natlangs}}

Mordvinic

2018-03-11T01:16:31Z

Tropylium: /* Development to the individual languages */ details+

Some reconstruction notes.
==Development from [[Proto-Uralic]]==
Changes shared with Samic in gray, those also shared with Finnic in green, and those with even wider distribution in orange.
* *V > *Vː / _x (both preconsonantal and prevocalic!)
* *a > *o / _C*ə (except _Ć, _x)
* *ë > *a
* *ü > *i, by default
** initially *wi- (*ük- > *vej-, *(w)ülä- > *veľ-; any others??)
** *ü > *u / _velar (*mok- *pokəń *poŋə *śokś); counterfed by the previous. NB also *miŋä > *meŋ- > mej-!
*Vowel height switch:
*# *i *u > *ɪ *ʊ
*# *Vː > *V
*# *e *o > *i *u (assuming a long stage not required)
*# *ɪ *ʊ > *e *o
** *o remains before *ŋ however (*čov *joŋs *lokśəj *oŋ poŋgo/pov *sova-, possibly *poŋa ~ Es põv, or poŋgo/povə ~ Es pooma (depending on if *uŋa > BF *oo))
** Possibly including: *ɪː *ʊː > *iː *uː > *i *u (*wêxə- > *vij-)
** Last two stages probably postdate vowel reduction (given loanwords like *kerda > *kirda)
* Stress shifts from *e / *o to a later-syllable *ä / *a
* *mt > *nt
* *ć > *ś (if PU *ć even existed; /ć/ is found in Mk ''oćä'', seems to be secondary; lenition may be later than voicing: *eś ~ ''itse'', *śiśəm ~ ''seitsen'', )
*Medial lenition, round 1 (all this when intervocalic or prenasal)
** *pp *tt *čč *kk > *p *t *č *k (clear examples exist only for *pp though!)
** *p *t *k > *b *d *g
** *s *š *ś *x > *z *ž *ź *j
** *č, however, remains strictly unvoiced
* *nź > ź? (Er. ''saźi-'' ~ P. *suudź-)
* *rs *šn > š (*kürsä *warsa *wešnä > *kši *vašə *višɜ)
** or *ər > š? (Ir. *kārt → *kšńi, but cf. Av. *rt > <š>)
* Word-final *ə > ∅ after a single consonant, or peripheral + sibilant (*joŋs *käťks *lafś *mekš *piks *soks *sokś *suks, ? *vaks)
** after this, unstress'd *ä *a > *ə too
** secondarily *ə > ∅ / al_ (''al kal pal sal val''); ''-a'' still attested in 17th century
** possibly also *ə > ∅ / {j w ŋ}_ ? (*čoŋ *toŋ *vej)
** unclear: *marja > *maŕ, *ora(wa) > *ur
* *d₂ > *ľ / #_, _C (only ''ľom~lajmä'', *śulgə)
* Palatalization redistribution
** *t *d *n *l *r (but not *s/*z!) > *ť *ď *ń *ŕ *ľ before/after front vowels or *j
** *ń > *n initially before back vowels (the *n/*ń contrast is completely lost initially)
** if *soďka > *suľgə, then also here further *ľ > *l
** Palatalization occurs also in all back-vocalic originally *ə-stem verbs (*koľgə- *moľə- *poŕə- *sańďə- *uľə-, possibly *pańə- if ~ F. *pane- rather than *paina-), perhaps analogy from the preterite stem? (*kolgə-j- > *kolgi- > *koľgi- etc.)
*** Counterfed by *a-ə > *o-a: cf. *kalə- > *kola- > *kulə-. (But, regardless, *uľə-? Cf F *olë-)
*** Also *-x- > *-j- may fall under this (however: *lukə- > *lovə-)
** Also non-alveolar consonants are palatalized before front vowels, but this remains allophonic.
* *j *w > ∅ / C_, *w > *v elsewhere
** This probably phonemicizes *ŕ (*maŕ *uŕə); in theory also *ľ, but no good examples exist.
** Obstruent + *w remains voiceless (*kaswa- > *kasə-, *latwa > *latə, *wiśwɜ > *veśə)
** Possibly also: *j > ∅ / F_# (i.e. nominals only: *ki *pi *si(j) *ve). Counterfed by *ŋ > ''j'', possibly also *k > *g > *j? (*vi(j))
** No good evidence exists on retention of *-w / B_#; only *pov ~ alleged Est. dial. ''põv'', source??
* Medial lenition, round 2 (intervocalic)
** *b > *v; also r_V (*karvə *ku/orva- *tərva *u/eŕva)
** *g > *v/*j (per vowel backness); possibly late, since *ŋ > ''v ~ j'' by similar conditioning in most dialects is post-PMo.
* But: *d₁, *d₂ > *d/*ď
** This and the last may indicate that common Mordvinic still had */ð ɣ/ (similar to older Mari) and /d g/ is recent Russian influence (similar to westernmost Finnish, Votic, newer Mari, possibly Veps).
* *kt *pt > *ft; *ps *pś > fs fś (*lafś *lofsa)
* *k > *t / C_# (in the imperativ)
[…TBC…]

==Development to the individual languages==
'''Vowels''':
* Erzya:
** *ä > e
** Dialectally, *e > ä (yet *ä always > e!) (Gor. Ba. Hl. Nask. Kažl.)
** *a > o / _j. (''ojdor ojmams ojme voj kojme''; perhaps ''ľom'' ~ Mk ''lajmä''; ''bojar nojabŕa vojna'' ~ Mk ''bajar najabŕä vajna'' (< Ru боярин ноябрь война); but ''ajge- g/kajge- tajmaza'', ''g/kajťan-'' < Ru гайтан.)
** in later syllables e ə > Će/Co (i.e. not strictly "vowel harmony"); some exceptions (''piźol'')
** in Tambov Oblast (Kad. Kal. Kažl. Šir.), *u > *vi / _Ć (''viľ- viŕaš viŕna- viśkä viźiŕ'')
**: — does this indicate *u > *ü > *vi, and similar late retention PU *ü > *ö > *ve?!
* Mokša:
** *ə is split as allophonic [ə̟] ~ [ə̠], similar to Erzya
*** /ə/ → [ə̠] also between a (phonemic) nonpalatal and a palatal (at least ''ćipəŕ kavəŕ kopəŕ mokəŕ odgəŕ šäxəŕ tokəŕ'', cases with other /Cʲ/ TBA) — but contrast ''kevəŕ'' with [ə̟]?
**** later than *ŋ > j/v: ''šej''[ə̠]''ŕ'' < *šeŋəŕ
** *ə > ä/a / _# per harmony; ä also after palatals, a after nonpalatal *s/*z (or other alveolars) — i.e. [ə̠] > a, [ə̟] > ä
** *əj *əw (from *əɣ *əŋ) > i u
** *i *u > ə / initial pretonic
** in P Pš, *e > ä / {v k}_ŕ (''käŕ käŕ- käŕč käŕämäť väŕ väŕəďə-'') - maybe generalizable as peripheral + ''ŕ'', no counterexamples with ''m- p-''
A possible final *-ə/-ä contrast does not seem reconstructible (will write *-ɜ), but should medially remain in Mk. (only inherited example: ''śäjäŕ'').

'''Consonants''':
* Erzya:
** *š > č / #_ (dialectal)
** *j > ∅ / _e (fed by *ä-raising; *je- previously didn't exist)
** *nd > n / 3rd+ syllable
** *ft > /vt/ = [wt] in "mainstream" dialects (Mar. NSurk. Kozl. VVr. Jeg.) and literary Erzya
*** Widely retained (Atr. Večk. Bug. Petr. Šokša; Kad. Kal.; Gor. Ba. Hl. Nask. Kažl.; SŠant. Is.?)
*** Does not go with general devoicing, e.g. /vkst/ typically remains (however, Ba. ''kuluv'' : pl. ''kuluft'')
* Mokša:
** ? *č > š / #_ (if not already in Proto-Mordv.)
*** initial ''č-'' occurs in recent loans (''čavka'' ← Tat.), onomatopoeia / ideophones (''čaka-'', ''čoka-'' 'to hit', ''čof'' 'whistle', ''čofaďə-'' 'to push/swat away', ''čura-'' 'to piss', ''čəka'' 'game pin'), ? (''čińas čiva čivgä čopaftə-''; ''ču/əŕkä'' < ? *čŕka)
** *k > ∅ / F_š (''jäšä käšə- ľeš meš päšä ťišä äšťəŕ'' - but: ''šäkši''), also sometimes #_šC (before nonpalatals? ''šna šta'', but ''kšńi kšńit'')
** Devoicing: m n r l j v > p t r̥ l̥ ç f / _{p t c č k}. Dialectally ç > ɕ.
** *s > ś / _F
** n > ń / #_Vŕ (''ńuŕa- ńuŕgə- ńuŕgamə-'') (check other palatals?)
* *ŋ > j/v per vowel backness, except dialectally in Erzya

'''Analogies & such'''
* n-l metathesis:
** Erzya ''keŋgeľems'', MkSučk. MkUr. ''käŋgəľəms'' ~ Moksha ''käľgəťńəms'' 'to lie'
** Erzya ''keńďal'' ~ Moksha (P Pš) ''kelda'' 'bug, bedbug'
* Erzya ''vaľgej'' ~ ErVečk. SSant. ''vajgeľ'', Moksha ''vajgäľ'' 'voice': is this *vaj_käľ > *vajgäľ from *käľ 'tongue', with analogy from ''val'' 'word' in most of Erzya; or vice versa: *vaľgəj from 'word', with analogy from 'tongue' in Moksha + Večk. SSant.?

'''Dialect table'''

{| class="wikitable"
! colspan="3" rowspan="3"| Vocalism → Consonantism ↓
! colspan="2"| Erzya !! colspan="4"| Moksha
|-
! rowspan="2"| *e *ä > /e/ !! rowspan="2"| *e *ä > /ä e/
! colspan="2"| *e *ä == !! rowspan="2"| *e *ä > /e/ !! rowspan="2"| *e *ä > /i e/
|-
! !! *e > /ä/ / _ŕ
|-
! *ŋ == / _# !! !!
| Atrať (Atr.)
|-
! *ŋ > j/v !! !!
| Literary ||
| Literary || P. Pš.
|-
! *ŋ > v !! !!
|||
|}

==On the correspondence PU *m > /v/==

After PU *u
* *lumə "sno" > *loŋ (!)
* *kumV "cloud" > *kovol

Suffix exchange?
* *śüðäm(ə) "heart" > *śeďeŋ

Versus BF *-u
* *śëmə(-w?) > *śëëmu > *śav (cf. BF *soomu)
* ''*suv'' "fog" ~ BF *sumu ~ S. *somō
* *ľevəš "lime bast" ~ BF *lehmus ~ Ma. ''*nəməštə''

Limited comparanda
* Er. ''jav'' "joint" ~ BF *jama ~ S *jōmē (or better ~ ''javoms'' < *jëka-)
* ''*šov'' "butt of knife" ~ BF *hamara ~ S *ši/ëmērē ← Gmc *hamaraz
* ''*šovar'' "mortar" ~ BF *huumar ~ Ma. *šuer
* *toŋ (!) "kernel" ~ F. ''tuma ~ tuuma'' ~ E. ''tuum'' ~ Me. ''tum'' ~ Hi. ''toŋ''
* *kav "granary, barn" ~ K. ''kum'' "loft"
(*luv "gap" = Ma. *lu better ~ F *lovi than *loma)

But not in:
* <s>Er. ''kumoka'' "fever" ~ BF *kuuma "hot"</s>
* *lamə "many" ~ BF *laama
* *šamə "shape" ~ BF *haamo
* *kuma > *koma, *juma- > ''*jumi-'', *tammə > *tumə
* *numələ *śumərdə- ''umaŕ'' ''*komər'' Er. ''umok''
* *ľem *kämə
* #ľajmə *ľäm *śimə-

Also *p ~ Mari *m
* *karvə "fly" ~ BF *kärpä-, Ma. #ka/arme

cf. Hungarian:
*kumi > ''hava-, hó''

==*kt notes==
Ravila '33:
* Mk ĺiç/ɕťə- (Selišče, Pšenevo) ~ ĺifťə- "hervornehmen/-ziehen/-quellen/-sprudeln" (kausatiivi?)
* Mk ĺiçťəma (Gorodišče) "lähde"
* Mk śeɕťə- (Pš.) ~ Er. sevťnə- "sormeilla"
* Mk ťiçťəďə- (Čembar) ~ ťifťəďə- (Sel.) "ochutitjsja"
* ńäfťə- "näyttää", vifťə- "johdattaa" (*vêx-ta-), ĺifťə- "paeta" ← ĺijə- "lentää" (eikä ← *läkti-?)

{{Natlangs}}

Proto-Uralic/Ä

2018-03-06T19:11:23Z

Tropylium: /* *ä_a, etc. */ +1

→ Finnic *ä, Moksha ''ä'', Mari *e, Mansi *ää, Khanty *ee (/ ''*öö'' next to a velar), Smy. *ä

==Std. PU *ä_ə==
> S. ''*ē_ɤ'' (ā_ō)
{|
|- style="background:#FFA0A0"
! Lexeme
! [[Finnish|Finnic]] !! [[Proto-Samic|Samic]] !! [[Mordvinic|Mordv.]] !! [[Mari]] !! [[Permic]] !! [[Hungarian|Hung.]] !! [[Mansi]] !! [[Khanty]] !! [[Proto-Samoyedic|Samoy.]]
! Comments
|- style="background:#A0FFA0"
! colspan="10"| Permic *o (_l when V₂ not lost early?!)
|-
| "to fill"
| *täwci || - || - || style="color:red"| ''*tić'' || *dol- || tel- || *tääɣəl || *teeL || *tärə
| S. *teavtɤ ← F.
|-
| "rope"
| '''*kewci''' || *kēvðɤ || - || - || *kol || - || style="color:red"| *kʷääləɣ || *kööLəɣ || ''*kürə''
| Smy *äw > *ü ? Within F, cf. Võ ''käütämä'' "to fasten" with *ä retained. Mari ''*kəl'' ← P.
|-
| "sister-in-law"
| *kälü || *kālōj || '''kel''' || - || U. kaľi ~ K. ''kel'' || - || - || *kööLə || *kälü
| Perhaps *kälü rather than *käləw. K. *-ëľ > el?
|-
| "joint"
| *jäsen || - || jäźńä || Hi. ježəŋ ~ Me. '''jɤžəŋ''' || *joz || '''iiz''' || - || - || -
| Ma. *ə with Hi. *jə > je ??
|-
| "to order"
| *käske- || - || - || '''*küštə-''' || *kos || || || ||
|-
| "thigh"
| *sääri || - || *śäj'''ä'''ŕ || - || K. ćɤr || - || - || - || -
| *śäxərə better than *śäjərə; or *śäxärə??
|- style="background:#A0FFA0"
! colspan="10"| Permic *i (with a lost nonlabial medial?)
|-
| ""
| || || || || || || || ||
|-
| "hand"
| *käci || *kētɤ || käď || ''*kit'' || *ki || keez : keze- || *käätə || *kööt || -
|-
| "power"
| *väki || *vēkɤ || '''vij''' || *vi || *vi || vele- ? || *wääɣ || ''*wööɣ'' || -
| Ma. *e > *i _#
|- style="background:#A0FFA0"
! colspan="10"| Permic *ɨ (_R), Finnic *ee (_Ri) ≈ older PU *äx_i
|-
| "tongue"
| *keeli || *kēlɤ || *käľ || - || *kɨl || - || *kääləmt- "inquire" || *kööL || *käə-
| Mari *kəl "string, handle" from *käwðə via P.
|-
| "broth"
| *leemi || *lēmɤ || *ľäm || *lem || U. lɨm || lee : leve- || *läämə || - || *jäm-
| K. ľem "jelly" rather < *d₂ümä
|-
| "to bind; bundle"
| *keer-- || *kērɤ- || kärks || *kerä- || ''ge/ɤrd'', ''ke/ɤrt-'' || ''kür-, küür-'' ||style="color:green"| *kʷäärək || *keerää || *kär-
| OU 'to weave' not here (AASmy 2). P. *kär-tä-, or ← Sl-II *kert-. Cf. also F. '''*kääri-'''?
|-
| "side, pole"
| *peeli || - || *päľ || *pel || - || feel || *päälə || - || -
| cf. *pälä "half", *wärə "side"?
|-
| "mind"
| *meeli || *mēlɤ || *mäľ || - || *mɨl || - || - || - || -
|-
| "side"
| *veeri || *vērɤ || *väŕə || - || - || - || - || - || -
|-
| "to swallo"
| *neele- || *ńēlɤ- || ''*ńiľə-'' || *nelä- || *ńɨl(ɨ)- || '''ńel-''' || *ńääl- || *ńeeL- || style="color:green"| '''*ńal-'''
| Mo. *ä > *e in open syllables?
|-
| "to drink"
| *seeme- || - || ''*śimə-'' || - || - || - || - || - || -
| Mo. *ä > *e in open syllables?
|-
| "to drink"
| - || - || ''*iŕəďə-'' || - || K. *ɨrɤš || - || - || - || -
| Mo. *ä > *e in open syllables? Smy *ɤ-r- better < *jëxə-
|-
| "lung"
| *tävvü || - || '''ťevlav''' || - || *tɨ || style="color:red"| tüdöö || - || - || style="color:red"| *täjwä ?
| Cf. "to fill"
|-
| "air"
| *sää || - || - || - || K. sɨnɤd || eeg : ege- || - || - || -
| *säŋə
|-
| "to enter"
| - || - || - || '''*pŭre-''' || *pɨr- || feer- || - || - || -
| Or *pura- with H irregular
|-
| "woodpecker"
| *kärki || - || *käŕgä || *kerɣə || *kɨr || - || - || - || -
|-
| "to press"
| - || - || *ńäŕgə- || - || *nɨr- || - || - || *nööɣər- || -
| (AA, p.c.)
|-
| "nose"
| - || *nērɤ || *ńäŕ || *ner || *nɨr || - || - || '''*niir''' || *ńär'''ə'''
|-
| "breast"
| - || *mēlkɤ || style="color:red"| *mäľkɜ || *mel || U. mɨl || mell || *määɣəl || *mööɣəL || -
| F. ''*mälvi'' "bird breast''?
|-
| "voice"
| ''*ääni'', C. ''*hääli'' || *jēnɤ || - || - || - || eenek || - || - || -
| F. *ää > *ee blocked / #_ ?
|-
| "piece"
| *pärek || - || - || - || *pɨrɨ || - || *päär || '''*per''' || -
| and Es. peerg < *peere-kä?
|-
| "mare"
| Liv. keev || *kēvɤ || - || || || || || ||
|- style="background:#A0FFA0"
! colspan="10"| Kh *ii₁ / _k?
|-
| "to depart"
| *läkte- || *lēktɤ- || ''#ľixtə-'' || *lektä- || '''lɨ/okt-''' || - || - || style="color:red"| ''*ɬii₁ɣət-'' || -
| re P/Mo cf. *mäjäkä
|-
| "osprey; gull"
| ''*sääksi'' || *čēkčɤ || - || - || K. '''ćikći''' || - || '''*siɣs''' || ''*sii₁ɣəs'' || -
| some confusion w/ *čäkčij? two roots?
|-
| "to see"
| *näke- || *nēkɤ- || näj- || - || U. '''naal-''' ? || style="color:red"| neez- || ''*näɣəl-'', '''*niiɣəl-''' || ''*nii₁-'' || -
|-
| "fog"
| - || *cēkɤ || - || - || - || - || - || ''*čii₁ɣ'' || -
| StUE4
|-
| "hill"
| *mäki || - || - || - || - || - || - || ''*mii₁ɣ'' || -

|- style="background:#A0FFA0"
! colspan="10"| Remainder (no regular Permic reflex??)
|-
| "ice"
| *jää || *jēŋɤ || *jäŋ || *i ||style="color:red"| ''*jɤɤ'' || jeeg : jege- || *jääŋkə || *jööŋk || '''*jaŋ-'''
| *jäŋi. Ma. *e > *i / _#
|-
| "string"
| *jänti || - || - || - || - || '''ideg''' || *jääntəɣ || '''*jöntəɣ''' || *jänti
|-
| "to become cold"
| *jäähty- || *jēŋsō- || jäkše- || '''*jükše-''' || - || - || - || '''*jöɣLi-''' || -
| *jäŋ-(k)štə-; non-West *jükšə- ??
|-
| "head, end"
| *pää || - || '''pe''' || - || '''*pooŋ''' || style="color:red"| fej : feje- || '''*päŋk''' || - || '''#pa'''
| better *e??
|-
| "louse"
| *täi || - || - || *ti || U. tej ~ K. toj || tetüü : tetve- || *tääkmə || *tööɣtəm || -
| S. *tīkɤ ← Gmc? Ma. *e > *i / _#
|-
| "bit, to cut"
| *säŋki || *čēŋkɤ- || Er. ''śive-'' || - || *ćeeg- || seg- || *sääŋk- || *sööŋk- || -
| Mo. *ä > *e in open syllables?
|-
| "cradle"
| *kätküt || *kētkɤ- || - || - || U. kɤkɨ || - || - || - || *kätə-
|-
| "near"
| *lähe- || - || - || ''*lišnə'' || - || - || - || - || *jät-
| Cf. *läkte-
|-
| "warm"
| *lämpe- || - || *ľämbɜ || ''*liwə'' || - || || - || - || *jämpə-
| Smy. "clothes"
|-
| "trace"
| *jälki || - || - || - || - || jel || - ||style="color:green"| '''*jääɣəɭ''' || *jä
| Smy. 'heel'
|-
| "lichen on trees"
| - || *jēvjɤmē || - || - || - || - || - || *jeej || ''*jüjə''
| Smy *äw > *ü ?
|-
| "mild"
| '''*leppedä''' || - || Mk. ľäpä || (*liwə) || - || - || - || *ɬeepət || -
| F → SLu lehpagis? Ma. possibly better < 'warm'
|-
| "fish sp."
| - || - || - || '''*müktə''' || K. ''mɨk'' || - || TJ mäwtək || *mööɣtəɣ || -
| *mäwəktV? PMs *määɣtəɣ (not **mäɣ- > ˣmüw-)
|-
| "7"
| *säjcen || *čēčɤm || ''*śiśəm'' || '''*sĭm''' || *śiźɨm || - || - || - || -
| Core Finnic > *seicen; Mo. *ä > *e in open syllables? ← IE?
|-
| "heavy"
| *läülV || *lēvlɤ || - || *lelə || - || - || - || - || -
| Ms. *ľuuľ "weak", Kh. *ɬöL "cold" prob. don't belong
|-
| "a bird"
| E. ähk || - || *šäkšəj || style="color:red"| *ćećkem || K. čakčej || - || - || - || -
|-
| "to suffer"
| *kärsi- || *kērtɤ- || '''*kiŕďə-''' || *kerð/ta- || - || - || - || - || -
| ← Gmc. *hardja-
|-
| "to hide"
| *kätke- || - || *käkšə- || || || || || ||
| Cf. "cradle"
|-
| "to trust"
| - || - || - || - || - || mer- || *määr- || - || -
|-
| "to dive"
| - || - || - || - || - || meriit- || *määrəkt- || '''*merət-''' || -
|-
| "net"
| - || - || - || - || - || meet || *määkt || *mööɣət || -
|-
| "to fit"
| - || - || - || - || - || meeltoo || - || *meeL- || -
|-
| "warm"
| - || - || - || - || - || meleg || *määli || *meeLək || -
|-
| "to bind"
| - || - || - || - || - ||style="color:red"| †ńeek || '''*neeɣ-''' || Kr. neewəj- || -
|-
| "saddle"
| - || - || - || - || - ||style="color:red"| ńerëg || '''*näɣər''' || E '''*nœœɣər''' || -
| or *i with H irregular?
|-
| "to tear"
| - || - || - || - || - || ńer- || *ńir(əmt)- || *ńer- || -
| better *e?
|-
| ""
| - || - || - || - || - || - || - || - || -
|- style="background:#A0FFA0"
! colspan="10"| Derivatives & such
|-
| "mound"
| style="color:red"| ''*mättäs'' || *mēktɤ || - || - || - || - || - || - || style="color:red"| *mäktə
| Cf. *mäkə
|-
| "sun"
| *päjvä || '''*peajvē''' || - || - || K. bi || - || - || - || *päjwä
| possibly *päjə-wä. Permic CV ⇒ *i
|-
| "badger"
| - || - || Mk. ńärgas || *nerɣə || U. '''nardɨ''' || - || - || - || ''*narkå''
| #närə-ka
|}

==*ä_a, etc.==
> F. *ä_ä (/ *-jC-, *Ć-?) ~ *a_e (default?), S. *ā_ē, Ma. *e
{|
|- style="background:#FFA0A0"
! Lexeme
! [[Finnish|Finnic]] !! [[Proto-Samic|Samic]] !! [[Mordvinic|Mordv.]] !! [[Mari]] !! [[Permic]] !! [[Hungarian|Hung.]] !! [[Mansi]] !! [[Khanty]] !! [[Proto-Samoyedic|Samoy.]]
! Comments
|- style="background:#A0FFA0"
! colspan="10"| Finnic *a-i (main development?), *ä-- (derivatives)
|-
| "winter"
| *talvi || *tālvē || Er. ťeľe, Mk. '''ƭaľa''' || *tel(ə) || *tol || teel : tele- || *täälə || '''*teləɣ''' || -
| *w > Ms ∅
|-
| "to cut"
| ''*säli-'', ''*sälek'' || *čālē- || - || *šelä- || *ćol- || sel- || '''*sil-''' || '''*süüL-''' || *sälä-
|-
| "half"
| *pooli || '''*pealē''' || *päľɜ || *pele || *pol || feel : fele- || - ||style="color:green"| *peeɭək || *pälä
| cf. *pälə "side"; preF *palə → Slavic *polъ [*palʊ] → Mo *pola "spouse"?
|-
| "to wade"
| *koolë- || *kālē- || *käľə- || *kelä-, *kelðə- || '''*köl-''', *kolt- || kel- || style="color:red"| *kʷääl- || '''*küüL-''' || -
| F. ''*kaalat-'' ← S; Ma & P. #2 "to fish with a pull-net"
|-
| "root, vein"
| Liv. sūoŗ || *sārē || - || *šer || U. ''ser'' || eer : ere- || *täärə || *ɬeer || -
| F. *soori < *sarə; Udm. e / _r?
|-
| "to load"
| ''*sälyttä-'' || - || - || - || K. sɤl- || ell- || *tääl- || *ɬeeL- || '''*tij-'''
| could be *ä-ə?
|-
| "moisture"
| *kasi || *kāsē || - || - || - || - || EW *köäťəľ || *keeLää || ''*käta''
|-
| "moth"
| *koi || - || Er. '''ki''' || Me. kije || k''e''/ɤj || - || Tv '''kij, käj''' || *keej || -
| F. from *kooji < *kajə; ES '''*koajɤ''' ← F? U. e / _Ć
|-
| "gall"
| *sappi || *sāppē || *säpɜ || - || s''e''/ɤp || epe || *tääpə || - || -
|-
| "to scoop"
| F. *ammi? || - || - || - || U. omɨrt- || - || *äämärt- || *eemər- || -
| if not F. < *ama-
|-
| "dirt"
| *saksi || *sāksē || '''*seksɜ''' || - || s''e''/ɤs || - || - || - || -
| F > *sa(a)s-ta
|-
| "scab"
| *loomi || - || Er. ľeme || Hi. lim ~ Me. '''lümö''' || *lom || - || - || - || -
|-
| "tree sp."
| *sarni || - || - || *šertńe || '''*śir''' || - || - || - || -
| F. "ash", Ma "willow", P. "elm"
|- style="background:#A0FFA0"
! colspan="10"| not in F. but regular enough
|-
| "spleen"
| - ||style="color:green"| *ðāpðē || - || *lep(ə) || '''*loop''' || leep || - || *leepət || Ne. ''rapśaa''
| S. *l-ð > *ð-ð?
|-
| "woman; weasel"
| - || *kāðvē || - || - || - || style="color:red"| †helɟ || *kääľ || *kööjəɣ || *käjwä
| Ms. *ľɣ > ľ; MHu. > ''hölgy''
|-
| "twig"
| - || *sāŋkē || - || *šeŋge || - ||style="color:red"| eek || - || '''*ɬöŋk''' || -
|-
| "to shoo"
| - || *ārē- || - || - || - || - || *äärt- || *eerət- ||
|-
| "water"
| - || *čācē || - || - || - || - || - || *seeč- || Ne. ''sada''
|-
| "to find place"
| - || - || - || - || *t''e''/ɤrɨ- || teer- || - || - || -
| Udm. e / _r?
|-
| "to put in/on"
| - || *cākē- || - || *čie- || - || - || - || - || -
| Ma. *e > *i in hiatus (StUE1)
|-
| "mare"
| - || *āltō || *äľďɜ || - || - || - || - || - || -
|- style="background:#A0FFA0"
! colspan="10"|
|-
| "ungulate sp."
| - || *vāðōk || style="color:red"| '''vedraš''' || '''*wü̆ľə''' || *vol || - || - || '''*we₂lii''' || -
| SMo "cow", MaP "horse", Kh. "reindeer". Es '''veis''' ← *vetä-, perhaps also Mo. Cf also Gmc *weθruz, L. ''vitulus'' etc.)
|-
| "moment"
| Fi. '''hetki''' ~ Ka. hätki || - || style="color:red"| '''ška''' || - || *čož || - || - || - || -
| WTF?
|-
| "ring"
| - || - || - || *jĭr || *jor || - || - || - || Ne. jorka ?
| U. *jeros > ''joros''?
|- style="background:#A0FFA0"
! colspan="10"| Udm e ~ Komi ɤ
|-
| "back"
| Fi. '''perä''' ~ E. ''pära'' || - || '''*pŕa''' || - || be/ɤr || - || '''*pärəɣ''' || '''*pertaɣ''' || -
| ObU *perɜ > *per-əɣ
|-
| "part"
| - || - || - || "рызе" || *re/ɤć || rees || -rFś || - || -
| cf. Fi. ''räsä'' "broken", unless a variant of ''risa''; Ms. dmnt.
|-
| "to prepare"
| - || *lāčē- || - || '''*lĭšte-''' || le/ɤśal-, *le/ɤśɜtɨ- || - || - || - || -
|-
| "hemp"
| - || - || - || *kĭńe || ke/ɤn || - || - || - || -
| Wanderwort.
|-
| "to freeze"
| - || - || - || Hi. kiže- || ke/ɤdź- || - || - || - || '''*kə̈nsä-'''
| or *kinśä with K. irregular?
|- style="background:#A0FFA0"
! colspan="10"| *ä-ä type 2: F *ä-ä ~ S *ā-ē; Komi *e; Ms *ee ~ Kh *ää (*ii)
| all with -CC-?
|-
| "tongue"
| - || *ńālmē || - || ''*ńĭlmə'' || - || ńelv, ńeev || *ńeeləm || *ńääLəm || style="color:red"| -
| Ne. ''ńāᵒḿu'' better ← *ńåə- < *ńalə-
|-
| "power"
| '''*tarmo''', Fi. tärmä || *tārmō || - || - || - || - || *teeriŋ || *täärəm || -
|-
| "(to) cover"
| *läppä || Lu '''liehppa''' || - || *leweðä- *lewäš || U. ''ľipɨ-'' ~ K. lep || lep- || *leep- || - || -
|-
| "lasso; trap"
| NF *lämsä || *lāmčē || - || - || K. leć || - || *leesə || ''*lii₁s'' || *jä²sɜn
| Medials messy; F perhaps ← Gmc *slamsa-, OU ← K?
|-
| "needle"
| *äjmä || *ājmē || - || *imə || K. jem || - || - || - || *äjmä
| Ma. *ej > *i. Also cf. U. '''veń'''
|-
| "old man"
| *äjjä || *ājjē || - || - || '''*ajɨ''' || - || - || - || style="color:red"| *äjsä
| Contam. of *äjjä + *äććä in Smy?
|-
| "lath"
| '''*tarja''' || - || - || #tiər || - || - || N '''tarəs''' || *täärəs || -
| Fi. ~ ''tärjä'', contam. with *sarja? *tärə-, derivs?
|-
| "larch"
| - || - || - || - || K. ń/nia ~ ńeja || - || EWMs ''ńix'' || *nääŋk || -
| Medials messy. PMs *ee, shortened?
|-
| "worm"
| - || - || - || - || K. perk || feerëg || *peer(ə)k || - || -
| medials?? probably nor *-rkk-
|-
| "bay, lake"
| - || - || - || - || U kalɤm ~ K. kela || || *keeləɣ ||style="color:green"| ''*kœœɭəɣ'' || -
| Ud. a / _l ? Sk. *kuəľ not here (< PS *wåj)
|-
| "spot"
| *täplä || *tāplē || - || - || - || - || - || - || -
|- style="background:#A0FFA0"
! colspan="10"| With F *ä-ä ~ S *ea-ē
|-
| "thumb"
| - || ''*pealkē'' || style="color:red"| *päľka || - || U. pɤlɨ ~ K. pel || - || - || - || '''*pej'''
| *pälə-kkä, cf. "side"? F. *pewka- ← Gmc.
|-
| "bog"
| - || ''*jeaŋkē'' || - || - || K. jeg || - || *jääŋkə || *jööŋk || -
| Fi. jänkä prob. ← S.
|-
| "smoke hole"
| ''*räppänä'' || ''*reapēnē'' || - || - || *ropɨ- || - || - || - || -
|-
| "lichen"
| ''*jäkälä'' || ''*jeakēl'' || - || - || K. ''jal'' || - || - || - || -
|-
| "to understand"
| Fi ''äly'' || ''*ealvē-'' || - || - || K. ''al'' || - || - || - || - || -
|- style="background:#A0FFA0"
! colspan="10"| With Komi /e/
|-
| "to freeze"
| (*jääty-) || - || - || - || K. jed- || - || *jäänt- ||style="color:green"| '''*jentəɭ-''' ||
| *jäŋ-tä-. Also K. jo/ɤdmɨ "to harden"
|-
| "to reach"
| - || - || - || - || K. šergɤd- || eer- || *täärt- || *ɬeerəmt- || -
|-
| "to believe"
| - || - || - || - || *öskɨ- || - || ''*äɣt-'' || *ööɣəL- || -
| Ms. cf. *aa > *a / _ɣt. Cf. *usko-?
|-
| "to fly"
| - || - || - || - || ''*löb-'' || lebëg-, libëg- || - || - || -
| Rather *e? Cf. F. *lentä- ??
|-
| "thin"
| - || - || - || - || *vek-- || veekoń || - || - || -
|-
| "to understand; think"
| - || - || - || - || #väälal- || veel- || - || - || -
|-
| "old"
| - || - || - || - || K. vener || veen || - || - || -
|Or *winä?
|-
| "block"
| - || - || - || - || U džɤk ~ K džek || '''čök''' || - || - || -
|- style="background:#A0FFA0"
! colspan="10"| remainder
|-
| "friend"
| - || *lāvē || - || - || - || - || N. ''leekʷ''|| style="color:red"| *ɬöɣ || -
| Ms. transfer of labzn? S. ← ObU?
|-
| "paw"
| *käpsä || - || - || '''*küpš''' || U. '''kus-''' ~ K. '''kɨs, kɤs''' || - ||style="color:red"| '''*kʷät''' || *kööpəL || -
|-
| "this"
| *tä-mä || *tā || tä || Hi. '''ti''' ~ Me. '''tɤ''' || *ta || te- || '''*ti''' || '''*te''' ? || '''*tê-'''
| East *tê, if not rel. to "that"
|-
| "these"
| *nä-mä || *nā || *ńä || *nĭjne || K. na || ''-ni'', -ne || ? *-nää || ? *-nää || *nä
| Ugr. lativ ending
|-
| "ass"
| - || - || - || *šeŋgə || - || šegg || style="color:red"| *sääŋkʷ || - || '''*čɤŋkå'''
| *č not palatalized in Smy?
|-
| "to chop"
| - || *āktē- || - || - || '''*ooktɨ-''' || üt- || '''*jäkt-''' || *ööɣət- || -
| Ms *ää > *ä / _kt? Cf. "to believe". P *oktɨ- "gather" not here (''contra'' HPUL)
|-
| "big, mother"
| '''*emä''' || '''*eamē''' || - || - || - || eme || - || - || *ämä
| F & S. with analogy from *ena? Cf. F. *ämmä
|-
| "bone"
| Fi. tähde || *tāktē || - || - || - || tetem || - || - || -
| F. "leftovers"
|-
| "elm"
| - || - || śäľi || '''*šol''' || - || '''sil''' || - || - || -
| F. *salaka, *halaka "willow" ← Gmc.
|-
| "star"
| ''*tähti'' || *tāstē || *ťäšťɜ || '''*tištə''' || - || - || - || - || -
| Or -i?
|- style="background:#A0FFA0"
! colspan="10"| With Ms *ää ~ Kh *ää (most spotty, perhaps most *-ə)
|-
| "to cut"
| ''*vejci'' Võ. väić || - || - || - || K. vɤź- || veeš- || - || *wäänć- || -
| nom. *wäńćə (> F. "knife"), verb *wäńć-ä-?
|-
| "girl"
| ''*nejt--'' Võ. näio || *nējtɤ || E. ''ńi'' || - || *nɨl || - || *nääj "lady" || *nääj "lady" || *nä
| *näjə. Cf. Ms *nee ~ Kh *nii₂ŋ "woman"
|-
| "roach; ruffe"
| *särki || - || *säŕgɜ || style="color:red"| *šereŋɣə || - || - || *täärəɣ || *ɬäärəɣ || -
| Liv. ''särg'' w/o umlaut (< *särkä?)
|-
| "father"
| - || W *āččē || - || - || - || - || *ääći || *ääćii || NE #åt³sä-
| S. also E *ëćē = F. *icä?
|-
| "soft"
| - || OSw "nemok"? || - || - || - || - || *ńäämək || *ńäämək ||
|-
| "lap"
| - || - || *äľ || Hi. elt- ~ Me. ölt- ||style="color:red"| *wol''' || - || *ääl || *ääL || -
|-
| "(to) bend"
| - || - || *mäńə- || - || - || meen || || *määnəj-, '''*mii₂n''' || '''#mËnə-'''
|-
| "to choke"
| - || - || - || - || *čök-, U. ''džok-'' ~ K. ''džag-'' || - || '''*šük-''' || *čääkən- || -
|-
| "to feel"
| - || - || - || - || K. malal || - || *määlVćl- || *määL- || -
| Es. mälu < *mälə "mind"
|-
| "honey"
| - || - || - || *mü(j) || - || - || *määɣ || *määɣ ||
| Newer loans, e.g. from Permic?
|- style="background:#A0FFA0"
! colspan="10"| Loans: old
|-
| "board"
| *parci || || - || - || style="color:red"| ''*börd'' || - || *päärtə || *peert || -
| ← IE *bʰerdʰ-; separately in P.?
|-
| "lake"
| *jarvi, ''*järvi'' || *jāvrē || style="color:red"| järkä || *jer || - || - || - || - || -
| +Merya #jäkrä; ← IE *jewHro-
|-
| "to flee; to disappear"
| - || *pātārɤ- || - || - || - || - || *päätər- || - || -
| ← II *patar- "flying" (StUE1)
|-
| "goose"
| *hanhi || - || Er. šenže || - || - || - || - || - || -
| *šänšä ← B.
|- style="background:#A0FFA0"
! colspan="10"| Loans: likely parallel
|-
| "to tire; be ill"
| *väsü- || *vēsɤ- || - || - || *viśɨ- || - || - || - || -
| FS ← Gmc *wēsia-
|-
| "crust"
| *kärnä || ''*kearnē'' || style="color:red"| ''kšńat'' || - || - || - || || '''*käärńə-''' ||
| F & S. ← Gmc. *herna
|-
| "to go"
| *käve- || - || - || Hi. kej ~ Me. kaj|| - || - || - || - || -
| F. ← Gmc. *skeewjan
|-
| "small, few"
| *vähä || - || Er. vež- || - || - || - || - || - || -
| F. ← Gmc *wēxa-, also Er.?
|-
| "kidney"
| - || - || - || *werɣə || K. vɤrk || - || - || - || -
| ← II *vr̥tka
|-
| "iron"
| - || - || ''kšńi'' || '''*kü̆rtńe''' || *kort || - || - || - || -
| ← Ir. *kaart-
|- style="background:#A0FFA0"
! colspan="10"| With Permic *a
|-
| "tree stump"
| - || '''*jɤlŋēs''' || - || - || U. ''jal'' || - || - || '''*jöŋkəL''' || *jä
| Check Smy.
|-
| "bird sp."
| Es. ähk(a-) || - || *šäkša-- || *ćećkem || K. ''čakčej'' || - || - || - || -
|-
| "backside"
| - || NW *kācākɤ || - || - || K. ''kadž'' || - || - || - || -
|-
| "birch bark vessel"
| - || - || - || *leŋəš || ''*ľaŋes'' || - || - || *jeŋəL || -
|-
| "house"
| - || - || - || *mĭt || ''*matɤ'' || - || - || - || *mat
|-
| "fish sp."
| - || - || - || - || U. ''karei'' || - || *käärɣəj || *köörə || Ne. xirii
|-
| "net"
| - || - || - || - || ''*ka(d)ź'' || - || - || Kam. koťəp || -
|-
| "trap"
| - || - || - || - || ''*naľk'' || - || *ńääľə || - || -
| Cf. Fi. ''nalkki'' ??
|-
| "year; time"
| - || - || - || - || ''*ar'' || - || #arəm || - || -
| But Smy *ërö < *ëd₁ə
|-
| "time"
| - || - || - || - || K. ''kad'' || †kedig, keedig || - || - || -
|-
| "to knead"
| - || - || - || *nüštəlä- || U. ''nadź-'' || - || - || - || -
| Weak
|- style="background:#A0FFA0"
! colspan="10"| TBS: FP only
|-
| "woodpecker"
| style="color:red"|*hähnä || *čāšnē || - || *šištə || *śiź || - || - || - || -
|-
| "beaver"
| '''*majaka''' || *mājēkē || ''mijav'' || - || ''mɨ/oj'' || - || - || - || -
| NB Mo. *i, P. ɨ~o also in "to leave"
|-
| "rotten"
| style="color:red"| ''*mätä'' || *mēckɤ || - || '''*määkš''' || - || - || - || - || -
| Medials incoherent
|-
| "fine; short"
| '''*hɤɤno''' || - || - || - || K. dženɨt || - || - || - || -
| Bad. K ~ F hiven = *čiŋɜ-?
|-
| "whetstone"
| '''*hɤɤra''' || - || - || - || U. šer || - || - || - || -
|-
| "cambium; milk"
| Fi. jälsi || - || - || - || *jɤl || - || - || - || -
| Bad semantics
|-
| "sickness"
| *närä || - || - || - || K. ńora || - || - || - || -
|-
| "to choke, strangle"
| *läppä(htä)- || '''*lɤppɤsē-''' || *ľäpəja-, *ľäpst'''a'''- || - || - || - || - || - || -
| Cf. *läkkä-
|-
| "near"
| *lähe-, *läs-nä || - || - || *lĭš-nə || - || - || - || - || -
|-
| "thin"
| E *väčkü || - || - || *wĭćkəž || - || - || - || - || -
|-
| "aunt; mother"
| *tätej || - || "ťäďä" || - || - || - || - || - || -
| Lallwort
|-
| "paw"
| *käppä || - || *käpɜ || - || - || - || - || - || -
| Cf. *käpsä, also Fi. käpälä
|-
| "to breathe"
| *läkkä- || - || *ľäk'''a'''- || - || - || - || - || - || -
|-
| "valley"
| - || *leakē || ľäj || - || - || - || - || - || -
| Cf. *lakc'i; WPIE *lakos
|- style="background:#A0FFA0"
! colspan="10"| TBS: Permic + East
|-
| "rare; open"
| - || - || - || - || U. šer || - || *täärəɣ || *Lii₂r(tV) || -
|-
| "even"
| - || - || - || - || U. voľɨt ~ K. voľk(ɨd) || - || - || E weeľəɣ ~ W *weĽək || -
|-
| "to see"
| - || - || - || - || K. vidlɨ- || veed- || - || N. waant- || -
| Better *E? Cf. IE
|-
| "to heat"
| - || - || - || - || U est(ɨ)- K ɤzji- || - || - || W *eL-, V '''öl-''' || -
| cf. PIE *h₂as-? also cf. *ešə-
|-
| "sour"
| - || - || - || - || U šɤm ~ K šom || - || - || '''*čii₂m''' ||
| Nothing works. Cf. *šAppa(ma), *čɜGɜ-, *šoKɜ-
|-
| "to disappear"
| - || - || - || - || U. vez- || ve(e)s- || - || - || -
|-
| "sack"
| - || - || - || - || U. '''puj(ɨ)''' || - || *pääjəp || - || -
| or *pejV? SMs ä ~ EMs öä < *ää, but NMs a < *ä (WMs a undiagnostic)
|- style="background:#A0FFA0"
! colspan="10"| TBS: East only
|-
| "squirrel"
| - || - || - || - || - || evet || N. '''tapriś''' || - || Sk. #täpäk
| Or H ~ V iiwə, Trj jiipət (*-ɬääŋkii)
|-
| "to lift"
| - || - || - || - || - ||style="color:red"| emel- || *äälm- || *ääl(əm)- || '''*(j)i²lə-'''
|-
| "daughter"
| - || - || - || - || - || ia- || *ääwi || *ööɣii || -
| H. in ia-fia "one's children"
|-
| "other side"
| - || - || - || - || - || elv || *ääləm || *ääLəm || -
|-
| "dog"
| - || - || - || - || - || '''ëb''' || *äämpə || *äämp || -
|-
| "strawberry"
| - || - || - || - || - || epër || *ääpərjek || - || -
|-
| "to harden (steel)"
| - || - || - || - || - || edz- || E öät- || *äät- || -
|-
| "glue"
| - || - || - || - || - || eńv || *eeľəm || E eejəm ~ W *ääjəm ||
| H *ľm > *ńm > ńv?
|-
| "to walk; have room"
| - || - || - || - || - || leep- || *lääp- || *Leep- ||
|-
| "to lurk"
| - || - || - || - || - || leš- || *lääć- || N laaśii- || -
|-
| "thin"
| - || - || - || - || - ||style="color:red"| veezna || '''*(w)iś''' || *wääńć || -
| and K. ''vɤsńi''??
|-
| "tail"
| - || - || - || - || - || - || style="color:red"| *määnśək || *määsəɣ || Sk. ''mäča''
|-
| "horse; herd"
| - || - || - || - || - || meen || - || *määnəŋ || -
| *E possible
|-
| "to look"
| - || - || - || - || - || tekint- || - || E. tääɣən- || -
|-
| "to scoop"
| - || - || - || - || - || - || - || *ɬäät- || *täti-
| cf. Komi šɤt- 'to bring in'?!
|-
| "rapids"
| - || - || - || - || -|| šellöö || *säärlV || - || -
| *č- or *ś-?
|- style="background:#A0FFA0"
! colspan="10"| TBS: Rest
|-
| ""
| || || || || || || || ||
|-
| ""
| || || || || || || || ||
|-
| "son-in-law"
| *vävvü ||style="color:red"| '''*vīvɤ''' || Mk. ''ov'' || '''*wiŋə''' || - || vöö || - || W *weeŋ ~ E '''wooŋ''' || '''*weŋü'''
|-
| "younger male relat."
| - || *lāvē || - || - || - || - || N '''leekʷ''' || style="color:green"| *ľööɣii || -
| Kh *ɬööɣ "slave" probs not here
|-
| "sap"
| - || *ālē || - || - || - || - || '''*iľ''', Tv '''oľ''' || W '''*eɭə(ɣ)''' ~ V '''öɭ''' || '''*ï/ülə'''
| Cf. "cambium"
|-
| "to burn"
| - || - || - || #Iŋä- || K. ɨń || eeg- || - || *jääŋ(L)əL- || -
| *äŋə-
|-
| "raspberry"
| - || - || *ińəźəŋ || Me. (eŋ)əž ~ Hi. (əŋg)əž || U. (em)edź ~ K. (ɤm)edź || - || - || *-ääńć || -
| Probs a compound also in Ma. (← eŋa- ~ əŋgä- 'to burn'?), P.
|-
| "don't"
| *älä || '''ɤlēk''' || '''iľa(k)''' || - || - || - || Tv äl / '''wil, ul''' || *ääL || (#i)
| much irregular. very analogy
|-
| "child; young"
| - || - || *ejď || - || - || i-fjú || - || *ääj || -
|-
| "porridge"
| '''*rokka''' || - || - || - || '''*rook''' || - || W raɣt, *räk- || *rook, *rääk ||
| *rokka ~ *rekkä??
|-
| "hill"
| *kääp(p)ä || - || - || - || - || - || *käp || - || -
| F. may be ← B.
|-
| "palm"
| N *kämmen, S *kämmäl || - || - || - || - || - || - || *köömən || -
| S. *keamë- ← F.
|-
| "hard"
| *kämä || - || '''kemä''' || - || - || kemeeń || - || - || *kom?
|-
| "small bird"
| - || - || - || *kaj (?!) || - || - || So. koj || Kaz. kuj || Mt, Tv kai "goose"
|-
| "spear, spit"
| - ||style="color:red"| '''*sńipčō''' || - || *jɤpš || *jooć/ś || - || - || *jii₂pəs || '''*japsə'''
| Ma (++?) cf. Trk?
|-
| "belt"
| || || || || *jee || || || || *jiəj ?
| Cf. "vyö"
|-
| "juniper"
| *kataka || *kɤsŋɤs; *koaccēvē "needle" || - || "MRS" kož || K. kač || - || *kääš- || - || -
| F. from *kača "resin" (vs. S. *kāssē "wax" < G?), or B.?
|-
| "blood"
| - || *kēlō- || - || - || - || - || ''*keel(ə)p'' || *käLə- ? || Ne. śelw-
| NS also kīlu-
|-
| "tail; back"
| '''*häntä''' || *cɤ/īckɤ || - || - || - || - || *šiš || '''*čönč''' || -
| best *e
|-
| "otter"
| NF? *hähkä || - || - || - || - || - || - || - || Sk. töötə
| Ma. šä/aškə ← Trk.
|-
| "string"
| Fi. jänni || - || - || - || - || - || - || Vj jönää ~ W *jen || -
| Bad (prob variants of *jäntə)
|-
| "wagtail"
| #västɜräkkɜ || - || *uśkəŕəj || - || - || - || *wärćək || *we/örćək || -
| S. #peštōr ← Kar. ''päistärikko''
|-
| "animal hair"
| - || - || - || '''*wäjä''' || - || - || - || - || Ne. #ẃeići
|-
| "to help"
| - || - || Er. '''čaŋgoďe-''' || - || - || šegiit- || - || - || -
| *č-ŋk-nt-, but wtf vowels?
|-
| "to pull, lead"
| '''*vetä-''' || - || *väďa- ~ *väťa- || #wi/üðe- || - || vezet- || - || - || -
|better *ä than *e? also cf. Er. ''viťi-''
|-
| "net"
| - || - || - || *wäpte-/əš || *vötes || - || - || - || -
|-
| "trap"
| - ||style="color:red"| ''*šeaššē'' || - || ? ''*ćüćäš'' || - || - || *seesəɣ || - || -
| but Ma. ← *ćüće- 'to dig' (MaWb)
|-
| "hard sno"
| - || *čiekɤr || - || - || - || - || CMs #ćAɣr || '''*ćaɣər''' ||style="color:red"| #käkar
| probably rather TN śexer, Km šëër ← OU
|-
| "to kick, jump"
| - || *čēkčɤ- || - || '''*ćükće-''' || *ćekćɨ- || - || - || - || -
|-
| ""
| || || || || || || || ||
|-
| ""
| || || || || || || || ||
|- style="background:#A0FFA0"
! colspan="10"| Rejectable
|-
| "to ruminate"
| *märeh(ti-) || style="color:red"| ''*smērēcē-'' || - || - || *roməćtɨ- || - || - || - ||
| P. probably better ← II *raumantH-
|-
| "chin"
| - || - || - || - || ''*aŋ'' || || '''*eeɣən''' ||style="color:green"| *ääɣəɳ || *aŋ
| OUg better ~ *jekən, Smy ← *aŋ 'mouth' < *oŋə
|-
| "cereal"
| - || - || - || *šeðäŋə || K. *šoogdi || e(e)d || - || *ɬäänt || -
| H+Kh < *sewə-ntä
|-
| "weak"
| - || - || - || '''*läńćərä''' || K. ľić || - || - || style="color:green"| ''*ɭääsək'' || -
| Medials inconsistent, Ma unetymological (better < *lańśə 'soft'?)
|-
| "weasel"
| - || - || - || - || U. jurmek || - || - || - || Sk. ńärmäk
| *je- ~ *ńä-?!
|-
| "to go"
| - || - || - || - || - || üldöz- || *jäl- || VVj jel- || -
| OU better < *elä-
|-
| "berry stew"
| - || - || - || - || K. ľaz(j-) || - || - || *lüüs || -
| Zero phonetic match
|-
| "tip of nose"
| - || *tīŋɤ || - || - || - || - || - || - || TNe tɨna
| *ŋ ~ *n? *ī ~ *ï?
|-
| "leather ~ bark"
| - || *čɤvtē || - || - || - || - || - || - ||style="color:red"| *käpti
|-
| "to turn"
| '''*kääntä-''' || - || - || - || *kož- || - || - || - || -
|-
| "hill"
| - || '''*tēvā''' || - || - || K. di || - || - || - || -
| S. uninheritable
|}

Mordvinic

2018-03-05T18:41:34Z

Tropylium: /* Development to the individual languages */

Some reconstruction notes.
==Development from [[Proto-Uralic]]==
Changes shared with Samic in gray, those also shared with Finnic in green, and those with even wider distribution in orange.
* *V > *Vː / _x (both preconsonantal and prevocalic!)
* *a > *o / _C*ə (except _Ć, _x)
* *ë > *a
* *ü > *i, by default
** initially *wi- (*ük- > *vej-, *(w)ülä- > *veľ-; any others??)
** *ü > *u / _velar (*mok- *pokəń *poŋə *śokś); counterfed by the previous. NB also *miŋä > *meŋ- > mej-!
*Vowel height switch:
*# *i *u > *ɪ *ʊ
*# *Vː > *V
*# *e *o > *i *u (assuming a long stage not required)
*# *ɪ *ʊ > *e *o
** *o remains before *ŋ however (*čov *joŋs *lokśəj *oŋ poŋgo/pov *sova-, possibly *poŋa ~ Es põv, or poŋgo/povə ~ Es pooma (depending on if *uŋa > BF *oo))
** Possibly including: *ɪː *ʊː > *iː *uː > *i *u (*wêxə- > *vij-)
** Last two stages probably postdate vowel reduction (given loanwords like *kerda > *kirda)
* Stress shifts from *e / *o to a later-syllable *ä / *a
* *mt > *nt
* *ć > *ś (if PU *ć even existed; /ć/ is found in Mk ''oćä'', seems to be secondary; lenition may be later than voicing: *eś ~ ''itse'', *śiśəm ~ ''seitsen'', )
*Medial lenition, round 1 (all this when intervocalic or prenasal)
** *pp *tt *čč *kk > *p *t *č *k (clear examples exist only for *pp though!)
** *p *t *k > *b *d *g
** *s *š *ś *x > *z *ž *ź *j
** *č, however, remains strictly unvoiced
* *nź > ź? (Er. ''saźi-'' ~ P. *suudź-)
* *rs *šn > š (*kürsä *warsa *wešnä > *kši *vašə *višɜ)
** or *ər > š? (Ir. *kārt → *kšńi, but cf. Av. *rt > <š>)
* Word-final *ə > ∅ after a single consonant, or peripheral + sibilant (*joŋs *käťks *lafś *mekš *piks *soks *sokś *suks, ? *vaks)
** after this, unstress'd *ä *a > *ə too
** secondarily *ə > ∅ / al_ (''al kal pal sal val''); ''-a'' still attested in 17th century
** possibly also *ə > ∅ / {j w ŋ}_ ? (*čoŋ *toŋ *vej)
** unclear: *marja > *maŕ, *ora(wa) > *ur
* *d₂ > *ľ / #_, _C (only ''ľom~lajmä'', *śulgə)
* Palatalization redistribution
** *t *d *n *l *r (but not *s/*z!) > *ť *ď *ń *ŕ *ľ before/after front vowels or *j
** *ń > *n initially before back vowels (the *n/*ń contrast is completely lost initially)
** if *soďka > *suľgə, then also here further *ľ > *l
** Palatalization occurs also in all back-vocalic originally *ə-stem verbs (*koľgə- *moľə- *poŕə- *sańďə- *uľə-, possibly *pańə- if ~ F. *pane- rather than *paina-), perhaps analogy from the preterite stem? (*kolgə-j- > *kolgi- > *koľgi- etc.)
*** Counterfed by *a-ə > *o-a: cf. *kalə- > *kola- > *kulə-. (But, regardless, *uľə-? Cf F *olë-)
*** Also *-x- > *-j- may fall under this (however: *lukə- > *lovə-)
** Also non-alveolar consonants are palatalized before front vowels, but this remains allophonic.
* *j *w > ∅ / C_, *w > *v elsewhere
** This probably phonemicizes *ŕ (*maŕ *uŕə); in theory also *ľ, but no good examples exist.
** Obstruent + *w remains voiceless (*kaswa- > *kasə-, *latwa > *latə, *wiśwɜ > *veśə)
** Possibly also: *j > ∅ / F_# (i.e. nominals only: *ki *pi *si(j) *ve). Counterfed by *ŋ > ''j'', possibly also *k > *g > *j? (*vi(j))
** No good evidence exists on retention of *-w / B_#; only *pov ~ alleged Est. dial. ''põv'', source??
* Medial lenition, round 2 (intervocalic)
** *b > *v; also r_V (*karvə *ku/orva- *tərva *u/eŕva)
** *g > *v/*j (per vowel backness); possibly late, since *ŋ > ''v ~ j'' by similar conditioning in most dialects is post-PMo.
* But: *d₁, *d₂ > *d/*ď
** This and the last may indicate that common Mordvinic still had */ð ɣ/ (similar to older Mari) and /d g/ is recent Russian influence (similar to westernmost Finnish, Votic, newer Mari, possibly Veps).
* *kt *pt > *ft; *ps *pś > fs fś (*lafś *lofsa)
* *k > *t / C_# (in the imperativ)
[…TBC…]

==Development to the individual languages==
'''Vowels''':
* Erzya:
** *ä > e
** Dialectally, *e > ä (yet *ä always > e!)
** *a > o / _j. (''ojdor ojmams ojme voj kojme''; perhaps ''ľom'' ~ Mk ''lajmä''; ''bojar nojabŕa vojna'' ~ Mk ''bajar najabŕä vajna'' (< Ru боярин ноябрь война); but ''ajge- g/kajge- tajmaza'', ''g/kajťan-'' < Ru гайтан.)
** in later syllables e ə > Će/Co (i.e. not strictly "vowel harmony"); some exceptions (''piźol'')
** in Tambov Oblast (Kad. Kal. Kažl. Šir.), *u > *vi / _Ć (''viľ- viŕaš viŕna- viśkä viźiŕ'')
**: — does this indicate *u > *ü > *vi, and similar late retention PU *ü > *ö > *ve?!
* Mokša:
** *ə is split as allophonic [ə̟] ~ [ə̠], similar to Erzya
*** /ə/ → [ə̠] also between a (phonemic) nonpalatal and a palatal (at least ''ćipəŕ kavəŕ kopəŕ mokəŕ odgəŕ šäxəŕ tokəŕ'', cases with other /Cʲ/ TBA) — but contrast ''kevəŕ'' with [ə̟]?
**** later than *ŋ > j/v: ''šej''[ə̠]''ŕ'' < *šeŋəŕ
** *ə > ä/a / _# per harmony; ä also after palatals, a after nonpalatal *s/*z (or other alveolars) — i.e. [ə̠] > a, [ə̟] > ä
** *əj *əw (from *əɣ *əŋ) > i u
** *i *u > ə / initial pretonic
** in P Pš, *e > ä / {v k}_ŕ (''käŕ käŕ- käŕč käŕämäť väŕ väŕəďə-'') - maybe generalizable as peripheral + ''ŕ'', no counterexamples with ''m- p-''
A possible final *-ə/-ä contrast does not seem reconstructible (will write *-ɜ), but should medially remain in Mk. (only inherited example: ''śäjäŕ'').

'''Consonants''':
* Erzya:
** *š > č / #_ (dialectal)
** *j > ∅ / _e (fed by *ä-raising; *je- previously didn't exist)
** *nd > n / 3rd+ syllable
* Mokša:
** ? *č > š / #_ (if not already in Proto-Mordv.)
*** initial ''č-'' occurs in recent loans (''čavka'' ← Tat.), onomatopoeia / ideophones (''čaka-'', ''čoka-'' 'to hit', ''čof'' 'whistle', ''čofaďə-'' 'to push/swat away', ''čura-'' 'to piss', ''čəka'' 'game pin'), ? (''čińas čiva čivgä čopaftə-''; ''ču/əŕkä'' < ? *čŕka)
** *k > ∅ / F_š (''jäšä käšə- ľeš meš päšä ťišä äšťəŕ'' - but: ''šäkši''), also sometimes #_šC (before nonpalatals? ''šna šta'', but ''kšńi kšńit'')
** Devoicing: m n r l j v > p t r̥ l̥ ç f / _{p t c č k}. Dialectally ç > ɕ.
** *s > ś / _F
** n > ń / #_Vŕ (''ńuŕa- ńuŕgə- ńuŕgamə-'') (check other palatals?)
* *ŋ > j/v per vowel backness, except dialectally in Erzya
A development *pt > *ft > Erzya vt (sim. for *kt) may make better sense than a common voiced stage. (Coda /v/ is generally realized as [w].)

'''Analogies & such'''
* Erzya ''vaľgej'' ~ ErVečk. SSant. ''vajgeľ'', Moksha ''vajgäľ'' 'voice': is this *vaj_käľ > *vajgäľ from *käľ 'tongue', with analogy from ''val'' 'word' in most of Erzya; or vice versa: *vaľgəj from 'word', with analogy from 'tongue' in Moksha + Večk. SSant.?

==On the correspondence PU *m > /v/==

After PU *u
* *lumə "sno" > *loŋ (!)
* *kumV "cloud" > *kovol

Suffix exchange?
* *śüðäm(ə) "heart" > *śeďeŋ

Versus BF *-u
* *śëmə(-w?) > *śëëmu > *śav (cf. BF *soomu)
* ''*suv'' "fog" ~ BF *sumu ~ S. *somō
* *ľevəš "lime bast" ~ BF *lehmus ~ Ma. ''*nəməštə''

Limited comparanda
* Er. ''jav'' "joint" ~ BF *jama ~ S *jōmē (or better ~ ''javoms'' < *jëka-)
* ''*šov'' "butt of knife" ~ BF *hamara ~ S *ši/ëmērē ← Gmc *hamaraz
* ''*šovar'' "mortar" ~ BF *huumar ~ Ma. *šuer
* *toŋ (!) "kernel" ~ F. ''tuma ~ tuuma'' ~ E. ''tuum'' ~ Me. ''tum'' ~ Hi. ''toŋ''
* *kav "granary, barn" ~ K. ''kum'' "loft"
(*luv "gap" = Ma. *lu better ~ F *lovi than *loma)

But not in:
* <s>Er. ''kumoka'' "fever" ~ BF *kuuma "hot"</s>
* *lamə "many" ~ BF *laama
* *šamə "shape" ~ BF *haamo
* *kuma > *koma, *juma- > ''*jumi-'', *tammə > *tumə
* *numələ *śumərdə- ''umaŕ'' ''*komər'' Er. ''umok''
* *ľem *kämə
* #ľajmə *ľäm *śimə-

Also *p ~ Mari *m
* *karvə "fly" ~ BF *kärpä-, Ma. #ka/arme

cf. Hungarian:
*kumi > ''hava-, hó''

==*kt notes==
Ravila '33:
* Mk ĺiç/ɕťə- (Selišče, Pšenevo) ~ ĺifťə- "hervornehmen/-ziehen/-quellen/-sprudeln" (kausatiivi?)
* Mk ĺiçťəma (Gorodišče) "lähde"
* Mk śeɕťə- (Pš.) ~ Er. sevťnə- "sormeilla"
* Mk ťiçťəďə- (Čembar) ~ ťifťəďə- (Sel.) "ochutitjsja"
* ńäfťə- "näyttää", vifťə- "johdattaa" (*vêx-ta-), ĺifťə- "paeta" ← ĺijə- "lentää" (eikä ← *läkti-?)

{{Natlangs}}

Mordvinic

2018-03-05T16:12:36Z

Tropylium: /* Development to the individual languages */ finetuning

Some reconstruction notes.
==Development from [[Proto-Uralic]]==
Changes shared with Samic in gray, those also shared with Finnic in green, and those with even wider distribution in orange.
* *V > *Vː / _x (both preconsonantal and prevocalic!)
* *a > *o / _C*ə (except _Ć, _x)
* *ë > *a
* *ü > *i, by default
** initially *wi- (*ük- > *vej-, *(w)ülä- > *veľ-; any others??)
** *ü > *u / _velar (*mok- *pokəń *poŋə *śokś); counterfed by the previous. NB also *miŋä > *meŋ- > mej-!
*Vowel height switch:
*# *i *u > *ɪ *ʊ
*# *Vː > *V
*# *e *o > *i *u (assuming a long stage not required)
*# *ɪ *ʊ > *e *o
** *o remains before *ŋ however (*čov *joŋs *lokśəj *oŋ poŋgo/pov *sova-, possibly *poŋa ~ Es põv, or poŋgo/povə ~ Es pooma (depending on if *uŋa > BF *oo))
** Possibly including: *ɪː *ʊː > *iː *uː > *i *u (*wêxə- > *vij-)
** Last two stages probably postdate vowel reduction (given loanwords like *kerda > *kirda)
* Stress shifts from *e / *o to a later-syllable *ä / *a
* *mt > *nt
* *ć > *ś (if PU *ć even existed; /ć/ is found in Mk ''oćä'', seems to be secondary; lenition may be later than voicing: *eś ~ ''itse'', *śiśəm ~ ''seitsen'', )
*Medial lenition, round 1 (all this when intervocalic or prenasal)
** *pp *tt *čč *kk > *p *t *č *k (clear examples exist only for *pp though!)
** *p *t *k > *b *d *g
** *s *š *ś *x > *z *ž *ź *j
** *č, however, remains strictly unvoiced
* *nź > ź? (Er. ''saźi-'' ~ P. *suudź-)
* *rs *šn > š (*kürsä *warsa *wešnä > *kši *vašə *višɜ)
** or *ər > š? (Ir. *kārt → *kšńi, but cf. Av. *rt > <š>)
* Word-final *ə > ∅ after a single consonant, or peripheral + sibilant (*joŋs *käťks *lafś *mekš *piks *soks *sokś *suks, ? *vaks)
** after this, unstress'd *ä *a > *ə too
** secondarily *ə > ∅ / al_ (''al kal pal sal val''); ''-a'' still attested in 17th century
** possibly also *ə > ∅ / {j w ŋ}_ ? (*čoŋ *toŋ *vej)
** unclear: *marja > *maŕ, *ora(wa) > *ur
* *d₂ > *ľ / #_, _C (only ''ľom~lajmä'', *śulgə)
* Palatalization redistribution
** *t *d *n *l *r (but not *s/*z!) > *ť *ď *ń *ŕ *ľ before/after front vowels or *j
** *ń > *n initially before back vowels (the *n/*ń contrast is completely lost initially)
** if *soďka > *suľgə, then also here further *ľ > *l
** Palatalization occurs also in all back-vocalic originally *ə-stem verbs (*koľgə- *moľə- *poŕə- *sańďə- *uľə-, possibly *pańə- if ~ F. *pane- rather than *paina-), perhaps analogy from the preterite stem? (*kolgə-j- > *kolgi- > *koľgi- etc.)
*** Counterfed by *a-ə > *o-a: cf. *kalə- > *kola- > *kulə-. (But, regardless, *uľə-? Cf F *olë-)
*** Also *-x- > *-j- may fall under this (however: *lukə- > *lovə-)
** Also non-alveolar consonants are palatalized before front vowels, but this remains allophonic.
* *j *w > ∅ / C_, *w > *v elsewhere
** This probably phonemicizes *ŕ (*maŕ *uŕə); in theory also *ľ, but no good examples exist.
** Obstruent + *w remains voiceless (*kaswa- > *kasə-, *latwa > *latə, *wiśwɜ > *veśə)
** Possibly also: *j > ∅ / F_# (i.e. nominals only: *ki *pi *si(j) *ve). Counterfed by *ŋ > ''j'', possibly also *k > *g > *j? (*vi(j))
** No good evidence exists on retention of *-w / B_#; only *pov ~ alleged Est. dial. ''põv'', source??
* Medial lenition, round 2 (intervocalic)
** *b > *v; also r_V (*karvə *ku/orva- *tərva *u/eŕva)
** *g > *v/*j (per vowel backness); possibly late, since *ŋ > ''v ~ j'' by similar conditioning in most dialects is post-PMo.
* But: *d₁, *d₂ > *d/*ď
** This and the last may indicate that common Mordvinic still had */ð ɣ/ (similar to older Mari) and /d g/ is recent Russian influence (similar to westernmost Finnish, Votic, newer Mari, possibly Veps).
* *kt *pt > *ft; *ps *pś > fs fś (*lafś *lofsa)
* *k > *t / C_# (in the imperativ)
[…TBC…]

==Development to the individual languages==
'''Vowels''':
* Erzya:
** *ä > e
** Dialectally, *e > ä (yet *ä always > e!)
** *a > o / _j. (''ojdor ojmams ojme voj kojme''; perhaps ''ľom'' ~ Mk ''lajmä''; ''bojar nojabŕa vojna'' ~ Mk ''bajar najabŕä vajna'' (< Ru боярин ноябрь война); but ''ajge- g/kajge- tajmaza'', ''g/kajťan-'' < Ru гайтан.)
** in later syllables e ə > Će/Co (i.e. not strictly "vowel harmony"); some exceptions (''piźol'')
** in Tambov Oblast (Kad. Kal. Kažl. Šir.), *u > *vi / _Ć (''viľ- viŕaš viŕna- viśkä viźiŕ'')
**: — does this indicate *u > *ü > *vi, and similar late retention PU *ü > *ö > *ve?!
* Mokša:
** *ə is split as allophonic [ə̟] ~ [ə̠], similar to Erzya
*** /ə/ → [ə̠] also between a (phonemic) nonpalatal and a palatal (at least ''ćipəŕ kavəŕ kopəŕ mokəŕ odgəŕ šäxəŕ tokəŕ'', cases with other /Cʲ/ TBA) — but contrast ''kevəŕ'' with [ə̟]?
**** later than *ŋ > j/v: ''šej''[ə̠]''ŕ'' < *šeŋəŕ
** *ə > ä/a / _# per harmony; ä also after palatals, a after nonpalatal *s/*z (or other alveolars) — i.e. [ə̠] > a, [ə̟] > ä
** *əj *əw (from *əɣ *əŋ) > i u
** *i *u > ə / initial pretonic
** in P Pš, *e > ä / {v k}_ŕ (''käŕ käŕ- käŕč käŕämäť väŕ väŕəďə-'') - maybe generalizable as peripheral + ''ŕ'', no counterexamples with ''m- p-''
A possible final *-ə/-ä contrast does not seem reconstructible (will write *-ɜ), but should medially remain in Mk. (only inherited example: ''śäjäŕ'').

'''Consonants''':
* Erzya:
** *š > č / #_ (dialectal)
** *j > ∅ / _e (fed by *ä-raising; *je- previously didn't exist)
** *nd > n / 3rd+ syllable
* Mokša:
** ? *č > š / #_ (if not already in Proto-Mordv.)
*** initial ''č-'' occurs in recent loans (''čavka'' ← Tat.), onomatopoeia / ideophones (''čaka-'', ''čoka-'' 'to hit', ''čof'' 'whistle', ''čofaďə-'' 'to push/swat away', ''čura-'' 'to piss', ''čəka'' 'game pin'), ? (''čińas čiva čivgä čopaftə-''; ''ču/əŕkä'' < ? *čŕka)
** *k > ∅ / F_š (''jäšä käšə- ľeš meš päšä ťišä äšťəŕ'' - but: ''šäkši''), also sometimes #_šC (before nonpalatals? ''šna šta'', but ''kšńi kšńit'')
** Devoicing: m n r l j v > p t r̥ l̥ ç f / _{p t c č k}. Dialectally ç > ɕ.
** *s > ś / _F
** n > ń / #_Vŕ (''ńuŕa- ńuŕgə- ńuŕgamə-'') (check other palatals?)
* *ŋ > j/v per vowel backness, except dialectally in Erzya
A development *pt > *ft > Erzya vt (sim. for *kt) may make better sense than a common voiced stage. (Coda /v/ is generally realized as [w].)

==On the correspondence PU *m > /v/==

After PU *u
* *lumə "sno" > *loŋ (!)
* *kumV "cloud" > *kovol

Suffix exchange?
* *śüðäm(ə) "heart" > *śeďeŋ

Versus BF *-u
* *śëmə(-w?) > *śëëmu > *śav (cf. BF *soomu)
* ''*suv'' "fog" ~ BF *sumu ~ S. *somō
* *ľevəš "lime bast" ~ BF *lehmus ~ Ma. ''*nəməštə''

Limited comparanda
* Er. ''jav'' "joint" ~ BF *jama ~ S *jōmē (or better ~ ''javoms'' < *jëka-)
* ''*šov'' "butt of knife" ~ BF *hamara ~ S *ši/ëmērē ← Gmc *hamaraz
* ''*šovar'' "mortar" ~ BF *huumar ~ Ma. *šuer
* *toŋ (!) "kernel" ~ F. ''tuma ~ tuuma'' ~ E. ''tuum'' ~ Me. ''tum'' ~ Hi. ''toŋ''
* *kav "granary, barn" ~ K. ''kum'' "loft"
(*luv "gap" = Ma. *lu better ~ F *lovi than *loma)

But not in:
* <s>Er. ''kumoka'' "fever" ~ BF *kuuma "hot"</s>
* *lamə "many" ~ BF *laama
* *šamə "shape" ~ BF *haamo
* *kuma > *koma, *juma- > ''*jumi-'', *tammə > *tumə
* *numələ *śumərdə- ''umaŕ'' ''*komər'' Er. ''umok''
* *ľem *kämə
* #ľajmə *ľäm *śimə-

Also *p ~ Mari *m
* *karvə "fly" ~ BF *kärpä-, Ma. #ka/arme

cf. Hungarian:
*kumi > ''hava-, hó''

==*kt notes==
Ravila '33:
* Mk ĺiç/ɕťə- (Selišče, Pšenevo) ~ ĺifťə- "hervornehmen/-ziehen/-quellen/-sprudeln" (kausatiivi?)
* Mk ĺiçťəma (Gorodišče) "lähde"
* Mk śeɕťə- (Pš.) ~ Er. sevťnə- "sormeilla"
* Mk ťiçťəďə- (Čembar) ~ ťifťəďə- (Sel.) "ochutitjsja"
* ńäfťə- "näyttää", vifťə- "johdattaa" (*vêx-ta-), ĺifťə- "paeta" ← ĺijə- "lentää" (eikä ← *läkti-?)

{{Natlangs}}

Mordvinic

2018-03-05T13:47:03Z

Tropylium: /* Development from Proto-Uralic */ improve…

Some reconstruction notes.
==Development from [[Proto-Uralic]]==
Changes shared with Samic in gray, those also shared with Finnic in green, and those with even wider distribution in orange.
* *V > *Vː / _x (both preconsonantal and prevocalic!)
* *a > *o / _C*ə (except _Ć, _x)
* *ë > *a
* *ü > *i, by default
** initially *wi- (*ük- > *vej-, *(w)ülä- > *veľ-; any others??)
** *ü > *u / _velar (*mok- *pokəń *poŋə *śokś); counterfed by the previous. NB also *miŋä > *meŋ- > mej-!
*Vowel height switch:
*# *i *u > *ɪ *ʊ
*# *Vː > *V
*# *e *o > *i *u (assuming a long stage not required)
*# *ɪ *ʊ > *e *o
** *o remains before *ŋ however (*čov *joŋs *lokśəj *oŋ poŋgo/pov *sova-, possibly *poŋa ~ Es põv, or poŋgo/povə ~ Es pooma (depending on if *uŋa > BF *oo))
** Possibly including: *ɪː *ʊː > *iː *uː > *i *u (*wêxə- > *vij-)
** Last two stages probably postdate vowel reduction (given loanwords like *kerda > *kirda)
* Stress shifts from *e / *o to a later-syllable *ä / *a
* *mt > *nt
* *ć > *ś (if PU *ć even existed; /ć/ is found in Mk ''oćä'', seems to be secondary; lenition may be later than voicing: *eś ~ ''itse'', *śiśəm ~ ''seitsen'', )
*Medial lenition, round 1 (all this when intervocalic or prenasal)
** *pp *tt *čč *kk > *p *t *č *k (clear examples exist only for *pp though!)
** *p *t *k > *b *d *g
** *s *š *ś *x > *z *ž *ź *j
** *č, however, remains strictly unvoiced
* *nź > ź? (Er. ''saźi-'' ~ P. *suudź-)
* *rs *šn > š (*kürsä *warsa *wešnä > *kši *vašə *višɜ)
** or *ər > š? (Ir. *kārt → *kšńi, but cf. Av. *rt > <š>)
* Word-final *ə > ∅ after a single consonant, or peripheral + sibilant (*joŋs *käťks *lafś *mekš *piks *soks *sokś *suks, ? *vaks)
** after this, unstress'd *ä *a > *ə too
** secondarily *ə > ∅ / al_ (''al kal pal sal val''); ''-a'' still attested in 17th century
** possibly also *ə > ∅ / {j w ŋ}_ ? (*čoŋ *toŋ *vej)
** unclear: *marja > *maŕ, *ora(wa) > *ur
* *d₂ > *ľ / #_, _C (only ''ľom~lajmä'', *śulgə)
* Palatalization redistribution
** *t *d *n *l *r (but not *s/*z!) > *ť *ď *ń *ŕ *ľ before/after front vowels or *j
** *ń > *n initially before back vowels (the *n/*ń contrast is completely lost initially)
** if *soďka > *suľgə, then also here further *ľ > *l
** Palatalization occurs also in all back-vocalic originally *ə-stem verbs (*koľgə- *moľə- *poŕə- *sańďə- *uľə-, possibly *pańə- if ~ F. *pane- rather than *paina-), perhaps analogy from the preterite stem? (*kolgə-j- > *kolgi- > *koľgi- etc.)
*** Counterfed by *a-ə > *o-a: cf. *kalə- > *kola- > *kulə-. (But, regardless, *uľə-? Cf F *olë-)
*** Also *-x- > *-j- may fall under this (however: *lukə- > *lovə-)
** Also non-alveolar consonants are palatalized before front vowels, but this remains allophonic.
* *j *w > ∅ / C_, *w > *v elsewhere
** This probably phonemicizes *ŕ (*maŕ *uŕə); in theory also *ľ, but no good examples exist.
** Obstruent + *w remains voiceless (*kaswa- > *kasə-, *latwa > *latə, *wiśwɜ > *veśə)
** Possibly also: *j > ∅ / F_# (i.e. nominals only: *ki *pi *si(j) *ve). Counterfed by *ŋ > ''j'', possibly also *k > *g > *j? (*vi(j))
** No good evidence exists on retention of *-w / B_#; only *pov ~ alleged Est. dial. ''põv'', source??
* Medial lenition, round 2 (intervocalic)
** *b > *v; also r_V (*karvə *ku/orva- *tərva *u/eŕva)
** *g > *v/*j (per vowel backness); possibly late, since *ŋ > ''v ~ j'' by similar conditioning in most dialects is post-PMo.
* But: *d₁, *d₂ > *d/*ď
** This and the last may indicate that common Mordvinic still had */ð ɣ/ (similar to older Mari) and /d g/ is recent Russian influence (similar to westernmost Finnish, Votic, newer Mari, possibly Veps).
* *kt *pt > *ft; *ps *pś > fs fś (*lafś *lofsa)
* *k > *t / C_# (in the imperativ)
[…TBC…]

==Development to the individual languages==
Vowels:
* Erzya:
** *ä > e
** Dialectally, *e > ä (yet *ä always > e!)
** *a > o / _j. (''ojdor ojmams ojme voj kojme'', perhaps ''ľom'' ~ Mk ''lajmä'', ''bojar nojabŕa vojna'' ~ Mk ''bajar najabŕä vajna'' (< Ru боярин ноябрь война); but ''ajge- g/kajge- tajmaza'', ''g/kajťan-'' < Ru гайтан.)
** in later syllables e ə > e/o per harmony; some exceptions (''piźol'')
** in Tambov Oblast (Kad. Kal. Kažl. Šir.), *u > *vi / _Ć (''viľ- viŕaš viŕna- viśkä viźiŕ'')
**: — does this indicate *u > *ü > *vi, and similar late retention PU *ü > *ö > *ve?!
* Mokša:
** *ə > ä/a / _# per harmony; ä also after palatals, a after nonpalatal *s/*z (or other alveolars)
** *əj *əw > i u
** *i *u > ə / initial pretonic
A possible final *-ə/-ä contrast does not seem reconstructible (will write *-ɜ), but should medially remain in Mk. (''śäjäŕ'')

Consonants:
* Erzya:
** *š > č / #_ (dialectal)
** *j > ∅ / _e (fed by *ä-raising; *je- previously didn't exist)
** *nd > n / 3rd+ syllable
* Mokša:
** *č > š / #_
** *k > ∅ / F_š (''jäšä käšə- ľeš meš päšä ťišä äšťəŕ'' - but: ''šäkši''), also sometimes #_šC (before nonpalatals? ''šna šta'', but ''kšńi kšńit'')
** Devoicing: m n r l j v > p t r̥ l̥ ç f / _{p t c č k}. Dialectally ç > ɕ.
** *s > ś / _F
** n > ń / #_Vŕ (''ńuŕa- ńuŕgə- ńuŕgamə-'') (check other palatals?)
* *ŋ > j/v per harmony, except dialectally in Erzya
A development *pt > *ft > Erzya vt (sim. for *kt) may make better sense than a common voiced stage. (Coda /v/ is generally realized as [w].)

==On the correspondence PU *m > /v/==

After PU *u
* *lumə "sno" > *loŋ (!)
* *kumV "cloud" > *kovol

Suffix exchange?
* *śüðäm(ə) "heart" > *śeďeŋ

Versus BF *-u
* *śëmə(-w?) > *śëëmu > *śav (cf. BF *soomu)
* ''*suv'' "fog" ~ BF *sumu ~ S. *somō
* *ľevəš "lime bast" ~ BF *lehmus ~ Ma. ''*nəməštə''

Limited comparanda
* Er. ''jav'' "joint" ~ BF *jama ~ S *jōmē (or better ~ ''javoms'' < *jëka-)
* ''*šov'' "butt of knife" ~ BF *hamara ~ S *ši/ëmērē ← Gmc *hamaraz
* ''*šovar'' "mortar" ~ BF *huumar ~ Ma. *šuer
* *toŋ (!) "kernel" ~ F. ''tuma ~ tuuma'' ~ E. ''tuum'' ~ Me. ''tum'' ~ Hi. ''toŋ''
* *kav "granary, barn" ~ K. ''kum'' "loft"
(*luv "gap" = Ma. *lu better ~ F *lovi than *loma)

But not in:
* <s>Er. ''kumoka'' "fever" ~ BF *kuuma "hot"</s>
* *lamə "many" ~ BF *laama
* *šamə "shape" ~ BF *haamo
* *kuma > *koma, *juma- > ''*jumi-'', *tammə > *tumə
* *numələ *śumərdə- ''umaŕ'' ''*komər'' Er. ''umok''
* *ľem *kämə
* #ľajmə *ľäm *śimə-

Also *p ~ Mari *m
* *karvə "fly" ~ BF *kärpä-, Ma. #ka/arme

cf. Hungarian:
*kumi > ''hava-, hó''

==*kt notes==
Ravila '33:
* Mk ĺiç/ɕťə- (Selišče, Pšenevo) ~ ĺifťə- "hervornehmen/-ziehen/-quellen/-sprudeln" (kausatiivi?)
* Mk ĺiçťəma (Gorodišče) "lähde"
* Mk śeɕťə- (Pš.) ~ Er. sevťnə- "sormeilla"
* Mk ťiçťəďə- (Čembar) ~ ťifťəďə- (Sel.) "ochutitjsja"
* ńäfťə- "näyttää", vifťə- "johdattaa" (*vêx-ta-), ĺifťə- "paeta" ← ĺijə- "lentää" (eikä ← *läkti-?)

{{Natlangs}}

Mordvinic

2018-03-05T13:28:18Z

Tropylium: /* Development from Proto-Uralic */ …obsolete for Fi

Some reconstruction notes.
==Development from [[Proto-Uralic]]==
Changes shared with Samic in gray, those also shared with Finnic in green, and those with even wider distribution in orange.
* *V > *Vː / _x (both preconsonantal and prevocalic!)
* *a > *o / _C*ə (except _Ć, _x)
* *ë > *a
* *ü > *i, by default
** initially *wi- (*ük- > *vej-, *(w)ülä- > *veľ-; any others??)
** *ü > *u / _velar (*mok- *pokəń *poŋə *śokś); counterfed by the previous. NB also *miŋä > *meŋ- > mej-!
*Vowel height switch:
*# *i *u > *ɪ *ʊ
*# *Vː > *V
*# *e *o > *i *u (assuming a long stage not required)
*# *ɪ *ʊ > *e *o
** *o remains before *ŋ however (*čov *joŋs *lokśəj *oŋ poŋgo/pov *sova-, possibly *poŋa ~ Es põv, or poŋgo/povə ~ Es pooma (depending on if *uŋa > BF *oo))
** Possibly including: *ɪː *ʊː > *iː *uː > *i *u (*wêxə- > *vij-)
** Last two stages probably postdate vowel reduction (given loanwords like *kerda > *kirda)
* Stress shifts from *e / *o to a later-syllable *ä / *a
* *mt > *nt
* *ć > *ś (if PU *ć even existed; PMo *ć ∃ in Mk ''oćä'', seems to be secondary; lenition may be later than voicing: *eś ~ ''itse'', *śiśəm ~ ''seitsen'', *veśə ~ P. vo/ać)
*Medial lenition, round 1 (all this when intervocalic or prenasal)
** *pp *tt *čč *kk > *p *t *č *k (clear examples exist only for *pp though!)
** *p *t *k > *b *d *g
** *s *š *ś *x > *z *ž *ź *j
** *č, however, remains strictly unvoiced
* *nź > ź? (Er. ''saźi-'' ~ P. *suudź-)
* *rs *šn > š (*kürsä *warsa *wešnä > *kši *vašə *višɜ)
** or *ər > š? (Ir. *kārt → *kšńi, but cf. Av. *rt > <š>)
* Word-final *ə > ∅ after a single consonant, or peripheral + sibilant (*joŋs *käťks *lafś *mekš *piks *soks *sokś *suks, ? *vaks)
** after this, unstress'd *ä *a > *ə too
** secondarily *ə > ∅ / al_ (''al kal pal sal val'')
** possibly also *ə > ∅ / {j w ŋ}_ ? (*čoŋ *toŋ *vej)
** unclear: *marja > *maŕ, *ora(wa) > *ur
* *d₂ > *lʲ / #_, _C (only ''ĺom~lajmä'', *śulgə)
* Palatalization redistribution
** *t *d *n *l *r (but not *s/*z!) > *ť *ď *ń *ŕ *ĺ before/after front vowels/*j
** *ń > *n initially before back vowels (the *n/*ń contrast is completely lost initially)
** Palatalization occurs also in some back-vocalic *ə-stem verbs (*koĺgə- *moĺə- *poŕə- *sańďə- *uĺə-, possibly *pańə- if ~ F. *pane- rather than *paina-)
** Counterfed by *a-ə > *o-a: cf. *kalə- > *kola- > *kulə-. (But, regardless, *uľə-? Cf F *olë-)
** Also *-x- > *-j- may fall under this (however: *lukə- > *lovə-)
** Non-alveolar consonants are also palatalized before front vowels, but this remains allophonic.
* *j *w > ∅ / C_, *w > *v elsewhere
** Possibly also: *j > ∅ / F_# (i.e. nominals only: *ki *pi *si(j) *ve). Counterfed by *ŋ > ''j'', possibly also *k > *g > *j? (*vi(j))
** No good evidence exists on retention of *-w / B_#; only *pov ~ alleged Est. dial. ''põv'', source??
* Medial lenition, round 2 (intervocalic)
** *b > *v (also r_V: *karvə *ku/orva- *tərva *u/eŕva)
** *g > *v/*j (per vowel backness)
* But: *d₁, *d₂ > *d/*ď
* *kt *pt > *ft; *ps *pś > fs fś (*lafś *lofsa)
* *k > *t / C_# (in the imperativ)
[…TBC…]

==Development to the individual languages==
Vowels:
* Erzya:
** *ä > e
** Dialectally, *e > ä (yet *ä always > e!)
** *a > o / _j. (''ojdor ojmams ojme voj kojme'', perhaps ''ľom'' ~ Mk ''lajmä'', ''bojar nojabŕa vojna'' ~ Mk ''bajar najabŕä vajna'' (< Ru боярин ноябрь война); but ''ajge- g/kajge- tajmaza'', ''g/kajťan-'' < Ru гайтан.)
** in later syllables e ə > e/o per harmony; some exceptions (''piźol'')
** in Tambov Oblast (Kad. Kal. Kažl. Šir.), *u > *vi / _Ć (''viľ- viŕaš viŕna- viśkä viźiŕ'')
**: — does this indicate *u > *ü > *vi, and similar late retention PU *ü > *ö > *ve?!
* Mokša:
** *ə > ä/a / _# per harmony; ä also after palatals, a after nonpalatal *s/*z (or other alveolars)
** *əj *əw > i u
** *i *u > ə / initial pretonic
A possible final *-ə/-ä contrast does not seem reconstructible (will write *-ɜ), but should medially remain in Mk. (''śäjäŕ'')

Consonants:
* Erzya:
** *š > č / #_ (dialectal)
** *j > ∅ / _e (fed by *ä-raising; *je- previously didn't exist)
** *nd > n / 3rd+ syllable
* Mokša:
** *č > š / #_
** *k > ∅ / F_š (''jäšä käšə- ľeš meš päšä ťišä äšťəŕ'' - but: ''šäkši''), also sometimes #_šC (before nonpalatals? ''šna šta'', but ''kšńi kšńit'')
** Devoicing: m n r l j v > p t r̥ l̥ ç f / _{p t c č k}. Dialectally ç > ɕ.
** *s > ś / _F
** n > ń / #_Vŕ (''ńuŕa- ńuŕgə- ńuŕgamə-'') (check other palatals?)
* *ŋ > j/v per harmony, except dialectally in Erzya
A development *pt > *ft > Erzya vt (sim. for *kt) may make better sense than a common voiced stage. (Coda /v/ is generally realized as [w].)

==On the correspondence PU *m > /v/==

After PU *u
* *lumə "sno" > *loŋ (!)
* *kumV "cloud" > *kovol

Suffix exchange?
* *śüðäm(ə) "heart" > *śeďeŋ

Versus BF *-u
* *śëmə(-w?) > *śëëmu > *śav (cf. BF *soomu)
* ''*suv'' "fog" ~ BF *sumu ~ S. *somō
* *ľevəš "lime bast" ~ BF *lehmus ~ Ma. ''*nəməštə''

Limited comparanda
* Er. ''jav'' "joint" ~ BF *jama ~ S *jōmē (or better ~ ''javoms'' < *jëka-)
* ''*šov'' "butt of knife" ~ BF *hamara ~ S *ši/ëmērē ← Gmc *hamaraz
* ''*šovar'' "mortar" ~ BF *huumar ~ Ma. *šuer
* *toŋ (!) "kernel" ~ F. ''tuma ~ tuuma'' ~ E. ''tuum'' ~ Me. ''tum'' ~ Hi. ''toŋ''
* *kav "granary, barn" ~ K. ''kum'' "loft"
(*luv "gap" = Ma. *lu better ~ F *lovi than *loma)

But not in:
* <s>Er. ''kumoka'' "fever" ~ BF *kuuma "hot"</s>
* *lamə "many" ~ BF *laama
* *šamə "shape" ~ BF *haamo
* *kuma > *koma, *juma- > ''*jumi-'', *tammə > *tumə
* *numələ *śumərdə- ''umaŕ'' ''*komər'' Er. ''umok''
* *ľem *kämə
* #ľajmə *ľäm *śimə-

Also *p ~ Mari *m
* *karvə "fly" ~ BF *kärpä-, Ma. #ka/arme

cf. Hungarian:
*kumi > ''hava-, hó''

==*kt notes==
Ravila '33:
* Mk ĺiç/ɕťə- (Selišče, Pšenevo) ~ ĺifťə- "hervornehmen/-ziehen/-quellen/-sprudeln" (kausatiivi?)
* Mk ĺiçťəma (Gorodišče) "lähde"
* Mk śeɕťə- (Pš.) ~ Er. sevťnə- "sormeilla"
* Mk ťiçťəďə- (Čembar) ~ ťifťəďə- (Sel.) "ochutitjsja"
* ńäfťə- "näyttää", vifťə- "johdattaa" (*vêx-ta-), ĺifťə- "paeta" ← ĺijə- "lentää" (eikä ← *läkti-?)

{{Natlangs}}

Proto-Uralic/checklist

2018-03-03T18:01:32Z

Tropylium: *ne-

State of dumping data from [http://starling.rinet.ru/cgi-bin/query.cgi?root=config&morpho=0&basename=\data\uralic\uralet StarLing].

; Rare
* √ *d₁-, *d₂-
* √ *(C)
* √ *ë
* √ [[Proto-Uralic/Ü|*ü]] (when not also listed as *i)

==Table==

{| class="wikitable"
|-
! !! *∅- !! *p- !! *t- !! *č- !! *ć- !! *k- !! *m- !! *n- *ń- !! *s- *ś- !! *š- !! *l- *ĺ- !! *r- !! *j- !! *w-
|-
! [[Proto-Uralic/A|*a]]
| (51) || (39) || (29) || (17) || (9) || (77) ||style="background:#C0C0C0"| √ (22) || (15) || (58) ||style="background:#C0C0C0"| √ (11) || (23) ||style="background:#C0C0C0"| √ (10) ||style="background:#C0C0C0"| √ (15) || (56)
|-
! [[Proto-Uralic/Ä|*ä]]
|style="background:#C0C0C0"| √ (27) || (30) ||style="background:#C0C0C0"| √ (18) ||style="background:#C0C0C0"| √ (6) ||style="background:#C0C0C0"| √ (10) || (37) ||style="background:#C0C0C0"| √ (16) ||style="background:#C0C0C0"| √ (12) || (38) ||style="background:#C0C0C0"| √ (8) ||style="background:#C0C0C0"| √ (20) || style="background:#C0C0C0"| √ (3)||style="background:#C0C0C0"| √ (18) ||style="background:#C0C0C0"| √ (16)
|-
! [[Proto-Uralic/E|*e]]
| (31) || (49) ||style="background:#C0C0C0"| √ (20) ||style="background:#C0C0C0"| √ (10) || … (16) || (58) ||style="background:#C0C0C0"| √ (25) ||style="background:#C0C0C0"| √ (15) || (36) ||style="background:#C0C0C0"| √ (6) ||style="background:#C0C0C0"| √ (26) ||style="background:#C0C0C0"| √ (13) ||style="background:#C0C0C0"| √ (9) ||style="background:#C0C0C0"| √ (20)
|-
! [[Proto-Uralic/I|*i]]
|style="background:#C0C0C0"| √ (26) || (38) ||style="background:#C0C0C0"| √ (9) ||style="background:#C0C0C0"| √ (7) ||style="background:#C0C0C0"| √ (8) || (45) ||style="background:#C0C0C0"| √ (9) || (22) || (32) ||style="background:#C0C0C0"| √ (7) ||style="background:#C0C0C0"| √ (14) ||style="background:#C0C0C0"| √ (5) ||style="background:#C0C0C0"| √ (6) ||style="background:#C0C0C0"| √ (15)
|-
! [[Proto-Uralic/O|*o]]
| (54) || (50) || … (28) ||style="background:#C0C0C0"| √ (7) || (12) || (89) || …(17) ||style="background:#C0C0C0"| √ (38) || (49) ||style="background:#C0C0C0"| √ (10) || (22) ||style="background:#C0C0C0"| √ (8) ||style="background:#C0C0C0"| √ (20) ||style="background:#C0C0C0"| √ (27)
|-
! [[Proto-Uralic/U|*u]]
| … (25) || (46) ||style="background:#C0C0C0"| √ (20) ||style="background:#C0C0C0"| √ (5) || (12) || (88) || (23) ||style="background:#C0C0C0"| √ (14) || (31) ||style="background:#C0C0C0"| √ (9) ||style="background:#C0C0C0"| √ (13) ||style="background:#C0C0C0"| √ (3) ||style="background:#C0C0C0"| √ (14) ||style="background:#C0C0C0"| √ (4)
|}

Overlap counts (see source)

Proto-Uralic/E

2018-03-03T17:58:26Z

Tropylium: /* Std. PU *e_ä */ +3

==Std. PU *e_ə==

Finnic ''*e_i'', Permic ''*oo'', Khanty ''*e''
{| cellpadding="0"|
|- style="background:#FFA0A0"
! Lexeme !! [[Finnish|Finnic]] !! [[Proto-Samic|Samic]] !! [[Mordvinic|Mordv.]] !! [[Mari]] !! [[Permic]] !! [[Hungarian|Hung.]] !! [[Mansi]] !! [[Khanty]] !! [[Proto-Samoyedic|Samoy.]]
! Comments
|- style="background:#A0FFA0"
! colspan="10" | *ê_ə (S. ''*ɤ_ɤ'', Mo. ''*e'', Ms. ''*i'', Smy ''*e'' → Ng. /ɨ/, ''*i'' elsewhere)
| Old cases mostly open syllables
|-
| "to fear"
| *pel-kä- || *pɤlɤ- || *peĺə- || - || *pool- || fee/iil- || *pil- || *peL- || *pej-
|-
| "blood"
| *veri || *vɤrɤ || *veŕ || ''*wü̆r'' || '''*vir''' || veer || *wiɣər || *wer || -
|-
| "water"
| *veci || - || *veď || ''*wü̆t'' || *voo || '''viiz''' ~ '''vize-''' || *wit || - || *wet
| ← IE?!
|-
| "to go"
| *mene- || *mɤnɤ- || - || style="color:red"| '''*mije-''' || ''*munɨ-'' || ''mën-'' || *min- || *men- || *men-
| Ma. cf. Kar. '''mäne-'''
|-
| "to do"
| *teke- || *tɤkɤ- || Er. ťeje- || - || - || ''tëv-'' || *tij- || *tej- || -
| ← IE. Mk. '''ťijə-'''. Source for OU??
|-
| "lip"
| - || ''*pɤŋsɤm'' || - || - || - || - || CMs *piťem || *peLem || '''*päptän'''
| -ms- ?
|-
| "to take"
| *vee- || ''*vīkɤ-'' || ''*vijə-'' || - || '''*vajɨ-''' || vë-, '''vi-''' || *wiɣ-/'''*wäj-''' || *we- || '''*ü-'''
| *ex > *ix in S/Mo?? H "take"/""carry"
|-
| "night"
| '''*öö''' || ''*ījɤ'' || ''*vej'' || - || *ooj || ee/iij || *jiɣ || *jej || -
| *ewjə, > FMo *üjə? Cf. *kowsə > Ms *kaɣt; *jäwjə > Kh *jeej
|-
| "owl"
| style="color:red"| '''*hüüp-''' || *ɤpɤkē || - || - || - || - || *jipəɣ || *jepəɣ || -
| Onomatopoetics in F.? Compatible with WU *je → *ji
|-
| "warm"
| E. eh'''a''' || NS '''áccagas''' || *ežə- || - || - || - || *iš- || - || -
|-
| "bee"
| *mehi- || - || *mekš || '''*mükš''' || *mooš || meex || - || - || -
| ← preII
|-
| "honey"
| *meci || - || meď || ''*müj'' || *moo || meez || - || - || -
| ← preII. Ma. cf. Kh. *määɣ
|-
| "skin"
| *keri || *kɤrɤ || keŕ || ''*kü̆r'' || *koor || kee/iirëg || '''*keer''' || '''*käär''' || -
| ObU *kEr. Cf. IE *(s)ker-
|-
| "skin"
| *keci || *kɤtɤ || keď || - || - || - || - || - || *ket
| Cf. prev; also *käðʲə → P. *kiĺ, Ms. *kääĺən
|-
| "to must"
| - || *kɤlkɤ- || keĺge- || Me. küle- ~ Hi. '''kele-''' || *kool- || kell- || - || - || -
| Cf. IE. Check if not *i?
|-
| "to shake"
| - || - || - || style="color:red"| ''*rü̆ze-'' || U '''dźećɨra-''' || rësk || *risɣ- ~ N '''rasɣ-''' || *reńć- || -
| better *e-ä?
|-
| "young tree, twig"
| - || - || - || '''*nörɣə''' || '''*ńɤr''' || ''ńiir'' || *ńir || *nér || -
| Smy. #nËrkə "willow" may not belong - or is this *ë?
|-
| "exchange"
| *vero || - || veŕe-nc || '''*werć-''' || U. vur || - || - || '''*weer''' || -
|-
| "run; go"
| - || ''*vēkɤ-'' || - || - || *vooɨ- || - || - || - || -
| *wexə-
|-
| "handle"
| - || *nɤvtɤ || - || - || ''*nud'' || - || - || - || -
| *-ŋt-. Check if not *i
|-
| "middle"
| *keski || *kɤskɤ || keska || - || *koos || - || - || - || -
|-
| "throat"
| NF *kero ~ EVo *kõri || *kɤrɤs || - || - || *goor || - || - || - || -
| Cf. Ir. *gara "throat"; Toch kor < *gʷerw-
|-
| "elder"
| - || - || *čev-- || - || U. šu ~ K. žo || - || - || - || - || -
|-
| "to wash"
| *pese- || *pɤsɤ- || pezo- || - || - || - || - || - || -
| ← IE
|-
| "to stretch"
| *venü- || *vɤnɤ- || veńeme- || - || - || - || - || - || ''*wenä'' "rope"
|-
| "boat"
| *veneh || *vɤnɤs || veńeš || - || - || - || - || - || -
| cf. "to stretch"
|-
| "to be in time"
| *ehti- || *ɤstɤ- || - || *ĭšte- || K. '''eštɨ-''' || - || - || - || -
| K. ← F?
|-
| "leaf"
| *lehti || *lɤstɤ || - || *lĭštäš || - || - || - || - || -
| ← IE
|-
| "work"
| *töö || - || ťev || - || - || - || - || - || -
| *tewə; cf. *tekə-
|-
| "lime, bast"
| *lehmus || - || ĺevos || - || - || - || - || - || -
|-
| "dove"
| F metti-- ~ E meikas || - || *mečə || - || - || - || - || - || -
|-
| "pestle"
| *petkel || - || peťkeĺ || - || - || - || - || - || -
|-
| "feather"
| *hewhen || *sɤvsɤm || - || - || - || - || - || - || -
| NB difthong! Newer loan? -n ~ -m doesn't match
|-
| "to tear"
| *repe- || *rɤpɤ- || - || - || - || - || - || - || -
|-
| "next"
| *enti || *ɤvtɤ || - || - || - || - || - || - || -
| *-ŋt-
|-
| "berry"
| - || - || - || - || *mooĺɨ || mëɟɟ || - || *-məĹ || -
| preP → Ma *mooðə?
|- style="background:#A0FFA0"
! colspan="10" | *e_ə (S. ''*ē_ɤ'', Mo. ''*i'', Smy. ''*i'' (some from *ä?)
| all old cases long or difthongal?
|-
| "to cook"
| - || - || *pijə- || - || K. pu- || (föö-) || '''*pääj-''' || - || *pi-
| *pexə-; cf. *pEsa- !
|-
| "matter"
| - || *sējɤ || sij || *šü || *śiś || ''eev'' || style="color:red"| ''*säj'' || *ɬöj || *tiəj
|-
| "to sell"
| ''*möö-'' || *mēkɤ- || *mijə- || - || (*med) || - || *miɣ- || *me- || *mi-
| *mexə. P. "loan" may be ← II *mīžda
|-
| "to boil"
| *kee-, *kei- || *kī- || - || *küa- || - || köve- || - || - || -

|-
| "meat"
| - || - || *sivəĺ || ''*šĭl'' || *siĺ || - || - || - || -
| *sewə-lɜ?
|-
| "round"
| *kehkerä || - || style="color:red"| *kičkərə || ''*kĭškär'' || - || - || - || - ||
|compound *keččä-kerä??
|-
| "brother"
| *velji || *vēljɤ || - || - || - || - || - || - || -
| Short! ← IE?
|-
| "clear"
| *selke- || *čēlkɤ || - || - || - || - || - || - || -
| Liv. sieldɤ. Cf. F. *selvä "ibid."
|-
| ""
| || || || || || || || ||
|- style="background:#A0FFA0"
! colspan="10" | *E_ə (as per *e_ə but Ms *ee, Kh *ii)
| generally coda glides, but note *Eði, *kEri
|-
| "mushroom"
| *seeni || '''*čānā''' || - || *šeen || U. śeńki|| - || style="color:green"| *šeenəɣ || '''*säänəɣ''' || -
| *śE(x)nə? Maybe better *ä? H. seen ~ sene- "coal, fire"
|-
| "to eat"
| ''*söö-'' || - || ''*śevə-'' || - || ''*śooj'' || ëv- || *tee-, '''*tääj-''' || *ɬii₂- || ''*ti-mä''
| Smy. "tooth". U. *oo₂ → i between palatals? Sibilant & medial mismatch!
|-
| "soul, breath, steam"
| *lewlü || *lēvlɤ || - || - || *lool || lee/iilëk ~ lëlk- || '''#li/el''' || *ɬii₁L || -
| Wrt. S, cf. difthong
|-
| "soul"
| ''*iccek'' || ''*jēčɤ'' || *eś || *ĭške || K '''aćim''' || iis || '''*jis''' || *ii₁s || -
| *jEćə, F. *je → *i? Kh *je → *ii??
|-
| "night"
| - || - || - || '''*jü̆t''' || - || - || *(j)eet || '''*äät''', *ii₂tən || S #(ń)ütə
| Kh *ii₂ / #_ ? Cf. F. *ilta?!
|-
| "front"
| *eti || - || - || - || - || elöö || *eel || *ii₂L || ''*e/ir-''
| Kh *ii₂ / #_ ? Smy. "row"
|-
| "rope"
| - || - || ''*piks'' || - || - || fiu || - || *pii₁ɣəL || -
|-
| "smoke; fog"
| - || - || - || - || '''*čɨŋ''' || - ||style="color:green"| *šeeŋkʷ- || - ||
| Kh *čii₁ɣ "fog" rather ~ S *cēkɤ (StUE4)
|-
| "(to) swear"
| *irvɜ- || *ɤrvɤ- "be happy" || - || - || *joo₂r-- || ''öröm'' 'joy' || *jeer- || - || -
| *jerwɜ-, F.& S. *je- → *(j)i-
|-
| "edge"
| - || - || - || - || - || see/iil || *seel || *sii₁L || -
|-
| "short; to cut"
| - || - || - || - || - || rövid || - || Trj riiɣ- || -
|}

==Std. PU *e_ä==
Finnic *e_ä, Samic *ea_ē, Mordvinic *i_ɜ, Permic *oo, Samoyedic *e (not **i!)
{| cellpadding="0"|
|- style="background:#FFA0A0"
! Lexeme !! [[Finnish|Finnic]] !! [[Proto-Samic|Samic]] !! [[Mordvinic|Mordv.]] !! [[Mari]] !! [[Permic]] !! [[Hungarian|Hung.]] !! [[Mansi]] !! [[Khanty]] !! [[Proto-Samoyedic|Samoy.]]
! Comments
|- style="background:#A0FFA0"
! colspan="10" | *e_ä type 1: Ms *ä, Kh *e/*öɣ (in PMs CVCV stems?)
|-
| "ear"
| - || *pealjē || *piľə || ''*pĭləš'' || '''*peľ''' || '''fül''' || *päľ || *peL || -
|-
| "uncle"
| style="color:red"| *setä || style="color:red"| *čeacē || Er. čiče || ''*čü̆čə'' || *čoož || - || CMs *šäša || - || *čečä
| Sibilant assimilation east of F/S? K. also ćož
|-
| "knife"
| - || - || - || ''*kü̆źə'' || - || keeš || CMs *käšäj || '''*kööčəɣ''' || -
| or *kičɜ with H irreg.
|-
| "hook"
| - || SS ńieccie || - || - || - || - || *ńäš(ə?) || N *ńešə || -
| *ńeččä
|- style="background:#A0FFA0"
! colspan="10" | *e_ä type 2: similar except Ms *i (in PMs CVC stems?)
| more common than "regular" *ê_ä
|-
| "ring"
| *kehä || '''*kēsɤ''' || style="color:red"| ('''či''') || '''*keče''' || '''*kɨč''' || style="color:red"| keeɟ || Tv '''küš''' ~ CMs *kiš || *köč ||
| *keččä. S, Ma *ä? Mo. "sun" may not belong
|-
| "neck"
| *sepä || *čeapē || *śivɜ || ''*šüj'' || '''*śil''' || - || style="color:green"| CMs *šip || '''*sääpəL''' || -
| Ma. *-epV > *-ĭw > *-ü ??
|-
| "nest"
| *pesä || *peasē || *pizə || ''*pĭžäš'' || *pooz ||style="color:red"| fee/iisek || *pit || *peL || *petä
|-
| "catfish, burbot"
| '''*säkä''' || - || *śijɜ || ''*ši'' || - || - || style="color:green"| *šiɣ || *seɣ || -
| Ma. CV ⇒ *i
|-
| "to serch"
| - || - || - || ''*kĭčälä-'' || *kooč-k/j- || ? ''kereš-'' || *kinš- || *kenč- || -
| MaP *keččə- ~ OU *kenčə-?
|- style="background:#A0FFA0"
! colspan="10" | indistinct between *e₁_ä and *e₂_ä
|-
| "4"
| *neljä || *nealjē || *ńiľɜ || ''*nĭl'' || *ńooľ || nee/iiɟ || ''*ńilɜ'' ~ ''*n/ńäl-'' || *ńeLää || -
| Ms *ä in n/ńälmən "40" (*nelə-jä vs. *nelə-mon "40"?)
|-
| "to liv"
| *elä- || *ealē- || - || '''*ĭle-''' || *ool- || eel- || ''*jäl-'' || *jeL- || *elä-
| OUg both "visit", "recover". Ms > *i- > *jä-? Mo. '''*era-'''?
|-
| "big, uncle"
| *enä || *eanē || *ińɜ || - || '''*uuna''' || - || ''*jänəɣ'' || *enə || *enä
| Ms > *i > *jä-?
|-
| "uncle; father"
| - || *eakē || - || - || - || - || ''*jäɣ'' CMs *äki || *jeɣ '''*ii₁kii''' || En ďiśi < *ekä
| StUE4. Ms > *i- > *jä-? Ne. ''ńeekka''?
|-
| "pine"
| *petäkä || *peacē || *pičə || style="color:red"| ''*pü̆nće'' || *poožɨm || - || - || - || *petä (> Ng.)
|-
| "to beg"
| *kerjät- || - || - || - || *koor- || keer- || - || - || -
| ~ F. *kerät- "to collect"
|-
| "skillful"
| *seppä || *čeappē || - || - || - || seep || - || - || -
|-
| "dog"
| *penVj || ''*peanɤk'' || *pińə || ''*pij'' ~ '''*pŭni''' || *poon(ɨ) || (fene) || - || - || -
| Ma. *ɪ/əj > *ij? H. "wild" may not belong
|-
| "ring"
| *keccV || - || - || - || - || - || - || *kösə || -
| Cf. *kecrä
|-
| "brook"
| - || - || - || - || *šoo₁r || eer || - || - || -
|-
| "to get free"
| - || *meanō- || '''mäńe-''' || || K. '''mɨn-''' || ''ment-'' || - || - || Ne. mina-
| *mänə-w-? Also cf. *menə-

|-
| "a fish"
| *keso || L. kääčuk || - || - || K. '''gɨć''' || keseg || '''*kääsəŋ''' || '''*kosə''' || -
| or F. < ''kesä''
|-
| "white"
| - || *čeaskātɤ- *čeaskɤtē || - || - || K. ćoćkɤm || - || - || - || -
| *sk ~ *ćk?
|-
| "to scrape"
| - || *neaskē- || - || ''*nü̆žä-'' || - || - || - || - || -
|-
| ""
| || || || || || || || ||
|-
| ""
| || || || || || || || ||
|- style="background:#A0FFA0"
! colspan="10" | *ê_a & such (FSM per ''*ü'', Ma. ''*ü''?, Ms ''*i''; see also [[Proto-Uralic/Ü|*ü_a]])
|-
| "heart"
| *sütäm || *čɤðēm || *śeďəŋ || *šüm || U. śulem ~ K. śɤlɤm || siiv(e-) || style="color:green"| *šim || *sem || '''*säjə'''
| perhaps *śewd₁äm?
|-
| "brother-in-law"
| *kütü || - || - || - || - || - || CMs *kil || '''*küüLi ?''' || -
| or ~ *kälü?
|-
| "to plow"
| *küntä- || - || - || *künče- || - || - || - || - || -
| F. could be a later derivation from *künčə
|-
| "tail"
| '''*häntä''' || S. câcka ~ P. '''ciskes''' || - || - || - || - || *šiš || *čenč ~ V. '''čönč''' || -

|-
| ""
| || || || || || || || ||
|-
| ""
| || || || || || || || ||
|-
| ""
| || || || || || || || ||
|-
| ""
| || || || || || || || ||
|-
| ""
| || || || || || || || ||
|-
| ""
| || || || || || || || ||
|-
| ""
| || || || || || || || ||
|- style="background:#A0FFA0"
! colspan="10" | *E_a (Ms. ''*ee'', Kh. ''*ää'')
|-
| "to hit"
| *peksä- || - || *piksə- || - || '''*pös-''' || - || - || *pääɣəL- || *petV-
| 2ndary length in Fi. ''pieksä-''
|-
| "2"
| (''*kakti'') || (''*kōktē'') || (''kavta'') || (''kok'') || '''*kɨkt''' || keet || ''*kit'' || *käät || *ketä
| Ms. *i before a cluster? Kh also '''*kii₁tənti''' "both". FV *kakta
|-
| "price"
| - || - || - || - || *doon || - || CMs ''*tin'' || *tään, '''*tii₁n''' || -
| (no evidence for a cluster)
|-
| "duck"
| - || - || - || - || *goordaa || - || *kirtəɣ || N. kaartaŋ || -
| Ms. *i before a cluster?
|-
| "to dodge"
| - || '''*kɤrvē-''' || - || - || - || kerül- || E ker ~ N ''kir-'' || *käärəɣ- || -
|
|-
| "to cook"
| - || '''*pɤsē-''' || - || - || *pɤɤž- || - || *peet- || *pääL- || -
| P also cf. F paah-ta- / OU *ponča-? Cf. *pexi-
|-
| "to separate"
| - || *peacē- (S only) || - || - || - || fesl- || *peešt- || V pääčii- ~ Vj '''pečää--''' ||
|-
| "(to) thin"
| - || *keancē || - || - || - || keškëń || - || *käänć- || -
| Ms. *kAAnś- ← Kh.
|-
| "to miss"
| - || *meantē- || - || - || - || - || - || Vj. '''miintəɣtə-''' || -
| Or *men-tä-?? Cf. F. mene-ttä-
|-
| "to bind"
| - || - || - || - || - || ńeek- || *neeɣ- || "Kr" ''neewəj-'' || -
| Cf. Mong. *neke- "to weave"?
|-
| "room"
| - || - || - || - || - || teer (tere-) || - || E. täär, '''tiir''' || -
|- style="background:#A0FFA0"
! colspan="10" | similar except Kh. *(j)ii₂- (initially?)
|-
| "weather"
| ''*ilma'' || ''*ɤlmē'' || - || - || U. '''in''' ~ K. jen || - || *jeeləm || ''*(j)ii₂Ləm'' || -
| FS *je > *(j)i?
|-
| "to press"
| - || - || *ičə- "knead" || *jĭše- || '''*ɨčkɨ-''' || - || - || W ''*iiš-'' || -
|-
| "to carve"
| - || - || *inzəďə- || - || - || - || *jeen(s)- || ''*(j)ii₂nL-'' || -
|-
| "clear day"
| - || *jealɤkkɤs || - || - || - || - || - || E ''*jiiL'' || '''*jälä'''
|-
| "(to) love"
| - || *eaccē- || - || - || - || - || - || ''*(j)ii₂čəɣ'' || -
|- style="background:#A0FFA0"
! colspan="10" | IE loans etc.
|-
| "year"
| ''*ikä'' "age" || ''*jɤkē'' || *ij(ə) || *i || - || style="color:brown"| eev || - || - || -
| ← IE *jegʷaa, FS *je > *ji? PreH *ewə rather than *eɣə? S *ɤkē "age" ← F.
|-
| "fox"
| *repä || *rēp- || Er. ŕiveś || ''*rĭwəž'' || '''*ruć(i)''' || '''ravas''' || || ||
| ← II, Ma. thru Hu. separately?
|-
| "blade, edge"
| *terä || *tearē || - || ''*tü̆r'' ||style="color:green"| *door || '''töör''' || - || - || -
| Cf. II *dʰārā. Also Ud. '''ter''' ~ '''tir''' "ax"
|-
| "tip"
| '''*kasa''' || *keačē || || || - || style="color:red"| hëɟ || - || - || -
| ← IE *h₂aḱ-. Probably *a, S. > *ea / _Ć? Distinct from F. "pile" (← Gmc)
|-
| "to be born"
| *süntü- || - || - || - || K. sod- || †edl- || - || - || -
| ← preIr *dzen- + *tä-
|-
| "side, rib"
| - || style="color:red"| *earttē || *irdɜ || '''*örðəž''' || style="color:green"| *oord- || - || - || - || -
| ← II *erdʰa-
|-
| "summer"
| *kesä || *keasē || *kizə || - || - || - || - || - || -
| ← IE *h₁es-en/r-?
|-
| "human"
| *inhimi- || - || *inžə(j) || - || - || - || - || - || -
| ← IE *ǵnh₁-V-, with *je > F. ji?
|-
| "alder"
| *leppä || *leapē || '''*ľepɜ''' || - || - || - || - || - || -
| ← B; Mo. separately
|-
| "times"
| *'''kërta''' || *keartē || *kird'''a''' || Hi. -kerðə || || || || ||
| ← B. *kertā / II *kṛt-, later than Mo. -a > -ə?
|-
| "all, whole"
| - || - || *veśəj || - || '''*vååć''' || †ösve || - || - || '''#wAnsA'''
| at least Mo Hu ← II *wićwa-. U. also viś, vɨć
|-
| "man"
| - || - || *mirďɜ || - || *moort || - || - || - || -
| ← II *mṛt-
|-
| "ring"
| *kecrä || *kearsē || style="color:red"| Er. *ščeŕe ~ Mk. kšťiŕ || - || - || - || - || - || -
| ← preII *kētstra?
|-
| "corn"
| ''*jüvä'' || - || '''juv''' || - || U. ju ~ K. jɨki || - || - || - || -
| ← IE *jewa/*jowa (Avestan ''yava'' etc.), F *je > *ji?
|-
| "grouse"
| *tetri || - || - || - || *tooɜr || - || - || - || -
| ← B. *tetVrV
|-
| "far; woods"
| *meccä || *meaččē || - || - || - || (''messe'') || - || - || -
| ← B *medja-, H perhaps unrelated
|-
| "ghost"
| - || style="color:red"| ''*šeartɤ'' || - || *šĭrt || U. šurd- || ördög || - || - || -
| ~ Russian ''čert'', Iranian?
|-
| "chin"
| - || - || - || - || '''*aŋ''' || - || *eeɣən, Ko. '''iɣən''' || *ääɣəɳ || '''*aŋå'''
| ← Turk. *ēŋ, Smy via Oghur? (Chuv: ana). OU #eeɣän better ~ *jekən(ə)
|- style="background:#A0FFA0"
! colspan="10" | Substrate loans? (Mari ''*i''; note phonotax)
|-
| "wheat"
| *vehnä || - || *viš(ɜ) ||style="color:red"| *wiśte || - || - || - || - || -
|-
| "cow; horse"
| *lehmä || - || *ľišmə || - || - || - || - || - || -
|-
| "rope"
| - || *reašmē || *ŕiśmə || - || - || - || - || - || -
| Cf. II *raćmV; B. *rišima "thred" (→ F. *rihma)
|- style="background:#A0FFA0"
! colspan="10" | TBS 1: Widespread
|-
| "us"
| *mek || || || || || || || ||
|-
| "you"
| *tek || #tīj || *ťiń || '''*tää''' || '''*ti''' || ti || - || - || '''#täŋ'''
|-
| "bundle; to plait"
| *kerä || - || *kiŕɜ || - || - || - || *keer- || *kiir- ||
| OU swapped with *kärə- 'to wrap'.
|-
| "to prick"
| - || *peaðē- || style="color:red"| *päľə- || - || - || - || *peel- || *peeL- || -
| No regularity really. E/ä? l/ð?
|- style="background:#A0FFA0"
! colspan="10" | TBS 2: FP/West only
|-
| "oar"
| '''*mëla''' || *mealē || *miľə || - || K. '''maľ'''? || - || - || - || -
| Looks newer per F. -a
|-
| "back"
| *selkä ~ '''*sälkä''' || '''*čēlkē''' || - || '''*šĭle''' || - || - || - || - || -
| …*säälkä ??
|-
| "spring, summer"
| *kevät || - || - || '''*keŋəž''' ||style="color:brown"| *goož(em) || - || - || - || -
| P. metathesis or *ŋ-loss? Or ~ Kh *kaač "warm"
|-
| "dust; ash"
| F. pelmV- || - || - || - || U. peńm- ~ K. pɤjim || - || - || - || -
| F → P? NB *ľ
|-
| "bare; good; clean"
| F. pelkkä || - || - || '''*pelkə''' || K. '''peľk''' || - || - || - || -
| Semantics bad. NB *ľ
|-
| "road"
| *tee || - || - || - || K '''tuj''', Jz '''tʉj''' || - || - || - || -
|-
| "ear of grain"
| '''*tähkä''' || - ||style="color:red"| *ťikšɜ || *tü̆ška || *too₂šk "beard" || - || - || - || -
|-
| "to feed"
| - || - || *ťiŕ'''a'''- || - || K. '''tɤrśɨ-''' || - || - || - || -
|-
| "drape"
| '''*vërho''' || - || '''#orčta''' || - || - || - || - || - || -
|- style="background:#A0FFA0"
! colspan="10" | TBS 3: East only
|-
| "to narro"
| - || - || - || - || - || mere- || CMs *mär- || *mer- || -
| Check Kh, O /ä/
|-
| "to darken"
| - || - || - || - || - || šetët || *šät-- || W četimə- ||
|-
| "to sink"
| - || - || - || - || - || †šeped- ||style="color:green"| šeep- || - || -
|-
| "root"
| - || - || - || - || - || ɟökeer || T jükäär ~ *jeekʷar || - || -
| better *ü??
|-
| "kidney; penis" (?!)
| - || - || - || - || - || veše || *wäćəɣ || - || -
| bad; medial mismatch
|-
| "limb"
| - || - || - || - || - || iiz || - || *jöt || -
| alt etym for H: *jäsə-
|-
| "(to) work"
| - || - || - || - || - || müü(ve-) || - || - || *mäj-
|-
| "face"
| - || - || - || - || - || - || - || *weenč || Sk. wandV
|-
| "to dress"
| - || - || - || - || - || mez(í)telen || *mäš- || - || -
| ES *mācVkV 'coat' probs not here
|-
| "deep"
| - || - || - || - || - || mee/il || *mil || *me₁L || -
|-
| "to tear"
| - || - || - || - || - || mëńül-/ít- || *mänəmt- || WKh *meenəm-, *men-čii- || -
| better *i?
|-
| "to press"
| - || - || - || - || - || mered- || *mär- || *merəm || -
|-
| "to laugh"
| - || - || - || - || - || †mevet- || *mäwint-, *mäwäl- || - || -
|- style="background:#A0FFA0"
! colspan="10" | TBS 4: Ma~P, P~H
|-
| "color; dawn"
| - || - || - || *rü̆m(b)älɣə || *romɨt || - || - || - || -
|-
| "good"
| - || - || - || Hi. rəž || U. dźeć || - || - || - || -
| perhaps *riććä?
|-
| "moss"
| - || - || - || '''*reɣeńćə''' || *roojɨ || - || - || - || -
|-
| "alder"
| - || - || - || *lööl || *lool || - || - || - || -
|-
| "to measure"
| - || - || - || - || U. mertal- ~ K. *moortal- || mee/iir- || - || - || -
|-
| "breast"
| - || - || - || #mer- || *moores || - || - || - || -
|-
| "wool ~ ram"
| - || - || - || mi/ež || K. mež || - || - || - || -
|-
| "thick; more"
| - || - || - || - || *too₁p(ɨt) ||style="color:red"| '''több''' || - || - || -
| H. haplology *töpöbb > több?
|- style="background:#A0FFA0"
! colspan="10" | TBS 5
|-
| "light"
| *kep-edä || *keappē || - || - || U. '''kapći''' || keveeš || - || - || '''*käjpɜ'''
|-
| "warm"
| - || - || - || - || *rög || reeg, rög || *riɣ ~ N reeɣ || *reɣ || -
| *-ŋ- ~ *-ɣ-?
|-
| "grey"
| - || - || - || - ||style="color:green"| '''*dźåår''' || sir, sürke || CMs *šir || - || -
| Cf. Mong. *sira "yellow"?!
|-
| "wet"
| - || - || - || - || ''*uuľ'' || - || CMs *iľ || - || -
| Ma. iľe ← U. Or Ms other (cf. StarLing)
|-
| ""
| || || || || || || || ||
|-
| "perch"
| - || - || - || - || *joo(kɨ)š || - || - || *jööɣ || Ne. ńiix-
|-
| "to dance"
| - || - || - || - || U ektɨ- ~ K jɤktɨ- || - || style="color:red"| *jeekʷ- || '''*jœœk-''' || -
|-
| "to err"
| - || - || - || - || - || teeved- || CMs *tip- || *tep- || -
|-
| "deer"
| F. teva || - || - || - || - || teheen || - || - || #täə
|-
| "full, to fill"
| - || - || - || '''*temə''', '''*teme-''', '''*tema-''' || - || †tëm, temet- || - || - || -
|-
| "to stick in"
| NF *työ-ntä- || - || - || - ||style="color:brown"| *too₂j- || töv-- || '''*täɣ-''' ||style="color:red"| *töökən- || -
| Medials messy, F. cf. "work"
|-
| "breath; heat"
| *heŋki || - || - || - || - || - || - || *čeŋk || -
| Ms '''#sääNk''' "hot weather" doesn't fit, U. '''džog''' < *r-.
|-
| "to run; to hurry"
| - || - || Er. čije- || - || - || šiet- || - || - || -
|-
| "to refine; flour"
| *lese- || - || - || - || - || list || - || - || -
|-
| "to sow"
| - || - || *viďə- || *wüðe- || - || ve(e)t- || - || - || -
|-
| "grouse"
| *mecco, '''*mëttVs''' || T. piecce || - || - || - || - || *mänšəm || - || -
| Bad. F better ← *meccä 'forest'
|-
| "we"
| *me(k) || *mī || *miń || *me || *mi || mi || *mäŋ du. meeN || meŋ du. miin || '''*mä-'''
|-
| "to tear"
| *repi- || *rɤpɤ- || - || - || - || *reped- || *reep- || - || -
| *p / *pp?
|-
| "to flap"
| *räppä- || - || - || - || - || *rëpít-/ül- || *reep- "shake" || Vj reepää- ~ N raaw- "blink" || -
|-
| "to glue"
| - || - || - || - || - || '''ragad-''' || - || '''*rööŋk-''' || -
| better *ä or smth
|-
| "to step; wade"
| - || - || - || - || - || '''ruug-''' || - || '''*röŋkää-''' || -
|-
| "to be"
| *lee- || *lea- || (*ľävks "young") || *liä- || *loo- || *lë- || - || - || -
| *lejə-?
|-
| "hard wood (for skis)"
| '''*lülü''' || - || - || - || K. lol || - || - || *ɬeL || -
| *e-ü > F *ü-ü??
|-
| "soft"
| CF *leina || - || - || - || K lɤń || - || *liń || style="color:green"| *ɭeeń || -
|-
| "under"
| - || - || - || Hi. lə- || - || lë || - || - || -
| or *li
|-
| "very"
| - || - || - || *lĭŋ || - || -leg || - || - || -
|-
| "butterfly"
| E '''*liippo-''' || W *lɤplV- || - || *lĭpə || - || lepke || *läpäk || style="color:green"| *ɭepAntaaj ||
|-
| "leaf"
| *lepeh || - || - || - || - || leveel ||style="color:red"| '''*luupta''' || style="color:green"| '''*ɭɯɯpət''' || -
|-
| "dense; narrow"
| - || - || - || - || U. ľukɨt || - || N. ľakʷ || *ɬ´ök || -
| NB *ľ-
|-
| "cradle; to lull"
| Fi liesku || - || - || *lüške || U. lećkal- || - || - || - || -
|-
| "lime; bast"
| '''*lëhmus''' || - || *ľevəš ||style="color:red"| *nĭmeštə || - || - || - || - || -
|-
| "to shine"
| E *čilketta- || - || *ćiľďər- || '''ćo/ɤlɣɤža-''' || U ćiľ/lal- ~ K. dźuljal- || ''čillog-'' || CMs '''*śulɣ-''' || N *ćuulpəɣ- ||
| better something like *o
|-
| "small bird"
| E čiučoi || - || - || - || - || - || *ćäŋći || *će₂ćkə || #sinsakV
| probs onomatopoetic
|-
| "finger / knuckle"
| - || - || - || - || U. ćińɨ ~ K. ćuń || čüd, čüg || - || '''*ćoŋən''' || -
|-
| "roe"
| - || - || - || #mürtńə || - || - || *määrnä || *määrən || -
| probably ≠ F-S #mätäHnä
|-
| "wing, upper arm"
| - || - || - || - || - || - || *märkä || *me₁rəŋk || Ne. ''maŕ''(jebsu)
| perhaps *i (Smy *ə̈?)
|-
| "midge"
| - || SS namek || - || - || U. nɨmɨ ~ K. *noom || - || - || - || (*ńImärəj)
| Smy. deriv. from *ńimə- 'to suck'? (+ #woj 'animal' ??)
|-
| "path"
| - || - || - || - || - || - || - || *ńiiL ~ S ńiiɣət ~ ńääɣət || Ne. ńeda, Km. nərmi
| Bad
|-
| "calf"
| - || *ńāplō || - || - || - || - || - || - || Ne. ńāplūj
|-
| ""
| || || || || || || || ||
|-
| ""
| || || || || || || || ||
|-
| ""
| || || || || || || || ||
|- style="background:#A0FFA0"
! colspan="10" | Rejectable
|-
| "to rub antlers against a tree"
| - || *čɤlɤ- || - || - || - || - || - || - || Ne. śelə-
| Ne. better ← *sälä- < *śälä- 'to rub' (AASmy2)
|-
| "mild; warm"
| Fi lenseä || - || - || - || - || - || - || Vj '''ɭɯɯsək''' ||
| Bad. Fi better = leppeä × penseä
|-
| "to cut"
| *lëikka- || - || - || - || - || leek || - || - || Ne. ľekā-
| Bad; F ← Gmc
|-
| "to find"
| *lewtä- || - || - || - || - || lel- || - || - || -
| rather F ← Gmc

|}

Proto-Uralic/Ä

2018-03-03T15:01:10Z

Tropylium: /* Std. PU *ä_ə */ +2 (from *e)

→ Finnic *ä, Moksha ''ä'', Mari *e, Mansi *ää, Khanty *ee (/ ''*öö'' next to a velar), Smy. *ä

==Std. PU *ä_ə==
> S. ''*ē_ɤ'' (ā_ō)
{|
|- style="background:#FFA0A0"
! Lexeme
! [[Finnish|Finnic]] !! [[Proto-Samic|Samic]] !! [[Mordvinic|Mordv.]] !! [[Mari]] !! [[Permic]] !! [[Hungarian|Hung.]] !! [[Mansi]] !! [[Khanty]] !! [[Proto-Samoyedic|Samoy.]]
! Comments
|- style="background:#A0FFA0"
! colspan="10"| Permic *o (_l when V₂ not lost early?!)
|-
| "to fill"
| *täwci || - || - || style="color:red"| ''*tić'' || *dol- || tel- || *tääɣəl || *teeL || *tärə
| S. *teavtɤ ← F.
|-
| "rope"
| '''*kewci''' || *kēvðɤ || - || - || *kol || - || style="color:red"| *kʷääləɣ || *kööLəɣ || ''*kürə''
| Smy *äw > *ü ? Within F, cf. Võ ''käütämä'' "to fasten" with *ä retained. Mari ''*kəl'' ← P.
|-
| "sister-in-law"
| *kälü || *kālōj || '''kel''' || - || U. kaľi ~ K. ''kel'' || - || - || *kööLə || *kälü
| Perhaps *kälü rather than *käləw. K. *-ëľ > el?
|-
| "joint"
| *jäsen || - || jäźńä || Hi. ježəŋ ~ Me. '''jɤžəŋ''' || *joz || '''iiz''' || - || - || -
| Ma. *ə with Hi. *jə > je ??
|-
| "to order"
| *käske- || - || - || '''*küštə-''' || *kos || || || ||
|-
| "thigh"
| *sääri || - || *śäj'''ä'''ŕ || - || K. ćɤr || - || - || - || -
| *śäxərə better than *śäjərə; or *śäxärə??
|- style="background:#A0FFA0"
! colspan="10"| Permic *i (with a lost nonlabial medial?)
|-
| ""
| || || || || || || || ||
|-
| "hand"
| *käci || *kētɤ || käď || ''*kit'' || *ki || keez : keze- || *käätə || *kööt || -
|-
| "power"
| *väki || *vēkɤ || '''vij''' || *vi || *vi || vele- ? || *wääɣ || ''*wööɣ'' || -
| Ma. *e > *i _#
|- style="background:#A0FFA0"
! colspan="10"| Permic *ɨ (_R), Finnic *ee (_Ri) ≈ older PU *äx_i
|-
| "tongue"
| *keeli || *kēlɤ || *käľ || - || *kɨl || - || *kääləmt- "inquire" || *kööL || *käə-
| Mari *kəl "string, handle" from *käwðə via P.
|-
| "broth"
| *leemi || *lēmɤ || *ľäm || *lem || U. lɨm || lee : leve- || *läämə || - || *jäm-
| K. ľem "jelly" rather < *d₂ümä
|-
| "to bind; bundle"
| *keer-- || *kērɤ- || kärks || *kerä- || ''ge/ɤrd'', ''ke/ɤrt-'' || ''kür-, küür-'' ||style="color:green"| *kʷäärək || *keerää || *kär-
| OU 'to weave' not here (AASmy 2). P. *kär-tä-, or ← Sl-II *kert-. Cf. also F. '''*kääri-'''?
|-
| "side, pole"
| *peeli || - || *päľ || *pel || - || feel || *päälə || - || -
| cf. *pälä "half", *wärə "side"?
|-
| "mind"
| *meeli || *mēlɤ || *mäľ || - || *mɨl || - || - || - || -
|-
| "side"
| *veeri || *vērɤ || *väŕə || - || - || - || - || - || -
|-
| "to swallo"
| *neele- || *ńēlɤ- || ''*ńiľə-'' || *nelä- || *ńɨl(ɨ)- || '''ńel-''' || *ńääl- || *ńeeL- || style="color:green"| '''*ńal-'''
| Mo. *ä > *e in open syllables?
|-
| "to drink"
| *seeme- || - || ''*śimə-'' || - || - || - || - || - || -
| Mo. *ä > *e in open syllables?
|-
| "to drink"
| - || - || ''*iŕəďə-'' || - || K. *ɨrɤš || - || - || - || -
| Mo. *ä > *e in open syllables? Smy *ɤ-r- better < *jëxə-
|-
| "lung"
| *tävvü || - || '''ťevlav''' || - || *tɨ || style="color:red"| tüdöö || - || - || style="color:red"| *täjwä ?
| Cf. "to fill"
|-
| "air"
| *sää || - || - || - || K. sɨnɤd || eeg : ege- || - || - || -
| *säŋə
|-
| "to enter"
| - || - || - || '''*pŭre-''' || *pɨr- || feer- || - || - || -
| Or *pura- with H irregular
|-
| "woodpecker"
| *kärki || - || *käŕgä || *kerɣə || *kɨr || - || - || - || -
|-
| "to press"
| - || - || *ńäŕgə- || - || *nɨr- || - || - || *nööɣər- || -
| (AA, p.c.)
|-
| "nose"
| - || *nērɤ || *ńäŕ || *ner || *nɨr || - || - || '''*niir''' || *ńär'''ə'''
|-
| "breast"
| - || *mēlkɤ || style="color:red"| *mäľkɜ || *mel || U. mɨl || mell || *määɣəl || *mööɣəL || -
| F. ''*mälvi'' "bird breast''?
|-
| "voice"
| ''*ääni'', C. ''*hääli'' || *jēnɤ || - || - || - || eenek || - || - || -
| F. *ää > *ee blocked / #_ ?
|-
| "piece"
| *pärek || - || - || - || *pɨrɨ || - || *päär || '''*per''' || -
| and Es. peerg < *peere-kä?
|-
| "mare"
| Liv. keev || *kēvɤ || - || || || || || ||
|- style="background:#A0FFA0"
! colspan="10"| Kh *ii₁ / _k?
|-
| "to depart"
| *läkte- || *lēktɤ- || ''#ľixtə-'' || *lektä- || '''lɨ/okt-''' || - || - || style="color:red"| ''*ɬii₁ɣət-'' || -
| re P/Mo cf. *mäjäkä
|-
| "osprey; gull"
| ''*sääksi'' || *čēkčɤ || - || - || K. '''ćikći''' || - || '''*siɣs''' || ''*sii₁ɣəs'' || -
| some confusion w/ *čäkčij? two roots?
|-
| "to see"
| *näke- || *nēkɤ- || näj- || - || U. '''naal-''' ? || style="color:red"| neez- || ''*näɣəl-'', '''*niiɣəl-''' || ''*nii₁-'' || -
|-
| "fog"
| - || *cēkɤ || - || - || - || - || - || ''*čii₁ɣ'' || -
| StUE4
|-
| "hill"
| *mäki || - || - || - || - || - || - || ''*mii₁ɣ'' || -

|- style="background:#A0FFA0"
! colspan="10"| Remainder (no regular Permic reflex??)
|-
| "ice"
| *jää || *jēŋɤ || *jäŋ || *i ||style="color:red"| ''*jɤɤ'' || jeeg : jege- || *jääŋkə || *jööŋk || '''*jaŋ-'''
| *jäŋi. Ma. *e > *i / _#
|-
| "string"
| *jänti || - || - || - || - || '''ideg''' || *jääntəɣ || '''*jöntəɣ''' || *jänti
|-
| "to become cold"
| *jäähty- || *jēŋsō- || jäkše- || '''*jükše-''' || - || - || - || '''*jöɣLi-''' || -
| *jäŋ-(k)štə-; non-West *jükšə- ??
|-
| "head, end"
| *pää || - || '''pe''' || - || '''*pooŋ''' || style="color:red"| fej : feje- || '''*päŋk''' || - || '''#pa'''
| better *e??
|-
| "louse"
| *täi || - || - || *ti || U. tej ~ K. toj || tetüü : tetve- || *tääkmə || *tööɣtəm || -
| S. *tīkɤ ← Gmc? Ma. *e > *i / _#
|-
| "bit, to cut"
| *säŋki || *čēŋkɤ- || Er. ''śive-'' || - || *ćeeg- || seg- || *sääŋk- || *sööŋk- || -
| Mo. *ä > *e in open syllables?
|-
| "cradle"
| *kätküt || *kētkɤ- || - || - || U. kɤkɨ || - || - || - || *kätə-
|-
| "near"
| *lähe- || - || - || ''*lišnə'' || - || - || - || - || *jät-
| Cf. *läkte-
|-
| "warm"
| *lämpe- || - || *ľämbɜ || ''*liwə'' || - || || - || - || *jämpə-
| Smy. "clothes"
|-
| "trace"
| *jälki || - || - || - || - || jel || - ||style="color:green"| '''*jääɣəɭ''' || *jä
| Smy. 'heel'
|-
| "lichen on trees"
| - || *jēvjɤmē || - || - || - || - || - || *jeej || ''*jüjə''
| Smy *äw > *ü ?
|-
| "mild"
| '''*leppedä''' || - || Mk. ľäpä || (*liwə) || - || - || - || *ɬeepət || -
| F → SLu lehpagis? Ma. possibly better < 'warm'
|-
| "fish sp."
| - || - || - || '''*müktə''' || K. ''mɨk'' || - || TJ mäwtək || *mööɣtəɣ || -
| *mäwəktV? PMs *määɣtəɣ (not **mäɣ- > ˣmüw-)
|-
| "7"
| *säjcen || *čēčɤm || ''*śiśəm'' || '''*sĭm''' || *śiźɨm || - || - || - || -
| Core Finnic > *seicen; Mo. *ä > *e in open syllables? ← IE?
|-
| "heavy"
| *läülV || *lēvlɤ || - || *lelə || - || - || - || - || -
| Ms. *ľuuľ "weak", Kh. *ɬöL "cold" prob. don't belong
|-
| "a bird"
| E. ähk || - || *šäkšəj || style="color:red"| *ćećkem || K. čakčej || - || - || - || -
|-
| "to suffer"
| *kärsi- || *kērtɤ- || '''*kiŕďə-''' || *kerð/ta- || - || - || - || - || -
| ← Gmc. *hardja-
|-
| "to hide"
| *kätke- || - || *käkšə- || || || || || ||
| Cf. "cradle"
|-
| "to trust"
| - || - || - || - || - || mer- || *määr- || - || -
|-
| "to dive"
| - || - || - || - || - || meriit- || *määrəkt- || '''*merət-''' || -
|-
| "net"
| - || - || - || - || - || meet || *määkt || *mööɣət || -
|-
| "to fit"
| - || - || - || - || - || meeltoo || - || *meeL- || -
|-
| "warm"
| - || - || - || - || - || meleg || *määli || *meeLək || -
|-
| "to bind"
| - || - || - || - || - ||style="color:red"| †ńeek || '''*neeɣ-''' || Kr. neewəj- || -
|-
| "saddle"
| - || - || - || - || - ||style="color:red"| ńerëg || '''*näɣər''' || E '''*nœœɣər''' || -
| or *i with H irregular?
|-
| "to tear"
| - || - || - || - || - || ńer- || *ńir(əmt)- || *ńer- || -
| better *e?
|-
| ""
| - || - || - || - || - || - || - || - || -
|- style="background:#A0FFA0"
! colspan="10"| Derivatives & such
|-
| "mound"
| style="color:red"| ''*mättäs'' || *mēktɤ || - || - || - || - || - || - || style="color:red"| *mäktə
| Cf. *mäkə
|-
| "sun"
| *päjvä || '''*peajvē''' || - || - || K. bi || - || - || - || *päjwä
| possibly *päjə-wä. Permic CV ⇒ *i
|-
| "badger"
| - || - || Mk. ńärgas || *nerɣə || U. '''nardɨ''' || - || - || - || ''*narkå''
| #närə-ka
|}

==*ä_a, etc.==
> F. *ä_ä (/ *-jC-, *Ć-?) ~ *a_e (default?), S. *ā_ē, Ma. *e
{|
|- style="background:#FFA0A0"
! Lexeme
! [[Finnish|Finnic]] !! [[Proto-Samic|Samic]] !! [[Mordvinic|Mordv.]] !! [[Mari]] !! [[Permic]] !! [[Hungarian|Hung.]] !! [[Mansi]] !! [[Khanty]] !! [[Proto-Samoyedic|Samoy.]]
! Comments
|- style="background:#A0FFA0"
! colspan="10"| Finnic *a-i (main development?), *ä-- (derivatives)
|-
| "winter"
| *talvi || *tālvē || Er. ťeľe, Mk. '''ƭaľa''' || *tel(ə) || *tol || teel : tele- || *täälə || '''*teləɣ''' || -
| *w > Ms ∅
|-
| "to cut"
| ''*säli-'', ''*sälek'' || *čālē- || - || *šelä- || *ćol- || sel- || '''*sil-''' || '''*süüL-''' || *sälä-
|-
| "half"
| *pooli || '''*pealē''' || *päľɜ || *pele || *pol || feel : fele- || - ||style="color:green"| *peeɭək || *pälä
| cf. *pälə "side"; preF *palə → Slavic *polъ [*palʊ] → Mo *pola "spouse"?
|-
| "to wade"
| *koolë- || *kālē- || *käľə- || *kelä-, *kelðə- || '''*köl-''', *kolt- || kel- || style="color:red"| *kʷääl- || '''*küüL-''' || -
| F. ''*kaalat-'' ← S; Ma & P. #2 "to fish with a pull-net"
|-
| "root, vein"
| Liv. sūoŗ || *sārē || - || *šer || U. ''ser'' || eer : ere- || *täärə || *ɬeer || -
| F. *soori < *sarə; Udm. e / _r?
|-
| "to load"
| ''*sälyttä-'' || - || - || - || K. sɤl- || ell- || *tääl- || *ɬeeL- || '''*tij-'''
| could be *ä-ə?
|-
| "moisture"
| *kasi || *kāsē || - || - || - || - || EW *köäťəľ || *keeLää || ''*käta''
|-
| "moth"
| *koi || - || Er. '''ki''' || Me. kije || k''e''/ɤj || - || Tv '''kij, käj''' || *keej || -
| F. from *kooji < *kajə; ES '''*koajɤ''' ← F? U. e / _Ć
|-
| "gall"
| *sappi || *sāppē || *säpɜ || - || s''e''/ɤp || epe || *tääpə || - || -
|-
| "to scoop"
| F. *ammi? || - || - || - || U. omɨrt- || - || *äämärt- || *eemər- || -
| if not F. < *ama-
|-
| "dirt"
| *saksi || *sāksē || '''*seksɜ''' || - || s''e''/ɤs || - || - || - || -
| F > *sa(a)s-ta
|-
| "scab"
| *loomi || - || Er. ľeme || Hi. lim ~ Me. '''lümö''' || *lom || - || - || - || -
|-
| "tree sp."
| *sarni || - || - || *šertńe || '''*śir''' || - || - || - || -
| F. "ash", Ma "willow", P. "elm"
|- style="background:#A0FFA0"
! colspan="10"| not in F. but regular enough
|-
| "spleen"
| - ||style="color:green"| *ðāpðē || - || *lep(ə) || '''*loop''' || leep || - || *leepət || Ne. ''rapśaa''
| S. *l-ð > *ð-ð?
|-
| "woman; weasel"
| - || *kāðvē || - || - || - || style="color:red"| †helɟ || *kääľ || *kööjəɣ || *käjwä
| Ms. *ľɣ > ľ; MHu. > ''hölgy''
|-
| "twig"
| - || *sāŋkē || - || *šeŋge || - ||style="color:red"| eek || - || '''*ɬöŋk''' || -
|-
| "to shoo"
| - || *ārē- || - || - || - || - || *äärt- || *eerət- ||
|-
| "water"
| - || *čācē || - || - || - || - || - || *seeč- || Ne. ''sada''
|-
| "to find place"
| - || - || - || - || *t''e''/ɤrɨ- || teer- || - || - || -
| Udm. e / _r?
|-
| "to put in/on"
| - || *cākē- || - || *čie- || - || - || - || - || -
| Ma. *e > *i in hiatus (StUE1)
|-
| "mare"
| - || *āltō || *äľďɜ || - || - || - || - || - || -
|- style="background:#A0FFA0"
! colspan="10"|
|-
| "ungulate sp."
| - || *vāðōk || style="color:red"| '''vedraš''' || '''*wü̆ľə''' || *vol || - || - || '''*we₂lii''' || -
| SMo "cow", MaP "horse", Kh. "reindeer". Es '''veis''' ← *vetä-, perhaps also Mo. Cf also Gmc *weθruz, L. ''vitulus'' etc.)
|-
| "moment"
| Fi. '''hetki''' ~ Ka. hätki || - || style="color:red"| '''ška''' || - || *čož || - || - || - || -
| WTF?
|-
| "ring"
| - || - || - || *jĭr || *jor || - || - || - || Ne. jorka ?
| U. *jeros > ''joros''?
|- style="background:#A0FFA0"
! colspan="10"| Udm e ~ Komi ɤ
|-
| "back"
| Fi. '''perä''' ~ E. ''pära'' || - || '''*pŕa''' || - || be/ɤr || - || '''*pärəɣ''' || '''*pertaɣ''' || -
| ObU *perɜ > *per-əɣ
|-
| "part"
| - || - || - || "рызе" || *re/ɤć || rees || -rFś || - || -
| cf. Fi. ''räsä'' "broken", unless a variant of ''risa''; Ms. dmnt.
|-
| "to prepare"
| - || *lāčē- || - || '''*lĭšte-''' || le/ɤśal-, *le/ɤśɜtɨ- || - || - || - || -
|-
| "hemp"
| - || - || - || *kĭńe || ke/ɤn || - || - || - || -
| Wanderwort.
|-
| "to freeze"
| - || - || - || Hi. kiže- || ke/ɤdź- || - || - || - || '''*kə̈nsä-'''
| or *kinśä with K. irregular?
|- style="background:#A0FFA0"
! colspan="10"| *ä-ä type 2: F *ä-ä ~ S *ā-ē; Komi *e; Ms *ee ~ Kh *ää (*ii)
| all with -CC-?
|-
| "tongue"
| - || *ńālmē || - || ''*ńĭlmə'' || - || ńelv, ńeev || *ńeeləm || *ńääLəm || style="color:red"| -
| Ne. ''ńāᵒḿu'' better ← *ńåə- < *ńalə-
|-
| "power"
| '''*tarmo''', Fi. tärmä || *tārmō || - || - || - || - || *teeriŋ || *täärəm || -
|-
| "(to) cover"
| *läppä || Lu '''liehppa''' || - || *leweðä- *lewäš || U. ''ľipɨ-'' ~ K. lep || lep- || *leep- || - || -
|-
| "lasso; trap"
| NF *lämsä || *lāmčē || - || - || K. leć || - || *leesə || ''*lii₁s'' || *jä²sɜn
| Medials messy; F perhaps ← Gmc *slamsa-, OU ← K?
|-
| "needle"
| *äjmä || *ājmē || - || *imə || K. jem || - || - || - || *äjmä
| Ma. *ej > *i. Also cf. U. '''veń'''
|-
| "old man"
| *äjjä || *ājjē || - || - || '''*ajɨ''' || - || - || - || style="color:red"| *äjsä
| Contam. of *äjjä + *äććä in Smy?
|-
| "lath"
| '''*tarja''' || - || - || #tiər || - || - || N '''tarəs''' || *täärəs || -
| Fi. ~ ''tärjä'', contam. with *sarja? *tärə-, derivs?
|-
| "larch"
| - || - || - || - || K. ń/nia ~ ńeja || - || EWMs ''ńix'' || *nääŋk || -
| Medials messy. PMs *ee, shortened?
|-
| "worm"
| - || - || - || - || K. perk || feerëg || *peer(ə)k || - || -
| medials?? probably nor *-rkk-
|-
| "bay, lake"
| - || - || - || - || U kalɤm ~ K. kela || || *keeləɣ ||style="color:green"| ''*kœœɭəɣ'' || -
| Ud. a / _l ? Sk. *kuəľ not here (< PS *wåj)
|-
| "spot"
| *täplä || *tāplē || - || - || - || - || - || - || -
|- style="background:#A0FFA0"
! colspan="10"| With F *ä-ä ~ S *ea-ē
|-
| "thumb"
| - || ''*pealkē'' || style="color:red"| *päľka || - || U. pɤlɨ ~ K. pel || - || - || - || '''*pej'''
| *pälə-kkä, cf. "side"? F. *pewka- ← Gmc.
|-
| "bog"
| - || ''*jeaŋkē'' || - || - || K. jeg || - || *jääŋkə || *jööŋk || -
| Fi. jänkä prob. ← S.
|-
| "smoke hole"
| ''*räppänä'' || ''*reapēnē'' || - || - || *ropɨ- || - || - || - || -
|-
| "lichen"
| ''*jäkälä'' || ''*jeakēl'' || - || - || K. ''jal'' || - || - || - || -
|-
| "to understand"
| Fi ''äly'' || ''*ealvē-'' || - || - || K. ''al'' || - || - || - || - || -
|- style="background:#A0FFA0"
! colspan="10"| With Komi /e/
|-
| "to freeze"
| (*jääty-) || - || - || - || K. jed- || - || *jäänt- ||style="color:green"| '''*jentəɭ-''' ||
| *jäŋ-tä-. Also K. jo/ɤdmɨ "to harden"
|-
| "to reach"
| - || - || - || - || K. šergɤd- || eer- || *täärt- || *ɬeerəmt- || -
|-
| "to believe"
| - || - || - || - || *öskɨ- || - || ''*äɣt-'' || *ööɣəL- || -
| Ms. cf. *aa > *a / _ɣt. Cf. *usko-?
|-
| "to fly"
| - || - || - || - || ''*löb-'' || lebëg-, libëg- || - || - || -
| Rather *e? Cf. F. *lentä- ??
|-
| "thin"
| - || - || - || - || *vek-- || veekoń || - || - || -
|-
| "to understand; think"
| - || - || - || - || #väälal- || veel- || - || - || -
|-
| "old"
| - || - || - || - || K. vener || veen || - || - || -
|Or *winä?
|-
| "block"
| - || - || - || - || U džɤk ~ K džek || '''čök''' || - || - || -
|- style="background:#A0FFA0"
! colspan="10"| remainder
|-
| "friend"
| - || *lāvē || - || - || - || - || N. ''leekʷ''|| style="color:red"| *ɬöɣ || -
| Ms. transfer of labzn? S. ← ObU?
|-
| "paw"
| *käpsä || - || - || '''*küpš''' || U. '''kus-''' ~ K. '''kɨs, kɤs''' || - ||style="color:red"| '''*kʷät''' || *kööpəL || -
|-
| "this"
| *tä-mä || *tā || tä || Hi. '''ti''' ~ Me. '''tɤ''' || *ta || te- || '''*ti''' || '''*te''' ? || '''*tê-'''
| East *tê, if not rel. to "that"
|-
| "these"
| *nä-mä || *nā || *ńä || *nĭjne || K. na || ''-ni'', -ne || ? *-nää || ? *-nää || *nä
| Ugr. lativ ending
|-
| "ass"
| - || - || - || *šeŋgə || - || šegg || style="color:red"| *sääŋkʷ || - || '''*čɤŋkå'''
| *č not palatalized in Smy?
|-
| "to chop"
| - || *āktē- || - || - || '''*ooktɨ-''' || üt- || '''*jäkt-''' || *ööɣət- || -
| Ms *ää > *ä / _kt? Cf. "to believe". P *oktɨ- "gather" not here (''contra'' HPUL)
|-
| "big, mother"
| '''*emä''' || '''*eamē''' || - || - || - || eme || - || - || *ämä
| F & S. with analogy from *ena? Cf. F. *ämmä
|-
| "bone"
| Fi. tähde || *tāktē || - || - || - || tetem || - || - || -
| F. "leftovers"
|-
| "elm"
| - || - || śäľi || '''*šol''' || - || '''sil''' || - || - || -
| F. *salaka, *halaka "willow" ← Gmc.
|-
| "star"
| ''*tähti'' || *tāstē || *ťäšťɜ || '''*tištə''' || - || - || - || - || -
| Or -i?
|- style="background:#A0FFA0"
! colspan="10"| With Ms *ää ~ Kh *ää (most spotty, perhaps most *-ə)
|-
| "to cut"
| ''*vejci'' Võ. väić || - || - || - || K. vɤź- || veeš- || - || *wäänć- || -
| nom. *wäńćə (> F. "knife"), verb *wäńć-ä-?
|-
| "girl"
| ''*nejt--'' Võ. näio || *nējtɤ || E. ''ńi'' || - || *nɨl || - || *nääj "lady" || *nääj "lady" || *nä
| *näjə. Cf. Ms *nee ~ Kh *nii₂ŋ "woman"
|-
| "roach; ruffe"
| *särki || - || *säŕgɜ || style="color:red"| *šereŋɣə || - || - || *täärəɣ || *ɬäärəɣ || -
| Liv. ''särg'' w/o umlaut (< *särkä?)
|-
| "father"
| - || W *āččē || - || - || - || - || *ääći || *ääćii || NE #åt³sä-
| S. also E *ëćē = F. *icä?
|-
| "soft"
| - || OSw "nemok"? || - || - || - || - || *ńäämək || *ńäämək ||
|-
| "lap"
| - || - || *äľ || Hi. elt- ~ Me. ölt- ||style="color:red"| *wol''' || - || *ääl || *ääL || -
|-
| "(to) bend"
| - || - || *mäńə- || - || - || meen || || *määnəj-, '''*mii₂n''' || '''#mËnə-'''
|-
| "to choke"
| - || - || - || - || *čök-, U. ''džok-'' ~ K. ''džag-'' || - || '''*šük-''' || *čääkən- || -
|-
| "to feel"
| - || - || - || - || K. malal || - || *määlVćl- || *määL- || -
| Es. mälu < *mälə "mind"
|-
| "honey"
| - || - || - || *mü(j) || - || - || *määɣ || *määɣ ||
| Newer loans, e.g. from Permic?
|- style="background:#A0FFA0"
! colspan="10"| Loans: old
|-
| "board"
| *parci || || - || - || style="color:red"| ''*börd'' || - || *päärtə || *peert || -
| ← IE *bʰerdʰ-; separately in P.?
|-
| "lake"
| *jarvi, ''*järvi'' || *jāvrē || style="color:red"| järkä || *jer || - || - || - || - || -
| +Merya #jäkrä; ← IE *jewHro-
|-
| "to flee; to disappear"
| - || *pātārɤ- || - || - || - || - || *päätər- || - || -
| ← II *patar- "flying" (StUE1)
|-
| "goose"
| *hanhi || - || Er. šenže || - || - || - || - || - || -
| *šänšä ← B.
|- style="background:#A0FFA0"
! colspan="10"| Loans: likely parallel
|-
| "to tire; be ill"
| *väsü- || *vēsɤ- || - || - || *viśɨ- || - || - || - || -
| FS ← Gmc *wēsia-
|-
| "crust"
| *kärnä || ''*kearnē'' || style="color:red"| ''kšńat'' || - || - || - || || '''*käärńə-''' ||
| F & S. ← Gmc. *herna
|-
| "to go"
| *käve- || - || - || Hi. kej ~ Me. kaj|| - || - || - || - || -
| F. ← Gmc. *skeewjan
|-
| "small, few"
| *vähä || - || Er. vež- || - || - || - || - || - || -
| F. ← Gmc *wēxa-, also Er.?
|-
| "kidney"
| - || - || - || *werɣə || K. vɤrk || - || - || - || -
| ← II *vr̥tka
|-
| "iron"
| - || - || ''kšńi'' || '''*kü̆rtńe''' || *kort || - || - || - || -
| ← Ir. *kaart-
|- style="background:#A0FFA0"
! colspan="10"| With Permic *a
|-
| "tree stump"
| - || '''*jɤlŋēs''' || - || - || U. ''jal'' || - || - || '''*jöŋkəL''' || *jä
| Check Smy.
|-
| "bird sp."
| Es. ähk(a-) || - || *šäkša-- || *ćećkem || K. ''čakčej'' || - || - || - || -
|-
| "backside"
| - || NW *kācākɤ || - || - || K. ''kadž'' || - || - || - || -
|-
| "birch bark vessel"
| - || - || - || *leŋəš || ''*ľaŋes'' || - || - || *jeŋəL || -
|-
| "house"
| - || - || - || *mĭt || ''*matɤ'' || - || - || - || *mat
|-
| "fish sp."
| - || - || - || - || U. ''karei'' || - || *käärɣəj || *köörə || Ne. xirii
|-
| "net"
| - || - || - || - || ''*ka(d)ź'' || - || - || Kam. koťəp || -
|-
| "trap"
| - || - || - || - || ''*naľk'' || - || *ńääľə || - || -
| Cf. Fi. ''nalkki'' ??
|-
| "year; time"
| - || - || - || - || ''*ar'' || - || #arəm || - || -
| But Smy *ërö < *ëd₁ə
|-
| "time"
| - || - || - || - || K. ''kad'' || †kedig, keedig || - || - || -
|-
| "to knead"
| - || - || - || *nüštəlä- || U. ''nadź-'' || - || - || - || -
| Weak
|- style="background:#A0FFA0"
! colspan="10"| TBS: FP only
|-
| "woodpecker"
| style="color:red"|*hähnä || *čāšnē || - || *šištə || *śiź || - || - || - || -
|-
| "beaver"
| '''*majaka''' || *mājēkē || ''mijav'' || - || ''mɨ/oj'' || - || - || - || -
| NB Mo. *i, P. ɨ~o also in "to leave"
|-
| "rotten"
| style="color:red"| ''*mätä'' || *mēckɤ || - || '''*määkš''' || - || - || - || - || -
| Medials incoherent
|-
| "fine; short"
| '''*hɤɤno''' || - || - || - || K. dženɨt || - || - || - || -
| Bad. K ~ F hiven = *čiŋɜ-?
|-
| "whetstone"
| '''*hɤɤra''' || - || - || - || U. šer || - || - || - || -
|-
| "cambium; milk"
| Fi. jälsi || - || - || - || *jɤl || - || - || - || -
| Bad semantics
|-
| "sickness"
| *närä || - || - || - || K. ńora || - || - || - || -
|-
| "to choke, strangle"
| *läppä(htä)- || '''*lɤppɤsē-''' || *ľäpəja-, *ľäpst'''a'''- || - || - || - || - || - || -
| Cf. *läkkä-
|-
| "near"
| *lähe-, *läs-nä || - || - || *lĭš-nə || - || - || - || - || -
|-
| "thin"
| E *väčkü || - || - || *wĭćkəž || - || - || - || - || -
|-
| "aunt; mother"
| *tätej || - || "ťäďä" || - || - || - || - || - || -
| Lallwort
|-
| "paw"
| *käppä || - || *käpɜ || - || - || - || - || - || -
| Cf. *käpsä, also Fi. käpälä
|-
| "to breathe"
| *läkkä- || - || *ľäk'''a'''- || - || - || - || - || - || -
|-
| "valley"
| - || *leakē || ľäj || - || - || - || - || - || -
| Cf. *lakc'i; WPIE *lakos
|- style="background:#A0FFA0"
! colspan="10"| TBS: Permic + East
|-
| "rare; open"
| - || - || - || - || U. šer || - || *täärəɣ || *Lii₂r(tV) || -
|-
| "even"
| - || - || - || - || U. voľɨt ~ K. voľk(ɨd) || - || - || E weeľəɣ ~ W *weĽək || -
|-
| "to see"
| - || - || - || - || K. vidlɨ- || veed- || - || N. waant- || -
| Better *E? Cf. IE
|-
| "to heat"
| - || - || - || - || U est(ɨ)- K ɤzji- || - || - || W *eL-, V '''öl-''' || -
| cf. PIE *h₂as-? also cf. *ešə-
|-
| "sour"
| - || - || - || - || U šɤm ~ K šom || - || - || '''*čii₂m''' ||
| Nothing works. Cf. *šAppa(ma), *čɜGɜ-, *šoKɜ-
|-
| "to disappear"
| - || - || - || - || U. vez- || ve(e)s- || - || - || -
|- style="background:#A0FFA0"
! colspan="10"| TBS: East only
|-
| "squirrel"
| - || - || - || - || - || evet || N. '''tapriś''' || - || Sk. #täpäk
| Or H ~ V iiwə, Trj jiipət (*-ɬääŋkii)
|-
| "to lift"
| - || - || - || - || - ||style="color:red"| emel- || *äälm- || *ääl(əm)- || '''*(j)i²lə-'''
|-
| "daughter"
| - || - || - || - || - || ia- || *ääwi || *ööɣii || -
| H. in ia-fia "one's children"
|-
| "other side"
| - || - || - || - || - || elv || *ääləm || *ääLəm || -
|-
| "dog"
| - || - || - || - || - || '''ëb''' || *äämpə || *äämp || -
|-
| "strawberry"
| - || - || - || - || - || epër || *ääpərjek || - || -
|-
| "to harden (steel)"
| - || - || - || - || - || edz- || E öät- || *äät- || -
|-
| "glue"
| - || - || - || - || - || eńv || *eeľəm || E eejəm ~ W *ääjəm ||
| H *ľm > *ńm > ńv?
|-
| "to walk; have room"
| - || - || - || - || - || leep- || *lääp- || *Leep- ||
|-
| "to lurk"
| - || - || - || - || - || leš- || *lääć- || N laaśii- || -
|-
| "thin"
| - || - || - || - || - ||style="color:red"| veezna || '''*(w)iś''' || *wääńć || -
| and K. ''vɤsńi''??
|-
| "tail"
| - || - || - || - || - || - || style="color:red"| *määnśək || *määsəɣ || Sk. ''mäča''
|-
| "horse; herd"
| - || - || - || - || - || meen || - || *määnəŋ || -
| *E possible
|-
| "to look"
| - || - || - || - || - || tekint- || - || E. tääɣən- || -
|-
| "to scoop"
| - || - || - || - || - || - || - || *ɬäät- || *täti-
| cf. Komi šɤt- 'to bring in'?!
|-
| "rapids"
| - || - || - || - || -|| šellöö || *säärlV || - || -
| *č- or *ś-?
|- style="background:#A0FFA0"
! colspan="10"| TBS: Rest
|-
| ""
| || || || || || || || ||
|-
| ""
| || || || || || || || ||
|-
| "son-in-law"
| *vävvü ||style="color:red"| '''*vīvɤ''' || Mk. ''ov'' || '''*wiŋə''' || - || vöö || - || W *weeŋ ~ E '''wooŋ''' || '''*weŋü'''
|-
| "younger male relat."
| - || *lāvē || - || - || - || - || N '''leekʷ''' || style="color:green"| *ľööɣii || -
| Kh *ɬööɣ "slave" probs not here
|-
| "sap"
| - || *ālē || - || - || - || - || '''*iľ''', Tv '''oľ''' || W '''*eɭə(ɣ)''' ~ V '''öɭ''' || '''*ï/ülə'''
| Cf. "cambium"
|-
| "to burn"
| - || - || - || #Iŋä- || K. ɨń || eeg- || - || *jääŋ(L)əL- || -
| *äŋə-
|-
| "raspberry"
| - || - || *ińəźəŋ || Me. (eŋ)əž ~ Hi. (əŋg)əž || U. (em)edź ~ K. (ɤm)edź || - || - || *-ääńć || -
| Probs a compound also in Ma. (← eŋa- ~ əŋgä- 'to burn'?), P.
|-
| "don't"
| *älä || '''ɤlēk''' || '''iľa(k)''' || - || - || - || Tv äl / '''wil, ul''' || *ääL || (#i)
| much irregular. very analogy
|-
| "child; young"
| - || - || *ejď || - || - || i-fjú || - || *ääj || -
|-
| "porridge"
| '''*rokka''' || - || - || - || '''*rook''' || - || W raɣt, *räk- || *rook, *rääk ||
| *rokka ~ *rekkä??
|-
| "hill"
| *kääp(p)ä || - || - || - || - || - || *käp || - || -
| F. may be ← B.
|-
| "palm"
| N *kämmen, S *kämmäl || - || - || - || - || - || - || *köömən || -
| S. *keamë- ← F.
|-
| "hard"
| *kämä || - || '''kemä''' || - || - || kemeeń || - || - || *kom?
|-
| "small bird"
| - || - || - || *kaj (?!) || - || - || So. koj || Kaz. kuj || Mt, Tv kai "goose"
|-
| "spear, spit"
| - ||style="color:red"| '''*sńipčō''' || - || *jɤpš || *jooć/ś || - || - || *jii₂pəs || '''*japsə'''
| Ma (++?) cf. Trk?
|-
| "belt"
| || || || || *jee || || || || *jiəj ?
| Cf. "vyö"
|-
| "juniper"
| *kataka || *kɤsŋɤs; *koaccēvē "needle" || - || "MRS" kož || K. kač || - || *kääš- || - || -
| F. from *kača "resin" (vs. S. *kāssē "wax" < G?), or B.?
|-
| "blood"
| - || *kēlō- || - || - || - || - || ''*keel(ə)p'' || *käLə- ? || Ne. śelw-
| NS also kīlu-
|-
| "tail; back"
| '''*häntä''' || *cɤ/īckɤ || - || - || - || - || *šiš || '''*čönč''' || -
| best *e
|-
| "otter"
| NF? *hähkä || - || - || - || - || - || - || - || Sk. töötə
| Ma. šä/aškə ← Trk.
|-
| "string"
| Fi. jänni || - || - || - || - || - || - || Vj jönää ~ W *jen || -
| Bad (prob variants of *jäntə)
|-
| "wagtail"
| #västɜräkkɜ || - || *uśkəŕəj || - || - || - || *wärćək || *we/örćək || -
| S. #peštōr ← Kar. ''päistärikko''
|-
| "animal hair"
| - || - || - || '''*wäjä''' || - || - || - || - || Ne. #ẃeići
|-
| "to help"
| - || - || Er. '''čaŋgoďe-''' || - || - || šegiit- || - || - || -
| *č-ŋk-nt-, but wtf vowels?
|-
| "to pull, lead"
| '''*vetä-''' || - || *väďa- ~ *väťa- || #wi/üðe- || - || vezet- || - || - || -
|better *ä than *e? also cf. Er. ''viťi-''
|-
| "net"
| - || - || - || *wäpte-/əš || *vötes || - || - || - || -
|-
| "trap"
| - ||style="color:red"| ''*šeaššē'' || - || ? ''*ćüćäš'' || - || - || *seesəɣ || - || -
| but Ma. ← *ćüće- 'to dig' (MaWb)
|-
| "hard sno"
| - || *čiekɤr || - || - || - || - || CMs #ćAɣr || '''*ćaɣər''' ||style="color:red"| #käkar
| probably rather TN śexer, Km šëër ← OU
|-
| "to kick, jump"
| - || *čēkčɤ- || - || '''*ćükće-''' || *ćekćɨ- || - || - || - || -
|-
| ""
| || || || || || || || ||
|-
| ""
| || || || || || || || ||
|- style="background:#A0FFA0"
! colspan="10"| Rejectable
|-
| "to ruminate"
| *märeh(ti-) || style="color:red"| ''*smērēcē-'' || - || - || *roməćtɨ- || - || - || - ||
| P. probably better ← II *raumantH-
|-
| "chin"
| - || - || - || - || ''*aŋ'' || || '''*eeɣən''' ||style="color:green"| *ääɣəɳ || *aŋ
| OUg better ~ *jekən, Smy ← *aŋ 'mouth' < *oŋə
|-
| "cereal"
| - || - || - || *šeðäŋə || K. *šoogdi || e(e)d || - || *ɬäänt || -
| H+Kh < *sewə-ntä
|-
| "weak"
| - || - || - || '''*läńćərä''' || K. ľić || - || - || style="color:green"| ''*ɭääsək'' || -
| Medials inconsistent, Ma unetymological (better < *lańśə 'soft'?)
|-
| "weasel"
| - || - || - || - || U. jurmek || - || - || - || Sk. ńärmäk
| *je- ~ *ńä-?!
|-
| "to go"
| - || - || - || - || - || üldöz- || *jäl- || VVj jel- || -
| OU better < *elä-
|-
| "berry stew"
| - || - || - || - || K. ľaz(j-) || - || - || *lüüs || -
| Zero phonetic match
|-
| "tip of nose"
| - || *tīŋɤ || - || - || - || - || - || - || TNe tɨna
| *ŋ ~ *n? *ī ~ *ï?
|-
| "leather ~ bark"
| - || *čɤvtē || - || - || - || - || - || - ||style="color:red"| *käpti
|-
| "to turn"
| '''*kääntä-''' || - || - || - || *kož- || - || - || - || -
|-
| "hill"
| - || '''*tēvā''' || - || - || K. di || - || - || - || -
| S. uninheritable
|}

Proto-Uralic/E

2018-03-03T15:01:05Z

Tropylium: /* Std. PU *e_ä */ -1 (to *ä)

==Std. PU *e_ə==

Finnic ''*e_i'', Permic ''*oo'', Khanty ''*e''
{| cellpadding="0"|
|- style="background:#FFA0A0"
! Lexeme !! [[Finnish|Finnic]] !! [[Proto-Samic|Samic]] !! [[Mordvinic|Mordv.]] !! [[Mari]] !! [[Permic]] !! [[Hungarian|Hung.]] !! [[Mansi]] !! [[Khanty]] !! [[Proto-Samoyedic|Samoy.]]
! Comments
|- style="background:#A0FFA0"
! colspan="10" | *ê_ə (S. ''*ɤ_ɤ'', Mo. ''*e'', Ms. ''*i'', Smy ''*e'' → Ng. /ɨ/, ''*i'' elsewhere)
| Old cases mostly open syllables
|-
| "to fear"
| *pel-kä- || *pɤlɤ- || *peĺə- || - || *pool- || fee/iil- || *pil- || *peL- || *pej-
|-
| "blood"
| *veri || *vɤrɤ || *veŕ || ''*wü̆r'' || '''*vir''' || veer || *wiɣər || *wer || -
|-
| "water"
| *veci || - || *veď || ''*wü̆t'' || *voo || '''viiz''' ~ '''vize-''' || *wit || - || *wet
| ← IE?!
|-
| "to go"
| *mene- || *mɤnɤ- || - || style="color:red"| '''*mije-''' || ''*munɨ-'' || ''mën-'' || *min- || *men- || *men-
| Ma. cf. Kar. '''mäne-'''
|-
| "to do"
| *teke- || *tɤkɤ- || Er. ťeje- || - || - || ''tëv-'' || *tij- || *tej- || -
| ← IE. Mk. '''ťijə-'''. Source for OU??
|-
| "lip"
| - || ''*pɤŋsɤm'' || - || - || - || - || CMs *piťem || *peLem || '''*päptän'''
| -ms- ?
|-
| "to take"
| *vee- || ''*vīkɤ-'' || ''*vijə-'' || - || '''*vajɨ-''' || vë-, '''vi-''' || *wiɣ-/'''*wäj-''' || *we- || '''*ü-'''
| *ex > *ix in S/Mo?? H "take"/""carry"
|-
| "night"
| '''*öö''' || ''*ījɤ'' || ''*vej'' || - || *ooj || ee/iij || *jiɣ || *jej || -
| *ewjə, > FMo *üjə? Cf. *kowsə > Ms *kaɣt; *jäwjə > Kh *jeej
|-
| "owl"
| style="color:red"| '''*hüüp-''' || *ɤpɤkē || - || - || - || - || *jipəɣ || *jepəɣ || -
| Onomatopoetics in F.? Compatible with WU *je → *ji
|-
| "warm"
| E. eh'''a''' || NS '''áccagas''' || *ežə- || - || - || - || *iš- || - || -
|-
| "bee"
| *mehi- || - || *mekš || '''*mükš''' || *mooš || meex || - || - || -
| ← preII
|-
| "honey"
| *meci || - || meď || ''*müj'' || *moo || meez || - || - || -
| ← preII. Ma. cf. Kh. *määɣ
|-
| "skin"
| *keri || *kɤrɤ || keŕ || ''*kü̆r'' || *koor || kee/iirëg || '''*keer''' || '''*käär''' || -
| ObU *kEr. Cf. IE *(s)ker-
|-
| "skin"
| *keci || *kɤtɤ || keď || - || - || - || - || - || *ket
| Cf. prev; also *käðʲə → P. *kiĺ, Ms. *kääĺən
|-
| "to must"
| - || *kɤlkɤ- || keĺge- || Me. küle- ~ Hi. '''kele-''' || *kool- || kell- || - || - || -
| Cf. IE. Check if not *i?
|-
| "to shake"
| - || - || - || style="color:red"| ''*rü̆ze-'' || U '''dźećɨra-''' || rësk || *risɣ- ~ N '''rasɣ-''' || *reńć- || -
| better *e-ä?
|-
| "young tree, twig"
| - || - || - || '''*nörɣə''' || '''*ńɤr''' || ''ńiir'' || *ńir || *nér || -
| Smy. #nËrkə "willow" may not belong - or is this *ë?
|-
| "exchange"
| *vero || - || veŕe-nc || '''*werć-''' || U. vur || - || - || '''*weer''' || -
|-
| "run; go"
| - || ''*vēkɤ-'' || - || - || *vooɨ- || - || - || - || -
| *wexə-
|-
| "handle"
| - || *nɤvtɤ || - || - || ''*nud'' || - || - || - || -
| *-ŋt-. Check if not *i
|-
| "middle"
| *keski || *kɤskɤ || keska || - || *koos || - || - || - || -
|-
| "throat"
| NF *kero ~ EVo *kõri || *kɤrɤs || - || - || *goor || - || - || - || -
| Cf. Ir. *gara "throat"; Toch kor < *gʷerw-
|-
| "elder"
| - || - || *čev-- || - || U. šu ~ K. žo || - || - || - || - || -
|-
| "to wash"
| *pese- || *pɤsɤ- || pezo- || - || - || - || - || - || -
| ← IE
|-
| "to stretch"
| *venü- || *vɤnɤ- || veńeme- || - || - || - || - || - || ''*wenä'' "rope"
|-
| "boat"
| *veneh || *vɤnɤs || veńeš || - || - || - || - || - || -
| cf. "to stretch"
|-
| "to be in time"
| *ehti- || *ɤstɤ- || - || *ĭšte- || K. '''eštɨ-''' || - || - || - || -
| K. ← F?
|-
| "leaf"
| *lehti || *lɤstɤ || - || *lĭštäš || - || - || - || - || -
| ← IE
|-
| "work"
| *töö || - || ťev || - || - || - || - || - || -
| *tewə; cf. *tekə-
|-
| "lime, bast"
| *lehmus || - || ĺevos || - || - || - || - || - || -
|-
| "dove"
| F metti-- ~ E meikas || - || *mečə || - || - || - || - || - || -
|-
| "pestle"
| *petkel || - || peťkeĺ || - || - || - || - || - || -
|-
| "feather"
| *hewhen || *sɤvsɤm || - || - || - || - || - || - || -
| NB difthong! Newer loan? -n ~ -m doesn't match
|-
| "to tear"
| *repe- || *rɤpɤ- || - || - || - || - || - || - || -
|-
| "next"
| *enti || *ɤvtɤ || - || - || - || - || - || - || -
| *-ŋt-
|-
| "berry"
| - || - || - || - || *mooĺɨ || mëɟɟ || - || *-məĹ || -
| preP → Ma *mooðə?
|- style="background:#A0FFA0"
! colspan="10" | *e_ə (S. ''*ē_ɤ'', Mo. ''*i'', Smy. ''*i'' (some from *ä?)
| all old cases long or difthongal?
|-
| "to cook"
| - || - || *pijə- || - || K. pu- || (föö-) || '''*pääj-''' || - || *pi-
| *pexə-; cf. *pEsa- !
|-
| "matter"
| - || *sējɤ || sij || *šü || *śiś || ''eev'' || style="color:red"| ''*säj'' || *ɬöj || *tiəj
|-
| "to sell"
| ''*möö-'' || *mēkɤ- || *mijə- || - || (*med) || - || *miɣ- || *me- || *mi-
| *mexə. P. "loan" may be ← II *mīžda
|-
| "to boil"
| *kee-, *kei- || *kī- || - || *küa- || - || köve- || - || - || -

|-
| "meat"
| - || - || *sivəĺ || ''*šĭl'' || *siĺ || - || - || - || -
| *sewə-lɜ?
|-
| "round"
| *kehkerä || - || style="color:red"| *kičkərə || ''*kĭškär'' || - || - || - || - ||
|compound *keččä-kerä??
|-
| "brother"
| *velji || *vēljɤ || - || - || - || - || - || - || -
| Short! ← IE?
|-
| "clear"
| *selke- || *čēlkɤ || - || - || - || - || - || - || -
| Liv. sieldɤ. Cf. F. *selvä "ibid."
|-
| ""
| || || || || || || || ||
|- style="background:#A0FFA0"
! colspan="10" | *E_ə (as per *e_ə but Ms *ee, Kh *ii)
| generally coda glides, but note *Eði, *kEri
|-
| "mushroom"
| *seeni || '''*čānā''' || - || *šeen || U. śeńki|| - || style="color:green"| *šeenəɣ || '''*säänəɣ''' || -
| *śE(x)nə? Maybe better *ä? H. seen ~ sene- "coal, fire"
|-
| "to eat"
| ''*söö-'' || - || ''*śevə-'' || - || ''*śooj'' || ëv- || *tee-, '''*tääj-''' || *ɬii₂- || ''*ti-mä''
| Smy. "tooth". U. *oo₂ → i between palatals? Sibilant & medial mismatch!
|-
| "soul, breath, steam"
| *lewlü || *lēvlɤ || - || - || *lool || lee/iilëk ~ lëlk- || '''#li/el''' || *ɬii₁L || -
| Wrt. S, cf. difthong
|-
| "soul"
| ''*iccek'' || ''*jēčɤ'' || *eś || *ĭške || K '''aćim''' || iis || '''*jis''' || *ii₁s || -
| *jEćə, F. *je → *i? Kh *je → *ii??
|-
| "night"
| - || - || - || '''*jü̆t''' || - || - || *(j)eet || '''*äät''', *ii₂tən || S #(ń)ütə
| Kh *ii₂ / #_ ? Cf. F. *ilta?!
|-
| "front"
| *eti || - || - || - || - || elöö || *eel || *ii₂L || ''*e/ir-''
| Kh *ii₂ / #_ ? Smy. "row"
|-
| "rope"
| - || - || ''*piks'' || - || - || fiu || - || *pii₁ɣəL || -
|-
| "smoke; fog"
| - || - || - || - || '''*čɨŋ''' || - ||style="color:green"| *šeeŋkʷ- || - ||
| Kh *čii₁ɣ "fog" rather ~ S *cēkɤ (StUE4)
|-
| "(to) swear"
| *irvɜ- || *ɤrvɤ- "be happy" || - || - || *joo₂r-- || ''öröm'' 'joy' || *jeer- || - || -
| *jerwɜ-, F.& S. *je- → *(j)i-
|-
| "edge"
| - || - || - || - || - || see/iil || *seel || *sii₁L || -
|-
| "short; to cut"
| - || - || - || - || - || rövid || - || Trj riiɣ- || -
|}

==Std. PU *e_ä==
Finnic *e_ä, Samic *ea_ē, Mordvinic *i_ɜ, Permic *oo, Samoyedic *e (not **i!)
{| cellpadding="0"|
|- style="background:#FFA0A0"
! Lexeme !! [[Finnish|Finnic]] !! [[Proto-Samic|Samic]] !! [[Mordvinic|Mordv.]] !! [[Mari]] !! [[Permic]] !! [[Hungarian|Hung.]] !! [[Mansi]] !! [[Khanty]] !! [[Proto-Samoyedic|Samoy.]]
! Comments
|- style="background:#A0FFA0"
! colspan="10" | *e_ä type 1: Ms *ä, Kh *e/*öɣ (in PMs CVCV stems?)
|-
| "ear"
| - || *pealjē || *piľə || ''*pĭləš'' || '''*peľ''' || '''fül''' || *päľ || *peL || -
|-
| "uncle"
| style="color:red"| *setä || style="color:red"| *čeacē || Er. čiče || ''*čü̆čə'' || *čoož || - || CMs *šäša || - || *čečä
| Sibilant assimilation east of F/S? K. also ćož
|-
| "knife"
| - || - || - || ''*kü̆źə'' || - || keeš || CMs *käšäj || '''*kööčəɣ''' || -
| or *kičɜ with H irreg.
|-
| "hook"
| - || SS ńieccie || - || - || - || - || *ńäš(ə?) || N *ńešə || -
| *ńeččä
|- style="background:#A0FFA0"
! colspan="10" | *e_ä type 2: similar except Ms *i (in PMs CVC stems?)
| more common than "regular" *ê_ä
|-
| "ring"
| *kehä || '''*kēsɤ''' || style="color:red"| ('''či''') || '''*keče''' || '''*kɨč''' || style="color:red"| keeɟ || Tv '''küš''' ~ CMs *kiš || *köč ||
| *keččä. S, Ma *ä? Mo. "sun" may not belong
|-
| "neck"
| *sepä || *čeapē || *śivɜ || ''*šüj'' || '''*śil''' || - || style="color:green"| CMs *šip || '''*sääpəL''' || -
| Ma. *-epV > *-ĭw > *-ü ??
|-
| "nest"
| *pesä || *peasē || *pizə || ''*pĭžäš'' || *pooz ||style="color:red"| fee/iisek || *pit || *peL || *petä
|-
| "catfish, burbot"
| '''*säkä''' || - || *śijɜ || ''*ši'' || - || - || style="color:green"| *šiɣ || *seɣ || -
| Ma. CV ⇒ *i
|-
| "to serch"
| - || - || - || ''*kĭčälä-'' || *kooč-k/j- || ? ''kereš-'' || *kinš- || *kenč- || -
| MaP *keččə- ~ OU *kenčə-?
|- style="background:#A0FFA0"
! colspan="10" | indistinct between *e₁_ä and *e₂_ä
|-
| "4"
| *neljä || *nealjē || *ńiľɜ || ''*nĭl'' || *ńooľ || nee/iiɟ || ''*ńilə'' ~ ''*n/ńäl-'' || *ńeLää || -
| Ms *ä in n/ńälmən "40" (*nelə-jä vs. *nelə-mon "40"?)
|-
| "to liv"
| *elä- || *ealē- || - || '''*ĭle-''' || *ool- || eel- || ''*jäl-'' || *jeL- || *elä-
| OUg both "visit", "recover". Ms > *i- > *jä-? Mo. '''*era-'''?
|-
| "big, uncle"
| *enä || *eanē || *ińɜ || - || '''*uuna''' || - || ''*jänəɣ'' || *enə || *enä
| Ms > *i > *jä-?
|-
| "uncle; father"
| - || *eakē || - || - || - || - || ''*jäɣ'' CMs *äki || *jeɣ '''*ii₁kii''' || En ďiśi < *ekä
| StUE4. Ms > *i- > *jä-? Ne. ''ńeekka''?
|-
| "pine"
| *petäkä || *peacē || *pičə || style="color:red"| ''*pü̆nće'' || *poožɨm || - || - || - || *petä (> Ng.)
|-
| "to beg"
| *kerjät- || - || - || - || *koor- || keer- || - || - || -
| ~ F. *kerät- "to collect"
|-
| "skillful"
| *seppä || *čeappē || - || - || - || seep || - || - || -
|-
| "dog"
| *penVj || ''*peanɤk'' || *pińə || ''*pij'' ~ '''*pŭni''' || *poon(ɨ) || (fene) || - || - || -
| Ma. *ɪ/əj > *ij? H. "wild" may not belong
|-
| "ring"
| *keccV || - || - || - || - || - || - || *kösə || -
| Cf. *kecrä
|-
| "brook"
| - || - || - || - || *šoo₁r || eer || - || - || -
|-
| "to get free"
| - || *meanō- || '''mäńe-''' || || K. '''mɨn-''' || ''ment-'' || - || - || Ne. mina-
| *mänə-w-? Also cf. *menə-

|-
| "a fish"
| *keso || L. kääčuk || - || - || K. '''gɨć''' || keseg || '''*kääsəŋ''' || '''*kosə''' || -
| or F. < ''kesä''
|-
| "white"
| - || *čeaskātɤ- *čeaskɤtē || - || - || K. ćoćkɤm || - || - || - || -
| *sk ~ *ćk?
|-
| "to scrape"
| - || *neaskē- || - || ''*nü̆žä-'' || - || - || - || - || -
|-
| ""
| || || || || || || || ||
|-
| ""
| || || || || || || || ||
|- style="background:#A0FFA0"
! colspan="10" | *ê_a & such (FSM per ''*ü'', Ma. ''*ü''?, Ms ''*i''; see also [[Proto-Uralic/Ü|*ü_a]])
|-
| "heart"
| *sütäm || *čɤðēm || *śeďəŋ || *šüm || U. śulem ~ K. śɤlɤm || siiv(e-) || style="color:green"| *šim || *sem || '''*säjə'''
| perhaps *śewd₁äm?
|-
| "brother-in-law"
| *kütü || - || - || - || - || - || CMs *kil || '''*küüLi ?''' || -
| or ~ *kälü?
|-
| "to plow"
| *küntä- || - || - || *künče- || - || - || - || - || -
| F. could be a later derivation from *künčə
|-
| "tail"
| '''*häntä''' || S. câcka ~ P. '''ciskes''' || - || - || - || - || *šiš || *čenč ~ V. '''čönč''' || -

|-
| ""
| || || || || || || || ||
|-
| ""
| || || || || || || || ||
|-
| ""
| || || || || || || || ||
|-
| ""
| || || || || || || || ||
|-
| ""
| || || || || || || || ||
|-
| ""
| || || || || || || || ||
|-
| ""
| || || || || || || || ||
|- style="background:#A0FFA0"
! colspan="10" | *E_a (Ms. ''*ee'', Kh. ''*ää'')
|-
| "to hit"
| *peksä- || - || *piksə- || - || '''*pös-''' || - || - || *pääɣəL- || *petV-
| 2ndary length in Fi. ''pieksä-''
|-
| "2"
| (''*kakti'') || (''*kōktē'') || (''kavta'') || (''kok'') || '''*kɨkt''' || keet || ''*kit'' || *käät || *ketä
| Ms. *i before a cluster? Kh also '''*kii₁tənti''' "both". FV *kakta
|-
| "price"
| - || - || - || - || *doon || - || CMs ''*tin'' || *tään, '''*tii₁n''' || -
| (no evidence for a cluster)
|-
| "duck"
| - || - || - || - || *goordaa || - || *kirtəɣ || N. kaartaŋ || -
| Ms. *i before a cluster?
|-
| "to dodge"
| - || '''*kɤrvē-''' || - || - || - || kerül- || E ker ~ N ''kir-'' || *käärəɣ- || -
|
|-
| "to cook"
| - || '''*pɤsē-''' || - || - || *pɤɤž- || - || *peet- || *pääL- || -
| P also cf. F paah-ta- / OU *ponča-? Cf. *pexi-
|-
| "to separate"
| - || *peacē- (S only) || - || - || - || fesl- || *peešt- || V pääčii- ~ Vj '''pečää--''' ||
|-
| "(to) thin"
| - || *keancē || - || - || - || keškëń || - || *käänć- || -
| Ms. *kAAnś- ← Kh.
|-
| "to miss"
| - || *meantē- || - || - || - || - || - || Vj. '''miintəɣtə-''' || -
| Or *men-tä-?? Cf. F. mene-ttä-
|-
| "to bind"
| - || - || - || - || - || ńeek- || *neeɣ- || "Kr" ''neewəj-'' || -
| Cf. Mong. *neke- "to weave"?
|-
| "room"
| - || - || - || - || - || teer (tere-) || - || E. täär, '''tiir''' || -
|- style="background:#A0FFA0"
! colspan="10" | similar except Kh. *(j)ii₂- (initially?)
|-
| "weather"
| ''*ilma'' || ''*ɤlmē'' || - || - || U. '''in''' ~ K. jen || - || *jeeləm || ''*(j)ii₂Ləm'' || -
| FS *je > *(j)i?
|-
| "to press"
| - || - || *ičə- "knead" || *jĭše- || '''*ɨčkɨ-''' || - || - || W ''*iiš-'' || -
|-
| "to carve"
| - || - || *inzəďə- || - || - || - || *jeen(s)- || ''*(j)ii₂nL-'' || -
|-
| "clear day"
| - || *jealɤkkɤs || - || - || - || - || - || E ''*jiiL'' || '''*jälä'''
|-
| "(to) love"
| - || *eaccē- || - || - || - || - || - || ''*(j)ii₂čəɣ'' || -
|- style="background:#A0FFA0"
! colspan="10" | IE loans etc.
|-
| "year"
| ''*ikä'' "age" || ''*jɤkē'' || *ij(ə) || *i || - || style="color:brown"| eev || - || - || -
| ← IE *jegʷaa, FS *je > *ji? PreH *ewə rather than *eɣə? S *ɤkē "age" ← F.
|-
| "fox"
| *repä || *rēp- || Er. ŕiveś || ''*rĭwəž'' || '''*ruć(i)''' || '''ravas''' || || ||
| ← II, Ma. thru Hu. separately?
|-
| "blade, edge"
| *terä || *tearē || - || ''*tü̆r'' ||style="color:green"| *door || '''töör''' || - || - || -
| Cf. II *dʰārā. Also Ud. '''ter''' ~ '''tir''' "ax"
|-
| "tip"
| '''*kasa''' || *keačē || || || - || style="color:red"| hëɟ || - || - || -
| ← IE *h₂aḱ-. Probably *a, S. > *ea / _Ć? Distinct from F. "pile" (← Gmc)
|-
| "to be born"
| *süntü- || - || - || - || K. sod- || †edl- || - || - || -
| ← preIr *dzen- + *tä-
|-
| "side, rib"
| - || style="color:red"| *earttē || *irdɜ || '''*örðəž''' || style="color:green"| *oord- || - || - || - || -
| ← II *erdʰa-
|-
| "summer"
| *kesä || *keasē || *kizə || - || - || - || - || - || -
| ← IE *h₁es-en/r-?
|-
| "human"
| *inhimi- || - || *inžə(j) || - || - || - || - || - || -
| ← IE *ǵnh₁-V-, with *je > F. ji?
|-
| "alder"
| *leppä || *leapē || '''*ľepɜ''' || - || - || - || - || - || -
| ← B; Mo. separately
|-
| "times"
| *'''kërta''' || *keartē || *kird'''a''' || Hi. -kerðə || || || || ||
| ← B. *kertā / II *kṛt-, later than Mo. -a > -ə?
|-
| "all, whole"
| - || - || *veśəj || - || '''*vååć''' || †ösve || - || - || '''#wAnsA'''
| at least Mo Hu ← II *wićwa-. U. also viś, vɨć
|-
| "man"
| - || - || *mirďɜ || - || *moort || - || - || - || -
| ← II *mṛt-
|-
| "ring"
| *kecrä || *kearsē || style="color:red"| Er. *ščeŕe ~ Mk. kšťiŕ || - || - || - || - || - || -
| ← preII *kētstra?
|-
| "corn"
| ''*jüvä'' || - || '''juv''' || - || U. ju ~ K. jɨki || - || - || - || -
| ← IE *jewa/*jowa (Avestan ''yava'' etc.), F *je > *ji?
|-
| "grouse"
| *tetri || - || - || - || *tooɜr || - || - || - || -
| ← B. *tetVrV
|-
| "far; woods"
| *meccä || *meaččē || - || - || - || (''messe'') || - || - || -
| ← B *medja-, H perhaps unrelated
|-
| "ghost"
| - || style="color:red"| ''*šeartɤ'' || - || *šĭrt || U. šurd- || ördög || - || - || -
| ~ Russian ''čert'', Iranian?
|-
| "chin"
| - || - || - || - || '''*aŋ''' || - || *eeɣən, Ko. '''iɣən''' || *ääɣəɳ || '''*aŋå'''
| ← Turk. *ēŋ, Smy via Oghur? (Chuv: ana). OU #eeɣän better ~ *jekən(ə)
|- style="background:#A0FFA0"
! colspan="10" | Substrate loans? (Mari ''*i''; note phonotax)
|-
| "wheat"
| *vehnä || - || *viš(ɜ) ||style="color:red"| *wiśte || - || - || - || - || -
|-
| "cow; horse"
| *lehmä || - || *ľišmə || - || - || - || - || - || -
|-
| "rope"
| - || *reašmē || *ŕiśmə || - || - || - || - || - || -
| Cf. II *raćmV; B. *rišima "thred" (→ F. *rihma)
|- style="background:#A0FFA0"
! colspan="10" | TBS 1: Widespread
|-
| "us"
| *mek || || || || || || || ||
|-
| "you"
| *tek || #tīj || *ťiń || '''*tää''' || '''*ti''' || ti || - || - || '''#täŋ'''
|-
| "bundle; to plait"
| *kerä || - || *kiŕɜ || - || - || - || *keer- || *kiir- ||
| OU swapped with *kärə- 'to wrap'.
|-
| "to prick"
| - || *peaðē- || style="color:red"| *päľə- || - || - || - || *peel- || *peeL- || -
| No regularity really. E/ä? l/ð?
|- style="background:#A0FFA0"
! colspan="10" | TBS 2: FP/West only
|-
| "oar"
| '''*mëla''' || *mealē || *miľə || - || K. '''maľ'''? || - || - || - || -
| Looks newer per F. -a
|-
| "back"
| *selkä ~ '''*sälkä''' || '''*čēlkē''' || - || '''*šĭle''' || - || - || - || - || -
| …*säälkä ??
|-
| "spring, summer"
| *kevät || - || - || '''*keŋəž''' ||style="color:brown"| *goož(em) || - || - || - || -
| P. metathesis or *ŋ-loss? Or ~ Kh *kaač "warm"
|-
| "dust; ash"
| F. pelmV- || - || - || - || U. peńm- ~ K. pɤjim || - || - || - || -
| F → P? NB *ľ
|-
| "bare; good; clean"
| F. pelkkä || - || - || '''*pelkə''' || K. '''peľk''' || - || - || - || -
| Semantics bad. NB *ľ
|-
| "road"
| *tee || - || - || - || K '''tuj''', Jz '''tʉj''' || - || - || - || -
|-
| "ear of grain"
| '''*tähkä''' || - ||style="color:red"| *ťikšɜ || *tü̆ška || *too₂šk "beard" || - || - || - || -
|-
| "to feed"
| - || - || *ťiŕ'''a'''- || - || K. '''tɤrśɨ-''' || - || - || - || -
|-
| "drape"
| '''*vërho''' || - || '''#orčta''' || - || - || - || - || - || -
|- style="background:#A0FFA0"
! colspan="10" | TBS 3: East only
|-
| "to narro"
| - || - || - || - || - || mere- || CMs *mär- || *mer- || -
| Check Kh, O /ä/
|-
| "to darken"
| - || - || - || - || - || šetët || *šät-- || W četimə- ||
|-
| "to sink"
| - || - || - || - || - || †šeped- ||style="color:green"| šeep- || - || -
|-
| "root"
| - || - || - || - || - || ɟökeer || T jükäär ~ *jeekʷar || - || -
| better *ü??
|-
| "kidney; penis" (?!)
| - || - || - || - || - || veše || *wäćəɣ || - || -
| bad; medial mismatch
|-
| "limb"
| - || - || - || - || - || iiz || - || *jöt || -
| alt etym for H: *jäsə-
|-
| "(to) work"
| - || - || - || - || - || müü(ve-) || - || - || *mäj-
|-
| "face"
| - || - || - || - || - || - || - || *weenč || Sk. wandV
|-
| "to dress"
| - || - || - || - || - || mez(í)telen || *mäš- || - || -
| ES *mācVkV 'coat' probs not here
|-
| "deep"
| - || - || - || - || - || mee/il || *mil || *me₁L || -
|-
| "to tear"
| - || - || - || - || - || mëńül-/ít- || *mänəmt- || WKh *meenəm-, *men-čii- || -
| better *i?
|-
| "to press"
| - || - || - || - || - || mered- || *mär- || *merəm || -
|-
| "to laugh"
| - || - || - || - || - || †mevet- || *mäwint-, *mäwäl- || - || -
|- style="background:#A0FFA0"
! colspan="10" | TBS 4: Ma~P, P~H
|-
| "color; dawn"
| - || - || - || *rü̆m(b)älɣə || *romɨt || - || - || - || -
|-
| "good"
| - || - || - || Hi. rəž || U. dźeć || - || - || - || -
| perhaps *riććä?
|-
| "moss"
| - || - || - || '''*reɣeńćə''' || *roojɨ || - || - || - || -
|-
| "alder"
| - || - || - || *lööl || *lool || - || - || - || -
|-
| "to measure"
| - || - || - || - || U. mertal- ~ K. *moortal- || mee/iir- || - || - || -
|-
| "breast"
| - || - || - || #mer- || *moores || - || - || - || -
|-
| "wool ~ ram"
| - || - || - || mi/ež || K. mež || - || - || - || -
|-
| "thick; more"
| - || - || - || - || *too₁p(ɨt) ||style="color:red"| '''több''' || - || - || -
| H. haplology *töpöbb > több?
|- style="background:#A0FFA0"
! colspan="10" | TBS 5
|-
| "light"
| *kep-edä || *keappē || - || - || U. '''kapći''' || keveeš || - || - || '''*käjpɜ'''
|-
| "warm"
| - || - || - || - || *rög || reeg, rög || *riɣ ~ N reeɣ || *reɣ || -
| *-ŋ- ~ *-ɣ-?
|-
| "grey"
| - || - || - || - ||style="color:green"| '''*dźåår''' || sir, sürke || CMs *šir || - || -
| Cf. Mong. *sira "yellow"?!
|-
| "wet"
| - || - || - || - || ''*uuľ'' || - || CMs *iľ || - || -
| Ma. iľe ← U. Or Ms other (cf. StarLing)
|-
| ""
| || || || || || || || ||
|-
| "perch"
| - || - || - || - || *joo(kɨ)š || - || - || *jööɣ || Ne. ńiix-
|-
| "to dance"
| - || - || - || - || U ektɨ- ~ K jɤktɨ- || - || style="color:red"| *jeekʷ- || '''*jœœk-''' || -
|-
| "to err"
| - || - || - || - || - || teeved- || CMs *tip- || *tep- || -
|-
| "deer"
| F. teva || - || - || - || - || teheen || - || - || #täə
|-
| "full, to fill"
| - || - || - || '''*temə''', '''*teme-''', '''*tema-''' || - || †tëm, temet- || - || - || -
|-
| "to stick in"
| NF *työ-ntä- || - || - || - ||style="color:brown"| *too₂j- || töv-- || '''*täɣ-''' ||style="color:red"| *töökən- || -
| Medials messy, F. cf. "work"
|-
| "breath; heat"
| *heŋki || - || - || - || - || - || - || *čeŋk || -
| Ms '''#sääNk''' "hot weather" doesn't fit, U. '''džog''' < *r-.
|-
| "to run; to hurry"
| - || - || Er. čije- || - || - || šiet- || - || - || -
|-
| "to refine; flour"
| *lese- || - || - || - || - || list || - || - || -
|-
| "to sow"
| - || - || *viďə- || *wüðe- || - || ve(e)t- || - || - || -
|-
| "grouse"
| *mecco, '''*mëttVs''' || T. piecce || - || - || - || - || *mänšəm || - || -
| Bad. F better ← *meccä 'forest'
|-
| "we"
| *me(k) || *mī || *miń || *me || *mi || mi || *mäŋ du. meeN || meŋ du. miin || '''*mä-'''
|-
| "to tear"
| *repi- || *rɤpɤ- || - || - || - || *reped- || *reep- || - || -
| *p / *pp?
|-
| "to flap"
| *räppä- || - || - || - || - || *rëpít-/ül- || *reep- "shake" || Vj reepää- ~ N raaw- "blink" || -
|-
| "to glue"
| - || - || - || - || - || '''ragad-''' || - || '''*rööŋk-''' || -
| better *ä or smth
|-
| "to step; wade"
| - || - || - || - || - || '''ruug-''' || - || '''*röŋkää-''' || -
|-
| "to be"
| *lee- || *lea- || (*ľävks "young") || *liä- || *loo- || *lë- || - || - || -
| *lejə-?
|-
| "hard wood (for skis)"
| '''*lülü''' || - || - || - || K. lol || - || - || *ɬeL || -
| *e-ü > F *ü-ü??
|-
| "soft"
| CF *leina || - || - || - || K lɤń || - || *liń || style="color:green"| *ɭeeń || -
|-
| "under"
| - || - || - || Hi. lə- || - || lë || - || - || -
| or *li
|-
| "very"
| - || - || - || *lĭŋ || - || -leg || - || - || -
|-
| "butterfly"
| E '''*liippo-''' || W *lɤplV- || - || *lĭpə || - || lepke || *läpäk || style="color:green"| *ɭepAntaaj ||
|-
| "leaf"
| *lepeh || - || - || - || - || leveel ||style="color:red"| '''*luupta''' || style="color:green"| '''*ɭɯɯpət''' || -
|-
| "dense; narrow"
| - || - || - || - || U. ľukɨt || - || N. ľakʷ || *ɬ´ök || -
| NB *ľ-
|-
| "cradle; to lull"
| Fi liesku || - || - || *lüške || U. lećkal- || - || - || - || -
|-
| "lime; bast"
| '''*lëhmus''' || - || *ľevəš ||style="color:red"| *nĭmeštə || - || - || - || - || -
|-
| "to shine"
| E *čilketta- || - || *ćiľďər- || '''ćo/ɤlɣɤža-''' || U ćiľ/lal- ~ K. dźuljal- || ''čillog-'' || CMs '''*śulɣ-''' || N *ćuulpəɣ- ||
| better something like *o
|-
| "small bird"
| E čiučoi || - || - || - || - || - || *ćäŋći || *će₂ćkə || #sinsakV
| probs onomatopoetic
|-
| "finger / knuckle"
| - || - || - || - || U. ćińɨ ~ K. ćuń || čüd, čüg || - || '''*ćoŋən''' || -
|-
| "roe"
| - || - || - || #mürtńə || - || - || *määrnä || *määrən || -
| probably ≠ F-S #mätäHnä
|-
| "wing, upper arm"
| - || - || - || - || - || - || *märkä || *me₁rəŋk || Ne. ''maŕ''(jebsu)
| perhaps *i (Smy *ə̈?)
|-
| ""
| || || || || || || || ||
|-
| ""
| || || || || || || || ||
|- style="background:#A0FFA0"
! colspan="10" | Rejectable
|-
| "to rub antlers against a tree"
| - || *čɤlɤ- || - || - || - || - || - || - || Ne. śelə-
| Ne. better ← *sälä- < *śälä- 'to rub' (AASmy2)
|-
| "mild; warm"
| Fi lenseä || - || - || - || - || - || - || Vj '''ɭɯɯsək''' ||
| Bad. Fi better = leppeä × penseä
|-
| "to cut"
| *lëikka- || - || - || - || - || leek || - || - || Ne. ľekā-
| Bad; F ← Gmc
|-
| "to find"
| *lewtä- || - || - || - || - || lel- || - || - || -
| rather F ← Gmc

|}

Proto-Uralic/E

2018-03-03T14:57:10Z

Tropylium: /* Std. PU *e_ä */

==Std. PU *e_ə==

Finnic ''*e_i'', Permic ''*oo'', Khanty ''*e''
{| cellpadding="0"|
|- style="background:#FFA0A0"
! Lexeme !! [[Finnish|Finnic]] !! [[Proto-Samic|Samic]] !! [[Mordvinic|Mordv.]] !! [[Mari]] !! [[Permic]] !! [[Hungarian|Hung.]] !! [[Mansi]] !! [[Khanty]] !! [[Proto-Samoyedic|Samoy.]]
! Comments
|- style="background:#A0FFA0"
! colspan="10" | *ê_ə (S. ''*ɤ_ɤ'', Mo. ''*e'', Ms. ''*i'', Smy ''*e'' → Ng. /ɨ/, ''*i'' elsewhere)
| Old cases mostly open syllables
|-
| "to fear"
| *pel-kä- || *pɤlɤ- || *peĺə- || - || *pool- || fee/iil- || *pil- || *peL- || *pej-
|-
| "blood"
| *veri || *vɤrɤ || *veŕ || ''*wü̆r'' || '''*vir''' || veer || *wiɣər || *wer || -
|-
| "water"
| *veci || - || *veď || ''*wü̆t'' || *voo || '''viiz''' ~ '''vize-''' || *wit || - || *wet
| ← IE?!
|-
| "to go"
| *mene- || *mɤnɤ- || - || style="color:red"| '''*mije-''' || ''*munɨ-'' || ''mën-'' || *min- || *men- || *men-
| Ma. cf. Kar. '''mäne-'''
|-
| "to do"
| *teke- || *tɤkɤ- || Er. ťeje- || - || - || ''tëv-'' || *tij- || *tej- || -
| ← IE. Mk. '''ťijə-'''. Source for OU??
|-
| "lip"
| - || ''*pɤŋsɤm'' || - || - || - || - || CMs *piťem || *peLem || '''*päptän'''
| -ms- ?
|-
| "to take"
| *vee- || ''*vīkɤ-'' || ''*vijə-'' || - || '''*vajɨ-''' || vë-, '''vi-''' || *wiɣ-/'''*wäj-''' || *we- || '''*ü-'''
| *ex > *ix in S/Mo?? H "take"/""carry"
|-
| "night"
| '''*öö''' || ''*ījɤ'' || ''*vej'' || - || *ooj || ee/iij || *jiɣ || *jej || -
| *ewjə, > FMo *üjə? Cf. *kowsə > Ms *kaɣt; *jäwjə > Kh *jeej
|-
| "owl"
| style="color:red"| '''*hüüp-''' || *ɤpɤkē || - || - || - || - || *jipəɣ || *jepəɣ || -
| Onomatopoetics in F.? Compatible with WU *je → *ji
|-
| "warm"
| E. eh'''a''' || NS '''áccagas''' || *ežə- || - || - || - || *iš- || - || -
|-
| "bee"
| *mehi- || - || *mekš || '''*mükš''' || *mooš || meex || - || - || -
| ← preII
|-
| "honey"
| *meci || - || meď || ''*müj'' || *moo || meez || - || - || -
| ← preII. Ma. cf. Kh. *määɣ
|-
| "skin"
| *keri || *kɤrɤ || keŕ || ''*kü̆r'' || *koor || kee/iirëg || '''*keer''' || '''*käär''' || -
| ObU *kEr. Cf. IE *(s)ker-
|-
| "skin"
| *keci || *kɤtɤ || keď || - || - || - || - || - || *ket
| Cf. prev; also *käðʲə → P. *kiĺ, Ms. *kääĺən
|-
| "to must"
| - || *kɤlkɤ- || keĺge- || Me. küle- ~ Hi. '''kele-''' || *kool- || kell- || - || - || -
| Cf. IE. Check if not *i?
|-
| "to shake"
| - || - || - || style="color:red"| ''*rü̆ze-'' || U '''dźećɨra-''' || rësk || *risɣ- ~ N '''rasɣ-''' || *reńć- || -
| better *e-ä?
|-
| "young tree, twig"
| - || - || - || '''*nörɣə''' || '''*ńɤr''' || ''ńiir'' || *ńir || *nér || -
| Smy. #nËrkə "willow" may not belong - or is this *ë?
|-
| "exchange"
| *vero || - || veŕe-nc || '''*werć-''' || U. vur || - || - || '''*weer''' || -
|-
| "run; go"
| - || ''*vēkɤ-'' || - || - || *vooɨ- || - || - || - || -
| *wexə-
|-
| "handle"
| - || *nɤvtɤ || - || - || ''*nud'' || - || - || - || -
| *-ŋt-. Check if not *i
|-
| "middle"
| *keski || *kɤskɤ || keska || - || *koos || - || - || - || -
|-
| "throat"
| NF *kero ~ EVo *kõri || *kɤrɤs || - || - || *goor || - || - || - || -
| Cf. Ir. *gara "throat"; Toch kor < *gʷerw-
|-
| "elder"
| - || - || *čev-- || - || U. šu ~ K. žo || - || - || - || - || -
|-
| "to wash"
| *pese- || *pɤsɤ- || pezo- || - || - || - || - || - || -
| ← IE
|-
| "to stretch"
| *venü- || *vɤnɤ- || veńeme- || - || - || - || - || - || ''*wenä'' "rope"
|-
| "boat"
| *veneh || *vɤnɤs || veńeš || - || - || - || - || - || -
| cf. "to stretch"
|-
| "to be in time"
| *ehti- || *ɤstɤ- || - || *ĭšte- || K. '''eštɨ-''' || - || - || - || -
| K. ← F?
|-
| "leaf"
| *lehti || *lɤstɤ || - || *lĭštäš || - || - || - || - || -
| ← IE
|-
| "work"
| *töö || - || ťev || - || - || - || - || - || -
| *tewə; cf. *tekə-
|-
| "lime, bast"
| *lehmus || - || ĺevos || - || - || - || - || - || -
|-
| "dove"
| F metti-- ~ E meikas || - || *mečə || - || - || - || - || - || -
|-
| "pestle"
| *petkel || - || peťkeĺ || - || - || - || - || - || -
|-
| "feather"
| *hewhen || *sɤvsɤm || - || - || - || - || - || - || -
| NB difthong! Newer loan? -n ~ -m doesn't match
|-
| "to tear"
| *repe- || *rɤpɤ- || - || - || - || - || - || - || -
|-
| "next"
| *enti || *ɤvtɤ || - || - || - || - || - || - || -
| *-ŋt-
|-
| "berry"
| - || - || - || - || *mooĺɨ || mëɟɟ || - || *-məĹ || -
| preP → Ma *mooðə?
|- style="background:#A0FFA0"
! colspan="10" | *e_ə (S. ''*ē_ɤ'', Mo. ''*i'', Smy. ''*i'' (some from *ä?)
| all old cases long or difthongal?
|-
| "to cook"
| - || - || *pijə- || - || K. pu- || (föö-) || '''*pääj-''' || - || *pi-
| *pexə-; cf. *pEsa- !
|-
| "matter"
| - || *sējɤ || sij || *šü || *śiś || ''eev'' || style="color:red"| ''*säj'' || *ɬöj || *tiəj
|-
| "to sell"
| ''*möö-'' || *mēkɤ- || *mijə- || - || (*med) || - || *miɣ- || *me- || *mi-
| *mexə. P. "loan" may be ← II *mīžda
|-
| "to boil"
| *kee-, *kei- || *kī- || - || *küa- || - || köve- || - || - || -

|-
| "meat"
| - || - || *sivəĺ || ''*šĭl'' || *siĺ || - || - || - || -
| *sewə-lɜ?
|-
| "round"
| *kehkerä || - || style="color:red"| *kičkərə || ''*kĭškär'' || - || - || - || - ||
|compound *keččä-kerä??
|-
| "brother"
| *velji || *vēljɤ || - || - || - || - || - || - || -
| Short! ← IE?
|-
| "clear"
| *selke- || *čēlkɤ || - || - || - || - || - || - || -
| Liv. sieldɤ. Cf. F. *selvä "ibid."
|-
| ""
| || || || || || || || ||
|- style="background:#A0FFA0"
! colspan="10" | *E_ə (as per *e_ə but Ms *ee, Kh *ii)
| generally coda glides, but note *Eði, *kEri
|-
| "mushroom"
| *seeni || '''*čānā''' || - || *šeen || U. śeńki|| - || style="color:green"| *šeenəɣ || '''*säänəɣ''' || -
| *śE(x)nə? Maybe better *ä? H. seen ~ sene- "coal, fire"
|-
| "to eat"
| ''*söö-'' || - || ''*śevə-'' || - || ''*śooj'' || ëv- || *tee-, '''*tääj-''' || *ɬii₂- || ''*ti-mä''
| Smy. "tooth". U. *oo₂ → i between palatals? Sibilant & medial mismatch!
|-
| "soul, breath, steam"
| *lewlü || *lēvlɤ || - || - || *lool || lee/iilëk ~ lëlk- || '''#li/el''' || *ɬii₁L || -
| Wrt. S, cf. difthong
|-
| "soul"
| ''*iccek'' || ''*jēčɤ'' || *eś || *ĭške || K '''aćim''' || iis || '''*jis''' || *ii₁s || -
| *jEćə, F. *je → *i? Kh *je → *ii??
|-
| "night"
| - || - || - || '''*jü̆t''' || - || - || *(j)eet || '''*äät''', *ii₂tən || S #(ń)ütə
| Kh *ii₂ / #_ ? Cf. F. *ilta?!
|-
| "front"
| *eti || - || - || - || - || elöö || *eel || *ii₂L || ''*e/ir-''
| Kh *ii₂ / #_ ? Smy. "row"
|-
| "rope"
| - || - || ''*piks'' || - || - || fiu || - || *pii₁ɣəL || -
|-
| "smoke; fog"
| - || - || - || - || '''*čɨŋ''' || - ||style="color:green"| *šeeŋkʷ- || - ||
| Kh *čii₁ɣ "fog" rather ~ S *cēkɤ (StUE4)
|-
| "(to) swear"
| *irvɜ- || *ɤrvɤ- "be happy" || - || - || *joo₂r-- || ''öröm'' 'joy' || *jeer- || - || -
| *jerwɜ-, F.& S. *je- → *(j)i-
|-
| "edge"
| - || - || - || - || - || see/iil || *seel || *sii₁L || -
|-
| "short; to cut"
| - || - || - || - || - || rövid || - || Trj riiɣ- || -
|}

==Std. PU *e_ä==
Finnic *e_ä, Samic *ea_ē, Mordvinic *i_ɜ, Permic *oo, Samoyedic *e (not **i!)
{| cellpadding="0"|
|- style="background:#FFA0A0"
! Lexeme !! [[Finnish|Finnic]] !! [[Proto-Samic|Samic]] !! [[Mordvinic|Mordv.]] !! [[Mari]] !! [[Permic]] !! [[Hungarian|Hung.]] !! [[Mansi]] !! [[Khanty]] !! [[Proto-Samoyedic|Samoy.]]
! Comments
|- style="background:#A0FFA0"
! colspan="10" | *e_ä type 1: Ms *ä, Kh *e/*öɣ (in PMs CVCV stems?)
|-
| "ear"
| - || *pealjē || *piľə || ''*pĭləš'' || '''*peľ''' || '''fül''' || *päľ || *peL || -
|-
| "uncle"
| style="color:red"| *setä || style="color:red"| *čeacē || Er. čiče || ''*čü̆čə'' || *čoož || - || CMs *šäša || - || *čečä
| Sibilant assimilation east of F/S? K. also ćož
|-
| "knife"
| - || - || - || ''*kü̆źə'' || - || keeš || CMs *käšäj || '''*kööčəɣ''' || -
| or *kičɜ with H irreg.
|-
| "hook"
| - || SS ńieccie || - || - || - || - || *ńäš(ə?) || N *ńešə || -
| *ńeččä
|- style="background:#A0FFA0"
! colspan="10" | *e_ä type 2: similar except Ms *i (in PMs CVC stems?)
| more common than "regular" *ê_ä
|-
| "ring"
| *kehä || '''*kēsɤ''' || style="color:red"| ('''či''') || '''*keče''' || '''*kɨč''' || style="color:red"| keeɟ || Tv '''küš''' ~ CMs *kiš || *köč ||
| *keččä. S, Ma *ä? Mo. "sun" may not belong
|-
| "neck"
| *sepä || *čeapē || *śivɜ || ''*šüj'' || '''*śil''' || - || style="color:green"| CMs *šip || '''*sääpəL''' || -
| Ma. *-epV > *-ĭw > *-ü ??
|-
| "nest"
| *pesä || *peasē || *pizə || ''*pĭžäš'' || *pooz ||style="color:red"| fee/iisek || *pit || *peL || *petä
|-
| "catfish, burbot"
| '''*säkä''' || - || *śijɜ || ''*ši'' || - || - || style="color:green"| *šiɣ || *seɣ || -
| Ma. CV ⇒ *i
|-
| "to serch"
| - || - || - || ''*kĭčälä-'' || *kooč-k/j- || ? ''kereš-'' || *kinš- || *kenč- || -
| MaP *keččə- ~ OU *kenčə-?
|- style="background:#A0FFA0"
! colspan="10" | indistinct between *e₁_ä and *e₂_ä
|-
| "4"
| *neljä || *nealjē || *ńiľɜ || ''*nĭl'' || *ńooľ || nee/iiɟ || ''*ńilə'' ~ ''*n/ńäl-'' || *ńeLää || -
| Ms *ä in n/ńälmən "40" (*nelə-jä vs. *nelə-mon "40"?)
|-
| "to liv"
| *elä- || *ealē- || - || '''*ĭle-''' || *ool- || eel- || ''*jäl-'' || *jeL- || *elä-
| OUg both "visit", "recover". Ms > *i- > *jä-? Mo. '''*era-'''?
|-
| "big, uncle"
| *enä || *eanē || *ińɜ || - || '''*uuna''' || - || ''*jänəɣ'' || *enə || *enä
| Ms > *i > *jä-?
|-
| "uncle; father"
| - || *eakē || - || - || - || - || ''*jäɣ'' CMs *äki || *jeɣ '''*ii₁kii''' || En ďiśi < *ekä
| StUE4. Ms > *i- > *jä-? Ne. ''ńeekka''?
|-
| "pine"
| *petäkä || *peacē || *pičə || style="color:red"| ''*pü̆nće'' || *poožɨm || - || - || - || *petä (> Ng.)
|-
| "to beg"
| *kerjät- || - || - || - || *koor- || keer- || - || - || -
| ~ F. *kerät- "to collect"
|-
| "skillful"
| *seppä || *čeappē || - || - || - || seep || - || - || -
|-
| "dog"
| *penVj || ''*peanɤk'' || *pińə || ''*pij'' ~ '''*pŭni''' || *poon(ɨ) || (fene) || - || - || -
| Ma. *ɪ/əj > *ij? H. "wild" may not belong
|-
| "ring"
| *keccV || - || - || - || - || - || - || *kösə || -
| Cf. *kecrä
|-
| "brook"
| - || - || - || - || *šoo₁r || eer || - || - || -
|-
| "to get free"
| - || *meanō- || '''mäńe-''' || || K. '''mɨn-''' || ''ment-'' || - || - || Ne. mina-
| *mänə-w-? Also cf. *menə-

|-
| "a fish"
| *keso || L. kääčuk || - || - || K. '''gɨć''' || keseg || '''*kääsəŋ''' || '''*kosə''' || -
| or F. < ''kesä''
|-
| "white"
| - || *čeaskātɤ- *čeaskɤtē || - || - || K. ćoćkɤm || - || - || - || -
| *sk ~ *ćk?
|-
| "to scrape"
| - || *neaskē- || - || ''*nü̆žä-'' || - || - || - || - || -
|-
| ""
| || || || || || || || ||
|-
| ""
| || || || || || || || ||
|- style="background:#A0FFA0"
! colspan="10" | *ê_a & such (FSM per ''*ü'', Ma. ''*ü''?, Ms ''*i''; see also [[Proto-Uralic/Ü|*ü_a]])
|-
| "heart"
| *sütäm || *čɤðēm || *śeďəŋ || *šüm || U. śulem ~ K. śɤlɤm || siiv(e-) || style="color:green"| *šim || *sem || '''*säjə'''
| perhaps *śewd₁äm?
|-
| "brother-in-law"
| *kütü || - || - || - || - || - || CMs *kil || '''*küüLi ?''' || -
| or ~ *kälü?
|-
| "to plow"
| *küntä- || - || - || *künče- || - || - || - || - || -
| F. could be a later derivation from *künčə
|-
| "tail"
| '''*häntä''' || S. câcka ~ P. '''ciskes''' || - || - || - || - || *šiš || *čenč ~ V. '''čönč''' || -

|-
| ""
| || || || || || || || ||
|-
| ""
| || || || || || || || ||
|-
| ""
| || || || || || || || ||
|-
| ""
| || || || || || || || ||
|-
| ""
| || || || || || || || ||
|-
| ""
| || || || || || || || ||
|-
| ""
| || || || || || || || ||
|- style="background:#A0FFA0"
! colspan="10" | *E_a (Ms. ''*ee'', Kh. ''*ää'')
|-
| "to hit"
| *peksä- || - || *piksə- || - || '''*pös-''' || - || - || *pääɣəL- || *petV-
| 2ndary length in Fi. ''pieksä-''
|-
| "2"
| (''*kakti'') || (''*kōktē'') || (''kavta'') || (''kok'') || '''*kɨkt''' || keet || ''*kit'' || *käät || *ketä
| Ms. *i before a cluster? Kh also '''*kii₁tənti''' "both". FV *kakta
|-
| "price"
| - || - || - || - || *doon || - || CMs ''*tin'' || *tään, '''*tii₁n''' || -
| (no evidence for a cluster)
|-
| "duck"
| - || - || - || - || *goordaa || - || *kirtəɣ || N. kaartaŋ || -
| Ms. *i before a cluster?
|-
| "to dodge"
| - || '''*kɤrvē-''' || - || - || - || kerül- || E ker ~ N ''kir-'' || *käärəɣ- || -
|
|-
| "to cook"
| - || '''*pɤsē-''' || - || - || *pɤɤž- || - || *peet- || *pääL- || -
| P also cf. F paah-ta- / OU *ponča-? Cf. *pexi-
|-
| "to separate"
| - || *peacē- (S only) || - || - || - || fesl- || *peešt- || V pääčii- ~ Vj '''pečää--''' ||
|-
| "(to) thin"
| - || *keancē || - || - || - || keškëń || - || *käänć- || -
| Ms. *kAAnś- ← Kh.
|-
| "to miss"
| - || *meantē- || - || - || - || - || - || Vj. '''miintəɣtə-''' || -
| Or *men-tä-?? Cf. F. mene-ttä-
|-
| "to bind"
| - || - || - || - || - || ńeek- || *neeɣ- || "Kr" ''neewəj-'' || -
| Cf. Mong. *neke- "to weave"?
|-
| "room"
| - || - || - || - || - || teer (tere-) || - || E. täär, '''tiir''' || -
|- style="background:#A0FFA0"
! colspan="10" | similar except Kh. *(j)ii₂- (initially?)
|-
| "weather"
| ''*ilma'' || ''*ɤlmē'' || - || - || U. '''in''' ~ K. jen || - || *jeeləm || ''*(j)ii₂Ləm'' || -
| FS *je > *(j)i?
|-
| "to press"
| - || - || *ičə- "knead" || *jĭše- || '''*ɨčkɨ-''' || - || - || W ''*iiš-'' || -
|-
| "to carve"
| - || - || *inzəďə- || - || - || - || *jeen(s)- || ''*(j)ii₂nL-'' || -
|-
| "clear day"
| - || *jealɤkkɤs || - || - || - || - || - || E ''*jiiL'' || '''*jälä'''
|-
| "(to) love"
| - || *eaccē- || - || - || - || - || - || ''*(j)ii₂čəɣ'' || -
|- style="background:#A0FFA0"
! colspan="10" | IE loans etc.
|-
| "year"
| ''*ikä'' "age" || ''*jɤkē'' || *ij(ə) || *i || - || style="color:brown"| eev || - || - || -
| ← IE *jegʷaa, FS *je > *ji? PreH *ewə rather than *eɣə? S *ɤkē "age" ← F.
|-
| "fox"
| *repä || *rēp- || Er. ŕiveś || ''*rĭwəž'' || '''*ruć(i)''' || '''ravas''' || || ||
| ← II, Ma. thru Hu. separately?
|-
| "blade, edge"
| *terä || *tearē || - || ''*tü̆r'' ||style="color:green"| *door || '''töör''' || - || - || -
| Cf. II *dʰārā. Also Ud. '''ter''' ~ '''tir''' "ax"
|-
| "tip"
| '''*kasa''' || *keačē || || || - || style="color:red"| hëɟ || - || - || -
| ← IE *h₂aḱ-. Probably *a, S. > *ea / _Ć? Distinct from F. "pile" (← Gmc)
|-
| "to be born"
| *süntü- || - || - || - || K. sod- || †edl- || - || - || -
| ← preIr *dzen- + *tä-
|-
| "side, rib"
| - || style="color:red"| *earttē || *irdɜ || '''*örðəž''' || style="color:green"| *oord- || - || - || - || -
| ← II *erdʰa-
|-
| "summer"
| *kesä || *keasē || *kizə || - || - || - || - || - || -
| ← IE *h₁es-en/r-?
|-
| "human"
| *inhimi- || - || *inžə(j) || - || - || - || - || - || -
| ← IE *ǵnh₁-V-, with *je > F. ji?
|-
| "alder"
| *leppä || *leapē || '''*ľepɜ''' || - || - || - || - || - || -
| ← B; Mo. separately
|-
| "times"
| *'''kërta''' || *keartē || *kird'''a''' || Hi. -kerðə || || || || ||
| ← B. *kertā / II *kṛt-, later than Mo. -a > -ə?
|-
| "all, whole"
| - || - || *veśəj || - || '''*vååć''' || †ösve || - || - || '''#wAnsA'''
| at least Mo Hu ← II *wićwa-. U. also viś, vɨć
|-
| "man"
| - || - || *mirďɜ || - || *moort || - || - || - || -
| ← II *mṛt-
|-
| "ring"
| *kecrä || *kearsē || style="color:red"| Er. *ščeŕe ~ Mk. kšťiŕ || - || - || - || - || - || -
| ← preII *kētstra?
|-
| "corn"
| ''*jüvä'' || - || '''juv''' || - || U. ju ~ K. jɨki || - || - || - || -
| ← IE *jewa/*jowa (Avestan ''yava'' etc.), F *je > *ji?
|-
| "grouse"
| *tetri || - || - || - || *tooɜr || - || - || - || -
| ← B. *tetVrV
|-
| "far; woods"
| *meccä || *meaččē || - || - || - || (''messe'') || - || - || -
| ← B *medja-, H perhaps unrelated
|-
| "ghost"
| - || style="color:red"| ''*šeartɤ'' || - || *šĭrt || U. šurd- || ördög || - || - || -
| ~ Russian ''čert'', Iranian?
|-
| "chin"
| - || - || - || - || '''*aŋ''' || - || *eeɣən, Ko. '''iɣən''' || *ääɣəɳ || '''*aŋå'''
| ← Turk. *ēŋ, Smy via Oghur? (Chuv: ana). OU #eeɣän better ~ *jekən(ə)
|- style="background:#A0FFA0"
! colspan="10" | Substrate loans? (Mari ''*i''; note phonotax)
|-
| "wheat"
| *vehnä || - || *viš(ɜ) ||style="color:red"| *wiśte || - || - || - || - || -
|-
| "cow; horse"
| *lehmä || - || *ľišmə || - || - || - || - || - || -
|-
| "rope"
| - || *reašmē || *ŕiśmə || - || - || - || - || - || -
| Cf. II *raćmV; B. *rišima "thred" (→ F. *rihma)
|- style="background:#A0FFA0"
! colspan="10" | TBS 1: Widespread
|-
| "us"
| *mek || || || || || || || ||
|-
| "you"
| *tek || #tīj || *ťiń || '''*tää''' || '''*ti''' || ti || - || - || '''#täŋ'''
|-
| "bundle; to plait"
| *kerä || - || *kiŕɜ || - || - || - || *keer- || *kiir- ||
| OU swapped with *kärə- 'to wrap'.
|-
| "to prick"
| - || *peaðē- || style="color:red"| *päľə- || - || - || - || *peel- || *peeL- || -
| No regularity really. E/ä? l/ð?
|- style="background:#A0FFA0"
! colspan="10" | TBS 2: FP/West only
|-
| "oar"
| '''*mëla''' || *mealē || *miľə || - || K. '''maľ'''? || - || - || - || -
| Looks newer per F. -a
|-
| "back"
| *selkä ~ '''*sälkä''' || '''*čēlkē''' || - || '''*šĭle''' || - || - || - || - || -
| …*säälkä ??
|-
| "spring, summer"
| *kevät || - || - || '''*keŋəž''' ||style="color:brown"| *goož(em) || - || - || - || -
| P. metathesis or *ŋ-loss? Or ~ Kh *kaač "warm"
|-
| "dust; ash"
| F. pelmV- || - || - || - || U. peńm- ~ K. pɤjim || - || - || - || -
| F → P? NB *ľ
|-
| "bare; good; clean"
| F. pelkkä || - || - || '''*pelkə''' || K. '''peľk''' || - || - || - || -
| Semantics bad. NB *ľ
|-
| "road"
| *tee || - || - || - || K '''tuj''', Jz '''tʉj''' || - || - || - || -
|-
| "ear of grain"
| '''*tähkä''' || - ||style="color:red"| *ťikšɜ || *tü̆ška || *too₂šk "beard" || - || - || - || -
|-
| "to feed"
| - || - || *ťiŕ'''a'''- || - || K. '''tɤrśɨ-''' || - || - || - || -
|-
| "drape"
| '''*vërho''' || - || '''#orčta''' || - || - || - || - || - || -
|- style="background:#A0FFA0"
! colspan="10" | TBS 3: East only
|-
| "to narro"
| - || - || - || - || - || mere- || CMs *mär- || *mer- || -
| Check Kh, O /ä/
|-
| "to darken"
| - || - || - || - || - || šetët || *šät-- || W četimə- ||
|-
| "to sink"
| - || - || - || - || - || †šeped- ||style="color:green"| šeep- || - || -
|-
| "root"
| - || - || - || - || - || ɟökeer || T jükäär ~ *jeekʷar || - || -
| better *ü??
|-
| "kidney; penis" (?!)
| - || - || - || - || - || veše || *wäćəɣ || - || -
| bad; medial mismatch
|-
| "limb"
| - || - || - || - || - || iiz || - || *jöt || -
| alt etym for H: *jäsə-
|-
| "(to) work"
| - || - || - || - || - || müü(ve-) || - || - || *mäj-
|-
| "face"
| - || - || - || - || - || - || - || *weenč || Sk. wandV
|-
| "to dress"
| - || - || - || - || - || mez(í)telen || *mäš- || - || -
| ES *mācVkV 'coat' probs not here
|-
| "deep"
| - || - || - || - || - || mee/il || *mil || *me₁L || -
|-
| "to tear"
| - || - || - || - || - || mëńül-/ít- || *mänəmt- || WKh *meenəm-, *men-čii- || -
| better *i?
|-
| "to press"
| - || - || - || - || - || mered- || *mär- || *merəm || -
|-
| "to laugh"
| - || - || - || - || - || †mevet- || *mäwint-, *mäwäl- || - || -
|-
| "to fit"
| - || - || - || - || - || meeltoo || - || *meeL- || -
|- style="background:#A0FFA0"
! colspan="10" | TBS 4: Ma~P, P~H
|-
| "color; dawn"
| - || - || - || *rü̆m(b)älɣə || *romɨt || - || - || - || -
|-
| "good"
| - || - || - || Hi. rəž || U. dźeć || - || - || - || -
| perhaps *riććä?
|-
| "moss"
| - || - || - || '''*reɣeńćə''' || *roojɨ || - || - || - || -
|-
| "alder"
| - || - || - || *lööl || *lool || - || - || - || -
|-
| "to measure"
| - || - || - || - || U. mertal- ~ K. *moortal- || mee/iir- || - || - || -
|-
| "breast"
| - || - || - || #mer- || *moores || - || - || - || -
|-
| "wool ~ ram"
| - || - || - || mi/ež || K. mež || - || - || - || -
|-
| "thick; more"
| - || - || - || - || *too₁p(ɨt) ||style="color:red"| '''több''' || - || - || -
| H. haplology *töpöbb > több?
|- style="background:#A0FFA0"
! colspan="10" | TBS 5
|-
| "light"
| *kep-edä || *keappē || - || - || U. '''kapći''' || keveeš || - || - || '''*käjpɜ'''
|-
| "warm"
| - || - || - || - || *rög || reeg, rög || *riɣ ~ N reeɣ || *reɣ || -
| *-ŋ- ~ *-ɣ-?
|-
| "grey"
| - || - || - || - ||style="color:green"| '''*dźåår''' || sir, sürke || CMs *šir || - || -
| Cf. Mong. *sira "yellow"?!
|-
| "wet"
| - || - || - || - || ''*uuľ'' || - || CMs *iľ || - || -
| Ma. iľe ← U. Or Ms other (cf. StarLing)
|-
| ""
| || || || || || || || ||
|-
| "perch"
| - || - || - || - || *joo(kɨ)š || - || - || *jööɣ || Ne. ńiix-
|-
| "to dance"
| - || - || - || - || U ektɨ- ~ K jɤktɨ- || - || style="color:red"| *jeekʷ- || '''*jœœk-''' || -
|-
| "to err"
| - || - || - || - || - || teeved- || CMs *tip- || *tep- || -
|-
| "deer"
| F. teva || - || - || - || - || teheen || - || - || #täə
|-
| "full, to fill"
| - || - || - || '''*temə''', '''*teme-''', '''*tema-''' || - || †tëm, temet- || - || - || -
|-
| "to stick in"
| NF *työ-ntä- || - || - || - ||style="color:brown"| *too₂j- || töv-- || '''*täɣ-''' ||style="color:red"| *töökən- || -
| Medials messy, F. cf. "work"
|-
| "breath; heat"
| *heŋki || - || - || - || - || - || - || *čeŋk || -
| Ms '''#sääNk''' "hot weather" doesn't fit, U. '''džog''' < *r-.
|-
| "to run; to hurry"
| - || - || Er. čije- || - || - || šiet- || - || - || -
|-
| "to refine; flour"
| *lese- || - || - || - || - || list || - || - || -
|-
| "to sow"
| - || - || *viďə- || *wüðe- || - || ve(e)t- || - || - || -
|-
| "grouse"
| *mecco, '''*mëttVs''' || T. piecce || - || - || - || - || *mänšəm || - || -
| Bad. F better ← *meccä 'forest'
|-
| "we"
| *me(k) || *mī || *miń || *me || *mi || mi || *mäŋ du. meeN || meŋ du. miin || '''*mä-'''
|-
| "to tear"
| *repi- || *rɤpɤ- || - || - || - || *reped- || *reep- || - || -
| *p / *pp?
|-
| "to flap"
| *räppä- || - || - || - || - || *rëpít-/ül- || *reep- "shake" || Vj reepää- ~ N raaw- "blink" || -
|-
| "to glue"
| - || - || - || - || - || '''ragad-''' || - || '''*rööŋk-''' || -
| better *ä or smth
|-
| "to step; wade"
| - || - || - || - || - || '''ruug-''' || - || '''*röŋkää-''' || -
|-
| "to be"
| *lee- || *lea- || (*ľävks "young") || *liä- || *loo- || *lë- || - || - || -
| *lejə-?
|-
| "hard wood (for skis)"
| '''*lülü''' || - || - || - || K. lol || - || - || *ɬeL || -
| *e-ü > F *ü-ü??
|-
| "soft"
| CF *leina || - || - || - || K lɤń || - || *liń || style="color:green"| *ɭeeń || -
|-
| "under"
| - || - || - || Hi. lə- || - || lë || - || - || -
| or *li
|-
| "very"
| - || - || - || *lĭŋ || - || -leg || - || - || -
|-
| "butterfly"
| E '''*liippo-''' || W *lɤplV- || - || *lĭpə || - || lepke || *läpäk || style="color:green"| *ɭepAntaaj ||
|-
| "leaf"
| *lepeh || - || - || - || - || leveel ||style="color:red"| '''*luupta''' || style="color:green"| '''*ɭɯɯpət''' || -
|-
| "dense; narrow"
| - || - || - || - || U. ľukɨt || - || N. ľakʷ || *ɬ´ök || -
| NB *ľ-
|-
| "cradle; to lull"
| Fi liesku || - || - || *lüške || U. lećkal- || - || - || - || -
|-
| "lime; bast"
| '''*lëhmus''' || - || *ľevəš ||style="color:red"| *nĭmeštə || - || - || - || - || -
|-
| "to shine"
| E *čilketta- || - || *ćiľďər- || '''ćo/ɤlɣɤža-''' || U ćiľ/lal- ~ K. dźuljal- || ''čillog-'' || CMs '''*śulɣ-''' || N *ćuulpəɣ- ||
| better something like *o
|-
| "small bird"
| E čiučoi || - || - || - || - || - || *ćäŋći || *će₂ćkə || #sinsakV
| probs onomatopoetic
|-
| "finger / knuckle"
| - || - || - || - || U. ćińɨ ~ K. ćuń || čüd, čüg || - || '''*ćoŋən''' || -
|-
| "roe"
| - || - || - || #mürtńə || - || - || *määrnä || *määrən || -
| probably ≠ F-S #mätäHnä
|-
| "wing, upper arm"
| - || - || - || - || - || - || *märkä || *me₁rəŋk || Ne. ''maŕ''(jebsu)
| perhaps *i (Smy *ə̈?)
|-
| ""
| || || || || || || || ||
|-
| ""
| || || || || || || || ||
|- style="background:#A0FFA0"
! colspan="10" | Rejectable
|-
| "to rub antlers against a tree"
| - || *čɤlɤ- || - || - || - || - || - || - || Ne. śelə-
| Ne. better ← *sälä- < *śälä- 'to rub' (AASmy2)
|-
| "mild; warm"
| Fi lenseä || - || - || - || - || - || - || Vj '''ɭɯɯsək''' ||
| Bad. Fi better = leppeä × penseä
|-
| "to cut"
| *lëikka- || - || - || - || - || leek || - || - || Ne. ľekā-
| Bad; F ← Gmc
|-
| "to find"
| *lewtä- || - || - || - || - || lel- || - || - || -
| rather F ← Gmc

|}

Proto-Uralic/checklist

2018-03-03T14:52:40Z

Tropylium: *me-

State of dumping data from [http://starling.rinet.ru/cgi-bin/query.cgi?root=config&morpho=0&basename=\data\uralic\uralet StarLing].

; Rare
* √ *d₁-, *d₂-
* √ *(C)
* √ *ë
* √ [[Proto-Uralic/Ü|*ü]] (when not also listed as *i)

==Table==

{| class="wikitable"
|-
! !! *∅- !! *p- !! *t- !! *č- !! *ć- !! *k- !! *m- !! *n- *ń- !! *s- *ś- !! *š- !! *l- *ĺ- !! *r- !! *j- !! *w-
|-
! [[Proto-Uralic/A|*a]]
| (51) || (39) || (29) || (17) || (9) || (77) ||style="background:#C0C0C0"| √ (22) || (15) || (58) ||style="background:#C0C0C0"| √ (11) || (23) ||style="background:#C0C0C0"| √ (10) ||style="background:#C0C0C0"| √ (15) || (56)
|-
! [[Proto-Uralic/Ä|*ä]]
|style="background:#C0C0C0"| √ (27) || (30) ||style="background:#C0C0C0"| √ (18) ||style="background:#C0C0C0"| √ (6) ||style="background:#C0C0C0"| √ (10) || (37) ||style="background:#C0C0C0"| √ (16) ||style="background:#C0C0C0"| √ (12) || (38) ||style="background:#C0C0C0"| √ (8) ||style="background:#C0C0C0"| √ (20) || style="background:#C0C0C0"| √ (3)||style="background:#C0C0C0"| √ (18) ||style="background:#C0C0C0"| √ (16)
|-
! [[Proto-Uralic/E|*e]]
| (31) || (49) ||style="background:#C0C0C0"| √ (20) ||style="background:#C0C0C0"| √ (10) || … (16) || (58) ||style="background:#C0C0C0"| √ (25) || (15) || (36) ||style="background:#C0C0C0"| √ (6) ||style="background:#C0C0C0"| √ (26) ||style="background:#C0C0C0"| √ (13) ||style="background:#C0C0C0"| √ (9) ||style="background:#C0C0C0"| √ (20)
|-
! [[Proto-Uralic/I|*i]]
|style="background:#C0C0C0"| √ (26) || (38) ||style="background:#C0C0C0"| √ (9) ||style="background:#C0C0C0"| √ (7) ||style="background:#C0C0C0"| √ (8) || (45) ||style="background:#C0C0C0"| √ (9) || (22) || (32) ||style="background:#C0C0C0"| √ (7) ||style="background:#C0C0C0"| √ (14) ||style="background:#C0C0C0"| √ (5) ||style="background:#C0C0C0"| √ (6) ||style="background:#C0C0C0"| √ (15)
|-
! [[Proto-Uralic/O|*o]]
| (54) || (50) || … (28) ||style="background:#C0C0C0"| √ (7) || (12) || (89) || …(17) ||style="background:#C0C0C0"| √ (38) || (49) ||style="background:#C0C0C0"| √ (10) || (22) ||style="background:#C0C0C0"| √ (8) ||style="background:#C0C0C0"| √ (20) ||style="background:#C0C0C0"| √ (27)
|-
! [[Proto-Uralic/U|*u]]
| … (25) || (46) ||style="background:#C0C0C0"| √ (20) ||style="background:#C0C0C0"| √ (5) || (12) || (88) || (23) ||style="background:#C0C0C0"| √ (14) || (31) ||style="background:#C0C0C0"| √ (9) ||style="background:#C0C0C0"| √ (13) ||style="background:#C0C0C0"| √ (3) ||style="background:#C0C0C0"| √ (14) ||style="background:#C0C0C0"| √ (4)
|}

Overlap counts (see source)

Proto-Uralic/E

2018-03-03T14:52:20Z

Tropylium: /* Std. PU *e_ä */ ++

==Std. PU *e_ə==

Finnic ''*e_i'', Permic ''*oo'', Khanty ''*e''
{| cellpadding="0"|
|- style="background:#FFA0A0"
! Lexeme !! [[Finnish|Finnic]] !! [[Proto-Samic|Samic]] !! [[Mordvinic|Mordv.]] !! [[Mari]] !! [[Permic]] !! [[Hungarian|Hung.]] !! [[Mansi]] !! [[Khanty]] !! [[Proto-Samoyedic|Samoy.]]
! Comments
|- style="background:#A0FFA0"
! colspan="10" | *ê_ə (S. ''*ɤ_ɤ'', Mo. ''*e'', Ms. ''*i'', Smy ''*e'' → Ng. /ɨ/, ''*i'' elsewhere)
| Old cases mostly open syllables
|-
| "to fear"
| *pel-kä- || *pɤlɤ- || *peĺə- || - || *pool- || fee/iil- || *pil- || *peL- || *pej-
|-
| "blood"
| *veri || *vɤrɤ || *veŕ || ''*wü̆r'' || '''*vir''' || veer || *wiɣər || *wer || -
|-
| "water"
| *veci || - || *veď || ''*wü̆t'' || *voo || '''viiz''' ~ '''vize-''' || *wit || - || *wet
| ← IE?!
|-
| "to go"
| *mene- || *mɤnɤ- || - || style="color:red"| '''*mije-''' || ''*munɨ-'' || ''mën-'' || *min- || *men- || *men-
| Ma. cf. Kar. '''mäne-'''
|-
| "to do"
| *teke- || *tɤkɤ- || Er. ťeje- || - || - || ''tëv-'' || *tij- || *tej- || -
| ← IE. Mk. '''ťijə-'''. Source for OU??
|-
| "lip"
| - || ''*pɤŋsɤm'' || - || - || - || - || CMs *piťem || *peLem || '''*päptän'''
| -ms- ?
|-
| "to take"
| *vee- || ''*vīkɤ-'' || ''*vijə-'' || - || '''*vajɨ-''' || vë-, '''vi-''' || *wiɣ-/'''*wäj-''' || *we- || '''*ü-'''
| *ex > *ix in S/Mo?? H "take"/""carry"
|-
| "night"
| '''*öö''' || ''*ījɤ'' || ''*vej'' || - || *ooj || ee/iij || *jiɣ || *jej || -
| *ewjə, > FMo *üjə? Cf. *kowsə > Ms *kaɣt; *jäwjə > Kh *jeej
|-
| "owl"
| style="color:red"| '''*hüüp-''' || *ɤpɤkē || - || - || - || - || *jipəɣ || *jepəɣ || -
| Onomatopoetics in F.? Compatible with WU *je → *ji
|-
| "warm"
| E. eh'''a''' || NS '''áccagas''' || *ežə- || - || - || - || *iš- || - || -
|-
| "bee"
| *mehi- || - || *mekš || '''*mükš''' || *mooš || meex || - || - || -
| ← preII
|-
| "honey"
| *meci || - || meď || ''*müj'' || *moo || meez || - || - || -
| ← preII. Ma. cf. Kh. *määɣ
|-
| "skin"
| *keri || *kɤrɤ || keŕ || ''*kü̆r'' || *koor || kee/iirëg || '''*keer''' || '''*käär''' || -
| ObU *kEr. Cf. IE *(s)ker-
|-
| "skin"
| *keci || *kɤtɤ || keď || - || - || - || - || - || *ket
| Cf. prev; also *käðʲə → P. *kiĺ, Ms. *kääĺən
|-
| "to must"
| - || *kɤlkɤ- || keĺge- || Me. küle- ~ Hi. '''kele-''' || *kool- || kell- || - || - || -
| Cf. IE. Check if not *i?
|-
| "to shake"
| - || - || - || style="color:red"| ''*rü̆ze-'' || U '''dźećɨra-''' || rësk || *risɣ- ~ N '''rasɣ-''' || *reńć- || -
| better *e-ä?
|-
| "young tree, twig"
| - || - || - || '''*nörɣə''' || '''*ńɤr''' || ''ńiir'' || *ńir || *nér || -
| Smy. #nËrkə "willow" may not belong - or is this *ë?
|-
| "exchange"
| *vero || - || veŕe-nc || '''*werć-''' || U. vur || - || - || '''*weer''' || -
|-
| "run; go"
| - || ''*vēkɤ-'' || - || - || *vooɨ- || - || - || - || -
| *wexə-
|-
| "handle"
| - || *nɤvtɤ || - || - || ''*nud'' || - || - || - || -
| *-ŋt-. Check if not *i
|-
| "middle"
| *keski || *kɤskɤ || keska || - || *koos || - || - || - || -
|-
| "throat"
| NF *kero ~ EVo *kõri || *kɤrɤs || - || - || *goor || - || - || - || -
| Cf. Ir. *gara "throat"; Toch kor < *gʷerw-
|-
| "elder"
| - || - || *čev-- || - || U. šu ~ K. žo || - || - || - || - || -
|-
| "to wash"
| *pese- || *pɤsɤ- || pezo- || - || - || - || - || - || -
| ← IE
|-
| "to stretch"
| *venü- || *vɤnɤ- || veńeme- || - || - || - || - || - || ''*wenä'' "rope"
|-
| "boat"
| *veneh || *vɤnɤs || veńeš || - || - || - || - || - || -
| cf. "to stretch"
|-
| "to be in time"
| *ehti- || *ɤstɤ- || - || *ĭšte- || K. '''eštɨ-''' || - || - || - || -
| K. ← F?
|-
| "leaf"
| *lehti || *lɤstɤ || - || *lĭštäš || - || - || - || - || -
| ← IE
|-
| "work"
| *töö || - || ťev || - || - || - || - || - || -
| *tewə; cf. *tekə-
|-
| "lime, bast"
| *lehmus || - || ĺevos || - || - || - || - || - || -
|-
| "dove"
| F metti-- ~ E meikas || - || *mečə || - || - || - || - || - || -
|-
| "pestle"
| *petkel || - || peťkeĺ || - || - || - || - || - || -
|-
| "feather"
| *hewhen || *sɤvsɤm || - || - || - || - || - || - || -
| NB difthong! Newer loan? -n ~ -m doesn't match
|-
| "to tear"
| *repe- || *rɤpɤ- || - || - || - || - || - || - || -
|-
| "next"
| *enti || *ɤvtɤ || - || - || - || - || - || - || -
| *-ŋt-
|-
| "berry"
| - || - || - || - || *mooĺɨ || mëɟɟ || - || *-məĹ || -
| preP → Ma *mooðə?
|- style="background:#A0FFA0"
! colspan="10" | *e_ə (S. ''*ē_ɤ'', Mo. ''*i'', Smy. ''*i'' (some from *ä?)
| all old cases long or difthongal?
|-
| "to cook"
| - || - || *pijə- || - || K. pu- || (föö-) || '''*pääj-''' || - || *pi-
| *pexə-; cf. *pEsa- !
|-
| "matter"
| - || *sējɤ || sij || *šü || *śiś || ''eev'' || style="color:red"| ''*säj'' || *ɬöj || *tiəj
|-
| "to sell"
| ''*möö-'' || *mēkɤ- || *mijə- || - || (*med) || - || *miɣ- || *me- || *mi-
| *mexə. P. "loan" may be ← II *mīžda
|-
| "to boil"
| *kee-, *kei- || *kī- || - || *küa- || - || köve- || - || - || -

|-
| "meat"
| - || - || *sivəĺ || ''*šĭl'' || *siĺ || - || - || - || -
| *sewə-lɜ?
|-
| "round"
| *kehkerä || - || style="color:red"| *kičkərə || ''*kĭškär'' || - || - || - || - ||
|compound *keččä-kerä??
|-
| "brother"
| *velji || *vēljɤ || - || - || - || - || - || - || -
| Short! ← IE?
|-
| "clear"
| *selke- || *čēlkɤ || - || - || - || - || - || - || -
| Liv. sieldɤ. Cf. F. *selvä "ibid."
|-
| ""
| || || || || || || || ||
|- style="background:#A0FFA0"
! colspan="10" | *E_ə (as per *e_ə but Ms *ee, Kh *ii)
| generally coda glides, but note *Eði, *kEri
|-
| "mushroom"
| *seeni || '''*čānā''' || - || *šeen || U. śeńki|| - || style="color:green"| *šeenəɣ || '''*säänəɣ''' || -
| *śE(x)nə? Maybe better *ä? H. seen ~ sene- "coal, fire"
|-
| "to eat"
| ''*söö-'' || - || ''*śevə-'' || - || ''*śooj'' || ëv- || *tee-, '''*tääj-''' || *ɬii₂- || ''*ti-mä''
| Smy. "tooth". U. *oo₂ → i between palatals? Sibilant & medial mismatch!
|-
| "soul, breath, steam"
| *lewlü || *lēvlɤ || - || - || *lool || lee/iilëk ~ lëlk- || '''#li/el''' || *ɬii₁L || -
| Wrt. S, cf. difthong
|-
| "soul"
| ''*iccek'' || ''*jēčɤ'' || *eś || *ĭške || K '''aćim''' || iis || '''*jis''' || *ii₁s || -
| *jEćə, F. *je → *i? Kh *je → *ii??
|-
| "night"
| - || - || - || '''*jü̆t''' || - || - || *(j)eet || '''*äät''', *ii₂tən || S #(ń)ütə
| Kh *ii₂ / #_ ? Cf. F. *ilta?!
|-
| "front"
| *eti || - || - || - || - || elöö || *eel || *ii₂L || ''*e/ir-''
| Kh *ii₂ / #_ ? Smy. "row"
|-
| "rope"
| - || - || ''*piks'' || - || - || fiu || - || *pii₁ɣəL || -
|-
| "smoke; fog"
| - || - || - || - || '''*čɨŋ''' || - ||style="color:green"| *šeeŋkʷ- || - ||
| Kh *čii₁ɣ "fog" rather ~ S *cēkɤ (StUE4)
|-
| "(to) swear"
| *irvɜ- || *ɤrvɤ- "be happy" || - || - || *joo₂r-- || ''öröm'' 'joy' || *jeer- || - || -
| *jerwɜ-, F.& S. *je- → *(j)i-
|-
| "edge"
| - || - || - || - || - || see/iil || *seel || *sii₁L || -
|-
| "short; to cut"
| - || - || - || - || - || rövid || - || Trj riiɣ- || -
|}

==Std. PU *e_ä==
Finnic *e_ä, Samic *ea_ē, Mordvinic *i_ɜ, Permic *oo, Samoyedic *e (not **i!)
{| cellpadding="0"|
|- style="background:#FFA0A0"
! Lexeme !! [[Finnish|Finnic]] !! [[Proto-Samic|Samic]] !! [[Mordvinic|Mordv.]] !! [[Mari]] !! [[Permic]] !! [[Hungarian|Hung.]] !! [[Mansi]] !! [[Khanty]] !! [[Proto-Samoyedic|Samoy.]]
! Comments
|- style="background:#A0FFA0"
! colspan="10" | *e_ä type 1: Ms *ä, Kh *e/*öɣ (in PMs CVCV stems?)
|-
| "ear"
| - || *pealjē || *piľə || ''*pĭləš'' || '''*peľ''' || '''fül''' || *päľ || *peL || -
|-
| "uncle"
| style="color:red"| *setä || style="color:red"| *čeacē || Er. čiče || ''*čü̆čə'' || *čoož || - || CMs *šäša || - || *čečä
| Sibilant assimilation east of F/S? K. also ćož
|-
| "knife"
| - || - || - || ''*kü̆źə'' || - || keeš || CMs *käšäj || '''*kööčəɣ''' || -
| or *kičɜ with H irreg.
|-
| "hook"
| - || SS ńieccie || - || - || - || - || *ńäš(ə?) || N *ńešə || -
| *ńeččä
|- style="background:#A0FFA0"
! colspan="10" | *e_ä type 2: similar except Ms *i (in PMs CVC stems?)
| more common than "regular" *ê_ä
|-
| "ring"
| *kehä || '''*kēsɤ''' || style="color:red"| ('''či''') || '''*keče''' || '''*kɨč''' || style="color:red"| keeɟ || Tv '''küš''' ~ CMs *kiš || *köč ||
| *keččä. S, Ma *ä? Mo. "sun" may not belong
|-
| "neck"
| *sepä || *čeapē || *śivɜ || ''*šüj'' || '''*śil''' || - || style="color:green"| CMs *šip || '''*sääpəL''' || -
| Ma. *-epV > *-ĭw > *-ü ??
|-
| "nest"
| *pesä || *peasē || *pizə || ''*pĭžäš'' || *pooz ||style="color:red"| fee/iisek || *pit || *peL || *petä
|-
| "catfish, burbot"
| '''*säkä''' || - || *śijɜ || ''*ši'' || - || - || style="color:green"| *šiɣ || *seɣ || -
| Ma. CV ⇒ *i
|-
| "to serch"
| - || - || - || ''*kĭčälä-'' || *kooč-k/j- || ? ''kereš-'' || *kinš- || *kenč- || -
| MaP *keččə- ~ OU *kenčə-?
|- style="background:#A0FFA0"
! colspan="10" | indistinct between *e₁_ä and *e₂_ä
|-
| "4"
| *neljä || *nealjē || *ńiľɜ || ''*nĭl'' || *ńooľ || nee/iiɟ || ''*ńilə'' ~ ''*n/ńäl-'' || *ńeLää || -
| Ms *ä in n/ńälmən "40" (*nelə-jä vs. *nelə-mon "40"?)
|-
| "to liv"
| *elä- || *ealē- || - || '''*ĭle-''' || *ool- || eel- || ''*jäl-'' || *jeL- || *elä-
| OUg both "visit", "recover". Ms > *i- > *jä-? Mo. '''*era-'''?
|-
| "big, uncle"
| *enä || *eanē || *ińɜ || - || '''*uuna''' || - || ''*jänəɣ'' || *enə || *enä
| Ms > *i > *jä-?
|-
| "uncle; father"
| - || *eakē || - || - || - || - || ''*jäɣ'' CMs *äki || *jeɣ '''*ii₁kii''' || En ďiśi < *ekä
| StUE4. Ms > *i- > *jä-? Ne. ''ńeekka''?
|-
| "pine"
| *petäkä || *peacē || *pičə || style="color:red"| ''*pü̆nće'' || *poožɨm || - || - || - || *petä (> Ng.)
|-
| "to beg"
| *kerjät- || - || - || - || *koor- || keer- || - || - || -
| ~ F. *kerät- "to collect"
|-
| "skillful"
| *seppä || *čeappē || - || - || - || seep || - || - || -
|-
| "dog"
| *penVj || ''*peanɤk'' || *pińə || ''*pij'' ~ '''*pŭni''' || *poon(ɨ) || (fene) || - || - || -
| Ma. *ɪ/əj > *ij? H. "wild" may not belong
|-
| "ring"
| *keccV || - || - || - || - || - || - || *kösə || -
| Cf. *kecrä
|-
| "brook"
| - || - || - || - || *šoo₁r || eer || - || - || -
|-
| "to get free"
| - || *meanō- || '''mäńe-''' || || K. '''mɨn-''' || ''ment-'' || - || - || Ne. mina-
| *mänə-w-? Also cf. *menə-

|-
| "a fish"
| *keso || L. kääčuk || - || - || K. '''gɨć''' || keseg || '''*kääsəŋ''' || '''*kosə''' || -
| or F. < ''kesä''
|-
| "white"
| - || *čeaskātɤ- *čeaskɤtē || - || - || K. ćoćkɤm || - || - || - || -
| *sk ~ *ćk?
|-
| "to scrape"
| - || *neaskē- || - || ''*nü̆žä-'' || - || - || - || - || -
|-
| ""
| || || || || || || || ||
|-
| ""
| || || || || || || || ||
|- style="background:#A0FFA0"
! colspan="10" | *ê_a & such (FSM per ''*ü'', Ma. ''*ü''?, Ms ''*i''; see also [[Proto-Uralic/Ü|*ü_a]])
|-
| "heart"
| *sütäm || *čɤðēm || *śeďəŋ || *šüm || U. śulem ~ K. śɤlɤm || siiv(e-) || style="color:green"| *šim || *sem || '''*säjə'''
| perhaps *śewd₁äm?
|-
| "brother-in-law"
| *kütü || - || - || - || - || - || CMs *kil || '''*küüLi ?''' || -
| or ~ *kälü?
|-
| "to plow"
| *küntä- || - || - || *künče- || - || - || - || - || -
| F. could be a later derivation from *künčə
|-
| "tail"
| '''*häntä''' || S. câcka ~ P. '''ciskes''' || - || - || - || - || *šiš || *čenč ~ V. '''čönč''' || -

|-
| ""
| || || || || || || || ||
|-
| ""
| || || || || || || || ||
|-
| ""
| || || || || || || || ||
|-
| ""
| || || || || || || || ||
|-
| ""
| || || || || || || || ||
|-
| ""
| || || || || || || || ||
|-
| ""
| || || || || || || || ||
|- style="background:#A0FFA0"
! colspan="10" | *E_a (Ms. ''*ee'', Kh. ''*ää'')
|-
| "to hit"
| *peksä- || - || *piksə- || - || '''*pös-''' || - || - || *pääɣəL- || *petV-
| 2ndary length in Fi. ''pieksä-''
|-
| "2"
| (''*kakti'') || (''*kōktē'') || (''kavta'') || (''kok'') || '''*kɨkt''' || keet || ''*kit'' || *käät || *ketä
| Ms. *i before a cluster? Kh also '''*kii₁tənti''' "both". FV *kakta
|-
| "price"
| - || - || - || - || *doon || - || CMs ''*tin'' || *tään, '''*tii₁n''' || -
| (no evidence for a cluster)
|-
| "duck"
| - || - || - || - || *goordaa || - || *kirtəɣ || N. kaartaŋ || -
| Ms. *i before a cluster?
|-
| "to dodge"
| - || '''*kɤrvē-''' || - || - || - || kerül- || E ker ~ N ''kir-'' || *käärəɣ- || -
|
|-
| "to cook"
| - || '''*pɤsē-''' || - || - || *pɤɤž- || - || *peet- || *pääL- || -
| P also cf. F paah-ta- / OU *ponča-? Cf. *pexi-
|-
| "to separate"
| - || *peacē- (S only) || - || - || - || fesl- || *peešt- || V pääčii- ~ Vj '''pečää--''' ||
|-
| "(to) thin"
| - || *keancē || - || - || - || keškëń || - || *käänć- || -
| Ms. *kAAnś- ← Kh.
|-
| "to miss"
| - || *meantē- || - || - || - || - || - || Vj. '''miintəɣtə-''' || -
| Or *men-tä-?? Cf. F. mene-ttä-
|-
| "to bind"
| - || - || - || - || - || ńeek- || *neeɣ- || "Kr" ''neewəj-'' || -
| Cf. Mong. *neke- "to weave"?
|-
| "room"
| - || - || - || - || - || teer (tere-) || - || E. täär, '''tiir''' || -
|- style="background:#A0FFA0"
! colspan="10" | similar except Kh. *(j)ii₂- (initially?)
|-
| "weather"
| ''*ilma'' || ''*ɤlmē'' || - || - || U. '''in''' ~ K. jen || - || *jeeləm || ''*(j)ii₂Ləm'' || -
| FS *je > *(j)i?
|-
| "to press"
| - || - || *ičə- "knead" || *jĭše- || '''*ɨčkɨ-''' || - || - || W ''*iiš-'' || -
|-
| "to carve"
| - || - || *inzəďə- || - || - || - || *jeen(s)- || ''*(j)ii₂nL-'' || -
|-
| "clear day"
| - || *jealɤkkɤs || - || - || - || - || - || E ''*jiiL'' || '''*jälä'''
|-
| "(to) love"
| - || *eaccē- || - || - || - || - || - || ''*(j)ii₂čəɣ'' || -
|- style="background:#A0FFA0"
! colspan="10" | IE loans etc.
|-
| "year"
| ''*ikä'' "age" || ''*jɤkē'' || *ij(ə) || *i || - || style="color:brown"| eev || - || - || -
| ← IE *jegʷaa, FS *je > *ji? PreH *ewə rather than *eɣə? S *ɤkē "age" ← F.
|-
| "fox"
| *repä || *rēp- || Er. ŕiveś || ''*rĭwəž'' || '''*ruć(i)''' || '''ravas''' || || ||
| ← II, Ma. thru Hu. separately?
|-
| "blade, edge"
| *terä || *tearē || - || ''*tü̆r'' ||style="color:green"| *door || '''töör''' || - || - || -
| Cf. II *dʰārā. Also Ud. '''ter''' ~ '''tir''' "ax"
|-
| "tip"
| '''*kasa''' || *keačē || || || - || style="color:red"| hëɟ || - || - || -
| ← IE *h₂aḱ-. Probably *a, S. > *ea / _Ć? Distinct from F. "pile" (← Gmc)
|-
| "to be born"
| *süntü- || - || - || - || K. sod- || †edl- || - || - || -
| ← preIr *dzen- + *tä-
|-
| "side, rib"
| - || style="color:red"| *earttē || *irdɜ || '''*örðəž''' || style="color:green"| *oord- || - || - || - || -
| ← II *erdʰa-
|-
| "summer"
| *kesä || *keasē || *kizə || - || - || - || - || - || -
| ← IE *h₁es-en/r-?
|-
| "human"
| *inhimi- || - || *inžə(j) || - || - || - || - || - || -
| ← IE *ǵnh₁-V-, with *je > F. ji?
|-
| "alder"
| *leppä || *leapē || '''*ľepɜ''' || - || - || - || - || - || -
| ← B; Mo. separately
|-
| "times"
| *'''kërta''' || *keartē || *kird'''a''' || Hi. -kerðə || || || || ||
| ← B. *kertā / II *kṛt-, later than Mo. -a > -ə?
|-
| "all, whole"
| - || - || *veśəj || - || '''*vååć''' || †ösve || - || - || '''#wAnsA'''
| at least Mo Hu ← II *wićwa-. U. also viś, vɨć
|-
| "man"
| - || - || *mirďɜ || - || *moort || - || - || - || -
| ← II *mṛt-
|-
| "ring"
| *kecrä || *kearsē || style="color:red"| Er. *ščeŕe ~ Mk. kšťiŕ || - || - || - || - || - || -
| ← preII *kētstra?
|-
| "corn"
| ''*jüvä'' || - || '''juv''' || - || U. ju ~ K. jɨki || - || - || - || -
| ← IE *jewa/*jowa (Avestan ''yava'' etc.), F *je > *ji?
|-
| "grouse"
| *tetri || - || - || - || *tooɜr || - || - || - || -
| ← B. *tetVrV
|-
| "far; woods"
| *meccä || *meaččē || - || - || - || (''messe'') || - || - || -
| ← B *medja-, H perhaps unrelated
|-
| "ghost"
| - || style="color:red"| ''*šeartɤ'' || - || *šĭrt || U. šurd- || ördög || - || - || -
| ~ Russian ''čert'', Iranian?
|-
| "chin"
| - || - || - || - || '''*aŋ''' || - || *eeɣən, Ko. '''iɣən''' || *ääɣəɳ || '''*aŋå'''
| ← Turk. *ēŋ, Smy via Oghur? (Chuv: ana). OU #eeɣän better ~ *jekən(ə)
|- style="background:#A0FFA0"
! colspan="10" | Substrate loans? (Mari ''*i''; note phonotax)
|-
| "wheat"
| *vehnä || - || *viš(ɜ) ||style="color:red"| *wiśte || - || - || - || - || -
|-
| "cow; horse"
| *lehmä || - || *ľišmə || - || - || - || - || - || -
|-
| "rope"
| - || *reašmē || *ŕiśmə || - || - || - || - || - || -
| Cf. II *raćmV; B. *rišima "thred" (→ F. *rihma)
|- style="background:#A0FFA0"
! colspan="10" | TBS 1: Widespread
|-
| "us"
| *mek || || || || || || || ||
|-
| "you"
| *tek || #tīj || *ťiń || '''*tää''' || '''*ti''' || ti || - || - || '''#täŋ'''
|-
| "bundle; to plait"
| *kerä || - || *kiŕɜ || - || - || - || *keer- || *kiir- ||
| OU swapped with *kärə- 'to wrap'.
|-
| "to prick"
| - || *peaðē- || style="color:red"| *päľə- || - || - || - || *peel- || *peeL- || -
| No regularity really. E/ä? l/ð?
|- style="background:#A0FFA0"
! colspan="10" | TBS 2: FP/West only
|-
| "oar"
| '''*mëla''' || *mealē || *miľə || - || K. '''maľ'''? || - || - || - || -
| Looks newer per F. -a
|-
| "back"
| *selkä ~ '''*sälkä''' || '''*čēlkē''' || - || '''*šĭle''' || - || - || - || - || -
| …*säälkä ??
|-
| "spring, summer"
| *kevät || - || - || '''*keŋəž''' ||style="color:brown"| *goož(em) || - || - || - || -
| P. metathesis or *ŋ-loss? Or ~ Kh *kaač "warm"
|-
| "dust; ash"
| F. pelmV- || - || - || - || U. peńm- ~ K. pɤjim || - || - || - || -
| F → P? NB *ľ
|-
| "bare; good; clean"
| F. pelkkä || - || - || '''*pelkə''' || K. '''peľk''' || - || - || - || -
| Semantics bad. NB *ľ
|-
| "road"
| *tee || - || - || - || K '''tuj''', Jz '''tʉj''' || - || - || - || -
|-
| "ear of grain"
| '''*tähkä''' || - ||style="color:red"| *ťikšɜ || *tü̆ška || *too₂šk "beard" || - || - || - || -
|-
| "to feed"
| - || - || *ťiŕ'''a'''- || - || K. '''tɤrśɨ-''' || - || - || - || -
|-
| "drape"
| '''*vërho''' || - || '''#orčta''' || - || - || - || - || - || -
|- style="background:#A0FFA0"
! colspan="10" | TBS 3: East only
|-
| "to narro"
| - || - || - || - || - || mere- || CMs *mär- || *mer- || -
| Check Kh, O /ä/
|-
| "to darken"
| - || - || - || - || - || šetët || *šät-- || W četimə- ||
|-
| "to sink"
| - || - || - || - || - || †šeped- ||style="color:green"| šeep- || - || -
|-
| "root"
| - || - || - || - || - || ɟökeer || T jükäär ~ *jeekʷar || - || -
| better *ü??
|-
| "kidney; penis" (?!)
| - || - || - || - || - || veše || *wäćəɣ || - || -
| bad; medial mismatch
|-
| "limb"
| - || - || - || - || - || iiz || - || *jöt || -
| alt etym for H: *jäsə-
|-
| "(to) work"
| - || - || - || - || - || müü(ve-) || - || - || *mäj-
|-
| "face"
| - || - || - || - || - || - || - || *weenč || Sk. wandV
|-
| "to dress"
| - || - || - || - || - || mez(í)telen || *mäš- || - || -
| ES *mācVkV 'coat' probs not here
|-
| "deep"
| - || - || - || - || - || mee/il || *mil || *me₁L || -
|-
| "to tear"
| - || - || - || - || - || mëńül-/ít- || *mänəmt- || WKh *meenəm-, *men-čii- || -
| better *i?
|-
| "to press"
| - || - || - || - || - || mered- || *mär- || *merəm || -
|-
| "to laugh"
| - || - || - || - || - || †mevet- || *mäwint-, *mäwäl- || - || -
|-
| "to fit"
| - || - || - || - || - || meeltoo || - || *meeL- || -
|- style="background:#A0FFA0"
! colspan="10" | TBS 4: Ma~P, P~H
|-
| "color; dawn"
| - || - || - || *rü̆m(b)älɣə || *romɨt || - || - || - || -
|-
| "good"
| - || - || - || Hi. rəž || U. dźeć || - || - || - || -
| perhaps *riććä?
|-
| "moss"
| - || - || - || '''*reɣeńćə''' || *roojɨ || - || - || - || -
|-
| "alder"
| - || - || - || *lööl || *lool || - || - || - || -
|-
| "to measure"
| - || - || - || - || U. mertal- ~ K. *moortal- || mee/iir- || - || - || -
|-
| "breast"
| - || - || - || #mer- || *moores || - || - || - || -
|-
| "wool ~ ram"
| - || - || - || mi/ež || K. mež || - || - || - || -
|-
| "thick; more"
| - || - || - || - || *too₁p(ɨt) ||style="color:red"| '''több''' || - || - || -
| H. haplology *töpöbb > több?
|- style="background:#A0FFA0"
! colspan="10" | TBS 5
|-
| "light"
| *kep-edä || *keappē || - || - || U. '''kapći''' || keveeš || - || - || '''*käjpɜ'''
|-
| "warm"
| - || - || - || - || *rög || reeg, rög || *riɣ ~ N reeɣ || *reɣ || -
| *-ŋ- ~ *-ɣ-?
|-
| "grey"
| - || - || - || - ||style="color:green"| '''*dźåår''' || sir, sürke || CMs *šir || - || -
| Cf. Mong. *sira "yellow"?!
|-
| "wet"
| - || - || - || - || ''*uuľ'' || - || CMs *iľ || - || -
| Ma. iľe ← U. Or Ms other (cf. StarLing)
|-
| ""
| || || || || || || || ||
|-
| "perch"
| - || - || - || - || *joo(kɨ)š || - || - || *jööɣ || Ne. ńiix-
|-
| "to dance"
| - || - || - || - || U ektɨ- ~ K jɤktɨ- || - || style="color:red"| *jeekʷ- || '''*jœœk-''' || -
|-
| "to err"
| - || - || - || - || - || teeved- || CMs *tip- || *tep- || -
|-
| "deer"
| F. teva || - || - || - || - || teheen || - || - || #täə
|-
| "full, to fill"
| - || - || - || '''*temə''', '''*teme-''', '''*tema-''' || - || †tëm, temet- || - || - || -
|-
| "to stick in"
| NF *työ-ntä- || - || - || - ||style="color:brown"| *too₂j- || töv-- || '''*täɣ-''' ||style="color:red"| *töökən- || -
| Medials messy, F. cf. "work"
|-
| "breath; heat"
| *heŋki || - || - || - || - || - || - || *čeŋk || -
| Ms '''#sääNk''' "hot weather" doesn't fit, U. '''džog''' < *r-.
|-
| "to run; to hurry"
| - || - || Er. čije- || - || - || šiet- || - || - || -
|-
| "to refine; flour"
| *lese- || - || - || - || - || list || - || - || -
|-
| "to sow"
| - || - || *viďə- || *wüðe- || - || ve(e)t- || - || - || -
|-
| "grouse"
| *mecco, '''*mëttVs''' || T. piecce || - || - || - || - || *mänšəm || - || -
| Bad. F better ← *meccä 'forest'
|-
| "we"
| *me(k) || *mī || *miń || *me || *mi || mi || *mäŋ du. meeN || meŋ du. miin || '''*mä-'''
|-
| "to tear"
| *repi- || *rɤpɤ- || - || - || - || *reped- || *reep- || - || -
| *p / *pp?
|-
| "to flap"
| *räppä- || - || - || - || - || *rëpít-/ül- || *reep- "shake" || Vj reepää- ~ N raaw- "blink" || -
|-
| "to glue"
| - || - || - || - || - || '''ragad-''' || - || '''*rööŋk-''' || -
| better *ä or smth
|-
| "to step; wade"
| - || - || - || - || - || '''ruug-''' || - || '''*röŋkää-''' || -
|-
| "to be"
| *lee- || *lea- || (*ľävks "young") || *liä- || *loo- || *lë- || - || - || -
| *lejə-?
|-
| "hard wood (for skis)"
| '''*lülü''' || - || - || - || K. lol || - || - || *ɬeL || -
| *e-ü > F *ü-ü??
|-
| "soft"
| CF *leina || - || - || - || K lɤń || - || *liń || style="color:green"| *ɭeeń || -
|-
| "under"
| - || - || - || Hi. lə- || - || lë || - || - || -
| or *li
|-
| "very"
| - || - || - || *lĭŋ || - || -leg || - || - || -
|-
| "butterfly"
| E '''*liippo-''' || W *lɤplV- || - || *lĭpə || - || lepke || *läpäk || style="color:green"| *ɭepAntaaj ||
|-
| "leaf"
| *lepeh || - || - || - || - || leveel ||style="color:red"| '''*luupta''' || style="color:green"| '''*ɭɯɯpət''' || -
|-
| "dense; narrow"
| - || - || - || - || U. ľukɨt || - || N. ľakʷ || *ɬ´ök || -
| NB *ľ-
|-
| "cradle; to lull"
| Fi liesku || - || - || *lüške || U. lećkal- || - || - || - || -
|-
| "lime; bast"
| '''*lëhmus''' || - || *ľevəš ||style="color:red"| *nĭmeštə || - || - || - || - || -
|-
| "to shine"
| E *čilketta- || - || *ćiľďər- || '''ćo/ɤlɣɤža-''' || U ćiľ/lal- ~ K. dźuljal- || ''čillog-'' || CMs '''*śulɣ-''' || N *ćuulpəɣ- ||
| better something like *o
|-
| "small bird"
| E čiučoi || - || - || - || - || - || *ćäŋći || *će₂ćkə || #sinsakV
| probs onomatopoetic
|-
| "finger / knuckle"
| - || - || - || - || U. ćińɨ ~ K. ćuń || čüd, čüg || - || '''*ćoŋən''' || -
|-
| "fish sp."
| - || - || - || '''*müktə''' || K mɨk || - || TJ mäwtək || *mööɣtəɣ || -
| clearly *ä
|-
| "roe"
| - || - || - || #mürtńə || - || - || *määrnä || *määrən || -
| probably ≠ F-S #mätäHnä
|-
| "wing, upper arm"
| - || - || - || - || - || - || *märkä || *me₁rə(ŋ)k || Ne. ''maŕ''(jebsu)
| perhaps *i (Smy *ə̈?)
|-
| ""
| || || || || || || || ||
|-
| ""
| || || || || || || || ||
|- style="background:#A0FFA0"
! colspan="10" | Rejectable
|-
| "to rub antlers against a tree"
| - || *čɤlɤ- || - || - || - || - || - || - || Ne. śelə-
| Ne. better ← *sälä- < *śälä- 'to rub' (AASmy2)
|-
| "mild; warm"
| Fi lenseä || - || - || - || - || - || - || Vj '''ɭɯɯsək''' ||
| Bad. Fi better = leppeä × penseä
|-
| "to cut"
| *lëikka- || - || - || - || - || leek || - || - || Ne. ľekā-
| Bad; F ← Gmc
|-
| "to find"
| *lewtä- || - || - || - || - || lel- || - || - || -
| rather F ← Gmc

|}

Proto-Uralic/E

2018-03-03T14:40:34Z

Tropylium: /* Std. PU *e_ä */ +1

==Std. PU *e_ə==

Finnic ''*e_i'', Permic ''*oo'', Khanty ''*e''
{| cellpadding="0"|
|- style="background:#FFA0A0"
! Lexeme !! [[Finnish|Finnic]] !! [[Proto-Samic|Samic]] !! [[Mordvinic|Mordv.]] !! [[Mari]] !! [[Permic]] !! [[Hungarian|Hung.]] !! [[Mansi]] !! [[Khanty]] !! [[Proto-Samoyedic|Samoy.]]
! Comments
|- style="background:#A0FFA0"
! colspan="10" | *ê_ə (S. ''*ɤ_ɤ'', Mo. ''*e'', Ms. ''*i'', Smy ''*e'' → Ng. /ɨ/, ''*i'' elsewhere)
| Old cases mostly open syllables
|-
| "to fear"
| *pel-kä- || *pɤlɤ- || *peĺə- || - || *pool- || fee/iil- || *pil- || *peL- || *pej-
|-
| "blood"
| *veri || *vɤrɤ || *veŕ || ''*wü̆r'' || '''*vir''' || veer || *wiɣər || *wer || -
|-
| "water"
| *veci || - || *veď || ''*wü̆t'' || *voo || '''viiz''' ~ '''vize-''' || *wit || - || *wet
| ← IE?!
|-
| "to go"
| *mene- || *mɤnɤ- || - || style="color:red"| '''*mije-''' || ''*munɨ-'' || ''mën-'' || *min- || *men- || *men-
| Ma. cf. Kar. '''mäne-'''
|-
| "to do"
| *teke- || *tɤkɤ- || Er. ťeje- || - || - || ''tëv-'' || *tij- || *tej- || -
| ← IE. Mk. '''ťijə-'''. Source for OU??
|-
| "lip"
| - || ''*pɤŋsɤm'' || - || - || - || - || CMs *piťem || *peLem || '''*päptän'''
| -ms- ?
|-
| "to take"
| *vee- || ''*vīkɤ-'' || ''*vijə-'' || - || '''*vajɨ-''' || vë-, '''vi-''' || *wiɣ-/'''*wäj-''' || *we- || '''*ü-'''
| *ex > *ix in S/Mo?? H "take"/""carry"
|-
| "night"
| '''*öö''' || ''*ījɤ'' || ''*vej'' || - || *ooj || ee/iij || *jiɣ || *jej || -
| *ewjə, > FMo *üjə? Cf. *kowsə > Ms *kaɣt; *jäwjə > Kh *jeej
|-
| "owl"
| style="color:red"| '''*hüüp-''' || *ɤpɤkē || - || - || - || - || *jipəɣ || *jepəɣ || -
| Onomatopoetics in F.? Compatible with WU *je → *ji
|-
| "warm"
| E. eh'''a''' || NS '''áccagas''' || *ežə- || - || - || - || *iš- || - || -
|-
| "bee"
| *mehi- || - || *mekš || '''*mükš''' || *mooš || meex || - || - || -
| ← preII
|-
| "honey"
| *meci || - || meď || ''*müj'' || *moo || meez || - || - || -
| ← preII. Ma. cf. Kh. *määɣ
|-
| "skin"
| *keri || *kɤrɤ || keŕ || ''*kü̆r'' || *koor || kee/iirëg || '''*keer''' || '''*käär''' || -
| ObU *kEr. Cf. IE *(s)ker-
|-
| "skin"
| *keci || *kɤtɤ || keď || - || - || - || - || - || *ket
| Cf. prev; also *käðʲə → P. *kiĺ, Ms. *kääĺən
|-
| "to must"
| - || *kɤlkɤ- || keĺge- || Me. küle- ~ Hi. '''kele-''' || *kool- || kell- || - || - || -
| Cf. IE. Check if not *i?
|-
| "to shake"
| - || - || - || style="color:red"| ''*rü̆ze-'' || U '''dźećɨra-''' || rësk || *risɣ- ~ N '''rasɣ-''' || *reńć- || -
| better *e-ä?
|-
| "young tree, twig"
| - || - || - || '''*nörɣə''' || '''*ńɤr''' || ''ńiir'' || *ńir || *nér || -
| Smy. #nËrkə "willow" may not belong - or is this *ë?
|-
| "exchange"
| *vero || - || veŕe-nc || '''*werć-''' || U. vur || - || - || '''*weer''' || -
|-
| "run; go"
| - || ''*vēkɤ-'' || - || - || *vooɨ- || - || - || - || -
| *wexə-
|-
| "handle"
| - || *nɤvtɤ || - || - || ''*nud'' || - || - || - || -
| *-ŋt-. Check if not *i
|-
| "middle"
| *keski || *kɤskɤ || keska || - || *koos || - || - || - || -
|-
| "throat"
| NF *kero ~ EVo *kõri || *kɤrɤs || - || - || *goor || - || - || - || -
| Cf. Ir. *gara "throat"; Toch kor < *gʷerw-
|-
| "elder"
| - || - || *čev-- || - || U. šu ~ K. žo || - || - || - || - || -
|-
| "to wash"
| *pese- || *pɤsɤ- || pezo- || - || - || - || - || - || -
| ← IE
|-
| "to stretch"
| *venü- || *vɤnɤ- || veńeme- || - || - || - || - || - || ''*wenä'' "rope"
|-
| "boat"
| *veneh || *vɤnɤs || veńeš || - || - || - || - || - || -
| cf. "to stretch"
|-
| "to be in time"
| *ehti- || *ɤstɤ- || - || *ĭšte- || K. '''eštɨ-''' || - || - || - || -
| K. ← F?
|-
| "leaf"
| *lehti || *lɤstɤ || - || *lĭštäš || - || - || - || - || -
| ← IE
|-
| "work"
| *töö || - || ťev || - || - || - || - || - || -
| *tewə; cf. *tekə-
|-
| "lime, bast"
| *lehmus || - || ĺevos || - || - || - || - || - || -
|-
| "dove"
| F metti-- ~ E meikas || - || *mečə || - || - || - || - || - || -
|-
| "pestle"
| *petkel || - || peťkeĺ || - || - || - || - || - || -
|-
| "feather"
| *hewhen || *sɤvsɤm || - || - || - || - || - || - || -
| NB difthong! Newer loan? -n ~ -m doesn't match
|-
| "to tear"
| *repe- || *rɤpɤ- || - || - || - || - || - || - || -
|-
| "next"
| *enti || *ɤvtɤ || - || - || - || - || - || - || -
| *-ŋt-
|-
| "berry"
| - || - || - || - || *mooĺɨ || mëɟɟ || - || *-məĹ || -
| preP → Ma *mooðə?
|- style="background:#A0FFA0"
! colspan="10" | *e_ə (S. ''*ē_ɤ'', Mo. ''*i'', Smy. ''*i'' (some from *ä?)
| all old cases long or difthongal?
|-
| "to cook"
| - || - || *pijə- || - || K. pu- || (föö-) || '''*pääj-''' || - || *pi-
| *pexə-; cf. *pEsa- !
|-
| "matter"
| - || *sējɤ || sij || *šü || *śiś || ''eev'' || style="color:red"| ''*säj'' || *ɬöj || *tiəj
|-
| "to sell"
| ''*möö-'' || *mēkɤ- || *mijə- || - || (*med) || - || *miɣ- || *me- || *mi-
| *mexə. P. "loan" may be ← II *mīžda
|-
| "to boil"
| *kee-, *kei- || *kī- || - || *küa- || - || köve- || - || - || -

|-
| "meat"
| - || - || *sivəĺ || ''*šĭl'' || *siĺ || - || - || - || -
| *sewə-lɜ?
|-
| "round"
| *kehkerä || - || style="color:red"| *kičkərə || ''*kĭškär'' || - || - || - || - ||
|compound *keččä-kerä??
|-
| "brother"
| *velji || *vēljɤ || - || - || - || - || - || - || -
| Short! ← IE?
|-
| "clear"
| *selke- || *čēlkɤ || - || - || - || - || - || - || -
| Liv. sieldɤ. Cf. F. *selvä "ibid."
|-
| ""
| || || || || || || || ||
|- style="background:#A0FFA0"
! colspan="10" | *E_ə (as per *e_ə but Ms *ee, Kh *ii)
| generally coda glides, but note *Eði, *kEri
|-
| "mushroom"
| *seeni || '''*čānā''' || - || *šeen || U. śeńki|| - || style="color:green"| *šeenəɣ || '''*säänəɣ''' || -
| *śE(x)nə? Maybe better *ä? H. seen ~ sene- "coal, fire"
|-
| "to eat"
| ''*söö-'' || - || ''*śevə-'' || - || ''*śooj'' || ëv- || *tee-, '''*tääj-''' || *ɬii₂- || ''*ti-mä''
| Smy. "tooth". U. *oo₂ → i between palatals? Sibilant & medial mismatch!
|-
| "soul, breath, steam"
| *lewlü || *lēvlɤ || - || - || *lool || lee/iilëk ~ lëlk- || '''#li/el''' || *ɬii₁L || -
| Wrt. S, cf. difthong
|-
| "soul"
| ''*iccek'' || ''*jēčɤ'' || *eś || *ĭške || K '''aćim''' || iis || '''*jis''' || *ii₁s || -
| *jEćə, F. *je → *i? Kh *je → *ii??
|-
| "night"
| - || - || - || '''*jü̆t''' || - || - || *(j)eet || '''*äät''', *ii₂tən || S #(ń)ütə
| Kh *ii₂ / #_ ? Cf. F. *ilta?!
|-
| "front"
| *eti || - || - || - || - || elöö || *eel || *ii₂L || ''*e/ir-''
| Kh *ii₂ / #_ ? Smy. "row"
|-
| "rope"
| - || - || ''*piks'' || - || - || fiu || - || *pii₁ɣəL || -
|-
| "smoke; fog"
| - || - || - || - || '''*čɨŋ''' || - ||style="color:green"| *šeeŋkʷ- || - ||
| Kh *čii₁ɣ "fog" rather ~ S *cēkɤ (StUE4)
|-
| "(to) swear"
| *irvɜ- || *ɤrvɤ- "be happy" || - || - || *joo₂r-- || ''öröm'' 'joy' || *jeer- || - || -
| *jerwɜ-, F.& S. *je- → *(j)i-
|-
| "edge"
| - || - || - || - || - || see/iil || *seel || *sii₁L || -
|-
| "short; to cut"
| - || - || - || - || - || rövid || - || Trj riiɣ- || -
|}

==Std. PU *e_ä==
Finnic *e_ä, Samic *ea_ē, Mordvinic *i_ɜ, Permic *oo, Samoyedic *e (not **i!)
{| cellpadding="0"|
|- style="background:#FFA0A0"
! Lexeme !! [[Finnish|Finnic]] !! [[Proto-Samic|Samic]] !! [[Mordvinic|Mordv.]] !! [[Mari]] !! [[Permic]] !! [[Hungarian|Hung.]] !! [[Mansi]] !! [[Khanty]] !! [[Proto-Samoyedic|Samoy.]]
! Comments
|- style="background:#A0FFA0"
! colspan="10" | *e_ä type 1: Ms *ä, Kh *e/*öɣ (in PMs CVCV stems?)
|-
| "ear"
| - || *pealjē || *piľə || ''*pĭləš'' || '''*peľ''' || '''fül''' || *päľ || *peL || -
|-
| "uncle"
| style="color:red"| *setä || style="color:red"| *čeacē || Er. čiče || ''*čü̆čə'' || *čoož || - || CMs *šäša || - || *čečä
| Sibilant assimilation east of F/S? K. also ćož
|-
| "knife"
| - || - || - || ''*kü̆źə'' || - || keeš || CMs *käšäj || '''*kööčəɣ''' || -
| or *kičɜ with H irreg.
|-
| "hook"
| - || SS ńieccie || - || - || - || - || *ńäš(ə?) || N *ńešə || -
| *ńeččä
|- style="background:#A0FFA0"
! colspan="10" | *e_ä type 2: similar except Ms *i (in PMs CVC stems?)
| more common than "regular" *ê_ä
|-
| "ring"
| *kehä || '''*kēsɤ''' || style="color:red"| ('''či''') || '''*keče''' || '''*kɨč''' || style="color:red"| keeɟ || Tv '''küš''' ~ CMs *kiš || *köč ||
| *keččä. S, Ma *ä? Mo. "sun" may not belong
|-
| "neck"
| *sepä || *čeapē || *śivɜ || ''*šüj'' || '''*śil''' || - || style="color:green"| CMs *šip || '''*sääpəL''' || -
| Ma. *-epV > *-ĭw > *-ü ??
|-
| "nest"
| *pesä || *peasē || *pizə || ''*pĭžäš'' || *pooz ||style="color:red"| fee/iisek || *pit || *peL || *petä
|-
| "catfish, burbot"
| '''*säkä''' || - || *śijɜ || ''*ši'' || - || - || style="color:green"| *šiɣ || *seɣ || -
| Ma. CV ⇒ *i
|-
| "to serch"
| - || - || - || ''*kĭčälä-'' || *kooč-k/j- || ? ''kereš-'' || *kinš- || *kenč- || -
| MaP *keččə- ~ OU *kenčə-?
|- style="background:#A0FFA0"
! colspan="10" | indistinct between *e₁_ä and *e₂_ä
|-
| "4"
| *neljä || *nealjē || *ńiľɜ || ''*nĭl'' || *ńooľ || nee/iiɟ || ''*ńilə'' ~ ''*n/ńäl-'' || *ńeLää || -
| Ms *ä in n/ńälmən "40" (*nelə-jä vs. *nelə-mon "40"?)
|-
| "to liv"
| *elä- || *ealē- || - || '''*ĭle-''' || *ool- || eel- || ''*jäl-'' || *jeL- || *elä-
| OUg both "visit", "recover". Ms > *i- > *jä-? Mo. '''*era-'''?
|-
| "big, uncle"
| *enä || *eanē || *ińɜ || - || '''*uuna''' || - || ''*jänəɣ'' || *enə || *enä
| Ms > *i > *jä-?
|-
| "uncle; father"
| - || *eakē || - || - || - || - || ''*jäɣ'' CMs *äki || *jeɣ '''*ii₁kii''' || En ďiśi < *ekä
| StUE4. Ms > *i- > *jä-? Ne. ''ńeekka''?
|-
| "pine"
| *petäkä || *peacē || *pičə || style="color:red"| ''*pü̆nće'' || *poožɨm || - || - || - || *petä (> Ng.)
|-
| "to beg"
| *kerjät- || - || - || - || *koor- || keer- || - || - || -
| ~ F. *kerät- "to collect"
|-
| "skillful"
| *seppä || *čeappē || - || - || - || seep || - || - || -
|-
| "dog"
| *penVj || ''*peanɤk'' || *pińə || ''*pij'' ~ '''*pŭni''' || *poon(ɨ) || (fene) || - || - || -
| Ma. *ɪ/əj > *ij? H. "wild" may not belong
|-
| "ring"
| *keccV || - || - || - || - || - || - || *kösə || -
| Cf. *kecrä
|-
| "brook"
| - || - || - || - || *šoo₁r || eer || - || - || -
|-
| "to get free"
| - || *meanō- || '''mäńe-''' || || K. '''mɨn-''' || ''ment-'' || - || - || Ne. mina-
| *mänə-w-? Also cf. *menə-

|-
| "a fish"
| *keso || L. kääčuk || - || - || K. '''gɨć''' || keseg || '''*kääsəŋ''' || '''*kosə''' || -
| or F. < ''kesä''
|-
| "white"
| - || *čeaskātɤ- *čeaskɤtē || - || - || K. ćoćkɤm || - || - || - || -
| *sk ~ *ćk?
|-
| "to scrape"
| - || *neaskē- || - || ''*nü̆žä-'' || - || - || - || - || -
|-
| ""
| || || || || || || || ||
|-
| ""
| || || || || || || || ||
|- style="background:#A0FFA0"
! colspan="10" | *ê_a & such (FSM per ''*ü'', Ma. ''*ü''?, Ms ''*i''; see also [[Proto-Uralic/Ü|*ü_a]])
|-
| "heart"
| *sütäm || *čɤðēm || *śeďəŋ || *šüm || U. śulem ~ K. śɤlɤm || siiv(e-) || style="color:green"| *šim || *sem || '''*säjə'''
| perhaps *śewd₁äm?
|-
| "brother-in-law"
| *kütü || - || - || - || - || - || CMs *kil || '''*küüLi ?''' || -
| or ~ *kälü?
|-
| "to plow"
| *küntä- || - || - || *künče- || - || - || - || - || -
| F. could be a later derivation from *künčə
|-
| "tail"
| '''*häntä''' || S. câcka ~ P. '''ciskes''' || - || - || - || - || *šiš || *čenč ~ V. '''čönč''' || -

|-
| ""
| || || || || || || || ||
|-
| ""
| || || || || || || || ||
|-
| ""
| || || || || || || || ||
|-
| ""
| || || || || || || || ||
|-
| ""
| || || || || || || || ||
|-
| ""
| || || || || || || || ||
|-
| ""
| || || || || || || || ||
|- style="background:#A0FFA0"
! colspan="10" | *E_a (Ms. ''*ee'', Kh. ''*ää'')
|-
| "to hit"
| *peksä- || - || *piksə- || - || '''*pös-''' || - || - || *pääɣəL- || *petV-
| 2ndary length in Fi. ''pieksä-''
|-
| "2"
| (''*kakti'') || (''*kōktē'') || (''kavta'') || (''kok'') || '''*kɨkt''' || keet || ''*kit'' || *käät || *ketä
| Ms. *i before a cluster? Kh also '''*kii₁tənti''' "both". FV *kakta
|-
| "price"
| - || - || - || - || *doon || - || CMs ''*tin'' || *tään, '''*tii₁n''' || -
| (no evidence for a cluster)
|-
| "duck"
| - || - || - || - || *goordaa || - || *kirtəɣ || N. kaartaŋ || -
| Ms. *i before a cluster?
|-
| "to dodge"
| - || '''*kɤrvē-''' || - || - || - || kerül- || E ker ~ N ''kir-'' || *käärəɣ- || -
|
|-
| "to cook"
| - || '''*pɤsē-''' || - || - || *pɤɤž- || - || *peet- || *pääL- || -
| P also cf. F paah-ta- / OU *ponča-? Cf. *pexi-
|-
| "to separate"
| - || *peacē- (S only) || - || - || - || fesl- || *peešt- || V pääčii- ~ Vj '''pečää--''' ||
|-
| "(to) thin"
| - || *keancē || - || - || - || keškëń || - || *käänć- || -
| Ms. *kAAnś- ← Kh.
|-
| "to miss"
| - || *meantē- || - || - || - || - || - || Vj. '''miintəɣtə-''' || -
| Or *men-tä-?? Cf. F. mene-ttä-
|-
| "to bind"
| - || - || - || - || - || ńeek- || *neeɣ- || "Kr" ''neewəj-'' || -
| Cf. Mong. *neke- "to weave"?
|-
| "room"
| - || - || - || - || - || teer (tere-) || - || E. täär, '''tiir''' || -
|- style="background:#A0FFA0"
! colspan="10" | similar except Kh. *(j)ii₂- (initially?)
|-
| "weather"
| ''*ilma'' || ''*ɤlmē'' || - || - || U. '''in''' ~ K. jen || - || *jeeləm || ''*(j)ii₂Ləm'' || -
| FS *je > *(j)i?
|-
| "to press"
| - || - || *ičə- "knead" || *jĭše- || '''*ɨčkɨ-''' || - || - || W ''*iiš-'' || -
|-
| "to carve"
| - || - || *inzəďə- || - || - || - || *jeen(s)- || ''*(j)ii₂nL-'' || -
|-
| "clear day"
| - || *jealɤkkɤs || - || - || - || - || - || E ''*jiiL'' || '''*jälä'''
|-
| "(to) love"
| - || *eaccē- || - || - || - || - || - || ''*(j)ii₂čəɣ'' || -
|- style="background:#A0FFA0"
! colspan="10" | IE loans etc.
|-
| "year"
| ''*ikä'' "age" || ''*jɤkē'' || *ij(ə) || *i || - || style="color:brown"| eev || - || - || -
| ← IE *jegʷaa, FS *je > *ji? PreH *ewə rather than *eɣə? S *ɤkē "age" ← F.
|-
| "fox"
| *repä || *rēp- || Er. ŕiveś || ''*rĭwəž'' || '''*ruć(i)''' || '''ravas''' || || ||
| ← II, Ma. thru Hu. separately?
|-
| "blade, edge"
| *terä || *tearē || - || ''*tü̆r'' ||style="color:green"| *door || '''töör''' || - || - || -
| Cf. II *dʰārā. Also Ud. '''ter''' ~ '''tir''' "ax"
|-
| "tip"
| '''*kasa''' || *keačē || || || - || style="color:red"| hëɟ || - || - || -
| ← IE *h₂aḱ-. Probably *a, S. > *ea / _Ć? Distinct from F. "pile" (← Gmc)
|-
| "to be born"
| *süntü- || - || - || - || K. sod- || †edl- || - || - || -
| ← preIr *dzen- + *tä-
|-
| "side, rib"
| - || style="color:red"| *earttē || *irdɜ || '''*örðəž''' || style="color:green"| *oord- || - || - || - || -
| ← II *erdʰa-
|-
| "summer"
| *kesä || *keasē || *kizə || - || - || - || - || - || -
| ← IE *h₁es-en/r-?
|-
| "human"
| *inhimi- || - || *inžə(j) || - || - || - || - || - || -
| ← IE *ǵnh₁-V-, with *je > F. ji?
|-
| "alder"
| *leppä || *leapē || '''*ľepɜ''' || - || - || - || - || - || -
| ← B; Mo. separately
|-
| "times"
| *'''kërta''' || *keartē || *kird'''a''' || Hi. -kerðə || || || || ||
| ← B. *kertā / II *kṛt-, later than Mo. -a > -ə?
|-
| "all, whole"
| - || - || *veśəj || - || '''*vååć''' || †ösve || - || - || '''#wAnsA'''
| at least Mo Hu ← II *wićwa-. U. also viś, vɨć
|-
| "man"
| - || - || *mirďɜ || - || *moort || - || - || - || -
| ← II *mṛt-
|-
| "ring"
| *kecrä || *kearsē || style="color:red"| Er. *ščeŕe ~ Mk. kšťiŕ || - || - || - || - || - || -
| ← preII *kētstra?
|-
| "corn"
| ''*jüvä'' || - || '''juv''' || - || U. ju ~ K. jɨki || - || - || - || -
| ← IE *jewa/*jowa (Avestan ''yava'' etc.), F *je > *ji?
|-
| "grouse"
| *tetri || - || - || - || *tooɜr || - || - || - || -
| ← B. *tetVrV
|-
| "far; woods"
| *meccä || *meaččē || - || - || - || (''messe'') || - || - || -
| ← B *medja-, H perhaps unrelated
|-
| "ghost"
| - || style="color:red"| ''*šeartɤ'' || - || *šĭrt || U. šurd- || ördög || - || - || -
| ~ Russian ''čert'', Iranian?
|-
| "chin"
| - || - || - || - || '''*aŋ''' || - || *eeɣən, Ko. '''iɣən''' || *ääɣəɳ || '''*aŋå'''
| ← Turk. *ēŋ, Smy via Oghur? (Chuv: ana). OU #eeɣän better ~ *jekən(ə)
|- style="background:#A0FFA0"
! colspan="10" | Substrate loans? (Mari ''*i''; note phonotax)
|-
| "wheat"
| *vehnä || - || *viš(ɜ) ||style="color:red"| *wiśte || - || - || - || - || -
|-
| "cow; horse"
| *lehmä || - || *ľišmə || - || - || - || - || - || -
|-
| "rope"
| - || *reašmē || *ŕiśmə || - || - || - || - || - || -
| Cf. II *raćmV; B. *rišima "thred" (→ F. *rihma)
|- style="background:#A0FFA0"
! colspan="10" | TBS 1: Widespread
|-
| "us"
| *mek || || || || || || || ||
|-
| "you"
| *tek || #tīj || *ťiń || '''*tää''' || '''*ti''' || ti || - || - || '''#täŋ'''
|-
| "bundle; to plait"
| *kerä || - || *kiŕɜ || - || - || - || *keer- || *kiir- ||
| OU swapped with *kärə- 'to wrap'.
|-
| "to prick"
| - || *peaðē- || style="color:red"| *päľə- || - || - || - || *peel- || *peeL- || -
| No regularity really. E/ä? l/ð?
|- style="background:#A0FFA0"
! colspan="10" | TBS 2: FP/West only
|-
| "oar"
| '''*mëla''' || *mealē || *miľə || - || K. '''maľ'''? || - || - || - || -
| Looks newer per F. -a
|-
| "back"
| *selkä ~ '''*sälkä''' || '''*čēlkē''' || - || '''*šĭle''' || - || - || - || - || -
| …*säälkä ??
|-
| "spring, summer"
| *kevät || - || - || '''*keŋəž''' ||style="color:brown"| *goož(em) || - || - || - || -
| P. metathesis or *ŋ-loss? Or ~ Kh *kaač "warm"
|-
| "dust; ash"
| F. pelmV- || - || - || - || U. peńm- ~ K. pɤjim || - || - || - || -
| F → P? NB *ľ
|-
| "bare; good; clean"
| F. pelkkä || - || - || '''*pelkə''' || K. '''peľk''' || - || - || - || -
| Semantics bad. NB *ľ
|-
| "road"
| *tee || - || - || - || K '''tuj''', Jz '''tʉj''' || - || - || - || -
|-
| "ear of grain"
| '''*tähkä''' || - ||style="color:red"| *ťikšɜ || *tü̆ška || *too₂šk "beard" || - || - || - || -
|-
| "to feed"
| - || - || *ťiŕ'''a'''- || - || K. '''tɤrśɨ-''' || - || - || - || -
|-
| "drape"
| '''*vërho''' || - || '''#orčta''' || - || - || - || - || - || -
|- style="background:#A0FFA0"
! colspan="10" | TBS 3: East only
|-
| "to narro"
| - || - || - || - || - || mere- || CMs *mär- || *mer- || -
| Check Kh, O /ä/
|-
| "to darken"
| - || - || - || - || - || šetët || *šät-- || W četimə- ||
|-
| "to sink"
| - || - || - || - || - || †šeped- ||style="color:green"| šeep- || - || -
|-
| "root"
| - || - || - || - || - || ɟökeer || T jükäär ~ *jeekʷar || - || -
| better *ü??
|-
| "kidney; penis" (?!)
| - || - || - || - || - || veše || *wäćəɣ || - || -
| bad; medial mismatch
|-
| "limb"
| - || - || - || - || - || iiz || - || *jöt || -
| alt etym for H: *jäsə-
|-
| "(to) work"
| - || - || - || - || - || müü(ve-) || - || - || *mäj-
|-
| "face"
| - || - || - || - || - || - || - || *weenč || Sk. wandV
|- style="background:#A0FFA0"
! colspan="10" | TBS 4: Ma~P, P~H
|-
| "color; dawn"
| - || - || - || *rü̆m(b)älɣə || *romɨt || - || - || - || -
|-
| "good"
| - || - || - || Hi. rəž || U. dźeć || - || - || - || -
| perhaps *riććä?
|-
| "moss"
| - || - || - || '''*reɣeńćə''' || *roojɨ || - || - || - || -
|-
| "alder"
| - || - || - || *lööl || *lool || - || - || - || -
|-
| "to measure"
| - || - || - || - || U mertal- ~ K *moortal- || mee/iir- || - || - || -
|-
| "thick; more"
| - || - || - || - || *too₁p(ɨt) ||style="color:red"| '''több''' || - || - || -
| H. haplology *töpöbb > több?
|- style="background:#A0FFA0"
! colspan="10" | TBS 5
|-
| "light"
| *kep-edä || *keappē || - || - || U. '''kapći''' || keveeš || - || - || '''*käjpɜ'''
|-
| "warm"
| - || - || - || - || *rög || reeg, rög || *riɣ ~ N reeɣ || *reɣ || -
| *-ŋ- ~ *-ɣ-?
|-
| "grey"
| - || - || - || - ||style="color:green"| '''*dźåår''' || sir, sürke || CMs *šir || - || -
| Cf. Mong. *sira "yellow"?!
|-
| "wet"
| - || - || - || - || ''*uuľ'' || - || CMs *iľ || - || -
| Ma. iľe ← U. Or Ms other (cf. StarLing)
|-
| ""
| || || || || || || || ||
|-
| "perch"
| - || - || - || - || *joo(kɨ)š || - || - || *jööɣ || Ne. ńiix-
|-
| "to dance"
| - || - || - || - || U ektɨ- ~ K jɤktɨ- || - || style="color:red"| *jeekʷ- || '''*jœœk-''' || -
|-
| "to err"
| - || - || - || - || - || teeved- || CMs *tip- || *tep- || -
|-
| "deer"
| F. teva || - || - || - || - || teheen || - || - || #täə
|-
| "full, to fill"
| - || - || - || '''*temə''', '''*teme-''', '''*tema-''' || - || †tëm, temet- || - || - || -
|-
| "to stick in"
| NF *työ-ntä- || - || - || - ||style="color:brown"| *too₂j- || töv-- || '''*täɣ-''' ||style="color:red"| *töökən- || -
| Medials messy, F. cf. "work"
|-
| "breath; heat"
| *heŋki || - || - || - || - || - || - || *čeŋk || -
| Ms '''#sääNk''' "hot weather" doesn't fit, U. '''džog''' < *r-.
|-
| "to run; to hurry"
| - || - || Er. čije- || - || - || šiet- || - || - || -
|-
| "to refine; flour"
| *lese- || - || - || - || - || list || - || - || -
|-
| "to sow"
| - || - || *viďə- || *wüðe- || - || ve(e)t- || - || - || -
|-
| "grouse"
| *mecco, '''*mëttVs''' || T. piecce || - || - || - || - || *mänšəm || - || -
| Bad. F better ← *meccä 'forest'
|-
| "we"
| *me(k) || *mī || *miń || *me || *mi || mi || *mäŋ du. meeN || meŋ du. miin || '''*mä-'''
|-
| "to tear"
| *repi- || *rɤpɤ- || - || - || - || *reped- || *reep- || - || -
| *p / *pp?
|-
| "to flap"
| *räppä- || - || - || - || - || *rëpít-/ül- || *reep- "shake" || Vj reepää- ~ N raaw- "blink" || -
|-
| "to glue"
| - || - || - || - || - || '''ragad-''' || - || '''*rööŋk-''' || -
| better *ä or smth
|-
| "to step; wade"
| - || - || - || - || - || '''ruug-''' || - || '''*röŋkää-''' || -
|-
| "to be"
| *lee- || *lea- || (*ľävks "young") || *liä- || *loo- || *lë- || - || - || -
| *lejə-?
|-
| "hard wood (for skis)"
| '''*lülü''' || - || - || - || K. lol || - || - || *ɬeL || -
| *e-ü > F *ü-ü??
|-
| "soft"
| CF *leina || - || - || - || K lɤń || - || *liń || style="color:green"| *ɭeeń || -
|-
| "under"
| - || - || - || Hi. lə- || - || lë || - || - || -
| or *li
|-
| "very"
| - || - || - || *lĭŋ || - || -leg || - || - || -
|-
| "butterfly"
| E '''*liippo-''' || W *lɤplV- || - || *lĭpə || - || lepke || *läpäk || style="color:green"| *ɭepAntaaj ||
|-
| "leaf"
| *lepeh || - || - || - || - || leveel ||style="color:red"| '''*luupta''' || style="color:green"| '''*ɭɯɯpət''' || -
|-
| "dense; narrow"
| - || - || - || - || U. ľukɨt || - || N. ľakʷ || *ɬ´ök || -
| NB *ľ-
|-
| "cradle; to lull"
| Fi liesku || - || - || *lüške || U. lećkal- || - || - || - || -
|-
| "lime; bast"
| '''*lëhmus''' || - || *ľevəš ||style="color:red"| *nĭmeštə || - || - || - || - || -
|-
| "to shine"
| E *čilketta- || - || *ćiľďər- || '''ćo/ɤlɣɤža-''' || U ćiľ/lal- ~ K. dźuljal- || ''čillog-'' || CMs '''*śulɣ-''' || N *ćuulpəɣ- ||
| better something like *o
|-
| "small bird"
| E čiučoi || - || - || - || - || - || *ćäŋći || *će₂ćkə || #sinsakV
| probs onomatopoetic
|-
| "finger / knuckle"
| - || - || - || - || U. ćińɨ ~ K. ćuń || čüd, čüg || - || '''*ćoŋən''' || -
|-
| "fish sp."
| - || - || - || '''*müktə''' || K mɨk || - || TJ mäwtək || *mööɣtəɣ || -
| clearly *ä
|-
| "roe"
| - || - || - || #mürtńə || - || - || *määrnä || *määrən || -
| probably ≠ F-S #mätäHnä
|-
| "wing, upper arm"
| - || - || - || - || - || - || *märkä || *me₁rə(ŋ)k || Ne. ''maŕ''(jebsu)
| perhaps *i (Smy *ə̈?)
|-
| "breast"
| - || - || - || #mer- || *moores || - || - || - || -
|-
| "wool ~ ram"
| - || - || - || mi/ež || K mež || - || - || - || -
|-
| "to dress"
| - || - || - || - || - || mez(í)telen || *mäš- || - || -
| ES *mācVkV 'coat' probs not here
|-
| ""
| || || || || || || || ||
|-
| ""
| || || || || || || || ||
|- style="background:#A0FFA0"
! colspan="10" | Rejectable
|-
| "to rub antlers against a tree"
| - || *čɤlɤ- || - || - || - || - || - || - || Ne. śelə-
| Ne. better ← *sälä- < *śälä- 'to rub' (AASmy2)
|-
| "mild; warm"
| Fi lenseä || - || - || - || - || - || - || Vj '''ɭɯɯsək''' ||
| Bad. Fi better = leppeä × penseä
|-
| "to cut"
| *lëikka- || - || - || - || - || leek || - || - || Ne. ľekā-
| Bad; F ← Gmc
|-
| "to find"
| *lewtä- || - || - || - || - || lel- || - || - || -
| rather F ← Gmc

|}

Proto-Uralic/E

2018-03-03T14:28:18Z

Tropylium: /* Std. PU *e_ä */ +3

==Std. PU *e_ə==

Finnic ''*e_i'', Permic ''*oo'', Khanty ''*e''
{| cellpadding="0"|
|- style="background:#FFA0A0"
! Lexeme !! [[Finnish|Finnic]] !! [[Proto-Samic|Samic]] !! [[Mordvinic|Mordv.]] !! [[Mari]] !! [[Permic]] !! [[Hungarian|Hung.]] !! [[Mansi]] !! [[Khanty]] !! [[Proto-Samoyedic|Samoy.]]
! Comments
|- style="background:#A0FFA0"
! colspan="10" | *ê_ə (S. ''*ɤ_ɤ'', Mo. ''*e'', Ms. ''*i'', Smy ''*e'' → Ng. /ɨ/, ''*i'' elsewhere)
| Old cases mostly open syllables
|-
| "to fear"
| *pel-kä- || *pɤlɤ- || *peĺə- || - || *pool- || fee/iil- || *pil- || *peL- || *pej-
|-
| "blood"
| *veri || *vɤrɤ || *veŕ || ''*wü̆r'' || '''*vir''' || veer || *wiɣər || *wer || -
|-
| "water"
| *veci || - || *veď || ''*wü̆t'' || *voo || '''viiz''' ~ '''vize-''' || *wit || - || *wet
| ← IE?!
|-
| "to go"
| *mene- || *mɤnɤ- || - || style="color:red"| '''*mije-''' || ''*munɨ-'' || ''mën-'' || *min- || *men- || *men-
| Ma. cf. Kar. '''mäne-'''
|-
| "to do"
| *teke- || *tɤkɤ- || Er. ťeje- || - || - || ''tëv-'' || *tij- || *tej- || -
| ← IE. Mk. '''ťijə-'''. Source for OU??
|-
| "lip"
| - || ''*pɤŋsɤm'' || - || - || - || - || CMs *piťem || *peLem || '''*päptän'''
| -ms- ?
|-
| "to take"
| *vee- || ''*vīkɤ-'' || ''*vijə-'' || - || '''*vajɨ-''' || vë-, '''vi-''' || *wiɣ-/'''*wäj-''' || *we- || '''*ü-'''
| *ex > *ix in S/Mo?? H "take"/""carry"
|-
| "night"
| '''*öö''' || ''*ījɤ'' || ''*vej'' || - || *ooj || ee/iij || *jiɣ || *jej || -
| *ewjə, > FMo *üjə? Cf. *kowsə > Ms *kaɣt; *jäwjə > Kh *jeej
|-
| "owl"
| style="color:red"| '''*hüüp-''' || *ɤpɤkē || - || - || - || - || *jipəɣ || *jepəɣ || -
| Onomatopoetics in F.? Compatible with WU *je → *ji
|-
| "warm"
| E. eh'''a''' || NS '''áccagas''' || *ežə- || - || - || - || *iš- || - || -
|-
| "bee"
| *mehi- || - || *mekš || '''*mükš''' || *mooš || meex || - || - || -
| ← preII
|-
| "honey"
| *meci || - || meď || ''*müj'' || *moo || meez || - || - || -
| ← preII. Ma. cf. Kh. *määɣ
|-
| "skin"
| *keri || *kɤrɤ || keŕ || ''*kü̆r'' || *koor || kee/iirëg || '''*keer''' || '''*käär''' || -
| ObU *kEr. Cf. IE *(s)ker-
|-
| "skin"
| *keci || *kɤtɤ || keď || - || - || - || - || - || *ket
| Cf. prev; also *käðʲə → P. *kiĺ, Ms. *kääĺən
|-
| "to must"
| - || *kɤlkɤ- || keĺge- || Me. küle- ~ Hi. '''kele-''' || *kool- || kell- || - || - || -
| Cf. IE. Check if not *i?
|-
| "to shake"
| - || - || - || style="color:red"| ''*rü̆ze-'' || U '''dźećɨra-''' || rësk || *risɣ- ~ N '''rasɣ-''' || *reńć- || -
| better *e-ä?
|-
| "young tree, twig"
| - || - || - || '''*nörɣə''' || '''*ńɤr''' || ''ńiir'' || *ńir || *nér || -
| Smy. #nËrkə "willow" may not belong - or is this *ë?
|-
| "exchange"
| *vero || - || veŕe-nc || '''*werć-''' || U. vur || - || - || '''*weer''' || -
|-
| "run; go"
| - || ''*vēkɤ-'' || - || - || *vooɨ- || - || - || - || -
| *wexə-
|-
| "handle"
| - || *nɤvtɤ || - || - || ''*nud'' || - || - || - || -
| *-ŋt-. Check if not *i
|-
| "middle"
| *keski || *kɤskɤ || keska || - || *koos || - || - || - || -
|-
| "throat"
| NF *kero ~ EVo *kõri || *kɤrɤs || - || - || *goor || - || - || - || -
| Cf. Ir. *gara "throat"; Toch kor < *gʷerw-
|-
| "elder"
| - || - || *čev-- || - || U. šu ~ K. žo || - || - || - || - || -
|-
| "to wash"
| *pese- || *pɤsɤ- || pezo- || - || - || - || - || - || -
| ← IE
|-
| "to stretch"
| *venü- || *vɤnɤ- || veńeme- || - || - || - || - || - || ''*wenä'' "rope"
|-
| "boat"
| *veneh || *vɤnɤs || veńeš || - || - || - || - || - || -
| cf. "to stretch"
|-
| "to be in time"
| *ehti- || *ɤstɤ- || - || *ĭšte- || K. '''eštɨ-''' || - || - || - || -
| K. ← F?
|-
| "leaf"
| *lehti || *lɤstɤ || - || *lĭštäš || - || - || - || - || -
| ← IE
|-
| "work"
| *töö || - || ťev || - || - || - || - || - || -
| *tewə; cf. *tekə-
|-
| "lime, bast"
| *lehmus || - || ĺevos || - || - || - || - || - || -
|-
| "dove"
| F metti-- ~ E meikas || - || *mečə || - || - || - || - || - || -
|-
| "pestle"
| *petkel || - || peťkeĺ || - || - || - || - || - || -
|-
| "feather"
| *hewhen || *sɤvsɤm || - || - || - || - || - || - || -
| NB difthong! Newer loan? -n ~ -m doesn't match
|-
| "to tear"
| *repe- || *rɤpɤ- || - || - || - || - || - || - || -
|-
| "next"
| *enti || *ɤvtɤ || - || - || - || - || - || - || -
| *-ŋt-
|-
| "berry"
| - || - || - || - || *mooĺɨ || mëɟɟ || - || *-məĹ || -
| preP → Ma *mooðə?
|- style="background:#A0FFA0"
! colspan="10" | *e_ə (S. ''*ē_ɤ'', Mo. ''*i'', Smy. ''*i'' (some from *ä?)
| all old cases long or difthongal?
|-
| "to cook"
| - || - || *pijə- || - || K. pu- || (föö-) || '''*pääj-''' || - || *pi-
| *pexə-; cf. *pEsa- !
|-
| "matter"
| - || *sējɤ || sij || *šü || *śiś || ''eev'' || style="color:red"| ''*säj'' || *ɬöj || *tiəj
|-
| "to sell"
| ''*möö-'' || *mēkɤ- || *mijə- || - || (*med) || - || *miɣ- || *me- || *mi-
| *mexə. P. "loan" may be ← II *mīžda
|-
| "to boil"
| *kee-, *kei- || *kī- || - || *küa- || - || köve- || - || - || -

|-
| "meat"
| - || - || *sivəĺ || ''*šĭl'' || *siĺ || - || - || - || -
| *sewə-lɜ?
|-
| "round"
| *kehkerä || - || style="color:red"| *kičkərə || ''*kĭškär'' || - || - || - || - ||
|compound *keččä-kerä??
|-
| "brother"
| *velji || *vēljɤ || - || - || - || - || - || - || -
| Short! ← IE?
|-
| "clear"
| *selke- || *čēlkɤ || - || - || - || - || - || - || -
| Liv. sieldɤ. Cf. F. *selvä "ibid."
|-
| ""
| || || || || || || || ||
|- style="background:#A0FFA0"
! colspan="10" | *E_ə (as per *e_ə but Ms *ee, Kh *ii)
| generally coda glides, but note *Eði, *kEri
|-
| "mushroom"
| *seeni || '''*čānā''' || - || *šeen || U. śeńki|| - || style="color:green"| *šeenəɣ || '''*säänəɣ''' || -
| *śE(x)nə? Maybe better *ä? H. seen ~ sene- "coal, fire"
|-
| "to eat"
| ''*söö-'' || - || ''*śevə-'' || - || ''*śooj'' || ëv- || *tee-, '''*tääj-''' || *ɬii₂- || ''*ti-mä''
| Smy. "tooth". U. *oo₂ → i between palatals? Sibilant & medial mismatch!
|-
| "soul, breath, steam"
| *lewlü || *lēvlɤ || - || - || *lool || lee/iilëk ~ lëlk- || '''#li/el''' || *ɬii₁L || -
| Wrt. S, cf. difthong
|-
| "soul"
| ''*iccek'' || ''*jēčɤ'' || *eś || *ĭške || K '''aćim''' || iis || '''*jis''' || *ii₁s || -
| *jEćə, F. *je → *i? Kh *je → *ii??
|-
| "night"
| - || - || - || '''*jü̆t''' || - || - || *(j)eet || '''*äät''', *ii₂tən || S #(ń)ütə
| Kh *ii₂ / #_ ? Cf. F. *ilta?!
|-
| "front"
| *eti || - || - || - || - || elöö || *eel || *ii₂L || ''*e/ir-''
| Kh *ii₂ / #_ ? Smy. "row"
|-
| "rope"
| - || - || ''*piks'' || - || - || fiu || - || *pii₁ɣəL || -
|-
| "smoke; fog"
| - || - || - || - || '''*čɨŋ''' || - ||style="color:green"| *šeeŋkʷ- || - ||
| Kh *čii₁ɣ "fog" rather ~ S *cēkɤ (StUE4)
|-
| "(to) swear"
| *irvɜ- || *ɤrvɤ- "be happy" || - || - || *joo₂r-- || ''öröm'' 'joy' || *jeer- || - || -
| *jerwɜ-, F.& S. *je- → *(j)i-
|-
| "edge"
| - || - || - || - || - || see/iil || *seel || *sii₁L || -
|-
| "short; to cut"
| - || - || - || - || - || rövid || - || Trj riiɣ- || -
|}

==Std. PU *e_ä==
Finnic *e_ä, Samic *ea_ē, Mordvinic *i_ɜ, Permic *oo, Samoyedic *e (not **i!)
{| cellpadding="0"|
|- style="background:#FFA0A0"
! Lexeme !! [[Finnish|Finnic]] !! [[Proto-Samic|Samic]] !! [[Mordvinic|Mordv.]] !! [[Mari]] !! [[Permic]] !! [[Hungarian|Hung.]] !! [[Mansi]] !! [[Khanty]] !! [[Proto-Samoyedic|Samoy.]]
! Comments
|- style="background:#A0FFA0"
! colspan="10" | *e_ä type 1: Ms *ä, Kh *e/*öɣ (in PMs CVCV stems?)
|-
| "ear"
| - || *pealjē || *piľə || ''*pĭləš'' || '''*peľ''' || '''fül''' || *päľ || *peL || -
|-
| "uncle"
| style="color:red"| *setä || style="color:red"| *čeacē || Er. čiče || ''*čü̆čə'' || *čoož || - || CMs *šäša || - || *čečä
| Sibilant assimilation east of F/S? K. also ćož
|-
| "knife"
| - || - || - || ''*kü̆źə'' || - || keeš || CMs *käšäj || '''*kööčəɣ''' || -
| or *kičɜ with H irreg.
|-
| "hook"
| - || SS ńieccie || - || - || - || - || *ńäš(ə?) || N *ńešə || -
| *ńeččä
|- style="background:#A0FFA0"
! colspan="10" | *e_ä type 2: similar except Ms *i (in PMs CVC stems?)
| more common than "regular" *ê_ä
|-
| "ring"
| *kehä || '''*kēsɤ''' || style="color:red"| ('''či''') || '''*keče''' || '''*kɨč''' || style="color:red"| keeɟ || Tv '''küš''' ~ CMs *kiš || *köč ||
| *keččä. S, Ma *ä? Mo. "sun" may not belong
|-
| "neck"
| *sepä || *čeapē || *śivɜ || ''*šüj'' || '''*śil''' || - || style="color:green"| CMs *šip || '''*sääpəL''' || -
| Ma. *-epV > *-ĭw > *-ü ??
|-
| "nest"
| *pesä || *peasē || *pizə || ''*pĭžäš'' || *pooz ||style="color:red"| fee/iisek || *pit || *peL || *petä
|-
| "catfish, burbot"
| '''*säkä''' || - || *śijɜ || ''*ši'' || - || - || style="color:green"| *šiɣ || *seɣ || -
| Ma. CV ⇒ *i
|-
| "to serch"
| - || - || - || ''*kĭčälä-'' || *kooč-k/j- || ? ''kereš-'' || *kinš- || *kenč- || -
| MaP *keččə- ~ OU *kenčə-?
|- style="background:#A0FFA0"
! colspan="10" | indistinct between *e₁_ä and *e₂_ä
|-
| "4"
| *neljä || *nealjē || *ńiľɜ || ''*nĭl'' || *ńooľ || nee/iiɟ || ''*ńilə'' ~ ''*n/ńäl-'' || *ńeLää || -
| Ms *ä in n/ńälmən "40" (*nelə-jä vs. *nelə-mon "40"?)
|-
| "to liv"
| *elä- || *ealē- || - || '''*ĭle-''' || *ool- || eel- || ''*jäl-'' || *jeL- || *elä-
| OUg both "visit", "recover". Ms > *i- > *jä-? Mo. '''*era-'''?
|-
| "big, uncle"
| *enä || *eanē || *ińɜ || - || '''*uuna''' || - || ''*jänəɣ'' || *enə || *enä
| Ms > *i > *jä-?
|-
| "uncle; father"
| - || *eakē || - || - || - || - || ''*jäɣ'' CMs *äki || *jeɣ '''*ii₁kii''' || En ďiśi < *ekä
| StUE4. Ms > *i- > *jä-? Ne. ''ńeekka''?
|-
| "pine"
| *petäkä || *peacē || *pičə || style="color:red"| ''*pü̆nće'' || *poožɨm || - || - || - || *petä (> Ng.)
|-
| "to beg"
| *kerjät- || - || - || - || *koor- || keer- || - || - || -
| ~ F. *kerät- "to collect"
|-
| "skillful"
| *seppä || *čeappē || - || - || - || seep || - || - || -
|-
| "dog"
| *penVj || ''*peanɤk'' || *pińə || ''*pij'' ~ '''*pŭni''' || *poon(ɨ) || (fene) || - || - || -
| Ma. *ɪ/əj > *ij? H. "wild" may not belong
|-
| "ring"
| *keccV || - || - || - || - || - || - || *kösə || -
| Cf. *kecrä
|-
| "brook"
| - || - || - || - || *šoo₁r || eer || - || - || -
|-
| "to get free"
| - || *meanō- || '''mäńe-''' || || K. '''mɨn-''' || ''ment-'' || - || - || Ne. mina-
| *mänə-w-? Also cf. *menə-

|-
| "a fish"
| *keso || L. kääčuk || - || - || K. '''gɨć''' || keseg || '''*kääsəŋ''' || '''*kosə''' || -
| or F. < ''kesä''
|-
| "white"
| - || *čeaskātɤ- *čeaskɤtē || - || - || K. ćoćkɤm || - || - || - || -
| *sk ~ *ćk?
|-
| "to scrape"
| - || *neaskē- || - || ''*nü̆žä-'' || - || - || - || - || -
|-
| ""
| || || || || || || || ||
|-
| ""
| || || || || || || || ||
|- style="background:#A0FFA0"
! colspan="10" | *ê_a & such (FSM per ''*ü'', Ma. ''*ü''?, Ms ''*i''; see also [[Proto-Uralic/Ü|*ü_a]])
|-
| "heart"
| *sütäm || *čɤðēm || *śeďəŋ || *šüm || U. śulem ~ K. śɤlɤm || siiv(e-) || style="color:green"| *šim || *sem || '''*säjə'''
| perhaps *śewd₁äm?
|-
| "brother-in-law"
| *kütü || - || - || - || - || - || CMs *kil || '''*küüLi ?''' || -
| or ~ *kälü?
|-
| "to plow"
| *küntä- || - || - || *künče- || - || - || - || - || -
| F. could be a later derivation from *künčə
|-
| "tail"
| '''*häntä''' || S. câcka ~ P. '''ciskes''' || - || - || - || - || *šiš || *čenč ~ V. '''čönč''' || -

|-
| ""
| || || || || || || || ||
|-
| ""
| || || || || || || || ||
|-
| ""
| || || || || || || || ||
|-
| ""
| || || || || || || || ||
|-
| ""
| || || || || || || || ||
|-
| ""
| || || || || || || || ||
|-
| ""
| || || || || || || || ||
|- style="background:#A0FFA0"
! colspan="10" | *E_a (Ms. ''*ee'', Kh. ''*ää'')
|-
| "to hit"
| *peksä- || - || *piksə- || - || '''*pös-''' || - || - || *pääɣəL- || *petV-
| 2ndary length in Fi. ''pieksä-''
|-
| "2"
| (''*kakti'') || (''*kōktē'') || (''kavta'') || (''kok'') || '''*kɨkt''' || keet || ''*kit'' || *käät || *ketä
| Ms. *i before a cluster? Kh also '''*kii₁tənti''' "both". FV *kakta
|-
| "price"
| - || - || - || - || *doon || - || CMs ''*tin'' || *tään, '''*tii₁n''' || -
| (no evidence for a cluster)
|-
| "duck"
| - || - || - || - || *goordaa || - || *kirtəɣ || N. kaartaŋ || -
| Ms. *i before a cluster?
|-
| "to dodge"
| - || '''*kɤrvē-''' || - || - || - || kerül- || E ker ~ N ''kir-'' || *käärəɣ- || -
|
|-
| "to cook"
| - || '''*pɤsē-''' || - || - || *pɤɤž- || - || *peet- || *pääL- || -
| P also cf. F paah-ta- / OU *ponča-? Cf. *pexi-
|-
| "to separate"
| - || *peacē- (S only) || - || - || - || fesl- || *peešt- || V pääčii- ~ Vj '''pečää--''' ||
|-
| "(to) thin"
| - || *keancē || - || - || - || keškëń || - || *käänć- || -
| Ms. *kAAnś- ← Kh.
|-
| "to miss"
| - || *meantē- || - || - || - || - || - || Vj. '''miintəɣtə-''' || -
| Or *men-tä-?? Cf. F. mene-ttä-
|-
| "to bind"
| - || - || - || - || - || ńeek- || *neeɣ- || "Kr" ''neewəj-'' || -
| Cf. Mong. *neke- "to weave"?
|-
| "room"
| - || - || - || - || - || teer (tere-) || - || E. täär, '''tiir''' || -
|- style="background:#A0FFA0"
! colspan="10" | similar except Kh. *(j)ii₂- (initially?)
|-
| "weather"
| ''*ilma'' || ''*ɤlmē'' || - || - || U. '''in''' ~ K. jen || - || *jeeləm || ''*(j)ii₂Ləm'' || -
| FS *je > *(j)i?
|-
| "to press"
| - || - || *ičə- "knead" || *jĭše- || '''*ɨčkɨ-''' || - || - || W ''*iiš-'' || -
|-
| "to carve"
| - || - || *inzəďə- || - || - || - || *jeen(s)- || ''*(j)ii₂nL-'' || -
|-
| "clear day"
| - || *jealɤkkɤs || - || - || - || - || - || E ''*jiiL'' || '''*jälä'''
|-
| "(to) love"
| - || *eaccē- || - || - || - || - || - || ''*(j)ii₂čəɣ'' || -
|- style="background:#A0FFA0"
! colspan="10" | IE loans etc.
|-
| "year"
| ''*ikä'' "age" || ''*jɤkē'' || *ij(ə) || *i || - || style="color:brown"| eev || - || - || -
| ← IE *jegʷaa, FS *je > *ji? PreH *ewə rather than *eɣə? S *ɤkē "age" ← F.
|-
| "fox"
| *repä || *rēp- || Er. ŕiveś || ''*rĭwəž'' || '''*ruć(i)''' || '''ravas''' || || ||
| ← II, Ma. thru Hu. separately?
|-
| "blade, edge"
| *terä || *tearē || - || ''*tü̆r'' ||style="color:green"| *door || '''töör''' || - || - || -
| Cf. II *dʰārā. Also Ud. '''ter''' ~ '''tir''' "ax"
|-
| "tip"
| '''*kasa''' || *keačē || || || - || style="color:red"| hëɟ || - || - || -
| ← IE *h₂aḱ-. Probably *a, S. > *ea / _Ć? Distinct from F. "pile" (← Gmc)
|-
| "to be born"
| *süntü- || - || - || - || K. sod- || †edl- || - || - || -
| ← preIr *dzen- + *tä-
|-
| "side, rib"
| - || style="color:red"| *earttē || *irdɜ || '''*örðəž''' || style="color:green"| *oord- || - || - || - || -
| ← II *erdʰa-
|-
| "summer"
| *kesä || *keasē || *kizə || - || - || - || - || - || -
| ← IE *h₁es-en/r-?
|-
| "human"
| *inhimi- || - || *inžə(j) || - || - || - || - || - || -
| ← IE *ǵnh₁-V-, with *je > F. ji?
|-
| "alder"
| *leppä || *leapē || '''*ľepɜ''' || - || - || - || - || - || -
| ← B; Mo. separately
|-
| "times"
| *'''kërta''' || *keartē || *kird'''a''' || Hi. -kerðə || || || || ||
| ← B. *kertā / II *kṛt-, later than Mo. -a > -ə?
|-
| "all, whole"
| - || - || *veśəj || - || '''*vååć''' || †ösve || - || - || '''#wAnsA'''
| at least Mo Hu ← II *wićwa-. U. also viś, vɨć
|-
| "man"
| - || - || *mirďɜ || - || *moort || - || - || - || -
| ← II *mṛt-
|-
| "ring"
| *kecrä || *kearsē || style="color:red"| Er. *ščeŕe ~ Mk. kšťiŕ || - || - || - || - || - || -
| ← preII *kētstra?
|-
| "corn"
| ''*jüvä'' || - || '''juv''' || - || U. ju ~ K. jɨki || - || - || - || -
| ← IE *jewa/*jowa (Avestan ''yava'' etc.), F *je > *ji?
|-
| "grouse"
| *tetri || - || - || - || *tooɜr || - || - || - || -
| ← B. *tetVrV
|-
| "far; woods"
| *meccä || *meaččē || - || - || - || (''messe'') || - || - || -
| ← B *medja-, H perhaps unrelated
|-
| "ghost"
| - || style="color:red"| ''*šeartɤ'' || - || *šĭrt || U. šurd- || ördög || - || - || -
| ~ Russian ''čert'', Iranian?
|-
| "chin"
| - || - || - || - || '''*aŋ''' || - || *eeɣən, Ko. '''iɣən''' || *ääɣəɳ || '''*aŋå'''
| ← Turk. *ēŋ, Smy via Oghur? (Chuv: ana). OU #eeɣän better ~ *jekən(ə)
|- style="background:#A0FFA0"
! colspan="10" | Substrate loans? (Mari ''*i''; note phonotax)
|-
| "wheat"
| *vehnä || - || *viš(ɜ) ||style="color:red"| *wiśte || - || - || - || - || -
|-
| "cow; horse"
| *lehmä || - || *ľišmə || - || - || - || - || - || -
|-
| "rope"
| - || *reašmē || *ŕiśmə || - || - || - || - || - || -
| Cf. II *raćmV; B. *rišima "thred" (→ F. *rihma)
|- style="background:#A0FFA0"
! colspan="10" | TBS 1: Widespread
|-
| "us"
| *mek || || || || || || || ||
|-
| "you"
| *tek || #tīj || *ťiń || '''*tää''' || '''*ti''' || ti || - || - || '''#täŋ'''
|-
| "bundle; to plait"
| *kerä || - || *kiŕɜ || - || - || - || *keer- || *kiir- ||
| OU swapped with *kärə- 'to wrap'.
|-
| "to prick"
| - || *peaðē- || style="color:red"| *päľə- || - || - || - || *peel- || *peeL- || -
| No regularity really. E/ä? l/ð?
|- style="background:#A0FFA0"
! colspan="10" | TBS 2: FP/West only
|-
| "oar"
| '''*mëla''' || *mealē || *miľə || - || K. '''maľ'''? || - || - || - || -
| Looks newer per F. -a
|-
| "back"
| *selkä ~ '''*sälkä''' || '''*čēlkē''' || - || '''*šĭle''' || - || - || - || - || -
| …*säälkä ??
|-
| "spring, summer"
| *kevät || - || - || '''*keŋəž''' ||style="color:brown"| *goož(em) || - || - || - || -
| P. metathesis or *ŋ-loss? Or ~ Kh *kaač "warm"
|-
| "dust; ash"
| F. pelmV- || - || - || - || U. peńm- ~ K. pɤjim || - || - || - || -
| F → P? NB *ľ
|-
| "bare; good; clean"
| F. pelkkä || - || - || '''*pelkə''' || K. '''peľk''' || - || - || - || -
| Semantics bad. NB *ľ
|-
| "road"
| *tee || - || - || - || K '''tuj''', Jz '''tʉj''' || - || - || - || -
|-
| "ear of grain"
| '''*tähkä''' || - ||style="color:red"| *ťikšɜ || *tü̆ška || *too₂šk "beard" || - || - || - || -
|-
| "to feed"
| - || - || *ťiŕ'''a'''- || - || K. '''tɤrśɨ-''' || - || - || - || -
|-
| "drape"
| '''*vërho''' || - || '''#orčta''' || - || - || - || - || - || -
|- style="background:#A0FFA0"
! colspan="10" | TBS 3: East only
|-
| "to narro"
| - || - || - || - || - || mere- || CMs *mär- || *mer- || -
| Check Kh, O /ä/
|-
| "to darken"
| - || - || - || - || - || šetët || *šät-- || W četimə- ||
|-
| "to sink"
| - || - || - || - || - || †šeped- ||style="color:green"| šeep- || - || -
|-
| "root"
| - || - || - || - || - || ɟökeer || T jükäär ~ *jeekʷar || - || -
| better *ü??
|-
| "kidney; penis" (?!)
| - || - || - || - || - || veše || *wäćəɣ || - || -
| bad; medial mismatch
|-
| "limb"
| - || - || - || - || - || iiz || - || *jöt || -
| alt etym for H: *jäsə-
|-
| "(to) work"
| - || - || - || - || - || müü(ve-) || - || - || *mäj-
|-
| "face"
| - || - || - || - || - || - || - || *weenč || Sk. wandV
|- style="background:#A0FFA0"
! colspan="10" | TBS 4: Ma~P, P~H
|-
| "color; dawn"
| - || - || - || *rü̆m(b)älɣə || *romɨt || - || - || - || -
|-
| "good"
| - || - || - || Hi. rəž || U. dźeć || - || - || - || -
| perhaps *riććä?
|-
| "moss"
| - || - || - || '''*reɣeńćə''' || *roojɨ || - || - || - || -
|-
| "alder"
| - || - || - || *lööl || *lool || - || - || - || -
|-
| "to measure"
| - || - || - || - || U mertal- ~ K *moortal- || mee/iir- || - || - || -
|-
| "thick; more"
| - || - || - || - || *too₁p(ɨt) ||style="color:red"| '''több''' || - || - || -
| H. haplology *töpöbb > több?
|- style="background:#A0FFA0"
! colspan="10" | TBS 5
|-
| "light"
| *kep-edä || *keappē || - || - || U. '''kapći''' || keveeš || - || - || '''*käjpɜ'''
|-
| "warm"
| - || - || - || - || *rög || reeg, rög || *riɣ ~ N reeɣ || *reɣ || -
| *-ŋ- ~ *-ɣ-?
|-
| "grey"
| - || - || - || - ||style="color:green"| '''*dźåår''' || sir, sürke || CMs *šir || - || -
| Cf. Mong. *sira "yellow"?!
|-
| "wet"
| - || - || - || - || ''*uuľ'' || - || CMs *iľ || - || -
| Ma. iľe ← U. Or Ms other (cf. StarLing)
|-
| ""
| || || || || || || || ||
|-
| "perch"
| - || - || - || - || *joo(kɨ)š || - || - || *jööɣ || Ne. ńiix-
|-
| "to dance"
| - || - || - || - || U ektɨ- ~ K jɤktɨ- || - || style="color:red"| *jeekʷ- || '''*jœœk-''' || -
|-
| "to err"
| - || - || - || - || - || teeved- || CMs *tip- || *tep- || -
|-
| "deer"
| F. teva || - || - || - || - || teheen || - || - || #täə
|-
| "full, to fill"
| - || - || - || '''*temə''', '''*teme-''', '''*tema-''' || - || †tëm, temet- || - || - || -
|-
| "to stick in"
| NF *työ-ntä- || - || - || - ||style="color:brown"| *too₂j- || töv-- || '''*täɣ-''' ||style="color:red"| *töökən- || -
| Medials messy, F. cf. "work"
|-
| "breath; heat"
| *heŋki || - || - || - || - || - || - || *čeŋk || -
| Ms '''#sääNk''' "hot weather" doesn't fit, U. '''džog''' < *r-.
|-
| "to run; to hurry"
| - || - || Er. čije- || - || - || šiet- || - || - || -
|-
| "to refine; flour"
| *lese- || - || - || - || - || list || - || - || -
|-
| "to sow"
| - || - || *viďə- || *wüðe- || - || ve(e)t- || - || - || -
|-
| "grouse"
| *mecco, '''*mëttVs''' || T. piecce || - || - || - || - || *mänšəm || - || -
| Bad. F better ← *meccä 'forest'
|-
| "we"
| *me(k) || *mī || *miń || *me || *mi || mi || *mäŋ du. meeN || meŋ du. miin || '''*mä-'''
|-
| "to tear"
| *repi- || *rɤpɤ- || - || - || - || *reped- || *reep- || - || -
| *p / *pp?
|-
| "to flap"
| *räppä- || - || - || - || - || *rëpít-/ül- || *reep- "shake" || Vj reepää- ~ N raaw- "blink" || -
|-
| "to glue"
| - || - || - || - || - || '''ragad-''' || - || '''*rööŋk-''' || -
| better *ä or smth
|-
| "to step; wade"
| - || - || - || - || - || '''ruug-''' || - || '''*röŋkää-''' || -
|-
| "to be"
| *lee- || *lea- || (*ľävks "young") || *liä- || *loo- || *lë- || - || - || -
| *lejə-?
|-
| "hard wood (for skis)"
| '''*lülü''' || - || - || - || K. lol || - || - || *ɬeL || -
| *e-ü > F *ü-ü??
|-
| "soft"
| CF *leina || - || - || - || K lɤń || - || *liń || style="color:green"| *ɭeeń || -
|-
| "under"
| - || - || - || Hi. lə- || - || lë || - || - || -
| or *li
|-
| "very"
| - || - || - || *lĭŋ || - || -leg || - || - || -
|-
| "butterfly"
| E '''*liippo-''' || W *lɤplV- || - || *lĭpə || - || lepke || *läpäk || style="color:green"| *ɭepAntaaj ||
|-
| "leaf"
| *lepeh || - || - || - || - || leveel ||style="color:red"| '''*luupta''' || style="color:green"| '''*ɭɯɯpət''' || -
|-
| "dense; narrow"
| - || - || - || - || U. ľukɨt || - || N. ľakʷ || *ɬ´ök || -
| NB *ľ-
|-
| "cradle; to lull"
| Fi liesku || - || - || *lüške || U. lećkal- || - || - || - || -
|-
| "lime; bast"
| '''*lëhmus''' || - || *ľevəš ||style="color:red"| *nĭmeštə || - || - || - || - || -
|-
| "to shine"
| E *čilketta- || - || *ćiľďər- || '''ćo/ɤlɣɤža-''' || U ćiľ/lal- ~ K. dźuljal- || ''čillog-'' || CMs '''*śulɣ-''' || N *ćuulpəɣ- ||
| better something like *o
|-
| "small bird"
| E čiučoi || - || - || - || - || - || *ćäŋći || *će₂ćkə || #sinsakV
| probs onomatopoetic
|-
| "finger / knuckle"
| - || - || - || - || U. ćińɨ ~ K. ćuń || čüd, čüg || - || '''*ćoŋən''' || -
|-
| "fish sp."
| - || - || - || '''*müktə''' || K mɨk || - || TJ mäwtək || *mööɣtəɣ || -
| clearly *ä
|-
| "roe"
| - || - || - || #mürtńə || - || - || *määrnä || *määrən || -
| probably ≠ F-S #mätäHnä
|-
| "wing, upper arm"
| - || - || - || - || - || - || *märkä || *me₁rə(ŋ)k || Ne. ''maŕ''(jebsu)
| perhaps *i (Smy *ə̈?)
|-
| ""
| || || || || || || || ||
|-
| ""
| || || || || || || || ||
|-
| ""
| || || || || || || || ||
|- style="background:#A0FFA0"
! colspan="10" | Rejectable
|-
| "to rub antlers against a tree"
| - || *čɤlɤ- || - || - || - || - || - || - || Ne. śelə-
| Ne. better ← *sälä- < *śälä- 'to rub' (AASmy2)
|-
| "mild; warm"
| Fi lenseä || - || - || - || - || - || - || Vj '''ɭɯɯsək''' ||
| Bad. Fi better = leppeä × penseä
|-
| "to cut"
| *lëikka- || - || - || - || - || leek || - || - || Ne. ľekā-
| Bad; F ← Gmc
|-
| "to find"
| *lewtä- || - || - || - || - || lel- || - || - || -
| rather F ← Gmc

|}

Proto-Uralic/I

2018-03-03T14:13:10Z

Tropylium: +1

{|
|- style="background:#FFA0A0"
! Lexeme
! [[Finnish|Finnic]] !! [[Proto-Samic|Samic]] !! [[Mordvinic|Mordv.]] !! [[Mari]] !! [[Permic]] !! [[Hungarian|Hung.]] !! [[Mansi]] !! [[Khanty]] !! [[Proto-Samoyedic|Samoy.]]
! Comments
|- style="background:#A0FFA0"
! colspan="10"| *i_ə = std. PU *i_i (F *i_i, S *ɤ_ɤ, Mo *e, P *i, Ms *ä, Kh *ee, Smy *i)
| old cases mostly *CVCV(CV)?
|-
| "to suck"
| *ime- || ńɤmɤ- || - || - || K. ńim- || ëm- || - || *eem- || *ńim-, *əm-
| Two variants *imə-, *ńimə-
|-
| "stone"
| *kivi || - || kev || *küj || U. ''kɤ'' ~ K. ki || köö : köve- || *käw || *kööɣ || -
|-
| "year ring"
| ''*süü'' || '''*sēvɤ''' || - || *šĭja || *si || - || *täw || - || *tiə
| *siwə?
|-
| "name"
| *nimi || *nɤmɤ || style="color:red"| *ľem || style="color:red"| ''*lü̆m'' || style="color:green"| *ńim || style="color:green"| neev : neve- || *nämə || *neem || *nim
| Cf. IE; PBS *inmen-
|-
| "long"
| *pit-kä || - || - || - || - || fël-, '''föl-''' || *pälit || '''*peL-''' || *pir-
|-
| "tooth, flint"
| *pii || - || pej || *püj || *piń || '''fog''' || *päŋk || *pööŋk || ''*pəj''
| S. *pānē probly unrelated. Smy. cf. *suŋə > *təŋ
|-
| "hedgehog"
| *siili || - || *śejəľ || Hi. šülə ~ Me. '''šulo''' || - || †sül || '''"soule"''' || - || -
| *śixələ, ix > iw > ü in H?
|-
| "ceiling space"
| *sii- || - || - || - || *śig || - || - || '''*siiŋ''' || '''*seŋ'''
|-
| "last"
| *vii- || - || - || - || - || veeg || - || - || -
|-
| "to kill"
| - || *fɤðō- "to beat" || - || - || *vijɨ- || öl- || *äl- || *weeL- ||
| H+Ms *wi- > *ü-. S. *vɤlē- "jump" to be excluded.
|-
| "to scrape"
| - || - || - || - || *ńir- || ńiir(o)- || - || - || Ne. ńira-
|-
| "cloud"
| *pilvi || *pɤlvɤ || peľ || *pĭl ||style="color:green"| *piľ- || felhöö || - || style="color:red"| ''*peLəŋ'' || -
| Kh. *e / _CC?
|-
| "to smell"
| - || KiT *lɤkɤ || - || - || - || - || - || Vj ɭööɣ- || -
|-
| "connecting river"
| - || - || - || ''*wiš'' || *vis(k-) || *äɣt || - || - || -
| StUE4. Ms *wi- > *ü-.
|-
| "tongs"
| *pihti || *pɤstɤ || peš || - || K. '''peš''' || - || - || - || -
|-
| "new"
| *nükü || - || Er. ńej ~ Mk. ni || - || *ni || - || - || - || -
| *i-ü > *ü-ü in F.
|-
| "to stay"
| *püsü- || - || *pezə- || '''pižä-''' || - || - || - || - || -
| *i-ü > *ü-ü in F.
|-
| ""
| || || || || || || || ||
|-
| "visible"
| *ilmi || *ɤlmɤ || - || - || - || - || - || - || -
| ← *ilma
|-
| "wonder"
| *imeh || *ɤmɤs || - || - || - || - || - || - || -
| ← B?
|-
| "5"
| style="color:red"| *viici || style="color:red"| *vītɤ || *veťɜ ||style="color:green"| *vĭć || *vit || öt(ö-) || *ät || *weet || *wü(ə)t
| *wittə, H+Ms+Smy *wi- > *(w)ü-. FS *wiitə by analogy with *kuutə 'six'?
|-
| "gadfly"
| - || - || - || - || - || - || *päləm || *peeLəm || #pil-
|-
| "to pull"
| - || - || - || - || - || ńer- || *ńär-əmt- || *ńeer- || -
| CMs *ńä- > *ńi-
|- style="background:#A0FFA0"
! colspan="10"| Permic *ɨ (default in non-palatal environs?)
|-
| "mouse"
| *hiiri || - || *šeŋəŕ || - || ''*šɨr'' || '''egeer''' : '''egere-''' || *täŋkər || *ɬööŋkər || -
|-
| "behind"
| *möö- || *mɤŋē || mej- || Hi məŋge ~ Me '''möŋgö''' || K. ''mɨ-śt'' || mëg || CMs *män-t || - || -
| F *iwä > *üwä > *öö
|-
| "illness"
| *kitu- || - || - || - || ''*kɨž'' || - || - || ''*kečə'' || -
|-
| "prop"
| - || - ||style="color:red"| *ńežə- || - || K. ''mɨdž'' || - || E määs || ''*me₂č'' || -
| Fi. nyde better < *nüðə
|-
| "conifer branch"
| - || - || - || *lüjəš || ''*lɨs(k-)'' || - || - || style="color:red"| *leepəs || -
|-
| "to fly"
| - || - || - || - || K ''šɨlgɨ-'' || - || '''*tiɣl-''' || ''*ɬe₁ɣəL-'' || *tij-
| Or Ms *tiiɣl-? Pel. /tēl-/
|-
| "to bathe"
| - || - || - || - || ''*pɨlaś-'' || style="color:red"| '''*fürö-''' || *päɣl- || *pööɣəL- || -
| But cf. F. *külpe- (metathesis < *pülkə-??)
|-
| "rise (of water)"
| - || - || - || - || K. ''ɨt-va'' || - || - || *eepət- || -
|-
| "spark"
| *kipen-- || *kɤpɤ || - || - || K. ''*kɨń'' || - || - || - || -
| S "gunk, cover", semantics?? F also ''*küben''
|-
| "threshing ground"
| *riihi || - || - || - || U. '''inšɨr''' ~ K. ''rɨnɨš'' || - || - || - || -
| E. '''rehi'''. Gmc (''Riege'' etc) ← F.
|-
| "thick; big"
| - || - || *ečkɜ || - || K. ''*ɨdžɨt'' || - || - || - || -
| medials?
|-
| "all"
| - || - || - ||style="color:red"| *ćĭlä || ''*ćɨl-'' || - || - || - || -
|- style="background:#A0FFA0"
! colspan="10"| Samic *ī-ɤ
|-
| "to soften"
| - || *tīnɤ- || - || - || - || - || *tim- *tintəl- || *tentəL- || -
| StUE4
|-
| "coal"
| - || *čīnɤ || - || - || - || seen : sene- || - || - || -
| Or H. < *ćänä "tinder"
|-
| "smell"
| - || *cīvnɤ || *čijńɜ || - || - || - || - || - || -
| *čixə-nə?
|- style="background:#A0FFA0"
! colspan="10"| Std. PU *i_a (*i_ä) > similar except P ??
|-
| "eye"
| *silmä || *čɤlmē || *śeľmɜ || *s/šinzä || ''*śin(m-)'' || sëm || style="color:green"| *šäm || *seem || *səjmä
|-
| "father; big"
| *isä || *ɤčē || Mk. '''oćä''' || *ĭźa || - || öös || *äćə || - || style="color:red"| '''*äjsä'''
| Contam. of *äjjä + *iśä in Smy? Mk from ''oću'' "big" < *ićäw (cf. F. *isoi)?
|-
| "to appear"
| *itä- || style="color:red"| *ɤcé- || - || - || - || - || *ätər- || *eet- || *ətä-
| Cf. IE *ǵīd-
|-
| "(to) smell"
| - || ɤpsē- || Mk '''opəś''' || *üpš ||style="color:red"| K. isk- || ''iiz(e-)'' || *ät(ə)- || *eepəL || *əptə-
|-
| "to cover"
| *pint-eh || - || - || - || *'''pod''' || fëd- || *pänt- || *peent- || -
|-
| "deep; calm"
| *tüveni || *tɤvē || - || *tüɣə || - || - || *täwənt || *teeɣən || -
| F. *i > ü / _wä. Also: *süvä?
|-
| "knife"
| - || - || - ||style="color:red"| ''kü̆źə'' || - || keeš || *käšV || *kööčəɣ || -
|-
| "fir; pine"
| - || - || - ||style="color:red"| Hi tɤrke || - || - || *tärəɣ || N. teexər || -
| OU metathesis discrepancy. *tirKə-ka?!
|-
| "to hit"
| - || - || *keŕV- || *kĭre- || *köral- || - || Tv kär- || - || -
|-
| "sky"
| - || - || *meńəľ || - || - || mëńń || - || - || -
| *e_ə possible. H. *ńl > ńń
|-
| "crowd"
| - || *vɤlvē || *veľɜ || *-wəlä || - || - || - || - || -
|-
| "slanted"
| *vino || *vɤńē || Er veńaža || - || - || - || - || - || -
|-
| "trap"
| *rita || *rɤtē || - || style="color:red"| *lüðe || K. *ri || - || - || - || -
|-
| "to stick"
| *pistä- || *pɤstē- || - || Hi. '''pište-''' ~ Me. pɤšte- || - || - || - || - || -
| *pis-tä-, cf. "to stay"
|-
| "more, to add"
| *lisä || *lɤsē || *ľezɜ || - || - || - || - || - || -
|-
| "rowan"
| *pihlä || - || '''*piźəl''' ||style="color:red"| *pĭzlə || U. '''paledź''' ~ K. '''pelɨź''' || - || *päćər || ''*pećər'' || -
|-
| ""
| || || || || || || || ||
|- style="background:#A0FFA0"
! colspan="10"| Loans (NB Mo. *i-a > *ə-a > *∅-a!)
|-
| "place"
| *sija || *sɤjē || - || - || - || - || - || - || -
| ← Gmc *stīja-
|-
| ""
| *hiici || *sijtɤ || - || - || - || - || - || - || (Sk *tiitə)
| ← Gmc *sīdōn
|-
| "office, position"
| *virka || *vīrkē || - || - || - || - || - || - || -
| ← Gmc. *wirkja-; F. *virka "sign" ← B. *virge-. Nen. ẃārkā (< *wärkä) "to lasso" doesn't belong
|-
| "good"
| *hüvä || *sɤvē || - || - || - || - || - || - || -
| ← Ir *šiva. Mo ''*čiva'' independantly. MaPH ''šuŋɜ'' "healthy" = different
|-
| "belt"
| *hihna || - || *kšna || *šü̆štə || - || - || - || - || -
| ← B. *šikšna
|-
| "wax"
| - || - || *kšta || *šištə || U śuś ~ K śiś || - || - || - || -
| ← II
|-
| "sand"
| *liiva || - || - || - || U. luo ~ K. lɨva || - || - ||style="color:green"| *ɭowi || -
| B ^ F → P → Kh
|- style="background:#A0FFA0"
! colspan="10"| Samic *ī_ē
|-
| "breast"
| *nisä || *ńīńčē || || || || || || || *ńimsä-
| *ńimə-śä? S. *i > *ī also before palatals? (not in *mińa)
|-
| "inside; breast"
| *sisä- || *čīńčē || style="color:red"| *seźəm || *ćĭźə || - || sü(ü)ɟ; čëč || N śiś || E ťuťi || *sünsə
| Cf. the previous
|-
| "little bird"
| - || *cīcē- || - || - || K. džɨdž || - || - || *čii₂nč || *sinsä-
| Onomatopoetic?
|-
| "to let go"
| - || *tīptē- || tuvto- || - || - || - || - || - || -
| cf. *tejə ??
|-
| "sno, frost"
| - || *rīnē || - || *rün || - || - || - || - || -
|-
| "grandmother"
| - || *īmē || - || - || - || - || - || *ii₁mə || #imä
|-
| "frost"
| - || *pīcē || - ||style="color:red"| '''*pöršə''' || '''*puuž''' || - || - || '''*paačəm''' || -
| Most better *pëčə
|-
| "to run, jump"
| - || - || - || - || - || üüz- || *it(ɣəl-) || *ii₁t- || -
|-
| ""
| || || || || || || || ||
|-
| ""
| || || || || || || || ||
|- style="background:#A0FFA0"
! colspan="10"| Permic ''e'' ~ ''o''
|-
| "daughter-in-law"
| *miniä || *mɤńē || - || - || U. -meń ~ K. mooń || mëń || *mäńə || *meeń || '''*mäńä'''
|-
| "to rut"
| ''*kej-ma, *kii-ma'' || *kīkɤ- || - || - || U. kemdžɨ- ~ K. koj || ''kej-, höö'' || *käj- || *kööj- || -
| *kixə ? S. *kēj-mē- ← F.
|-
| "to rip"
| *kisko- || *kɤškō- || Er. '''śkiŕa-''' ~ Mk. '''kəśkəŕa-''' || - || U. keś- ~ K. koś- || ''kiišaal-'' || E '''*küštəl-''' || '''*kös-''' || -
| OU *ü? H. also ''köszvény'' "gout". Cf. [[Proto-Uralic/new|*kïčkə-]]
|- style="background:#A0FFA0"
! colspan="10"| TBS: FP only
|-
| "to tear"
| *riicu- || *rīččō- || - || - || *reź- || - || - || - || -
|-
| "fang"
| - || *čɤlā- ||style="color:red"| ćilä || - || - || - || - || - || -
|-
| "yarn"
| - || - || - || *šü̆rtə || '''*šort''' || - || - || - || -
| Or *ü
|-
| "sweet"
| *imelä || N amiidi || - || - || '''*juumol''' || - || - || - || -
| F better ← "to suck"
|-
| "slanted"
| ''*vita'' || - || vaša- || Hi. wočɤk ~ Me. wažɤk || U '''vož''' ~ K *veež || - || - || - || -
| P. "intersection"
|-
| "to press"
| *liccat- || - || - || *ləźərte- ~ "JU" lazerte- || K. ľićkɨ- || - || - || - || -
|-
| "scoop; board"
| *lippVj || - || Er. ľipuža ~ Mk. ľebža || - || - || - || - || - || -
|- style="background:#A0FFA0"
! colspan="10"| TBS: East only
|-
| "fire"
| - || - || - || - || - || tüüz : tüze- || *tääwət || *töɣət || -
| ? *tiwätə, or *ü with SMs irregular?
|-
| "quiver"
| - || - || - || - || - ||style="color:red"| tëgëz || *täwət || '''*tii₁ɣət''' || -
| Possibly *-ŋ-.
|-
| "doe; mother"
| - || - || - || - || - || üsöö || - || *ees || -
|-
| "to shine"
| - || - || - || - || - || šüt- || šit- || - || -
| better *čekt-?
|- style="background:#A0FFA0"
! colspan="10"| TBS: rest
|-
| "son-in-law"
| '''*vävvü''' || '''*vīvɤ''' || ''ov'' || Hi. wiŋgə ~ Me. '''weŋə''' || - || vöö || - || *wööŋ || *wi²ŋə
| Analogy in F from *kälü "daughter-in-law", loaned to S before that? Smy *we-?
|-
| "knee ~ elbow"
| - || - || - || - || *pidźəs || - || *päs || - || -
|-
| "to tear"
| - || *ńɤckē- || - || - || K. ńečkɨ- || ńeš- || - || E ''ńeć-'' ||
|-
| ""
| || || || || || || || ||
|-
| "dark"
| *pimeðä || - || - || - || *peľmɨt || - || - || - || *pəjmətä
| *-d₂m- ? cf. Smy. #pij "dark"
|-
| "to unhair"
| - || *nɤvē- || ńeveľe/ila- || - || - || - || ''nä/oɣt-'' || style="color:green"| '''*ɳaaw-''' || '''*nïŋkə-'''
| F. nivo- ← S.
|-
| "to sho"
| Es. viisA- || - || - || - || U. vodź- ~ K. vidź- || viɟaaz- || - || - || -
| Cf. Gmc?
|-
| "narro"
| - || - || ťäj- || - || - || - || - || - || #täj-
| Better *ä
|-
| "decking"
| - || - || - || - || K. tis(k)a || - || - || - || *tät
| better *täskə?
|-
| "grave"
| - || - || - || *šüɣer || - || style="color:red"| ''šee/iir(o-)'', †seyr || - || - || -
|-
| "to run; to hurry"
| - || - || Er. čije- || - || - || style="color:red"| šiet- || *ćiɣ 'time' || - || -
| source for Ms?? Better *e-ä
|-
| "sleigh belt"
| - || *čɤnɤ || - || - || - || - || - || - || Ne. śān
| ← IE?
|-
| "sap"
| - || - || - || - || *li || - || - || - || Kam. "lêji"
|-
| "to moov"
| *liikku- || - || - || - || - || - || *luk-, *läkʷ- || style="color:red"| *ɬok- || *ləkə-
|-
| "peg"
| - || *cɤŋkē || - || - || *čög || čegeľ || - || - || -
| Or S ~ *tüŋkä
|-
| "gums"
| *igen || - || - || - || *aŋ || iiń(e-) || - || - || -
| Better *jEkəń(ə); add OUg
|-
| "evening"
| *ilta || - || Mk. iľä || - || - || - || - || W *iiLaaj || -
| better *je-?
|-
| "son"
| - || - || - || *iɣə || - || - || - || N. jiix (!) || Sk. ii
|-
| "whole"
| - || - || - || *ćĭlä || *ćɨl || - || - || - || -
| better *ü?
|-
| "this / that / it"
| *se : *sii- || - || *śä "this" *śijä "there" || '''*seðe''' || - || - || - || *ćii₁ || style="color:red"| '''*kä(tɜ)'''
|-
| "I"
| *minä : *minu-|| '''*mon''' || '''*mon''' || *mĭńə₂ || *mön || (een : engëm) || (*äm) || *mää(n) || *mə̈n
|-
| ""
| || || || || || || || ||
|}

Proto-Uralic/E

2018-03-03T14:07:27Z

Tropylium: /* Std. PU *e_ə */ cleanup

==Std. PU *e_ə==

Finnic ''*e_i'', Permic ''*oo'', Khanty ''*e''
{| cellpadding="0"|
|- style="background:#FFA0A0"
! Lexeme !! [[Finnish|Finnic]] !! [[Proto-Samic|Samic]] !! [[Mordvinic|Mordv.]] !! [[Mari]] !! [[Permic]] !! [[Hungarian|Hung.]] !! [[Mansi]] !! [[Khanty]] !! [[Proto-Samoyedic|Samoy.]]
! Comments
|- style="background:#A0FFA0"
! colspan="10" | *ê_ə (S. ''*ɤ_ɤ'', Mo. ''*e'', Ms. ''*i'', Smy ''*e'' → Ng. /ɨ/, ''*i'' elsewhere)
| Old cases mostly open syllables
|-
| "to fear"
| *pel-kä- || *pɤlɤ- || *peĺə- || - || *pool- || fee/iil- || *pil- || *peL- || *pej-
|-
| "blood"
| *veri || *vɤrɤ || *veŕ || ''*wü̆r'' || '''*vir''' || veer || *wiɣər || *wer || -
|-
| "water"
| *veci || - || *veď || ''*wü̆t'' || *voo || '''viiz''' ~ '''vize-''' || *wit || - || *wet
| ← IE?!
|-
| "to go"
| *mene- || *mɤnɤ- || - || style="color:red"| '''*mije-''' || ''*munɨ-'' || ''mën-'' || *min- || *men- || *men-
| Ma. cf. Kar. '''mäne-'''
|-
| "to do"
| *teke- || *tɤkɤ- || Er. ťeje- || - || - || ''tëv-'' || *tij- || *tej- || -
| ← IE. Mk. '''ťijə-'''. Source for OU??
|-
| "lip"
| - || ''*pɤŋsɤm'' || - || - || - || - || CMs *piťem || *peLem || '''*päptän'''
| -ms- ?
|-
| "to take"
| *vee- || ''*vīkɤ-'' || ''*vijə-'' || - || '''*vajɨ-''' || vë-, '''vi-''' || *wiɣ-/'''*wäj-''' || *we- || '''*ü-'''
| *ex > *ix in S/Mo?? H "take"/""carry"
|-
| "night"
| '''*öö''' || ''*ījɤ'' || ''*vej'' || - || *ooj || ee/iij || *jiɣ || *jej || -
| *ewjə, > FMo *üjə? Cf. *kowsə > Ms *kaɣt; *jäwjə > Kh *jeej
|-
| "owl"
| style="color:red"| '''*hüüp-''' || *ɤpɤkē || - || - || - || - || *jipəɣ || *jepəɣ || -
| Onomatopoetics in F.? Compatible with WU *je → *ji
|-
| "warm"
| E. eh'''a''' || NS '''áccagas''' || *ežə- || - || - || - || *iš- || - || -
|-
| "bee"
| *mehi- || - || *mekš || '''*mükš''' || *mooš || meex || - || - || -
| ← preII
|-
| "honey"
| *meci || - || meď || ''*müj'' || *moo || meez || - || - || -
| ← preII. Ma. cf. Kh. *määɣ
|-
| "skin"
| *keri || *kɤrɤ || keŕ || ''*kü̆r'' || *koor || kee/iirëg || '''*keer''' || '''*käär''' || -
| ObU *kEr. Cf. IE *(s)ker-
|-
| "skin"
| *keci || *kɤtɤ || keď || - || - || - || - || - || *ket
| Cf. prev; also *käðʲə → P. *kiĺ, Ms. *kääĺən
|-
| "to must"
| - || *kɤlkɤ- || keĺge- || Me. küle- ~ Hi. '''kele-''' || *kool- || kell- || - || - || -
| Cf. IE. Check if not *i?
|-
| "to shake"
| - || - || - || style="color:red"| ''*rü̆ze-'' || U '''dźećɨra-''' || rësk || *risɣ- ~ N '''rasɣ-''' || *reńć- || -
| better *e-ä?
|-
| "young tree, twig"
| - || - || - || '''*nörɣə''' || '''*ńɤr''' || ''ńiir'' || *ńir || *nér || -
| Smy. #nËrkə "willow" may not belong - or is this *ë?
|-
| "exchange"
| *vero || - || veŕe-nc || '''*werć-''' || U. vur || - || - || '''*weer''' || -
|-
| "run; go"
| - || ''*vēkɤ-'' || - || - || *vooɨ- || - || - || - || -
| *wexə-
|-
| "handle"
| - || *nɤvtɤ || - || - || ''*nud'' || - || - || - || -
| *-ŋt-. Check if not *i
|-
| "middle"
| *keski || *kɤskɤ || keska || - || *koos || - || - || - || -
|-
| "throat"
| NF *kero ~ EVo *kõri || *kɤrɤs || - || - || *goor || - || - || - || -
| Cf. Ir. *gara "throat"; Toch kor < *gʷerw-
|-
| "elder"
| - || - || *čev-- || - || U. šu ~ K. žo || - || - || - || - || -
|-
| "to wash"
| *pese- || *pɤsɤ- || pezo- || - || - || - || - || - || -
| ← IE
|-
| "to stretch"
| *venü- || *vɤnɤ- || veńeme- || - || - || - || - || - || ''*wenä'' "rope"
|-
| "boat"
| *veneh || *vɤnɤs || veńeš || - || - || - || - || - || -
| cf. "to stretch"
|-
| "to be in time"
| *ehti- || *ɤstɤ- || - || *ĭšte- || K. '''eštɨ-''' || - || - || - || -
| K. ← F?
|-
| "leaf"
| *lehti || *lɤstɤ || - || *lĭštäš || - || - || - || - || -
| ← IE
|-
| "work"
| *töö || - || ťev || - || - || - || - || - || -
| *tewə; cf. *tekə-
|-
| "lime, bast"
| *lehmus || - || ĺevos || - || - || - || - || - || -
|-
| "dove"
| F metti-- ~ E meikas || - || *mečə || - || - || - || - || - || -
|-
| "pestle"
| *petkel || - || peťkeĺ || - || - || - || - || - || -
|-
| "feather"
| *hewhen || *sɤvsɤm || - || - || - || - || - || - || -
| NB difthong! Newer loan? -n ~ -m doesn't match
|-
| "to tear"
| *repe- || *rɤpɤ- || - || - || - || - || - || - || -
|-
| "next"
| *enti || *ɤvtɤ || - || - || - || - || - || - || -
| *-ŋt-
|-
| "berry"
| - || - || - || - || *mooĺɨ || mëɟɟ || - || *-məĹ || -
| preP → Ma *mooðə?
|- style="background:#A0FFA0"
! colspan="10" | *e_ə (S. ''*ē_ɤ'', Mo. ''*i'', Smy. ''*i'' (some from *ä?)
| all old cases long or difthongal?
|-
| "to cook"
| - || - || *pijə- || - || K. pu- || (föö-) || '''*pääj-''' || - || *pi-
| *pexə-; cf. *pEsa- !
|-
| "matter"
| - || *sējɤ || sij || *šü || *śiś || ''eev'' || style="color:red"| ''*säj'' || *ɬöj || *tiəj
|-
| "to sell"
| ''*möö-'' || *mēkɤ- || *mijə- || - || (*med) || - || *miɣ- || *me- || *mi-
| *mexə. P. "loan" may be ← II *mīžda
|-
| "to boil"
| *kee-, *kei- || *kī- || - || *küa- || - || köve- || - || - || -

|-
| "meat"
| - || - || *sivəĺ || ''*šĭl'' || *siĺ || - || - || - || -
| *sewə-lɜ?
|-
| "round"
| *kehkerä || - || style="color:red"| *kičkərə || ''*kĭškär'' || - || - || - || - ||
|compound *keččä-kerä??
|-
| "brother"
| *velji || *vēljɤ || - || - || - || - || - || - || -
| Short! ← IE?
|-
| "clear"
| *selke- || *čēlkɤ || - || - || - || - || - || - || -
| Liv. sieldɤ. Cf. F. *selvä "ibid."
|-
| ""
| || || || || || || || ||
|- style="background:#A0FFA0"
! colspan="10" | *E_ə (as per *e_ə but Ms *ee, Kh *ii)
| generally coda glides, but note *Eði, *kEri
|-
| "mushroom"
| *seeni || '''*čānā''' || - || *šeen || U. śeńki|| - || style="color:green"| *šeenəɣ || '''*säänəɣ''' || -
| *śE(x)nə? Maybe better *ä? H. seen ~ sene- "coal, fire"
|-
| "to eat"
| ''*söö-'' || - || ''*śevə-'' || - || ''*śooj'' || ëv- || *tee-, '''*tääj-''' || *ɬii₂- || ''*ti-mä''
| Smy. "tooth". U. *oo₂ → i between palatals? Sibilant & medial mismatch!
|-
| "soul, breath, steam"
| *lewlü || *lēvlɤ || - || - || *lool || lee/iilëk ~ lëlk- || '''#li/el''' || *ɬii₁L || -
| Wrt. S, cf. difthong
|-
| "soul"
| ''*iccek'' || ''*jēčɤ'' || *eś || *ĭške || K '''aćim''' || iis || '''*jis''' || *ii₁s || -
| *jEćə, F. *je → *i? Kh *je → *ii??
|-
| "night"
| - || - || - || '''*jü̆t''' || - || - || *(j)eet || '''*äät''', *ii₂tən || S #(ń)ütə
| Kh *ii₂ / #_ ? Cf. F. *ilta?!
|-
| "front"
| *eti || - || - || - || - || elöö || *eel || *ii₂L || ''*e/ir-''
| Kh *ii₂ / #_ ? Smy. "row"
|-
| "rope"
| - || - || ''*piks'' || - || - || fiu || - || *pii₁ɣəL || -
|-
| "smoke; fog"
| - || - || - || - || '''*čɨŋ''' || - ||style="color:green"| *šeeŋkʷ- || - ||
| Kh *čii₁ɣ "fog" rather ~ S *cēkɤ (StUE4)
|-
| "(to) swear"
| *irvɜ- || *ɤrvɤ- "be happy" || - || - || *joo₂r-- || ''öröm'' 'joy' || *jeer- || - || -
| *jerwɜ-, F.& S. *je- → *(j)i-
|-
| "edge"
| - || - || - || - || - || see/iil || *seel || *sii₁L || -
|-
| "short; to cut"
| - || - || - || - || - || rövid || - || Trj riiɣ- || -
|}

==Std. PU *e_ä==
Finnic *e_ä, Samic *ea_ē, Mordvinic *i_ɜ, Permic *oo, Samoyedic *e (not **i!)
{| cellpadding="0"|
|- style="background:#FFA0A0"
! Lexeme !! [[Finnish|Finnic]] !! [[Proto-Samic|Samic]] !! [[Mordvinic|Mordv.]] !! [[Mari]] !! [[Permic]] !! [[Hungarian|Hung.]] !! [[Mansi]] !! [[Khanty]] !! [[Proto-Samoyedic|Samoy.]]
! Comments
|- style="background:#A0FFA0"
! colspan="10" | *e_ä type 1: Ms *ä, Kh *e/*öɣ (in PMs CVCV stems?)
|-
| "ear"
| - || *pealjē || *piľə || ''*pĭləš'' || '''*peľ''' || '''fül''' || *päľ || *peL || -
|-
| "uncle"
| style="color:red"| *setä || style="color:red"| *čeacē || Er. čiče || ''*čü̆čə'' || *čoož || - || CMs *šäša || - || *čečä
| Sibilant assimilation east of F/S? K. also ćož
|-
| "knife"
| - || - || - || ''*kü̆źə'' || - || keeš || CMs *käšäj || '''*kööčəɣ''' || -
| or *kičɜ with H irreg.
|-
| "hook"
| - || SS ńieccie || - || - || - || - || *ńäš(ə?) || N *ńešə || -
| *ńeččä
|- style="background:#A0FFA0"
! colspan="10" | *e_ä type 2: similar except Ms *i (in PMs CVC stems?)
| more common than "regular" *ê_ä
|-
| "ring"
| *kehä || '''*kēsɤ''' || style="color:red"| ('''či''') || '''*keče''' || '''*kɨč''' || style="color:red"| keeɟ || Tv '''küš''' ~ CMs *kiš || *köč ||
| *keččä. S, Ma *ä? Mo. "sun" may not belong
|-
| "neck"
| *sepä || *čeapē || *śivɜ || ''*šüj'' || '''*śil''' || - || style="color:green"| CMs *šip || '''*sääpəL''' || -
| Ma. *-epV > *-ĭw > *-ü ??
|-
| "nest"
| *pesä || *peasē || *pizə || ''*pĭžäš'' || *pooz ||style="color:red"| fee/iisek || *pit || *peL || *petä
|-
| "catfish, burbot"
| '''*säkä''' || - || *śijɜ || ''*ši'' || - || - || style="color:green"| *šiɣ || *seɣ || -
| Ma. CV ⇒ *i
|-
| "to serch"
| - || - || - || ''*kĭčälä-'' || *kooč-k/j- || ? ''kereš-'' || *kinš- || *kenč- || -
| MaP *keččə- ~ OU *kenčə-?
|- style="background:#A0FFA0"
! colspan="10" | indistinct between *e₁_ä and *e₂_ä
|-
| "4"
| *neljä || *nealjē || *ńiľɜ || ''*nĭl'' || *ńooľ || nee/iiɟ || ''*ńilə'' ~ ''*n/ńäl-'' || *ńeLää || -
| Ms *ä in n/ńälmən "40" (*nelə-jä vs. *nelə-mon "40"?)
|-
| "to liv"
| *elä- || *ealē- || - || '''*ĭle-''' || *ool- || eel- || ''*jäl-'' || *jeL- || *elä-
| OUg both "visit", "recover". Ms > *i- > *jä-? Mo. '''*era-'''?
|-
| "big, uncle"
| *enä || *eanē || *ińɜ || - || '''*uuna''' || - || ''*jänəɣ'' || *enə || *enä
| Ms > *i > *jä-?
|-
| "uncle; father"
| - || *eakē || - || - || - || - || ''*jäɣ'' CMs *äki || *jeɣ '''*ii₁kii''' || En ďiśi < *ekä
| StUE4. Ms > *i- > *jä-? Ne. ''ńeekka''?
|-
| "pine"
| *petäkä || *peacē || *pičə || style="color:red"| ''*pü̆nće'' || *poožɨm || - || - || - || *petä (> Ng.)
|-
| "to beg"
| *kerjät- || - || - || - || *koor- || keer- || - || - || -
| ~ F. *kerät- "to collect"
|-
| "skillful"
| *seppä || *čeappē || - || - || - || seep || - || - || -
|-
| "dog"
| *penVj || ''*peanɤk'' || *pińə || ''*pij'' ~ '''*pŭni''' || *poon(ɨ) || (fene) || - || - || -
| Ma. *ɪ/əj > *ij? H. "wild" may not belong
|-
| "ring"
| *keccV || - || - || - || - || - || - || *kösə || -
| Cf. *kecrä
|-
| "brook"
| - || - || - || - || *šoo₁r || eer || - || - || -
|-
| "to get free"
| - || *meanō- || '''mäńe-''' || || K. '''mɨn-''' || ''ment-'' || - || - || Ne. mina-
| *mänə-w-? Also cf. *menə-

|-
| "a fish"
| *keso || L. kääčuk || - || - || K. '''gɨć''' || keseg || '''*kääsəŋ''' || '''*kosə''' || -
| or F. < ''kesä''
|-
| "white"
| - || *čeaskātɤ- *čeaskɤtē || - || - || K. ćoćkɤm || - || - || - || -
| *sk ~ *ćk?
|-
| "to scrape"
| - || *neaskē- || - || ''*nü̆žä-'' || - || - || - || - || -
|-
| ""
| || || || || || || || ||
|-
| ""
| || || || || || || || ||
|- style="background:#A0FFA0"
! colspan="10" | *ê_a & such (FSM per ''*ü'', Ma. ''*ü''?, Ms ''*i''; see also [[Proto-Uralic/Ü|*ü_a]])
|-
| "heart"
| *sütäm || *čɤðēm || *śeďəŋ || *šüm || U. śulem ~ K. śɤlɤm || siiv(e-) || style="color:green"| *šim || *sem || '''*säjə'''
| perhaps *śewd₁äm?
|-
| "brother-in-law"
| *kütü || - || - || - || - || - || CMs *kil || '''*küüLi ?''' || -
| or ~ *kälü?
|-
| "to plow"
| *küntä- || - || - || *künče- || - || - || - || - || -
| F. could be a later derivation from *künčə
|-
| "tail"
| '''*häntä''' || S. câcka ~ P. '''ciskes''' || - || - || - || - || *šiš || *čenč ~ V. '''čönč''' || -

|-
| ""
| || || || || || || || ||
|-
| ""
| || || || || || || || ||
|-
| ""
| || || || || || || || ||
|-
| ""
| || || || || || || || ||
|-
| ""
| || || || || || || || ||
|-
| ""
| || || || || || || || ||
|-
| ""
| || || || || || || || ||
|- style="background:#A0FFA0"
! colspan="10" | *E_a (Ms. ''*ee'', Kh. ''*ää'')
|-
| "to hit"
| *peksä- || - || *piksə- || - || '''*pös-''' || - || - || *pääɣəL- || *petV-
| 2ndary length in Fi. ''pieksä-''
|-
| "2"
| (''*kakti'') || (''*kōktē'') || (''kavta'') || (''kok'') || '''*kɨkt''' || keet || ''*kit'' || *käät || *ketä
| Ms. *i before a cluster? Kh also '''*kii₁tənti''' "both". FV *kakta
|-
| "price"
| - || - || - || - || *doon || - || CMs ''*tin'' || *tään, '''*tii₁n''' || -
| (no evidence for a cluster)
|-
| "duck"
| - || - || - || - || *goordaa || - || *kirtəɣ || N. kaartaŋ || -
| Ms. *i before a cluster?
|-
| "to dodge"
| - || '''*kɤrvē-''' || - || - || - || kerül- || E ker ~ N ''kir-'' || *käärəɣ- || -
|
|-
| "to cook"
| - || '''*pɤsē-''' || - || - || *pɤɤž- || - || *peet- || *pääL- || -
| P also cf. F paah-ta- / OU *ponča-? Cf. *pexi-
|-
| "to separate"
| - || *peacē- (S only) || - || - || - || fesl- || *peešt- || V pääčii- ~ Vj '''pečää--''' ||
|-
| "(to) thin"
| - || *keancē || - || - || - || keškëń || - || *käänć- || -
| Ms. *kAAnś- ← Kh.
|-
| "to miss"
| - || *meantē- || - || - || - || - || - || Vj. '''miintəɣtə-''' || -
| Or *men-tä-?? Cf. F. mene-ttä-
|-
| "to bind"
| - || - || - || - || - || ńeek- || *neeɣ- || "Kr" ''neewəj-'' || -
| Cf. Mong. *neke- "to weave"?
|-
| "room"
| - || - || - || - || - || teer (tere-) || - || E. täär, '''tiir''' || -
|- style="background:#A0FFA0"
! colspan="10" | similar except Kh. *(j)ii₂- (initially?)
|-
| "weather"
| ''*ilma'' || ''*ɤlmē'' || - || - || U. '''in''' ~ K. jen || - || *jeeləm || ''*(j)ii₂Ləm'' || -
| FS *je > *(j)i?
|-
| "to press"
| - || - || *ičə- "knead" || *jĭše- || '''*ɨčkɨ-''' || - || - || W ''*iiš-'' || -
|-
| "to carve"
| - || - || *inzəďə- || - || - || - || *jeen(s)- || ''*(j)ii₂nL-'' || -
|-
| "clear day"
| - || *jealɤkkɤs || - || - || - || - || - || E ''*jiiL'' || '''*jälä'''
|-
| "(to) love"
| - || *eaccē- || - || - || - || - || - || ''*(j)ii₂čəɣ'' || -
|- style="background:#A0FFA0"
! colspan="10" | IE loans etc.
|-
| "year"
| ''*ikä'' "age" || ''*jɤkē'' || *ij(ə) || *i || - || style="color:brown"| eev || - || - || -
| ← IE *jegʷaa, FS *je > *ji? PreH *ewə rather than *eɣə? S *ɤkē "age" ← F.
|-
| "fox"
| *repä || *rēp- || Er. ŕiveś || ''*rĭwəž'' || '''*ruć(i)''' || '''ravas''' || || ||
| ← II, Ma. thru Hu. separately?
|-
| "blade, edge"
| *terä || *tearē || - || ''*tü̆r'' ||style="color:green"| *door || '''töör''' || - || - || -
| Cf. II *dʰārā. Also Ud. '''ter''' ~ '''tir''' "ax"
|-
| "tip"
| '''*kasa''' || *keačē || || || - || style="color:red"| hëɟ || - || - || -
| ← IE *h₂aḱ-. Probably *a, S. > *ea / _Ć? Distinct from F. "pile" (← Gmc)
|-
| "to be born"
| *süntü- || - || - || - || K. sod- || †edl- || - || - || -
| ← preIr *dzen- + *tä-
|-
| "side, rib"
| - || style="color:red"| *earttē || *irdɜ || '''*örðəž''' || style="color:green"| *oord- || - || - || - || -
| ← II *erdʰa-
|-
| "summer"
| *kesä || *keasē || *kizə || - || - || - || - || - || -
| ← IE *h₁es-en/r-?
|-
| "human"
| *inhimi- || - || *inžə(j) || - || - || - || - || - || -
| ← IE *ǵnh₁-V-, with *je > F. ji?
|-
| "alder"
| *leppä || *leapē || '''*ľepɜ''' || - || - || - || - || - || -
| ← B; Mo. separately
|-
| "times"
| *'''kërta''' || *keartē || *kird'''a''' || Hi. -kerðə || || || || ||
| ← B. *kertā / II *kṛt-, later than Mo. -a > -ə?
|-
| "all, whole"
| - || - || *veśəj || - || '''*vååć''' || †ösve || - || - || '''#wAnsA'''
| at least Mo Hu ← II *wićwa-. U. also viś, vɨć
|-
| "man"
| - || - || *mirďɜ || - || *moort || - || - || - || -
| ← II *mṛt-
|-
| "ring"
| *kecrä || *kearsē || style="color:red"| Er. *ščeŕe ~ Mk. kšťiŕ || - || - || - || - || - || -
| ← preII *kētstra?
|-
| "corn"
| ''*jüvä'' || - || '''juv''' || - || U. ju ~ K. jɨki || - || - || - || -
| ← IE *jewa/*jowa (Avestan ''yava'' etc.), F *je > *ji?
|-
| "grouse"
| *tetri || - || - || - || *tooɜr || - || - || - || -
| ← B. *tetVrV
|-
| "far; woods"
| *meccä || *meaččē || - || - || - || (''messe'') || - || - || -
| ← B *medja-, H perhaps unrelated
|-
| "ghost"
| - || style="color:red"| ''*šeartɤ'' || - || *šĭrt || U. šurd- || ördög || - || - || -
| ~ Russian ''čert'', Iranian?
|-
| "chin"
| - || - || - || - || '''*aŋ''' || - || *eeɣən, Ko. '''iɣən''' || *ääɣəɳ || '''*aŋå'''
| ← Turk. *ēŋ, Smy via Oghur? (Chuv: ana). OU #eeɣän better ~ *jekən(ə)
|- style="background:#A0FFA0"
! colspan="10" | Substrate loans? (Mari ''*i''; note phonotax)
|-
| "wheat"
| *vehnä || - || *viš(ɜ) ||style="color:red"| *wiśte || - || - || - || - || -
|-
| "cow; horse"
| *lehmä || - || *ľišmə || - || - || - || - || - || -
|-
| "rope"
| - || *reašmē || *ŕiśmə || - || - || - || - || - || -
| Cf. II *raćmV; B. *rišima "thred" (→ F. *rihma)
|- style="background:#A0FFA0"
! colspan="10" | TBS 1: Widespread
|-
| "us"
| *mek || || || || || || || ||
|-
| "you"
| *tek || #tīj || *ťiń || '''*tää''' || '''*ti''' || ti || - || - || '''#täŋ'''
|-
| "bundle; to plait"
| *kerä || - || *kiŕɜ || - || - || - || *keer- || *kiir- ||
| OU swapped with *kärə- 'to wrap'.
|-
| "to prick"
| - || *peaðē- || style="color:red"| *päľə- || - || - || - || *peel- || *peeL- || -
| No regularity really. E/ä? l/ð?
|- style="background:#A0FFA0"
! colspan="10" | TBS 2: FP/West only
|-
| "oar"
| '''*mëla''' || *mealē || *miľə || - || K. '''maľ'''? || - || - || - || -
| Looks newer per F. -a
|-
| "back"
| *selkä ~ '''*sälkä''' || '''*čēlkē''' || - || '''*šĭle''' || - || - || - || - || -
| …*säälkä ??
|-
| "spring, summer"
| *kevät || - || - || '''*keŋəž''' ||style="color:brown"| *goož(em) || - || - || - || -
| P. metathesis or *ŋ-loss? Or ~ Kh *kaač "warm"
|-
| "dust; ash"
| F. pelmV- || - || - || - || U. peńm- ~ K. pɤjim || - || - || - || -
| F → P? NB *ľ
|-
| "bare; good; clean"
| F. pelkkä || - || - || '''*pelkə''' || K. '''peľk''' || - || - || - || -
| Semantics bad. NB *ľ
|-
| "road"
| *tee || - || - || - || K '''tuj''', Jz '''tʉj''' || - || - || - || -
|-
| "ear of grain"
| '''*tähkä''' || - ||style="color:red"| *ťikšɜ || *tü̆ška || *too₂šk "beard" || - || - || - || -
|-
| "to feed"
| - || - || *ťiŕ'''a'''- || - || K. '''tɤrśɨ-''' || - || - || - || -
|-
| "drape"
| '''*vërho''' || - || '''#orčta''' || - || - || - || - || - || -
|- style="background:#A0FFA0"
! colspan="10" | TBS 3: East only
|-
| "to narro"
| - || - || - || - || - || mere- || CMs *mär- || *mer- || -
| Check Kh, O /ä/
|-
| "to darken"
| - || - || - || - || - || šetët || *šät-- || W četimə- ||
|-
| "to sink"
| - || - || - || - || - || †šeped- ||style="color:green"| šeep- || - || -
|-
| "root"
| - || - || - || - || - || ɟökeer || T jükäär ~ *jeekʷar || - || -
| better *ü??
|-
| "kidney; penis" (?!)
| - || - || - || - || - || veše || *wäćəɣ || - || -
| bad; medial mismatch
|-
| "limb"
| - || - || - || - || - || iiz || - || *jöt || -
| alt etym for H: *jäsə-
|-
| "(to) work"
| - || - || - || - || - || müü(ve-) || - || - || *mäj-
|-
| "face"
| - || - || - || - || - || - || - || *weenč || Sk. wandV
|- style="background:#A0FFA0"
! colspan="10" | TBS 4: Ma~P, P~H
|-
| "color; dawn"
| - || - || - || *rü̆m(b)älɣə || *romɨt || - || - || - || -
|-
| "good"
| - || - || - || Hi. rəž || U. dźeć || - || - || - || -
| perhaps *riććä?
|-
| "moss"
| - || - || - || '''*reɣeńćə''' || *roojɨ || - || - || - || -
|-
| "alder"
| - || - || - || *lööl || *lool || - || - || - || -
|-
| "to measure"
| - || - || - || - || U mertal- ~ K *moortal- || mee/iir- || - || - || -
|-
| "thick; more"
| - || - || - || - || *too₁p(ɨt) ||style="color:red"| '''több''' || - || - || -
| H. haplology *töpöbb > több?
|- style="background:#A0FFA0"
! colspan="10" | TBS 5
|-
| "light"
| *kep-edä || *keappē || - || - || U. '''kapći''' || keveeš || - || - || '''*käjpɜ'''
|-
| "warm"
| - || - || - || - || *rög || reeg, rög || *riɣ ~ N reeɣ || *reɣ || -
| *-ŋ- ~ *-ɣ-?
|-
| "grey"
| - || - || - || - ||style="color:green"| '''*dźåår''' || sir, sürke || CMs *šir || - || -
| Cf. Mong. *sira "yellow"?!
|-
| "wet"
| - || - || - || - || ''*uuľ'' || - || CMs *iľ || - || -
| Ma. iľe ← U. Or Ms other (cf. StarLing)
|-
| ""
| || || || || || || || ||
|-
| "perch"
| - || - || - || - || *joo(kɨ)š || - || - || *jööɣ || Ne. ńiix-
|-
| "to dance"
| - || - || - || - || U ektɨ- ~ K jɤktɨ- || - || style="color:red"| *jeekʷ- || '''*jœœk-''' || -
|-
| "to err"
| - || - || - || - || - || teeved- || CMs *tip- || *tep- || -
|-
| "deer"
| F. teva || - || - || - || - || teheen || - || - || #täə
|-
| "full, to fill"
| - || - || - || '''*temə''', '''*teme-''', '''*tema-''' || - || †tëm, temet- || - || - || -
|-
| "to stick in"
| NF *työ-ntä- || - || - || - ||style="color:brown"| *too₂j- || töv-- || '''*täɣ-''' ||style="color:red"| *töökən- || -
| Medials messy, F. cf. "work"
|-
| "breath; heat"
| *heŋki || - || - || - || - || - || - || *čeŋk || -
| Ms '''#sääNk''' "hot weather" doesn't fit, U. '''džog''' < *r-.
|-
| "to run; to hurry"
| - || - || Er. čije- || - || - || šiet- || - || - || -
|-
| "to refine; flour"
| *lese- || - || - || - || - || list || - || - || -
|-
| "to sow"
| - || - || *viďə- || *wüðe- || - || ve(e)t- || - || - || -
|-
| "grouse"
| *mecco, '''*mëttVs''' || T. piecce || - || - || - || - || *mänšəm || - || -
| Bad. F better ← *meccä 'forest'
|-
| "we"
| *me(k) || *mī || *miń || *me || *mi || mi || *mäŋ du. meeN || meŋ du. miin || '''*mä-'''
|-
| "to tear"
| *repi- || *rɤpɤ- || - || - || - || *reped- || *reep- || - || -
| *p / *pp?
|-
| "to flap"
| *räppä- || - || - || - || - || *rëpít-/ül- || *reep- "shake" || Vj reepää- ~ N raaw- "blink" || -
|-
| "to glue"
| - || - || - || - || - || '''ragad-''' || - || '''*rööŋk-''' || -
| better *ä or smth
|-
| "to step; wade"
| - || - || - || - || - || '''ruug-''' || - || '''*röŋkää-''' || -
|-
| "to be"
| *lee- || *lea- || (*ľävks "young") || *liä- || *loo- || *lë- || - || - || -
| *lejə-?
|-
| "hard wood (for skis)"
| '''*lülü''' || - || - || - || K. lol || - || - || *ɬeL || -
| *e-ü > F *ü-ü??
|-
| "soft"
| CF *leina || - || - || - || K lɤń || - || *liń || style="color:green"| *ɭeeń || -
|-
| "under"
| - || - || - || Hi. lə- || - || lë || - || - || -
| or *li
|-
| "very"
| - || - || - || *lĭŋ || - || -leg || - || - || -
|-
| "butterfly"
| E '''*liippo-''' || W *lɤplV- || - || *lĭpə || - || lepke || *läpäk || style="color:green"| *ɭepAntaaj ||
|-
| "leaf"
| *lepeh || - || - || - || - || leveel ||style="color:red"| '''*luupta''' || style="color:green"| '''*ɭɯɯpət''' || -
|-
| "dense; narrow"
| - || - || - || - || U. ľukɨt || - || N. ľakʷ || *ɬ´ök || -
| NB *ľ-
|-
| "cradle; to lull"
| Fi liesku || - || - || *lüške || U. lećkal- || - || - || - || -
|-
| "lime; bast"
| '''*lëhmus''' || - || *ľevəš ||style="color:red"| *nĭmeštə || - || - || - || - || -
|-
| "to shine"
| E *čilketta- || - || *ćiľďər- || '''ćo/ɤlɣɤža-''' || U ćiľ/lal- ~ K. dźuljal- || ''čillog-'' || CMs '''*śulɣ-''' || N *ćuulpəɣ- ||
| better something like *o
|-
| "small bird"
| E čiučoi || - || - || - || - || - || *ćäŋći || *će₂ćkə || #sinsakV
| probs onomatopoetic
|-
| "finger / knuckle"
| - || - || - || - || U. ćińɨ ~ K. ćuń || čüd, čüg || - || '''*ćoŋən''' || -
|-
| ""
| || || || || || || || ||
|-
| ""
| || || || || || || || ||
|-
| ""
| || || || || || || || ||
|- style="background:#A0FFA0"
! colspan="10" | Rejectable
|-
| "to rub antlers against a tree"
| - || *čɤlɤ- || - || - || - || - || - || - || Ne. śelə-
| Ne. better ← *sälä- < *śälä- 'to rub' (AASmy2)
|-
| "mild; warm"
| Fi lenseä || - || - || - || - || - || - || Vj '''ɭɯɯsək''' ||
| Bad. Fi better = leppeä × penseä
|-
| "to cut"
| *lëikka- || - || - || - || - || leek || - || - || Ne. ľekā-
| Bad; F ← Gmc
|-
| "to find"
| *lewtä- || - || - || - || - || lel- || - || - || -
| rather F ← Gmc

|}

Proto-Uralic/Ä

2018-03-03T14:07:11Z

Tropylium: /* *ä_a, etc. */ !

→ Finnic *ä, Moksha ''ä'', Mari *e, Mansi *ää, Khanty *ee (/ ''*öö'' next to a velar), Smy. *ä

==Std. PU *ä_ə==
> S. ''*ē_ɤ'' (ā_ō)
{|
|- style="background:#FFA0A0"
! Lexeme
! [[Finnish|Finnic]] !! [[Proto-Samic|Samic]] !! [[Mordvinic|Mordv.]] !! [[Mari]] !! [[Permic]] !! [[Hungarian|Hung.]] !! [[Mansi]] !! [[Khanty]] !! [[Proto-Samoyedic|Samoy.]]
! Comments
|- style="background:#A0FFA0"
! colspan="10"| Permic *o (_l when V₂ not lost early?!)
|-
| "to fill"
| *täwci || - || - || style="color:red"| ''*tić'' || *dol- || tel- || *tääɣəl || *teeL || *tärə
| S. *teavtɤ ← F.
|-
| "rope"
| '''*kewci''' || *kēvðɤ || - || - || *kol || - || style="color:red"| *kʷääləɣ || *kööLəɣ || ''*kürə''
| Smy *äw > *ü ? Within F, cf. Võ ''käütämä'' "to fasten" with *ä retained. Mari ''*kəl'' ← P.
|-
| "sister-in-law"
| *kälü || *kālōj || '''kel''' || - || U. kaľi ~ K. ''kel'' || - || - || *kööLə || *kälü
| Perhaps *kälü rather than *käləw. K. *-ëľ > el?
|-
| "joint"
| *jäsen || - || jäźńä || Hi. ježəŋ ~ Me. '''jɤžəŋ''' || *joz || '''iiz''' || - || - || -
| Ma. *ə with Hi. *jə > je ??
|-
| "to order"
| *käske- || - || - || '''*küštə-''' || *kos || || || ||
|-
| "thigh"
| *sääri || - || *śäj'''ä'''ŕ || - || K. ćɤr || - || - || - || -
| *śäxərə better than *śäjərə; or *śäxärə??
|- style="background:#A0FFA0"
! colspan="10"| Permic *i (with a lost nonlabial medial?)
|-
| ""
| || || || || || || || ||
|-
| "hand"
| *käci || *kētɤ || käď || ''*kit'' || *ki || keez : keze- || *käätə || *kööt || -
|-
| "power"
| *väki || *vēkɤ || '''vij''' || *vi || *vi || vele- ? || *wääɣ || ''*wööɣ'' || -
| Ma. *e > *i _#
|- style="background:#A0FFA0"
! colspan="10"| Permic *ɨ (_R), Finnic *ee (_Ri) ≈ older PU *äx_i
|-
| "tongue"
| *keeli || *kēlɤ || *käľ || - || *kɨl || - || *kääləmt- "inquire" || *kööL || *käə-
| Mari *kəl "string, handle" from *käwðə via P.
|-
| "broth"
| *leemi || *lēmɤ || *ľäm || *lem || U. lɨm || lee : leve- || *läämə || - || *jäm-
| K. ľem "jelly" rather < *d₂ümä
|-
| "to bind; bundle"
| *keer-- || *kērɤ- || kärks || *kerä- || ''ge/ɤrd'', ''ke/ɤrt-'' || ''kür-, küür-'' ||style="color:green"| *kʷäärək || *keerää || *kär-
| OU 'to weave' not here (AASmy 2). P. *kär-tä-, or ← Sl-II *kert-. Cf. also F. '''*kääri-'''?
|-
| "side, pole"
| *peeli || - || *päľ || *pel || - || feel || *päälə || - || -
| cf. *pälä "half", *wärə "side"?
|-
| "mind"
| *meeli || *mēlɤ || *mäľ || - || *mɨl || - || - || - || -
|-
| "side"
| *veeri || *vērɤ || *väŕə || - || - || - || - || - || -
|-
| "to swallo"
| *neele- || *ńēlɤ- || ''*ńiľə-'' || *nelä- || *ńɨl(ɨ)- || '''ńel-''' || *ńääl- || *ńeeL- || style="color:green"| '''*ńal-'''
| Mo. *ä > *e in open syllables?
|-
| "to drink"
| *seeme- || - || ''*śimə-'' || - || - || - || - || - || -
| Mo. *ä > *e in open syllables?
|-
| "to drink"
| - || - || ''*iŕəďə-'' || - || K. *ɨrɤš || - || - || - || -
| Mo. *ä > *e in open syllables? Smy *ɤ-r- better < *jëxə-
|-
| "lung"
| *tävvü || - || '''ťevlav''' || - || *tɨ || style="color:red"| tüdöö || - || - || style="color:red"| *täjwä ?
| Cf. "to fill"
|-
| "air"
| *sää || - || - || - || K. sɨnɤd || eeg : ege- || - || - || -
| *säŋə
|-
| "to enter"
| - || - || - || '''*pŭre-''' || *pɨr- || feer- || - || - || -
| Or *pura- with H irregular
|-
| "woodpecker"
| *kärki || - || *käŕgä || *kerɣə || *kɨr || - || - || - || -
|-
| "to press"
| - || - || *ńäŕgə- || - || *nɨr- || - || - || *nööɣər- || -
| (AA, p.c.)
|-
| "nose"
| - || *nērɤ || *ńäŕ || *ner || *nɨr || - || - || '''*niir''' || *ńär'''ə'''
|-
| "breast"
| - || *mēlkɤ || style="color:red"| *mäľkɜ || *mel || U. mɨl || mell || *määɣəl || *mööɣəL || -
| F. ''*mälvi'' "bird breast''?
|-
| "voice"
| ''*ääni'', C. ''*hääli'' || *jēnɤ || - || - || - || eenek || - || - || -
| F. *ää > *ee blocked / #_ ?
|-
| "piece"
| *pärek || - || - || - || *pɨrɨ || - || *päär || '''*per''' || -
| and Es. peerg < *peere-kä?
|-
| "mare"
| Liv. keev || *kēvɤ || - || || || || || ||
|- style="background:#A0FFA0"
! colspan="10"| Kh *ii₁ / _k?
|-
| "to depart"
| *läkte- || *lēktɤ- || ''#ľixtə-'' || *lektä- || '''lɨ/okt-''' || - || - || style="color:red"| ''*ɬii₁ɣət-'' || -
| re P/Mo cf. *mäjäkä
|-
| "osprey; gull"
| ''*sääksi'' || *čēkčɤ || - || - || K. '''ćikći''' || - || '''*siɣs''' || ''*sii₁ɣəs'' || -
| some confusion w/ *čäkčij? two roots?
|-
| "to see"
| *näke- || *nēkɤ- || näj- || - || U. '''naal-''' ? || style="color:red"| neez- || ''*näɣəl-'', '''*niiɣəl-''' || ''*nii₁-'' || -
|-
| "fog"
| - || *cēkɤ || - || - || - || - || - || ''*čii₁ɣ'' || -
| StUE4
|-
| "hill"
| *mäki || - || - || - || - || - || - || ''*mii₁ɣ'' || -

|- style="background:#A0FFA0"
! colspan="10"| Remainder (no regular Permic reflex??)
|-
| "ice"
| *jää || *jēŋɤ || *jäŋ || *i ||style="color:red"| ''*jɤɤ'' || jeeg : jege- || *jääŋkə || *jööŋk || '''*jaŋ-'''
| *jäŋi. Ma. *e > *i / _#
|-
| "string"
| *jänti || - || - || - || - || '''ideg''' || *jääntəɣ || '''*jöntəɣ''' || *jänti
|-
| "to become cold"
| *jäähty- || *jēŋsō- || jäkše- || '''*jükše-''' || - || - || - || '''*jöɣLi-''' || -
| *jäŋ-(k)štə-; non-West *jükšə- ??
|-
| "head, end"
| *pää || - || '''pe''' || - || '''*pooŋ''' || style="color:red"| fej : feje- || '''*päŋk''' || - || '''#pa'''
| better *e??
|-
| "louse"
| *täi || - || - || *ti || U. tej ~ K. toj || tetüü : tetve- || *tääkmə || *tööɣtəm || -
| S. *tīkɤ ← Gmc? Ma. *e > *i / _#
|-
| "bit, to cut"
| *säŋki || *čēŋkɤ- || Er. ''śive-'' || - || *ćeeg- || seg- || *sääŋk- || *sööŋk- || -
| Mo. *ä > *e in open syllables?
|-
| "cradle"
| *kätküt || *kētkɤ- || - || - || U. kɤkɨ || - || - || - || *kätə-
|-
| "near"
| *lähe- || - || - || ''*lišnə'' || - || - || - || - || *jät-
| Cf. *läkte-
|-
| "warm"
| *lämpe- || - || *ľämbɜ || ''*liwə'' || - || || - || - || *jämpə-
| Smy. "clothes"
|-
| "trace"
| *jälki || - || - || - || - || jel || - ||style="color:green"| '''*jääɣəɭ''' || *jä
| Smy. 'heel'
|-
| "lichen on trees"
| - || *jēvjɤmē || - || - || - || - || - || *jeej || ''*jüjə''
| Smy *äw > *ü ?
|-
| "mild"
| '''*leppedä''' || - || Mk. ľäpä || (*liwə) || - || - || - || *ɬeepət || -
| F → SLu lehpagis? Ma. possibly better < 'warm'
|-
| "7"
| *säjcen || *čēčɤm || ''*śiśəm'' || '''*sĭm''' || *śiźɨm || - || - || - || -
| Core Finnic > *seicen; Mo. *ä > *e in open syllables? ← IE?
|-
| "heavy"
| *läülV || *lēvlɤ || - || *lelə || - || - || - || - || -
| Ms. *ľuuľ "weak", Kh. *ɬöL "cold" prob. don't belong
|-
| "a bird"
| E. ähk || - || *šäkšəj || style="color:red"| *ćećkem || K. čakčej || - || - || - || -
|-
| "to suffer"
| *kärsi- || *kērtɤ- || '''*kiŕďə-''' || *kerð/ta- || - || - || - || - || -
| ← Gmc. *hardja-
|-
| "to hide"
| *kätke- || - || *käkšə- || || || || || ||
| Cf. "cradle"
|-
| "to trust"
| - || - || - || - || - || mer- || *määr- || - || -
|-
| "to dive"
| - || - || - || - || - || meriit- || *määrəkt- || '''*merət-''' || -
|-
| "net"
| - || - || - || - || - || meet || *määkt || *mööɣət || -
|-
| "warm"
| - || - || - || - || - || meleg || *määli || *meeLək || -
|-
| "to bind"
| - || - || - || - || - ||style="color:red"| †ńeek || '''*neeɣ-''' || Kr. neewəj- || -
|-
| "saddle"
| - || - || - || - || - ||style="color:red"| ńerëg || '''*näɣər''' || E '''*nœœɣər''' || -
| or *i with H irregular?
|-
| "to tear"
| - || - || - || - || - || ńer- || *ńir(əmt)- || *ńer- || -
| better *e?
|-
| ""
| - || - || - || - || - || - || - || - || -
|- style="background:#A0FFA0"
! colspan="10"| Derivatives & such
|-
| "mound"
| style="color:red"| ''*mättäs'' || *mēktɤ || - || - || - || - || - || - || style="color:red"| *mäktə
| Cf. *mäkə
|-
| "sun"
| *päjvä || '''*peajvē''' || - || - || K. bi || - || - || - || *päjwä
| possibly *päjə-wä. Permic CV ⇒ *i
|-
| "badger"
| - || - || Mk. ńärgas || *nerɣə || U. '''nardɨ''' || - || - || - || ''*narkå''
| #närə-ka
|}

==*ä_a, etc.==
> F. *ä_ä (/ *-jC-, *Ć-?) ~ *a_e (default?), S. *ā_ē, Ma. *e
{|
|- style="background:#FFA0A0"
! Lexeme
! [[Finnish|Finnic]] !! [[Proto-Samic|Samic]] !! [[Mordvinic|Mordv.]] !! [[Mari]] !! [[Permic]] !! [[Hungarian|Hung.]] !! [[Mansi]] !! [[Khanty]] !! [[Proto-Samoyedic|Samoy.]]
! Comments
|- style="background:#A0FFA0"
! colspan="10"| Finnic *a-i (main development?), *ä-- (derivatives)
|-
| "winter"
| *talvi || *tālvē || Er. ťeľe, Mk. '''ƭaľa''' || *tel(ə) || *tol || teel : tele- || *täälə || '''*teləɣ''' || -
| *w > Ms ∅
|-
| "to cut"
| ''*säli-'', ''*sälek'' || *čālē- || - || *šelä- || *ćol- || sel- || '''*sil-''' || '''*süüL-''' || *sälä-
|-
| "half"
| *pooli || '''*pealē''' || *päľɜ || *pele || *pol || feel : fele- || - ||style="color:green"| *peeɭək || *pälä
| cf. *pälə "side"; preF *palə → Slavic *polъ [*palʊ] → Mo *pola "spouse"?
|-
| "to wade"
| *koolë- || *kālē- || *käľə- || *kelä-, *kelðə- || '''*köl-''', *kolt- || kel- || style="color:red"| *kʷääl- || '''*küüL-''' || -
| F. ''*kaalat-'' ← S; Ma & P. #2 "to fish with a pull-net"
|-
| "root, vein"
| Liv. sūoŗ || *sārē || - || *šer || U. ''ser'' || eer : ere- || *täärə || *ɬeer || -
| F. *soori < *sarə; Udm. e / _r?
|-
| "to load"
| ''*sälyttä-'' || - || - || - || K. sɤl- || ell- || *tääl- || *ɬeeL- || '''*tij-'''
| could be *ä-ə?
|-
| "moisture"
| *kasi || *kāsē || - || - || - || - || EW *köäťəľ || *keeLää || ''*käta''
|-
| "moth"
| *koi || - || Er. '''ki''' || Me. kije || k''e''/ɤj || - || Tv '''kij, käj''' || *keej || -
| F. from *kooji < *kajə; ES '''*koajɤ''' ← F? U. e / _Ć
|-
| "gall"
| *sappi || *sāppē || *säpɜ || - || s''e''/ɤp || epe || *tääpə || - || -
|-
| "to scoop"
| F. *ammi? || - || - || - || U. omɨrt- || - || *äämärt- || *eemər- || -
| if not F. < *ama-
|-
| "dirt"
| *saksi || *sāksē || '''*seksɜ''' || - || s''e''/ɤs || - || - || - || -
| F > *sa(a)s-ta
|-
| "scab"
| *loomi || - || Er. ľeme || Hi. lim ~ Me. '''lümö''' || *lom || - || - || - || -
|-
| "tree sp."
| *sarni || - || - || *šertńe || '''*śir''' || - || - || - || -
| F. "ash", Ma "willow", P. "elm"
|- style="background:#A0FFA0"
! colspan="10"| not in F. but regular enough
|-
| "spleen"
| - ||style="color:green"| *ðāpðē || - || *lep(ə) || '''*loop''' || leep || - || *leepət || Ne. ''rapśaa''
| S. *l-ð > *ð-ð?
|-
| "woman; weasel"
| - || *kāðvē || - || - || - || style="color:red"| †helɟ || *kääľ || *kööjəɣ || *käjwä
| Ms. *ľɣ > ľ; MHu. > ''hölgy''
|-
| "twig"
| - || *sāŋkē || - || *šeŋge || - ||style="color:red"| eek || - || '''*ɬöŋk''' || -
|-
| "to shoo"
| - || *ārē- || - || - || - || - || *äärt- || *eerət- ||
|-
| "water"
| - || *čācē || - || - || - || - || - || *seeč- || Ne. ''sada''
|-
| "to find place"
| - || - || - || - || *t''e''/ɤrɨ- || teer- || - || - || -
| Udm. e / _r?
|-
| "to put in/on"
| - || *cākē- || - || *čie- || - || - || - || - || -
| Ma. *e > *i in hiatus (StUE1)
|-
| "mare"
| - || *āltō || *äľďɜ || - || - || - || - || - || -
|- style="background:#A0FFA0"
! colspan="10"|
|-
| "ungulate sp."
| - || *vāðōk || style="color:red"| '''vedraš''' || '''*wü̆ľə''' || *vol || - || - || '''*we₂lii''' || -
| SMo "cow", MaP "horse", Kh. "reindeer". Es '''veis''' ← *vetä-, perhaps also Mo. Cf also Gmc *weθruz, L. ''vitulus'' etc.)
|-
| "moment"
| Fi. '''hetki''' ~ Ka. hätki || - || style="color:red"| '''ška''' || - || *čož || - || - || - || -
| WTF?
|-
| "ring"
| - || - || - || *jĭr || *jor || - || - || - || Ne. jorka ?
| U. *jeros > ''joros''?
|- style="background:#A0FFA0"
! colspan="10"| Udm e ~ Komi ɤ
|-
| "back"
| Fi. '''perä''' ~ E. ''pära'' || - || '''*pŕa''' || - || be/ɤr || - || '''*pärəɣ''' || '''*pertaɣ''' || -
| ObU *perɜ > *per-əɣ
|-
| "part"
| - || - || - || "рызе" || *re/ɤć || rees || -rFś || - || -
| cf. Fi. ''räsä'' "broken", unless a variant of ''risa''; Ms. dmnt.
|-
| "to prepare"
| - || *lāčē- || - || '''*lĭšte-''' || le/ɤśal-, *le/ɤśɜtɨ- || - || - || - || -
|-
| "hemp"
| - || - || - || *kĭńe || ke/ɤn || - || - || - || -
| Wanderwort.
|-
| "to freeze"
| - || - || - || Hi. kiže- || ke/ɤdź- || - || - || - || '''*kə̈nsä-'''
| or *kinśä with K. irregular?
|- style="background:#A0FFA0"
! colspan="10"| *ä-ä type 2: F *ä-ä ~ S *ā-ē; Komi *e; Ms *ee ~ Kh *ää (*ii)
| all with -CC-?
|-
| "tongue"
| - || *ńālmē || - || ''*ńĭlmə'' || - || ńelv, ńeev || *ńeeləm || *ńääLəm || style="color:red"| -
| Ne. ''ńāᵒḿu'' better ← *ńåə- < *ńalə-
|-
| "power"
| '''*tarmo''', Fi. tärmä || *tārmō || - || - || - || - || *teeriŋ || *täärəm || -
|-
| "(to) cover"
| *läppä || Lu '''liehppa''' || - || *leweðä- *lewäš || U. ''ľipɨ-'' ~ K. lep || lep- || *leep- || - || -
|-
| "lasso; trap"
| NF *lämsä || *lāmčē || - || - || K. leć || - || *leesə || ''*lii₁s'' || *jä²sɜn
| Medials messy; F perhaps ← Gmc *slamsa-, OU ← K?
|-
| "needle"
| *äjmä || *ājmē || - || *imə || K. jem || - || - || - || *äjmä
| Ma. *ej > *i. Also cf. U. '''veń'''
|-
| "old man"
| *äjjä || *ājjē || - || - || '''*ajɨ''' || - || - || - || style="color:red"| *äjsä
| Contam. of *äjjä + *äććä in Smy?
|-
| "lath"
| '''*tarja''' || - || - || #tiər || - || - || N '''tarəs''' || *täärəs || -
| Fi. ~ ''tärjä'', contam. with *sarja? *tärə-, derivs?
|-
| "larch"
| - || - || - || - || K. ń/nia ~ ńeja || - || EWMs ''ńix'' || *nääŋk || -
| Medials messy. PMs *ee, shortened?
|-
| "worm"
| - || - || - || - || K. perk || feerëg || *peer(ə)k || - || -
| medials?? probably nor *-rkk-
|-
| "bay, lake"
| - || - || - || - || U kalɤm ~ K. kela || || *keeləɣ ||style="color:green"| ''*kœœɭəɣ'' || -
| Ud. a / _l ? Sk. *kuəľ not here (< PS *wåj)
|-
| "spot"
| *täplä || *tāplē || - || - || - || - || - || - || -
|- style="background:#A0FFA0"
! colspan="10"| With F *ä-ä ~ S *ea-ē
|-
| "thumb"
| - || ''*pealkē'' || style="color:red"| *päľka || - || U. pɤlɨ ~ K. pel || - || - || - || '''*pej'''
| *pälə-kkä, cf. "side"? F. *pewka- ← Gmc.
|-
| "bog"
| - || ''*jeaŋkē'' || - || - || K. jeg || - || *jääŋkə || *jööŋk || -
| Fi. jänkä prob. ← S.
|-
| "smoke hole"
| ''*räppänä'' || ''*reapēnē'' || - || - || *ropɨ- || - || - || - || -
|-
| "lichen"
| ''*jäkälä'' || ''*jeakēl'' || - || - || K. ''jal'' || - || - || - || -
|-
| "to understand"
| Fi ''äly'' || ''*ealvē-'' || - || - || K. ''al'' || - || - || - || - || -
|- style="background:#A0FFA0"
! colspan="10"| With Komi /e/
|-
| "to freeze"
| (*jääty-) || - || - || - || K. jed- || - || *jäänt- ||style="color:green"| '''*jentəɭ-''' ||
| *jäŋ-tä-. Also K. jo/ɤdmɨ "to harden"
|-
| "to reach"
| - || - || - || - || K. šergɤd- || eer- || *täärt- || *ɬeerəmt- || -
|-
| "to believe"
| - || - || - || - || *öskɨ- || - || ''*äɣt-'' || *ööɣəL- || -
| Ms. cf. *aa > *a / _ɣt. Cf. *usko-?
|-
| "to fly"
| - || - || - || - || ''*löb-'' || lebëg-, libëg- || - || - || -
| Rather *e? Cf. F. *lentä- ??
|-
| "thin"
| - || - || - || - || *vek-- || veekoń || - || - || -
|-
| "to understand; think"
| - || - || - || - || #väälal- || veel- || - || - || -
|-
| "old"
| - || - || - || - || K. vener || veen || - || - || -
|Or *winä?
|-
| "block"
| - || - || - || - || U džɤk ~ K džek || '''čök''' || - || - || -
|- style="background:#A0FFA0"
! colspan="10"| remainder
|-
| "friend"
| - || *lāvē || - || - || - || - || N. ''leekʷ''|| style="color:red"| *ɬöɣ || -
| Ms. transfer of labzn? S. ← ObU?
|-
| "paw"
| *käpsä || - || - || '''*küpš''' || U. '''kus-''' ~ K. '''kɨs, kɤs''' || - ||style="color:red"| '''*kʷät''' || *kööpəL || -
|-
| "this"
| *tä-mä || *tā || tä || Hi. '''ti''' ~ Me. '''tɤ''' || *ta || te- || '''*ti''' || '''*te''' ? || '''*tê-'''
| East *tê, if not rel. to "that"
|-
| "these"
| *nä-mä || *nā || *ńä || *nĭjne || K. na || ''-ni'', -ne || ? *-nää || ? *-nää || *nä
| Ugr. lativ ending
|-
| "ass"
| - || - || - || *šeŋgə || - || šegg || style="color:red"| *sääŋkʷ || - || '''*čɤŋkå'''
| *č not palatalized in Smy?
|-
| "to chop"
| - || *āktē- || - || - || '''*ooktɨ-''' || üt- || '''*jäkt-''' || *ööɣət- || -
| Ms *ää > *ä / _kt? Cf. "to believe". P *oktɨ- "gather" not here (''contra'' HPUL)
|-
| "big, mother"
| '''*emä''' || '''*eamē''' || - || - || - || eme || - || - || *ämä
| F & S. with analogy from *ena? Cf. F. *ämmä
|-
| "bone"
| Fi. tähde || *tāktē || - || - || - || tetem || - || - || -
| F. "leftovers"
|-
| "elm"
| - || - || śäľi || '''*šol''' || - || '''sil''' || - || - || -
| F. *salaka, *halaka "willow" ← Gmc.
|-
| "star"
| ''*tähti'' || *tāstē || *ťäšťɜ || '''*tištə''' || - || - || - || - || -
| Or -i?
|- style="background:#A0FFA0"
! colspan="10"| With Ms *ää ~ Kh *ää (most spotty, perhaps most *-ə)
|-
| "to cut"
| ''*vejci'' Võ. väić || - || - || - || K. vɤź- || veeš- || - || *wäänć- || -
| nom. *wäńćə (> F. "knife"), verb *wäńć-ä-?
|-
| "girl"
| ''*nejt--'' Võ. näio || *nējtɤ || E. ''ńi'' || - || *nɨl || - || *nääj "lady" || *nääj "lady" || *nä
| *näjə. Cf. Ms *nee ~ Kh *nii₂ŋ "woman"
|-
| "roach; ruffe"
| *särki || - || *säŕgɜ || style="color:red"| *šereŋɣə || - || - || *täärəɣ || *ɬäärəɣ || -
| Liv. ''särg'' w/o umlaut (< *särkä?)
|-
| "father"
| - || W *āččē || - || - || - || - || *ääći || *ääćii || NE #åt³sä-
| S. also E *ëćē = F. *icä?
|-
| "soft"
| - || OSw "nemok"? || - || - || - || - || *ńäämək || *ńäämək ||
|-
| "lap"
| - || - || *äľ || Hi. elt- ~ Me. ölt- ||style="color:red"| *wol''' || - || *ääl || *ääL || -
|-
| "(to) bend"
| - || - || *mäńə- || - || - || meen || || *määnəj-, '''*mii₂n''' || '''#mËnə-'''
|-
| "to choke"
| - || - || - || - || *čök-, U. ''džok-'' ~ K. ''džag-'' || - || '''*šük-''' || *čääkən- || -
|-
| "to feel"
| - || - || - || - || K. malal || - || *määlVćl- || *määL- || -
| Es. mälu < *mälə "mind"
|-
| "honey"
| - || - || - || *mü(j) || - || - || *määɣ || *määɣ ||
| Newer loans, e.g. from Permic?
|- style="background:#A0FFA0"
! colspan="10"| Loans: old
|-
| "board"
| *parci || || - || - || style="color:red"| ''*börd'' || - || *päärtə || *peert || -
| ← IE *bʰerdʰ-; separately in P.?
|-
| "lake"
| *jarvi, ''*järvi'' || *jāvrē || style="color:red"| järkä || *jer || - || - || - || - || -
| +Merya #jäkrä; ← IE *jewHro-
|-
| "to flee; to disappear"
| - || *pātārɤ- || - || - || - || - || *päätər- || - || -
| ← II *patar- "flying" (StUE1)
|-
| "goose"
| *hanhi || - || Er. šenže || - || - || - || - || - || -
| *šänšä ← B.
|- style="background:#A0FFA0"
! colspan="10"| Loans: likely parallel
|-
| "to tire; be ill"
| *väsü- || *vēsɤ- || - || - || *viśɨ- || - || - || - || -
| FS ← Gmc *wēsia-
|-
| "crust"
| *kärnä || ''*kearnē'' || style="color:red"| ''kšńat'' || - || - || - || || '''*käärńə-''' ||
| F & S. ← Gmc. *herna
|-
| "to go"
| *käve- || - || - || Hi. kej ~ Me. kaj|| - || - || - || - || -
| F. ← Gmc. *skeewjan
|-
| "small, few"
| *vähä || - || Er. vež- || - || - || - || - || - || -
| F. ← Gmc *wēxa-, also Er.?
|-
| "kidney"
| - || - || - || *werɣə || K. vɤrk || - || - || - || -
| ← II *vr̥tka
|-
| "iron"
| - || - || ''kšńi'' || '''*kü̆rtńe''' || *kort || - || - || - || -
| ← Ir. *kaart-
|- style="background:#A0FFA0"
! colspan="10"| With Permic *a
|-
| "tree stump"
| - || '''*jɤlŋēs''' || - || - || U. ''jal'' || - || - || '''*jöŋkəL''' || *jä
| Check Smy.
|-
| "bird sp."
| Es. ähk(a-) || - || *šäkša-- || *ćećkem || K. ''čakčej'' || - || - || - || -
|-
| "backside"
| - || NW *kācākɤ || - || - || K. ''kadž'' || - || - || - || -
|-
| "birch bark vessel"
| - || - || - || *leŋəš || ''*ľaŋes'' || - || - || *jeŋəL || -
|-
| "house"
| - || - || - || *mĭt || ''*matɤ'' || - || - || - || *mat
|-
| "fish sp."
| - || - || - || - || U. ''karei'' || - || *käärɣəj || *köörə || Ne. xirii
|-
| "net"
| - || - || - || - || ''*ka(d)ź'' || - || - || Kam. koťəp || -
|-
| "trap"
| - || - || - || - || ''*naľk'' || - || *ńääľə || - || -
| Cf. Fi. ''nalkki'' ??
|-
| "year; time"
| - || - || - || - || ''*ar'' || - || #arəm || - || -
| But Smy *ërö < *ëd₁ə
|-
| "time"
| - || - || - || - || K. ''kad'' || †kedig, keedig || - || - || -
|-
| "to knead"
| - || - || - || *nüštəlä- || U. ''nadź-'' || - || - || - || -
| Weak
|- style="background:#A0FFA0"
! colspan="10"| TBS: FP only
|-
| "woodpecker"
| style="color:red"|*hähnä || *čāšnē || - || *šištə || *śiź || - || - || - || -
|-
| "beaver"
| '''*majaka''' || *mājēkē || ''mijav'' || - || ''mɨ/oj'' || - || - || - || -
| NB Mo. *i, P. ɨ~o also in "to leave"
|-
| "rotten"
| style="color:red"| ''*mätä'' || *mēckɤ || - || '''*määkš''' || - || - || - || - || -
| Medials incoherent
|-
| "fine; short"
| '''*hɤɤno''' || - || - || - || K. dženɨt || - || - || - || -
| Bad. K ~ F hiven = *čiŋɜ-?
|-
| "whetstone"
| '''*hɤɤra''' || - || - || - || U. šer || - || - || - || -
|-
| "cambium; milk"
| Fi. jälsi || - || - || - || *jɤl || - || - || - || -
| Bad semantics
|-
| "sickness"
| *närä || - || - || - || K. ńora || - || - || - || -
|-
| "to choke, strangle"
| *läppä(htä)- || '''*lɤppɤsē-''' || *ľäpəja-, *ľäpst'''a'''- || - || - || - || - || - || -
| Cf. *läkkä-
|-
| "near"
| *lähe-, *läs-nä || - || - || *lĭš-nə || - || - || - || - || -
|-
| "thin"
| E *väčkü || - || - || *wĭćkəž || - || - || - || - || -
|-
| "aunt; mother"
| *tätej || - || "ťäďä" || - || - || - || - || - || -
| Lallwort
|-
| "paw"
| *käppä || - || *käpɜ || - || - || - || - || - || -
| Cf. *käpsä, also Fi. käpälä
|-
| "to breathe"
| *läkkä- || - || *ľäk'''a'''- || - || - || - || - || - || -
|-
| "valley"
| - || *leakē || ľäj || - || - || - || - || - || -
| Cf. *lakc'i; WPIE *lakos
|- style="background:#A0FFA0"
! colspan="10"| TBS: Permic + East
|-
| "rare; open"
| - || - || - || - || U. šer || - || *täärəɣ || *Lii₂r(tV) || -
|-
| "even"
| - || - || - || - || U. voľɨt ~ K. voľk(ɨd) || - || - || E weeľəɣ ~ W *weĽək || -
|-
| "to see"
| - || - || - || - || K. vidlɨ- || veed- || - || N. waant- || -
| Better *E? Cf. IE
|-
| "to heat"
| - || - || - || - || U est(ɨ)- K ɤzji- || - || - || W *eL-, V '''öl-''' || -
| cf. PIE *h₂as-? also cf. *ešə-
|-
| "sour"
| - || - || - || - || U šɤm ~ K šom || - || - || '''*čii₂m''' ||
| Nothing works. Cf. *šAppa(ma), *čɜGɜ-, *šoKɜ-
|-
| "to disappear"
| - || - || - || - || U. vez- || ve(e)s- || - || - || -
|- style="background:#A0FFA0"
! colspan="10"| TBS: East only
|-
| "squirrel"
| - || - || - || - || - || evet || N. '''tapriś''' || - || Sk. #täpäk
| Or H ~ V iiwə, Trj jiipət (*-ɬääŋkii)
|-
| "to lift"
| - || - || - || - || - ||style="color:red"| emel- || *äälm- || *ääl(əm)- || '''*(j)i²lə-'''
|-
| "daughter"
| - || - || - || - || - || ia- || *ääwi || *ööɣii || -
| H. in ia-fia "one's children"
|-
| "other side"
| - || - || - || - || - || elv || *ääləm || *ääLəm || -
|-
| "dog"
| - || - || - || - || - || '''ëb''' || *äämpə || *äämp || -
|-
| "strawberry"
| - || - || - || - || - || epër || *ääpərjek || - || -
|-
| "to harden (steel)"
| - || - || - || - || - || edz- || E öät- || *äät- || -
|-
| "glue"
| - || - || - || - || - || eńv || *eeľəm || E eejəm ~ W *ääjəm ||
| H *ľm > *ńm > ńv?
|-
| "to walk; have room"
| - || - || - || - || - || leep- || *lääp- || *Leep- ||
|-
| "to lurk"
| - || - || - || - || - || leš- || *lääć- || N laaśii- || -
|-
| "thin"
| - || - || - || - || - ||style="color:red"| veezna || '''*(w)iś''' || *wääńć || -
| and K. ''vɤsńi''??
|-
| "tail"
| - || - || - || - || - || - || style="color:red"| *määnśək || *määsəɣ || Sk. ''mäča''
|-
| "horse; herd"
| - || - || - || - || - || meen || - || *määnəŋ || -
| *E possible
|-
| "to look"
| - || - || - || - || - || tekint- || - || E. tääɣən- || -
|-
| "to scoop"
| - || - || - || - || - || - || - || *ɬäät- || *täti-
| cf. Komi šɤt- 'to bring in'?!
|-
| "rapids"
| - || - || - || - || -|| šellöö || *säärlV || - || -
| *č- or *ś-?
|- style="background:#A0FFA0"
! colspan="10"| TBS: Rest
|-
| ""
| || || || || || || || ||
|-
| ""
| || || || || || || || ||
|-
| "son-in-law"
| *vävvü ||style="color:red"| '''*vīvɤ''' || Mk. ''ov'' || '''*wiŋə''' || - || vöö || - || W *weeŋ ~ E '''wooŋ''' || '''*weŋü'''
|-
| "younger male relat."
| - || *lāvē || - || - || - || - || N '''leekʷ''' || style="color:green"| *ľööɣii || -
| Kh *ɬööɣ "slave" probs not here
|-
| "sap"
| - || *ālē || - || - || - || - || '''*iľ''', Tv '''oľ''' || W '''*eɭə(ɣ)''' ~ V '''öɭ''' || '''*ï/ülə'''
| Cf. "cambium"
|-
| "to burn"
| - || - || - || #Iŋä- || K. ɨń || eeg- || - || *jääŋ(L)əL- || -
| *äŋə-
|-
| "raspberry"
| - || - || *ińəźəŋ || Me. (eŋ)əž ~ Hi. (əŋg)əž || U. (em)edź ~ K. (ɤm)edź || - || - || *-ääńć || -
| Probs a compound also in Ma. (← eŋa- ~ əŋgä- 'to burn'?), P.
|-
| "don't"
| *älä || '''ɤlēk''' || '''iľa(k)''' || - || - || - || Tv äl / '''wil, ul''' || *ääL || (#i)
| much irregular. very analogy
|-
| "child; young"
| - || - || *ejď || - || - || i-fjú || - || *ääj || -
|-
| "porridge"
| '''*rokka''' || - || - || - || '''*rook''' || - || W raɣt, *räk- || *rook, *rääk ||
| *rokka ~ *rekkä??
|-
| "hill"
| *kääp(p)ä || - || - || - || - || - || *käp || - || -
| F. may be ← B.
|-
| "palm"
| N *kämmen, S *kämmäl || - || - || - || - || - || - || *köömən || -
| S. *keamë- ← F.
|-
| "hard"
| *kämä || - || '''kemä''' || - || - || kemeeń || - || - || *kom?
|-
| "small bird"
| - || - || - || *kaj (?!) || - || - || So. koj || Kaz. kuj || Mt, Tv kai "goose"
|-
| "spear, spit"
| - ||style="color:red"| '''*sńipčō''' || - || *jɤpš || *jooć/ś || - || - || *jii₂pəs || '''*japsə'''
| Ma (++?) cf. Trk?
|-
| "belt"
| || || || || *jee || || || || *jiəj ?
| Cf. "vyö"
|-
| "juniper"
| *kataka || *kɤsŋɤs; *koaccēvē "needle" || - || "MRS" kož || K. kač || - || *kääš- || - || -
| F. from *kača "resin" (vs. S. *kāssē "wax" < G?), or B.?
|-
| "blood"
| - || *kēlō- || - || - || - || - || ''*keel(ə)p'' || *käLə- ? || Ne. śelw-
| NS also kīlu-
|-
| "tail; back"
| '''*häntä''' || *cɤ/īckɤ || - || - || - || - || *šiš || '''*čönč''' || -
| best *e
|-
| "otter"
| NF? *hähkä || - || - || - || - || - || - || - || Sk. töötə
| Ma. šä/aškə ← Trk.
|-
| "string"
| Fi. jänni || - || - || - || - || - || - || Vj jönää ~ W *jen || -
| Bad (prob variants of *jäntə)
|-
| "wagtail"
| #västɜräkkɜ || - || *uśkəŕəj || - || - || - || *wärćək || *we/örćək || -
| S. #peštōr ← Kar. ''päistärikko''
|-
| "animal hair"
| - || - || - || '''*wäjä''' || - || - || - || - || Ne. #ẃeići
|-
| "to help"
| - || - || Er. '''čaŋgoďe-''' || - || - || šegiit- || - || - || -
| *č-ŋk-nt-, but wtf vowels?
|-
| "to pull, lead"
| '''*vetä-''' || - || *väďa- ~ *väťa- || #wi/üðe- || - || vezet- || - || - || -
|better *ä than *e? also cf. Er. ''viťi-''
|-
| "net"
| - || - || - || *wäpte-/əš || *vötes || - || - || - || -
|-
| "trap"
| - ||style="color:red"| ''*šeaššē'' || - || ? ''*ćüćäš'' || - || - || *seesəɣ || - || -
| but Ma. ← *ćüće- 'to dig' (MaWb)
|-
| "hard sno"
| - || *čiekɤr || - || - || - || - || CMs #ćAɣr || '''*ćaɣər''' ||style="color:red"| #käkar
| probably rather TN śexer, Km šëër ← OU
|-
| "to kick, jump"
| - || *čēkčɤ- || - || '''*ćükće-''' || *ćekćɨ- || - || - || - || -
|-
| ""
| || || || || || || || ||
|-
| ""
| || || || || || || || ||
|- style="background:#A0FFA0"
! colspan="10"| Rejectable
|-
| "to ruminate"
| *märeh(ti-) || style="color:red"| ''*smērēcē-'' || - || - || *roməćtɨ- || - || - || - ||
| P. probably better ← II *raumantH-
|-
| "chin"
| - || - || - || - || ''*aŋ'' || || '''*eeɣən''' ||style="color:green"| *ääɣəɳ || *aŋ
| OUg better ~ *jekən, Smy ← *aŋ 'mouth' < *oŋə
|-
| "cereal"
| - || - || - || *šeðäŋə || K. *šoogdi || e(e)d || - || *ɬäänt || -
| H+Kh < *sewə-ntä
|-
| "weak"
| - || - || - || '''*läńćərä''' || K. ľić || - || - || style="color:green"| ''*ɭääsək'' || -
| Medials inconsistent, Ma unetymological (better < *lańśə 'soft'?)
|-
| "weasel"
| - || - || - || - || U. jurmek || - || - || - || Sk. ńärmäk
| *je- ~ *ńä-?!
|-
| "to go"
| - || - || - || - || - || üldöz- || *jäl- || VVj jel- || -
| OU better < *elä-
|-
| "berry stew"
| - || - || - || - || K. ľaz(j-) || - || - || *lüüs || -
| Zero phonetic match
|-
| "tip of nose"
| - || *tīŋɤ || - || - || - || - || - || - || TNe tɨna
| *ŋ ~ *n? *ī ~ *ï?
|-
| "leather ~ bark"
| - || *čɤvtē || - || - || - || - || - || - ||style="color:red"| *käpti
|-
| "to turn"
| '''*kääntä-''' || - || - || - || *kož- || - || - || - || -
|-
| "hill"
| - || '''*tēvā''' || - || - || K. di || - || - || - || -
| S. uninheritable
|}

Proto-Uralic/Ä

2018-03-03T14:01:24Z

Tropylium: /* Std. PU *ä_ə */

→ Finnic *ä, Moksha ''ä'', Mari *e, Mansi *ää, Khanty *ee (/ ''*öö'' next to a velar), Smy. *ä

==Std. PU *ä_ə==
> S. ''*ē_ɤ'' (ā_ō)
{|
|- style="background:#FFA0A0"
! Lexeme
! [[Finnish|Finnic]] !! [[Proto-Samic|Samic]] !! [[Mordvinic|Mordv.]] !! [[Mari]] !! [[Permic]] !! [[Hungarian|Hung.]] !! [[Mansi]] !! [[Khanty]] !! [[Proto-Samoyedic|Samoy.]]
! Comments
|- style="background:#A0FFA0"
! colspan="10"| Permic *o (_l when V₂ not lost early?!)
|-
| "to fill"
| *täwci || - || - || style="color:red"| ''*tić'' || *dol- || tel- || *tääɣəl || *teeL || *tärə
| S. *teavtɤ ← F.
|-
| "rope"
| '''*kewci''' || *kēvðɤ || - || - || *kol || - || style="color:red"| *kʷääləɣ || *kööLəɣ || ''*kürə''
| Smy *äw > *ü ? Within F, cf. Võ ''käütämä'' "to fasten" with *ä retained. Mari ''*kəl'' ← P.
|-
| "sister-in-law"
| *kälü || *kālōj || '''kel''' || - || U. kaľi ~ K. ''kel'' || - || - || *kööLə || *kälü
| Perhaps *kälü rather than *käləw. K. *-ëľ > el?
|-
| "joint"
| *jäsen || - || jäźńä || Hi. ježəŋ ~ Me. '''jɤžəŋ''' || *joz || '''iiz''' || - || - || -
| Ma. *ə with Hi. *jə > je ??
|-
| "to order"
| *käske- || - || - || '''*küštə-''' || *kos || || || ||
|-
| "thigh"
| *sääri || - || *śäj'''ä'''ŕ || - || K. ćɤr || - || - || - || -
| *śäxərə better than *śäjərə; or *śäxärə??
|- style="background:#A0FFA0"
! colspan="10"| Permic *i (with a lost nonlabial medial?)
|-
| ""
| || || || || || || || ||
|-
| "hand"
| *käci || *kētɤ || käď || ''*kit'' || *ki || keez : keze- || *käätə || *kööt || -
|-
| "power"
| *väki || *vēkɤ || '''vij''' || *vi || *vi || vele- ? || *wääɣ || ''*wööɣ'' || -
| Ma. *e > *i _#
|- style="background:#A0FFA0"
! colspan="10"| Permic *ɨ (_R), Finnic *ee (_Ri) ≈ older PU *äx_i
|-
| "tongue"
| *keeli || *kēlɤ || *käľ || - || *kɨl || - || *kääləmt- "inquire" || *kööL || *käə-
| Mari *kəl "string, handle" from *käwðə via P.
|-
| "broth"
| *leemi || *lēmɤ || *ľäm || *lem || U. lɨm || lee : leve- || *läämə || - || *jäm-
| K. ľem "jelly" rather < *d₂ümä
|-
| "to bind; bundle"
| *keer-- || *kērɤ- || kärks || *kerä- || ''ge/ɤrd'', ''ke/ɤrt-'' || ''kür-, küür-'' ||style="color:green"| *kʷäärək || *keerää || *kär-
| OU 'to weave' not here (AASmy 2). P. *kär-tä-, or ← Sl-II *kert-. Cf. also F. '''*kääri-'''?
|-
| "side, pole"
| *peeli || - || *päľ || *pel || - || feel || *päälə || - || -
| cf. *pälä "half", *wärə "side"?
|-
| "mind"
| *meeli || *mēlɤ || *mäľ || - || *mɨl || - || - || - || -
|-
| "side"
| *veeri || *vērɤ || *väŕə || - || - || - || - || - || -
|-
| "to swallo"
| *neele- || *ńēlɤ- || ''*ńiľə-'' || *nelä- || *ńɨl(ɨ)- || '''ńel-''' || *ńääl- || *ńeeL- || style="color:green"| '''*ńal-'''
| Mo. *ä > *e in open syllables?
|-
| "to drink"
| *seeme- || - || ''*śimə-'' || - || - || - || - || - || -
| Mo. *ä > *e in open syllables?
|-
| "to drink"
| - || - || ''*iŕəďə-'' || - || K. *ɨrɤš || - || - || - || -
| Mo. *ä > *e in open syllables? Smy *ɤ-r- better < *jëxə-
|-
| "lung"
| *tävvü || - || '''ťevlav''' || - || *tɨ || style="color:red"| tüdöö || - || - || style="color:red"| *täjwä ?
| Cf. "to fill"
|-
| "air"
| *sää || - || - || - || K. sɨnɤd || eeg : ege- || - || - || -
| *säŋə
|-
| "to enter"
| - || - || - || '''*pŭre-''' || *pɨr- || feer- || - || - || -
| Or *pura- with H irregular
|-
| "woodpecker"
| *kärki || - || *käŕgä || *kerɣə || *kɨr || - || - || - || -
|-
| "to press"
| - || - || *ńäŕgə- || - || *nɨr- || - || - || *nööɣər- || -
| (AA, p.c.)
|-
| "nose"
| - || *nērɤ || *ńäŕ || *ner || *nɨr || - || - || '''*niir''' || *ńär'''ə'''
|-
| "breast"
| - || *mēlkɤ || style="color:red"| *mäľkɜ || *mel || U. mɨl || mell || *määɣəl || *mööɣəL || -
| F. ''*mälvi'' "bird breast''?
|-
| "voice"
| ''*ääni'', C. ''*hääli'' || *jēnɤ || - || - || - || eenek || - || - || -
| F. *ää > *ee blocked / #_ ?
|-
| "piece"
| *pärek || - || - || - || *pɨrɨ || - || *päär || '''*per''' || -
| and Es. peerg < *peere-kä?
|-
| "mare"
| Liv. keev || *kēvɤ || - || || || || || ||
|- style="background:#A0FFA0"
! colspan="10"| Kh *ii₁ / _k?
|-
| "to depart"
| *läkte- || *lēktɤ- || ''#ľixtə-'' || *lektä- || '''lɨ/okt-''' || - || - || style="color:red"| ''*ɬii₁ɣət-'' || -
| re P/Mo cf. *mäjäkä
|-
| "osprey; gull"
| ''*sääksi'' || *čēkčɤ || - || - || K. '''ćikći''' || - || '''*siɣs''' || ''*sii₁ɣəs'' || -
| some confusion w/ *čäkčij? two roots?
|-
| "to see"
| *näke- || *nēkɤ- || näj- || - || U. '''naal-''' ? || style="color:red"| neez- || ''*näɣəl-'', '''*niiɣəl-''' || ''*nii₁-'' || -
|-
| "fog"
| - || *cēkɤ || - || - || - || - || - || ''*čii₁ɣ'' || -
| StUE4
|-
| "hill"
| *mäki || - || - || - || - || - || - || ''*mii₁ɣ'' || -

|- style="background:#A0FFA0"
! colspan="10"| Remainder (no regular Permic reflex??)
|-
| "ice"
| *jää || *jēŋɤ || *jäŋ || *i ||style="color:red"| ''*jɤɤ'' || jeeg : jege- || *jääŋkə || *jööŋk || '''*jaŋ-'''
| *jäŋi. Ma. *e > *i / _#
|-
| "string"
| *jänti || - || - || - || - || '''ideg''' || *jääntəɣ || '''*jöntəɣ''' || *jänti
|-
| "to become cold"
| *jäähty- || *jēŋsō- || jäkše- || '''*jükše-''' || - || - || - || '''*jöɣLi-''' || -
| *jäŋ-(k)štə-; non-West *jükšə- ??
|-
| "head, end"
| *pää || - || '''pe''' || - || '''*pooŋ''' || style="color:red"| fej : feje- || '''*päŋk''' || - || '''#pa'''
| better *e??
|-
| "louse"
| *täi || - || - || *ti || U. tej ~ K. toj || tetüü : tetve- || *tääkmə || *tööɣtəm || -
| S. *tīkɤ ← Gmc? Ma. *e > *i / _#
|-
| "bit, to cut"
| *säŋki || *čēŋkɤ- || Er. ''śive-'' || - || *ćeeg- || seg- || *sääŋk- || *sööŋk- || -
| Mo. *ä > *e in open syllables?
|-
| "cradle"
| *kätküt || *kētkɤ- || - || - || U. kɤkɨ || - || - || - || *kätə-
|-
| "near"
| *lähe- || - || - || ''*lišnə'' || - || - || - || - || *jät-
| Cf. *läkte-
|-
| "warm"
| *lämpe- || - || *ľämbɜ || ''*liwə'' || - || || - || - || *jämpə-
| Smy. "clothes"
|-
| "trace"
| *jälki || - || - || - || - || jel || - ||style="color:green"| '''*jääɣəɭ''' || *jä
| Smy. 'heel'
|-
| "lichen on trees"
| - || *jēvjɤmē || - || - || - || - || - || *jeej || ''*jüjə''
| Smy *äw > *ü ?
|-
| "mild"
| '''*leppedä''' || - || Mk. ľäpä || (*liwə) || - || - || - || *ɬeepət || -
| F → SLu lehpagis? Ma. possibly better < 'warm'
|-
| "7"
| *säjcen || *čēčɤm || ''*śiśəm'' || '''*sĭm''' || *śiźɨm || - || - || - || -
| Core Finnic > *seicen; Mo. *ä > *e in open syllables? ← IE?
|-
| "heavy"
| *läülV || *lēvlɤ || - || *lelə || - || - || - || - || -
| Ms. *ľuuľ "weak", Kh. *ɬöL "cold" prob. don't belong
|-
| "a bird"
| E. ähk || - || *šäkšəj || style="color:red"| *ćećkem || K. čakčej || - || - || - || -
|-
| "to suffer"
| *kärsi- || *kērtɤ- || '''*kiŕďə-''' || *kerð/ta- || - || - || - || - || -
| ← Gmc. *hardja-
|-
| "to hide"
| *kätke- || - || *käkšə- || || || || || ||
| Cf. "cradle"
|-
| "to trust"
| - || - || - || - || - || mer- || *määr- || - || -
|-
| "to dive"
| - || - || - || - || - || meriit- || *määrəkt- || '''*merət-''' || -
|-
| "net"
| - || - || - || - || - || meet || *määkt || *mööɣət || -
|-
| "warm"
| - || - || - || - || - || meleg || *määli || *meeLək || -
|-
| "to bind"
| - || - || - || - || - ||style="color:red"| †ńeek || '''*neeɣ-''' || Kr. neewəj- || -
|-
| "saddle"
| - || - || - || - || - ||style="color:red"| ńerëg || '''*näɣər''' || E '''*nœœɣər''' || -
| or *i with H irregular?
|-
| "to tear"
| - || - || - || - || - || ńer- || *ńir(əmt)- || *ńer- || -
| better *e?
|-
| ""
| - || - || - || - || - || - || - || - || -
|- style="background:#A0FFA0"
! colspan="10"| Derivatives & such
|-
| "mound"
| style="color:red"| ''*mättäs'' || *mēktɤ || - || - || - || - || - || - || style="color:red"| *mäktə
| Cf. *mäkə
|-
| "sun"
| *päjvä || '''*peajvē''' || - || - || K. bi || - || - || - || *päjwä
| possibly *päjə-wä. Permic CV ⇒ *i
|-
| "badger"
| - || - || Mk. ńärgas || *nerɣə || U. '''nardɨ''' || - || - || - || ''*narkå''
| #närə-ka
|}

==*ä_a, etc.==
> F. *ä_ä (/ *-jC-, *Ć-?) ~ *a_e (default?), S. *ā_ē, Ma. *e
{|
|- style="background:#FFA0A0"
! Lexeme
! [[Finnish|Finnic]] !! [[Proto-Samic|Samic]] !! [[Mordvinic|Mordv.]] !! [[Mari]] !! [[Permic]] !! [[Hungarian|Hung.]] !! [[Mansi]] !! [[Khanty]] !! [[Proto-Samoyedic|Samoy.]]
! Comments
|- style="background:#A0FFA0"
! colspan="10"| Finnic *a-i (main development?), *ä-- (derivatives)
|-
| "winter"
| *talvi || *tālvē || Er. ťeľe, Mk. '''ƭaľa''' || *tel(ə) || *tol || teel : tele- || *täälə || '''*teləɣ''' || -
| *w > Ms ∅
|-
| "to cut"
| ''*säli-'', ''*sälek'' || *čālē- || - || *šelä- || *ćol- || sel- || '''*sil-''' || '''*süüL-''' || *sälä-
|-
| "half"
| *pooli || '''*pealē''' || *päľɜ || *pele || *pol || feel : fele- || - ||style="color:green"| *peeɭək || *pälä
| cf. *pälə "side"; preF *palə → Slavic *polъ [*palʊ] → Mo *pola "spouse"?
|-
| "to wade"
| *koolë- || *kālē- || *käľə- || *kelä-, *kelðə- || '''*köl-''', *kolt- || kel- || style="color:red"| *kʷääl- || '''*küüL-''' || -
| F. ''*kaalat-'' ← S; Ma & P. #2 "to fish with a pull-net"
|-
| "root, vein"
| Liv. sūoŗ || *sārē || - || *šer || U. ''ser'' || eer : ere- || *täärə || *ɬeer || -
| F. *soori < *sarə; Udm. e / _r?
|-
| "to load"
| ''*sälyttä-'' || - || - || - || K. sɤl- || ell- || *tääl- || *ɬeeL- || '''*tij-'''
| could be *ä-ə?
|-
| "moisture"
| *kasi || *kāsē || - || - || - || - || EW *köäťəľ || *keeLää || ''*käta''
|-
| "moth"
| *koi || - || Er. '''ki''' || Me. kije || k''e''/ɤj || - || Tv '''kij, käj''' || *keej || -
| F. from *kooji < *kajə; ES '''*koajɤ''' ← F? U. e / _Ć
|-
| "gall"
| *sappi || *sāppē || *säpɜ || - || s''e''/ɤp || epe || *tääpə || - || -
|-
| "to scoop"
| F. *ammi? || - || - || - || U. omɨrt- || - || *äämärt- || *eemər- || -
| if not F. < *ama-
|-
| "dirt"
| *saksi || *sāksē || '''*seksɜ''' || - || s''e''/ɤs || - || - || - || -
| F > *sa(a)s-ta
|-
| "scab"
| *loomi || - || Er. ľeme || Hi. lim ~ Me. '''lümö''' || *lom || - || - || - || -
|-
| "tree sp."
| *sarni || - || - || *šertńe || '''*śir''' || - || - || - || -
| F. "ash", Ma "willow", P. "elm"
|- style="background:#A0FFA0"
! colspan="10"| not in F. but regular enough
|-
| "spleen"
| - ||style="color:green"| *ðāpðē || - || *lep(ə) || '''*loop''' || leep || - || *leepət || Ne. ''rapśaa''
| S. *l-ð > *ð-ð?
|-
| "woman; weasel"
| - || *kāðvē || - || - || - || style="color:red"| †helɟ || *kääľ || *kööjəɣ || *käjwä
| Ms. *ľɣ > ľ; MHu. > ''hölgy''
|-
| "twig"
| - || *sāŋkē || - || *šeŋge || - ||style="color:red"| eek || - || '''*ɬöŋk''' || -
|-
| "to shoo"
| - || *ārē- || - || - || - || - || *äärt- || *eerət- ||
|-
| "water"
| - || *čācē || - || - || - || - || - || *seeč- || Ne. ''sada''
|-
| "to find place"
| - || - || - || - || *t''e''/ɤrɨ- || teer- || - || - || -
| Udm. e / _r?
|-
| "to put in/on"
| - || *cākē- || - || *čie- || - || - || - || - || -
| Ma. *e > *i in hiatus (StUE1)
|-
| "mare"
| - || *āltō || *äľďɜ || - || - || - || - || - || -
|- style="background:#A0FFA0"
! colspan="10"|
|-
| "ungulate sp."
| - || *vāðōk || style="color:red"| '''vedraš''' || '''*wü̆ľə''' || *vol || - || - || '''*we₂lii''' || -
| SMo "cow", MaP "horse", Kh. "reindeer". Es '''veis''' ← *vetä-, perhaps also Mo. Cf also Gmc *weθruz, L. ''vitulus'' etc.)
|-
| "moment"
| Fi. '''hetki''' ~ Ka. hätki || - || style="color:red"| '''ška''' || - || *čož || - || - || - || -
| WTF?
|-
| "ring"
| - || - || - || *jĭr || *jor || - || - || - || Ne. jorka ?
| U. *jeros > ''joros''?
|- style="background:#A0FFA0"
! colspan="10"| Udm e ~ Komi ɤ
|-
| "back"
| Fi. '''perä''' ~ E. ''pära'' || - || '''*pŕa''' || - || be/ɤr || - || '''*pärəɣ''' || '''*pertaɣ''' || -
| ObU *perɜ > *per-əɣ
|-
| "part"
| - || - || - || "рызе" || *re/ɤć || rees || -rFś || - || -
| cf. Fi. ''räsä'' "broken", unless a variant of ''risa''; Ms. dmnt.
|-
| "to prepare"
| - || *lāčē- || - || '''*lĭšte-''' || le/ɤśal-, *le/ɤśɜtɨ- || - || - || - || -
|-
| "hemp"
| - || - || - || *kĭńe || ke/ɤn || - || - || - || -
| Wanderwort.
|-
| "to freeze"
| - || - || - || Hi. kiže- || ke/ɤdź- || - || - || - || '''*kə̈nsä-'''
| or *kinśä with K. irregular?
|- style="background:#A0FFA0"
! colspan="10"| *ä-ä type 2: F *ä-ä ~ S *ā-ē; Komi *e; Ms *ee ~ Kh *ää (*ii)
| all with -CC-?
|-
| "tongue"
| - || *ńālmē || - || ''*ńĭlmə'' || - || ńelv, ńeev || *ńeeləm || *ńääLəm || style="color:red"| -
| Ne. ''ńāᵒḿu'' better ← *ńåə- < *ńalə-
|-
| "power"
| '''*tarmo''', Fi. tärmä || *tārmō || - || - || - || - || *teeriŋ || *täärəm || -
|-
| "(to) cover"
| *läppä || Lu '''liehppa''' || - || *leweðä- *lewäš || U. ''ľipɨ-'' ~ K. lep || lep- || *leep- || - || -
|-
| "lasso; trap"
| NF *lämsä || *lāmčē || - || - || K. leć || - || *leesə || ''*lii₁s'' || *jä²sɜn
| Medials messy; F perhaps ← Gmc *slamsa-, OU ← K?
|-
| "needle"
| *äjmä || *ājmē || - || *imə || K. jem || - || - || - || *äjmä
| Ma. *ej > *i. Also cf. U. '''veń'''
|-
| "old man"
| *äjjä || *ājjē || - || - || '''*ajɨ''' || - || - || - || style="color:red"| *äjsä
| Contam. of *äjjä + *äććä in Smy?
|-
| "lath"
| '''*tarja''' || - || - || #tiər || - || - || N '''tarəs''' || *täärəs || -
| Fi. ~ ''tärjä'', contam. with *sarja? *tärə-, derivs?
|-
| "larch"
| - || - || - || - || K. ń/nia ~ ńeja || - || EWMs ''ńix'' || *nääŋk || -
| Medials messy. PMs *ee, shortened?
|-
| "worm"
| - || - || - || - || K. perk || feerëg || *peer(ə)k || - || -
| medials?? probably nor *-rkk-
|-
| "bay, lake"
| - || - || - || - || U kalɤm ~ K. kela || || *keeləɣ ||style="color:green"| ''*kœœɭəɣ'' || -
| Ud. a / _l ? Sk. *kuəľ not here (< PS *wåj)
|-
| "spot"
| *täplä || *tāplē || - || - || - || - || - || - || -
|- style="background:#A0FFA0"
! colspan="10"| With F *ä-ä ~ S *ea-ē
|-
| "thumb"
| - || ''*pealkē'' || style="color:red"| *päľka || - || U. pɤlɨ ~ K. pel || - || - || - || '''*pej'''
| *pälə-kkä, cf. "side"? F. *pewka- ← Gmc.
|-
| "bog"
| - || ''*jeaŋkē'' || - || - || K. jeg || - || *jääŋkə || *jööŋk || -
| Fi. jänkä prob. ← S.
|-
| "smoke hole"
| ''*räppänä'' || ''*reapēnē'' || - || - || *ropɨ- || - || - || - || -
|-
| "lichen"
| ''*jäkälä'' || ''*jeakēl'' || - || - || K. ''jal'' || - || - || - || -
|-
| "to understand"
| Fi ''äly'' || ''*ealvē-'' || - || - || K. ''al'' || - || - || - || - || -
|- style="background:#A0FFA0"
! colspan="10"| With Komi /e/
|-
| "to freeze"
| (*jääty-) || - || - || - || K. jed- || - || *jäänt- ||style="color:green"| '''*jentəɭ-''' ||
| *jäŋ-tä-. Also K. jo/ɤdmɨ "to harden"
|-
| "to reach"
| - || - || - || - || K. šergɤd- || eer- || *täärt- || *ɬeerəmt- || -
|-
| "to believe"
| - || - || - || - || *öskɨ- || - || ''*äɣt-'' || *ööɣəL- || -
| Ms. cf. *aa > *a / _ɣt. Cf. *usko-?
|-
| "to fly"
| - || - || - || - || ''*löb-'' || lebëg-, libëg- || - || - || -
| Rather *e? Cf. F. *lentä- ??
|-
| "thin"
| - || - || - || - || *vek-- || veekoń || - || - || -
|-
| "to understand; think"
| - || - || - || - || #väälal- || veel- || - || - || -
|-
| "old"
| - || - || - || - || K. vener || veen || - || - || -
|Or *winä?
|-
| "block"
| - || - || - || - || U džɤk ~ K džek || '''čök''' || - || - || -
|- style="background:#A0FFA0"
! colspan="10"| remainder
|-
| "friend"
| - || *lāvē || - || - || - || - || N. ''leekʷ''|| style="color:red"| *ɬöɣ || -
| Ms. transfer of labzn? S. ← ObU?
|-
| "paw"
| *käpsä || - || - || '''*küpš''' || U. '''kus-''' ~ K. '''kɨs, kɤs''' || - ||style="color:red"| '''*kʷät''' || *kööpəL || -
|-
| "this"
| *tä-mä || *tā || tä || Hi. '''ti''' ~ Me. '''tɤ''' || *ta || te- || '''*ti''' || '''*te''' ? || '''*tê-'''
| East *tê, if not rel. to "that"
|-
| "these"
| *nä-mä || *nā || *ńä || *nĭjne || K. na || ''-ni'', -ne || ? *-nää || ? *-nää || *nä
| Ugr. lativ ending
|-
| "ass"
| - || - || - || *šeŋgə || - || šegg || style="color:red"| *sääŋkʷ || - || '''*čɤŋkå'''
| *č not palatalized in Smy?
|-
| "to chop"
| - || *āktē- || - || - || '''*ooktɨ-''' || üt- || '''*jäkt-''' || *ööɣət- || -
| Ms *ää > *ä / _kt? Cf. "to believe". P *oktɨ- "gather" not here (''contra'' HPUL)
|-
| "big, mother"
| '''*emä''' || '''*eamē''' || - || - || - || eme || - || - || *ämä
| F & S. with analogy from *ena? Cf. F. *ämmä
|-
| "bone"
| Fi. tähde || *tāktē || - || - || - || tetem || - || - || -
| F. "leftovers"
|-
| "elm"
| - || - || śäľi || '''*šol''' || - || '''sil''' || - || - || -
| F. *salaka, *halaka "willow" ← Gmc.
|-
| "star"
| ''*tähti'' || *tāstē || *ťäšťɜ || '''*tištə''' || - || - || - || - || -
| Or -i?
|- style="background:#A0FFA0"
! colspan="10"| With Ms *ää ~ Kh *ää (most spotty, perhaps most *-ə)
|-
| "to cut"
| ''*vejci'' Võ. väić || - || - || - || K. vɤź- || veeš- || - || *wäänć- || -
| #wänśə. F. "knife"
|-
| "girl"
| ''*nejt--'' Võ. näio || *nējtɤ || E. ''ńi'' || - || *nɨl || - || *nääj "lady" || *nääj "lady" || *nä
| *näjə. Cf. Ms *nee ~ Kh *nii₂ŋ "woman"
|-
| "roach; ruffe"
| *särki || - || *säŕgɜ || style="color:red"| *šereŋɣə || - || - || *täärəɣ || *ɬäärəɣ || -
| Liv. ''särg'' w/o umlaut (< *särkä?)
|-
| "father"
| - || W *āččē || - || - || - || - || *ääći || *ääćii || NE #åt³sä-
| S. also E *ëćē = F. *icä?
|-
| "soft"
| - || OSw "nemok"? || - || - || - || - || *ńäämək || *ńäämək ||
|-
| "lap"
| - || - || *äľ || Hi. elt- ~ Me. ölt- ||style="color:red"| *wol''' || - || *ääl || *ääL || -
|-
| "(to) bend"
| - || - || *mäńə- || - || - || meen || || *määnəj-, '''*mii₂n''' || '''#mËnə-'''
|-
| "to choke"
| - || - || - || - || *čök-, U. ''džok-'' ~ K. ''džag-'' || - || '''*šük-''' || *čääkən- || -
|-
| "to feel"
| - || - || - || - || K. malal || - || *määlVćl- || *määL- || -
| Es. mälu < *mälə "mind"
|-
| "honey"
| - || - || - || *mü(j) || - || - || *määɣ || *määɣ ||
| Newer loans, e.g. from Permic?
|- style="background:#A0FFA0"
! colspan="10"| Loans: old
|-
| "board"
| *parci || || - || - || style="color:red"| ''*börd'' || - || *päärtə || *peert || -
| ← IE *bʰerdʰ-; separately in P.?
|-
| "lake"
| *jarvi, ''*järvi'' || *jāvrē || style="color:red"| järkä || *jer || - || - || - || - || -
| +Merya #jäkrä; ← IE *jewHro-
|-
| "to flee; to disappear"
| - || *pātārɤ- || - || - || - || - || *päätər- || - || -
| ← II *patar- "flying" (StUE1)
|-
| "goose"
| *hanhi || - || Er. šenže || - || - || - || - || - || -
| *šänšä ← B.
|- style="background:#A0FFA0"
! colspan="10"| Loans: likely parallel
|-
| "to tire; be ill"
| *väsü- || *vēsɤ- || - || - || *viśɨ- || - || - || - || -
| FS ← Gmc *wēsia-
|-
| "crust"
| *kärnä || ''*kearnē'' || style="color:red"| ''kšńat'' || - || - || - || || '''*käärńə-''' ||
| F & S. ← Gmc. *herna
|-
| "to go"
| *käve- || - || - || Hi. kej ~ Me. kaj|| - || - || - || - || -
| F. ← Gmc. *skeewjan
|-
| "small, few"
| *vähä || - || Er. vež- || - || - || - || - || - || -
| F. ← Gmc *wēxa-, also Er.?
|-
| "kidney"
| - || - || - || *werɣə || K. vɤrk || - || - || - || -
| ← II *vr̥tka
|-
| "iron"
| - || - || ''kšńi'' || '''*kü̆rtńe''' || *kort || - || - || - || -
| ← Ir. *kaart-
|- style="background:#A0FFA0"
! colspan="10"| With Permic *a
|-
| "tree stump"
| - || '''*jɤlŋēs''' || - || - || U. ''jal'' || - || - || '''*jöŋkəL''' || *jä
| Check Smy.
|-
| "bird sp."
| Es. ähk(a-) || - || *šäkša-- || *ćećkem || K. ''čakčej'' || - || - || - || -
|-
| "backside"
| - || NW *kācākɤ || - || - || K. ''kadž'' || - || - || - || -
|-
| "birch bark vessel"
| - || - || - || *leŋəš || ''*ľaŋes'' || - || - || *jeŋəL || -
|-
| "house"
| - || - || - || *mĭt || ''*matɤ'' || - || - || - || *mat
|-
| "fish sp."
| - || - || - || - || U. ''karei'' || - || *käärɣəj || *köörə || Ne. xirii
|-
| "net"
| - || - || - || - || ''*ka(d)ź'' || - || - || Kam. koťəp || -
|-
| "trap"
| - || - || - || - || ''*naľk'' || - || *ńääľə || - || -
| Cf. Fi. ''nalkki'' ??
|-
| "year; time"
| - || - || - || - || ''*ar'' || - || #arəm || - || -
| But Smy *ërö < *ëd₁ə
|-
| "time"
| - || - || - || - || K. ''kad'' || †kedig, keedig || - || - || -
|-
| "to knead"
| - || - || - || *nüštəlä- || U. ''nadź-'' || - || - || - || -
| Weak
|- style="background:#A0FFA0"
! colspan="10"| TBS: FP only
|-
| "woodpecker"
| style="color:red"|*hähnä || *čāšnē || - || *šištə || *śiź || - || - || - || -
|-
| "beaver"
| '''*majaka''' || *mājēkē || ''mijav'' || - || ''mɨ/oj'' || - || - || - || -
| NB Mo. *i, P. ɨ~o also in "to leave"
|-
| "rotten"
| style="color:red"| ''*mätä'' || *mēckɤ || - || '''*määkš''' || - || - || - || - || -
| Medials incoherent
|-
| "fine; short"
| '''*hɤɤno''' || - || - || - || K. dženɨt || - || - || - || -
| Bad. K ~ F hiven = *čiŋɜ-?
|-
| "whetstone"
| '''*hɤɤra''' || - || - || - || U. šer || - || - || - || -
|-
| "cambium; milk"
| Fi. jälsi || - || - || - || *jɤl || - || - || - || -
| Bad semantics
|-
| "sickness"
| *närä || - || - || - || K. ńora || - || - || - || -
|-
| "to choke, strangle"
| *läppä(htä)- || '''*lɤppɤsē-''' || *ľäpəja-, *ľäpst'''a'''- || - || - || - || - || - || -
| Cf. *läkkä-
|-
| "near"
| *lähe-, *läs-nä || - || - || *lĭš-nə || - || - || - || - || -
|-
| "thin"
| E *väčkü || - || - || *wĭćkəž || - || - || - || - || -
|-
| "aunt; mother"
| *tätej || - || "ťäďä" || - || - || - || - || - || -
| Lallwort
|-
| "paw"
| *käppä || - || *käpɜ || - || - || - || - || - || -
| Cf. *käpsä, also Fi. käpälä
|-
| "to breathe"
| *läkkä- || - || *ľäk'''a'''- || - || - || - || - || - || -
|-
| "valley"
| - || *leakē || ľäj || - || - || - || - || - || -
| Cf. *lakc'i; WPIE *lakos
|- style="background:#A0FFA0"
! colspan="10"| TBS: Permic + East
|-
| "rare; open"
| - || - || - || - || U. šer || - || *täärəɣ || *Lii₂r(tV) || -
|-
| "even"
| - || - || - || - || U. voľɨt ~ K. voľk(ɨd) || - || - || E weeľəɣ ~ W *weĽək || -
|-
| "to see"
| - || - || - || - || K. vidlɨ- || veed- || - || N. waant- || -
| Better *E? Cf. IE
|-
| "to heat"
| - || - || - || - || U est(ɨ)- K ɤzji- || - || - || W *eL-, V '''öl-''' || -
| cf. PIE *h₂as-? also cf. *ešə-
|-
| "sour"
| - || - || - || - || U šɤm ~ K šom || - || - || '''*čii₂m''' ||
| Nothing works. Cf. *šAppa(ma), *čɜGɜ-, *šoKɜ-
|-
| "to disappear"
| - || - || - || - || U. vez- || ve(e)s- || - || - || -
|- style="background:#A0FFA0"
! colspan="10"| TBS: East only
|-
| "squirrel"
| - || - || - || - || - || evet || N. '''tapriś''' || - || Sk. #täpäk
| Or H ~ V iiwə, Trj jiipət (*-ɬääŋkii)
|-
| "to lift"
| - || - || - || - || - ||style="color:red"| emel- || *äälm- || *ääl(əm)- || '''*(j)i²lə-'''
|-
| "daughter"
| - || - || - || - || - || ia- || *ääwi || *ööɣii || -
| H. in ia-fia "one's children"
|-
| "other side"
| - || - || - || - || - || elv || *ääləm || *ääLəm || -
|-
| "dog"
| - || - || - || - || - || '''ëb''' || *äämpə || *äämp || -
|-
| "strawberry"
| - || - || - || - || - || epër || *ääpərjek || - || -
|-
| "to harden (steel)"
| - || - || - || - || - || edz- || E öät- || *äät- || -
|-
| "glue"
| - || - || - || - || - || eńv || *eeľəm || E eejəm ~ W *ääjəm ||
| H *ľm > *ńm > ńv?
|-
| "to walk; have room"
| - || - || - || - || - || leep- || *lääp- || *Leep- ||
|-
| "to lurk"
| - || - || - || - || - || leš- || *lääć- || N laaśii- || -
|-
| "thin"
| - || - || - || - || - ||style="color:red"| veezna || '''*(w)iś''' || *wääńć || -
| and K. ''vɤsńi''??
|-
| "tail"
| - || - || - || - || - || - || style="color:red"| *määnśək || *määsəɣ || Sk. ''mäča''
|-
| "horse; herd"
| - || - || - || - || - || meen || - || *määnəŋ || -
| *E possible
|-
| "to look"
| - || - || - || - || - || tekint- || - || E. tääɣən- || -
|-
| "to scoop"
| - || - || - || - || - || - || - || *ɬäät- || *täti-
| cf. Komi šɤt- 'to bring in'?!
|-
| "rapids"
| - || - || - || - || -|| šellöö || *säärlV || - || -
| *č- or *ś-?
|- style="background:#A0FFA0"
! colspan="10"| TBS: Rest
|-
| ""
| || || || || || || || ||
|-
| ""
| || || || || || || || ||
|-
| "son-in-law"
| *vävvü ||style="color:red"| '''*vīvɤ''' || Mk. ''ov'' || '''*wiŋə''' || - || vöö || - || W *weeŋ ~ E '''wooŋ''' || '''*weŋü'''
|-
| "younger male relat."
| - || *lāvē || - || - || - || - || N '''leekʷ''' || style="color:green"| *ľööɣii || -
| Kh *ɬööɣ "slave" probs not here
|-
| "sap"
| - || *ālē || - || - || - || - || '''*iľ''', Tv '''oľ''' || W '''*eɭə(ɣ)''' ~ V '''öɭ''' || '''*ï/ülə'''
| Cf. "cambium"
|-
| "to burn"
| - || - || - || #Iŋä- || K. ɨń || eeg- || - || *jääŋ(L)əL- || -
| *äŋə-
|-
| "raspberry"
| - || - || *ińəźəŋ || Me. (eŋ)əž ~ Hi. (əŋg)əž || U. (em)edź ~ K. (ɤm)edź || - || - || *-ääńć || -
| Probs a compound also in Ma. (← eŋa- ~ əŋgä- 'to burn'?), P.
|-
| "don't"
| *älä || '''ɤlēk''' || '''iľa(k)''' || - || - || - || Tv äl / '''wil, ul''' || *ääL || (#i)
| much irregular. very analogy
|-
| "child; young"
| - || - || *ejď || - || - || i-fjú || - || *ääj || -
|-
| "porridge"
| '''*rokka''' || - || - || - || '''*rook''' || - || W raɣt, *räk- || *rook, *rääk ||
| *rokka ~ *rekkä??
|-
| "hill"
| *kääp(p)ä || - || - || - || - || - || *käp || - || -
| F. may be ← B.
|-
| "palm"
| N *kämmen, S *kämmäl || - || - || - || - || - || - || *köömən || -
| S. *keamë- ← F.
|-
| "hard"
| *kämä || - || '''kemä''' || - || - || kemeeń || - || - || *kom?
|-
| "small bird"
| - || - || - || *kaj (?!) || - || - || So. koj || Kaz. kuj || Mt, Tv kai "goose"
|-
| "spear, spit"
| - ||style="color:red"| '''*sńipčō''' || - || *jɤpš || *jooć/ś || - || - || *jii₂pəs || '''*japsə'''
| Ma (++?) cf. Trk?
|-
| "belt"
| || || || || *jee || || || || *jiəj ?
| Cf. "vyö"
|-
| "juniper"
| *kataka || *kɤsŋɤs; *koaccēvē "needle" || - || "MRS" kož || K. kač || - || *kääš- || - || -
| F. from *kača "resin" (vs. S. *kāssē "wax" < G?), or B.?
|-
| "blood"
| - || *kēlō- || - || - || - || - || ''*keel(ə)p'' || *käLə- ? || Ne. śelw-
| NS also kīlu-
|-
| "tail; back"
| '''*häntä''' || *cɤ/īckɤ || - || - || - || - || *šiš || '''*čönč''' || -
| best *e
|-
| "otter"
| NF? *hähkä || - || - || - || - || - || - || - || Sk. töötə
| Ma. šä/aškə ← Trk.
|-
| "string"
| Fi. jänni || - || - || - || - || - || - || Vj jönää ~ W *jen || -
| Bad (prob variants of *jäntə)
|-
| "wagtail"
| #västɜräkkɜ || - || *uśkəŕəj || - || - || - || *wärćək || *we/örćək || -
| S. #peštōr ← Kar. ''päistärikko''
|-
| "animal hair"
| - || - || - || '''*wäjä''' || - || - || - || - || Ne. #ẃeići
|-
| "to help"
| - || - || Er. '''čaŋgoďe-''' || - || - || šegiit- || - || - || -
| *č-ŋk-nt-, but wtf vowels?
|-
| "to pull, lead"
| '''*vetä-''' || - || *väďa- ~ *väťa- || #wi/üðe- || - || vezet- || - || - || -
|better *ä than *e? also cf. Er. ''viťi-''
|-
| "net"
| - || - || - || *wäpte-/əš || *vötes || - || - || - || -
|-
| "trap"
| - ||style="color:red"| ''*šeaššē'' || - || ? ''*ćüćäš'' || - || - || *seesəɣ || - || -
| but Ma. ← *ćüće- 'to dig' (MaWb)
|-
| "hard sno"
| - || *čiekɤr || - || - || - || - || CMs #ćAɣr || '''*ćaɣər''' ||style="color:red"| #käkar
| probably rather TN śexer, Km šëër ← OU
|-
| "to kick, jump"
| - || *čēkčɤ- || - || '''*ćükće-''' || *ćekćɨ- || - || - || - || -
|-
| ""
| || || || || || || || ||
|-
| ""
| || || || || || || || ||
|- style="background:#A0FFA0"
! colspan="10"| Rejectable
|-
| "to ruminate"
| *märeh(ti-) || style="color:red"| ''*smērēcē-'' || - || - || *roməćtɨ- || - || - || - ||
| P. probably better ← II *raumantH-
|-
| "chin"
| - || - || - || - || ''*aŋ'' || || '''*eeɣən''' ||style="color:green"| *ääɣəɳ || *aŋ
| OUg better ~ *jekən, Smy ← *aŋ 'mouth' < *oŋə
|-
| "cereal"
| - || - || - || *šeðäŋə || K. *šoogdi || e(e)d || - || *ɬäänt || -
| H+Kh < *sewə-ntä
|-
| "weak"
| - || - || - || '''*läńćərä''' || K. ľić || - || - || style="color:green"| ''*ɭääsək'' || -
| Medials inconsistent, Ma unetymological (better < *lańśə 'soft'?)
|-
| "weasel"
| - || - || - || - || U. jurmek || - || - || - || Sk. ńärmäk
| *je- ~ *ńä-?!
|-
| "to go"
| - || - || - || - || - || üldöz- || *jäl- || VVj jel- || -
| OU better < *elä-
|-
| "berry stew"
| - || - || - || - || K. ľaz(j-) || - || - || *lüüs || -
| Zero phonetic match
|-
| "tip of nose"
| - || *tīŋɤ || - || - || - || - || - || - || TNe tɨna
| *ŋ ~ *n? *ī ~ *ï?
|-
| "leather ~ bark"
| - || *čɤvtē || - || - || - || - || - || - ||style="color:red"| *käpti
|-
| "to turn"
| '''*kääntä-''' || - || - || - || *kož- || - || - || - || -
|-
| "hill"
| - || '''*tēvā''' || - || - || K. di || - || - || - || -
| S. uninheritable
|}