FrathWiki - User contributions [en]

Dahoukki

2022-04-03T03:23:08Z

Thirty7: /* Number */

__NOTOC__
{{SCBar|name=Dahoukki|#Grammar{{!}}Grammar|/Lexicon{{!}}Lexicon|/Sound Changes{{!}}Sound Changes|#Script{{!}}Writing & Script|:Category:Dahoukki Kana{{!}}''Kana Category''|:Category:Dahoukki Images{{!}}''Image Category''}}
{{/Infobox}}

== Phonology ==
'''Dŭhoug''' has 13 consonants and 8 distinct vowels. Of the consonants, there is a significant portion that fall into two specific categories, and those are plosives and palatals. While there is only ''one'' consonant that is neither, all the rest fall into one category or the other, and none are both (unless the affricates are counted as though they are stops). There is also a significant distinction between voiced and voiceless consonant pairs. The vowel system in Dahoukki is basically a five vowel system with the a, e, i, o, u distinction that is prominent in many languages. However, there is also a set of "lax" vowels that has partially collapsed due to the high vowels both merging into schwa and the low vowel merging with its low lax counterpart. In addition, '''u''' is /ɯ/ rather than /u/. The vowel system was, at one time, one with five vowels and a length distinction.

=== Consonants ===
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; border: none; background: none;"
| width="125px" style="border: none; background: none;" |  
! width="125px" | Labial !! width="125px" | Coronal !! width="125px" | Palatal !! width="125px" | Velar !! width="125px" | Laryngeal
|-
! rowspan="2" style="vertical-align: middle;" | Plosive
| '''p''' /p/ || '''t''' /t/ || rowspan="2" |   || '''k''' /k/ || rowspan="2" | '''ʼ''' ('''q''') /ʔ/
|-
| '''b''' /b/ || '''d''' /d/ || '''g''' /g/
|-
! rowspan="2" style="vertical-align: middle;" | Fricative
| rowspan="2" |   || rowspan="2" |   || '''c''' /ɕ/ ~ [s] || rowspan="2" |   || rowspan="2" |  
|-
| '''z''' /ʑ/ ~ [z]
|-
! rowspan="2" style="vertical-align: middle;" | Affricate
| rowspan="2" |   || rowspan="2" |   || '''ć''' /ʨ/ || rowspan="2" |   || rowspan="2" |  
|-
| '''ź''' /ʥ/
|-
! Approximant
| || '''r''' /ɺ/ ~ [ɾ; θ] || '''y''' /j/ || ||
|}

=== Vowels ===
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; border: none; background: none"
| style="border: none; background: none;" colspan="2" |  
! width="125px" | Front !! width="125px" | Central !! width="125px" | Back
|-
! width="100px" rowspan="2" style="vertical-align: middle;" | High !! width="25px" | {{small|Plain}}
| '''i''' /i/ || || '''u''' /ɯ/ ~ [u]
|-
! width="25px" | {{small|Lax}}
| colspan="3" | '''ŭ''' /ə/
|-
! rowspan="2" style="vertical-align: middle;" | Middle !! {{small|Plain}}
| '''e''' /e/ || rowspan="2" |   || '''o''' /o/
|-
! {{small|Lax}}
| '''ĕ''' /ɛ/ || '''ŏ''' /ɔ/
|-
! colspan="2" | Low
| colspan="3" | '''a''' /ä/
|}

=== Romanization ===
The romanization is pretty straight forward. However, there are two small wrinkles:
# The '''q''' is only used if the first letter of a word is a glottal stop, in all other cases the apostrophe is used instead.
# There is an alternate system for romanizing the vowels that more closely approximates the use of '''Hŭcukda''': '''a''' /ä/, '''e''' /ɛ/, '''ei''' /e/, '''i''' /i/, '''o''' /ɔ/, '''ou''' /o/, '''u''' /ə/, and '''uu''' /ɯ/.

=== Phonotactics ===
Dahoukki builds it syllables based on the following basic pattern: '''(C)(r)V(T)'''. Where '''C''' is any consonant, '''V''' is any vowel, and '''T''' is any voiceless consonant. However, for successive syllables that follow a syllable with a coda consonant, the following pattern must be used: '''(D)(r)V(T)''', where '''D''' is any voiced consonant. This is due to the fact that should two consonants border each other, the first must always be voiceless and the second one is then voiced; this is referred to as "consonant voicing dissimilation."

==== Stress ====
At present, the stress system at play here has not been fully documented to a satisfactory level. It is unlikely to be a pitch accent system, however.

==== Allophony ====
* When '''u''' precedes or follows a labial consonant, it tends to be pronounced as [u].
* When in a cluster, '''r''' is tapped/flapped.
* A /ɺ/ that is the coda consonant must necessarily become voiceless. However, it is expressed as [θ~ʃ] not perhaps the more straight forward [ɺ̥] or [ɾ̥].

== Script ==
The native script is called '''Hŭcukda''' (this term comes from 翡翠かな or *'''hisuikana''', while this term doesn't exist in Japanese, the project itself has long had an association with jade — more specifically, ''nephrite'' — so, it became associated via Japanese with the written script). As is probably obvious, this script is substantially similar to Japanese's [[WP:hiragana|hiragana]] script with which it shares several characters. (However, not all of those shared characters have the same sound value as hŭcukda kŭda [*kana]).

{| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; border: none; background: none;"
| style="border: none; background: none;" |  
! — !! width="48px" | k !! width="48px" | c !! width="48px" | t !! width="48px" | p !! width="48px" | d* !! width="48px" | h !! width="48px" | b* !! width="48px" | y !! width="48px" | r !! width="48px" | q !! width="96px" | ć
|-
! width="48px" style="vertical-align: middle;" | a
| {{DHG|a|48px}} || {{DHG|ka|48px}} || {{DHG|ca|48px}} || {{DHG|ta|48px}} || {{DHG|pa|48px}} || {{DHG|da|48px}} || {{DHG|ha|48px}} || {{DHG|ba|48px}} || {{DHG|ya|48px}} || {{DHG|ra|48px}} || {{DHG|qa|48px}} || {{DHG|ki|48px}}{{DHG|S-ya|48px}}
|-
! style="vertical-align: middle;" | i
| {{DHG|i|48px}} || {{DHG|ki|48px}} || {{DHG|ci|48px}} || {{DHG|ti|48px}} || {{DHG|pi|48px}} || {{DHG|di|48px}} || {{DHG|hi|48px}} || {{DHG|bi|48px}} || || {{DHG|ri|48px}} || {{DHG|qi|48px}} || {{DHG|ki|48px}}{{DHG|S-i|48px}}
|-
! style="vertical-align: middle;" | ŭ
| {{DHG|u|48px}} || {{DHG|ku|48px}} || {{DHG|cu|48px}} || {{DHG|tu|48px}} || {{DHG|pu|48px}} || {{DHG|du|48px}} || {{DHG|hu|48px}} || {{DHG|bu|48px}} || {{DHG|yu|48px}} || {{DHG|ru|48px}} || {{DHG|qu|48px}} || {{DHG|ki|48px}}{{DHG|S-yu|48px}}
|-
! style="vertical-align: middle;" | ĕ
| {{DHG|e|48px}} || {{DHG|ke|48px}} || {{DHG|ce|48px}} || {{DHG|te|48px}} || {{DHG|pe|48px}} || {{DHG|de|48px}} || {{DHG|he|48px}} || {{DHG|be|48px}} || {{DHG|ye|48px}} || {{DHG|re|48px}} || {{DHG|qe|48px}} || {{DHG|ki|48px}}{{DHG|S-ye|48px}}
|-
! style="vertical-align: middle;" | ŏ
| {{DHG|o|48px}} || {{DHG|ko|48px}} || {{DHG|co|48px}} || {{DHG|to|48px}} || {{DHG|po|48px}} || {{DHG|do|48px}} || {{DHG|ho|48px}} || {{DHG|bo|48px}} || {{DHG|yo|48px}} || {{DHG|ro|48px}} || {{DHG|qo|48px}} || {{DHG|ki|48px}}{{DHG|S-yo|48px}}
|-
! style="vertical-align: middle;" | Ø
| || {{DHG|-k|48px}} || {{DHG|-c|48px}} || {{DHG|-t|48px}} || {{DHG|-p|48px}} || {{DHG|-d|48px}} || {{DHG|-h|48px}} || {{DHG|-b|48px}} || || {{DHG|-r|48px}} || {{DHG|-q|48px}} || {{DHG|-k|48px}}{{DHG|S-i|48px}}
|}

Only lax (or neutral) vowels are shown in the table above. This is because the "plain" vowels do not have a separate series of kana associated with them. Rather, one must add another (small) vowel sign following certain kana for the desired vowel sound to be understood. As etymologically, these are mainly from formerly long vowels, the method to write them follows the former paradigm as well. Namely: to arrive at '''Cu''', one adds a small '''ŭ''' after a kana ending in "-ŭ"; for '''Ce''', one adds a small '''i''' after a kana ending in "-ĕ"; and for '''Co''', one adds a small '''ŭ''' after a kana ending in "-ŏ".

The letters marked in the above table with an asterisk ('''d''' and '''b''') are noted as such since they are etymological in nature. As such, they are only used to spell words that came from a historical *'''n''' or *'''m''', respectively. As such, any other time a '''d''' or '''b''' is required for spelling, a '''dakdi''' [*'''dakuten'''] must be added to the relevant kana with a voiceless initial. All voiceless kana can have a dakdi added to them, with the exception of '''hV''' kana. For '''źV''', however, a dakdi must be added to the '''ki''' kana making it '''gi''' and then the normal small '''yV''' is added to it for the requisite vowel sound.

In addition, there is a series of small '''rV''' kana as well. These kana can be written after any kana ending in '''-ŭ'''. So, should the sequence '''gro''' be desired, one would need to write the following: '''kŭ''' + dakdi + small '''rŏ''' + small '''ŭ''' ({{DHG+|ku|12px}}{{DHG|S-ro|12px}}{{DHG|S-u|12px}}).

=== Examples ===
The following are a series of words and phrases written in Dahoukki script.

* '''Dŭhoug''':
{{DHG|du}} {{DHG|ho}}{{DHG|S-u}} {{DHG|-k}}

* '''Hŭcukda''':
{{DHG|hu}}{{DHG|cu}}{{DHG|S-u}} {{DHG|-k}}{{DHG|da}}

* '''Argatu''':
{{DHG|a}} {{DHG|-r}} {{DHG+|ka}} {{DHG|tu}}{{DHG|S-u}}

* '''Dakdi''':
{{DHG+|ta}} {{DHG|-k}} {{DHG+|ti}}

== Grammar ==

=== Nouns ===
Nouns in Dahoukki can be in one of 12 declension classes depending on the form of the word's form in the ancestor language. As such, the following tables can be used to determine what class any Japanese noun is a part of.

There are two different "linking" or "thematic" vowels that can appear as the primary vowel between a noun's stem, and it's case suffix (these are listed as V₁ & V₂ in the following tables). These vowels alternate depending on which case is being appended to it. In some cases, there is a third situation in which the vowel changes yet again when it appears as the final vowel of a word (such as when there is no consonant to append from the case ending). In that last situation, the vowel that is used is listed after a slash under V₂.

{| class="floatleft"
| style="vertical-align: top;" |
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;"
! width="48px" | Class !! width="112px" | Ancestor !! width="64px" | V₁ !! width="64px" | V₂
|-
! I
| *'''a''' || a || ŭ
|-
! II
| *'''aː''' || a || a
|-
! III
| *'''an''' || Ø || Ø / u
|-
! IV
| *'''i''', '''ai''', '''ui''' || Ø || i
|-
! V
| *'''iː''', '''in''' || i || i
|-
! VI
| *'''u''', '''uː''', '''un''' || Ø || u
|-
! VII
| *'''e''', '''en''' || ĕ || ĕ / e
|-
! VIII
| *'''eː''' || e || e / i
|-
! IX
| *'''o''' || ŏ || o
|-
! X
| *'''oː''', '''on''' || o || o /u
|-
! XI
| *'''oi''', '''enʼi''' || Ø || i
|-
! XII
| *'''CiCi''' || ŭ || i
|}
| style="vertical-align: top;" |
{|
| style="vertical-align: top;" |
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;"
! colspan="3" | V₁
|-
! width="112px" | Ancestor !! width="32px" | Ending !! width="56px" | Use
|-
! style="vertical-align: middle;" | *wa (は) *ga (が)
|| -ga || {{sc|nom}}
|-
! *de (で)
|| di || {{sc|inst / loc}}
|-
! *to (と)
|| t || {{sc|com}}
|}
|-
| style="vertical-align: top;" |
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;"
! colspan="3" | V₂
|-
! width="112px" | Ancestor !! width="32px" | Ending !! width="56px" | Use
|-
! を (*o)
|| Ø || {{sc|acc}}
|-
! に (*ni)
|| di || {{sc|dat}}
|-
! の (*no)
|| r || {{sc|gen}}
|}
|}
|}

The tables to the left can be used to put any noun into the desired case. For some examples, the Class IX word '''dĕko''' (*neko — cat) as well as the Class III word '''gŏhu''' (*gohan — food, cooked rice).
{| style="margin-left:1em;"
|
* Nominative: '''dĕk''' + V₁ + '''ga''' → '''dĕkŏga'''
* Accusative: '''dĕk''' + V₂ + '''Ø''' → '''dĕko'''
* Dative: '''dĕk''' + V₂ + '''di''' → '''dĕkodi'''
* Instrumental: '''dĕk''' + V₁ + '''di''' → '''dĕkŏdi'''
* Genitive: '''dĕk''' + V₂ + '''r''' → '''dĕkor'''
* Comitative: '''dĕk''' + V₁ + '''t''' → '''dĕkŏt'''
| width="64px" |  
|
* Nominative: '''gŏh''' + V₁ + '''ga''' → '''gŏhga'''
* Accusative: '''gŏh''' + V₂ + '''Ø''' → '''gŏhu'''
* Dative: '''gŏh''' + V₂ + '''di''' → '''gŏhdi'''
* Instrumental: '''gŏh''' + V₁ + '''di''' → '''gŏhdi'''
* Genitive: '''gŏh''' + V₂ + '''r''' → '''gŏhŭr'''
* Comitative: '''gŏh''' + V₁ + '''t''' → '''gŏhŭt'''
|}
{{Clear|left}}
==== Morphophonology ====
As is illustrated by the second example word, there are some things that the charts can't completely solve. For those issues where certain letter combinations appear at the end of the word, or to assure that the contrastive consonant voicing process takes place, there is a small set of other rules that come into play. These rules are morphophonological in nature, and are thus affectionately referred to as "Morfofo Rules." They are stated as sound change rules, but occur synchronically within the current language and not diachronically. They are as follows:

ʔ → Ø / _C
Ø → ə / C_C#
Ø → ɯ / C_CC
j → ɕ / _C
D → T / _C // D = A
{h ʔ} → g / T_
T → D / C_

Where '''C''' is any consonant, '''T''' and '''D''' are paired sets of voiceless and voiced consonants (respectively), and '''A''' is an approximant and all other letters are their IPA value.

==== Number ====
It is unclear how number will be treated in Dahoukki. Previously there was a somewhat inconvenient and obtuse system involving ablaut which is no longer in use. Likely, there might be some particle or other feature to indicate a singulative or possibly an "inverse" number. Nothing is set as of yet.

{{Clear|right}}

== Lexicon ==
:—''For a full list of words in Dŭhoug, see: [[/Lexicon|Lexicon]].''

Since almost all of the words in Dahoukki are derived directly from modern Japanese, any word can be created when needed by running the word through sound changes and making some accommodations for changes in meaning.

=== Sound Changes ===
:''See: [[/Sound Changes|Sound Changes]] for full list of sound changes from Japanese.''

==Creator Comments==
This language began life as a sort of weird idea in which I set out to eliminate all nasal sounds (both as vowels and as consonants) from Modern Japanese through sound changes. The language presented above is the product of that somewhat bizarre starting place. It eventually morphed into a collaborative thread over on the CBB ([http://aveneca.com/cbb/viewtopic.php?f=6&t=5174 this one] to be specific). Forumites on that thread who happen to know a lot more about Japanese than I do contributed a great deal to the language's formation. In addition, they provided some valuable insight about sound changes that I didn't yet know. With that input, and so much more, I was able to get to what you see above (though it undoubtedly still needs a lot of further documentation). The noun classes that help determine the final form of words with their cases attached would ''never'' have come to me without the invaluable assistance of folks in that thread! With some luck and determination, I hope to be able to continue where they helped to lead me.

Of course, as is my way, the script for this language was also a huge contributing factor as I had discovered hentaigana and all kinds of other glorious beasts lurking in the annals of Japanese Past. I like what came out, such as it is. Hopefully, now that I've dedicated a page her to it... more development can continue to take place as I remember and expound on things.

[[Category:A posteriori conlangs]][[Category:Thirty7]]

Dahoukki

2022-04-03T03:03:16Z

Thirty7: /* Allophony */

__NOTOC__
{{SCBar|name=Dahoukki|#Grammar{{!}}Grammar|/Lexicon{{!}}Lexicon|/Sound Changes{{!}}Sound Changes|#Script{{!}}Writing & Script|:Category:Dahoukki Kana{{!}}''Kana Category''|:Category:Dahoukki Images{{!}}''Image Category''}}
{{/Infobox}}

== Phonology ==
'''Dŭhoug''' has 13 consonants and 8 distinct vowels. Of the consonants, there is a significant portion that fall into two specific categories, and those are plosives and palatals. While there is only ''one'' consonant that is neither, all the rest fall into one category or the other, and none are both (unless the affricates are counted as though they are stops). There is also a significant distinction between voiced and voiceless consonant pairs. The vowel system in Dahoukki is basically a five vowel system with the a, e, i, o, u distinction that is prominent in many languages. However, there is also a set of "lax" vowels that has partially collapsed due to the high vowels both merging into schwa and the low vowel merging with its low lax counterpart. In addition, '''u''' is /ɯ/ rather than /u/. The vowel system was, at one time, one with five vowels and a length distinction.

=== Consonants ===
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; border: none; background: none;"
| width="125px" style="border: none; background: none;" |  
! width="125px" | Labial !! width="125px" | Coronal !! width="125px" | Palatal !! width="125px" | Velar !! width="125px" | Laryngeal
|-
! rowspan="2" style="vertical-align: middle;" | Plosive
| '''p''' /p/ || '''t''' /t/ || rowspan="2" |   || '''k''' /k/ || rowspan="2" | '''ʼ''' ('''q''') /ʔ/
|-
| '''b''' /b/ || '''d''' /d/ || '''g''' /g/
|-
! rowspan="2" style="vertical-align: middle;" | Fricative
| rowspan="2" |   || rowspan="2" |   || '''c''' /ɕ/ ~ [s] || rowspan="2" |   || rowspan="2" |  
|-
| '''z''' /ʑ/ ~ [z]
|-
! rowspan="2" style="vertical-align: middle;" | Affricate
| rowspan="2" |   || rowspan="2" |   || '''ć''' /ʨ/ || rowspan="2" |   || rowspan="2" |  
|-
| '''ź''' /ʥ/
|-
! Approximant
| || '''r''' /ɺ/ ~ [ɾ; θ] || '''y''' /j/ || ||
|}

=== Vowels ===
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; border: none; background: none"
| style="border: none; background: none;" colspan="2" |  
! width="125px" | Front !! width="125px" | Central !! width="125px" | Back
|-
! width="100px" rowspan="2" style="vertical-align: middle;" | High !! width="25px" | {{small|Plain}}
| '''i''' /i/ || || '''u''' /ɯ/ ~ [u]
|-
! width="25px" | {{small|Lax}}
| colspan="3" | '''ŭ''' /ə/
|-
! rowspan="2" style="vertical-align: middle;" | Middle !! {{small|Plain}}
| '''e''' /e/ || rowspan="2" |   || '''o''' /o/
|-
! {{small|Lax}}
| '''ĕ''' /ɛ/ || '''ŏ''' /ɔ/
|-
! colspan="2" | Low
| colspan="3" | '''a''' /ä/
|}

=== Romanization ===
The romanization is pretty straight forward. However, there are two small wrinkles:
# The '''q''' is only used if the first letter of a word is a glottal stop, in all other cases the apostrophe is used instead.
# There is an alternate system for romanizing the vowels that more closely approximates the use of '''Hŭcukda''': '''a''' /ä/, '''e''' /ɛ/, '''ei''' /e/, '''i''' /i/, '''o''' /ɔ/, '''ou''' /o/, '''u''' /ə/, and '''uu''' /ɯ/.

=== Phonotactics ===
Dahoukki builds it syllables based on the following basic pattern: '''(C)(r)V(T)'''. Where '''C''' is any consonant, '''V''' is any vowel, and '''T''' is any voiceless consonant. However, for successive syllables that follow a syllable with a coda consonant, the following pattern must be used: '''(D)(r)V(T)''', where '''D''' is any voiced consonant. This is due to the fact that should two consonants border each other, the first must always be voiceless and the second one is then voiced; this is referred to as "consonant voicing dissimilation."

==== Stress ====
At present, the stress system at play here has not been fully documented to a satisfactory level. It is unlikely to be a pitch accent system, however.

==== Allophony ====
* When '''u''' precedes or follows a labial consonant, it tends to be pronounced as [u].
* When in a cluster, '''r''' is tapped/flapped.
* A /ɺ/ that is the coda consonant must necessarily become voiceless. However, it is expressed as [θ~ʃ] not perhaps the more straight forward [ɺ̥] or [ɾ̥].

== Script ==
The native script is called '''Hŭcukda''' (this term comes from 翡翠かな or *'''hisuikana''', while this term doesn't exist in Japanese, the project itself has long had an association with jade — more specifically, ''nephrite'' — so, it became associated via Japanese with the written script). As is probably obvious, this script is substantially similar to Japanese's [[WP:hiragana|hiragana]] script with which it shares several characters. (However, not all of those shared characters have the same sound value as hŭcukda kŭda [*kana]).

{| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; border: none; background: none;"
| style="border: none; background: none;" |  
! — !! width="48px" | k !! width="48px" | c !! width="48px" | t !! width="48px" | p !! width="48px" | d* !! width="48px" | h !! width="48px" | b* !! width="48px" | y !! width="48px" | r !! width="48px" | q !! width="96px" | ć
|-
! width="48px" style="vertical-align: middle;" | a
| {{DHG|a|48px}} || {{DHG|ka|48px}} || {{DHG|ca|48px}} || {{DHG|ta|48px}} || {{DHG|pa|48px}} || {{DHG|da|48px}} || {{DHG|ha|48px}} || {{DHG|ba|48px}} || {{DHG|ya|48px}} || {{DHG|ra|48px}} || {{DHG|qa|48px}} || {{DHG|ki|48px}}{{DHG|S-ya|48px}}
|-
! style="vertical-align: middle;" | i
| {{DHG|i|48px}} || {{DHG|ki|48px}} || {{DHG|ci|48px}} || {{DHG|ti|48px}} || {{DHG|pi|48px}} || {{DHG|di|48px}} || {{DHG|hi|48px}} || {{DHG|bi|48px}} || || {{DHG|ri|48px}} || {{DHG|qi|48px}} || {{DHG|ki|48px}}{{DHG|S-i|48px}}
|-
! style="vertical-align: middle;" | ŭ
| {{DHG|u|48px}} || {{DHG|ku|48px}} || {{DHG|cu|48px}} || {{DHG|tu|48px}} || {{DHG|pu|48px}} || {{DHG|du|48px}} || {{DHG|hu|48px}} || {{DHG|bu|48px}} || {{DHG|yu|48px}} || {{DHG|ru|48px}} || {{DHG|qu|48px}} || {{DHG|ki|48px}}{{DHG|S-yu|48px}}
|-
! style="vertical-align: middle;" | ĕ
| {{DHG|e|48px}} || {{DHG|ke|48px}} || {{DHG|ce|48px}} || {{DHG|te|48px}} || {{DHG|pe|48px}} || {{DHG|de|48px}} || {{DHG|he|48px}} || {{DHG|be|48px}} || {{DHG|ye|48px}} || {{DHG|re|48px}} || {{DHG|qe|48px}} || {{DHG|ki|48px}}{{DHG|S-ye|48px}}
|-
! style="vertical-align: middle;" | ŏ
| {{DHG|o|48px}} || {{DHG|ko|48px}} || {{DHG|co|48px}} || {{DHG|to|48px}} || {{DHG|po|48px}} || {{DHG|do|48px}} || {{DHG|ho|48px}} || {{DHG|bo|48px}} || {{DHG|yo|48px}} || {{DHG|ro|48px}} || {{DHG|qo|48px}} || {{DHG|ki|48px}}{{DHG|S-yo|48px}}
|-
! style="vertical-align: middle;" | Ø
| || {{DHG|-k|48px}} || {{DHG|-c|48px}} || {{DHG|-t|48px}} || {{DHG|-p|48px}} || {{DHG|-d|48px}} || {{DHG|-h|48px}} || {{DHG|-b|48px}} || || {{DHG|-r|48px}} || {{DHG|-q|48px}} || {{DHG|-k|48px}}{{DHG|S-i|48px}}
|}

Only lax (or neutral) vowels are shown in the table above. This is because the "plain" vowels do not have a separate series of kana associated with them. Rather, one must add another (small) vowel sign following certain kana for the desired vowel sound to be understood. As etymologically, these are mainly from formerly long vowels, the method to write them follows the former paradigm as well. Namely: to arrive at '''Cu''', one adds a small '''ŭ''' after a kana ending in "-ŭ"; for '''Ce''', one adds a small '''i''' after a kana ending in "-ĕ"; and for '''Co''', one adds a small '''ŭ''' after a kana ending in "-ŏ".

The letters marked in the above table with an asterisk ('''d''' and '''b''') are noted as such since they are etymological in nature. As such, they are only used to spell words that came from a historical *'''n''' or *'''m''', respectively. As such, any other time a '''d''' or '''b''' is required for spelling, a '''dakdi''' [*'''dakuten'''] must be added to the relevant kana with a voiceless initial. All voiceless kana can have a dakdi added to them, with the exception of '''hV''' kana. For '''źV''', however, a dakdi must be added to the '''ki''' kana making it '''gi''' and then the normal small '''yV''' is added to it for the requisite vowel sound.

In addition, there is a series of small '''rV''' kana as well. These kana can be written after any kana ending in '''-ŭ'''. So, should the sequence '''gro''' be desired, one would need to write the following: '''kŭ''' + dakdi + small '''rŏ''' + small '''ŭ''' ({{DHG+|ku|12px}}{{DHG|S-ro|12px}}{{DHG|S-u|12px}}).

=== Examples ===
The following are a series of words and phrases written in Dahoukki script.

* '''Dŭhoug''':
{{DHG|du}} {{DHG|ho}}{{DHG|S-u}} {{DHG|-k}}

* '''Hŭcukda''':
{{DHG|hu}}{{DHG|cu}}{{DHG|S-u}} {{DHG|-k}}{{DHG|da}}

* '''Argatu''':
{{DHG|a}} {{DHG|-r}} {{DHG+|ka}} {{DHG|tu}}{{DHG|S-u}}

* '''Dakdi''':
{{DHG+|ta}} {{DHG|-k}} {{DHG+|ti}}

== Grammar ==

=== Nouns ===
Nouns in Dahoukki can be in one of 12 declension classes depending on the form of the word's form in the ancestor language. As such, the following tables can be used to determine what class any Japanese noun is a part of.

There are two different "linking" or "thematic" vowels that can appear as the primary vowel between a noun's stem, and it's case suffix (these are listed as V₁ & V₂ in the following tables). These vowels alternate depending on which case is being appended to it. In some cases, there is a third situation in which the vowel changes yet again when it appears as the final vowel of a word (such as when there is no consonant to append from the case ending). In that last situation, the vowel that is used is listed after a slash under V₂.

{| class="floatleft"
| style="vertical-align: top;" |
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;"
! width="48px" | Class !! width="112px" | Ancestor !! width="64px" | V₁ !! width="64px" | V₂
|-
! I
| *'''a''' || a || ŭ
|-
! II
| *'''aː''' || a || a
|-
! III
| *'''an''' || Ø || Ø / u
|-
! IV
| *'''i''', '''ai''', '''ui''' || Ø || i
|-
! V
| *'''iː''', '''in''' || i || i
|-
! VI
| *'''u''', '''uː''', '''un''' || Ø || u
|-
! VII
| *'''e''', '''en''' || ĕ || ĕ / e
|-
! VIII
| *'''eː''' || e || e / i
|-
! IX
| *'''o''' || ŏ || o
|-
! X
| *'''oː''', '''on''' || o || o /u
|-
! XI
| *'''oi''', '''enʼi''' || Ø || i
|-
! XII
| *'''CiCi''' || ŭ || i
|}
| style="vertical-align: top;" |
{|
| style="vertical-align: top;" |
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;"
! colspan="3" | V₁
|-
! width="112px" | Ancestor !! width="32px" | Ending !! width="56px" | Use
|-
! style="vertical-align: middle;" | *wa (は) *ga (が)
|| -ga || {{sc|nom}}
|-
! *de (で)
|| di || {{sc|inst / loc}}
|-
! *to (と)
|| t || {{sc|com}}
|}
|-
| style="vertical-align: top;" |
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;"
! colspan="3" | V₂
|-
! width="112px" | Ancestor !! width="32px" | Ending !! width="56px" | Use
|-
! を (*o)
|| Ø || {{sc|acc}}
|-
! に (*ni)
|| di || {{sc|dat}}
|-
! の (*no)
|| r || {{sc|gen}}
|}
|}
|}

The tables to the left can be used to put any noun into the desired case. For some examples, the Class IX word '''dĕko''' (*neko — cat) as well as the Class III word '''gŏhu''' (*gohan — food, cooked rice).
{| style="margin-left:1em;"
|
* Nominative: '''dĕk''' + V₁ + '''ga''' → '''dĕkŏga'''
* Accusative: '''dĕk''' + V₂ + '''Ø''' → '''dĕko'''
* Dative: '''dĕk''' + V₂ + '''di''' → '''dĕkodi'''
* Instrumental: '''dĕk''' + V₁ + '''di''' → '''dĕkŏdi'''
* Genitive: '''dĕk''' + V₂ + '''r''' → '''dĕkor'''
* Comitative: '''dĕk''' + V₁ + '''t''' → '''dĕkŏt'''
| width="64px" |  
|
* Nominative: '''gŏh''' + V₁ + '''ga''' → '''gŏhga'''
* Accusative: '''gŏh''' + V₂ + '''Ø''' → '''gŏhu'''
* Dative: '''gŏh''' + V₂ + '''di''' → '''gŏhdi'''
* Instrumental: '''gŏh''' + V₁ + '''di''' → '''gŏhdi'''
* Genitive: '''gŏh''' + V₂ + '''r''' → '''gŏhŭr'''
* Comitative: '''gŏh''' + V₁ + '''t''' → '''gŏhŭt'''
|}
{{Clear|left}}
==== Morphophonology ====
As is illustrated by the second example word, there are some things that the charts can't completely solve. For those issues where certain letter combinations appear at the end of the word, or to assure that the contrastive consonant voicing process takes place, there is a small set of other rules that come into play. These rules are morphophonological in nature, and are thus affectionately referred to as "Morfofo Rules." They are stated as sound change rules, but occur synchronically within the current language and not diachronically. They are as follows:

ʔ → Ø / _C
Ø → ə / C_C#
Ø → ɯ / C_CC
j → ɕ / _C
D → T / _C // D = A
{h ʔ} → g / T_
T → D / C_

Where '''C''' is any consonant, '''T''' and '''D''' are paired sets of voiceless and voiced consonants (respectively), and '''A''' is an approximant and all other letters are their IPA value.

==== Number ====
{| class="wikitable floatright" style="text-align: center; border: none; background: none;"
| width="64px" style="border: none; background: none;" |  
! colspan="8" width="288px" | Vowels
|-
! Before
| ä || i || width="36px" | ɯ || ə || ɛ || e || ɔ || o
|-
! After
| ä || e || o || ə || ä || ɛ || ä || ɔ
|}

There are two main numbers used with Dahoukki nouns: singular and plural. The singular is unmarked, however, the plural is marked with '''-ći''' ['''*-tachi''']. However, in addition to the appending of the plural suffix, the vowel closest to that suffix also undergoes a-umlaut due to the influence of the now deleted /a/ that has since exited the stem through sound change. The table to the right illustrates how this process impacts all of the vowels.
{{Clear|right}}

== Lexicon ==
:—''For a full list of words in Dŭhoug, see: [[/Lexicon|Lexicon]].''

Since almost all of the words in Dahoukki are derived directly from modern Japanese, any word can be created when needed by running the word through sound changes and making some accommodations for changes in meaning.

=== Sound Changes ===
:''See: [[/Sound Changes|Sound Changes]] for full list of sound changes from Japanese.''

==Creator Comments==
This language began life as a sort of weird idea in which I set out to eliminate all nasal sounds (both as vowels and as consonants) from Modern Japanese through sound changes. The language presented above is the product of that somewhat bizarre starting place. It eventually morphed into a collaborative thread over on the CBB ([http://aveneca.com/cbb/viewtopic.php?f=6&t=5174 this one] to be specific). Forumites on that thread who happen to know a lot more about Japanese than I do contributed a great deal to the language's formation. In addition, they provided some valuable insight about sound changes that I didn't yet know. With that input, and so much more, I was able to get to what you see above (though it undoubtedly still needs a lot of further documentation). The noun classes that help determine the final form of words with their cases attached would ''never'' have come to me without the invaluable assistance of folks in that thread! With some luck and determination, I hope to be able to continue where they helped to lead me.

Of course, as is my way, the script for this language was also a huge contributing factor as I had discovered hentaigana and all kinds of other glorious beasts lurking in the annals of Japanese Past. I like what came out, such as it is. Hopefully, now that I've dedicated a page her to it... more development can continue to take place as I remember and expound on things.

[[Category:A posteriori conlangs]][[Category:Thirty7]]

Dahoukki

2022-04-03T03:00:50Z

Thirty7: /* Allophony */

__NOTOC__
{{SCBar|name=Dahoukki|#Grammar{{!}}Grammar|/Lexicon{{!}}Lexicon|/Sound Changes{{!}}Sound Changes|#Script{{!}}Writing & Script|:Category:Dahoukki Kana{{!}}''Kana Category''|:Category:Dahoukki Images{{!}}''Image Category''}}
{{/Infobox}}

== Phonology ==
'''Dŭhoug''' has 13 consonants and 8 distinct vowels. Of the consonants, there is a significant portion that fall into two specific categories, and those are plosives and palatals. While there is only ''one'' consonant that is neither, all the rest fall into one category or the other, and none are both (unless the affricates are counted as though they are stops). There is also a significant distinction between voiced and voiceless consonant pairs. The vowel system in Dahoukki is basically a five vowel system with the a, e, i, o, u distinction that is prominent in many languages. However, there is also a set of "lax" vowels that has partially collapsed due to the high vowels both merging into schwa and the low vowel merging with its low lax counterpart. In addition, '''u''' is /ɯ/ rather than /u/. The vowel system was, at one time, one with five vowels and a length distinction.

=== Consonants ===
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; border: none; background: none;"
| width="125px" style="border: none; background: none;" |  
! width="125px" | Labial !! width="125px" | Coronal !! width="125px" | Palatal !! width="125px" | Velar !! width="125px" | Laryngeal
|-
! rowspan="2" style="vertical-align: middle;" | Plosive
| '''p''' /p/ || '''t''' /t/ || rowspan="2" |   || '''k''' /k/ || rowspan="2" | '''ʼ''' ('''q''') /ʔ/
|-
| '''b''' /b/ || '''d''' /d/ || '''g''' /g/
|-
! rowspan="2" style="vertical-align: middle;" | Fricative
| rowspan="2" |   || rowspan="2" |   || '''c''' /ɕ/ ~ [s] || rowspan="2" |   || rowspan="2" |  
|-
| '''z''' /ʑ/ ~ [z]
|-
! rowspan="2" style="vertical-align: middle;" | Affricate
| rowspan="2" |   || rowspan="2" |   || '''ć''' /ʨ/ || rowspan="2" |   || rowspan="2" |  
|-
| '''ź''' /ʥ/
|-
! Approximant
| || '''r''' /ɺ/ ~ [ɾ; θ] || '''y''' /j/ || ||
|}

=== Vowels ===
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; border: none; background: none"
| style="border: none; background: none;" colspan="2" |  
! width="125px" | Front !! width="125px" | Central !! width="125px" | Back
|-
! width="100px" rowspan="2" style="vertical-align: middle;" | High !! width="25px" | {{small|Plain}}
| '''i''' /i/ || || '''u''' /ɯ/ ~ [u]
|-
! width="25px" | {{small|Lax}}
| colspan="3" | '''ŭ''' /ə/
|-
! rowspan="2" style="vertical-align: middle;" | Middle !! {{small|Plain}}
| '''e''' /e/ || rowspan="2" |   || '''o''' /o/
|-
! {{small|Lax}}
| '''ĕ''' /ɛ/ || '''ŏ''' /ɔ/
|-
! colspan="2" | Low
| colspan="3" | '''a''' /ä/
|}

=== Romanization ===
The romanization is pretty straight forward. However, there are two small wrinkles:
# The '''q''' is only used if the first letter of a word is a glottal stop, in all other cases the apostrophe is used instead.
# There is an alternate system for romanizing the vowels that more closely approximates the use of '''Hŭcukda''': '''a''' /ä/, '''e''' /ɛ/, '''ei''' /e/, '''i''' /i/, '''o''' /ɔ/, '''ou''' /o/, '''u''' /ə/, and '''uu''' /ɯ/.

=== Phonotactics ===
Dahoukki builds it syllables based on the following basic pattern: '''(C)(r)V(T)'''. Where '''C''' is any consonant, '''V''' is any vowel, and '''T''' is any voiceless consonant. However, for successive syllables that follow a syllable with a coda consonant, the following pattern must be used: '''(D)(r)V(T)''', where '''D''' is any voiced consonant. This is due to the fact that should two consonants border each other, the first must always be voiceless and the second one is then voiced; this is referred to as "consonant voicing dissimilation."

==== Stress ====
At present, the stress system at play here has not been fully documented to a satisfactory level. It is unlikely to be a pitch accent system, however.

==== Allophony ====
* When '''u''' precedes or follows a labial consonant, it tends to be pronounced as [u].
* When in a cluster, '''r''' is tapped/flapped.
* A /ɺ/ that is the coda consonant must necessarily become voiceless. However, it is expressed as [θ~f] not perhaps the more straight forward [ɺ̥] or [ɾ̥].

== Script ==
The native script is called '''Hŭcukda''' (this term comes from 翡翠かな or *'''hisuikana''', while this term doesn't exist in Japanese, the project itself has long had an association with jade — more specifically, ''nephrite'' — so, it became associated via Japanese with the written script). As is probably obvious, this script is substantially similar to Japanese's [[WP:hiragana|hiragana]] script with which it shares several characters. (However, not all of those shared characters have the same sound value as hŭcukda kŭda [*kana]).

{| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; border: none; background: none;"
| style="border: none; background: none;" |  
! — !! width="48px" | k !! width="48px" | c !! width="48px" | t !! width="48px" | p !! width="48px" | d* !! width="48px" | h !! width="48px" | b* !! width="48px" | y !! width="48px" | r !! width="48px" | q !! width="96px" | ć
|-
! width="48px" style="vertical-align: middle;" | a
| {{DHG|a|48px}} || {{DHG|ka|48px}} || {{DHG|ca|48px}} || {{DHG|ta|48px}} || {{DHG|pa|48px}} || {{DHG|da|48px}} || {{DHG|ha|48px}} || {{DHG|ba|48px}} || {{DHG|ya|48px}} || {{DHG|ra|48px}} || {{DHG|qa|48px}} || {{DHG|ki|48px}}{{DHG|S-ya|48px}}
|-
! style="vertical-align: middle;" | i
| {{DHG|i|48px}} || {{DHG|ki|48px}} || {{DHG|ci|48px}} || {{DHG|ti|48px}} || {{DHG|pi|48px}} || {{DHG|di|48px}} || {{DHG|hi|48px}} || {{DHG|bi|48px}} || || {{DHG|ri|48px}} || {{DHG|qi|48px}} || {{DHG|ki|48px}}{{DHG|S-i|48px}}
|-
! style="vertical-align: middle;" | ŭ
| {{DHG|u|48px}} || {{DHG|ku|48px}} || {{DHG|cu|48px}} || {{DHG|tu|48px}} || {{DHG|pu|48px}} || {{DHG|du|48px}} || {{DHG|hu|48px}} || {{DHG|bu|48px}} || {{DHG|yu|48px}} || {{DHG|ru|48px}} || {{DHG|qu|48px}} || {{DHG|ki|48px}}{{DHG|S-yu|48px}}
|-
! style="vertical-align: middle;" | ĕ
| {{DHG|e|48px}} || {{DHG|ke|48px}} || {{DHG|ce|48px}} || {{DHG|te|48px}} || {{DHG|pe|48px}} || {{DHG|de|48px}} || {{DHG|he|48px}} || {{DHG|be|48px}} || {{DHG|ye|48px}} || {{DHG|re|48px}} || {{DHG|qe|48px}} || {{DHG|ki|48px}}{{DHG|S-ye|48px}}
|-
! style="vertical-align: middle;" | ŏ
| {{DHG|o|48px}} || {{DHG|ko|48px}} || {{DHG|co|48px}} || {{DHG|to|48px}} || {{DHG|po|48px}} || {{DHG|do|48px}} || {{DHG|ho|48px}} || {{DHG|bo|48px}} || {{DHG|yo|48px}} || {{DHG|ro|48px}} || {{DHG|qo|48px}} || {{DHG|ki|48px}}{{DHG|S-yo|48px}}
|-
! style="vertical-align: middle;" | Ø
| || {{DHG|-k|48px}} || {{DHG|-c|48px}} || {{DHG|-t|48px}} || {{DHG|-p|48px}} || {{DHG|-d|48px}} || {{DHG|-h|48px}} || {{DHG|-b|48px}} || || {{DHG|-r|48px}} || {{DHG|-q|48px}} || {{DHG|-k|48px}}{{DHG|S-i|48px}}
|}

Only lax (or neutral) vowels are shown in the table above. This is because the "plain" vowels do not have a separate series of kana associated with them. Rather, one must add another (small) vowel sign following certain kana for the desired vowel sound to be understood. As etymologically, these are mainly from formerly long vowels, the method to write them follows the former paradigm as well. Namely: to arrive at '''Cu''', one adds a small '''ŭ''' after a kana ending in "-ŭ"; for '''Ce''', one adds a small '''i''' after a kana ending in "-ĕ"; and for '''Co''', one adds a small '''ŭ''' after a kana ending in "-ŏ".

The letters marked in the above table with an asterisk ('''d''' and '''b''') are noted as such since they are etymological in nature. As such, they are only used to spell words that came from a historical *'''n''' or *'''m''', respectively. As such, any other time a '''d''' or '''b''' is required for spelling, a '''dakdi''' [*'''dakuten'''] must be added to the relevant kana with a voiceless initial. All voiceless kana can have a dakdi added to them, with the exception of '''hV''' kana. For '''źV''', however, a dakdi must be added to the '''ki''' kana making it '''gi''' and then the normal small '''yV''' is added to it for the requisite vowel sound.

In addition, there is a series of small '''rV''' kana as well. These kana can be written after any kana ending in '''-ŭ'''. So, should the sequence '''gro''' be desired, one would need to write the following: '''kŭ''' + dakdi + small '''rŏ''' + small '''ŭ''' ({{DHG+|ku|12px}}{{DHG|S-ro|12px}}{{DHG|S-u|12px}}).

=== Examples ===
The following are a series of words and phrases written in Dahoukki script.

* '''Dŭhoug''':
{{DHG|du}} {{DHG|ho}}{{DHG|S-u}} {{DHG|-k}}

* '''Hŭcukda''':
{{DHG|hu}}{{DHG|cu}}{{DHG|S-u}} {{DHG|-k}}{{DHG|da}}

* '''Argatu''':
{{DHG|a}} {{DHG|-r}} {{DHG+|ka}} {{DHG|tu}}{{DHG|S-u}}

* '''Dakdi''':
{{DHG+|ta}} {{DHG|-k}} {{DHG+|ti}}

== Grammar ==

=== Nouns ===
Nouns in Dahoukki can be in one of 12 declension classes depending on the form of the word's form in the ancestor language. As such, the following tables can be used to determine what class any Japanese noun is a part of.

There are two different "linking" or "thematic" vowels that can appear as the primary vowel between a noun's stem, and it's case suffix (these are listed as V₁ & V₂ in the following tables). These vowels alternate depending on which case is being appended to it. In some cases, there is a third situation in which the vowel changes yet again when it appears as the final vowel of a word (such as when there is no consonant to append from the case ending). In that last situation, the vowel that is used is listed after a slash under V₂.

{| class="floatleft"
| style="vertical-align: top;" |
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;"
! width="48px" | Class !! width="112px" | Ancestor !! width="64px" | V₁ !! width="64px" | V₂
|-
! I
| *'''a''' || a || ŭ
|-
! II
| *'''aː''' || a || a
|-
! III
| *'''an''' || Ø || Ø / u
|-
! IV
| *'''i''', '''ai''', '''ui''' || Ø || i
|-
! V
| *'''iː''', '''in''' || i || i
|-
! VI
| *'''u''', '''uː''', '''un''' || Ø || u
|-
! VII
| *'''e''', '''en''' || ĕ || ĕ / e
|-
! VIII
| *'''eː''' || e || e / i
|-
! IX
| *'''o''' || ŏ || o
|-
! X
| *'''oː''', '''on''' || o || o /u
|-
! XI
| *'''oi''', '''enʼi''' || Ø || i
|-
! XII
| *'''CiCi''' || ŭ || i
|}
| style="vertical-align: top;" |
{|
| style="vertical-align: top;" |
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;"
! colspan="3" | V₁
|-
! width="112px" | Ancestor !! width="32px" | Ending !! width="56px" | Use
|-
! style="vertical-align: middle;" | *wa (は) *ga (が)
|| -ga || {{sc|nom}}
|-
! *de (で)
|| di || {{sc|inst / loc}}
|-
! *to (と)
|| t || {{sc|com}}
|}
|-
| style="vertical-align: top;" |
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;"
! colspan="3" | V₂
|-
! width="112px" | Ancestor !! width="32px" | Ending !! width="56px" | Use
|-
! を (*o)
|| Ø || {{sc|acc}}
|-
! に (*ni)
|| di || {{sc|dat}}
|-
! の (*no)
|| r || {{sc|gen}}
|}
|}
|}

The tables to the left can be used to put any noun into the desired case. For some examples, the Class IX word '''dĕko''' (*neko — cat) as well as the Class III word '''gŏhu''' (*gohan — food, cooked rice).
{| style="margin-left:1em;"
|
* Nominative: '''dĕk''' + V₁ + '''ga''' → '''dĕkŏga'''
* Accusative: '''dĕk''' + V₂ + '''Ø''' → '''dĕko'''
* Dative: '''dĕk''' + V₂ + '''di''' → '''dĕkodi'''
* Instrumental: '''dĕk''' + V₁ + '''di''' → '''dĕkŏdi'''
* Genitive: '''dĕk''' + V₂ + '''r''' → '''dĕkor'''
* Comitative: '''dĕk''' + V₁ + '''t''' → '''dĕkŏt'''
| width="64px" |  
|
* Nominative: '''gŏh''' + V₁ + '''ga''' → '''gŏhga'''
* Accusative: '''gŏh''' + V₂ + '''Ø''' → '''gŏhu'''
* Dative: '''gŏh''' + V₂ + '''di''' → '''gŏhdi'''
* Instrumental: '''gŏh''' + V₁ + '''di''' → '''gŏhdi'''
* Genitive: '''gŏh''' + V₂ + '''r''' → '''gŏhŭr'''
* Comitative: '''gŏh''' + V₁ + '''t''' → '''gŏhŭt'''
|}
{{Clear|left}}
==== Morphophonology ====
As is illustrated by the second example word, there are some things that the charts can't completely solve. For those issues where certain letter combinations appear at the end of the word, or to assure that the contrastive consonant voicing process takes place, there is a small set of other rules that come into play. These rules are morphophonological in nature, and are thus affectionately referred to as "Morfofo Rules." They are stated as sound change rules, but occur synchronically within the current language and not diachronically. They are as follows:

ʔ → Ø / _C
Ø → ə / C_C#
Ø → ɯ / C_CC
j → ɕ / _C
D → T / _C // D = A
{h ʔ} → g / T_
T → D / C_

Where '''C''' is any consonant, '''T''' and '''D''' are paired sets of voiceless and voiced consonants (respectively), and '''A''' is an approximant and all other letters are their IPA value.

==== Number ====
{| class="wikitable floatright" style="text-align: center; border: none; background: none;"
| width="64px" style="border: none; background: none;" |  
! colspan="8" width="288px" | Vowels
|-
! Before
| ä || i || width="36px" | ɯ || ə || ɛ || e || ɔ || o
|-
! After
| ä || e || o || ə || ä || ɛ || ä || ɔ
|}

There are two main numbers used with Dahoukki nouns: singular and plural. The singular is unmarked, however, the plural is marked with '''-ći''' ['''*-tachi''']. However, in addition to the appending of the plural suffix, the vowel closest to that suffix also undergoes a-umlaut due to the influence of the now deleted /a/ that has since exited the stem through sound change. The table to the right illustrates how this process impacts all of the vowels.
{{Clear|right}}

== Lexicon ==
:—''For a full list of words in Dŭhoug, see: [[/Lexicon|Lexicon]].''

Since almost all of the words in Dahoukki are derived directly from modern Japanese, any word can be created when needed by running the word through sound changes and making some accommodations for changes in meaning.

=== Sound Changes ===
:''See: [[/Sound Changes|Sound Changes]] for full list of sound changes from Japanese.''

==Creator Comments==
This language began life as a sort of weird idea in which I set out to eliminate all nasal sounds (both as vowels and as consonants) from Modern Japanese through sound changes. The language presented above is the product of that somewhat bizarre starting place. It eventually morphed into a collaborative thread over on the CBB ([http://aveneca.com/cbb/viewtopic.php?f=6&t=5174 this one] to be specific). Forumites on that thread who happen to know a lot more about Japanese than I do contributed a great deal to the language's formation. In addition, they provided some valuable insight about sound changes that I didn't yet know. With that input, and so much more, I was able to get to what you see above (though it undoubtedly still needs a lot of further documentation). The noun classes that help determine the final form of words with their cases attached would ''never'' have come to me without the invaluable assistance of folks in that thread! With some luck and determination, I hope to be able to continue where they helped to lead me.

Of course, as is my way, the script for this language was also a huge contributing factor as I had discovered hentaigana and all kinds of other glorious beasts lurking in the annals of Japanese Past. I like what came out, such as it is. Hopefully, now that I've dedicated a page her to it... more development can continue to take place as I remember and expound on things.

[[Category:A posteriori conlangs]][[Category:Thirty7]]

Vingdagese/Lexicon

2021-09-12T10:45:54Z

Thirty7: /* Ḍ */

__NOTOC__
{| class = "wikitable" style="text-align:center;"
! colspan="17" | '''Table of contents'''
|-
| width="32px" | {{big|[[#’|’]]}}
| width="32px" | {{big|[[#Ḅ|Ḅ]]}}
| width="32px" | {{big|[[#C|C/Q]]}}
| width="32px" | {{big|[[#Ḍ|Ḍ]]}}
| width="32px" | {{big|[[#Dh|Dh]]}}
| width="32px" | {{big|[[#G̣|G̣]]}}
| width="32px" | {{big|[[#J|J/G]]}}
| width="32px" | {{big|[[#M|M]]}}
| width="32px" | {{big|[[#Mm|Mm]]}}
| width="32px" | {{big|[[#N|N]]}}
| width="32px" | {{big|[[#Nn|Nn]]}}
| width="32px" | {{big|[[#Ng|Ng]]}}
| width="32px" | {{big|[[#Nng|Nng]]}}
| width="32px" | {{big|[[#P|P]]}}
| width="32px" | {{big|[[#R|R]]}}
| width="32px" | {{big|[[#T|T]]}}
| width="32px" | {{big|[[#V|V]]}}
|}

== Alphabetizing ==
Words are alphabetized according to their romanization. That means the consonants use the above order in the table of contents, and vowels use the following order: '''a''', '''e''', '''á''', '''ą''', '''ay''', '''i''', '''ư''', '''é''', '''į''', '''ya''', '''o''', '''ơ''', '''ú''', '''ǫ''', and '''oy'''. If a word is of the CCV shape, it will follow entries with a CV shape. And then, if necessary, finals are used in the same order as they appear in the above table of contents.

Words beginning with a glottal stop are not often written with the apostrophe, however they will be below for consistency with the heading which needed a symbol for proper sorting. In addition, it is generally redundant to list it, as there are no words that begin with just a vowel.

=== Parts of Speech ===
Each word is classified as to its part of speech. Nouns are marked with an ''n'', verbs with a ''v'', pronouns with ''pn'', adjectives with ''adj'', numerals with ''num'', etc. Further, nouns are also all marked as to what noun class they belong to. Sometimes, a noun can belong to multiple noun classes depending upon its usage or intended meaning; when that is the case, the definition of each meaning is listed after the class to which that particular usage belongs.

Noun classifications are listed after the part of speech with the following abbreviations:
* Human; {{sc|hmn}}
* Animate; {{sc|anim}}
* Tall/Long; {{sc|tall}}
* Round; {{sc|rnd}}
* Flat; {{sc|flat}}
* Amorphous; {{sc|amor}}
* Abstract; {{sc|abs}}

== Lexicon ==
=== ’ ===
----
{{VDT|aa|16px}} — '''’á''' {{IPA|/Ɂaː/}}
#''prep'' · in, into, at, for, toward

{{VDT|aang|16px}} — '''’áng''' {{IPA|/Ɂaːŋ/}}
#''v'' · to be likely to, to be expected to
#''n {{sc|abs}}'' · probability

{{VDT|ay|16px}}; {{VDT|P-ay|8px}} — '''’ay''' {{IPA|/Ɂaɪ̯/}}
#''num'' · two, second, twice

{{VDT|ayng|16px}} — '''’ayng''' {{IPA|/Ɂaɪ̯ŋ/}}
#''n; {{sc|tall}}'' · fishhook, lure
#''n; {{sc|anim}}'' · fly, small bug

{{VDT|eem|16px}} — '''’ém''' {{IPA|/Ɂeːm/}}
#''v'' · to see, to watch, to look at
#''n; {{sc|abs}}'' · sight, vision

{{VDT|o'c|16px}} — '''’ơc''' {{IPA|/Ɂɔɡ/}}
#''n; {{sc|rnd}}'' · eye, eyeball

=== Ḅ ===
----
{{VDT|bej|16px}}; {{VDT|P-bej|8px}} — '''ḅegh''' {{IPA|/ɓɛɣ/}}
#''num'' {{sub|8}} · ten, tenth, ten times
#''num'' {{sub|10}} · 8

{{VDT|bya|16px}} — '''ḅya''' {{IPA|/ɓɪə̯/}}
#''v'' · to cut, to slice (esp. meat)

{{VDT|bo'|16px}}; {{VDT|P-bo'|8px}} — '''ḅơ''' {{IPA|/ɓɔ/}}
#''num'' · four, fourth, four times

=== C ===
----
{{VDT|cem|16px}} — '''cem''' {{IPA|/kɛm/}}
#''n; {{sc|tall}}'' · boat, canoe

{{VDT|caa|16px}} — '''cá''' {{IPA|/kaː/}}
#''n; {{sc|anim}}'' · night, darkness
#''n; {{sc|abs}}'' · fear

{{VDT|caang|16px}} — '''cáng''' {{IPA|/kaːŋ/}}
#''n; {{sc|amor}}'' · part, portion, section
#''n; {{sc|flat}}'' · chapter, verse

{{VDT|ci|16px}} — '''ci''' {{IPA|/ki/}}
#''n; {{sc|amor}}'' · word, (written) character

{{VDT|qodh|16px}} — '''qodh''' {{IPA|/qoð/}}
#''pro'' · we few; 1.{{sc|pl/pcl.excl}}

{{VDT|qon|16px}} — '''qon''' {{IPA|/qon/}}
#''v'' · to know how to (do s.t.), to be able (to), can/could
#''n; {{sc|abs}}'' · ability

{{VDT|qo'|16px}}; {{VDT|P-qo'|8px}} — '''qơ''' {{IPA|/qɔ/}}
#''num'' · seven, seventh, seven times

{{VDT|quu|16px}} — '''qú''' {{IPA|/quː/}}
#''v'' · to be in front of; go forward

{{VDT|cren|16px}}; {{VDT|P-cren|8px}} — '''cren''' {{IPA|/kɾɛn/}}
#''num'' {{sub|8}} · hundred, hundredth, one hundred times
#''num'' {{sub|10}} · 64

{{VDT|creec|16px}} — '''créc''' {{IPA|/kɾeːk/}}
#''v'' · to grow, to enlarge, to swell

{{VDT|crip|16px}} — '''crip''' {{IPA|/kɾib/}}
#''v'' · to write, to sign (one's name)

{{VDT|cwa|16px}} — '''cwa''' {{IPA|/kwa/}}
#''adj'' · fast, with haste
#''v'' · to move quickly

{{VDT|cwyav|16px}} — '''cwyav''' {{IPA|/kwɪə̯v/}}
#''v'' · to make one's home; to be calm

{{VDT|cway|16px}} — '''cway''' {{IPA|/kwaɪ̯/}}
#''part'' · sentence final interrogative; {{sc|q}}

{{VDT|cwo'|16px}} — '''cwơ''' {{IPA|/kwɔ/}}
#''n; {{sc|abs}}'' · country, territory
#''n; {{sc|flat}}'' · land(mass)

{{VDT|cwo'c|16px}} — '''cwơc''' {{IPA|/kwɔɡ/}}
#''pro'' · I, me, myself; 1.{{sc|sg}}

{{VDT|cwo'c|16px}}{{VDT|ay|16px}}; {{VDT|cwo'c|16px}}{{VDT|P-ay|8px}} — '''cwơc-ay''' {{IPA|/kwɔɡ.aɪ̯/}}
#''pro'' · we two; 1.{{sc|dl.excl}}

=== Ḍ ===
----
{{VDT|daac|16px}} — '''ḍác''' {{IPA|/ɗaːɡ/}}
#''n; {{sc|hmn}}'' · person, citizen

{{VDT|deeng|16px}} — '''ḍéng''' {{IPA|/ɗeːŋ/}}
#''n; {{sc|anim}}'' · wind, breath
#''v'' · to blow, to be windy, to breathe
#''adj'' · windy, breathing

{{VDT|dyang|16px}} — '''ḍyang''' {{IPA|/ɗɪə̯ŋ/}}
#''n; {{sc|flt}}'' · world, Earth, "realm"
#''n; {{sc|amor}}'' · dirt, soil

{{VDT|dodh|16px}} — '''ḍodh''' {{IPA|/ɗoð/}}
#''n; {{sc|tall}}'' · rake, hoe

{{VDT|do't|16px}} — '''ḍơt''' {{IPA|/ɗɔd/}}
#''v'' · to drink, to slurp

{{VDT|duu|16px}} — '''ḍú''' {{IPA|/ɗuː/}}
#''pro'' · you (two), you (few); 2.{{sc|du}}, 2.{{sc|pau}}

{{VDT|duuj|16px}} — '''ḍúgh''' {{IPA|/ɗuːɣ/}}
#''part'' · no, not, {{sc|neg}}

{{VDT|duuv|16px}} — '''ḍúv''' {{IPA|/ɗuːv/}}
#''n; {{sc|flat}}'' · axe, hatchet

{{VDT|doy|16px}} — '''ḍoy''' {{IPA|/ɗɔɪ̯/}}
#''v'' · to agree (to)
#''n; {{sc|abs}}'' · agreement, consent

{{VDT|doy2|16px}} — '''ḍoy''' {{IPA|/ɗɔɪ̯/}}
#''v'' · to offer, to allow

=== Dh ===
----
{{VDT|dhav|16px}} — '''dhav''' {{IPA|/ðav/}}
#''v'' · to be beautiful
#''n; {{sc|abs}}'' · beauty
#''adj'' · beautiful

{{VDT|dhaang|16px}}; {{VDT|P-dhaang|8px}} — '''dháng''' {{IPA|/ðaːŋ/}}
#''num'' · three, third, thrice

{{VDT|dhi|16px}} — '''dhi''' {{IPA|/ði/}}
#''pro'' · you all; 2.{{sc|pl}}

{{VDT|dhu'n|16px}} — '''dhưn''' {{IPA|/ðɪn/}}
#''pro'' · they.{{sc|sg}}; 3.{{sc|sg}}; no gender is implied and can be used for people as well as objects

{{VDT|dhrej|16px}} — '''dhregh''' {{IPA|/ðɾɛɣ/}}
#''pro'' · they.{{sc|pl}}; this includes paucal and dual numbers

{{VDT|dhraa|16px}} — '''dhrá''' {{IPA|/ðɾaː/}}
#''n; {{sc|flat}}'' · leaf

=== G̣ ===
----
{{VDT|gu'c|16px}}; {{VDT|P-gu'c|8px}} — '''ġưc''' {{IPA|/ɠɪɡ/}}
#''num'' {{sub|8}} · ten thousand, ten thousandth, ten thousand times
#''num'' {{sub|10}} · 4,096

{{VDT|go|16px}} — '''ġo''' {{IPA|/ɠo/}}
#''n; {{sc|anim}}'' · turtle, tortoise

{{VDT|gwuum|16px}} — '''ġwúm''' {{IPA|/ɠwuːm/}}
#''n; {{sc|rnd}}'' · stone, rock
#''n; {{sc|flt}}'' · coin

=== J ===
----
{{VDT|jav|16px}} — '''jav''' {{IPA|/ʝav/}}
#''n; {{sc|tall}}'' · river, stream, waterway

{{VDT|jep|16px}} — '''jep''' {{IPA|/ʝɛb/}}
#''n; {{sc|rnd}}'' · shrub, bush, small tree

{{VDT|jayc|16px}} — '''jayc''' {{IPA|/ʝaɪ̯ɡ/}}
#''v'' · to do well
#''adj'' · good, well

{{VDT|ji|16px}} — '''ji''' {{IPA|/ʝi/}}
#''adj'' · many, numerous

{{VDT|jeen|16px}} — '''jén''' {{IPA|/ʝeːn/}}
#''n; {{sc|rnd}}'' · debris, stuff, junk

{{VDT|gri|16px}} — '''gri''' {{IPA|/ɡri/}}
#''v'' · to die
#''n; {{sc|flat}}'' · corpse, dead body

{{VDT|grigh|16px}} — '''grigh''' {{IPA|/ɡriɣ/}}
#''v'' · to be fated to; to have bad luck befall (s.o.)
#''n; {{sc|abs}}'' · ill omen; bad luck

{{VDT|gru'v|16px}} — '''grưv''' {{IPA|/ɡrɪv/}}
#''v'' · to sputter; to fade away
#''v'' · to snuff out (as in a candle)

{{VDT|gwi|16px}} — '''gwi''' {{IPA|/ɡwi/}}
#''n; {{sc|anim}}'' · dove, pigeon, small bird

{{VDT|gwing|16px}} — '''gwing''' {{IPA|/ɡwiŋ/}}
#''v'' · to be lucky, to have a good feeling
#''n; {{sc|abs}}'' · luck, good fortune
#''adj'' · lucky, cool
#''n; {{sc|abs}}'' · light

{{VDT|gwuun|16px}} — '''gwún''' {{IPA|/ɡwuːn/}}
#''v'' · to sleep, to be asleep
#''n; {{sc|abs}}'' · rest, sleep

=== M ===
----
{{VDT|mo't|16px}}; {{VDT|P-mo't|8px}} — '''mơt''' {{IPA|/mɔd/}}
#''num'' · one, first, once

{{VDT|moyc|16px}} — '''moyc''' {{IPA|/mɔɪ̯ɡ/}}

=== Mm ===
----
{{VDT|mmaang|16px}} — '''mmáng''' {{IPA|/mːaːŋ/}}
#''n {{sc|amor}}'' · tar
#''adj'' · slow, with a slow pace
#''v'' · to move slowly; to make slow

{{VDT|mmit|16px}}; {{VDT|P-mmit|8px}} — '''mmit''' {{IPA|/mːid/}}
#''num'' {{sub|8}} · one thousand, one thousandth, one thousand times
#''num'' {{sub|10}} · 512

{{VDT|mmu'ng|16px}} — '''mmưng''' {{IPA|/mːɪŋ/}}
#''pron'' · you few and me; 1.{{sc|pcl.incl}}

=== N ===
----
{{VDT|na|16px}} — '''na''' {{IPA|/na/}}
#''conj'' · and

{{VDT|ni|16px}} — '''ni''' {{IPA|/ni/}}
#''conj'' · or, neither/nor

=== Nn ===
----
{{VDT|nnem|16px}}; {{VDT|P-nnem|8px}} — '''nnem''' {{IPA|/nːɛm/}}
#''num'' · six, sixth, six times

{{VDT|nnay|16px}} — '''nnay''' {{IPA|/nːaɪ̯/}}
# ''n; {{sc|tall}}'' · cage, jail
# ''n; {{sc|rnd}}'' · trap

=== Ng ===
----
{{VDT|ngu'q|16px}} — '''ngưq''' {{IPA|/ŋɪq/}}
# ''adj'' · whole, unbroken
# ''n; {{sc|abs}}'' · atom, particle

{{VDT|ngeev|16px}} — '''ngév''' {{IPA|/ŋeːv/}}
#''v'' · to overturn, to capsize
#''v'' · to fall, to trip

{{VDT|ngoy|16px}} — '''ngoy''' {{IPA|/ŋɔɪ̯/}}
#''v'' · to give something (esp. a trinket) to someone

{{VDT|ngwu'm|16px}} — '''ngwưm''' {{IPA|/ŋwɪm/}}
# ''v'' · to cut/tear into small pieces
# ''n; {{sc|rnd}}'' · small parts of something

=== Nng ===
----
{{VDT|nngom|16px}} — '''nngom''' {{IPA|/ŋːom/}}
# ''n; {{sc|tall}}'' · tree

{{VDT|nngoy|16px}} — '''nngoy''' {{IPA|/ŋːɔɪ̯/}}
# ''n; {{sc|anim}}'' · fire, flame, heat

=== P ===
----
{{VDT|pac|16px}} — '''pac''' {{IPA|/paɡ/}}
#''v'' · to walk along (something)

{{VDT|po|16px}} — '''po''' {{IPA|/po/}}
#''n; {{sc|rnd}}'' · glass (esp. a bead)

{{VDT|po^|16px}} — '''pǫ''' {{IPA|/põ/}}
#''adj'' · fat, chubby, round
#''n; {{sc|anim}}'' · a fat person
#''v'' · to be fat, to be full (of food)

{{VDT|poyng|16px}} — '''poyng''' {{IPA|/pɔɪ̯ŋ/}}
#''n; {{sc|tall}}'' · digit, finger, toe
#''n; {{sc|abs}}'' · number(s)

{{VDT|pra^|16px}} — '''prą''' {{IPA|/pɾã/}}
#''n; {{sc|hmn}}'' · son, young boy

{{VDT|praq|16px}}; {{VDT|P-praq|8px}} — '''praq''' {{IPA|/pɾaq/}}
#''num'' {{sub|8}} · one million, one millionth, one million times
#''num'' {{sub|10}} · 262,144

{{VDT|pwo'|16px}} — '''pwơ''' {{IPA|/pwɔ/}}
#''n; {{sc|anim}}'' · dog, hound, wolf

=== R ===
----
{{VDT|rej|16px}} — '''regh''' {{IPA|/rɛɣ/}}
#''pro'' · 2.{{sc|sg}}

{{VDT|ra^|16px}} — '''rą''' {{IPA|/rã/}}
#''n; {{sc|tall}} · fork, bi- or trident

{{VDT|ring|16px}}; {{VDT|P-ring|8px}} — '''ring''' {{IPA|/riŋ/}}
#''num'' · zero, zeroth, zero times, none

{{VDT|ree|16px}} — '''ré''' {{IPA|/reː/}}
#''conj'' · if, as, whether

{{VDT|reet|16px}} — '''rét''' {{IPA|/reːd/}}
#''v'' · to divide up, to apportion
#''v'' · to share (evenly)

{{VDT|rya|16px}} — '''rya''' {{IPA|/rɪə̯/}}
#''n; {{sc|hmn}}'' · human, person
#''n; {{sc|anim}}'' · (sentient) being

{{VDT|ro'|16px}} — '''rơ''' {{IPA|/rɔ/}}
#''n; {{sc|anim}}'' · twins (esp. fraternal), "blood brothers"

=== T ===
----
{{VDT|taym|16px}} — '''taym''' {{IPA|/taɪ̯m/}}
#''adv'' · now, right this moment

{{VDT|tin|16px}} — '''tin''' {{IPA|/tin/}}
#''n; {{sc|flat}}'' · book, page(s)

{{VDT|to^|16px}} — '''tǫ''' {{IPA|/tõ/}}
#''v'' · to speak
#''n; {{sc|abs}}'' · speech, language

{{VDT|tre|16px}} — '''tre''' {{IPA|/tɾə/}}
#''part'' · {{sc|poss}}; used to mark a possessed object

{{VDT|treng|16px}} — '''treng''' {{IPA|/tɾɛŋ/}}
#''v'' · to own, to possess; used to indicate possession when it violates the animacy heirarchy

{{VDT|trit|16px}} — '''trit''' {{IPA|/tɾid/}}
#''v'' · to continue, to go forward

{{VDT|truudh|16px}} — '''trúdh''' {{IPA|/tɾuːð/}}
#''n; {{sc|amor}}'' · honey, sweetness
#''v'' · to be sweet
#''adj'' · sweet

{{VDT|twee|16px}}; {{VDT|P-twee|8px}} — '''twé''' {{IPA|/tweː/}}
#''num'' {{sub|8}} · one hundred thousand, one hundred thousandth, one hundred thousand times
#''num'' {{sub|10}} · 32,768

{{VDT|twon|16px}} — '''twon''' {{IPA|/twon/}}
#''pro'' · you and me; 1.{{sc|dl.incl}}

=== V ===
----
{{VDT|ving|16px}} — '''ving''' {{IPA|/viŋ/}}
#''n; {{sc|hmn}}'' · the Ving people

{{VDT|viv|16px}} — '''viv''' {{IPA|/viv/}}
#''v'' · to fold, to bow

{{VDT|vee|16px}} — '''vé''' {{IPA|/veː/}}
#''v'' · to be certain, to be secure
#''n; {{sc|abs}}'' · certainty
#''adj'' · certain, sure, positive

{{VDT|veec|16px}} — '''véc''' {{IPA|/veːɡ/}}
#''v'' · to flow, to meander

{{VDT|veep|16px}} — '''vép''' {{IPA|/veːb/}}
#''n; {{sc|rnd}}'' · lake, pond, pool

{{VDT|vo'|16px}} — '''vơ''' {{IPA|/vɔ/}}
#''pro'' · you all and me; 1.{{sc|pl.incl}}

{{VDT|vuu|16px}} — '''vú''' {{IPA|/vuː/}}
#''num'' · five, fifth, five times

{{VDT|vryang|16px}} — '''vryang''' {{IPA|/vɾɪə̯ŋ/}}
#''v'' · to please, to ask (politely)
#''n; {{sc|abs}} · pleasure
# ''adj'' · pleased

{{VDT|vwo'|16px}} — '''vwơ''' {{IPA|/vwɔ/}}
#''prep'' · along(side), by, with

Vingdagese/Lexicon

2021-09-12T10:40:36Z

Thirty7: /* C */

__NOTOC__
{| class = "wikitable" style="text-align:center;"
! colspan="17" | '''Table of contents'''
|-
| width="32px" | {{big|[[#’|’]]}}
| width="32px" | {{big|[[#Ḅ|Ḅ]]}}
| width="32px" | {{big|[[#C|C/Q]]}}
| width="32px" | {{big|[[#Ḍ|Ḍ]]}}
| width="32px" | {{big|[[#Dh|Dh]]}}
| width="32px" | {{big|[[#G̣|G̣]]}}
| width="32px" | {{big|[[#J|J/G]]}}
| width="32px" | {{big|[[#M|M]]}}
| width="32px" | {{big|[[#Mm|Mm]]}}
| width="32px" | {{big|[[#N|N]]}}
| width="32px" | {{big|[[#Nn|Nn]]}}
| width="32px" | {{big|[[#Ng|Ng]]}}
| width="32px" | {{big|[[#Nng|Nng]]}}
| width="32px" | {{big|[[#P|P]]}}
| width="32px" | {{big|[[#R|R]]}}
| width="32px" | {{big|[[#T|T]]}}
| width="32px" | {{big|[[#V|V]]}}
|}

== Alphabetizing ==
Words are alphabetized according to their romanization. That means the consonants use the above order in the table of contents, and vowels use the following order: '''a''', '''e''', '''á''', '''ą''', '''ay''', '''i''', '''ư''', '''é''', '''į''', '''ya''', '''o''', '''ơ''', '''ú''', '''ǫ''', and '''oy'''. If a word is of the CCV shape, it will follow entries with a CV shape. And then, if necessary, finals are used in the same order as they appear in the above table of contents.

Words beginning with a glottal stop are not often written with the apostrophe, however they will be below for consistency with the heading which needed a symbol for proper sorting. In addition, it is generally redundant to list it, as there are no words that begin with just a vowel.

=== Parts of Speech ===
Each word is classified as to its part of speech. Nouns are marked with an ''n'', verbs with a ''v'', pronouns with ''pn'', adjectives with ''adj'', numerals with ''num'', etc. Further, nouns are also all marked as to what noun class they belong to. Sometimes, a noun can belong to multiple noun classes depending upon its usage or intended meaning; when that is the case, the definition of each meaning is listed after the class to which that particular usage belongs.

Noun classifications are listed after the part of speech with the following abbreviations:
* Human; {{sc|hmn}}
* Animate; {{sc|anim}}
* Tall/Long; {{sc|tall}}
* Round; {{sc|rnd}}
* Flat; {{sc|flat}}
* Amorphous; {{sc|amor}}
* Abstract; {{sc|abs}}

== Lexicon ==
=== ’ ===
----
{{VDT|aa|16px}} — '''’á''' {{IPA|/Ɂaː/}}
#''prep'' · in, into, at, for, toward

{{VDT|aang|16px}} — '''’áng''' {{IPA|/Ɂaːŋ/}}
#''v'' · to be likely to, to be expected to
#''n {{sc|abs}}'' · probability

{{VDT|ay|16px}}; {{VDT|P-ay|8px}} — '''’ay''' {{IPA|/Ɂaɪ̯/}}
#''num'' · two, second, twice

{{VDT|ayng|16px}} — '''’ayng''' {{IPA|/Ɂaɪ̯ŋ/}}
#''n; {{sc|tall}}'' · fishhook, lure
#''n; {{sc|anim}}'' · fly, small bug

{{VDT|eem|16px}} — '''’ém''' {{IPA|/Ɂeːm/}}
#''v'' · to see, to watch, to look at
#''n; {{sc|abs}}'' · sight, vision

{{VDT|o'c|16px}} — '''’ơc''' {{IPA|/Ɂɔɡ/}}
#''n; {{sc|rnd}}'' · eye, eyeball

=== Ḅ ===
----
{{VDT|bej|16px}}; {{VDT|P-bej|8px}} — '''ḅegh''' {{IPA|/ɓɛɣ/}}
#''num'' {{sub|8}} · ten, tenth, ten times
#''num'' {{sub|10}} · 8

{{VDT|bya|16px}} — '''ḅya''' {{IPA|/ɓɪə̯/}}
#''v'' · to cut, to slice (esp. meat)

{{VDT|bo'|16px}}; {{VDT|P-bo'|8px}} — '''ḅơ''' {{IPA|/ɓɔ/}}
#''num'' · four, fourth, four times

=== C ===
----
{{VDT|cem|16px}} — '''cem''' {{IPA|/kɛm/}}
#''n; {{sc|tall}}'' · boat, canoe

{{VDT|caa|16px}} — '''cá''' {{IPA|/kaː/}}
#''n; {{sc|anim}}'' · night, darkness
#''n; {{sc|abs}}'' · fear

{{VDT|caang|16px}} — '''cáng''' {{IPA|/kaːŋ/}}
#''n; {{sc|amor}}'' · part, portion, section
#''n; {{sc|flat}}'' · chapter, verse

{{VDT|ci|16px}} — '''ci''' {{IPA|/ki/}}
#''n; {{sc|amor}}'' · word, (written) character

{{VDT|qodh|16px}} — '''qodh''' {{IPA|/qoð/}}
#''pro'' · we few; 1.{{sc|pl/pcl.excl}}

{{VDT|qon|16px}} — '''qon''' {{IPA|/qon/}}
#''v'' · to know how to (do s.t.), to be able (to), can/could
#''n; {{sc|abs}}'' · ability

{{VDT|qo'|16px}}; {{VDT|P-qo'|8px}} — '''qơ''' {{IPA|/qɔ/}}
#''num'' · seven, seventh, seven times

{{VDT|quu|16px}} — '''qú''' {{IPA|/quː/}}
#''v'' · to be in front of; go forward

{{VDT|cren|16px}}; {{VDT|P-cren|8px}} — '''cren''' {{IPA|/kɾɛn/}}
#''num'' {{sub|8}} · hundred, hundredth, one hundred times
#''num'' {{sub|10}} · 64

{{VDT|creec|16px}} — '''créc''' {{IPA|/kɾeːk/}}
#''v'' · to grow, to enlarge, to swell

{{VDT|crip|16px}} — '''crip''' {{IPA|/kɾib/}}
#''v'' · to write, to sign (one's name)

{{VDT|cwa|16px}} — '''cwa''' {{IPA|/kwa/}}
#''adj'' · fast, with haste
#''v'' · to move quickly

{{VDT|cwyav|16px}} — '''cwyav''' {{IPA|/kwɪə̯v/}}
#''v'' · to make one's home; to be calm

{{VDT|cway|16px}} — '''cway''' {{IPA|/kwaɪ̯/}}
#''part'' · sentence final interrogative; {{sc|q}}

{{VDT|cwo'|16px}} — '''cwơ''' {{IPA|/kwɔ/}}
#''n; {{sc|abs}}'' · country, territory
#''n; {{sc|flat}}'' · land(mass)

{{VDT|cwo'c|16px}} — '''cwơc''' {{IPA|/kwɔɡ/}}
#''pro'' · I, me, myself; 1.{{sc|sg}}

{{VDT|cwo'c|16px}}{{VDT|ay|16px}}; {{VDT|cwo'c|16px}}{{VDT|P-ay|8px}} — '''cwơc-ay''' {{IPA|/kwɔɡ.aɪ̯/}}
#''pro'' · we two; 1.{{sc|dl.excl}}

=== Ḍ ===
----
{{VDT|daac|16px}} — '''ḍác''' {{IPA|/ɗaːɡ/}}
#''n; {{sc|hmn}}'' · person, citizen

{{VDT|deeng|16px}} — '''ḍéng''' {{IPA|/ɗeːŋ/}}
#''n; {{sc|anim}}'' · wind, breath
#''v'' · to blow, to be windy, to breathe
#''adj'' · windy, breathing

{{VDT|dyang|16px}} — '''ḍyang''' {{IPA|/ɗɪə̯ŋ/}}
#''n; {{sc|flt}}'' · world, Earth, "realm"
#''n; {{sc|amor}}'' · dirt, soil

{{VDT|dodh|16px}} — '''ḍodh''' {{IPA|/ɗoð/}}
#''n; {{sc|tall}}'' · rake, hoe

{{VDT|do't|16px}} — '''ḍơt''' {{IPA|/ɗɔd/}}
#''v'' · to drink, to slurp

{{VDT|duu|16px}} — '''ḍú''' {{IPA|/ɗuː/}}

{{VDT|duuj|16px}} — '''ḍúgh''' {{IPA|/ɗuːɣ/}}
#''part'' · no, not, {{sc|neg}}

{{VDT|duuv|16px}} — '''ḍúv''' {{IPA|/ɗuːv/}}
#''n; {{sc|flat}}'' · axe, hatchet

{{VDT|doy|16px}} — '''ḍoy''' {{IPA|/ɗɔɪ̯/}}
#''v'' · to agree (to)
#''n; {{sc|abs}}'' · agreement, consent

{{VDT|doy2|16px}} — '''ḍoy''' {{IPA|/ɗɔɪ̯/}}
#''v'' · to offer, to allow

=== Dh ===
----
{{VDT|dhav|16px}} — '''dhav''' {{IPA|/ðav/}}
#''v'' · to be beautiful
#''n; {{sc|abs}}'' · beauty
#''adj'' · beautiful

{{VDT|dhaang|16px}}; {{VDT|P-dhaang|8px}} — '''dháng''' {{IPA|/ðaːŋ/}}
#''num'' · three, third, thrice

{{VDT|dhi|16px}} — '''dhi''' {{IPA|/ði/}}
#''pro'' · you all; 2.{{sc|pl}}

{{VDT|dhu'n|16px}} — '''dhưn''' {{IPA|/ðɪn/}}
#''pro'' · they.{{sc|sg}}; 3.{{sc|sg}}; no gender is implied and can be used for people as well as objects

{{VDT|dhrej|16px}} — '''dhregh''' {{IPA|/ðɾɛɣ/}}
#''pro'' · they.{{sc|pl}}; this includes paucal and dual numbers

{{VDT|dhraa|16px}} — '''dhrá''' {{IPA|/ðɾaː/}}
#''n; {{sc|flat}}'' · leaf

=== G̣ ===
----
{{VDT|gu'c|16px}}; {{VDT|P-gu'c|8px}} — '''ġưc''' {{IPA|/ɠɪɡ/}}
#''num'' {{sub|8}} · ten thousand, ten thousandth, ten thousand times
#''num'' {{sub|10}} · 4,096

{{VDT|go|16px}} — '''ġo''' {{IPA|/ɠo/}}
#''n; {{sc|anim}}'' · turtle, tortoise

{{VDT|gwuum|16px}} — '''ġwúm''' {{IPA|/ɠwuːm/}}
#''n; {{sc|rnd}}'' · stone, rock
#''n; {{sc|flt}}'' · coin

=== J ===
----
{{VDT|jav|16px}} — '''jav''' {{IPA|/ʝav/}}
#''n; {{sc|tall}}'' · river, stream, waterway

{{VDT|jep|16px}} — '''jep''' {{IPA|/ʝɛb/}}
#''n; {{sc|rnd}}'' · shrub, bush, small tree

{{VDT|jayc|16px}} — '''jayc''' {{IPA|/ʝaɪ̯ɡ/}}
#''v'' · to do well
#''adj'' · good, well

{{VDT|ji|16px}} — '''ji''' {{IPA|/ʝi/}}
#''adj'' · many, numerous

{{VDT|jeen|16px}} — '''jén''' {{IPA|/ʝeːn/}}
#''n; {{sc|rnd}}'' · debris, stuff, junk

{{VDT|gri|16px}} — '''gri''' {{IPA|/ɡri/}}
#''v'' · to die
#''n; {{sc|flat}}'' · corpse, dead body

{{VDT|grigh|16px}} — '''grigh''' {{IPA|/ɡriɣ/}}
#''v'' · to be fated to; to have bad luck befall (s.o.)
#''n; {{sc|abs}}'' · ill omen; bad luck

{{VDT|gru'v|16px}} — '''grưv''' {{IPA|/ɡrɪv/}}
#''v'' · to sputter; to fade away
#''v'' · to snuff out (as in a candle)

{{VDT|gwi|16px}} — '''gwi''' {{IPA|/ɡwi/}}
#''n; {{sc|anim}}'' · dove, pigeon, small bird

{{VDT|gwing|16px}} — '''gwing''' {{IPA|/ɡwiŋ/}}
#''v'' · to be lucky, to have a good feeling
#''n; {{sc|abs}}'' · luck, good fortune
#''adj'' · lucky, cool
#''n; {{sc|abs}}'' · light

{{VDT|gwuun|16px}} — '''gwún''' {{IPA|/ɡwuːn/}}
#''v'' · to sleep, to be asleep
#''n; {{sc|abs}}'' · rest, sleep

=== M ===
----
{{VDT|mo't|16px}}; {{VDT|P-mo't|8px}} — '''mơt''' {{IPA|/mɔd/}}
#''num'' · one, first, once

{{VDT|moyc|16px}} — '''moyc''' {{IPA|/mɔɪ̯ɡ/}}

=== Mm ===
----
{{VDT|mmaang|16px}} — '''mmáng''' {{IPA|/mːaːŋ/}}
#''n {{sc|amor}}'' · tar
#''adj'' · slow, with a slow pace
#''v'' · to move slowly; to make slow

{{VDT|mmit|16px}}; {{VDT|P-mmit|8px}} — '''mmit''' {{IPA|/mːid/}}
#''num'' {{sub|8}} · one thousand, one thousandth, one thousand times
#''num'' {{sub|10}} · 512

{{VDT|mmu'ng|16px}} — '''mmưng''' {{IPA|/mːɪŋ/}}
#''pron'' · you few and me; 1.{{sc|pcl.incl}}

=== N ===
----
{{VDT|na|16px}} — '''na''' {{IPA|/na/}}
#''conj'' · and

{{VDT|ni|16px}} — '''ni''' {{IPA|/ni/}}
#''conj'' · or, neither/nor

=== Nn ===
----
{{VDT|nnem|16px}}; {{VDT|P-nnem|8px}} — '''nnem''' {{IPA|/nːɛm/}}
#''num'' · six, sixth, six times

{{VDT|nnay|16px}} — '''nnay''' {{IPA|/nːaɪ̯/}}
# ''n; {{sc|tall}}'' · cage, jail
# ''n; {{sc|rnd}}'' · trap

=== Ng ===
----
{{VDT|ngu'q|16px}} — '''ngưq''' {{IPA|/ŋɪq/}}
# ''adj'' · whole, unbroken
# ''n; {{sc|abs}}'' · atom, particle

{{VDT|ngeev|16px}} — '''ngév''' {{IPA|/ŋeːv/}}
#''v'' · to overturn, to capsize
#''v'' · to fall, to trip

{{VDT|ngoy|16px}} — '''ngoy''' {{IPA|/ŋɔɪ̯/}}
#''v'' · to give something (esp. a trinket) to someone

{{VDT|ngwu'm|16px}} — '''ngwưm''' {{IPA|/ŋwɪm/}}
# ''v'' · to cut/tear into small pieces
# ''n; {{sc|rnd}}'' · small parts of something

=== Nng ===
----
{{VDT|nngom|16px}} — '''nngom''' {{IPA|/ŋːom/}}
# ''n; {{sc|tall}}'' · tree

{{VDT|nngoy|16px}} — '''nngoy''' {{IPA|/ŋːɔɪ̯/}}
# ''n; {{sc|anim}}'' · fire, flame, heat

=== P ===
----
{{VDT|pac|16px}} — '''pac''' {{IPA|/paɡ/}}
#''v'' · to walk along (something)

{{VDT|po|16px}} — '''po''' {{IPA|/po/}}
#''n; {{sc|rnd}}'' · glass (esp. a bead)

{{VDT|po^|16px}} — '''pǫ''' {{IPA|/põ/}}
#''adj'' · fat, chubby, round
#''n; {{sc|anim}}'' · a fat person
#''v'' · to be fat, to be full (of food)

{{VDT|poyng|16px}} — '''poyng''' {{IPA|/pɔɪ̯ŋ/}}
#''n; {{sc|tall}}'' · digit, finger, toe
#''n; {{sc|abs}}'' · number(s)

{{VDT|pra^|16px}} — '''prą''' {{IPA|/pɾã/}}
#''n; {{sc|hmn}}'' · son, young boy

{{VDT|praq|16px}}; {{VDT|P-praq|8px}} — '''praq''' {{IPA|/pɾaq/}}
#''num'' {{sub|8}} · one million, one millionth, one million times
#''num'' {{sub|10}} · 262,144

{{VDT|pwo'|16px}} — '''pwơ''' {{IPA|/pwɔ/}}
#''n; {{sc|anim}}'' · dog, hound, wolf

=== R ===
----
{{VDT|rej|16px}} — '''regh''' {{IPA|/rɛɣ/}}
#''pro'' · 2.{{sc|sg}}

{{VDT|ra^|16px}} — '''rą''' {{IPA|/rã/}}
#''n; {{sc|tall}} · fork, bi- or trident

{{VDT|ring|16px}}; {{VDT|P-ring|8px}} — '''ring''' {{IPA|/riŋ/}}
#''num'' · zero, zeroth, zero times, none

{{VDT|ree|16px}} — '''ré''' {{IPA|/reː/}}
#''conj'' · if, as, whether

{{VDT|reet|16px}} — '''rét''' {{IPA|/reːd/}}
#''v'' · to divide up, to apportion
#''v'' · to share (evenly)

{{VDT|rya|16px}} — '''rya''' {{IPA|/rɪə̯/}}
#''n; {{sc|hmn}}'' · human, person
#''n; {{sc|anim}}'' · (sentient) being

{{VDT|ro'|16px}} — '''rơ''' {{IPA|/rɔ/}}
#''n; {{sc|anim}}'' · twins (esp. fraternal), "blood brothers"

=== T ===
----
{{VDT|taym|16px}} — '''taym''' {{IPA|/taɪ̯m/}}
#''adv'' · now, right this moment

{{VDT|tin|16px}} — '''tin''' {{IPA|/tin/}}
#''n; {{sc|flat}}'' · book, page(s)

{{VDT|to^|16px}} — '''tǫ''' {{IPA|/tõ/}}
#''v'' · to speak
#''n; {{sc|abs}}'' · speech, language

{{VDT|tre|16px}} — '''tre''' {{IPA|/tɾə/}}
#''part'' · {{sc|poss}}; used to mark a possessed object

{{VDT|treng|16px}} — '''treng''' {{IPA|/tɾɛŋ/}}
#''v'' · to own, to possess; used to indicate possession when it violates the animacy heirarchy

{{VDT|trit|16px}} — '''trit''' {{IPA|/tɾid/}}
#''v'' · to continue, to go forward

{{VDT|truudh|16px}} — '''trúdh''' {{IPA|/tɾuːð/}}
#''n; {{sc|amor}}'' · honey, sweetness
#''v'' · to be sweet
#''adj'' · sweet

{{VDT|twee|16px}}; {{VDT|P-twee|8px}} — '''twé''' {{IPA|/tweː/}}
#''num'' {{sub|8}} · one hundred thousand, one hundred thousandth, one hundred thousand times
#''num'' {{sub|10}} · 32,768

{{VDT|twon|16px}} — '''twon''' {{IPA|/twon/}}
#''pro'' · you and me; 1.{{sc|dl.incl}}

=== V ===
----
{{VDT|ving|16px}} — '''ving''' {{IPA|/viŋ/}}
#''n; {{sc|hmn}}'' · the Ving people

{{VDT|viv|16px}} — '''viv''' {{IPA|/viv/}}
#''v'' · to fold, to bow

{{VDT|vee|16px}} — '''vé''' {{IPA|/veː/}}
#''v'' · to be certain, to be secure
#''n; {{sc|abs}}'' · certainty
#''adj'' · certain, sure, positive

{{VDT|veec|16px}} — '''véc''' {{IPA|/veːɡ/}}
#''v'' · to flow, to meander

{{VDT|veep|16px}} — '''vép''' {{IPA|/veːb/}}
#''n; {{sc|rnd}}'' · lake, pond, pool

{{VDT|vo'|16px}} — '''vơ''' {{IPA|/vɔ/}}
#''pro'' · you all and me; 1.{{sc|pl.incl}}

{{VDT|vuu|16px}} — '''vú''' {{IPA|/vuː/}}
#''num'' · five, fifth, five times

{{VDT|vryang|16px}} — '''vryang''' {{IPA|/vɾɪə̯ŋ/}}
#''v'' · to please, to ask (politely)
#''n; {{sc|abs}} · pleasure
# ''adj'' · pleased

{{VDT|vwo'|16px}} — '''vwơ''' {{IPA|/vwɔ/}}
#''prep'' · along(side), by, with

Vingdagese/Lexicon

2021-09-12T09:36:00Z

Thirty7: /* G̣ */

__NOTOC__
{| class = "wikitable" style="text-align:center;"
! colspan="17" | '''Table of contents'''
|-
| width="32px" | {{big|[[#’|’]]}}
| width="32px" | {{big|[[#Ḅ|Ḅ]]}}
| width="32px" | {{big|[[#C|C/Q]]}}
| width="32px" | {{big|[[#Ḍ|Ḍ]]}}
| width="32px" | {{big|[[#Dh|Dh]]}}
| width="32px" | {{big|[[#G̣|G̣]]}}
| width="32px" | {{big|[[#J|J/G]]}}
| width="32px" | {{big|[[#M|M]]}}
| width="32px" | {{big|[[#Mm|Mm]]}}
| width="32px" | {{big|[[#N|N]]}}
| width="32px" | {{big|[[#Nn|Nn]]}}
| width="32px" | {{big|[[#Ng|Ng]]}}
| width="32px" | {{big|[[#Nng|Nng]]}}
| width="32px" | {{big|[[#P|P]]}}
| width="32px" | {{big|[[#R|R]]}}
| width="32px" | {{big|[[#T|T]]}}
| width="32px" | {{big|[[#V|V]]}}
|}

== Alphabetizing ==
Words are alphabetized according to their romanization. That means the consonants use the above order in the table of contents, and vowels use the following order: '''a''', '''e''', '''á''', '''ą''', '''ay''', '''i''', '''ư''', '''é''', '''į''', '''ya''', '''o''', '''ơ''', '''ú''', '''ǫ''', and '''oy'''. If a word is of the CCV shape, it will follow entries with a CV shape. And then, if necessary, finals are used in the same order as they appear in the above table of contents.

Words beginning with a glottal stop are not often written with the apostrophe, however they will be below for consistency with the heading which needed a symbol for proper sorting. In addition, it is generally redundant to list it, as there are no words that begin with just a vowel.

=== Parts of Speech ===
Each word is classified as to its part of speech. Nouns are marked with an ''n'', verbs with a ''v'', pronouns with ''pn'', adjectives with ''adj'', numerals with ''num'', etc. Further, nouns are also all marked as to what noun class they belong to. Sometimes, a noun can belong to multiple noun classes depending upon its usage or intended meaning; when that is the case, the definition of each meaning is listed after the class to which that particular usage belongs.

Noun classifications are listed after the part of speech with the following abbreviations:
* Human; {{sc|hmn}}
* Animate; {{sc|anim}}
* Tall/Long; {{sc|tall}}
* Round; {{sc|rnd}}
* Flat; {{sc|flat}}
* Amorphous; {{sc|amor}}
* Abstract; {{sc|abs}}

== Lexicon ==
=== ’ ===
----
{{VDT|aa|16px}} — '''’á''' {{IPA|/Ɂaː/}}
#''prep'' · in, into, at, for, toward

{{VDT|aang|16px}} — '''’áng''' {{IPA|/Ɂaːŋ/}}
#''v'' · to be likely to, to be expected to
#''n {{sc|abs}}'' · probability

{{VDT|ay|16px}}; {{VDT|P-ay|8px}} — '''’ay''' {{IPA|/Ɂaɪ̯/}}
#''num'' · two, second, twice

{{VDT|ayng|16px}} — '''’ayng''' {{IPA|/Ɂaɪ̯ŋ/}}
#''n; {{sc|tall}}'' · fishhook, lure
#''n; {{sc|anim}}'' · fly, small bug

{{VDT|eem|16px}} — '''’ém''' {{IPA|/Ɂeːm/}}
#''v'' · to see, to watch, to look at
#''n; {{sc|abs}}'' · sight, vision

{{VDT|o'c|16px}} — '''’ơc''' {{IPA|/Ɂɔɡ/}}
#''n; {{sc|rnd}}'' · eye, eyeball

=== Ḅ ===
----
{{VDT|bej|16px}}; {{VDT|P-bej|8px}} — '''ḅegh''' {{IPA|/ɓɛɣ/}}
#''num'' {{sub|8}} · ten, tenth, ten times
#''num'' {{sub|10}} · 8

{{VDT|bya|16px}} — '''ḅya''' {{IPA|/ɓɪə̯/}}
#''v'' · to cut, to slice (esp. meat)

{{VDT|bo'|16px}}; {{VDT|P-bo'|8px}} — '''ḅơ''' {{IPA|/ɓɔ/}}
#''num'' · four, fourth, four times

=== C ===
----
{{VDT|cem|16px}} — '''cem''' {{IPA|/kɛm/}}
#''n; {{sc|tall}}'' · boat, canoe

{{VDT|caa|16px}} — '''cá''' {{IPA|/kaː/}}
#''n; {{sc|anim}}'' · night, darkness
#''n; {{sc|abs}}'' · fear

{{VDT|caang|16px}} — '''cáng''' {{IPA|/kaːŋ/}}
#''n; {{sc|amor}}'' · part, portion, section
#''n; {{sc|flat}}'' · chapter, verse

{{VDT|ci|16px}} — '''ci''' {{IPA|/ki/}}
#''n; {{sc|amor}}'' · word, (written) character

{{VDT|qodh|16px}} — '''qodh''' {{IPA|/qoð/}}
#''pro'' · we few; 1.{{sc|pl/pcl.excl}}

{{VDT|qon|16px}} — '''qon''' {{IPA|/qon/}}
#''v'' · to know how to (do s.t.), to be able (to), can/could
#''n; {{sc|abs}}'' · ability

{{VDT|qo'|16px}}; {{VDT|P-qo'|8px}} — '''qơ''' {{IPA|/qɔ/}}
#''num'' · seven, seventh, seven times

{{VDT|quu|16px}} — '''qú''' {{IPA|/quː/}}
#''v'' · to be in front of; go forward

{{VDT|cren|16px}}; {{VDT|P-cren|8px}} — '''cren''' {{IPA|/kɾɛn/}}
#''num'' {{sub|8}} · hundred, hundredth, one hundred times
#''num'' {{sub|10}} · 64

{{VDT|creec|16px}} — '''créc''' {{IPA|/kɾeːk/}}
#''v'' · to grow, to enlarge, to swell

{{VDT|crip|16px}} — '''crip''' {{IPA|/kɾib/}}
#''v'' · to write, to sign (one's name)

{{VDT|cwa|16px}} — '''cwa''' {{IPA|/kwa/}}
#''adj'' · fast, with haste
#''v'' · to move quickly

{{VDT|cwyav|16px}} — '''cwyav''' {{IPA|/kwɪə̯v/}}
#''v'' · to make one's home; to be calm

{{VDT|cway|16px}} — '''cway''' {{IPA|/kwaɪ̯/}}
#''part'' · sentence final interrogative; {{sc|q}}

{{VDT|cwo'|16px}} — '''cwơ''' {{IPA|/kwɔ/}}
#''n; {{sc|abs}}'' · country, territory
#''n; {{sc|flat}}'' · land(mass)

{{VDT|cwo'c|16px}} — '''cwơc''' {{IPA|/kwɔɡ/}}
#''n'' · I, me, myself; 1.{{sc|sg}}

{{VDT|cwo'c|16px}}{{VDT|ay|16px}}; {{VDT|cwo'c|16px}}{{VDT|P-ay|8px}} — '''cwơc-ay''' {{IPA|/kwɔɡ.aɪ̯/}}
#''n'' · we two; 1.{{sc|dl.excl}}

=== Ḍ ===
----
{{VDT|daac|16px}} — '''ḍác''' {{IPA|/ɗaːɡ/}}
#''n; {{sc|hmn}}'' · person, citizen

{{VDT|deeng|16px}} — '''ḍéng''' {{IPA|/ɗeːŋ/}}
#''n; {{sc|anim}}'' · wind, breath
#''v'' · to blow, to be windy, to breathe
#''adj'' · windy, breathing

{{VDT|dyang|16px}} — '''ḍyang''' {{IPA|/ɗɪə̯ŋ/}}
#''n; {{sc|flt}}'' · world, Earth, "realm"
#''n; {{sc|amor}}'' · dirt, soil

{{VDT|dodh|16px}} — '''ḍodh''' {{IPA|/ɗoð/}}
#''n; {{sc|tall}}'' · rake, hoe

{{VDT|do't|16px}} — '''ḍơt''' {{IPA|/ɗɔd/}}
#''v'' · to drink, to slurp

{{VDT|duu|16px}} — '''ḍú''' {{IPA|/ɗuː/}}

{{VDT|duuj|16px}} — '''ḍúgh''' {{IPA|/ɗuːɣ/}}
#''part'' · no, not, {{sc|neg}}

{{VDT|duuv|16px}} — '''ḍúv''' {{IPA|/ɗuːv/}}
#''n; {{sc|flat}}'' · axe, hatchet

{{VDT|doy|16px}} — '''ḍoy''' {{IPA|/ɗɔɪ̯/}}
#''v'' · to agree (to)
#''n; {{sc|abs}}'' · agreement, consent

{{VDT|doy2|16px}} — '''ḍoy''' {{IPA|/ɗɔɪ̯/}}
#''v'' · to offer, to allow

=== Dh ===
----
{{VDT|dhav|16px}} — '''dhav''' {{IPA|/ðav/}}
#''v'' · to be beautiful
#''n; {{sc|abs}}'' · beauty
#''adj'' · beautiful

{{VDT|dhaang|16px}}; {{VDT|P-dhaang|8px}} — '''dháng''' {{IPA|/ðaːŋ/}}
#''num'' · three, third, thrice

{{VDT|dhi|16px}} — '''dhi''' {{IPA|/ði/}}
#''pro'' · you all; 2.{{sc|pl}}

{{VDT|dhu'n|16px}} — '''dhưn''' {{IPA|/ðɪn/}}
#''pro'' · they.{{sc|sg}}; 3.{{sc|sg}}; no gender is implied and can be used for people as well as objects

{{VDT|dhrej|16px}} — '''dhregh''' {{IPA|/ðɾɛɣ/}}
#''pro'' · they.{{sc|pl}}; this includes paucal and dual numbers

{{VDT|dhraa|16px}} — '''dhrá''' {{IPA|/ðɾaː/}}
#''n; {{sc|flat}}'' · leaf

=== G̣ ===
----
{{VDT|gu'c|16px}}; {{VDT|P-gu'c|8px}} — '''ġưc''' {{IPA|/ɠɪɡ/}}
#''num'' {{sub|8}} · ten thousand, ten thousandth, ten thousand times
#''num'' {{sub|10}} · 4,096

{{VDT|go|16px}} — '''ġo''' {{IPA|/ɠo/}}
#''n; {{sc|anim}}'' · turtle, tortoise

{{VDT|gwuum|16px}} — '''ġwúm''' {{IPA|/ɠwuːm/}}
#''n; {{sc|rnd}}'' · stone, rock
#''n; {{sc|flt}}'' · coin

=== J ===
----
{{VDT|jav|16px}} — '''jav''' {{IPA|/ʝav/}}
#''n; {{sc|tall}}'' · river, stream, waterway

{{VDT|jep|16px}} — '''jep''' {{IPA|/ʝɛb/}}
#''n; {{sc|rnd}}'' · shrub, bush, small tree

{{VDT|jayc|16px}} — '''jayc''' {{IPA|/ʝaɪ̯ɡ/}}
#''v'' · to do well
#''adj'' · good, well

{{VDT|ji|16px}} — '''ji''' {{IPA|/ʝi/}}
#''adj'' · many, numerous

{{VDT|jeen|16px}} — '''jén''' {{IPA|/ʝeːn/}}
#''n; {{sc|rnd}}'' · debris, stuff, junk

{{VDT|gri|16px}} — '''gri''' {{IPA|/ɡri/}}
#''v'' · to die
#''n; {{sc|flat}}'' · corpse, dead body

{{VDT|grigh|16px}} — '''grigh''' {{IPA|/ɡriɣ/}}
#''v'' · to be fated to; to have bad luck befall (s.o.)
#''n; {{sc|abs}}'' · ill omen; bad luck

{{VDT|gru'v|16px}} — '''grưv''' {{IPA|/ɡrɪv/}}
#''v'' · to sputter; to fade away
#''v'' · to snuff out (as in a candle)

{{VDT|gwi|16px}} — '''gwi''' {{IPA|/ɡwi/}}
#''n; {{sc|anim}}'' · dove, pigeon, small bird

{{VDT|gwing|16px}} — '''gwing''' {{IPA|/ɡwiŋ/}}
#''v'' · to be lucky, to have a good feeling
#''n; {{sc|abs}}'' · luck, good fortune
#''adj'' · lucky, cool
#''n; {{sc|abs}}'' · light

{{VDT|gwuun|16px}} — '''gwún''' {{IPA|/ɡwuːn/}}
#''v'' · to sleep, to be asleep
#''n; {{sc|abs}}'' · rest, sleep

=== M ===
----
{{VDT|mo't|16px}}; {{VDT|P-mo't|8px}} — '''mơt''' {{IPA|/mɔd/}}
#''num'' · one, first, once

{{VDT|moyc|16px}} — '''moyc''' {{IPA|/mɔɪ̯ɡ/}}

=== Mm ===
----
{{VDT|mmaang|16px}} — '''mmáng''' {{IPA|/mːaːŋ/}}
#''n {{sc|amor}}'' · tar
#''adj'' · slow, with a slow pace
#''v'' · to move slowly; to make slow

{{VDT|mmit|16px}}; {{VDT|P-mmit|8px}} — '''mmit''' {{IPA|/mːid/}}
#''num'' {{sub|8}} · one thousand, one thousandth, one thousand times
#''num'' {{sub|10}} · 512

{{VDT|mmu'ng|16px}} — '''mmưng''' {{IPA|/mːɪŋ/}}
#''pron'' · you few and me; 1.{{sc|pcl.incl}}

=== N ===
----
{{VDT|na|16px}} — '''na''' {{IPA|/na/}}
#''conj'' · and

{{VDT|ni|16px}} — '''ni''' {{IPA|/ni/}}
#''conj'' · or, neither/nor

=== Nn ===
----
{{VDT|nnem|16px}}; {{VDT|P-nnem|8px}} — '''nnem''' {{IPA|/nːɛm/}}
#''num'' · six, sixth, six times

{{VDT|nnay|16px}} — '''nnay''' {{IPA|/nːaɪ̯/}}
# ''n; {{sc|tall}}'' · cage, jail
# ''n; {{sc|rnd}}'' · trap

=== Ng ===
----
{{VDT|ngu'q|16px}} — '''ngưq''' {{IPA|/ŋɪq/}}
# ''adj'' · whole, unbroken
# ''n; {{sc|abs}}'' · atom, particle

{{VDT|ngeev|16px}} — '''ngév''' {{IPA|/ŋeːv/}}
#''v'' · to overturn, to capsize
#''v'' · to fall, to trip

{{VDT|ngoy|16px}} — '''ngoy''' {{IPA|/ŋɔɪ̯/}}
#''v'' · to give something (esp. a trinket) to someone

{{VDT|ngwu'm|16px}} — '''ngwưm''' {{IPA|/ŋwɪm/}}
# ''v'' · to cut/tear into small pieces
# ''n; {{sc|rnd}}'' · small parts of something

=== Nng ===
----
{{VDT|nngom|16px}} — '''nngom''' {{IPA|/ŋːom/}}
# ''n; {{sc|tall}}'' · tree

{{VDT|nngoy|16px}} — '''nngoy''' {{IPA|/ŋːɔɪ̯/}}
# ''n; {{sc|anim}}'' · fire, flame, heat

=== P ===
----
{{VDT|pac|16px}} — '''pac''' {{IPA|/paɡ/}}
#''v'' · to walk along (something)

{{VDT|po|16px}} — '''po''' {{IPA|/po/}}
#''n; {{sc|rnd}}'' · glass (esp. a bead)

{{VDT|po^|16px}} — '''pǫ''' {{IPA|/põ/}}
#''adj'' · fat, chubby, round
#''n; {{sc|anim}}'' · a fat person
#''v'' · to be fat, to be full (of food)

{{VDT|poyng|16px}} — '''poyng''' {{IPA|/pɔɪ̯ŋ/}}
#''n; {{sc|tall}}'' · digit, finger, toe
#''n; {{sc|abs}}'' · number(s)

{{VDT|pra^|16px}} — '''prą''' {{IPA|/pɾã/}}
#''n; {{sc|hmn}}'' · son, young boy

{{VDT|praq|16px}}; {{VDT|P-praq|8px}} — '''praq''' {{IPA|/pɾaq/}}
#''num'' {{sub|8}} · one million, one millionth, one million times
#''num'' {{sub|10}} · 262,144

{{VDT|pwo'|16px}} — '''pwơ''' {{IPA|/pwɔ/}}
#''n; {{sc|anim}}'' · dog, hound, wolf

=== R ===
----
{{VDT|rej|16px}} — '''regh''' {{IPA|/rɛɣ/}}
#''pro'' · 2.{{sc|sg}}

{{VDT|ra^|16px}} — '''rą''' {{IPA|/rã/}}
#''n; {{sc|tall}} · fork, bi- or trident

{{VDT|ring|16px}}; {{VDT|P-ring|8px}} — '''ring''' {{IPA|/riŋ/}}
#''num'' · zero, zeroth, zero times, none

{{VDT|ree|16px}} — '''ré''' {{IPA|/reː/}}
#''conj'' · if, as, whether

{{VDT|reet|16px}} — '''rét''' {{IPA|/reːd/}}
#''v'' · to divide up, to apportion
#''v'' · to share (evenly)

{{VDT|rya|16px}} — '''rya''' {{IPA|/rɪə̯/}}
#''n; {{sc|hmn}}'' · human, person
#''n; {{sc|anim}}'' · (sentient) being

{{VDT|ro'|16px}} — '''rơ''' {{IPA|/rɔ/}}
#''n; {{sc|anim}}'' · twins (esp. fraternal), "blood brothers"

=== T ===
----
{{VDT|taym|16px}} — '''taym''' {{IPA|/taɪ̯m/}}
#''adv'' · now, right this moment

{{VDT|tin|16px}} — '''tin''' {{IPA|/tin/}}
#''n; {{sc|flat}}'' · book, page(s)

{{VDT|to^|16px}} — '''tǫ''' {{IPA|/tõ/}}
#''v'' · to speak
#''n; {{sc|abs}}'' · speech, language

{{VDT|tre|16px}} — '''tre''' {{IPA|/tɾə/}}
#''part'' · {{sc|poss}}; used to mark a possessed object

{{VDT|treng|16px}} — '''treng''' {{IPA|/tɾɛŋ/}}
#''v'' · to own, to possess; used to indicate possession when it violates the animacy heirarchy

{{VDT|trit|16px}} — '''trit''' {{IPA|/tɾid/}}
#''v'' · to continue, to go forward

{{VDT|truudh|16px}} — '''trúdh''' {{IPA|/tɾuːð/}}
#''n; {{sc|amor}}'' · honey, sweetness
#''v'' · to be sweet
#''adj'' · sweet

{{VDT|twee|16px}}; {{VDT|P-twee|8px}} — '''twé''' {{IPA|/tweː/}}
#''num'' {{sub|8}} · one hundred thousand, one hundred thousandth, one hundred thousand times
#''num'' {{sub|10}} · 32,768

{{VDT|twon|16px}} — '''twon''' {{IPA|/twon/}}
#''pro'' · you and me; 1.{{sc|dl.incl}}

=== V ===
----
{{VDT|ving|16px}} — '''ving''' {{IPA|/viŋ/}}
#''n; {{sc|hmn}}'' · the Ving people

{{VDT|viv|16px}} — '''viv''' {{IPA|/viv/}}
#''v'' · to fold, to bow

{{VDT|vee|16px}} — '''vé''' {{IPA|/veː/}}
#''v'' · to be certain, to be secure
#''n; {{sc|abs}}'' · certainty
#''adj'' · certain, sure, positive

{{VDT|veec|16px}} — '''véc''' {{IPA|/veːɡ/}}
#''v'' · to flow, to meander

{{VDT|veep|16px}} — '''vép''' {{IPA|/veːb/}}
#''n; {{sc|rnd}}'' · lake, pond, pool

{{VDT|vo'|16px}} — '''vơ''' {{IPA|/vɔ/}}
#''pro'' · you all and me; 1.{{sc|pl.incl}}

{{VDT|vuu|16px}} — '''vú''' {{IPA|/vuː/}}
#''num'' · five, fifth, five times

{{VDT|vryang|16px}} — '''vryang''' {{IPA|/vɾɪə̯ŋ/}}
#''v'' · to please, to ask (politely)
#''n; {{sc|abs}} · pleasure
# ''adj'' · pleased

{{VDT|vwo'|16px}} — '''vwơ''' {{IPA|/vwɔ/}}
#''prep'' · along(side), by, with

Vingdagese/Lexicon

2021-09-12T09:34:58Z

Thirty7: /* Ḍ */

__NOTOC__
{| class = "wikitable" style="text-align:center;"
! colspan="17" | '''Table of contents'''
|-
| width="32px" | {{big|[[#’|’]]}}
| width="32px" | {{big|[[#Ḅ|Ḅ]]}}
| width="32px" | {{big|[[#C|C/Q]]}}
| width="32px" | {{big|[[#Ḍ|Ḍ]]}}
| width="32px" | {{big|[[#Dh|Dh]]}}
| width="32px" | {{big|[[#G̣|G̣]]}}
| width="32px" | {{big|[[#J|J/G]]}}
| width="32px" | {{big|[[#M|M]]}}
| width="32px" | {{big|[[#Mm|Mm]]}}
| width="32px" | {{big|[[#N|N]]}}
| width="32px" | {{big|[[#Nn|Nn]]}}
| width="32px" | {{big|[[#Ng|Ng]]}}
| width="32px" | {{big|[[#Nng|Nng]]}}
| width="32px" | {{big|[[#P|P]]}}
| width="32px" | {{big|[[#R|R]]}}
| width="32px" | {{big|[[#T|T]]}}
| width="32px" | {{big|[[#V|V]]}}
|}

== Alphabetizing ==
Words are alphabetized according to their romanization. That means the consonants use the above order in the table of contents, and vowels use the following order: '''a''', '''e''', '''á''', '''ą''', '''ay''', '''i''', '''ư''', '''é''', '''į''', '''ya''', '''o''', '''ơ''', '''ú''', '''ǫ''', and '''oy'''. If a word is of the CCV shape, it will follow entries with a CV shape. And then, if necessary, finals are used in the same order as they appear in the above table of contents.

Words beginning with a glottal stop are not often written with the apostrophe, however they will be below for consistency with the heading which needed a symbol for proper sorting. In addition, it is generally redundant to list it, as there are no words that begin with just a vowel.

=== Parts of Speech ===
Each word is classified as to its part of speech. Nouns are marked with an ''n'', verbs with a ''v'', pronouns with ''pn'', adjectives with ''adj'', numerals with ''num'', etc. Further, nouns are also all marked as to what noun class they belong to. Sometimes, a noun can belong to multiple noun classes depending upon its usage or intended meaning; when that is the case, the definition of each meaning is listed after the class to which that particular usage belongs.

Noun classifications are listed after the part of speech with the following abbreviations:
* Human; {{sc|hmn}}
* Animate; {{sc|anim}}
* Tall/Long; {{sc|tall}}
* Round; {{sc|rnd}}
* Flat; {{sc|flat}}
* Amorphous; {{sc|amor}}
* Abstract; {{sc|abs}}

== Lexicon ==
=== ’ ===
----
{{VDT|aa|16px}} — '''’á''' {{IPA|/Ɂaː/}}
#''prep'' · in, into, at, for, toward

{{VDT|aang|16px}} — '''’áng''' {{IPA|/Ɂaːŋ/}}
#''v'' · to be likely to, to be expected to
#''n {{sc|abs}}'' · probability

{{VDT|ay|16px}}; {{VDT|P-ay|8px}} — '''’ay''' {{IPA|/Ɂaɪ̯/}}
#''num'' · two, second, twice

{{VDT|ayng|16px}} — '''’ayng''' {{IPA|/Ɂaɪ̯ŋ/}}
#''n; {{sc|tall}}'' · fishhook, lure
#''n; {{sc|anim}}'' · fly, small bug

{{VDT|eem|16px}} — '''’ém''' {{IPA|/Ɂeːm/}}
#''v'' · to see, to watch, to look at
#''n; {{sc|abs}}'' · sight, vision

{{VDT|o'c|16px}} — '''’ơc''' {{IPA|/Ɂɔɡ/}}
#''n; {{sc|rnd}}'' · eye, eyeball

=== Ḅ ===
----
{{VDT|bej|16px}}; {{VDT|P-bej|8px}} — '''ḅegh''' {{IPA|/ɓɛɣ/}}
#''num'' {{sub|8}} · ten, tenth, ten times
#''num'' {{sub|10}} · 8

{{VDT|bya|16px}} — '''ḅya''' {{IPA|/ɓɪə̯/}}
#''v'' · to cut, to slice (esp. meat)

{{VDT|bo'|16px}}; {{VDT|P-bo'|8px}} — '''ḅơ''' {{IPA|/ɓɔ/}}
#''num'' · four, fourth, four times

=== C ===
----
{{VDT|cem|16px}} — '''cem''' {{IPA|/kɛm/}}
#''n; {{sc|tall}}'' · boat, canoe

{{VDT|caa|16px}} — '''cá''' {{IPA|/kaː/}}
#''n; {{sc|anim}}'' · night, darkness
#''n; {{sc|abs}}'' · fear

{{VDT|caang|16px}} — '''cáng''' {{IPA|/kaːŋ/}}
#''n; {{sc|amor}}'' · part, portion, section
#''n; {{sc|flat}}'' · chapter, verse

{{VDT|ci|16px}} — '''ci''' {{IPA|/ki/}}
#''n; {{sc|amor}}'' · word, (written) character

{{VDT|qodh|16px}} — '''qodh''' {{IPA|/qoð/}}
#''pro'' · we few; 1.{{sc|pl/pcl.excl}}

{{VDT|qon|16px}} — '''qon''' {{IPA|/qon/}}
#''v'' · to know how to (do s.t.), to be able (to), can/could
#''n; {{sc|abs}}'' · ability

{{VDT|qo'|16px}}; {{VDT|P-qo'|8px}} — '''qơ''' {{IPA|/qɔ/}}
#''num'' · seven, seventh, seven times

{{VDT|quu|16px}} — '''qú''' {{IPA|/quː/}}
#''v'' · to be in front of; go forward

{{VDT|cren|16px}}; {{VDT|P-cren|8px}} — '''cren''' {{IPA|/kɾɛn/}}
#''num'' {{sub|8}} · hundred, hundredth, one hundred times
#''num'' {{sub|10}} · 64

{{VDT|creec|16px}} — '''créc''' {{IPA|/kɾeːk/}}
#''v'' · to grow, to enlarge, to swell

{{VDT|crip|16px}} — '''crip''' {{IPA|/kɾib/}}
#''v'' · to write, to sign (one's name)

{{VDT|cwa|16px}} — '''cwa''' {{IPA|/kwa/}}
#''adj'' · fast, with haste
#''v'' · to move quickly

{{VDT|cwyav|16px}} — '''cwyav''' {{IPA|/kwɪə̯v/}}
#''v'' · to make one's home; to be calm

{{VDT|cway|16px}} — '''cway''' {{IPA|/kwaɪ̯/}}
#''part'' · sentence final interrogative; {{sc|q}}

{{VDT|cwo'|16px}} — '''cwơ''' {{IPA|/kwɔ/}}
#''n; {{sc|abs}}'' · country, territory
#''n; {{sc|flat}}'' · land(mass)

{{VDT|cwo'c|16px}} — '''cwơc''' {{IPA|/kwɔɡ/}}
#''n'' · I, me, myself; 1.{{sc|sg}}

{{VDT|cwo'c|16px}}{{VDT|ay|16px}}; {{VDT|cwo'c|16px}}{{VDT|P-ay|8px}} — '''cwơc-ay''' {{IPA|/kwɔɡ.aɪ̯/}}
#''n'' · we two; 1.{{sc|dl.excl}}

=== Ḍ ===
----
{{VDT|daac|16px}} — '''ḍác''' {{IPA|/ɗaːɡ/}}
#''n; {{sc|hmn}}'' · person, citizen

{{VDT|deeng|16px}} — '''ḍéng''' {{IPA|/ɗeːŋ/}}
#''n; {{sc|anim}}'' · wind, breath
#''v'' · to blow, to be windy, to breathe
#''adj'' · windy, breathing

{{VDT|dyang|16px}} — '''ḍyang''' {{IPA|/ɗɪə̯ŋ/}}
#''n; {{sc|flt}}'' · world, Earth, "realm"
#''n; {{sc|amor}}'' · dirt, soil

{{VDT|dodh|16px}} — '''ḍodh''' {{IPA|/ɗoð/}}
#''n; {{sc|tall}}'' · rake, hoe

{{VDT|do't|16px}} — '''ḍơt''' {{IPA|/ɗɔd/}}
#''v'' · to drink, to slurp

{{VDT|duu|16px}} — '''ḍú''' {{IPA|/ɗuː/}}

{{VDT|duuj|16px}} — '''ḍúgh''' {{IPA|/ɗuːɣ/}}
#''part'' · no, not, {{sc|neg}}

{{VDT|duuv|16px}} — '''ḍúv''' {{IPA|/ɗuːv/}}
#''n; {{sc|flat}}'' · axe, hatchet

{{VDT|doy|16px}} — '''ḍoy''' {{IPA|/ɗɔɪ̯/}}
#''v'' · to agree (to)
#''n; {{sc|abs}}'' · agreement, consent

{{VDT|doy2|16px}} — '''ḍoy''' {{IPA|/ɗɔɪ̯/}}
#''v'' · to offer, to allow

=== Dh ===
----
{{VDT|dhav|16px}} — '''dhav''' {{IPA|/ðav/}}
#''v'' · to be beautiful
#''n; {{sc|abs}}'' · beauty
#''adj'' · beautiful

{{VDT|dhaang|16px}}; {{VDT|P-dhaang|8px}} — '''dháng''' {{IPA|/ðaːŋ/}}
#''num'' · three, third, thrice

{{VDT|dhi|16px}} — '''dhi''' {{IPA|/ði/}}
#''pro'' · you all; 2.{{sc|pl}}

{{VDT|dhu'n|16px}} — '''dhưn''' {{IPA|/ðɪn/}}
#''pro'' · they.{{sc|sg}}; 3.{{sc|sg}}; no gender is implied and can be used for people as well as objects

{{VDT|dhrej|16px}} — '''dhregh''' {{IPA|/ðɾɛɣ/}}
#''pro'' · they.{{sc|pl}}; this includes paucal and dual numbers

{{VDT|dhraa|16px}} — '''dhrá''' {{IPA|/ðɾaː/}}
#''n; {{sc|flat}}'' · leaf

=== G̣ ===
----
{{VDT|gu'c|16px}}; {{VDT|P-gu'c|8px}} — '''ġưc''' {{IPA|/ɠɪɡ/}}
#''num'' {{sub|8}} · ten thousand, ten thousandth, ten thousand times
#''num'' {{sub|10}} · 4,096

{{VDT|go|16px}} — '''ġo''' {{IPA|/ɠo/}}
#''n; {{sc|anim}}'' · turtle, tortoise

{{VDT|gwuum|16px}} — '''ġwúm''' {{IPA|/ɠwuːm/}}
#''n; {{sc|rnd}}'' · world, Earth, "realm"
#''n; {{sc|flt}}'' · dirt, soil

=== J ===
----
{{VDT|jav|16px}} — '''jav''' {{IPA|/ʝav/}}
#''n; {{sc|tall}}'' · river, stream, waterway

{{VDT|jep|16px}} — '''jep''' {{IPA|/ʝɛb/}}
#''n; {{sc|rnd}}'' · shrub, bush, small tree

{{VDT|jayc|16px}} — '''jayc''' {{IPA|/ʝaɪ̯ɡ/}}
#''v'' · to do well
#''adj'' · good, well

{{VDT|ji|16px}} — '''ji''' {{IPA|/ʝi/}}
#''adj'' · many, numerous

{{VDT|jeen|16px}} — '''jén''' {{IPA|/ʝeːn/}}
#''n; {{sc|rnd}}'' · debris, stuff, junk

{{VDT|gri|16px}} — '''gri''' {{IPA|/ɡri/}}
#''v'' · to die
#''n; {{sc|flat}}'' · corpse, dead body

{{VDT|grigh|16px}} — '''grigh''' {{IPA|/ɡriɣ/}}
#''v'' · to be fated to; to have bad luck befall (s.o.)
#''n; {{sc|abs}}'' · ill omen; bad luck

{{VDT|gru'v|16px}} — '''grưv''' {{IPA|/ɡrɪv/}}
#''v'' · to sputter; to fade away
#''v'' · to snuff out (as in a candle)

{{VDT|gwi|16px}} — '''gwi''' {{IPA|/ɡwi/}}
#''n; {{sc|anim}}'' · dove, pigeon, small bird

{{VDT|gwing|16px}} — '''gwing''' {{IPA|/ɡwiŋ/}}
#''v'' · to be lucky, to have a good feeling
#''n; {{sc|abs}}'' · luck, good fortune
#''adj'' · lucky, cool
#''n; {{sc|abs}}'' · light

{{VDT|gwuun|16px}} — '''gwún''' {{IPA|/ɡwuːn/}}
#''v'' · to sleep, to be asleep
#''n; {{sc|abs}}'' · rest, sleep

=== M ===
----
{{VDT|mo't|16px}}; {{VDT|P-mo't|8px}} — '''mơt''' {{IPA|/mɔd/}}
#''num'' · one, first, once

{{VDT|moyc|16px}} — '''moyc''' {{IPA|/mɔɪ̯ɡ/}}

=== Mm ===
----
{{VDT|mmaang|16px}} — '''mmáng''' {{IPA|/mːaːŋ/}}
#''n {{sc|amor}}'' · tar
#''adj'' · slow, with a slow pace
#''v'' · to move slowly; to make slow

{{VDT|mmit|16px}}; {{VDT|P-mmit|8px}} — '''mmit''' {{IPA|/mːid/}}
#''num'' {{sub|8}} · one thousand, one thousandth, one thousand times
#''num'' {{sub|10}} · 512

{{VDT|mmu'ng|16px}} — '''mmưng''' {{IPA|/mːɪŋ/}}
#''pron'' · you few and me; 1.{{sc|pcl.incl}}

=== N ===
----
{{VDT|na|16px}} — '''na''' {{IPA|/na/}}
#''conj'' · and

{{VDT|ni|16px}} — '''ni''' {{IPA|/ni/}}
#''conj'' · or, neither/nor

=== Nn ===
----
{{VDT|nnem|16px}}; {{VDT|P-nnem|8px}} — '''nnem''' {{IPA|/nːɛm/}}
#''num'' · six, sixth, six times

{{VDT|nnay|16px}} — '''nnay''' {{IPA|/nːaɪ̯/}}
# ''n; {{sc|tall}}'' · cage, jail
# ''n; {{sc|rnd}}'' · trap

=== Ng ===
----
{{VDT|ngu'q|16px}} — '''ngưq''' {{IPA|/ŋɪq/}}
# ''adj'' · whole, unbroken
# ''n; {{sc|abs}}'' · atom, particle

{{VDT|ngeev|16px}} — '''ngév''' {{IPA|/ŋeːv/}}
#''v'' · to overturn, to capsize
#''v'' · to fall, to trip

{{VDT|ngoy|16px}} — '''ngoy''' {{IPA|/ŋɔɪ̯/}}
#''v'' · to give something (esp. a trinket) to someone

{{VDT|ngwu'm|16px}} — '''ngwưm''' {{IPA|/ŋwɪm/}}
# ''v'' · to cut/tear into small pieces
# ''n; {{sc|rnd}}'' · small parts of something

=== Nng ===
----
{{VDT|nngom|16px}} — '''nngom''' {{IPA|/ŋːom/}}
# ''n; {{sc|tall}}'' · tree

{{VDT|nngoy|16px}} — '''nngoy''' {{IPA|/ŋːɔɪ̯/}}
# ''n; {{sc|anim}}'' · fire, flame, heat

=== P ===
----
{{VDT|pac|16px}} — '''pac''' {{IPA|/paɡ/}}
#''v'' · to walk along (something)

{{VDT|po|16px}} — '''po''' {{IPA|/po/}}
#''n; {{sc|rnd}}'' · glass (esp. a bead)

{{VDT|po^|16px}} — '''pǫ''' {{IPA|/põ/}}
#''adj'' · fat, chubby, round
#''n; {{sc|anim}}'' · a fat person
#''v'' · to be fat, to be full (of food)

{{VDT|poyng|16px}} — '''poyng''' {{IPA|/pɔɪ̯ŋ/}}
#''n; {{sc|tall}}'' · digit, finger, toe
#''n; {{sc|abs}}'' · number(s)

{{VDT|pra^|16px}} — '''prą''' {{IPA|/pɾã/}}
#''n; {{sc|hmn}}'' · son, young boy

{{VDT|praq|16px}}; {{VDT|P-praq|8px}} — '''praq''' {{IPA|/pɾaq/}}
#''num'' {{sub|8}} · one million, one millionth, one million times
#''num'' {{sub|10}} · 262,144

{{VDT|pwo'|16px}} — '''pwơ''' {{IPA|/pwɔ/}}
#''n; {{sc|anim}}'' · dog, hound, wolf

=== R ===
----
{{VDT|rej|16px}} — '''regh''' {{IPA|/rɛɣ/}}
#''pro'' · 2.{{sc|sg}}

{{VDT|ra^|16px}} — '''rą''' {{IPA|/rã/}}
#''n; {{sc|tall}} · fork, bi- or trident

{{VDT|ring|16px}}; {{VDT|P-ring|8px}} — '''ring''' {{IPA|/riŋ/}}
#''num'' · zero, zeroth, zero times, none

{{VDT|ree|16px}} — '''ré''' {{IPA|/reː/}}
#''conj'' · if, as, whether

{{VDT|reet|16px}} — '''rét''' {{IPA|/reːd/}}
#''v'' · to divide up, to apportion
#''v'' · to share (evenly)

{{VDT|rya|16px}} — '''rya''' {{IPA|/rɪə̯/}}
#''n; {{sc|hmn}}'' · human, person
#''n; {{sc|anim}}'' · (sentient) being

{{VDT|ro'|16px}} — '''rơ''' {{IPA|/rɔ/}}
#''n; {{sc|anim}}'' · twins (esp. fraternal), "blood brothers"

=== T ===
----
{{VDT|taym|16px}} — '''taym''' {{IPA|/taɪ̯m/}}
#''adv'' · now, right this moment

{{VDT|tin|16px}} — '''tin''' {{IPA|/tin/}}
#''n; {{sc|flat}}'' · book, page(s)

{{VDT|to^|16px}} — '''tǫ''' {{IPA|/tõ/}}
#''v'' · to speak
#''n; {{sc|abs}}'' · speech, language

{{VDT|tre|16px}} — '''tre''' {{IPA|/tɾə/}}
#''part'' · {{sc|poss}}; used to mark a possessed object

{{VDT|treng|16px}} — '''treng''' {{IPA|/tɾɛŋ/}}
#''v'' · to own, to possess; used to indicate possession when it violates the animacy heirarchy

{{VDT|trit|16px}} — '''trit''' {{IPA|/tɾid/}}
#''v'' · to continue, to go forward

{{VDT|truudh|16px}} — '''trúdh''' {{IPA|/tɾuːð/}}
#''n; {{sc|amor}}'' · honey, sweetness
#''v'' · to be sweet
#''adj'' · sweet

{{VDT|twee|16px}}; {{VDT|P-twee|8px}} — '''twé''' {{IPA|/tweː/}}
#''num'' {{sub|8}} · one hundred thousand, one hundred thousandth, one hundred thousand times
#''num'' {{sub|10}} · 32,768

{{VDT|twon|16px}} — '''twon''' {{IPA|/twon/}}
#''pro'' · you and me; 1.{{sc|dl.incl}}

=== V ===
----
{{VDT|ving|16px}} — '''ving''' {{IPA|/viŋ/}}
#''n; {{sc|hmn}}'' · the Ving people

{{VDT|viv|16px}} — '''viv''' {{IPA|/viv/}}
#''v'' · to fold, to bow

{{VDT|vee|16px}} — '''vé''' {{IPA|/veː/}}
#''v'' · to be certain, to be secure
#''n; {{sc|abs}}'' · certainty
#''adj'' · certain, sure, positive

{{VDT|veec|16px}} — '''véc''' {{IPA|/veːɡ/}}
#''v'' · to flow, to meander

{{VDT|veep|16px}} — '''vép''' {{IPA|/veːb/}}
#''n; {{sc|rnd}}'' · lake, pond, pool

{{VDT|vo'|16px}} — '''vơ''' {{IPA|/vɔ/}}
#''pro'' · you all and me; 1.{{sc|pl.incl}}

{{VDT|vuu|16px}} — '''vú''' {{IPA|/vuː/}}
#''num'' · five, fifth, five times

{{VDT|vryang|16px}} — '''vryang''' {{IPA|/vɾɪə̯ŋ/}}
#''v'' · to please, to ask (politely)
#''n; {{sc|abs}} · pleasure
# ''adj'' · pleased

{{VDT|vwo'|16px}} — '''vwơ''' {{IPA|/vwɔ/}}
#''prep'' · along(side), by, with

Vingdagese/Lexicon

2021-09-12T09:34:46Z

Thirty7: /* Ḍ */

__NOTOC__
{| class = "wikitable" style="text-align:center;"
! colspan="17" | '''Table of contents'''
|-
| width="32px" | {{big|[[#’|’]]}}
| width="32px" | {{big|[[#Ḅ|Ḅ]]}}
| width="32px" | {{big|[[#C|C/Q]]}}
| width="32px" | {{big|[[#Ḍ|Ḍ]]}}
| width="32px" | {{big|[[#Dh|Dh]]}}
| width="32px" | {{big|[[#G̣|G̣]]}}
| width="32px" | {{big|[[#J|J/G]]}}
| width="32px" | {{big|[[#M|M]]}}
| width="32px" | {{big|[[#Mm|Mm]]}}
| width="32px" | {{big|[[#N|N]]}}
| width="32px" | {{big|[[#Nn|Nn]]}}
| width="32px" | {{big|[[#Ng|Ng]]}}
| width="32px" | {{big|[[#Nng|Nng]]}}
| width="32px" | {{big|[[#P|P]]}}
| width="32px" | {{big|[[#R|R]]}}
| width="32px" | {{big|[[#T|T]]}}
| width="32px" | {{big|[[#V|V]]}}
|}

== Alphabetizing ==
Words are alphabetized according to their romanization. That means the consonants use the above order in the table of contents, and vowels use the following order: '''a''', '''e''', '''á''', '''ą''', '''ay''', '''i''', '''ư''', '''é''', '''į''', '''ya''', '''o''', '''ơ''', '''ú''', '''ǫ''', and '''oy'''. If a word is of the CCV shape, it will follow entries with a CV shape. And then, if necessary, finals are used in the same order as they appear in the above table of contents.

Words beginning with a glottal stop are not often written with the apostrophe, however they will be below for consistency with the heading which needed a symbol for proper sorting. In addition, it is generally redundant to list it, as there are no words that begin with just a vowel.

=== Parts of Speech ===
Each word is classified as to its part of speech. Nouns are marked with an ''n'', verbs with a ''v'', pronouns with ''pn'', adjectives with ''adj'', numerals with ''num'', etc. Further, nouns are also all marked as to what noun class they belong to. Sometimes, a noun can belong to multiple noun classes depending upon its usage or intended meaning; when that is the case, the definition of each meaning is listed after the class to which that particular usage belongs.

Noun classifications are listed after the part of speech with the following abbreviations:
* Human; {{sc|hmn}}
* Animate; {{sc|anim}}
* Tall/Long; {{sc|tall}}
* Round; {{sc|rnd}}
* Flat; {{sc|flat}}
* Amorphous; {{sc|amor}}
* Abstract; {{sc|abs}}

== Lexicon ==
=== ’ ===
----
{{VDT|aa|16px}} — '''’á''' {{IPA|/Ɂaː/}}
#''prep'' · in, into, at, for, toward

{{VDT|aang|16px}} — '''’áng''' {{IPA|/Ɂaːŋ/}}
#''v'' · to be likely to, to be expected to
#''n {{sc|abs}}'' · probability

{{VDT|ay|16px}}; {{VDT|P-ay|8px}} — '''’ay''' {{IPA|/Ɂaɪ̯/}}
#''num'' · two, second, twice

{{VDT|ayng|16px}} — '''’ayng''' {{IPA|/Ɂaɪ̯ŋ/}}
#''n; {{sc|tall}}'' · fishhook, lure
#''n; {{sc|anim}}'' · fly, small bug

{{VDT|eem|16px}} — '''’ém''' {{IPA|/Ɂeːm/}}
#''v'' · to see, to watch, to look at
#''n; {{sc|abs}}'' · sight, vision

{{VDT|o'c|16px}} — '''’ơc''' {{IPA|/Ɂɔɡ/}}
#''n; {{sc|rnd}}'' · eye, eyeball

=== Ḅ ===
----
{{VDT|bej|16px}}; {{VDT|P-bej|8px}} — '''ḅegh''' {{IPA|/ɓɛɣ/}}
#''num'' {{sub|8}} · ten, tenth, ten times
#''num'' {{sub|10}} · 8

{{VDT|bya|16px}} — '''ḅya''' {{IPA|/ɓɪə̯/}}
#''v'' · to cut, to slice (esp. meat)

{{VDT|bo'|16px}}; {{VDT|P-bo'|8px}} — '''ḅơ''' {{IPA|/ɓɔ/}}
#''num'' · four, fourth, four times

=== C ===
----
{{VDT|cem|16px}} — '''cem''' {{IPA|/kɛm/}}
#''n; {{sc|tall}}'' · boat, canoe

{{VDT|caa|16px}} — '''cá''' {{IPA|/kaː/}}
#''n; {{sc|anim}}'' · night, darkness
#''n; {{sc|abs}}'' · fear

{{VDT|caang|16px}} — '''cáng''' {{IPA|/kaːŋ/}}
#''n; {{sc|amor}}'' · part, portion, section
#''n; {{sc|flat}}'' · chapter, verse

{{VDT|ci|16px}} — '''ci''' {{IPA|/ki/}}
#''n; {{sc|amor}}'' · word, (written) character

{{VDT|qodh|16px}} — '''qodh''' {{IPA|/qoð/}}
#''pro'' · we few; 1.{{sc|pl/pcl.excl}}

{{VDT|qon|16px}} — '''qon''' {{IPA|/qon/}}
#''v'' · to know how to (do s.t.), to be able (to), can/could
#''n; {{sc|abs}}'' · ability

{{VDT|qo'|16px}}; {{VDT|P-qo'|8px}} — '''qơ''' {{IPA|/qɔ/}}
#''num'' · seven, seventh, seven times

{{VDT|quu|16px}} — '''qú''' {{IPA|/quː/}}
#''v'' · to be in front of; go forward

{{VDT|cren|16px}}; {{VDT|P-cren|8px}} — '''cren''' {{IPA|/kɾɛn/}}
#''num'' {{sub|8}} · hundred, hundredth, one hundred times
#''num'' {{sub|10}} · 64

{{VDT|creec|16px}} — '''créc''' {{IPA|/kɾeːk/}}
#''v'' · to grow, to enlarge, to swell

{{VDT|crip|16px}} — '''crip''' {{IPA|/kɾib/}}
#''v'' · to write, to sign (one's name)

{{VDT|cwa|16px}} — '''cwa''' {{IPA|/kwa/}}
#''adj'' · fast, with haste
#''v'' · to move quickly

{{VDT|cwyav|16px}} — '''cwyav''' {{IPA|/kwɪə̯v/}}
#''v'' · to make one's home; to be calm

{{VDT|cway|16px}} — '''cway''' {{IPA|/kwaɪ̯/}}
#''part'' · sentence final interrogative; {{sc|q}}

{{VDT|cwo'|16px}} — '''cwơ''' {{IPA|/kwɔ/}}
#''n; {{sc|abs}}'' · country, territory
#''n; {{sc|flat}}'' · land(mass)

{{VDT|cwo'c|16px}} — '''cwơc''' {{IPA|/kwɔɡ/}}
#''n'' · I, me, myself; 1.{{sc|sg}}

{{VDT|cwo'c|16px}}{{VDT|ay|16px}}; {{VDT|cwo'c|16px}}{{VDT|P-ay|8px}} — '''cwơc-ay''' {{IPA|/kwɔɡ.aɪ̯/}}
#''n'' · we two; 1.{{sc|dl.excl}}

=== Ḍ ===
----
{{VDT|daac|16px}} — '''ḍác''' {{IPA|/ɗaːɡ/}}
#''n; {{sc|hmn}}'' · person, citizen

{{VDT|deeng|16px}} — '''ḍéng''' {{IPA|/ɗeːŋ/}}
#''n; {{sc|anim}}'' · wind, breath
#''v'' · to blow, to be windy, to breathe
#''adj'' · windy, breathing

{{VDT|dyng|16px}} — '''ḍyang''' {{IPA|/ɗɪə̯ŋ/}}
#''n; {{sc|flt}}'' · world, Earth, "realm"
#''n; {{sc|amor}}'' · dirt, soil

{{VDT|dodh|16px}} — '''ḍodh''' {{IPA|/ɗoð/}}
#''n; {{sc|tall}}'' · rake, hoe

{{VDT|do't|16px}} — '''ḍơt''' {{IPA|/ɗɔd/}}
#''v'' · to drink, to slurp

{{VDT|duu|16px}} — '''ḍú''' {{IPA|/ɗuː/}}

{{VDT|duuj|16px}} — '''ḍúgh''' {{IPA|/ɗuːɣ/}}
#''part'' · no, not, {{sc|neg}}

{{VDT|duuv|16px}} — '''ḍúv''' {{IPA|/ɗuːv/}}
#''n; {{sc|flat}}'' · axe, hatchet

{{VDT|doy|16px}} — '''ḍoy''' {{IPA|/ɗɔɪ̯/}}
#''v'' · to agree (to)
#''n; {{sc|abs}}'' · agreement, consent

{{VDT|doy2|16px}} — '''ḍoy''' {{IPA|/ɗɔɪ̯/}}
#''v'' · to offer, to allow

=== Dh ===
----
{{VDT|dhav|16px}} — '''dhav''' {{IPA|/ðav/}}
#''v'' · to be beautiful
#''n; {{sc|abs}}'' · beauty
#''adj'' · beautiful

{{VDT|dhaang|16px}}; {{VDT|P-dhaang|8px}} — '''dháng''' {{IPA|/ðaːŋ/}}
#''num'' · three, third, thrice

{{VDT|dhi|16px}} — '''dhi''' {{IPA|/ði/}}
#''pro'' · you all; 2.{{sc|pl}}

{{VDT|dhu'n|16px}} — '''dhưn''' {{IPA|/ðɪn/}}
#''pro'' · they.{{sc|sg}}; 3.{{sc|sg}}; no gender is implied and can be used for people as well as objects

{{VDT|dhrej|16px}} — '''dhregh''' {{IPA|/ðɾɛɣ/}}
#''pro'' · they.{{sc|pl}}; this includes paucal and dual numbers

{{VDT|dhraa|16px}} — '''dhrá''' {{IPA|/ðɾaː/}}
#''n; {{sc|flat}}'' · leaf

=== G̣ ===
----
{{VDT|gu'c|16px}}; {{VDT|P-gu'c|8px}} — '''ġưc''' {{IPA|/ɠɪɡ/}}
#''num'' {{sub|8}} · ten thousand, ten thousandth, ten thousand times
#''num'' {{sub|10}} · 4,096

{{VDT|go|16px}} — '''ġo''' {{IPA|/ɠo/}}
#''n; {{sc|anim}}'' · turtle, tortoise

{{VDT|gwuum|16px}} — '''ġwúm''' {{IPA|/ɠwuːm/}}
#''n; {{sc|rnd}}'' · world, Earth, "realm"
#''n; {{sc|flt}}'' · dirt, soil

=== J ===
----
{{VDT|jav|16px}} — '''jav''' {{IPA|/ʝav/}}
#''n; {{sc|tall}}'' · river, stream, waterway

{{VDT|jep|16px}} — '''jep''' {{IPA|/ʝɛb/}}
#''n; {{sc|rnd}}'' · shrub, bush, small tree

{{VDT|jayc|16px}} — '''jayc''' {{IPA|/ʝaɪ̯ɡ/}}
#''v'' · to do well
#''adj'' · good, well

{{VDT|ji|16px}} — '''ji''' {{IPA|/ʝi/}}
#''adj'' · many, numerous

{{VDT|jeen|16px}} — '''jén''' {{IPA|/ʝeːn/}}
#''n; {{sc|rnd}}'' · debris, stuff, junk

{{VDT|gri|16px}} — '''gri''' {{IPA|/ɡri/}}
#''v'' · to die
#''n; {{sc|flat}}'' · corpse, dead body

{{VDT|grigh|16px}} — '''grigh''' {{IPA|/ɡriɣ/}}
#''v'' · to be fated to; to have bad luck befall (s.o.)
#''n; {{sc|abs}}'' · ill omen; bad luck

{{VDT|gru'v|16px}} — '''grưv''' {{IPA|/ɡrɪv/}}
#''v'' · to sputter; to fade away
#''v'' · to snuff out (as in a candle)

{{VDT|gwi|16px}} — '''gwi''' {{IPA|/ɡwi/}}
#''n; {{sc|anim}}'' · dove, pigeon, small bird

{{VDT|gwing|16px}} — '''gwing''' {{IPA|/ɡwiŋ/}}
#''v'' · to be lucky, to have a good feeling
#''n; {{sc|abs}}'' · luck, good fortune
#''adj'' · lucky, cool
#''n; {{sc|abs}}'' · light

{{VDT|gwuun|16px}} — '''gwún''' {{IPA|/ɡwuːn/}}
#''v'' · to sleep, to be asleep
#''n; {{sc|abs}}'' · rest, sleep

=== M ===
----
{{VDT|mo't|16px}}; {{VDT|P-mo't|8px}} — '''mơt''' {{IPA|/mɔd/}}
#''num'' · one, first, once

{{VDT|moyc|16px}} — '''moyc''' {{IPA|/mɔɪ̯ɡ/}}

=== Mm ===
----
{{VDT|mmaang|16px}} — '''mmáng''' {{IPA|/mːaːŋ/}}
#''n {{sc|amor}}'' · tar
#''adj'' · slow, with a slow pace
#''v'' · to move slowly; to make slow

{{VDT|mmit|16px}}; {{VDT|P-mmit|8px}} — '''mmit''' {{IPA|/mːid/}}
#''num'' {{sub|8}} · one thousand, one thousandth, one thousand times
#''num'' {{sub|10}} · 512

{{VDT|mmu'ng|16px}} — '''mmưng''' {{IPA|/mːɪŋ/}}
#''pron'' · you few and me; 1.{{sc|pcl.incl}}

=== N ===
----
{{VDT|na|16px}} — '''na''' {{IPA|/na/}}
#''conj'' · and

{{VDT|ni|16px}} — '''ni''' {{IPA|/ni/}}
#''conj'' · or, neither/nor

=== Nn ===
----
{{VDT|nnem|16px}}; {{VDT|P-nnem|8px}} — '''nnem''' {{IPA|/nːɛm/}}
#''num'' · six, sixth, six times

{{VDT|nnay|16px}} — '''nnay''' {{IPA|/nːaɪ̯/}}
# ''n; {{sc|tall}}'' · cage, jail
# ''n; {{sc|rnd}}'' · trap

=== Ng ===
----
{{VDT|ngu'q|16px}} — '''ngưq''' {{IPA|/ŋɪq/}}
# ''adj'' · whole, unbroken
# ''n; {{sc|abs}}'' · atom, particle

{{VDT|ngeev|16px}} — '''ngév''' {{IPA|/ŋeːv/}}
#''v'' · to overturn, to capsize
#''v'' · to fall, to trip

{{VDT|ngoy|16px}} — '''ngoy''' {{IPA|/ŋɔɪ̯/}}
#''v'' · to give something (esp. a trinket) to someone

{{VDT|ngwu'm|16px}} — '''ngwưm''' {{IPA|/ŋwɪm/}}
# ''v'' · to cut/tear into small pieces
# ''n; {{sc|rnd}}'' · small parts of something

=== Nng ===
----
{{VDT|nngom|16px}} — '''nngom''' {{IPA|/ŋːom/}}
# ''n; {{sc|tall}}'' · tree

{{VDT|nngoy|16px}} — '''nngoy''' {{IPA|/ŋːɔɪ̯/}}
# ''n; {{sc|anim}}'' · fire, flame, heat

=== P ===
----
{{VDT|pac|16px}} — '''pac''' {{IPA|/paɡ/}}
#''v'' · to walk along (something)

{{VDT|po|16px}} — '''po''' {{IPA|/po/}}
#''n; {{sc|rnd}}'' · glass (esp. a bead)

{{VDT|po^|16px}} — '''pǫ''' {{IPA|/põ/}}
#''adj'' · fat, chubby, round
#''n; {{sc|anim}}'' · a fat person
#''v'' · to be fat, to be full (of food)

{{VDT|poyng|16px}} — '''poyng''' {{IPA|/pɔɪ̯ŋ/}}
#''n; {{sc|tall}}'' · digit, finger, toe
#''n; {{sc|abs}}'' · number(s)

{{VDT|pra^|16px}} — '''prą''' {{IPA|/pɾã/}}
#''n; {{sc|hmn}}'' · son, young boy

{{VDT|praq|16px}}; {{VDT|P-praq|8px}} — '''praq''' {{IPA|/pɾaq/}}
#''num'' {{sub|8}} · one million, one millionth, one million times
#''num'' {{sub|10}} · 262,144

{{VDT|pwo'|16px}} — '''pwơ''' {{IPA|/pwɔ/}}
#''n; {{sc|anim}}'' · dog, hound, wolf

=== R ===
----
{{VDT|rej|16px}} — '''regh''' {{IPA|/rɛɣ/}}
#''pro'' · 2.{{sc|sg}}

{{VDT|ra^|16px}} — '''rą''' {{IPA|/rã/}}
#''n; {{sc|tall}} · fork, bi- or trident

{{VDT|ring|16px}}; {{VDT|P-ring|8px}} — '''ring''' {{IPA|/riŋ/}}
#''num'' · zero, zeroth, zero times, none

{{VDT|ree|16px}} — '''ré''' {{IPA|/reː/}}
#''conj'' · if, as, whether

{{VDT|reet|16px}} — '''rét''' {{IPA|/reːd/}}
#''v'' · to divide up, to apportion
#''v'' · to share (evenly)

{{VDT|rya|16px}} — '''rya''' {{IPA|/rɪə̯/}}
#''n; {{sc|hmn}}'' · human, person
#''n; {{sc|anim}}'' · (sentient) being

{{VDT|ro'|16px}} — '''rơ''' {{IPA|/rɔ/}}
#''n; {{sc|anim}}'' · twins (esp. fraternal), "blood brothers"

=== T ===
----
{{VDT|taym|16px}} — '''taym''' {{IPA|/taɪ̯m/}}
#''adv'' · now, right this moment

{{VDT|tin|16px}} — '''tin''' {{IPA|/tin/}}
#''n; {{sc|flat}}'' · book, page(s)

{{VDT|to^|16px}} — '''tǫ''' {{IPA|/tõ/}}
#''v'' · to speak
#''n; {{sc|abs}}'' · speech, language

{{VDT|tre|16px}} — '''tre''' {{IPA|/tɾə/}}
#''part'' · {{sc|poss}}; used to mark a possessed object

{{VDT|treng|16px}} — '''treng''' {{IPA|/tɾɛŋ/}}
#''v'' · to own, to possess; used to indicate possession when it violates the animacy heirarchy

{{VDT|trit|16px}} — '''trit''' {{IPA|/tɾid/}}
#''v'' · to continue, to go forward

{{VDT|truudh|16px}} — '''trúdh''' {{IPA|/tɾuːð/}}
#''n; {{sc|amor}}'' · honey, sweetness
#''v'' · to be sweet
#''adj'' · sweet

{{VDT|twee|16px}}; {{VDT|P-twee|8px}} — '''twé''' {{IPA|/tweː/}}
#''num'' {{sub|8}} · one hundred thousand, one hundred thousandth, one hundred thousand times
#''num'' {{sub|10}} · 32,768

{{VDT|twon|16px}} — '''twon''' {{IPA|/twon/}}
#''pro'' · you and me; 1.{{sc|dl.incl}}

=== V ===
----
{{VDT|ving|16px}} — '''ving''' {{IPA|/viŋ/}}
#''n; {{sc|hmn}}'' · the Ving people

{{VDT|viv|16px}} — '''viv''' {{IPA|/viv/}}
#''v'' · to fold, to bow

{{VDT|vee|16px}} — '''vé''' {{IPA|/veː/}}
#''v'' · to be certain, to be secure
#''n; {{sc|abs}}'' · certainty
#''adj'' · certain, sure, positive

{{VDT|veec|16px}} — '''véc''' {{IPA|/veːɡ/}}
#''v'' · to flow, to meander

{{VDT|veep|16px}} — '''vép''' {{IPA|/veːb/}}
#''n; {{sc|rnd}}'' · lake, pond, pool

{{VDT|vo'|16px}} — '''vơ''' {{IPA|/vɔ/}}
#''pro'' · you all and me; 1.{{sc|pl.incl}}

{{VDT|vuu|16px}} — '''vú''' {{IPA|/vuː/}}
#''num'' · five, fifth, five times

{{VDT|vryang|16px}} — '''vryang''' {{IPA|/vɾɪə̯ŋ/}}
#''v'' · to please, to ask (politely)
#''n; {{sc|abs}} · pleasure
# ''adj'' · pleased

{{VDT|vwo'|16px}} — '''vwơ''' {{IPA|/vwɔ/}}
#''prep'' · along(side), by, with

File:VDT-dyang.png

2021-09-12T09:30:28Z

Thirty7: Category:Vingdagese Characters

[[Category:Vingdagese Characters]]

File:VDT-gru'v.png

2021-08-15T09:04:36Z

Thirty7: Category:Vingdagese Characters

[[Category:Vingdagese Characters]]

Vingdagese/Lexicon

2021-08-15T09:03:03Z

Thirty7: /* J */

__NOTOC__
{| class = "wikitable" style="text-align:center;"
! colspan="17" | '''Table of contents'''
|-
| width="32px" | {{big|[[#’|’]]}}
| width="32px" | {{big|[[#Ḅ|Ḅ]]}}
| width="32px" | {{big|[[#C|C/Q]]}}
| width="32px" | {{big|[[#Ḍ|Ḍ]]}}
| width="32px" | {{big|[[#Dh|Dh]]}}
| width="32px" | {{big|[[#G̣|G̣]]}}
| width="32px" | {{big|[[#J|J/G]]}}
| width="32px" | {{big|[[#M|M]]}}
| width="32px" | {{big|[[#Mm|Mm]]}}
| width="32px" | {{big|[[#N|N]]}}
| width="32px" | {{big|[[#Nn|Nn]]}}
| width="32px" | {{big|[[#Ng|Ng]]}}
| width="32px" | {{big|[[#Nng|Nng]]}}
| width="32px" | {{big|[[#P|P]]}}
| width="32px" | {{big|[[#R|R]]}}
| width="32px" | {{big|[[#T|T]]}}
| width="32px" | {{big|[[#V|V]]}}
|}

== Alphabetizing ==
Words are alphabetized according to their romanization. That means the consonants use the above order in the table of contents, and vowels use the following order: '''a''', '''e''', '''á''', '''ą''', '''ay''', '''i''', '''ư''', '''é''', '''į''', '''ya''', '''o''', '''ơ''', '''ú''', '''ǫ''', and '''oy'''. If a word is of the CCV shape, it will follow entries with a CV shape. And then, if necessary, finals are used in the same order as they appear in the above table of contents.

Words beginning with a glottal stop are not often written with the apostrophe, however they will be below for consistency with the heading which needed a symbol for proper sorting. In addition, it is generally redundant to list it, as there are no words that begin with just a vowel.

=== Parts of Speech ===
Each word is classified as to its part of speech. Nouns are marked with an ''n'', verbs with a ''v'', pronouns with ''pn'', adjectives with ''adj'', numerals with ''num'', etc. Further, nouns are also all marked as to what noun class they belong to. Sometimes, a noun can belong to multiple noun classes depending upon its usage or intended meaning; when that is the case, the definition of each meaning is listed after the class to which that particular usage belongs.

Noun classifications are listed after the part of speech with the following abbreviations:
* Human; {{sc|hmn}}
* Animate; {{sc|anim}}
* Tall/Long; {{sc|tall}}
* Round; {{sc|rnd}}
* Flat; {{sc|flat}}
* Amorphous; {{sc|amor}}
* Abstract; {{sc|abs}}

== Lexicon ==
=== ’ ===
----
{{VDT|aa|16px}} — '''’á''' {{IPA|/Ɂaː/}}
#''prep'' · in, into, at, for, toward

{{VDT|aang|16px}} — '''’áng''' {{IPA|/Ɂaːŋ/}}
#''v'' · to be likely to, to be expected to
#''n {{sc|abs}}'' · probability

{{VDT|ay|16px}}; {{VDT|P-ay|8px}} — '''’ay''' {{IPA|/Ɂaɪ̯/}}
#''num'' · two, second, twice

{{VDT|ayng|16px}} — '''’ayng''' {{IPA|/Ɂaɪ̯ŋ/}}
#''n; {{sc|tall}}'' · fishhook, lure
#''n; {{sc|anim}}'' · fly, small bug

{{VDT|eem|16px}} — '''’ém''' {{IPA|/Ɂeːm/}}
#''v'' · to see, to watch, to look at
#''n; {{sc|abs}}'' · sight, vision

{{VDT|o'c|16px}} — '''’ơc''' {{IPA|/Ɂɔɡ/}}
#''n; {{sc|rnd}}'' · eye, eyeball

=== Ḅ ===
----
{{VDT|bej|16px}}; {{VDT|P-bej|8px}} — '''ḅegh''' {{IPA|/ɓɛɣ/}}
#''num'' {{sub|8}} · ten, tenth, ten times
#''num'' {{sub|10}} · 8

{{VDT|bya|16px}} — '''ḅya''' {{IPA|/ɓɪə̯/}}
#''v'' · to cut, to slice (esp. meat)

{{VDT|bo'|16px}}; {{VDT|P-bo'|8px}} — '''ḅơ''' {{IPA|/ɓɔ/}}
#''num'' · four, fourth, four times

=== C ===
----
{{VDT|cem|16px}} — '''cem''' {{IPA|/kɛm/}}
#''n; {{sc|tall}}'' · boat, canoe

{{VDT|caa|16px}} — '''cá''' {{IPA|/kaː/}}
#''n; {{sc|anim}}'' · night, darkness
#''n; {{sc|abs}}'' · fear

{{VDT|caang|16px}} — '''cáng''' {{IPA|/kaːŋ/}}
#''n; {{sc|amor}}'' · part, portion, section
#''n; {{sc|flat}}'' · chapter, verse

{{VDT|ci|16px}} — '''ci''' {{IPA|/ki/}}
#''n; {{sc|amor}}'' · word, (written) character

{{VDT|qodh|16px}} — '''qodh''' {{IPA|/qoð/}}
#''pro'' · we few; 1.{{sc|pl/pcl.excl}}

{{VDT|qon|16px}} — '''qon''' {{IPA|/qon/}}
#''v'' · to know how to (do s.t.), to be able (to), can/could
#''n; {{sc|abs}}'' · ability

{{VDT|qo'|16px}}; {{VDT|P-qo'|8px}} — '''qơ''' {{IPA|/qɔ/}}
#''num'' · seven, seventh, seven times

{{VDT|quu|16px}} — '''qú''' {{IPA|/quː/}}
#''v'' · to be in front of; go forward

{{VDT|cren|16px}}; {{VDT|P-cren|8px}} — '''cren''' {{IPA|/kɾɛn/}}
#''num'' {{sub|8}} · hundred, hundredth, one hundred times
#''num'' {{sub|10}} · 64

{{VDT|creec|16px}} — '''créc''' {{IPA|/kɾeːk/}}
#''v'' · to grow, to enlarge, to swell

{{VDT|crip|16px}} — '''crip''' {{IPA|/kɾib/}}
#''v'' · to write, to sign (one's name)

{{VDT|cwa|16px}} — '''cwa''' {{IPA|/kwa/}}
#''adj'' · fast, with haste
#''v'' · to move quickly

{{VDT|cwyav|16px}} — '''cwyav''' {{IPA|/kwɪə̯v/}}
#''v'' · to make one's home; to be calm

{{VDT|cway|16px}} — '''cway''' {{IPA|/kwaɪ̯/}}
#''part'' · sentence final interrogative; {{sc|q}}

{{VDT|cwo'|16px}} — '''cwơ''' {{IPA|/kwɔ/}}
#''n; {{sc|abs}}'' · country, territory
#''n; {{sc|flat}}'' · land(mass)

{{VDT|cwo'c|16px}} — '''cwơc''' {{IPA|/kwɔɡ/}}
#''n'' · I, me, myself; 1.{{sc|sg}}

{{VDT|cwo'c|16px}}{{VDT|ay|16px}}; {{VDT|cwo'c|16px}}{{VDT|P-ay|8px}} — '''cwơc-ay''' {{IPA|/kwɔɡ.aɪ̯/}}
#''n'' · we two; 1.{{sc|dl.excl}}

=== Ḍ ===
----
{{VDT|daac|16px}} — '''ḍác''' {{IPA|/ɗaːɡ/}}
#''n; {{sc|hmn}}'' · person, citizen

{{VDT|deeng|16px}} — '''ḍéng''' {{IPA|/ɗeːŋ/}}
#''n; {{sc|anim}}'' · wind, breath
#''v'' · to blow, to be windy, to breathe
#''adj'' · windy, breathing

{{VDT|dodh|16px}} — '''ḍodh''' {{IPA|/ɗoð/}}
#''n; {{sc|tall}}'' · rake, hoe

{{VDT|do't|16px}} — '''ḍơt''' {{IPA|/ɗɔd/}}
#''v'' · to drink, to slurp

{{VDT|duu|16px}} — '''ḍú''' {{IPA|/ɗuː/}}

{{VDT|duuj|16px}} — '''ḍúgh''' {{IPA|/ɗuːɣ/}}
#''part'' · no, not, {{sc|neg}}

{{VDT|duuv|16px}} — '''ḍúv''' {{IPA|/ɗuːv/}}
#''n; {{sc|flat}}'' · axe, hatchet

{{VDT|doy|16px}} — '''ḍoy''' {{IPA|/ɗɔɪ̯/}}
#''v'' · to agree (to)
#''n; {{sc|abs}}'' · agreement, consent

{{VDT|doy2|16px}} — '''ḍoy''' {{IPA|/ɗɔɪ̯/}}
#''v'' · to offer, to allow

=== Dh ===
----
{{VDT|dhav|16px}} — '''dhav''' {{IPA|/ðav/}}
#''v'' · to be beautiful
#''n; {{sc|abs}}'' · beauty
#''adj'' · beautiful

{{VDT|dhaang|16px}}; {{VDT|P-dhaang|8px}} — '''dháng''' {{IPA|/ðaːŋ/}}
#''num'' · three, third, thrice

{{VDT|dhi|16px}} — '''dhi''' {{IPA|/ði/}}
#''pro'' · you all; 2.{{sc|pl}}

{{VDT|dhu'n|16px}} — '''dhưn''' {{IPA|/ðɪn/}}
#''pro'' · they.{{sc|sg}}; 3.{{sc|sg}}; no gender is implied and can be used for people as well as objects

{{VDT|dhrej|16px}} — '''dhregh''' {{IPA|/ðɾɛɣ/}}
#''pro'' · they.{{sc|pl}}; this includes paucal and dual numbers

{{VDT|dhraa|16px}} — '''dhrá''' {{IPA|/ðɾaː/}}
#''n; {{sc|flat}}'' · leaf

=== G̣ ===
----
{{VDT|gu'c|16px}}; {{VDT|P-gu'c|8px}} — '''ġưc''' {{IPA|/ɠɪɡ/}}
#''num'' {{sub|8}} · ten thousand, ten thousandth, ten thousand times
#''num'' {{sub|10}} · 4,096

{{VDT|go|16px}} — '''ġo''' {{IPA|/ɠo/}}
#''n; {{sc|anim}}'' · turtle, tortoise

{{VDT|gwuum|16px}} — '''ġwúm''' {{IPA|/ɠwuːm/}}
#''n; {{sc|rnd}}'' · world, Earth, "realm"
#''n; {{sc|flt}}'' · dirt, soil

=== J ===
----
{{VDT|jav|16px}} — '''jav''' {{IPA|/ʝav/}}
#''n; {{sc|tall}}'' · river, stream, waterway

{{VDT|jep|16px}} — '''jep''' {{IPA|/ʝɛb/}}
#''n; {{sc|rnd}}'' · shrub, bush, small tree

{{VDT|jayc|16px}} — '''jayc''' {{IPA|/ʝaɪ̯ɡ/}}
#''v'' · to do well
#''adj'' · good, well

{{VDT|ji|16px}} — '''ji''' {{IPA|/ʝi/}}
#''adj'' · many, numerous

{{VDT|jeen|16px}} — '''jén''' {{IPA|/ʝeːn/}}
#''n; {{sc|rnd}}'' · debris, stuff, junk

{{VDT|gri|16px}} — '''gri''' {{IPA|/ɡri/}}
#''v'' · to die
#''n; {{sc|flat}}'' · corpse, dead body

{{VDT|grigh|16px}} — '''grigh''' {{IPA|/ɡriɣ/}}
#''v'' · to be fated to; to have bad luck befall (s.o.)
#''n; {{sc|abs}}'' · ill omen; bad luck

{{VDT|gru'v|16px}} — '''grưv''' {{IPA|/ɡrɪv/}}
#''v'' · to sputter; to fade away
#''v'' · to snuff out (as in a candle)

{{VDT|gwi|16px}} — '''gwi''' {{IPA|/ɡwi/}}
#''n; {{sc|anim}}'' · dove, pigeon, small bird

{{VDT|gwing|16px}} — '''gwing''' {{IPA|/ɡwiŋ/}}
#''v'' · to be lucky, to have a good feeling
#''n; {{sc|abs}}'' · luck, good fortune
#''adj'' · lucky, cool
#''n; {{sc|abs}}'' · light

{{VDT|gwuun|16px}} — '''gwún''' {{IPA|/ɡwuːn/}}
#''v'' · to sleep, to be asleep
#''n; {{sc|abs}}'' · rest, sleep

=== M ===
----
{{VDT|mo't|16px}}; {{VDT|P-mo't|8px}} — '''mơt''' {{IPA|/mɔd/}}
#''num'' · one, first, once

{{VDT|moyc|16px}} — '''moyc''' {{IPA|/mɔɪ̯ɡ/}}

=== Mm ===
----
{{VDT|mmaang|16px}} — '''mmáng''' {{IPA|/mːaːŋ/}}
#''n {{sc|amor}}'' · tar
#''adj'' · slow, with a slow pace
#''v'' · to move slowly; to make slow

{{VDT|mmit|16px}}; {{VDT|P-mmit|8px}} — '''mmit''' {{IPA|/mːid/}}
#''num'' {{sub|8}} · one thousand, one thousandth, one thousand times
#''num'' {{sub|10}} · 512

{{VDT|mmu'ng|16px}} — '''mmưng''' {{IPA|/mːɪŋ/}}
#''pron'' · you few and me; 1.{{sc|pcl.incl}}

=== N ===
----
{{VDT|na|16px}} — '''na''' {{IPA|/na/}}
#''conj'' · and

{{VDT|ni|16px}} — '''ni''' {{IPA|/ni/}}
#''conj'' · or, neither/nor

=== Nn ===
----
{{VDT|nnem|16px}}; {{VDT|P-nnem|8px}} — '''nnem''' {{IPA|/nːɛm/}}
#''num'' · six, sixth, six times

{{VDT|nnay|16px}} — '''nnay''' {{IPA|/nːaɪ̯/}}
# ''n; {{sc|tall}}'' · cage, jail
# ''n; {{sc|rnd}}'' · trap

=== Ng ===
----
{{VDT|ngu'q|16px}} — '''ngưq''' {{IPA|/ŋɪq/}}
# ''adj'' · whole, unbroken
# ''n; {{sc|abs}}'' · atom, particle

{{VDT|ngeev|16px}} — '''ngév''' {{IPA|/ŋeːv/}}
#''v'' · to overturn, to capsize
#''v'' · to fall, to trip

{{VDT|ngoy|16px}} — '''ngoy''' {{IPA|/ŋɔɪ̯/}}
#''v'' · to give something (esp. a trinket) to someone

{{VDT|ngwu'm|16px}} — '''ngwưm''' {{IPA|/ŋwɪm/}}
# ''v'' · to cut/tear into small pieces
# ''n; {{sc|rnd}}'' · small parts of something

=== Nng ===
----
{{VDT|nngom|16px}} — '''nngom''' {{IPA|/ŋːom/}}
# ''n; {{sc|tall}}'' · tree

{{VDT|nngoy|16px}} — '''nngoy''' {{IPA|/ŋːɔɪ̯/}}
# ''n; {{sc|anim}}'' · fire, flame, heat

=== P ===
----
{{VDT|pac|16px}} — '''pac''' {{IPA|/paɡ/}}
#''v'' · to walk along (something)

{{VDT|po|16px}} — '''po''' {{IPA|/po/}}
#''n; {{sc|rnd}}'' · glass (esp. a bead)

{{VDT|po^|16px}} — '''pǫ''' {{IPA|/põ/}}
#''adj'' · fat, chubby, round
#''n; {{sc|anim}}'' · a fat person
#''v'' · to be fat, to be full (of food)

{{VDT|poyng|16px}} — '''poyng''' {{IPA|/pɔɪ̯ŋ/}}
#''n; {{sc|tall}}'' · digit, finger, toe
#''n; {{sc|abs}}'' · number(s)

{{VDT|pra^|16px}} — '''prą''' {{IPA|/pɾã/}}
#''n; {{sc|hmn}}'' · son, young boy

{{VDT|praq|16px}}; {{VDT|P-praq|8px}} — '''praq''' {{IPA|/pɾaq/}}
#''num'' {{sub|8}} · one million, one millionth, one million times
#''num'' {{sub|10}} · 262,144

{{VDT|pwo'|16px}} — '''pwơ''' {{IPA|/pwɔ/}}
#''n; {{sc|anim}}'' · dog, hound, wolf

=== R ===
----
{{VDT|rej|16px}} — '''regh''' {{IPA|/rɛɣ/}}
#''pro'' · 2.{{sc|sg}}

{{VDT|ra^|16px}} — '''rą''' {{IPA|/rã/}}
#''n; {{sc|tall}} · fork, bi- or trident

{{VDT|ring|16px}}; {{VDT|P-ring|8px}} — '''ring''' {{IPA|/riŋ/}}
#''num'' · zero, zeroth, zero times, none

{{VDT|ree|16px}} — '''ré''' {{IPA|/reː/}}
#''conj'' · if, as, whether

{{VDT|reet|16px}} — '''rét''' {{IPA|/reːd/}}
#''v'' · to divide up, to apportion
#''v'' · to share (evenly)

{{VDT|rya|16px}} — '''rya''' {{IPA|/rɪə̯/}}
#''n; {{sc|hmn}}'' · human, person
#''n; {{sc|anim}}'' · (sentient) being

{{VDT|ro'|16px}} — '''rơ''' {{IPA|/rɔ/}}
#''n; {{sc|anim}}'' · twins (esp. fraternal), "blood brothers"

=== T ===
----
{{VDT|taym|16px}} — '''taym''' {{IPA|/taɪ̯m/}}
#''adv'' · now, right this moment

{{VDT|tin|16px}} — '''tin''' {{IPA|/tin/}}
#''n; {{sc|flat}}'' · book, page(s)

{{VDT|to^|16px}} — '''tǫ''' {{IPA|/tõ/}}
#''v'' · to speak
#''n; {{sc|abs}}'' · speech, language

{{VDT|tre|16px}} — '''tre''' {{IPA|/tɾə/}}
#''part'' · {{sc|poss}}; used to mark a possessed object

{{VDT|treng|16px}} — '''treng''' {{IPA|/tɾɛŋ/}}
#''v'' · to own, to possess; used to indicate possession when it violates the animacy heirarchy

{{VDT|trit|16px}} — '''trit''' {{IPA|/tɾid/}}
#''v'' · to continue, to go forward

{{VDT|truudh|16px}} — '''trúdh''' {{IPA|/tɾuːð/}}
#''n; {{sc|amor}}'' · honey, sweetness
#''v'' · to be sweet
#''adj'' · sweet

{{VDT|twee|16px}}; {{VDT|P-twee|8px}} — '''twé''' {{IPA|/tweː/}}
#''num'' {{sub|8}} · one hundred thousand, one hundred thousandth, one hundred thousand times
#''num'' {{sub|10}} · 32,768

{{VDT|twon|16px}} — '''twon''' {{IPA|/twon/}}
#''pro'' · you and me; 1.{{sc|dl.incl}}

=== V ===
----
{{VDT|ving|16px}} — '''ving''' {{IPA|/viŋ/}}
#''n; {{sc|hmn}}'' · the Ving people

{{VDT|viv|16px}} — '''viv''' {{IPA|/viv/}}
#''v'' · to fold, to bow

{{VDT|vee|16px}} — '''vé''' {{IPA|/veː/}}
#''v'' · to be certain, to be secure
#''n; {{sc|abs}}'' · certainty
#''adj'' · certain, sure, positive

{{VDT|veec|16px}} — '''véc''' {{IPA|/veːɡ/}}
#''v'' · to flow, to meander

{{VDT|veep|16px}} — '''vép''' {{IPA|/veːb/}}
#''n; {{sc|rnd}}'' · lake, pond, pool

{{VDT|vo'|16px}} — '''vơ''' {{IPA|/vɔ/}}
#''pro'' · you all and me; 1.{{sc|pl.incl}}

{{VDT|vuu|16px}} — '''vú''' {{IPA|/vuː/}}
#''num'' · five, fifth, five times

{{VDT|vryang|16px}} — '''vryang''' {{IPA|/vɾɪə̯ŋ/}}
#''v'' · to please, to ask (politely)
#''n; {{sc|abs}} · pleasure
# ''adj'' · pleased

{{VDT|vwo'|16px}} — '''vwơ''' {{IPA|/vwɔ/}}
#''prep'' · along(side), by, with

Vingdagese/Lexicon

2021-08-15T08:55:27Z

Thirty7: /* Mm */

__NOTOC__
{| class = "wikitable" style="text-align:center;"
! colspan="17" | '''Table of contents'''
|-
| width="32px" | {{big|[[#’|’]]}}
| width="32px" | {{big|[[#Ḅ|Ḅ]]}}
| width="32px" | {{big|[[#C|C/Q]]}}
| width="32px" | {{big|[[#Ḍ|Ḍ]]}}
| width="32px" | {{big|[[#Dh|Dh]]}}
| width="32px" | {{big|[[#G̣|G̣]]}}
| width="32px" | {{big|[[#J|J/G]]}}
| width="32px" | {{big|[[#M|M]]}}
| width="32px" | {{big|[[#Mm|Mm]]}}
| width="32px" | {{big|[[#N|N]]}}
| width="32px" | {{big|[[#Nn|Nn]]}}
| width="32px" | {{big|[[#Ng|Ng]]}}
| width="32px" | {{big|[[#Nng|Nng]]}}
| width="32px" | {{big|[[#P|P]]}}
| width="32px" | {{big|[[#R|R]]}}
| width="32px" | {{big|[[#T|T]]}}
| width="32px" | {{big|[[#V|V]]}}
|}

== Alphabetizing ==
Words are alphabetized according to their romanization. That means the consonants use the above order in the table of contents, and vowels use the following order: '''a''', '''e''', '''á''', '''ą''', '''ay''', '''i''', '''ư''', '''é''', '''į''', '''ya''', '''o''', '''ơ''', '''ú''', '''ǫ''', and '''oy'''. If a word is of the CCV shape, it will follow entries with a CV shape. And then, if necessary, finals are used in the same order as they appear in the above table of contents.

Words beginning with a glottal stop are not often written with the apostrophe, however they will be below for consistency with the heading which needed a symbol for proper sorting. In addition, it is generally redundant to list it, as there are no words that begin with just a vowel.

=== Parts of Speech ===
Each word is classified as to its part of speech. Nouns are marked with an ''n'', verbs with a ''v'', pronouns with ''pn'', adjectives with ''adj'', numerals with ''num'', etc. Further, nouns are also all marked as to what noun class they belong to. Sometimes, a noun can belong to multiple noun classes depending upon its usage or intended meaning; when that is the case, the definition of each meaning is listed after the class to which that particular usage belongs.

Noun classifications are listed after the part of speech with the following abbreviations:
* Human; {{sc|hmn}}
* Animate; {{sc|anim}}
* Tall/Long; {{sc|tall}}
* Round; {{sc|rnd}}
* Flat; {{sc|flat}}
* Amorphous; {{sc|amor}}
* Abstract; {{sc|abs}}

== Lexicon ==
=== ’ ===
----
{{VDT|aa|16px}} — '''’á''' {{IPA|/Ɂaː/}}
#''prep'' · in, into, at, for, toward

{{VDT|aang|16px}} — '''’áng''' {{IPA|/Ɂaːŋ/}}
#''v'' · to be likely to, to be expected to
#''n {{sc|abs}}'' · probability

{{VDT|ay|16px}}; {{VDT|P-ay|8px}} — '''’ay''' {{IPA|/Ɂaɪ̯/}}
#''num'' · two, second, twice

{{VDT|ayng|16px}} — '''’ayng''' {{IPA|/Ɂaɪ̯ŋ/}}
#''n; {{sc|tall}}'' · fishhook, lure
#''n; {{sc|anim}}'' · fly, small bug

{{VDT|eem|16px}} — '''’ém''' {{IPA|/Ɂeːm/}}
#''v'' · to see, to watch, to look at
#''n; {{sc|abs}}'' · sight, vision

{{VDT|o'c|16px}} — '''’ơc''' {{IPA|/Ɂɔɡ/}}
#''n; {{sc|rnd}}'' · eye, eyeball

=== Ḅ ===
----
{{VDT|bej|16px}}; {{VDT|P-bej|8px}} — '''ḅegh''' {{IPA|/ɓɛɣ/}}
#''num'' {{sub|8}} · ten, tenth, ten times
#''num'' {{sub|10}} · 8

{{VDT|bya|16px}} — '''ḅya''' {{IPA|/ɓɪə̯/}}
#''v'' · to cut, to slice (esp. meat)

{{VDT|bo'|16px}}; {{VDT|P-bo'|8px}} — '''ḅơ''' {{IPA|/ɓɔ/}}
#''num'' · four, fourth, four times

=== C ===
----
{{VDT|cem|16px}} — '''cem''' {{IPA|/kɛm/}}
#''n; {{sc|tall}}'' · boat, canoe

{{VDT|caa|16px}} — '''cá''' {{IPA|/kaː/}}
#''n; {{sc|anim}}'' · night, darkness
#''n; {{sc|abs}}'' · fear

{{VDT|caang|16px}} — '''cáng''' {{IPA|/kaːŋ/}}
#''n; {{sc|amor}}'' · part, portion, section
#''n; {{sc|flat}}'' · chapter, verse

{{VDT|ci|16px}} — '''ci''' {{IPA|/ki/}}
#''n; {{sc|amor}}'' · word, (written) character

{{VDT|qodh|16px}} — '''qodh''' {{IPA|/qoð/}}
#''pro'' · we few; 1.{{sc|pl/pcl.excl}}

{{VDT|qon|16px}} — '''qon''' {{IPA|/qon/}}
#''v'' · to know how to (do s.t.), to be able (to), can/could
#''n; {{sc|abs}}'' · ability

{{VDT|qo'|16px}}; {{VDT|P-qo'|8px}} — '''qơ''' {{IPA|/qɔ/}}
#''num'' · seven, seventh, seven times

{{VDT|quu|16px}} — '''qú''' {{IPA|/quː/}}
#''v'' · to be in front of; go forward

{{VDT|cren|16px}}; {{VDT|P-cren|8px}} — '''cren''' {{IPA|/kɾɛn/}}
#''num'' {{sub|8}} · hundred, hundredth, one hundred times
#''num'' {{sub|10}} · 64

{{VDT|creec|16px}} — '''créc''' {{IPA|/kɾeːk/}}
#''v'' · to grow, to enlarge, to swell

{{VDT|crip|16px}} — '''crip''' {{IPA|/kɾib/}}
#''v'' · to write, to sign (one's name)

{{VDT|cwa|16px}} — '''cwa''' {{IPA|/kwa/}}
#''adj'' · fast, with haste
#''v'' · to move quickly

{{VDT|cwyav|16px}} — '''cwyav''' {{IPA|/kwɪə̯v/}}
#''v'' · to make one's home; to be calm

{{VDT|cway|16px}} — '''cway''' {{IPA|/kwaɪ̯/}}
#''part'' · sentence final interrogative; {{sc|q}}

{{VDT|cwo'|16px}} — '''cwơ''' {{IPA|/kwɔ/}}
#''n; {{sc|abs}}'' · country, territory
#''n; {{sc|flat}}'' · land(mass)

{{VDT|cwo'c|16px}} — '''cwơc''' {{IPA|/kwɔɡ/}}
#''n'' · I, me, myself; 1.{{sc|sg}}

{{VDT|cwo'c|16px}}{{VDT|ay|16px}}; {{VDT|cwo'c|16px}}{{VDT|P-ay|8px}} — '''cwơc-ay''' {{IPA|/kwɔɡ.aɪ̯/}}
#''n'' · we two; 1.{{sc|dl.excl}}

=== Ḍ ===
----
{{VDT|daac|16px}} — '''ḍác''' {{IPA|/ɗaːɡ/}}
#''n; {{sc|hmn}}'' · person, citizen

{{VDT|deeng|16px}} — '''ḍéng''' {{IPA|/ɗeːŋ/}}
#''n; {{sc|anim}}'' · wind, breath
#''v'' · to blow, to be windy, to breathe
#''adj'' · windy, breathing

{{VDT|dodh|16px}} — '''ḍodh''' {{IPA|/ɗoð/}}
#''n; {{sc|tall}}'' · rake, hoe

{{VDT|do't|16px}} — '''ḍơt''' {{IPA|/ɗɔd/}}
#''v'' · to drink, to slurp

{{VDT|duu|16px}} — '''ḍú''' {{IPA|/ɗuː/}}

{{VDT|duuj|16px}} — '''ḍúgh''' {{IPA|/ɗuːɣ/}}
#''part'' · no, not, {{sc|neg}}

{{VDT|duuv|16px}} — '''ḍúv''' {{IPA|/ɗuːv/}}
#''n; {{sc|flat}}'' · axe, hatchet

{{VDT|doy|16px}} — '''ḍoy''' {{IPA|/ɗɔɪ̯/}}
#''v'' · to agree (to)
#''n; {{sc|abs}}'' · agreement, consent

{{VDT|doy2|16px}} — '''ḍoy''' {{IPA|/ɗɔɪ̯/}}
#''v'' · to offer, to allow

=== Dh ===
----
{{VDT|dhav|16px}} — '''dhav''' {{IPA|/ðav/}}
#''v'' · to be beautiful
#''n; {{sc|abs}}'' · beauty
#''adj'' · beautiful

{{VDT|dhaang|16px}}; {{VDT|P-dhaang|8px}} — '''dháng''' {{IPA|/ðaːŋ/}}
#''num'' · three, third, thrice

{{VDT|dhi|16px}} — '''dhi''' {{IPA|/ði/}}
#''pro'' · you all; 2.{{sc|pl}}

{{VDT|dhu'n|16px}} — '''dhưn''' {{IPA|/ðɪn/}}
#''pro'' · they.{{sc|sg}}; 3.{{sc|sg}}; no gender is implied and can be used for people as well as objects

{{VDT|dhrej|16px}} — '''dhregh''' {{IPA|/ðɾɛɣ/}}
#''pro'' · they.{{sc|pl}}; this includes paucal and dual numbers

{{VDT|dhraa|16px}} — '''dhrá''' {{IPA|/ðɾaː/}}
#''n; {{sc|flat}}'' · leaf

=== G̣ ===
----
{{VDT|gu'c|16px}}; {{VDT|P-gu'c|8px}} — '''ġưc''' {{IPA|/ɠɪɡ/}}
#''num'' {{sub|8}} · ten thousand, ten thousandth, ten thousand times
#''num'' {{sub|10}} · 4,096

{{VDT|go|16px}} — '''ġo''' {{IPA|/ɠo/}}
#''n; {{sc|anim}}'' · turtle, tortoise

{{VDT|gwuum|16px}} — '''ġwúm''' {{IPA|/ɠwuːm/}}
#''n; {{sc|rnd}}'' · world, Earth, "realm"
#''n; {{sc|flt}}'' · dirt, soil

=== J ===
----
{{VDT|jav|16px}} — '''jav''' {{IPA|/ʝav/}}
#''n; {{sc|tall}}'' · river, stream, waterway

{{VDT|jep|16px}} — '''jep''' {{IPA|/ʝɛb/}}
#''n; {{sc|rnd}}'' · shrub, bush, small tree

{{VDT|jayc|16px}} — '''jayc''' {{IPA|/ʝaɪ̯ɡ/}}
#''v'' · to do well
#''adj'' · good, well

{{VDT|ji|16px}} — '''ji''' {{IPA|/ʝi/}}
#''adj'' · many, numerous

{{VDT|jeen|16px}} — '''jén''' {{IPA|/ʝeːn/}}
#''n; {{sc|rnd}}'' · debris, stuff, junk

{{VDT|gri|16px}} — '''gri''' {{IPA|/ɡri/}}
#''v'' · to die
#''n; {{sc|flat}}'' · corpse, dead body

{{VDT|grigh|16px}} — '''grigh''' {{IPA|/ɡriɣ/}}
#''v'' · to be fated to; to have bad luck befall (s.o.)
#''n; {{sc|abs}}'' · ill omen; bad luck

{{VDT|gwi|16px}} — '''gwi''' {{IPA|/ɡwi/}}
#''n; {{sc|anim}}'' · dove, pigeon, small bird

{{VDT|gwing|16px}} — '''gwing''' {{IPA|/ɡwiŋ/}}
#''v'' · to be lucky, to have a good feeling
#''n; {{sc|abs}}'' · luck, good fortune
#''adj'' · lucky, cool
#''n; {{sc|abs}}'' · light

{{VDT|gwuun|16px}} — '''gwún''' {{IPA|/ɡwuːn/}}
#''v'' · to sleep, to be asleep
#''n; {{sc|abs}}'' · rest, sleep

=== M ===
----
{{VDT|mo't|16px}}; {{VDT|P-mo't|8px}} — '''mơt''' {{IPA|/mɔd/}}
#''num'' · one, first, once

{{VDT|moyc|16px}} — '''moyc''' {{IPA|/mɔɪ̯ɡ/}}

=== Mm ===
----
{{VDT|mmaang|16px}} — '''mmáng''' {{IPA|/mːaːŋ/}}
#''n {{sc|amor}}'' · tar
#''adj'' · slow, with a slow pace
#''v'' · to move slowly; to make slow

{{VDT|mmit|16px}}; {{VDT|P-mmit|8px}} — '''mmit''' {{IPA|/mːid/}}
#''num'' {{sub|8}} · one thousand, one thousandth, one thousand times
#''num'' {{sub|10}} · 512

{{VDT|mmu'ng|16px}} — '''mmưng''' {{IPA|/mːɪŋ/}}
#''pron'' · you few and me; 1.{{sc|pcl.incl}}

=== N ===
----
{{VDT|na|16px}} — '''na''' {{IPA|/na/}}
#''conj'' · and

{{VDT|ni|16px}} — '''ni''' {{IPA|/ni/}}
#''conj'' · or, neither/nor

=== Nn ===
----
{{VDT|nnem|16px}}; {{VDT|P-nnem|8px}} — '''nnem''' {{IPA|/nːɛm/}}
#''num'' · six, sixth, six times

{{VDT|nnay|16px}} — '''nnay''' {{IPA|/nːaɪ̯/}}
# ''n; {{sc|tall}}'' · cage, jail
# ''n; {{sc|rnd}}'' · trap

=== Ng ===
----
{{VDT|ngu'q|16px}} — '''ngưq''' {{IPA|/ŋɪq/}}
# ''adj'' · whole, unbroken
# ''n; {{sc|abs}}'' · atom, particle

{{VDT|ngeev|16px}} — '''ngév''' {{IPA|/ŋeːv/}}
#''v'' · to overturn, to capsize
#''v'' · to fall, to trip

{{VDT|ngoy|16px}} — '''ngoy''' {{IPA|/ŋɔɪ̯/}}
#''v'' · to give something (esp. a trinket) to someone

{{VDT|ngwu'm|16px}} — '''ngwưm''' {{IPA|/ŋwɪm/}}
# ''v'' · to cut/tear into small pieces
# ''n; {{sc|rnd}}'' · small parts of something

=== Nng ===
----
{{VDT|nngom|16px}} — '''nngom''' {{IPA|/ŋːom/}}
# ''n; {{sc|tall}}'' · tree

{{VDT|nngoy|16px}} — '''nngoy''' {{IPA|/ŋːɔɪ̯/}}
# ''n; {{sc|anim}}'' · fire, flame, heat

=== P ===
----
{{VDT|pac|16px}} — '''pac''' {{IPA|/paɡ/}}
#''v'' · to walk along (something)

{{VDT|po|16px}} — '''po''' {{IPA|/po/}}
#''n; {{sc|rnd}}'' · glass (esp. a bead)

{{VDT|po^|16px}} — '''pǫ''' {{IPA|/põ/}}
#''adj'' · fat, chubby, round
#''n; {{sc|anim}}'' · a fat person
#''v'' · to be fat, to be full (of food)

{{VDT|poyng|16px}} — '''poyng''' {{IPA|/pɔɪ̯ŋ/}}
#''n; {{sc|tall}}'' · digit, finger, toe
#''n; {{sc|abs}}'' · number(s)

{{VDT|pra^|16px}} — '''prą''' {{IPA|/pɾã/}}
#''n; {{sc|hmn}}'' · son, young boy

{{VDT|praq|16px}}; {{VDT|P-praq|8px}} — '''praq''' {{IPA|/pɾaq/}}
#''num'' {{sub|8}} · one million, one millionth, one million times
#''num'' {{sub|10}} · 262,144

{{VDT|pwo'|16px}} — '''pwơ''' {{IPA|/pwɔ/}}
#''n; {{sc|anim}}'' · dog, hound, wolf

=== R ===
----
{{VDT|rej|16px}} — '''regh''' {{IPA|/rɛɣ/}}
#''pro'' · 2.{{sc|sg}}

{{VDT|ra^|16px}} — '''rą''' {{IPA|/rã/}}
#''n; {{sc|tall}} · fork, bi- or trident

{{VDT|ring|16px}}; {{VDT|P-ring|8px}} — '''ring''' {{IPA|/riŋ/}}
#''num'' · zero, zeroth, zero times, none

{{VDT|ree|16px}} — '''ré''' {{IPA|/reː/}}
#''conj'' · if, as, whether

{{VDT|reet|16px}} — '''rét''' {{IPA|/reːd/}}
#''v'' · to divide up, to apportion
#''v'' · to share (evenly)

{{VDT|rya|16px}} — '''rya''' {{IPA|/rɪə̯/}}
#''n; {{sc|hmn}}'' · human, person
#''n; {{sc|anim}}'' · (sentient) being

{{VDT|ro'|16px}} — '''rơ''' {{IPA|/rɔ/}}
#''n; {{sc|anim}}'' · twins (esp. fraternal), "blood brothers"

=== T ===
----
{{VDT|taym|16px}} — '''taym''' {{IPA|/taɪ̯m/}}
#''adv'' · now, right this moment

{{VDT|tin|16px}} — '''tin''' {{IPA|/tin/}}
#''n; {{sc|flat}}'' · book, page(s)

{{VDT|to^|16px}} — '''tǫ''' {{IPA|/tõ/}}
#''v'' · to speak
#''n; {{sc|abs}}'' · speech, language

{{VDT|tre|16px}} — '''tre''' {{IPA|/tɾə/}}
#''part'' · {{sc|poss}}; used to mark a possessed object

{{VDT|treng|16px}} — '''treng''' {{IPA|/tɾɛŋ/}}
#''v'' · to own, to possess; used to indicate possession when it violates the animacy heirarchy

{{VDT|trit|16px}} — '''trit''' {{IPA|/tɾid/}}
#''v'' · to continue, to go forward

{{VDT|truudh|16px}} — '''trúdh''' {{IPA|/tɾuːð/}}
#''n; {{sc|amor}}'' · honey, sweetness
#''v'' · to be sweet
#''adj'' · sweet

{{VDT|twee|16px}}; {{VDT|P-twee|8px}} — '''twé''' {{IPA|/tweː/}}
#''num'' {{sub|8}} · one hundred thousand, one hundred thousandth, one hundred thousand times
#''num'' {{sub|10}} · 32,768

{{VDT|twon|16px}} — '''twon''' {{IPA|/twon/}}
#''pro'' · you and me; 1.{{sc|dl.incl}}

=== V ===
----
{{VDT|ving|16px}} — '''ving''' {{IPA|/viŋ/}}
#''n; {{sc|hmn}}'' · the Ving people

{{VDT|viv|16px}} — '''viv''' {{IPA|/viv/}}
#''v'' · to fold, to bow

{{VDT|vee|16px}} — '''vé''' {{IPA|/veː/}}
#''v'' · to be certain, to be secure
#''n; {{sc|abs}}'' · certainty
#''adj'' · certain, sure, positive

{{VDT|veec|16px}} — '''véc''' {{IPA|/veːɡ/}}
#''v'' · to flow, to meander

{{VDT|veep|16px}} — '''vép''' {{IPA|/veːb/}}
#''n; {{sc|rnd}}'' · lake, pond, pool

{{VDT|vo'|16px}} — '''vơ''' {{IPA|/vɔ/}}
#''pro'' · you all and me; 1.{{sc|pl.incl}}

{{VDT|vuu|16px}} — '''vú''' {{IPA|/vuː/}}
#''num'' · five, fifth, five times

{{VDT|vryang|16px}} — '''vryang''' {{IPA|/vɾɪə̯ŋ/}}
#''v'' · to please, to ask (politely)
#''n; {{sc|abs}} · pleasure
# ''adj'' · pleased

{{VDT|vwo'|16px}} — '''vwơ''' {{IPA|/vwɔ/}}
#''prep'' · along(side), by, with

Vingdagese/Lexicon

2021-08-15T08:51:32Z

Thirty7: /* C */

__NOTOC__
{| class = "wikitable" style="text-align:center;"
! colspan="17" | '''Table of contents'''
|-
| width="32px" | {{big|[[#’|’]]}}
| width="32px" | {{big|[[#Ḅ|Ḅ]]}}
| width="32px" | {{big|[[#C|C/Q]]}}
| width="32px" | {{big|[[#Ḍ|Ḍ]]}}
| width="32px" | {{big|[[#Dh|Dh]]}}
| width="32px" | {{big|[[#G̣|G̣]]}}
| width="32px" | {{big|[[#J|J/G]]}}
| width="32px" | {{big|[[#M|M]]}}
| width="32px" | {{big|[[#Mm|Mm]]}}
| width="32px" | {{big|[[#N|N]]}}
| width="32px" | {{big|[[#Nn|Nn]]}}
| width="32px" | {{big|[[#Ng|Ng]]}}
| width="32px" | {{big|[[#Nng|Nng]]}}
| width="32px" | {{big|[[#P|P]]}}
| width="32px" | {{big|[[#R|R]]}}
| width="32px" | {{big|[[#T|T]]}}
| width="32px" | {{big|[[#V|V]]}}
|}

== Alphabetizing ==
Words are alphabetized according to their romanization. That means the consonants use the above order in the table of contents, and vowels use the following order: '''a''', '''e''', '''á''', '''ą''', '''ay''', '''i''', '''ư''', '''é''', '''į''', '''ya''', '''o''', '''ơ''', '''ú''', '''ǫ''', and '''oy'''. If a word is of the CCV shape, it will follow entries with a CV shape. And then, if necessary, finals are used in the same order as they appear in the above table of contents.

Words beginning with a glottal stop are not often written with the apostrophe, however they will be below for consistency with the heading which needed a symbol for proper sorting. In addition, it is generally redundant to list it, as there are no words that begin with just a vowel.

=== Parts of Speech ===
Each word is classified as to its part of speech. Nouns are marked with an ''n'', verbs with a ''v'', pronouns with ''pn'', adjectives with ''adj'', numerals with ''num'', etc. Further, nouns are also all marked as to what noun class they belong to. Sometimes, a noun can belong to multiple noun classes depending upon its usage or intended meaning; when that is the case, the definition of each meaning is listed after the class to which that particular usage belongs.

Noun classifications are listed after the part of speech with the following abbreviations:
* Human; {{sc|hmn}}
* Animate; {{sc|anim}}
* Tall/Long; {{sc|tall}}
* Round; {{sc|rnd}}
* Flat; {{sc|flat}}
* Amorphous; {{sc|amor}}
* Abstract; {{sc|abs}}

== Lexicon ==
=== ’ ===
----
{{VDT|aa|16px}} — '''’á''' {{IPA|/Ɂaː/}}
#''prep'' · in, into, at, for, toward

{{VDT|aang|16px}} — '''’áng''' {{IPA|/Ɂaːŋ/}}
#''v'' · to be likely to, to be expected to
#''n {{sc|abs}}'' · probability

{{VDT|ay|16px}}; {{VDT|P-ay|8px}} — '''’ay''' {{IPA|/Ɂaɪ̯/}}
#''num'' · two, second, twice

{{VDT|ayng|16px}} — '''’ayng''' {{IPA|/Ɂaɪ̯ŋ/}}
#''n; {{sc|tall}}'' · fishhook, lure
#''n; {{sc|anim}}'' · fly, small bug

{{VDT|eem|16px}} — '''’ém''' {{IPA|/Ɂeːm/}}
#''v'' · to see, to watch, to look at
#''n; {{sc|abs}}'' · sight, vision

{{VDT|o'c|16px}} — '''’ơc''' {{IPA|/Ɂɔɡ/}}
#''n; {{sc|rnd}}'' · eye, eyeball

=== Ḅ ===
----
{{VDT|bej|16px}}; {{VDT|P-bej|8px}} — '''ḅegh''' {{IPA|/ɓɛɣ/}}
#''num'' {{sub|8}} · ten, tenth, ten times
#''num'' {{sub|10}} · 8

{{VDT|bya|16px}} — '''ḅya''' {{IPA|/ɓɪə̯/}}
#''v'' · to cut, to slice (esp. meat)

{{VDT|bo'|16px}}; {{VDT|P-bo'|8px}} — '''ḅơ''' {{IPA|/ɓɔ/}}
#''num'' · four, fourth, four times

=== C ===
----
{{VDT|cem|16px}} — '''cem''' {{IPA|/kɛm/}}
#''n; {{sc|tall}}'' · boat, canoe

{{VDT|caa|16px}} — '''cá''' {{IPA|/kaː/}}
#''n; {{sc|anim}}'' · night, darkness
#''n; {{sc|abs}}'' · fear

{{VDT|caang|16px}} — '''cáng''' {{IPA|/kaːŋ/}}
#''n; {{sc|amor}}'' · part, portion, section
#''n; {{sc|flat}}'' · chapter, verse

{{VDT|ci|16px}} — '''ci''' {{IPA|/ki/}}
#''n; {{sc|amor}}'' · word, (written) character

{{VDT|qodh|16px}} — '''qodh''' {{IPA|/qoð/}}
#''pro'' · we few; 1.{{sc|pl/pcl.excl}}

{{VDT|qon|16px}} — '''qon''' {{IPA|/qon/}}
#''v'' · to know how to (do s.t.), to be able (to), can/could
#''n; {{sc|abs}}'' · ability

{{VDT|qo'|16px}}; {{VDT|P-qo'|8px}} — '''qơ''' {{IPA|/qɔ/}}
#''num'' · seven, seventh, seven times

{{VDT|quu|16px}} — '''qú''' {{IPA|/quː/}}
#''v'' · to be in front of; go forward

{{VDT|cren|16px}}; {{VDT|P-cren|8px}} — '''cren''' {{IPA|/kɾɛn/}}
#''num'' {{sub|8}} · hundred, hundredth, one hundred times
#''num'' {{sub|10}} · 64

{{VDT|creec|16px}} — '''créc''' {{IPA|/kɾeːk/}}
#''v'' · to grow, to enlarge, to swell

{{VDT|crip|16px}} — '''crip''' {{IPA|/kɾib/}}
#''v'' · to write, to sign (one's name)

{{VDT|cwa|16px}} — '''cwa''' {{IPA|/kwa/}}
#''adj'' · fast, with haste
#''v'' · to move quickly

{{VDT|cwyav|16px}} — '''cwyav''' {{IPA|/kwɪə̯v/}}
#''v'' · to make one's home; to be calm

{{VDT|cway|16px}} — '''cway''' {{IPA|/kwaɪ̯/}}
#''part'' · sentence final interrogative; {{sc|q}}

{{VDT|cwo'|16px}} — '''cwơ''' {{IPA|/kwɔ/}}
#''n; {{sc|abs}}'' · country, territory
#''n; {{sc|flat}}'' · land(mass)

{{VDT|cwo'c|16px}} — '''cwơc''' {{IPA|/kwɔɡ/}}
#''n'' · I, me, myself; 1.{{sc|sg}}

{{VDT|cwo'c|16px}}{{VDT|ay|16px}}; {{VDT|cwo'c|16px}}{{VDT|P-ay|8px}} — '''cwơc-ay''' {{IPA|/kwɔɡ.aɪ̯/}}
#''n'' · we two; 1.{{sc|dl.excl}}

=== Ḍ ===
----
{{VDT|daac|16px}} — '''ḍác''' {{IPA|/ɗaːɡ/}}
#''n; {{sc|hmn}}'' · person, citizen

{{VDT|deeng|16px}} — '''ḍéng''' {{IPA|/ɗeːŋ/}}
#''n; {{sc|anim}}'' · wind, breath
#''v'' · to blow, to be windy, to breathe
#''adj'' · windy, breathing

{{VDT|dodh|16px}} — '''ḍodh''' {{IPA|/ɗoð/}}
#''n; {{sc|tall}}'' · rake, hoe

{{VDT|do't|16px}} — '''ḍơt''' {{IPA|/ɗɔd/}}
#''v'' · to drink, to slurp

{{VDT|duu|16px}} — '''ḍú''' {{IPA|/ɗuː/}}

{{VDT|duuj|16px}} — '''ḍúgh''' {{IPA|/ɗuːɣ/}}
#''part'' · no, not, {{sc|neg}}

{{VDT|duuv|16px}} — '''ḍúv''' {{IPA|/ɗuːv/}}
#''n; {{sc|flat}}'' · axe, hatchet

{{VDT|doy|16px}} — '''ḍoy''' {{IPA|/ɗɔɪ̯/}}
#''v'' · to agree (to)
#''n; {{sc|abs}}'' · agreement, consent

{{VDT|doy2|16px}} — '''ḍoy''' {{IPA|/ɗɔɪ̯/}}
#''v'' · to offer, to allow

=== Dh ===
----
{{VDT|dhav|16px}} — '''dhav''' {{IPA|/ðav/}}
#''v'' · to be beautiful
#''n; {{sc|abs}}'' · beauty
#''adj'' · beautiful

{{VDT|dhaang|16px}}; {{VDT|P-dhaang|8px}} — '''dháng''' {{IPA|/ðaːŋ/}}
#''num'' · three, third, thrice

{{VDT|dhi|16px}} — '''dhi''' {{IPA|/ði/}}
#''pro'' · you all; 2.{{sc|pl}}

{{VDT|dhu'n|16px}} — '''dhưn''' {{IPA|/ðɪn/}}
#''pro'' · they.{{sc|sg}}; 3.{{sc|sg}}; no gender is implied and can be used for people as well as objects

{{VDT|dhrej|16px}} — '''dhregh''' {{IPA|/ðɾɛɣ/}}
#''pro'' · they.{{sc|pl}}; this includes paucal and dual numbers

{{VDT|dhraa|16px}} — '''dhrá''' {{IPA|/ðɾaː/}}
#''n; {{sc|flat}}'' · leaf

=== G̣ ===
----
{{VDT|gu'c|16px}}; {{VDT|P-gu'c|8px}} — '''ġưc''' {{IPA|/ɠɪɡ/}}
#''num'' {{sub|8}} · ten thousand, ten thousandth, ten thousand times
#''num'' {{sub|10}} · 4,096

{{VDT|go|16px}} — '''ġo''' {{IPA|/ɠo/}}
#''n; {{sc|anim}}'' · turtle, tortoise

{{VDT|gwuum|16px}} — '''ġwúm''' {{IPA|/ɠwuːm/}}
#''n; {{sc|rnd}}'' · world, Earth, "realm"
#''n; {{sc|flt}}'' · dirt, soil

=== J ===
----
{{VDT|jav|16px}} — '''jav''' {{IPA|/ʝav/}}
#''n; {{sc|tall}}'' · river, stream, waterway

{{VDT|jep|16px}} — '''jep''' {{IPA|/ʝɛb/}}
#''n; {{sc|rnd}}'' · shrub, bush, small tree

{{VDT|jayc|16px}} — '''jayc''' {{IPA|/ʝaɪ̯ɡ/}}
#''v'' · to do well
#''adj'' · good, well

{{VDT|ji|16px}} — '''ji''' {{IPA|/ʝi/}}
#''adj'' · many, numerous

{{VDT|jeen|16px}} — '''jén''' {{IPA|/ʝeːn/}}
#''n; {{sc|rnd}}'' · debris, stuff, junk

{{VDT|gri|16px}} — '''gri''' {{IPA|/ɡri/}}
#''v'' · to die
#''n; {{sc|flat}}'' · corpse, dead body

{{VDT|grigh|16px}} — '''grigh''' {{IPA|/ɡriɣ/}}
#''v'' · to be fated to; to have bad luck befall (s.o.)
#''n; {{sc|abs}}'' · ill omen; bad luck

{{VDT|gwi|16px}} — '''gwi''' {{IPA|/ɡwi/}}
#''n; {{sc|anim}}'' · dove, pigeon, small bird

{{VDT|gwing|16px}} — '''gwing''' {{IPA|/ɡwiŋ/}}
#''v'' · to be lucky, to have a good feeling
#''n; {{sc|abs}}'' · luck, good fortune
#''adj'' · lucky, cool
#''n; {{sc|abs}}'' · light

{{VDT|gwuun|16px}} — '''gwún''' {{IPA|/ɡwuːn/}}
#''v'' · to sleep, to be asleep
#''n; {{sc|abs}}'' · rest, sleep

=== M ===
----
{{VDT|mo't|16px}}; {{VDT|P-mo't|8px}} — '''mơt''' {{IPA|/mɔd/}}
#''num'' · one, first, once

{{VDT|moyc|16px}} — '''moyc''' {{IPA|/mɔɪ̯ɡ/}}

=== Mm ===
----
{{VDT|mmit|16px}}; {{VDT|P-mmit|8px}} — '''mmit''' {{IPA|/mːid/}}
#''num'' {{sub|8}} · one thousand, one thousandth, one thousand times
#''num'' {{sub|10}} · 512

{{VDT|mmu'ng|16px}} — '''mmưng''' {{IPA|/mːɪŋ/}}
#''pron'' · you few and me; 1.{{sc|pcl.incl}}

=== N ===
----
{{VDT|na|16px}} — '''na''' {{IPA|/na/}}
#''conj'' · and

{{VDT|ni|16px}} — '''ni''' {{IPA|/ni/}}
#''conj'' · or, neither/nor

=== Nn ===
----
{{VDT|nnem|16px}}; {{VDT|P-nnem|8px}} — '''nnem''' {{IPA|/nːɛm/}}
#''num'' · six, sixth, six times

{{VDT|nnay|16px}} — '''nnay''' {{IPA|/nːaɪ̯/}}
# ''n; {{sc|tall}}'' · cage, jail
# ''n; {{sc|rnd}}'' · trap

=== Ng ===
----
{{VDT|ngu'q|16px}} — '''ngưq''' {{IPA|/ŋɪq/}}
# ''adj'' · whole, unbroken
# ''n; {{sc|abs}}'' · atom, particle

{{VDT|ngeev|16px}} — '''ngév''' {{IPA|/ŋeːv/}}
#''v'' · to overturn, to capsize
#''v'' · to fall, to trip

{{VDT|ngoy|16px}} — '''ngoy''' {{IPA|/ŋɔɪ̯/}}
#''v'' · to give something (esp. a trinket) to someone

{{VDT|ngwu'm|16px}} — '''ngwưm''' {{IPA|/ŋwɪm/}}
# ''v'' · to cut/tear into small pieces
# ''n; {{sc|rnd}}'' · small parts of something

=== Nng ===
----
{{VDT|nngom|16px}} — '''nngom''' {{IPA|/ŋːom/}}
# ''n; {{sc|tall}}'' · tree

{{VDT|nngoy|16px}} — '''nngoy''' {{IPA|/ŋːɔɪ̯/}}
# ''n; {{sc|anim}}'' · fire, flame, heat

=== P ===
----
{{VDT|pac|16px}} — '''pac''' {{IPA|/paɡ/}}
#''v'' · to walk along (something)

{{VDT|po|16px}} — '''po''' {{IPA|/po/}}
#''n; {{sc|rnd}}'' · glass (esp. a bead)

{{VDT|po^|16px}} — '''pǫ''' {{IPA|/põ/}}
#''adj'' · fat, chubby, round
#''n; {{sc|anim}}'' · a fat person
#''v'' · to be fat, to be full (of food)

{{VDT|poyng|16px}} — '''poyng''' {{IPA|/pɔɪ̯ŋ/}}
#''n; {{sc|tall}}'' · digit, finger, toe
#''n; {{sc|abs}}'' · number(s)

{{VDT|pra^|16px}} — '''prą''' {{IPA|/pɾã/}}
#''n; {{sc|hmn}}'' · son, young boy

{{VDT|praq|16px}}; {{VDT|P-praq|8px}} — '''praq''' {{IPA|/pɾaq/}}
#''num'' {{sub|8}} · one million, one millionth, one million times
#''num'' {{sub|10}} · 262,144

{{VDT|pwo'|16px}} — '''pwơ''' {{IPA|/pwɔ/}}
#''n; {{sc|anim}}'' · dog, hound, wolf

=== R ===
----
{{VDT|rej|16px}} — '''regh''' {{IPA|/rɛɣ/}}
#''pro'' · 2.{{sc|sg}}

{{VDT|ra^|16px}} — '''rą''' {{IPA|/rã/}}
#''n; {{sc|tall}} · fork, bi- or trident

{{VDT|ring|16px}}; {{VDT|P-ring|8px}} — '''ring''' {{IPA|/riŋ/}}
#''num'' · zero, zeroth, zero times, none

{{VDT|ree|16px}} — '''ré''' {{IPA|/reː/}}
#''conj'' · if, as, whether

{{VDT|reet|16px}} — '''rét''' {{IPA|/reːd/}}
#''v'' · to divide up, to apportion
#''v'' · to share (evenly)

{{VDT|rya|16px}} — '''rya''' {{IPA|/rɪə̯/}}
#''n; {{sc|hmn}}'' · human, person
#''n; {{sc|anim}}'' · (sentient) being

{{VDT|ro'|16px}} — '''rơ''' {{IPA|/rɔ/}}
#''n; {{sc|anim}}'' · twins (esp. fraternal), "blood brothers"

=== T ===
----
{{VDT|taym|16px}} — '''taym''' {{IPA|/taɪ̯m/}}
#''adv'' · now, right this moment

{{VDT|tin|16px}} — '''tin''' {{IPA|/tin/}}
#''n; {{sc|flat}}'' · book, page(s)

{{VDT|to^|16px}} — '''tǫ''' {{IPA|/tõ/}}
#''v'' · to speak
#''n; {{sc|abs}}'' · speech, language

{{VDT|tre|16px}} — '''tre''' {{IPA|/tɾə/}}
#''part'' · {{sc|poss}}; used to mark a possessed object

{{VDT|treng|16px}} — '''treng''' {{IPA|/tɾɛŋ/}}
#''v'' · to own, to possess; used to indicate possession when it violates the animacy heirarchy

{{VDT|trit|16px}} — '''trit''' {{IPA|/tɾid/}}
#''v'' · to continue, to go forward

{{VDT|truudh|16px}} — '''trúdh''' {{IPA|/tɾuːð/}}
#''n; {{sc|amor}}'' · honey, sweetness
#''v'' · to be sweet
#''adj'' · sweet

{{VDT|twee|16px}}; {{VDT|P-twee|8px}} — '''twé''' {{IPA|/tweː/}}
#''num'' {{sub|8}} · one hundred thousand, one hundred thousandth, one hundred thousand times
#''num'' {{sub|10}} · 32,768

{{VDT|twon|16px}} — '''twon''' {{IPA|/twon/}}
#''pro'' · you and me; 1.{{sc|dl.incl}}

=== V ===
----
{{VDT|ving|16px}} — '''ving''' {{IPA|/viŋ/}}
#''n; {{sc|hmn}}'' · the Ving people

{{VDT|viv|16px}} — '''viv''' {{IPA|/viv/}}
#''v'' · to fold, to bow

{{VDT|vee|16px}} — '''vé''' {{IPA|/veː/}}
#''v'' · to be certain, to be secure
#''n; {{sc|abs}}'' · certainty
#''adj'' · certain, sure, positive

{{VDT|veec|16px}} — '''véc''' {{IPA|/veːɡ/}}
#''v'' · to flow, to meander

{{VDT|veep|16px}} — '''vép''' {{IPA|/veːb/}}
#''n; {{sc|rnd}}'' · lake, pond, pool

{{VDT|vo'|16px}} — '''vơ''' {{IPA|/vɔ/}}
#''pro'' · you all and me; 1.{{sc|pl.incl}}

{{VDT|vuu|16px}} — '''vú''' {{IPA|/vuː/}}
#''num'' · five, fifth, five times

{{VDT|vryang|16px}} — '''vryang''' {{IPA|/vɾɪə̯ŋ/}}
#''v'' · to please, to ask (politely)
#''n; {{sc|abs}} · pleasure
# ''adj'' · pleased

{{VDT|vwo'|16px}} — '''vwơ''' {{IPA|/vwɔ/}}
#''prep'' · along(side), by, with

File:VDT-mmaang.png

2021-08-15T08:50:53Z

Thirty7: Category:Vingdagese Characters

[[Category:Vingdagese Characters]]

File:VDT-cwa.png

2021-08-15T08:37:09Z

Thirty7: Category:Vingdagese Characters

[[Category:Vingdagese Characters]]

File:VDT-gwuum.png

2021-08-15T08:16:40Z

Thirty7: Category:Vingdagese Characters

[[Category:Vingdagese Characters]]

Vingdagese/Lexicon

2021-08-15T08:12:22Z

Thirty7: /* G̣ */

__NOTOC__
{| class = "wikitable" style="text-align:center;"
! colspan="17" | '''Table of contents'''
|-
| width="32px" | {{big|[[#’|’]]}}
| width="32px" | {{big|[[#Ḅ|Ḅ]]}}
| width="32px" | {{big|[[#C|C/Q]]}}
| width="32px" | {{big|[[#Ḍ|Ḍ]]}}
| width="32px" | {{big|[[#Dh|Dh]]}}
| width="32px" | {{big|[[#G̣|G̣]]}}
| width="32px" | {{big|[[#J|J/G]]}}
| width="32px" | {{big|[[#M|M]]}}
| width="32px" | {{big|[[#Mm|Mm]]}}
| width="32px" | {{big|[[#N|N]]}}
| width="32px" | {{big|[[#Nn|Nn]]}}
| width="32px" | {{big|[[#Ng|Ng]]}}
| width="32px" | {{big|[[#Nng|Nng]]}}
| width="32px" | {{big|[[#P|P]]}}
| width="32px" | {{big|[[#R|R]]}}
| width="32px" | {{big|[[#T|T]]}}
| width="32px" | {{big|[[#V|V]]}}
|}

== Alphabetizing ==
Words are alphabetized according to their romanization. That means the consonants use the above order in the table of contents, and vowels use the following order: '''a''', '''e''', '''á''', '''ą''', '''ay''', '''i''', '''ư''', '''é''', '''į''', '''ya''', '''o''', '''ơ''', '''ú''', '''ǫ''', and '''oy'''. If a word is of the CCV shape, it will follow entries with a CV shape. And then, if necessary, finals are used in the same order as they appear in the above table of contents.

Words beginning with a glottal stop are not often written with the apostrophe, however they will be below for consistency with the heading which needed a symbol for proper sorting. In addition, it is generally redundant to list it, as there are no words that begin with just a vowel.

=== Parts of Speech ===
Each word is classified as to its part of speech. Nouns are marked with an ''n'', verbs with a ''v'', pronouns with ''pn'', adjectives with ''adj'', numerals with ''num'', etc. Further, nouns are also all marked as to what noun class they belong to. Sometimes, a noun can belong to multiple noun classes depending upon its usage or intended meaning; when that is the case, the definition of each meaning is listed after the class to which that particular usage belongs.

Noun classifications are listed after the part of speech with the following abbreviations:
* Human; {{sc|hmn}}
* Animate; {{sc|anim}}
* Tall/Long; {{sc|tall}}
* Round; {{sc|rnd}}
* Flat; {{sc|flat}}
* Amorphous; {{sc|amor}}
* Abstract; {{sc|abs}}

== Lexicon ==
=== ’ ===
----
{{VDT|aa|16px}} — '''’á''' {{IPA|/Ɂaː/}}
#''prep'' · in, into, at, for, toward

{{VDT|aang|16px}} — '''’áng''' {{IPA|/Ɂaːŋ/}}
#''v'' · to be likely to, to be expected to
#''n {{sc|abs}}'' · probability

{{VDT|ay|16px}}; {{VDT|P-ay|8px}} — '''’ay''' {{IPA|/Ɂaɪ̯/}}
#''num'' · two, second, twice

{{VDT|ayng|16px}} — '''’ayng''' {{IPA|/Ɂaɪ̯ŋ/}}
#''n; {{sc|tall}}'' · fishhook, lure
#''n; {{sc|anim}}'' · fly, small bug

{{VDT|eem|16px}} — '''’ém''' {{IPA|/Ɂeːm/}}
#''v'' · to see, to watch, to look at
#''n; {{sc|abs}}'' · sight, vision

{{VDT|o'c|16px}} — '''’ơc''' {{IPA|/Ɂɔɡ/}}
#''n; {{sc|rnd}}'' · eye, eyeball

=== Ḅ ===
----
{{VDT|bej|16px}}; {{VDT|P-bej|8px}} — '''ḅegh''' {{IPA|/ɓɛɣ/}}
#''num'' {{sub|8}} · ten, tenth, ten times
#''num'' {{sub|10}} · 8

{{VDT|bya|16px}} — '''ḅya''' {{IPA|/ɓɪə̯/}}
#''v'' · to cut, to slice (esp. meat)

{{VDT|bo'|16px}}; {{VDT|P-bo'|8px}} — '''ḅơ''' {{IPA|/ɓɔ/}}
#''num'' · four, fourth, four times

=== C ===
----
{{VDT|cem|16px}} — '''cem''' {{IPA|/kɛm/}}
#''n; {{sc|tall}}'' · boat, canoe

{{VDT|caa|16px}} — '''cá''' {{IPA|/kaː/}}
#''n; {{sc|anim}}'' · night, darkness
#''n; {{sc|abs}}'' · fear

{{VDT|caang|16px}} — '''cáng''' {{IPA|/kaːŋ/}}
#''n; {{sc|amor}}'' · part, portion, section
#''n; {{sc|flat}}'' · chapter, verse

{{VDT|ci|16px}} — '''ci''' {{IPA|/ki/}}
#''n; {{sc|amor}}'' · word, (written) character

{{VDT|qodh|16px}} — '''qodh''' {{IPA|/qoð/}}
#''pro'' · we few; 1.{{sc|pl/pcl.excl}}

{{VDT|qon|16px}} — '''qon''' {{IPA|/qon/}}
#''v'' · to know how to (do s.t.), to be able (to), can/could
#''n; {{sc|abs}}'' · ability

{{VDT|qo'|16px}}; {{VDT|P-qo'|8px}} — '''qơ''' {{IPA|/qɔ/}}
#''num'' · seven, seventh, seven times

{{VDT|quu|16px}} — '''qú''' {{IPA|/quː/}}
#''v'' · to be in front of; go forward

{{VDT|cren|16px}}; {{VDT|P-cren|8px}} — '''cren''' {{IPA|/kɾɛn/}}
#''num'' {{sub|8}} · hundred, hundredth, one hundred times
#''num'' {{sub|10}} · 64

{{VDT|creec|16px}} — '''créc''' {{IPA|/kɾeːk/}}
#''v'' · to grow, to enlarge, to swell

{{VDT|crip|16px}} — '''crip''' {{IPA|/kɾib/}}
#''v'' · to write, to sign (one's name)

{{VDT|cwyav|16px}} — '''cwyav''' {{IPA|/kwɪə̯v/}}
#''v'' · to make one's home; to be calm

{{VDT|cway|16px}} — '''cway''' {{IPA|/kwaɪ̯/}}
#''part'' · sentence final interrogative; {{sc|q}}

{{VDT|cwo'|16px}} — '''cwơ''' {{IPA|/kwɔ/}}
#''n; {{sc|abs}}'' · country, territory
#''n; {{sc|flat}}'' · land(mass)

{{VDT|cwo'c|16px}} — '''cwơc''' {{IPA|/kwɔɡ/}}
#''n'' · I, me, myself; 1.{{sc|sg}}

{{VDT|cwo'c|16px}}{{VDT|ay|16px}}; {{VDT|cwo'c|16px}}{{VDT|P-ay|8px}} — '''cwơc-ay''' {{IPA|/kwɔɡ.aɪ̯/}}
#''n'' · we two; 1.{{sc|dl.excl}}

=== Ḍ ===
----
{{VDT|daac|16px}} — '''ḍác''' {{IPA|/ɗaːɡ/}}
#''n; {{sc|hmn}}'' · person, citizen

{{VDT|deeng|16px}} — '''ḍéng''' {{IPA|/ɗeːŋ/}}
#''n; {{sc|anim}}'' · wind, breath
#''v'' · to blow, to be windy, to breathe
#''adj'' · windy, breathing

{{VDT|dodh|16px}} — '''ḍodh''' {{IPA|/ɗoð/}}
#''n; {{sc|tall}}'' · rake, hoe

{{VDT|do't|16px}} — '''ḍơt''' {{IPA|/ɗɔd/}}
#''v'' · to drink, to slurp

{{VDT|duu|16px}} — '''ḍú''' {{IPA|/ɗuː/}}

{{VDT|duuj|16px}} — '''ḍúgh''' {{IPA|/ɗuːɣ/}}
#''part'' · no, not, {{sc|neg}}

{{VDT|duuv|16px}} — '''ḍúv''' {{IPA|/ɗuːv/}}
#''n; {{sc|flat}}'' · axe, hatchet

{{VDT|doy|16px}} — '''ḍoy''' {{IPA|/ɗɔɪ̯/}}
#''v'' · to agree (to)
#''n; {{sc|abs}}'' · agreement, consent

{{VDT|doy2|16px}} — '''ḍoy''' {{IPA|/ɗɔɪ̯/}}
#''v'' · to offer, to allow

=== Dh ===
----
{{VDT|dhav|16px}} — '''dhav''' {{IPA|/ðav/}}
#''v'' · to be beautiful
#''n; {{sc|abs}}'' · beauty
#''adj'' · beautiful

{{VDT|dhaang|16px}}; {{VDT|P-dhaang|8px}} — '''dháng''' {{IPA|/ðaːŋ/}}
#''num'' · three, third, thrice

{{VDT|dhi|16px}} — '''dhi''' {{IPA|/ði/}}
#''pro'' · you all; 2.{{sc|pl}}

{{VDT|dhu'n|16px}} — '''dhưn''' {{IPA|/ðɪn/}}
#''pro'' · they.{{sc|sg}}; 3.{{sc|sg}}; no gender is implied and can be used for people as well as objects

{{VDT|dhrej|16px}} — '''dhregh''' {{IPA|/ðɾɛɣ/}}
#''pro'' · they.{{sc|pl}}; this includes paucal and dual numbers

{{VDT|dhraa|16px}} — '''dhrá''' {{IPA|/ðɾaː/}}
#''n; {{sc|flat}}'' · leaf

=== G̣ ===
----
{{VDT|gu'c|16px}}; {{VDT|P-gu'c|8px}} — '''ġưc''' {{IPA|/ɠɪɡ/}}
#''num'' {{sub|8}} · ten thousand, ten thousandth, ten thousand times
#''num'' {{sub|10}} · 4,096

{{VDT|go|16px}} — '''ġo''' {{IPA|/ɠo/}}
#''n; {{sc|anim}}'' · turtle, tortoise

{{VDT|gwuum|16px}} — '''ġwúm''' {{IPA|/ɠwuːm/}}
#''n; {{sc|rnd}}'' · world, Earth, "realm"
#''n; {{sc|flt}}'' · dirt, soil

=== J ===
----
{{VDT|jav|16px}} — '''jav''' {{IPA|/ʝav/}}
#''n; {{sc|tall}}'' · river, stream, waterway

{{VDT|jep|16px}} — '''jep''' {{IPA|/ʝɛb/}}
#''n; {{sc|rnd}}'' · shrub, bush, small tree

{{VDT|jayc|16px}} — '''jayc''' {{IPA|/ʝaɪ̯ɡ/}}
#''v'' · to do well
#''adj'' · good, well

{{VDT|ji|16px}} — '''ji''' {{IPA|/ʝi/}}
#''adj'' · many, numerous

{{VDT|jeen|16px}} — '''jén''' {{IPA|/ʝeːn/}}
#''n; {{sc|rnd}}'' · debris, stuff, junk

{{VDT|gri|16px}} — '''gri''' {{IPA|/ɡri/}}
#''v'' · to die
#''n; {{sc|flat}}'' · corpse, dead body

{{VDT|grigh|16px}} — '''grigh''' {{IPA|/ɡriɣ/}}
#''v'' · to be fated to; to have bad luck befall (s.o.)
#''n; {{sc|abs}}'' · ill omen; bad luck

{{VDT|gwi|16px}} — '''gwi''' {{IPA|/ɡwi/}}
#''n; {{sc|anim}}'' · dove, pigeon, small bird

{{VDT|gwing|16px}} — '''gwing''' {{IPA|/ɡwiŋ/}}
#''v'' · to be lucky, to have a good feeling
#''n; {{sc|abs}}'' · luck, good fortune
#''adj'' · lucky, cool
#''n; {{sc|abs}}'' · light

{{VDT|gwuun|16px}} — '''gwún''' {{IPA|/ɡwuːn/}}
#''v'' · to sleep, to be asleep
#''n; {{sc|abs}}'' · rest, sleep

=== M ===
----
{{VDT|mo't|16px}}; {{VDT|P-mo't|8px}} — '''mơt''' {{IPA|/mɔd/}}
#''num'' · one, first, once

{{VDT|moyc|16px}} — '''moyc''' {{IPA|/mɔɪ̯ɡ/}}

=== Mm ===
----
{{VDT|mmit|16px}}; {{VDT|P-mmit|8px}} — '''mmit''' {{IPA|/mːid/}}
#''num'' {{sub|8}} · one thousand, one thousandth, one thousand times
#''num'' {{sub|10}} · 512

{{VDT|mmu'ng|16px}} — '''mmưng''' {{IPA|/mːɪŋ/}}
#''pron'' · you few and me; 1.{{sc|pcl.incl}}

=== N ===
----
{{VDT|na|16px}} — '''na''' {{IPA|/na/}}
#''conj'' · and

{{VDT|ni|16px}} — '''ni''' {{IPA|/ni/}}
#''conj'' · or, neither/nor

=== Nn ===
----
{{VDT|nnem|16px}}; {{VDT|P-nnem|8px}} — '''nnem''' {{IPA|/nːɛm/}}
#''num'' · six, sixth, six times

{{VDT|nnay|16px}} — '''nnay''' {{IPA|/nːaɪ̯/}}
# ''n; {{sc|tall}}'' · cage, jail
# ''n; {{sc|rnd}}'' · trap

=== Ng ===
----
{{VDT|ngu'q|16px}} — '''ngưq''' {{IPA|/ŋɪq/}}
# ''adj'' · whole, unbroken
# ''n; {{sc|abs}}'' · atom, particle

{{VDT|ngeev|16px}} — '''ngév''' {{IPA|/ŋeːv/}}
#''v'' · to overturn, to capsize
#''v'' · to fall, to trip

{{VDT|ngoy|16px}} — '''ngoy''' {{IPA|/ŋɔɪ̯/}}
#''v'' · to give something (esp. a trinket) to someone

{{VDT|ngwu'm|16px}} — '''ngwưm''' {{IPA|/ŋwɪm/}}
# ''v'' · to cut/tear into small pieces
# ''n; {{sc|rnd}}'' · small parts of something

=== Nng ===
----
{{VDT|nngom|16px}} — '''nngom''' {{IPA|/ŋːom/}}
# ''n; {{sc|tall}}'' · tree

{{VDT|nngoy|16px}} — '''nngoy''' {{IPA|/ŋːɔɪ̯/}}
# ''n; {{sc|anim}}'' · fire, flame, heat

=== P ===
----
{{VDT|pac|16px}} — '''pac''' {{IPA|/paɡ/}}
#''v'' · to walk along (something)

{{VDT|po|16px}} — '''po''' {{IPA|/po/}}
#''n; {{sc|rnd}}'' · glass (esp. a bead)

{{VDT|po^|16px}} — '''pǫ''' {{IPA|/põ/}}
#''adj'' · fat, chubby, round
#''n; {{sc|anim}}'' · a fat person
#''v'' · to be fat, to be full (of food)

{{VDT|poyng|16px}} — '''poyng''' {{IPA|/pɔɪ̯ŋ/}}
#''n; {{sc|tall}}'' · digit, finger, toe
#''n; {{sc|abs}}'' · number(s)

{{VDT|pra^|16px}} — '''prą''' {{IPA|/pɾã/}}
#''n; {{sc|hmn}}'' · son, young boy

{{VDT|praq|16px}}; {{VDT|P-praq|8px}} — '''praq''' {{IPA|/pɾaq/}}
#''num'' {{sub|8}} · one million, one millionth, one million times
#''num'' {{sub|10}} · 262,144

{{VDT|pwo'|16px}} — '''pwơ''' {{IPA|/pwɔ/}}
#''n; {{sc|anim}}'' · dog, hound, wolf

=== R ===
----
{{VDT|rej|16px}} — '''regh''' {{IPA|/rɛɣ/}}
#''pro'' · 2.{{sc|sg}}

{{VDT|ra^|16px}} — '''rą''' {{IPA|/rã/}}
#''n; {{sc|tall}} · fork, bi- or trident

{{VDT|ring|16px}}; {{VDT|P-ring|8px}} — '''ring''' {{IPA|/riŋ/}}
#''num'' · zero, zeroth, zero times, none

{{VDT|ree|16px}} — '''ré''' {{IPA|/reː/}}
#''conj'' · if, as, whether

{{VDT|reet|16px}} — '''rét''' {{IPA|/reːd/}}
#''v'' · to divide up, to apportion
#''v'' · to share (evenly)

{{VDT|rya|16px}} — '''rya''' {{IPA|/rɪə̯/}}
#''n; {{sc|hmn}}'' · human, person
#''n; {{sc|anim}}'' · (sentient) being

{{VDT|ro'|16px}} — '''rơ''' {{IPA|/rɔ/}}
#''n; {{sc|anim}}'' · twins (esp. fraternal), "blood brothers"

=== T ===
----
{{VDT|taym|16px}} — '''taym''' {{IPA|/taɪ̯m/}}
#''adv'' · now, right this moment

{{VDT|tin|16px}} — '''tin''' {{IPA|/tin/}}
#''n; {{sc|flat}}'' · book, page(s)

{{VDT|to^|16px}} — '''tǫ''' {{IPA|/tõ/}}
#''v'' · to speak
#''n; {{sc|abs}}'' · speech, language

{{VDT|tre|16px}} — '''tre''' {{IPA|/tɾə/}}
#''part'' · {{sc|poss}}; used to mark a possessed object

{{VDT|treng|16px}} — '''treng''' {{IPA|/tɾɛŋ/}}
#''v'' · to own, to possess; used to indicate possession when it violates the animacy heirarchy

{{VDT|trit|16px}} — '''trit''' {{IPA|/tɾid/}}
#''v'' · to continue, to go forward

{{VDT|truudh|16px}} — '''trúdh''' {{IPA|/tɾuːð/}}
#''n; {{sc|amor}}'' · honey, sweetness
#''v'' · to be sweet
#''adj'' · sweet

{{VDT|twee|16px}}; {{VDT|P-twee|8px}} — '''twé''' {{IPA|/tweː/}}
#''num'' {{sub|8}} · one hundred thousand, one hundred thousandth, one hundred thousand times
#''num'' {{sub|10}} · 32,768

{{VDT|twon|16px}} — '''twon''' {{IPA|/twon/}}
#''pro'' · you and me; 1.{{sc|dl.incl}}

=== V ===
----
{{VDT|ving|16px}} — '''ving''' {{IPA|/viŋ/}}
#''n; {{sc|hmn}}'' · the Ving people

{{VDT|viv|16px}} — '''viv''' {{IPA|/viv/}}
#''v'' · to fold, to bow

{{VDT|vee|16px}} — '''vé''' {{IPA|/veː/}}
#''v'' · to be certain, to be secure
#''n; {{sc|abs}}'' · certainty
#''adj'' · certain, sure, positive

{{VDT|veec|16px}} — '''véc''' {{IPA|/veːɡ/}}
#''v'' · to flow, to meander

{{VDT|veep|16px}} — '''vép''' {{IPA|/veːb/}}
#''n; {{sc|rnd}}'' · lake, pond, pool

{{VDT|vo'|16px}} — '''vơ''' {{IPA|/vɔ/}}
#''pro'' · you all and me; 1.{{sc|pl.incl}}

{{VDT|vuu|16px}} — '''vú''' {{IPA|/vuː/}}
#''num'' · five, fifth, five times

{{VDT|vryang|16px}} — '''vryang''' {{IPA|/vɾɪə̯ŋ/}}
#''v'' · to please, to ask (politely)
#''n; {{sc|abs}} · pleasure
# ''adj'' · pleased

{{VDT|vwo'|16px}} — '''vwơ''' {{IPA|/vwɔ/}}
#''prep'' · along(side), by, with

File:VDT-creec.png

2021-08-15T08:05:58Z

Thirty7: Category:Vingdagese Characters

[[Category:Vingdagese Characters]]

Vingdagese/Lexicon

2021-08-15T07:55:11Z

Thirty7: /* C */

__NOTOC__
{| class = "wikitable" style="text-align:center;"
! colspan="17" | '''Table of contents'''
|-
| width="32px" | {{big|[[#’|’]]}}
| width="32px" | {{big|[[#Ḅ|Ḅ]]}}
| width="32px" | {{big|[[#C|C/Q]]}}
| width="32px" | {{big|[[#Ḍ|Ḍ]]}}
| width="32px" | {{big|[[#Dh|Dh]]}}
| width="32px" | {{big|[[#G̣|G̣]]}}
| width="32px" | {{big|[[#J|J/G]]}}
| width="32px" | {{big|[[#M|M]]}}
| width="32px" | {{big|[[#Mm|Mm]]}}
| width="32px" | {{big|[[#N|N]]}}
| width="32px" | {{big|[[#Nn|Nn]]}}
| width="32px" | {{big|[[#Ng|Ng]]}}
| width="32px" | {{big|[[#Nng|Nng]]}}
| width="32px" | {{big|[[#P|P]]}}
| width="32px" | {{big|[[#R|R]]}}
| width="32px" | {{big|[[#T|T]]}}
| width="32px" | {{big|[[#V|V]]}}
|}

== Alphabetizing ==
Words are alphabetized according to their romanization. That means the consonants use the above order in the table of contents, and vowels use the following order: '''a''', '''e''', '''á''', '''ą''', '''ay''', '''i''', '''ư''', '''é''', '''į''', '''ya''', '''o''', '''ơ''', '''ú''', '''ǫ''', and '''oy'''. If a word is of the CCV shape, it will follow entries with a CV shape. And then, if necessary, finals are used in the same order as they appear in the above table of contents.

Words beginning with a glottal stop are not often written with the apostrophe, however they will be below for consistency with the heading which needed a symbol for proper sorting. In addition, it is generally redundant to list it, as there are no words that begin with just a vowel.

=== Parts of Speech ===
Each word is classified as to its part of speech. Nouns are marked with an ''n'', verbs with a ''v'', pronouns with ''pn'', adjectives with ''adj'', numerals with ''num'', etc. Further, nouns are also all marked as to what noun class they belong to. Sometimes, a noun can belong to multiple noun classes depending upon its usage or intended meaning; when that is the case, the definition of each meaning is listed after the class to which that particular usage belongs.

Noun classifications are listed after the part of speech with the following abbreviations:
* Human; {{sc|hmn}}
* Animate; {{sc|anim}}
* Tall/Long; {{sc|tall}}
* Round; {{sc|rnd}}
* Flat; {{sc|flat}}
* Amorphous; {{sc|amor}}
* Abstract; {{sc|abs}}

== Lexicon ==
=== ’ ===
----
{{VDT|aa|16px}} — '''’á''' {{IPA|/Ɂaː/}}
#''prep'' · in, into, at, for, toward

{{VDT|aang|16px}} — '''’áng''' {{IPA|/Ɂaːŋ/}}
#''v'' · to be likely to, to be expected to
#''n {{sc|abs}}'' · probability

{{VDT|ay|16px}}; {{VDT|P-ay|8px}} — '''’ay''' {{IPA|/Ɂaɪ̯/}}
#''num'' · two, second, twice

{{VDT|ayng|16px}} — '''’ayng''' {{IPA|/Ɂaɪ̯ŋ/}}
#''n; {{sc|tall}}'' · fishhook, lure
#''n; {{sc|anim}}'' · fly, small bug

{{VDT|eem|16px}} — '''’ém''' {{IPA|/Ɂeːm/}}
#''v'' · to see, to watch, to look at
#''n; {{sc|abs}}'' · sight, vision

{{VDT|o'c|16px}} — '''’ơc''' {{IPA|/Ɂɔɡ/}}
#''n; {{sc|rnd}}'' · eye, eyeball

=== Ḅ ===
----
{{VDT|bej|16px}}; {{VDT|P-bej|8px}} — '''ḅegh''' {{IPA|/ɓɛɣ/}}
#''num'' {{sub|8}} · ten, tenth, ten times
#''num'' {{sub|10}} · 8

{{VDT|bya|16px}} — '''ḅya''' {{IPA|/ɓɪə̯/}}
#''v'' · to cut, to slice (esp. meat)

{{VDT|bo'|16px}}; {{VDT|P-bo'|8px}} — '''ḅơ''' {{IPA|/ɓɔ/}}
#''num'' · four, fourth, four times

=== C ===
----
{{VDT|cem|16px}} — '''cem''' {{IPA|/kɛm/}}
#''n; {{sc|tall}}'' · boat, canoe

{{VDT|caa|16px}} — '''cá''' {{IPA|/kaː/}}
#''n; {{sc|anim}}'' · night, darkness
#''n; {{sc|abs}}'' · fear

{{VDT|caang|16px}} — '''cáng''' {{IPA|/kaːŋ/}}
#''n; {{sc|amor}}'' · part, portion, section
#''n; {{sc|flat}}'' · chapter, verse

{{VDT|ci|16px}} — '''ci''' {{IPA|/ki/}}
#''n; {{sc|amor}}'' · word, (written) character

{{VDT|qodh|16px}} — '''qodh''' {{IPA|/qoð/}}
#''pro'' · we few; 1.{{sc|pl/pcl.excl}}

{{VDT|qon|16px}} — '''qon''' {{IPA|/qon/}}
#''v'' · to know how to (do s.t.), to be able (to), can/could
#''n; {{sc|abs}}'' · ability

{{VDT|qo'|16px}}; {{VDT|P-qo'|8px}} — '''qơ''' {{IPA|/qɔ/}}
#''num'' · seven, seventh, seven times

{{VDT|quu|16px}} — '''qú''' {{IPA|/quː/}}
#''v'' · to be in front of; go forward

{{VDT|cren|16px}}; {{VDT|P-cren|8px}} — '''cren''' {{IPA|/kɾɛn/}}
#''num'' {{sub|8}} · hundred, hundredth, one hundred times
#''num'' {{sub|10}} · 64

{{VDT|creec|16px}} — '''créc''' {{IPA|/kɾeːk/}}
#''v'' · to grow, to enlarge, to swell

{{VDT|crip|16px}} — '''crip''' {{IPA|/kɾib/}}
#''v'' · to write, to sign (one's name)

{{VDT|cwyav|16px}} — '''cwyav''' {{IPA|/kwɪə̯v/}}
#''v'' · to make one's home; to be calm

{{VDT|cway|16px}} — '''cway''' {{IPA|/kwaɪ̯/}}
#''part'' · sentence final interrogative; {{sc|q}}

{{VDT|cwo'|16px}} — '''cwơ''' {{IPA|/kwɔ/}}
#''n; {{sc|abs}}'' · country, territory
#''n; {{sc|flat}}'' · land(mass)

{{VDT|cwo'c|16px}} — '''cwơc''' {{IPA|/kwɔɡ/}}
#''n'' · I, me, myself; 1.{{sc|sg}}

{{VDT|cwo'c|16px}}{{VDT|ay|16px}}; {{VDT|cwo'c|16px}}{{VDT|P-ay|8px}} — '''cwơc-ay''' {{IPA|/kwɔɡ.aɪ̯/}}
#''n'' · we two; 1.{{sc|dl.excl}}

=== Ḍ ===
----
{{VDT|daac|16px}} — '''ḍác''' {{IPA|/ɗaːɡ/}}
#''n; {{sc|hmn}}'' · person, citizen

{{VDT|deeng|16px}} — '''ḍéng''' {{IPA|/ɗeːŋ/}}
#''n; {{sc|anim}}'' · wind, breath
#''v'' · to blow, to be windy, to breathe
#''adj'' · windy, breathing

{{VDT|dodh|16px}} — '''ḍodh''' {{IPA|/ɗoð/}}
#''n; {{sc|tall}}'' · rake, hoe

{{VDT|do't|16px}} — '''ḍơt''' {{IPA|/ɗɔd/}}
#''v'' · to drink, to slurp

{{VDT|duu|16px}} — '''ḍú''' {{IPA|/ɗuː/}}

{{VDT|duuj|16px}} — '''ḍúgh''' {{IPA|/ɗuːɣ/}}
#''part'' · no, not, {{sc|neg}}

{{VDT|duuv|16px}} — '''ḍúv''' {{IPA|/ɗuːv/}}
#''n; {{sc|flat}}'' · axe, hatchet

{{VDT|doy|16px}} — '''ḍoy''' {{IPA|/ɗɔɪ̯/}}
#''v'' · to agree (to)
#''n; {{sc|abs}}'' · agreement, consent

{{VDT|doy2|16px}} — '''ḍoy''' {{IPA|/ɗɔɪ̯/}}
#''v'' · to offer, to allow

=== Dh ===
----
{{VDT|dhav|16px}} — '''dhav''' {{IPA|/ðav/}}
#''v'' · to be beautiful
#''n; {{sc|abs}}'' · beauty
#''adj'' · beautiful

{{VDT|dhaang|16px}}; {{VDT|P-dhaang|8px}} — '''dháng''' {{IPA|/ðaːŋ/}}
#''num'' · three, third, thrice

{{VDT|dhi|16px}} — '''dhi''' {{IPA|/ði/}}
#''pro'' · you all; 2.{{sc|pl}}

{{VDT|dhu'n|16px}} — '''dhưn''' {{IPA|/ðɪn/}}
#''pro'' · they.{{sc|sg}}; 3.{{sc|sg}}; no gender is implied and can be used for people as well as objects

{{VDT|dhrej|16px}} — '''dhregh''' {{IPA|/ðɾɛɣ/}}
#''pro'' · they.{{sc|pl}}; this includes paucal and dual numbers

{{VDT|dhraa|16px}} — '''dhrá''' {{IPA|/ðɾaː/}}
#''n; {{sc|flat}}'' · leaf

=== G̣ ===
----
{{VDT|gu'c|16px}}; {{VDT|P-gu'c|8px}} — '''ġưc''' {{IPA|/ɠɪɡ/}}
#''num'' {{sub|8}} · ten thousand, ten thousandth, ten thousand times
#''num'' {{sub|10}} · 4,096

{{VDT|go|16px}} — '''ġo''' {{IPA|/ɠo/}}
#''n; {{sc|anim}}'' · turtle, tortoise

=== J ===
----
{{VDT|jav|16px}} — '''jav''' {{IPA|/ʝav/}}
#''n; {{sc|tall}}'' · river, stream, waterway

{{VDT|jep|16px}} — '''jep''' {{IPA|/ʝɛb/}}
#''n; {{sc|rnd}}'' · shrub, bush, small tree

{{VDT|jayc|16px}} — '''jayc''' {{IPA|/ʝaɪ̯ɡ/}}
#''v'' · to do well
#''adj'' · good, well

{{VDT|ji|16px}} — '''ji''' {{IPA|/ʝi/}}
#''adj'' · many, numerous

{{VDT|jeen|16px}} — '''jén''' {{IPA|/ʝeːn/}}
#''n; {{sc|rnd}}'' · debris, stuff, junk

{{VDT|gri|16px}} — '''gri''' {{IPA|/ɡri/}}
#''v'' · to die
#''n; {{sc|flat}}'' · corpse, dead body

{{VDT|grigh|16px}} — '''grigh''' {{IPA|/ɡriɣ/}}
#''v'' · to be fated to; to have bad luck befall (s.o.)
#''n; {{sc|abs}}'' · ill omen; bad luck

{{VDT|gwi|16px}} — '''gwi''' {{IPA|/ɡwi/}}
#''n; {{sc|anim}}'' · dove, pigeon, small bird

{{VDT|gwing|16px}} — '''gwing''' {{IPA|/ɡwiŋ/}}
#''v'' · to be lucky, to have a good feeling
#''n; {{sc|abs}}'' · luck, good fortune
#''adj'' · lucky, cool
#''n; {{sc|abs}}'' · light

{{VDT|gwuun|16px}} — '''gwún''' {{IPA|/ɡwuːn/}}
#''v'' · to sleep, to be asleep
#''n; {{sc|abs}}'' · rest, sleep

=== M ===
----
{{VDT|mo't|16px}}; {{VDT|P-mo't|8px}} — '''mơt''' {{IPA|/mɔd/}}
#''num'' · one, first, once

{{VDT|moyc|16px}} — '''moyc''' {{IPA|/mɔɪ̯ɡ/}}

=== Mm ===
----
{{VDT|mmit|16px}}; {{VDT|P-mmit|8px}} — '''mmit''' {{IPA|/mːid/}}
#''num'' {{sub|8}} · one thousand, one thousandth, one thousand times
#''num'' {{sub|10}} · 512

{{VDT|mmu'ng|16px}} — '''mmưng''' {{IPA|/mːɪŋ/}}
#''pron'' · you few and me; 1.{{sc|pcl.incl}}

=== N ===
----
{{VDT|na|16px}} — '''na''' {{IPA|/na/}}
#''conj'' · and

{{VDT|ni|16px}} — '''ni''' {{IPA|/ni/}}
#''conj'' · or, neither/nor

=== Nn ===
----
{{VDT|nnem|16px}}; {{VDT|P-nnem|8px}} — '''nnem''' {{IPA|/nːɛm/}}
#''num'' · six, sixth, six times

{{VDT|nnay|16px}} — '''nnay''' {{IPA|/nːaɪ̯/}}
# ''n; {{sc|tall}}'' · cage, jail
# ''n; {{sc|rnd}}'' · trap

=== Ng ===
----
{{VDT|ngu'q|16px}} — '''ngưq''' {{IPA|/ŋɪq/}}
# ''adj'' · whole, unbroken
# ''n; {{sc|abs}}'' · atom, particle

{{VDT|ngeev|16px}} — '''ngév''' {{IPA|/ŋeːv/}}
#''v'' · to overturn, to capsize
#''v'' · to fall, to trip

{{VDT|ngoy|16px}} — '''ngoy''' {{IPA|/ŋɔɪ̯/}}
#''v'' · to give something (esp. a trinket) to someone

{{VDT|ngwu'm|16px}} — '''ngwưm''' {{IPA|/ŋwɪm/}}
# ''v'' · to cut/tear into small pieces
# ''n; {{sc|rnd}}'' · small parts of something

=== Nng ===
----
{{VDT|nngom|16px}} — '''nngom''' {{IPA|/ŋːom/}}
# ''n; {{sc|tall}}'' · tree

{{VDT|nngoy|16px}} — '''nngoy''' {{IPA|/ŋːɔɪ̯/}}
# ''n; {{sc|anim}}'' · fire, flame, heat

=== P ===
----
{{VDT|pac|16px}} — '''pac''' {{IPA|/paɡ/}}
#''v'' · to walk along (something)

{{VDT|po|16px}} — '''po''' {{IPA|/po/}}
#''n; {{sc|rnd}}'' · glass (esp. a bead)

{{VDT|po^|16px}} — '''pǫ''' {{IPA|/põ/}}
#''adj'' · fat, chubby, round
#''n; {{sc|anim}}'' · a fat person
#''v'' · to be fat, to be full (of food)

{{VDT|poyng|16px}} — '''poyng''' {{IPA|/pɔɪ̯ŋ/}}
#''n; {{sc|tall}}'' · digit, finger, toe
#''n; {{sc|abs}}'' · number(s)

{{VDT|pra^|16px}} — '''prą''' {{IPA|/pɾã/}}
#''n; {{sc|hmn}}'' · son, young boy

{{VDT|praq|16px}}; {{VDT|P-praq|8px}} — '''praq''' {{IPA|/pɾaq/}}
#''num'' {{sub|8}} · one million, one millionth, one million times
#''num'' {{sub|10}} · 262,144

{{VDT|pwo'|16px}} — '''pwơ''' {{IPA|/pwɔ/}}
#''n; {{sc|anim}}'' · dog, hound, wolf

=== R ===
----
{{VDT|rej|16px}} — '''regh''' {{IPA|/rɛɣ/}}
#''pro'' · 2.{{sc|sg}}

{{VDT|ra^|16px}} — '''rą''' {{IPA|/rã/}}
#''n; {{sc|tall}} · fork, bi- or trident

{{VDT|ring|16px}}; {{VDT|P-ring|8px}} — '''ring''' {{IPA|/riŋ/}}
#''num'' · zero, zeroth, zero times, none

{{VDT|ree|16px}} — '''ré''' {{IPA|/reː/}}
#''conj'' · if, as, whether

{{VDT|reet|16px}} — '''rét''' {{IPA|/reːd/}}
#''v'' · to divide up, to apportion
#''v'' · to share (evenly)

{{VDT|rya|16px}} — '''rya''' {{IPA|/rɪə̯/}}
#''n; {{sc|hmn}}'' · human, person
#''n; {{sc|anim}}'' · (sentient) being

{{VDT|ro'|16px}} — '''rơ''' {{IPA|/rɔ/}}
#''n; {{sc|anim}}'' · twins (esp. fraternal), "blood brothers"

=== T ===
----
{{VDT|taym|16px}} — '''taym''' {{IPA|/taɪ̯m/}}
#''adv'' · now, right this moment

{{VDT|tin|16px}} — '''tin''' {{IPA|/tin/}}
#''n; {{sc|flat}}'' · book, page(s)

{{VDT|to^|16px}} — '''tǫ''' {{IPA|/tõ/}}
#''v'' · to speak
#''n; {{sc|abs}}'' · speech, language

{{VDT|tre|16px}} — '''tre''' {{IPA|/tɾə/}}
#''part'' · {{sc|poss}}; used to mark a possessed object

{{VDT|treng|16px}} — '''treng''' {{IPA|/tɾɛŋ/}}
#''v'' · to own, to possess; used to indicate possession when it violates the animacy heirarchy

{{VDT|trit|16px}} — '''trit''' {{IPA|/tɾid/}}
#''v'' · to continue, to go forward

{{VDT|truudh|16px}} — '''trúdh''' {{IPA|/tɾuːð/}}
#''n; {{sc|amor}}'' · honey, sweetness
#''v'' · to be sweet
#''adj'' · sweet

{{VDT|twee|16px}}; {{VDT|P-twee|8px}} — '''twé''' {{IPA|/tweː/}}
#''num'' {{sub|8}} · one hundred thousand, one hundred thousandth, one hundred thousand times
#''num'' {{sub|10}} · 32,768

{{VDT|twon|16px}} — '''twon''' {{IPA|/twon/}}
#''pro'' · you and me; 1.{{sc|dl.incl}}

=== V ===
----
{{VDT|ving|16px}} — '''ving''' {{IPA|/viŋ/}}
#''n; {{sc|hmn}}'' · the Ving people

{{VDT|viv|16px}} — '''viv''' {{IPA|/viv/}}
#''v'' · to fold, to bow

{{VDT|vee|16px}} — '''vé''' {{IPA|/veː/}}
#''v'' · to be certain, to be secure
#''n; {{sc|abs}}'' · certainty
#''adj'' · certain, sure, positive

{{VDT|veec|16px}} — '''véc''' {{IPA|/veːɡ/}}
#''v'' · to flow, to meander

{{VDT|veep|16px}} — '''vép''' {{IPA|/veːb/}}
#''n; {{sc|rnd}}'' · lake, pond, pool

{{VDT|vo'|16px}} — '''vơ''' {{IPA|/vɔ/}}
#''pro'' · you all and me; 1.{{sc|pl.incl}}

{{VDT|vuu|16px}} — '''vú''' {{IPA|/vuː/}}
#''num'' · five, fifth, five times

{{VDT|vryang|16px}} — '''vryang''' {{IPA|/vɾɪə̯ŋ/}}
#''v'' · to please, to ask (politely)
#''n; {{sc|abs}} · pleasure
# ''adj'' · pleased

{{VDT|vwo'|16px}} — '''vwơ''' {{IPA|/vwɔ/}}
#''prep'' · along(side), by, with

Vingdagese/Lexicon

2021-08-15T07:42:47Z

Thirty7: /* J */

__NOTOC__
{| class = "wikitable" style="text-align:center;"
! colspan="17" | '''Table of contents'''
|-
| width="32px" | {{big|[[#’|’]]}}
| width="32px" | {{big|[[#Ḅ|Ḅ]]}}
| width="32px" | {{big|[[#C|C/Q]]}}
| width="32px" | {{big|[[#Ḍ|Ḍ]]}}
| width="32px" | {{big|[[#Dh|Dh]]}}
| width="32px" | {{big|[[#G̣|G̣]]}}
| width="32px" | {{big|[[#J|J/G]]}}
| width="32px" | {{big|[[#M|M]]}}
| width="32px" | {{big|[[#Mm|Mm]]}}
| width="32px" | {{big|[[#N|N]]}}
| width="32px" | {{big|[[#Nn|Nn]]}}
| width="32px" | {{big|[[#Ng|Ng]]}}
| width="32px" | {{big|[[#Nng|Nng]]}}
| width="32px" | {{big|[[#P|P]]}}
| width="32px" | {{big|[[#R|R]]}}
| width="32px" | {{big|[[#T|T]]}}
| width="32px" | {{big|[[#V|V]]}}
|}

== Alphabetizing ==
Words are alphabetized according to their romanization. That means the consonants use the above order in the table of contents, and vowels use the following order: '''a''', '''e''', '''á''', '''ą''', '''ay''', '''i''', '''ư''', '''é''', '''į''', '''ya''', '''o''', '''ơ''', '''ú''', '''ǫ''', and '''oy'''. If a word is of the CCV shape, it will follow entries with a CV shape. And then, if necessary, finals are used in the same order as they appear in the above table of contents.

Words beginning with a glottal stop are not often written with the apostrophe, however they will be below for consistency with the heading which needed a symbol for proper sorting. In addition, it is generally redundant to list it, as there are no words that begin with just a vowel.

=== Parts of Speech ===
Each word is classified as to its part of speech. Nouns are marked with an ''n'', verbs with a ''v'', pronouns with ''pn'', adjectives with ''adj'', numerals with ''num'', etc. Further, nouns are also all marked as to what noun class they belong to. Sometimes, a noun can belong to multiple noun classes depending upon its usage or intended meaning; when that is the case, the definition of each meaning is listed after the class to which that particular usage belongs.

Noun classifications are listed after the part of speech with the following abbreviations:
* Human; {{sc|hmn}}
* Animate; {{sc|anim}}
* Tall/Long; {{sc|tall}}
* Round; {{sc|rnd}}
* Flat; {{sc|flat}}
* Amorphous; {{sc|amor}}
* Abstract; {{sc|abs}}

== Lexicon ==
=== ’ ===
----
{{VDT|aa|16px}} — '''’á''' {{IPA|/Ɂaː/}}
#''prep'' · in, into, at, for, toward

{{VDT|aang|16px}} — '''’áng''' {{IPA|/Ɂaːŋ/}}
#''v'' · to be likely to, to be expected to
#''n {{sc|abs}}'' · probability

{{VDT|ay|16px}}; {{VDT|P-ay|8px}} — '''’ay''' {{IPA|/Ɂaɪ̯/}}
#''num'' · two, second, twice

{{VDT|ayng|16px}} — '''’ayng''' {{IPA|/Ɂaɪ̯ŋ/}}
#''n; {{sc|tall}}'' · fishhook, lure
#''n; {{sc|anim}}'' · fly, small bug

{{VDT|eem|16px}} — '''’ém''' {{IPA|/Ɂeːm/}}
#''v'' · to see, to watch, to look at
#''n; {{sc|abs}}'' · sight, vision

{{VDT|o'c|16px}} — '''’ơc''' {{IPA|/Ɂɔɡ/}}
#''n; {{sc|rnd}}'' · eye, eyeball

=== Ḅ ===
----
{{VDT|bej|16px}}; {{VDT|P-bej|8px}} — '''ḅegh''' {{IPA|/ɓɛɣ/}}
#''num'' {{sub|8}} · ten, tenth, ten times
#''num'' {{sub|10}} · 8

{{VDT|bya|16px}} — '''ḅya''' {{IPA|/ɓɪə̯/}}
#''v'' · to cut, to slice (esp. meat)

{{VDT|bo'|16px}}; {{VDT|P-bo'|8px}} — '''ḅơ''' {{IPA|/ɓɔ/}}
#''num'' · four, fourth, four times

=== C ===
----
{{VDT|cem|16px}} — '''cem''' {{IPA|/kɛm/}}
#''n; {{sc|tall}}'' · boat, canoe

{{VDT|caa|16px}} — '''cá''' {{IPA|/kaː/}}
#''n; {{sc|anim}}'' · night, darkness
#''n; {{sc|abs}}'' · fear

{{VDT|caang|16px}} — '''cáng''' {{IPA|/kaːŋ/}}
#''n; {{sc|amor}}'' · part, portion, section
#''n; {{sc|flat}}'' · chapter, verse

{{VDT|ci|16px}} — '''ci''' {{IPA|/ki/}}
#''n; {{sc|amor}}'' · word, (written) character

{{VDT|qodh|16px}} — '''qodh''' {{IPA|/qoð/}}
#''pro'' · we few; 1.{{sc|pl/pcl.excl}}

{{VDT|qon|16px}} — '''qon''' {{IPA|/qon/}}
#''v'' · to know how to (do s.t.), to be able (to), can/could
#''n; {{sc|abs}}'' · ability

{{VDT|qo'|16px}}; {{VDT|P-qo'|8px}} — '''qơ''' {{IPA|/qɔ/}}
#''num'' · seven, seventh, seven times

{{VDT|quu|16px}} — '''qú''' {{IPA|/quː/}}
#''v'' · to be in front of; go forward

{{VDT|cren|16px}}; {{VDT|P-cren|8px}} — '''cren''' {{IPA|/kɾɛn/}}
#''num'' {{sub|8}} · hundred, hundredth, one hundred times
#''num'' {{sub|10}} · 64

{{VDT|crip|16px}} — '''crip''' {{IPA|/kɾib/}}
#''v'' · to write, to sign (one's name)

{{VDT|cwyav|16px}} — '''cwyav''' {{IPA|/kwɪə̯v/}}
#''v'' · to make one's home; to be calm

{{VDT|cway|16px}} — '''cway''' {{IPA|/kwaɪ̯/}}
#''part'' · sentence final interrogative; {{sc|q}}

{{VDT|cwo'|16px}} — '''cwơ''' {{IPA|/kwɔ/}}
#''n; {{sc|abs}}'' · country, territory
#''n; {{sc|flat}}'' · land(mass)

{{VDT|cwo'c|16px}} — '''cwơc''' {{IPA|/kwɔɡ/}}
#''n'' · I, me, myself; 1.{{sc|sg}}

{{VDT|cwo'c|16px}}{{VDT|ay|16px}}; {{VDT|cwo'c|16px}}{{VDT|P-ay|8px}} — '''cwơc-ay''' {{IPA|/kwɔɡ.aɪ̯/}}
#''n'' · we two; 1.{{sc|dl.excl}}

=== Ḍ ===
----
{{VDT|daac|16px}} — '''ḍác''' {{IPA|/ɗaːɡ/}}
#''n; {{sc|hmn}}'' · person, citizen

{{VDT|deeng|16px}} — '''ḍéng''' {{IPA|/ɗeːŋ/}}
#''n; {{sc|anim}}'' · wind, breath
#''v'' · to blow, to be windy, to breathe
#''adj'' · windy, breathing

{{VDT|dodh|16px}} — '''ḍodh''' {{IPA|/ɗoð/}}
#''n; {{sc|tall}}'' · rake, hoe

{{VDT|do't|16px}} — '''ḍơt''' {{IPA|/ɗɔd/}}
#''v'' · to drink, to slurp

{{VDT|duu|16px}} — '''ḍú''' {{IPA|/ɗuː/}}

{{VDT|duuj|16px}} — '''ḍúgh''' {{IPA|/ɗuːɣ/}}
#''part'' · no, not, {{sc|neg}}

{{VDT|duuv|16px}} — '''ḍúv''' {{IPA|/ɗuːv/}}
#''n; {{sc|flat}}'' · axe, hatchet

{{VDT|doy|16px}} — '''ḍoy''' {{IPA|/ɗɔɪ̯/}}
#''v'' · to agree (to)
#''n; {{sc|abs}}'' · agreement, consent

{{VDT|doy2|16px}} — '''ḍoy''' {{IPA|/ɗɔɪ̯/}}
#''v'' · to offer, to allow

=== Dh ===
----
{{VDT|dhav|16px}} — '''dhav''' {{IPA|/ðav/}}
#''v'' · to be beautiful
#''n; {{sc|abs}}'' · beauty
#''adj'' · beautiful

{{VDT|dhaang|16px}}; {{VDT|P-dhaang|8px}} — '''dháng''' {{IPA|/ðaːŋ/}}
#''num'' · three, third, thrice

{{VDT|dhi|16px}} — '''dhi''' {{IPA|/ði/}}
#''pro'' · you all; 2.{{sc|pl}}

{{VDT|dhu'n|16px}} — '''dhưn''' {{IPA|/ðɪn/}}
#''pro'' · they.{{sc|sg}}; 3.{{sc|sg}}; no gender is implied and can be used for people as well as objects

{{VDT|dhrej|16px}} — '''dhregh''' {{IPA|/ðɾɛɣ/}}
#''pro'' · they.{{sc|pl}}; this includes paucal and dual numbers

{{VDT|dhraa|16px}} — '''dhrá''' {{IPA|/ðɾaː/}}
#''n; {{sc|flat}}'' · leaf

=== G̣ ===
----
{{VDT|gu'c|16px}}; {{VDT|P-gu'c|8px}} — '''ġưc''' {{IPA|/ɠɪɡ/}}
#''num'' {{sub|8}} · ten thousand, ten thousandth, ten thousand times
#''num'' {{sub|10}} · 4,096

{{VDT|go|16px}} — '''ġo''' {{IPA|/ɠo/}}
#''n; {{sc|anim}}'' · turtle, tortoise

=== J ===
----
{{VDT|jav|16px}} — '''jav''' {{IPA|/ʝav/}}
#''n; {{sc|tall}}'' · river, stream, waterway

{{VDT|jep|16px}} — '''jep''' {{IPA|/ʝɛb/}}
#''n; {{sc|rnd}}'' · shrub, bush, small tree

{{VDT|jayc|16px}} — '''jayc''' {{IPA|/ʝaɪ̯ɡ/}}
#''v'' · to do well
#''adj'' · good, well

{{VDT|ji|16px}} — '''ji''' {{IPA|/ʝi/}}
#''adj'' · many, numerous

{{VDT|jeen|16px}} — '''jén''' {{IPA|/ʝeːn/}}
#''n; {{sc|rnd}}'' · debris, stuff, junk

{{VDT|gri|16px}} — '''gri''' {{IPA|/ɡri/}}
#''v'' · to die
#''n; {{sc|flat}}'' · corpse, dead body

{{VDT|grigh|16px}} — '''grigh''' {{IPA|/ɡriɣ/}}
#''v'' · to be fated to; to have bad luck befall (s.o.)
#''n; {{sc|abs}}'' · ill omen; bad luck

{{VDT|gwi|16px}} — '''gwi''' {{IPA|/ɡwi/}}
#''n; {{sc|anim}}'' · dove, pigeon, small bird

{{VDT|gwing|16px}} — '''gwing''' {{IPA|/ɡwiŋ/}}
#''v'' · to be lucky, to have a good feeling
#''n; {{sc|abs}}'' · luck, good fortune
#''adj'' · lucky, cool
#''n; {{sc|abs}}'' · light

{{VDT|gwuun|16px}} — '''gwún''' {{IPA|/ɡwuːn/}}
#''v'' · to sleep, to be asleep
#''n; {{sc|abs}}'' · rest, sleep

=== M ===
----
{{VDT|mo't|16px}}; {{VDT|P-mo't|8px}} — '''mơt''' {{IPA|/mɔd/}}
#''num'' · one, first, once

{{VDT|moyc|16px}} — '''moyc''' {{IPA|/mɔɪ̯ɡ/}}

=== Mm ===
----
{{VDT|mmit|16px}}; {{VDT|P-mmit|8px}} — '''mmit''' {{IPA|/mːid/}}
#''num'' {{sub|8}} · one thousand, one thousandth, one thousand times
#''num'' {{sub|10}} · 512

{{VDT|mmu'ng|16px}} — '''mmưng''' {{IPA|/mːɪŋ/}}
#''pron'' · you few and me; 1.{{sc|pcl.incl}}

=== N ===
----
{{VDT|na|16px}} — '''na''' {{IPA|/na/}}
#''conj'' · and

{{VDT|ni|16px}} — '''ni''' {{IPA|/ni/}}
#''conj'' · or, neither/nor

=== Nn ===
----
{{VDT|nnem|16px}}; {{VDT|P-nnem|8px}} — '''nnem''' {{IPA|/nːɛm/}}
#''num'' · six, sixth, six times

{{VDT|nnay|16px}} — '''nnay''' {{IPA|/nːaɪ̯/}}
# ''n; {{sc|tall}}'' · cage, jail
# ''n; {{sc|rnd}}'' · trap

=== Ng ===
----
{{VDT|ngu'q|16px}} — '''ngưq''' {{IPA|/ŋɪq/}}
# ''adj'' · whole, unbroken
# ''n; {{sc|abs}}'' · atom, particle

{{VDT|ngeev|16px}} — '''ngév''' {{IPA|/ŋeːv/}}
#''v'' · to overturn, to capsize
#''v'' · to fall, to trip

{{VDT|ngoy|16px}} — '''ngoy''' {{IPA|/ŋɔɪ̯/}}
#''v'' · to give something (esp. a trinket) to someone

{{VDT|ngwu'm|16px}} — '''ngwưm''' {{IPA|/ŋwɪm/}}
# ''v'' · to cut/tear into small pieces
# ''n; {{sc|rnd}}'' · small parts of something

=== Nng ===
----
{{VDT|nngom|16px}} — '''nngom''' {{IPA|/ŋːom/}}
# ''n; {{sc|tall}}'' · tree

{{VDT|nngoy|16px}} — '''nngoy''' {{IPA|/ŋːɔɪ̯/}}
# ''n; {{sc|anim}}'' · fire, flame, heat

=== P ===
----
{{VDT|pac|16px}} — '''pac''' {{IPA|/paɡ/}}
#''v'' · to walk along (something)

{{VDT|po|16px}} — '''po''' {{IPA|/po/}}
#''n; {{sc|rnd}}'' · glass (esp. a bead)

{{VDT|po^|16px}} — '''pǫ''' {{IPA|/põ/}}
#''adj'' · fat, chubby, round
#''n; {{sc|anim}}'' · a fat person
#''v'' · to be fat, to be full (of food)

{{VDT|poyng|16px}} — '''poyng''' {{IPA|/pɔɪ̯ŋ/}}
#''n; {{sc|tall}}'' · digit, finger, toe
#''n; {{sc|abs}}'' · number(s)

{{VDT|pra^|16px}} — '''prą''' {{IPA|/pɾã/}}
#''n; {{sc|hmn}}'' · son, young boy

{{VDT|praq|16px}}; {{VDT|P-praq|8px}} — '''praq''' {{IPA|/pɾaq/}}
#''num'' {{sub|8}} · one million, one millionth, one million times
#''num'' {{sub|10}} · 262,144

{{VDT|pwo'|16px}} — '''pwơ''' {{IPA|/pwɔ/}}
#''n; {{sc|anim}}'' · dog, hound, wolf

=== R ===
----
{{VDT|rej|16px}} — '''regh''' {{IPA|/rɛɣ/}}
#''pro'' · 2.{{sc|sg}}

{{VDT|ra^|16px}} — '''rą''' {{IPA|/rã/}}
#''n; {{sc|tall}} · fork, bi- or trident

{{VDT|ring|16px}}; {{VDT|P-ring|8px}} — '''ring''' {{IPA|/riŋ/}}
#''num'' · zero, zeroth, zero times, none

{{VDT|ree|16px}} — '''ré''' {{IPA|/reː/}}
#''conj'' · if, as, whether

{{VDT|reet|16px}} — '''rét''' {{IPA|/reːd/}}
#''v'' · to divide up, to apportion
#''v'' · to share (evenly)

{{VDT|rya|16px}} — '''rya''' {{IPA|/rɪə̯/}}
#''n; {{sc|hmn}}'' · human, person
#''n; {{sc|anim}}'' · (sentient) being

{{VDT|ro'|16px}} — '''rơ''' {{IPA|/rɔ/}}
#''n; {{sc|anim}}'' · twins (esp. fraternal), "blood brothers"

=== T ===
----
{{VDT|taym|16px}} — '''taym''' {{IPA|/taɪ̯m/}}
#''adv'' · now, right this moment

{{VDT|tin|16px}} — '''tin''' {{IPA|/tin/}}
#''n; {{sc|flat}}'' · book, page(s)

{{VDT|to^|16px}} — '''tǫ''' {{IPA|/tõ/}}
#''v'' · to speak
#''n; {{sc|abs}}'' · speech, language

{{VDT|tre|16px}} — '''tre''' {{IPA|/tɾə/}}
#''part'' · {{sc|poss}}; used to mark a possessed object

{{VDT|treng|16px}} — '''treng''' {{IPA|/tɾɛŋ/}}
#''v'' · to own, to possess; used to indicate possession when it violates the animacy heirarchy

{{VDT|trit|16px}} — '''trit''' {{IPA|/tɾid/}}
#''v'' · to continue, to go forward

{{VDT|truudh|16px}} — '''trúdh''' {{IPA|/tɾuːð/}}
#''n; {{sc|amor}}'' · honey, sweetness
#''v'' · to be sweet
#''adj'' · sweet

{{VDT|twee|16px}}; {{VDT|P-twee|8px}} — '''twé''' {{IPA|/tweː/}}
#''num'' {{sub|8}} · one hundred thousand, one hundred thousandth, one hundred thousand times
#''num'' {{sub|10}} · 32,768

{{VDT|twon|16px}} — '''twon''' {{IPA|/twon/}}
#''pro'' · you and me; 1.{{sc|dl.incl}}

=== V ===
----
{{VDT|ving|16px}} — '''ving''' {{IPA|/viŋ/}}
#''n; {{sc|hmn}}'' · the Ving people

{{VDT|viv|16px}} — '''viv''' {{IPA|/viv/}}
#''v'' · to fold, to bow

{{VDT|vee|16px}} — '''vé''' {{IPA|/veː/}}
#''v'' · to be certain, to be secure
#''n; {{sc|abs}}'' · certainty
#''adj'' · certain, sure, positive

{{VDT|veec|16px}} — '''véc''' {{IPA|/veːɡ/}}
#''v'' · to flow, to meander

{{VDT|veep|16px}} — '''vép''' {{IPA|/veːb/}}
#''n; {{sc|rnd}}'' · lake, pond, pool

{{VDT|vo'|16px}} — '''vơ''' {{IPA|/vɔ/}}
#''pro'' · you all and me; 1.{{sc|pl.incl}}

{{VDT|vuu|16px}} — '''vú''' {{IPA|/vuː/}}
#''num'' · five, fifth, five times

{{VDT|vryang|16px}} — '''vryang''' {{IPA|/vɾɪə̯ŋ/}}
#''v'' · to please, to ask (politely)
#''n; {{sc|abs}} · pleasure
# ''adj'' · pleased

{{VDT|vwo'|16px}} — '''vwơ''' {{IPA|/vwɔ/}}
#''prep'' · along(side), by, with

Vingdagese/Conscript

2021-08-15T07:20:49Z

Thirty7:

{{TOCright}}
== Writing & Script ==
Each character written in Vưng-Ḍác Tǫ consists of two components. The first element is the Logogram and it serves to differentiate characters that mean different things, refer to different parts of speech or to give a clue to the meaning of the word. Here, logogram is used loosely and simply felt like a good word to describe the purpose of that portion of a character. A complete list of the possible logograms used in Vưng-Ḍác Tǫ is not feasible as there isn't a discreet number of them, and they have the most variation among them. Also, some of the logograms are indeed identical in appearance (if not function) to the second part of Vingdagese written characters. The second in each is a Phonogram. Phonograms '''do''' belong to a finite group, that describe a portion of the basic syllables possible in Vingdagese. Keep in mind that phonograms represent an older, simpler, version of the possible compliments of syllables. They do '''not''' include any consonant clusters, final consonants, non-cardinal vowels or diphthongs. All of that phonological information is conveyed in the combination of the Phonogram and Logogram portions toghether. Phonograms alone are not sufficient for proper pronunciation.

=== Phonograms ===
The primary function of phonograms in the written language of Vingdagese is to establish a general range of possible ways in which the character could be pronounced. At one time, the language was a syllabary and was written exclusively with these phonograms (though some of them have changed form since then). However, a vast array of homophones and ambiguity began to exist in the written language... especially as the spoken language changed to add more variety in the ways that syllables were constructed. As such, additional components were added to lower ambiguity in the usage of characters. From that point on, there were two parts to each character, and the relationship between written phonogram and spoken syllable have greatly diverged. This has primarily occurred with respect to the exact vowel used, initial clusters and in coda consonants. Now, though, it does serve as a useful tool to organize characters alphabetize and also to roughly group similar sounding characters together.

{| class = "wikitable" style="text-align:center; border: none; background: none;"
| style="border: none; background: none;" |  
! colspan="14" | Cardinal Consonant
|-
! width="64px" | Vowel !! width="24px" | ’ !! width="24px" | Ḅ !! width="24px" | C !! width="24px" | Ḍ !! width="24px" | Dh !! width="24px" | G̣ !! width="24px" | T !! width="24px" | M !! width="24px" | N !! width="24px" | Ng !! width="24px" | P !! width="24px" | R !! width="24px" | J !! width="24px" | V
|-
! A
| {{VDT|P-a|16px}} || {{VDT|P-ba|16px}} || {{VDT|P-ca|16px}} || {{VDT|P-da|16px}} || {{VDT|P-dha|16px}} || {{VDT|P-ga|16px}} || {{VDT|P-ta|16px}} || {{VDT|P-ma|16px}} || {{VDT|P-na|16px}} || {{VDT|P-nga|16px}} || {{VDT|P-pa|16px}} || {{VDT|P-ra|16px}} || {{VDT|P-ja|16px}} || {{VDT|P-va|16px}}
|-
! I
| {{VDT|P-i|16px}} || {{VDT|P-bi|16px}} || {{VDT|P-ci|16px}} || {{VDT|P-di|16px}} || {{VDT|P-dhi|16px}} || {{VDT|P-gi|16px}} || {{VDT|P-ti|16px}} || {{VDT|P-mi|16px}} || {{VDT|P-ni|16px}} || {{VDT|P-ngi|16px}} || {{VDT|P-pi|16px}} || {{VDT|P-ri|16px}} || {{VDT|P-ji|16px}} || {{VDT|P-vi|16px}}
|-
! O
| {{VDT|P-o|16px}} || {{VDT|P-bo|16px}} || {{VDT|P-qo|16px}} || {{VDT|P-do|16px}} || {{VDT|P-dho|16px}} || {{VDT|P-go|16px}} || {{VDT|P-to|16px}} || {{VDT|P-mo|16px}} || {{VDT|P-no|16px}} || {{VDT|P-ngo|16px}} || {{VDT|P-po|16px}} || {{VDT|P-ro|16px}} || {{VDT|P-jo|16px}} || {{VDT|P-vo|16px}}
|}

=== Characters ===
:—''For a chart of characters in Vưng-Ḍác Tǫ including unique phonograms, see: [[Vingdagese/Characters|Characters]]''

=== Writing ===
For the most part, strokes in written Vingdagese are in a similar order as to what they would be in Chinese, or what is presumed to be the stroke order in written Tangut. However, there are some notable exceptions. One such exception is that of the "square" (three of which make up the phonogram '''ca'''). In Chinese, each square would be written with three strokes, starting with the left, then the top and right sides forming an L-like shape with an uptick on the tail and finishing it off with the bottom stroke. However, in Vingdagese, it is written with only two strokes (one for the left and bottom and the other for the top and rightmost sides, with the omission of any uptick on the rightmost stroke).

Another notable feature is the fact that many of the grammatical components of the language are written with a single phonogram instead of an entire character. In those situations, a middle dot is used to substitute what would have been the rest of the character and also to highlight that it isn't a full two-sided character. This dot is omitted in casual or quick writing, but is visually distinctive in a more formal hand.

=== Numbers ===
Numbers in Vingdagese can be written formally or informally. In the formal method, the phonogram is included in each character which increases the stroke count significantly. However, they can also be written in their "short" forms which correspond in number to the number of strokes that are in the glyph and include solely the base form of the logogram that appears in the formal version. It is far more common to see the numbers written in their short versions. However, this version also has some forms that are identical to certain phonograms, but are pronounced differently when used as a number. The following table shows the pronunciation, value, short and formal forms of each character. Also of note is that Vingdagese uses an octal counting system in which the numbers 1-7 are the only ones used, and the character for 8 is actually a shorthand for 10. Place value has been used with these numbers for a number of years now, instead of a more archaic system where it was more like Roman numerals and there were other glyphs that served for 64 (8²), 512 (8³), etc. In the following table, the first character shown below each number is the long form, and the second is the short form.

Numbers are also grouped differently than in the standard Western Base 10 system. In the Western world, numbers are grouped by every three zeroes (or in other words, by the thousand). However, by the Ving, they are instead grouped by every two zeroes, or by the hundred. This means that one thousand (1,000) is spoken about as ten-hundred (10·00), etc. However, should there be a single digit that would be placed in the next grouping as in {{red*}}1·00·00, it would instead be written without the first separator as: 100·00.

(This also may make it a bit easier to identify in which base a number is being expressed, as the middle dot will be used often with octal notation and Base 10 numbers will still feature the comma.)

{| class = "wikitable" style="text-align:center;"
! width="64px" colspan="2" | One (1) !! width="64px" colspan="2" | Two (2) !! width="64px" colspan="2" | Three (3) !! width="64px" colspan="2" | Four (4) !! width="64px" colspan="2" | Five (5) !! width="64px" colspan="2" | Six (6) !! width="64px" colspan="2" | Seven (7) !! width="64px" colspan="2" | Eight (10)
|-
| {{VDT|mo't}} || {{VDT|P-mo't|16px}} || {{VDT|ay}} || {{VDT|P-ay|16px}} || {{VDT|dhaang}} || {{VDT|P-dhaang|16px}} || {{VDT|bo'}} || {{VDT|P-bo'|16px}} || {{VDT|vuu}} || {{VDT|P-vuu|16px}} || {{VDT|nnem}} || {{VDT|P-nnem|16px}} || {{VDT|qo'}} || {{VDT|P-qo'|16px}} || {{VDT|bej}} || {{VDT|P-bej|16px}}
|-
| colspan="2" | '''mơt''' || colspan="2" | '''ay''' || colspan="2" | '''dháng''' || colspan="2" | '''ḅơ''' || colspan="2" | '''vú''' || colspan="2" | '''nnem''' || colspan="2" | '''qơ''' || colspan="2" | '''ḅegh'''
|}

{| class = "wikitable" style="text-align:center;"
! width="64px" colspan="2" | Zero (0) !! width="64px" colspan="2" | 100 !! width="64px" colspan="2" | 10·00 !! width="64px" colspan="2" | 100·00 !! width="64px" colspan="2" | 10·00·00 !! width="64px" colspan="2" | 100·00·00
|-
| {{VDT|ring}} || {{VDT|P-ring|16px}} || {{VDT|cren}} || {{VDT|P-cren|16px}} || {{VDT|twee}} || {{VDT|P-twee|16px}} || {{VDT|praq}} || {{VDT|P-praq|16px}} || {{VDT|gu'c}} || {{VDT|P-gu'c|16px}} || {{VDT|mmit}} || {{VDT|P-mmit|16px}}
|-
| colspan="2" | '''ring''' || colspan="2" | '''cren''' || colspan="2" | '''twé''' || colspan="2" | '''praq''' || colspan="2" | '''ġưc''' || colspan="2" | '''mmit'''
|}

==== Examples ====
Below are a few examples of the number system in actual use, as well as a comparison of the long and short forms in the final part separated by a slash.

* 37 {{small|(Base 10)}} → 45 {{small|(Base 8)}} → {{VDT|P-bo'|6px}}{{VDT|P-vuu|6px}} → {{VDT|37|12px}} / {{VDT|bo'|12px}}{{VDT|vuu|12px}}
** In this example, the resultant character has some elements combined to reduce strokes and redundancy.

* 8,763 {{small|(Base 10)}} → 210·73 {{small|(Base 8)}} → {{VDT|P-ay|6px}}{{VDT|P-mo't|6px}}{{VDT|P-ring|6px}}{{VDT|1Dot|6px}}{{VDT|P-qo'|6px}}{{VDT|P-dhaang|6px}} / {{VDT|ay|12px}}{{VDT|mo't|12px}}{{VDT|ring|12px}}{{VDT|1Dot|6px}}{{VDT|qo'|12px}}{{VDT|dhaang|12px}}
** Use of the full characters gets quite unwieldy with large numbers. As such, one does not tend to see it.

* 4,097 {{small|(Base 10)}} → 100·01 {{small|(Base 8)}} → {{VDT|P-cren|6px}}{{VDT|1Dot|6px}}{{VDT|P-ring|6px}}{{VDT|P-mo't|6px}} or {{VDT|P-mo't|6px}}{{VDT|P-ring|6px}}{{VDT|P-ring|6px}}{{VDT|1Dot|6px}}{{VDT|P-ring|6px}}{{VDT|P-mo't|6px}}
** In this example, the character '''cren''' is used to abbreviate a 1 with two 0s, since it had been used as 100 (or 64 in Base 10) in the older system. Now, these characters are only used as part of shorthand since they have been obsoleted by the advent of the current place value system.

[[Category:Conscripts]]
[[Category:Thirty7]]

Vingdagese/Conscript

2021-08-15T07:18:59Z

Thirty7: Created page with "== Writing & Script == Each character written in Vưng-Ḍác Tǫ consists of two components. The first element is the Logogram and it serves to differentiate characters that..."

== Writing & Script ==
Each character written in Vưng-Ḍác Tǫ consists of two components. The first element is the Logogram and it serves to differentiate characters that mean different things, refer to different parts of speech or to give a clue to the meaning of the word. Here, logogram is used loosely and simply felt like a good word to describe the purpose of that portion of a character. A complete list of the possible logograms used in Vưng-Ḍác Tǫ is not feasible as there isn't a discreet number of them, and they have the most variation among them. Also, some of the logograms are indeed identical in appearance (if not function) to the second part of Vingdagese written characters. The second in each is a Phonogram. Phonograms '''do''' belong to a finite group, that describe a portion of the basic syllables possible in Vingdagese. Keep in mind that phonograms represent an older, simpler, version of the possible compliments of syllables. They do '''not''' include any consonant clusters, final consonants, non-cardinal vowels or diphthongs. All of that phonological information is conveyed in the combination of the Phonogram and Logogram portions toghether. Phonograms alone are not sufficient for proper pronunciation.

=== Phonograms ===
The primary function of phonograms in the written language of Vingdagese is to establish a general range of possible ways in which the character could be pronounced. At one time, the language was a syllabary and was written exclusively with these phonograms (though some of them have changed form since then). However, a vast array of homophones and ambiguity began to exist in the written language... especially as the spoken language changed to add more variety in the ways that syllables were constructed. As such, additional components were added to lower ambiguity in the usage of characters. From that point on, there were two parts to each character, and the relationship between written phonogram and spoken syllable have greatly diverged. This has primarily occurred with respect to the exact vowel used, initial clusters and in coda consonants. Now, though, it does serve as a useful tool to organize characters alphabetize and also to roughly group similar sounding characters together.

{| class = "wikitable" style="text-align:center; border: none; background: none;"
| style="border: none; background: none;" |  
! colspan="14" | Cardinal Consonant
|-
! width="64px" | Vowel !! width="24px" | ’ !! width="24px" | Ḅ !! width="24px" | C !! width="24px" | Ḍ !! width="24px" | Dh !! width="24px" | G̣ !! width="24px" | T !! width="24px" | M !! width="24px" | N !! width="24px" | Ng !! width="24px" | P !! width="24px" | R !! width="24px" | J !! width="24px" | V
|-
! A
| {{VDT|P-a|16px}} || {{VDT|P-ba|16px}} || {{VDT|P-ca|16px}} || {{VDT|P-da|16px}} || {{VDT|P-dha|16px}} || {{VDT|P-ga|16px}} || {{VDT|P-ta|16px}} || {{VDT|P-ma|16px}} || {{VDT|P-na|16px}} || {{VDT|P-nga|16px}} || {{VDT|P-pa|16px}} || {{VDT|P-ra|16px}} || {{VDT|P-ja|16px}} || {{VDT|P-va|16px}}
|-
! I
| {{VDT|P-i|16px}} || {{VDT|P-bi|16px}} || {{VDT|P-ci|16px}} || {{VDT|P-di|16px}} || {{VDT|P-dhi|16px}} || {{VDT|P-gi|16px}} || {{VDT|P-ti|16px}} || {{VDT|P-mi|16px}} || {{VDT|P-ni|16px}} || {{VDT|P-ngi|16px}} || {{VDT|P-pi|16px}} || {{VDT|P-ri|16px}} || {{VDT|P-ji|16px}} || {{VDT|P-vi|16px}}
|-
! O
| {{VDT|P-o|16px}} || {{VDT|P-bo|16px}} || {{VDT|P-qo|16px}} || {{VDT|P-do|16px}} || {{VDT|P-dho|16px}} || {{VDT|P-go|16px}} || {{VDT|P-to|16px}} || {{VDT|P-mo|16px}} || {{VDT|P-no|16px}} || {{VDT|P-ngo|16px}} || {{VDT|P-po|16px}} || {{VDT|P-ro|16px}} || {{VDT|P-jo|16px}} || {{VDT|P-vo|16px}}
|}

=== Characters ===
:—''For a chart of characters in Vưng-Ḍác Tǫ including unique phonograms, see: [[/Characters|Characters]]''

=== Writing ===
For the most part, strokes in written Vingdagese are in a similar order as to what they would be in Chinese, or what is presumed to be the stroke order in written Tangut. However, there are some notable exceptions. One such exception is that of the "square" (three of which make up the phonogram '''ca'''). In Chinese, each square would be written with three strokes, starting with the left, then the top and right sides forming an L-like shape with an uptick on the tail and finishing it off with the bottom stroke. However, in Vingdagese, it is written with only two strokes (one for the left and bottom and the other for the top and rightmost sides, with the omission of any uptick on the rightmost stroke).

Another notable feature is the fact that many of the grammatical components of the language are written with a single phonogram instead of an entire character. In those situations, a middle dot is used to substitute what would have been the rest of the character and also to highlight that it isn't a full two-sided character. This dot is omitted in casual or quick writing, but is visually distinctive in a more formal hand.

=== Numbers ===
Numbers in Vingdagese can be written formally or informally. In the formal method, the phonogram is included in each character which increases the stroke count significantly. However, they can also be written in their "short" forms which correspond in number to the number of strokes that are in the glyph and include solely the base form of the logogram that appears in the formal version. It is far more common to see the numbers written in their short versions. However, this version also has some forms that are identical to certain phonograms, but are pronounced differently when used as a number. The following table shows the pronunciation, value, short and formal forms of each character. Also of note is that Vingdagese uses an octal counting system in which the numbers 1-7 are the only ones used, and the character for 8 is actually a shorthand for 10. Place value has been used with these numbers for a number of years now, instead of a more archaic system where it was more like Roman numerals and there were other glyphs that served for 64 (8²), 512 (8³), etc. In the following table, the first character shown below each number is the long form, and the second is the short form.

Numbers are also grouped differently than in the standard Western Base 10 system. In the Western world, numbers are grouped by every three zeroes (or in other words, by the thousand). However, by the Ving, they are instead grouped by every two zeroes, or by the hundred. This means that one thousand (1,000) is spoken about as ten-hundred (10·00), etc. However, should there be a single digit that would be placed in the next grouping as in {{red*}}1·00·00, it would instead be written without the first separator as: 100·00.

(This also may make it a bit easier to identify in which base a number is being expressed, as the middle dot will be used often with octal notation and Base 10 numbers will still feature the comma.)

{| class = "wikitable" style="text-align:center;"
! width="64px" colspan="2" | One (1) !! width="64px" colspan="2" | Two (2) !! width="64px" colspan="2" | Three (3) !! width="64px" colspan="2" | Four (4) !! width="64px" colspan="2" | Five (5) !! width="64px" colspan="2" | Six (6) !! width="64px" colspan="2" | Seven (7) !! width="64px" colspan="2" | Eight (10)
|-
| {{VDT|mo't}} || {{VDT|P-mo't|16px}} || {{VDT|ay}} || {{VDT|P-ay|16px}} || {{VDT|dhaang}} || {{VDT|P-dhaang|16px}} || {{VDT|bo'}} || {{VDT|P-bo'|16px}} || {{VDT|vuu}} || {{VDT|P-vuu|16px}} || {{VDT|nnem}} || {{VDT|P-nnem|16px}} || {{VDT|qo'}} || {{VDT|P-qo'|16px}} || {{VDT|bej}} || {{VDT|P-bej|16px}}
|-
| colspan="2" | '''mơt''' || colspan="2" | '''ay''' || colspan="2" | '''dháng''' || colspan="2" | '''ḅơ''' || colspan="2" | '''vú''' || colspan="2" | '''nnem''' || colspan="2" | '''qơ''' || colspan="2" | '''ḅegh'''
|}

{| class = "wikitable" style="text-align:center;"
! width="64px" colspan="2" | Zero (0) !! width="64px" colspan="2" | 100 !! width="64px" colspan="2" | 10·00 !! width="64px" colspan="2" | 100·00 !! width="64px" colspan="2" | 10·00·00 !! width="64px" colspan="2" | 100·00·00
|-
| {{VDT|ring}} || {{VDT|P-ring|16px}} || {{VDT|cren}} || {{VDT|P-cren|16px}} || {{VDT|twee}} || {{VDT|P-twee|16px}} || {{VDT|praq}} || {{VDT|P-praq|16px}} || {{VDT|gu'c}} || {{VDT|P-gu'c|16px}} || {{VDT|mmit}} || {{VDT|P-mmit|16px}}
|-
| colspan="2" | '''ring''' || colspan="2" | '''cren''' || colspan="2" | '''twé''' || colspan="2" | '''praq''' || colspan="2" | '''ġưc''' || colspan="2" | '''mmit'''
|}

==== Examples ====
Below are a few examples of the number system in actual use, as well as a comparison of the long and short forms in the final part separated by a slash.

* 37 {{small|(Base 10)}} → 45 {{small|(Base 8)}} → {{VDT|P-bo'|6px}}{{VDT|P-vuu|6px}} → {{VDT|37|12px}} / {{VDT|bo'|12px}}{{VDT|vuu|12px}}
** In this example, the resultant character has some elements combined to reduce strokes and redundancy.

* 8,763 {{small|(Base 10)}} → 210·73 {{small|(Base 8)}} → {{VDT|P-ay|6px}}{{VDT|P-mo't|6px}}{{VDT|P-ring|6px}}{{VDT|1Dot|6px}}{{VDT|P-qo'|6px}}{{VDT|P-dhaang|6px}} / {{VDT|ay|12px}}{{VDT|mo't|12px}}{{VDT|ring|12px}}{{VDT|1Dot|6px}}{{VDT|qo'|12px}}{{VDT|dhaang|12px}}
** Use of the full characters gets quite unwieldy with large numbers. As such, one does not tend to see it.

* 4,097 {{small|(Base 10)}} → 100·01 {{small|(Base 8)}} → {{VDT|P-cren|6px}}{{VDT|1Dot|6px}}{{VDT|P-ring|6px}}{{VDT|P-mo't|6px}} or {{VDT|P-mo't|6px}}{{VDT|P-ring|6px}}{{VDT|P-ring|6px}}{{VDT|1Dot|6px}}{{VDT|P-ring|6px}}{{VDT|P-mo't|6px}}
** In this example, the character '''cren''' is used to abbreviate a 1 with two 0s, since it had been used as 100 (or 64 in Base 10) in the older system. Now, these characters are only used as part of shorthand since they have been obsoleted by the advent of the current place value system.

[[Category:Conscripts]]
[[Category:Thirty7]]

File:Forum Banner.png

2021-01-05T22:23:46Z

Thirty7: Category:Thirty7 Images

[[Category:Thirty7 Images]]

File:Lja'aditç.png

2021-01-04T11:50:42Z

Thirty7: Category: Thirty7 Images

[[Category: Thirty7 Images]]

File:LJD-Bison.png

2021-01-01T11:47:55Z

Thirty7:

[[category:Thirty7 Images]]

File:LJD-Bison.png

2021-01-01T11:47:33Z

Thirty7: category:thirty7 images

[[category:thirty7 images]]

User:Thirty7/Sandbox V

2020-09-18T07:30:09Z

Thirty7:

==Gnutzish Testing==
{{GNU|ng}}{{GNU|u}}{{GNU|c}}{{GNU|w}}{{GNU|i}}{{GNU|kh}}

User:Thirty7/Sandbox V

2020-09-18T07:28:13Z

Thirty7:

==Gnutzish Testing==
{{GNU|ng}}{{GNU|u}}{{GNU|c}}{{GNU|w}}{{GNU|i}}{{GNU|kh}}

==Table Testing==
{| class="wikitable"
| width="128px" style="text-align: right;"| This text box. And lots of other stuff!
| width="128px" style="text-align: left;"|That text box.
|}

Vingdagese

2020-09-03T08:14:43Z

Thirty7: /* Perfective vs. Imperfective */

__NOTOC__
{{SCBar|name=Vưng-Ḍác Tǫ|#Grammar{{!}}Grammar|/Lexicon{{!}}Lexicon|#Writing & Script{{!}}Writing & Script|:Category:Vingdagese Images{{!}}''Image Category''|:Category:Vingdagese Characters{{!}}''Character Category''|:Category:Vingdagese Phonograms{{!}}''Phonogram Category''}}
{{/Infobox}}

== Phonology ==
'''Vưng-Ḍác Tǫ''' ({{VDT|ving|12px}}{{VDT|daac|12px}}{{VDT|to^|12px}}) has 17 distinct consonants in its inventory (with a bit of allophony) and has 15 vowel phonemes. The vowel space is divided into 3 groups, namely: the a-group, i-group, and the o-group. This gives '''Vưng-Ḍác Tǫ''' a rather large range of possible syllables despite the fact that clusters are limited and most words are only one syllable in length with a smattering of two syllable compounds.

=== Consonants ===
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; border: none; background: none;"
| colspan="2" style="border: none; background: none;" |  
! width="125px" | Labial !! width="125px" | Coronal !! width="125px" | Dorsal !! width="125px" | Laryngeal
|-
! width="95px" rowspan="2" | Nasal
! {{small|Short}}
| '''m''' /m/ || '''n''' /n/ || '''ng''' /ŋ/ ||  
|-
! {{small|Long}}
| '''mm''' /mː/ || '''nn''' /nː/ || '''nng''' /ŋː/ ||  
|-
! colspan="2" | Plosive
| '''p''' /p/ ~ [b] || '''t''' /t/ ~ [d] || '''c''' ('''q''') /k/ ~ [ɡ; q] || '''Ø''' ('''’'''; '''q''') /ʔ/ ~ [q]
|-
! colspan="2" | Implosive
| '''ḅ''' /ɓ/ || '''ḍ''' /ɗ/ || '''ġ''' /ɠ/ ||  
|-
! colspan="2" | Fricative
| '''v''' ('''w''') /v/ ~ [w] || '''dh''' /ð/ || '''j''' ('''gh'''; '''g''') /ʝ/ ~ [ɣ; ɡ] ||  
|-
! colspan="2" | Rhotic
| || '''r''' /r/ ~ [ɾ] || ||
|}

=== Vowels ===
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; border: none; background: none;"
| style="border: none; background: none;" |  
! width="99px" | Plain !! width="99px" | Lax !! width="99px" | Long !! width="99px" | Nasal !! width="100px" | Diphthong
|-
! width="125px" | A-Group
| '''a''' /a/ || '''e''' /ɛ/ ~ [ə] || '''á''' ('''aa''') /aː/ || '''ą''' /ã/ || '''ay''' /aɪ̯/
|-
! I-Group
| '''i''' /i/ || '''ư''' /ɪ/ || '''é''' ('''ee''') /eː/ || '''į''' /ĩ/ || '''ya''' /ɪə̯/ ~ [iː]
|-
! O-Group
| '''o''' /o/ || '''ơ''' /ɔ/ || '''ú''' ('''uu''') /uː/ || '''ǫ''' /õ/ || '''oy''' /ɔɪ̯/ ~ [oɪ̯]
|}

=== Phonotactics ===
The general description of the syllable unit in '''Vưng-Ḍác Tǫ''' is the following: C(r, w)V(P, N, F). There are, of course, some provisos that go along with that generic description. Many of the constraints and other changes to that basic structure are described in the following section on [[#Allophony|allophony]].

=== Allophony ===
Some general allophonic rules (as well as mentions of orhography in the romanization):
* If /k/ appears in a syllable directly before a vowel belonging to the o-group, it becomes [q] (and is written as such; this process is blocked by an intervening consonant).
* If a glottal stop ends a syllable, it becomes [q] and is written as such.
**Therefore, if a syllable ends in '''q''' it came from a glottal stop, however if it begins a syllable it came from /k/.
* Long nasal consonants cannot form clusters, nor can they occur in the coda of a syllable.
* Neither implosive consonants nor the glottal stop can form consonant clusters.
* When initial, the rhotic is trilled, when it appears in consonant clusters it is tapped.
* The consonant /ʝ/ has a good amount of allophony associated with it (each with requisite spelling changes in the Romanization):
** When it appears as a final, it moves to a velar realization, namely: [ɣ].
** As an initial and followed by /ɾ/ it undergoes fortition to [ɡɾ].
** However, if followed by /w/ it instead, becomes [ɡw].
* If a vowel would begin a syllable, it instead begins with [ʔ], which is unwritten.
* When /ɛ/ is in the final position of a syllable, it centralizes to a shcwa: [ə].
* If a glottal stop begins the second syllable in a two syllable compound, the consonant is written as an apostrophe.
* Stops that appear in the coda of a syllable are voiced, however the spelling isn't changed (the /ʔ/ → /q/ situation being an exception).
* The o-group's diphthong's two realizations are in free variation and depend on the speaker.
* Some speakers pronounce the i-group diphthong ('''ya''') as [iː] rather than [ɪə̯]. The two are not conditioned variants and are in free variation.

Another allophonic variation occurs in two-syllable compound words (such as the language's name). Whenever an implosive appears second in one of these two-syllable compounds, it laxes the vowel in the first position of the compound if it is a plain vowel and de-lengthens a long vowel to its plain equivalent.

== Grammar ==
Vingdagese has a rather simple grammar in which there are few exceptions to rules, and essentially no morphology. Instead, it uses particles, and noun- and verb- compounding to express more complex structures. Possession is somewhat of an exception in that there are two methods to express it, with one only being used if the animacy hierarchy must be violated. Vingdagese, as the previous statement would imply, also has a hierarchy with regard to animacy. This means an obviative particle exists to de-rank nouns, as well as a direct-inverse structure to its clauses.

Another feature of the language is the use of a small system of noun classifiers when a number of demonstrative is used with a noun. These also come into play as a form of noun replacement when a noun has already been referred to an exchange. This enables a sort of verbal shorthand to be used.

=== Pronouns ===
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; border: none; background: none;"
| style="border: none; background: none;" colspan="2" |  
! colspan="4" | Number
|-
! width="125px" colspan="2" | Person
! Singular !! Dual !! Paucal !! Plural
|-
! rowspan="2" | First
! width="24px" | {{small|{{sc|Incl}}}}
| rowspan="2" | {{VDT|cwo'c}} '''cwơc''' ''I, me'' || {{VDT|twon}} '''twon''' ''you and me'' || {{VDT|mmu'ng}} '''mmưng''' ''you few and me'' || {{VDT|vo'}} '''vơ''' ''you ({{sc|pl}}) and me''
|-
! {{small|{{sc|Excl}}}}
| {{VDT|cwo'c}}{{VDT|P-ay|16px}} '''cwơc-ay''' ''we two'' || colspan="2" | {{VDT|qodh}} '''qodh''' ''we (few)''
|-
! colspan="2" | Second
| {{VDT|rej}} '''regh''' ''you'' || colspan="2" | {{VDT|duu}} '''ḍú''' ''you (few, two)'' || {{VDT|dhi}} '''dhi''' ''you ({{sc|pl}})''
|-
! colspan="2" | Third
| {{VDT|dhu'n}} '''dhưn''' ''he; she; they ({{sc|sg}})'' || colspan="3" | {{VDT|dhrej}} '''dhregh''' ''they (few, {{sc|pl}})''
|}

=== Classifiers===
Classifiers in Vingdagese are used whenever a number is used to refer to the quantity of an object. They can also be used as a kind of pronoun when referring to an object or idea that has been previously referenced in the context of the current conversation.

Each classifier is used as a suffix to the noun to which it refers. In some cases, this will trigger vowel laxing/shortening since a number of classifiers contain an implossive consonant. This system is much smaller than some East Asian languages' classifier (measure word) systems, and is more in line in number of items with European noun class systems.

All humans and anthropomorphized animals belong to the human class. Using a non-human classifier in reference to a person is extreme sign of disrespect or possibly disregard for that person entirely (depending on what class is chosen). All non-antrhopomorphized animals fall into the animate class. However, this class is also for things that routinely move of their own accord including rain, lakes, fire, fields of tall grass, etc. Non-animate nouns can be referred to as part of that class if something about them makes movement important. A thrown ball, for instance might be referred to that way at times. The tall class is fairly restricted. This class is for any object that is much taller or longer than it is wide. Objects such as trees, rivers, poles, mountains, deep cracks and other similar geographic features all fall into this category. However, there aren't many cases where this category is extended. The "round" classifier is perhaps the most open. Any object that isn't considered to be tall, shapeless, especially flat or alive can end up in this category. As such, the round classifier is the one most common to be generalized similarly to the Chinese classifier '''個''' ('''gè'''). Next is the flat classifier. This one is used mainly for things like tables, boards, plains, the surface of a calm lake, etc. It too is a rather restrictive class. Amorphous is the classifier that is applied to pools of water like puddles, types of liquids (esp. foods), bodily fluids, etc. And last but not least, is the category associated with every other noun that does not have a physical existence per se, this class is for ideas, thoughts, emotions, states of being, etc.

{| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;"
! style="vertical-align: bottom;" colspan="6" | Physical !! style="vertical-align: bottom;" rowspan="3" width="64px" | Abstract
|-
! style="vertical-align: bottom;" rowspan="2" width="64px" | Human !! style="vertical-align: bottom;" rowspan="2" width="64px" | Animate !! style="vertical-align: bottom;" colspan="4" width="64px" | Inanimate
|-
! style="vertical-align: bottom;" width="64px" | Tall/ Long !! style="vertical-align: bottom;" width="64px" | Round !! style="vertical-align: bottom;" width="64px" | Flat !! style="vertical-align: bottom;" width="64px" | Amorphous
|-
| {{VDT|P-ngi|16px}} '''-ngi''' || {{VDT|P-qo|16px}} '''-qo''' || {{VDT|P-gi|16px}} '''-ġi''' || {{VDT|P-go|16px}} '''-ġo''' || {{VDT|P-di|16px}} '''-ḍi''' || {{VDT|P-ba|16px}} '''-ḅa''' || {{VDT|P-bo2|16px}} '''-ḅo'''
|}
* Ḅo's phonogram, when used as a clasifier, is not the traditional symbol with an open bottom, but instead a version of it using a closed rectangle instead. This may have become common practice to make it less similar to the long-object classifier and/or animate classifier.
* As more nouns are coined, it may become necessary to revise the names/uses of these categories somewhat. At present, it seems like an okay system that should be able to handle itself. Other terms for the overarching categories may eventually be coined so that perhaps a generic "inanimate" classifier can be used. However, I don't believe that would be useful as it should simply be sorted into one of the sub-divisions.

=== Animacy Hierarchy ===
Related to classifiers, and the above chart, is the animacy hierarchy. Things can be "owned" only by those things farther left on the chart than them. So, what this means is that a thought (abstract) can't own anything through use of the {{sc|poss}} suffix, however, anything else classed on the table can own it. What this means is that should something flat need to own something round an alternate construction would need to be used to indicate that. Typically this construction will use a verb indicating possession along with the {{sc|inv}}erse marker ('''ḍưm''' {{VDT|P-du'm|6px}}).

The above hierarchy is followed also for transitive verbs. It is always assumed that an object/person higher on the hierarchy will perform the action on the object lower on the hierarchy. This is considered the direct construction. However, if the opposite is true, then the inverse marker must be appended to the verb to indicate that the hierarchy is working in reverse and the lower object is indeed the one performing the action. Should two participants in a transitive construction belong to the same rank on the hierarchy, then the object to which the action is occurring is "de-ranked" on the hierarchy by appending the {{sc|obv}}iative particle phonogram, namely, '''ti''' ({{VDT|P-ti|6px}}).

As subcategories of the "human" rank in the hierarchy, the pronouns are ranked second, first, third. Additionally, a singular object always ranks higher than a plural object.

Given the above, the full hierarchy is as follows:
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;" width="40%"
! colspan="3" | Human
| rowspan="2" width="11%" | Animate
! colspan="4" width="11%" | Inanimate
| rowspan="2" | Abstract
|-
| width="11%" | Second || width="11%x" | First || width="11%" | Third || width="11%" | Long || width="11%" | Round || width="11%" | Flat || width="11%" | Amorphous
|}
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;" width="40%"
! width="50%" | Singular || width="50%" | Plural
|}

=== Aspects ===
Vingdagese is devoid of marked tenses, and instead relies on its aspectual system to convey a good portion of meaning of the verb. Of course, there are periphrasitc ways to convey things like the past tense by stating "yesterday" or the like, but aspects are the primary system. Almost all aspects are conveyed through the use of an aspectual suffix as described in the below table (some of which, like the classifiers, will add requisite laxing/shortening to the previous vowel in the root due to the implosives). There is, however, one "suffix" that results in the complete reduplication of the verb root.

In addition to the aspects described below in the table, a verb bereft of any of the aspectual markers is considered to be in a type of general '''gnomic''' aspect; that is, stating the nature of things, or without any sense of time or the relation of the action to the passage of time or manner.

Each aspect exists in opposition to another aspect, with the exception of the Frequentative. These dualities usually focus on a particular quality that unites them, but also divides their usages. They are laid out along with their "opposite" in the table below.

{| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;"
! width="160x" height="32px" | Perfective
| width="64px" rowspan="2" | {{VDT+|P-a|-’a|16px}}
! width="160x" | Imperfective
| width="64px" rowspan="2" | {{VDT|P-ga|16px}} '''-ġa'''
|-
| height="32px" | ''Action is completed (as expected).'' || ''Action is continuous.''
|-
! height="32px" | Inchoative
| rowspan="2" height="32px" | {{VDT+|P-na|-na|16px}}
! Cessative
| rowspan="2" | {{VDT+|P-go|-ġo|16px}}
|-
| height="32px" | ''Action is about to start, or just started.'' || ''Action has just ended, or was interrupted.''
|-
! height="32px" | Progressive
| rowspan="2" height="32px" | {{VDT+|P-no|-no|16px}}
! Momentane
| rowspan="2" | {{VDT+|P-dho|-dho|16px}}
|-
| height="32px" | ''Action is on-going (toward completion).'' || ''Action occurs once, over a negligible time.''
|-
! height="32px" | Frequentative
| rowspan="2" height="32px" | {{VDT+|P-2x|{{sc|Redupl}}|16px}}
|-
| height="32px" | ''Action occurs many times; often.''
|}

There is also an emphatic particle that is related to, but not mutually exclusive with, any of the above aspects that marks explicit and often forceful intention of the action that it modifies. This marker is '''ḅi''' ({{VDT|P-bi|6px}}).

==== Perfective vs. Imperfective ====
The duality here is whether the action is completed (or even complete-''able'' in the first place). An action in the perfective aspect is one with a natural end-point and has reached that logical endpoint. On the other hand, actions in the imperfective express either that there is no natural endpoint for that action, or that such an endpoint is not going to be reached. Actions such as "going for a walk" are actions that are imperfective as there is no normal endpoint until the person stops walking.

==== Inchoative vs. Cessative ====
Here the central focus is on the beginning and end of an action. Where the perfective expresses an action that ended as expected, the Cessative is used most often when an action is stopped abrubtly, especially with actions that do have a natural endpoint that simply hasn't been reached due to interruption. Inchoative aspect is used to express the nature of "about to..." or "has just begun to..." No sense of premature beginning is implied, contrary to the other half of this pair.

==== Progressive vs. Momentane ====
This duality centers around the nature of the action's completion with relation to its endpoint. A progressive action is one in which the action moves more and more toward completion the longer it is performed. Painting (esp. a discrete object) is a good example of a time to use the progressive. However, the momentane aspect is used when the entirety of the action is its own completion. Striking a bell, or punching a wall would both be momentane, as the entirety of the action is accomplished before any sense of progress could be ascertained.

==== Frequentative ====
This is the only aspect without a partner, and the only aspect that is expressed as a changing suffix. Reduplication is used here to express the on-going nature of the event. Something in the frequentative happens over and over and over. Habitual actions could be described this way, as well as performing the same action continuously, one right after the next. This is distinguished from the progressive as no notable progress is made toward a foreseeable goal or endpoint. Hitting someone again and again and again could be frequentative; however, "hitting someone until they are unconscious," may be a better fit for the progressive aspect as there is a goal and natural endpoint of the action.

=== Examples ===
In the following, {{sc|intf}} signifies an "intensifier" which makes what it modifies more impactful.

{{VDT|duuj|24px}}{{VDT|P-ca|12px}}{{VDT|to^|24px}}{{VDT|P-2x|12px}}{{VDT|P-ga|12px}}{{VDT|cwo'c|24px}}{{VDT|ni|24px}}{{VDT|pra^|24px}}{{VDT|tre|24px}}{{VDT|cwo'c|24px}}{{VDT|3Dots|12px}}
{{gl|Ḍúgh-ca|'''/''' ɗuːʝ.ka|ḍúgh-ca|{{sc|neg}}-{{sc|intf}}}}
{{gl|tǫtǫ-ġa|tõ.tõ.ɠa|tǫ~{{sc|redupl}}-ġa|to speak~{{sc|freq}}-{{sc|imp}}}}
{{gl|cwơc|kwɔɡ|cwơc|1SG}}
{{gl|ni|ni|ni|or}}
{{gl|prą-tre|pɾã.tɾɛ|prą-tre|son-{{sc|poss}}}}
{{gl|cwơc.|kwɔɡ '''/'''|cwơc|1SG}}
{{glend|Don't (keep) speak(ing) to me or my son (again)!}}

{{VDT|cwo'c|24px}}{{VDT|eem|24px}}{{VDT|P-ca|12px}}{{VDT|P-vuu|12px}}{{VDT|pwo'|24px}}{{VDT|P-qo|12px}}{{VDT|3Dots|12px}}
{{gl|Cwơc|'''/''' kwɔɡ|cwơc|1SG}}
{{gl|ém-ca|eːm.ca|ém-ca|to see-{{sc|intf}}}}
{{gl|vú|vuː|vú|five}}
{{gl|pwơqo.|pwɔ.qo '''/'''|pwơ-qo|wolf-{{sc|clf.anim}}}}
{{glend|I stare (am staring) at five wolves.}}

== Writing & Script ==
Each character written in Vưng-Ḍác Tǫ consists of two components. The first element is the Logogram and it serves to differentiate characters that mean different things, refer to different parts of speech or to give a clue to the meaning of the word. Here, logogram is used loosely and simply felt like a good word to describe the purpose of that portion of a character. A complete list of the possible logograms used in Vưng-Ḍác Tǫ is not feasible as there isn't a discreet number of them, and they have the most variation among them. Also, some of the logograms are indeed identical in appearance (if not function) to the second part of Vingdagese written characters. The second in each is a Phonogram. Phonograms '''do''' belong to a finite group, that describe a portion of the basic syllables possible in Vingdagese. Keep in mind that phonograms represent an older, simpler, version of the possible compliments of syllables. They do '''not''' include any consonant clusters, final consonants, non-cardinal vowels or diphthongs. All of that phonological information is conveyed in the combination of the Phonogram and Logogram portions toghether. Phonograms alone are not sufficient for proper pronunciation.

=== Phonograms ===
The primary function of phonograms in the written language of Vingdagese is to establish a general range of possible ways in which the character could be pronounced. At one time, the language was a syllabary and was written exclusively with these phonograms (though some of them have changed form since then). However, a vast array of homophones and ambiguity began to exist in the written language... especially as the spoken language changed to add more variety in the ways that syllables were constructed. As such, additional components were added to lower ambiguity in the usage of characters. From that point on, there were two parts to each character, and the relationship between written phonogram and spoken syllable have greatly diverged. This has primarily occurred with respect to the exact vowel used, initial clusters and in coda consonants. Now, though, it does serve as a useful tool to organize characters alphabetize and also to roughly group similar sounding characters together.

{| class = "wikitable" style="text-align:center; border: none; background: none;"
| style="border: none; background: none;" |  
! colspan="14" | Cardinal Consonant
|-
! width="64px" | Vowel !! width="24px" | ’ !! width="24px" | Ḅ !! width="24px" | C !! width="24px" | Ḍ !! width="24px" | Dh !! width="24px" | G̣ !! width="24px" | T !! width="24px" | M !! width="24px" | N !! width="24px" | Ng !! width="24px" | P !! width="24px" | R !! width="24px" | J !! width="24px" | V
|-
! A
| {{VDT|P-a|16px}} || {{VDT|P-ba|16px}} || {{VDT|P-ca|16px}} || {{VDT|P-da|16px}} || {{VDT|P-dha|16px}} || {{VDT|P-ga|16px}} || {{VDT|P-ta|16px}} || {{VDT|P-ma|16px}} || {{VDT|P-na|16px}} || {{VDT|P-nga|16px}} || {{VDT|P-pa|16px}} || {{VDT|P-ra|16px}} || {{VDT|P-ja|16px}} || {{VDT|P-va|16px}}
|-
! I
| {{VDT|P-i|16px}} || {{VDT|P-bi|16px}} || {{VDT|P-ci|16px}} || {{VDT|P-di|16px}} || {{VDT|P-dhi|16px}} || {{VDT|P-gi|16px}} || {{VDT|P-ti|16px}} || {{VDT|P-mi|16px}} || {{VDT|P-ni|16px}} || {{VDT|P-ngi|16px}} || {{VDT|P-pi|16px}} || {{VDT|P-ri|16px}} || {{VDT|P-ji|16px}} || {{VDT|P-vi|16px}}
|-
! O
| {{VDT|P-o|16px}} || {{VDT|P-bo|16px}} || {{VDT|P-qo|16px}} || {{VDT|P-do|16px}} || {{VDT|P-dho|16px}} || {{VDT|P-go|16px}} || {{VDT|P-to|16px}} || {{VDT|P-mo|16px}} || {{VDT|P-no|16px}} || {{VDT|P-ngo|16px}} || {{VDT|P-po|16px}} || {{VDT|P-ro|16px}} || {{VDT|P-jo|16px}} || {{VDT|P-vo|16px}}
|}

=== Characters ===
:—''For a chart of characters in Vưng-Ḍác Tǫ including unique phonograms, see: [[/Characters|Characters]]''

=== Writing ===
For the most part, strokes in written Vingdagese are in a similar order as to what they would be in Chinese, or what is presumed to be the stroke order in written Tangut. However, there are some notable exceptions. One such exception is that of the "square" (three of which make up the phonogram '''ca'''). In Chinese, each square would be written with three strokes, starting with the left, then the top and right sides forming an L-like shape with an uptick on the tail and finishing it off with the bottom stroke. However, in Vingdagese, it is written with only two strokes (one for the left and bottom and the other for the top and rightmost sides, with the omission of any uptick on the rightmost stroke).

Another notable feature is the fact that many of the grammatical components of the language are written with a single phonogram instead of an entire character. In those situations, a middle dot is used to substitute what would have been the rest of the character and also to highlight that it isn't a full two-sided character. This dot is omitted in casual or quick writing, but is visually distinctive in a more formal hand.

=== Numbers ===
Numbers in Vingdagese can be written formally or informally. In the formal method, the phonogram is included in each character which increases the stroke count significantly. However, they can also be written in their "short" forms which correspond in number to the number of strokes that are in the glyph and include solely the base form of the logogram that appears in the formal version. It is far more common to see the numbers written in their short versions. However, this version also has some forms that are identical to certain phonograms, but are pronounced differently when used as a number. The following table shows the pronunciation, value, short and formal forms of each character. Also of note is that Vingdagese uses an octal counting system in which the numbers 1-7 are the only ones used, and the character for 8 is actually a shorthand for 10. Place value has been used with these numbers for a number of years now, instead of a more archaic system where it was more like Roman numerals and there were other glyphs that served for 64 (8²), 512 (8³), etc. In the following table, the first character shown below each number is the long form, and the second is the short form.

Numbers are also grouped differently than in the standard Western Base 10 system. In the Western world, numbers are grouped by every three zeroes (or in other words, by the thousand). However, by the Ving, they are instead grouped by every two zeroes, or by the hundred. This means that one thousand (1,000) is spoken about as ten-hundred (10·00), etc. However, should there be a single digit that would be placed in the next grouping as in {{red*}}1·00·00, it would instead be written without the first separator as: 100·00.

(This also may make it a bit easier to identify in which base a number is being expressed, as the middle dot will be used often with octal notation and Base 10 numbers will still feature the comma.)

{| class = "wikitable" style="text-align:center;"
! width="64px" colspan="2" | One (1) !! width="64px" colspan="2" | Two (2) !! width="64px" colspan="2" | Three (3) !! width="64px" colspan="2" | Four (4) !! width="64px" colspan="2" | Five (5) !! width="64px" colspan="2" | Six (6) !! width="64px" colspan="2" | Seven (7) !! width="64px" colspan="2" | Eight (10)
|-
| {{VDT|mo't}} || {{VDT|P-mo't|16px}} || {{VDT|ay}} || {{VDT|P-ay|16px}} || {{VDT|dhaang}} || {{VDT|P-dhaang|16px}} || {{VDT|bo'}} || {{VDT|P-bo'|16px}} || {{VDT|vuu}} || {{VDT|P-vuu|16px}} || {{VDT|nnem}} || {{VDT|P-nnem|16px}} || {{VDT|qo'}} || {{VDT|P-qo'|16px}} || {{VDT|bej}} || {{VDT|P-bej|16px}}
|-
| colspan="2" | '''mơt''' || colspan="2" | '''ay''' || colspan="2" | '''dháng''' || colspan="2" | '''ḅơ''' || colspan="2" | '''vú''' || colspan="2" | '''nnem''' || colspan="2" | '''qơ''' || colspan="2" | '''ḅegh'''
|}

{| class = "wikitable" style="text-align:center;"
! width="64px" colspan="2" | Zero (0) !! width="64px" colspan="2" | 100 !! width="64px" colspan="2" | 10·00 !! width="64px" colspan="2" | 100·00 !! width="64px" colspan="2" | 10·00·00 !! width="64px" colspan="2" | 100·00·00
|-
| {{VDT|ring}} || {{VDT|P-ring|16px}} || {{VDT|cren}} || {{VDT|P-cren|16px}} || {{VDT|twee}} || {{VDT|P-twee|16px}} || {{VDT|praq}} || {{VDT|P-praq|16px}} || {{VDT|gu'c}} || {{VDT|P-gu'c|16px}} || {{VDT|mmit}} || {{VDT|P-mmit|16px}}
|-
| colspan="2" | '''ring''' || colspan="2" | '''cren''' || colspan="2" | '''twé''' || colspan="2" | '''praq''' || colspan="2" | '''ġưc''' || colspan="2" | '''mmit'''
|}

==== Examples ====
Below are a few examples of the number system in actual use, as well as a comparison of the long and short forms in the final part separated by a slash.

* 37 {{small|(Base 10)}} → 45 {{small|(Base 8)}} → {{VDT|P-bo'|6px}}{{VDT|P-vuu|6px}} → {{VDT|37|12px}} / {{VDT|bo'|12px}}{{VDT|vuu|12px}}
** In this example, the resultant character has some elements combined to reduce strokes and redundancy.

* 8,763 {{small|(Base 10)}} → 210·73 {{small|(Base 8)}} → {{VDT|P-ay|6px}}{{VDT|P-mo't|6px}}{{VDT|P-ring|6px}}{{VDT|1Dot|6px}}{{VDT|P-qo'|6px}}{{VDT|P-dhaang|6px}} / {{VDT|ay|12px}}{{VDT|mo't|12px}}{{VDT|ring|12px}}{{VDT|1Dot|6px}}{{VDT|qo'|12px}}{{VDT|dhaang|12px}}
** Use of the full characters gets quite unwieldy with large numbers. As such, one does not tend to see it.

* 4,097 {{small|(Base 10)}} → 100·01 {{small|(Base 8)}} → {{VDT|P-cren|6px}}{{VDT|1Dot|6px}}{{VDT|P-ring|6px}}{{VDT|P-mo't|6px}} or {{VDT|P-mo't|6px}}{{VDT|P-ring|6px}}{{VDT|P-ring|6px}}{{VDT|1Dot|6px}}{{VDT|P-ring|6px}}{{VDT|P-mo't|6px}}
** In this example, the character '''cren''' is used to abbreviate a 1 with two 0s, since it had been used as 100 (or 64 in Base 10) in the older system. Now, these characters are only used as part of shorthand since they have been obsoleted by the advent of the current place value system.

== Lexicon ==
:—''For the current list of words in Vưng-Ḍác Tǫ, see: [[/Lexicon|Lexicon]].''

== Creator Comments==
'''Vưng-Ḍác Tǫ''' is a language whose script is inspired by the real-world design of Tangut. This language is spoken by peoples living on the world of [[Carnassus]]. It too is believed to be an isolate, like the majority of the languages spoken on Carnassus.

This language began life with working with the [[Wikipedia:Tangut script|Tangut script]]. Obviously, as this type of thing so often does, it inspired me to want to make a language to match. The obstacle, however, was how does one use such a complex stroke-heavy written script like Tangut in such a way that it begins to look unique, yet keeps the aesthetic? This is still a problem as the script and language develop, however it is not an insurmountable one. At present, I have ripped apart many Tangut characters into some base parts and components and have begun to stitch them back together again. Generally, this consists of the creation of two parts that are composed of chunks of the 3-part Tangut characters and then placed back together in such a way as to create a 2-part character. As is clear in the above chart, each character has a pretty distinct left- and right-half. As to what those will mean or how the script will ultimately function is still somewhat debatable. I am beginning to think that one aspect will have to do with the meaning in some way, while the other the sound, but this would take a great deal of coordination and logical organization of the constituent pieces. Maybe this will begin to develop as characters are chosen for disparate meanings and then later I can glue things together logically to make this system look more cohesive as it goes. Another key feature was the addition of some pieced together elements to make it look just a bit more "Chinese." One of the aspects of that aim is the "square" as well as the "hat" glyph form.

[[Category:Thirty7]]
[[Category:A posteriori conlangs]]

File:Flag Suggestion.png

2020-07-12T20:33:39Z

Thirty7: Category:Thirty7 Inages

[[Category:Thirty7 Inages]]

File:Twugh Puzaang Wi-sm.png

2020-03-31T12:38:34Z

Thirty7:

[[Category:Thirty7 Images]]

File:Twugh Puzaang Wi-sm.png

2020-03-29T09:41:54Z

Thirty7: Thirty7 uploaded a new version of File:Twugh Puzaang Wi-sm.png

File:Twugh Puzaang Wi-sm.png

2020-03-29T09:39:06Z

Thirty7: Thirty7 moved page File:Twogh Bhozaang Wo-sm.png to File:Twugh Puzaang Wi-sm.png without leaving a redirect

File:Twugh Puzaang Wi-sm.png

2020-03-28T11:06:09Z

Thirty7:

User:Thirty7/Sandbox I

2020-01-11T09:33:14Z

Thirty7: /* Vingdagese Phrases */

{{TOCright}}

== Vingdagese Phrases ==
The majority of the following will be unmodified for corrections as things change. They exist here almost solely as an easy-ish way to ensure that I upload new characters that are coined and as a decent way to post things in various translation and chat threads on the CBB. As such, without further ado:

{{VDT|cwo'c}}{{VDT|duuj}}{{VDT|trit}}{{VDT|vee}}{{VDT|qon}}{{VDT|crip}}{{VDT|vwo'}}{{VDT|P-ay|16px}}{{VDT|1Dot|16px}}{{VDT|o'c}}{{VDT|P-go|16px}}{{VDT|-L|16px}}{{VDT|P-ti|16px}}{{VDT|P-ri|16px}}{{VDT|P-vi|16px}}{{VDT|P-ji|16px}}{{VDT|-R|16px}}{{VDT|aa}}{{VDT|ving}}{{VDT|daac}}{{VDT|to^}}{{VDT|3Dots|16px}}
{{gl|Cwơc|'''/''' kwɔɡ|cwơc|1SG}}
{{gl|ḍúgh|ɗuːɣ|ḍúgh|{{sc|neg}}}}
{{gl|trit|tɾid|trit|to continue to be}}
{{gl|vé|veː|vé|certain}}
{{gl|qon|qon|qon|to know how to}}
{{gl|crip|kɾib|crip|to write}}
{{gl|vwơ|vwɔ|vwơ|along}}
{{gl|ay|ʔaɪ̯|ay|two}}
{{gl|ơc-ġo|ʔɔɡ-ɠo|ơc-ġo|eye-{{sc|clsf.round}}}}
{{gl|«Tirvigh»|tiɾ.viɣ|«tiri'viji'»|"Silvish"}}
{{gl|á|ʔaː|á|into}}
{{gl|Vưng-Ḍác Tǫ.|vɪŋ.ɗaːɡ tõ '''/'''|ving-ḍác tǫ|Ving-people speech}}
{{glend|I still don't know how to transliterate "Tirvigh" (in)to Vingdagese.}}

{{VDT|cwo'c}}{{VDT|doy}}{{VDT|P-bi|16px}}{{VDT|-L|16px}}{{VDT|P-ti|16px}}{{VDT|P-ri|16px}}{{VDT|P-vi|16px}}{{VDT|P-ji|16px}}{{VDT|-R|16px}}{{VDT|gwing}}{{VDT|P-ca|16px}}{{VDT|3Dots|16px}}
{{gl|Cwơc|'''/''' kwɔɡ|cwơc|1SG}}
{{gl|ḍoy-ḅi|ɗɔɪ̯.ɓi|ḍoy-ḅi|to agree-{{sc|inten}}}}
{{gl|«Tirvigh»|tiɾ.viɣ|«tiri'viji'»|"Silvish"}}
{{gl|gwing-ca!|ɡwiŋ.ka '''/'''|gwing-ca|to be lucky-{{sc|intf}}}}
{{glend|I definitely agree, "Tirvigh" (is) cool!}}

{{VDT|cwo'c}}{{VDT|jayc}}{{VDT|P-na|16px}}{{VDT|,|16px}}{{VDT|na}}{{VDT|rej}}{{VDT|cway}}{{VDT|3Dots|16px}}
{{gl|Cwơc|'''/''' kwɔɡ|cwơc|1SG}}
{{gl|jayc-na,|ʝaɪ̯ɡ.na|jayc|to do well-{{sc|prog}}}}
{{gl|na|na|na|and}}
{{gl|regh|rɛɣ|regh|2SG}}
{{gl|cway?|kwaɪ̯ '''/'''|cway|{{sc|q}}}}
{{glend|I'm doing fine, and you?}}

{{VDT|cwo'}}{{VDT|tre}}{{VDT|dhi}}{{VDT|cway}}{{VDT|3Dots|16px}}
{{gl|Cwơ-tre|'''/''' kwɔ.tɾə|cwơ-tre|landmass-{{sc|poss}}}}
{{gl|dhi|ði|dhi|2PL}}
{{gl|cway?|kwaɪ̯ '''/'''|cway|{{sc|q}}}}
{{glend|Where are you (all) from?}}

{{VDT|ving}}{{VDT|daac}}{{VDT|to^}}{{VDT|treng}}{{VDT|P-na|16px}}{{VDT|P-du'm|16px}}{{VDT|P-mo't|16px}}{{VDT|1Dot|16px}}{{VDT|ci}}{{VDT|P-ba|16px}}{{VDT|1Dot|16px}}{{VDT|aa}}{{VDT|-L|16px}}{{VDT|nngom}}{{VDT|-R|16px}}{{VDT|3Dots|16px}}
{{gl|Vưng-Ḍác Tǫ|'''/''' vɪŋ.ɗaːɡ tõ|ving-ḍác tǫ|Ving-people speech}}
{{gl|treng-ne-ḍưm|tɾɛŋ.nə.ɗɪm|treng-na-ḍưm|to possess-{{sc|inch-inv}}}}
{{gl|mơt|mɔd|mơt|one/a}}
{{gl|cư-ḅa|kɪ.ɓa|ci-ḅa|word-{{sc|cls.amor}}}}
{{gl|á|ʔaː|á|for}}
{{gl|«nngom».|ŋːom '''/'''|«nngom»|"tree"}}
{{glend|Vingdagese just got a word for "tree."}}

{{VDT|dhu'n}}{{VDT|aang}}{{VDT|P-ga|16px}}{{VDT|1Dot|16px}}{{VDT|jayc}}{{VDT|ree}}{{VDT|dhu'n}}{{VDT|qon}}{{VDT|gwuun}}{{VDT|P-a|16px}}{{VDT|3Dots|16px}}
{{gl|Dhưn|'''/''' ðɪn|dhưn|3SG}}
{{gl|ang-ġa|aːŋ.ɠa|áng-ġa|to be likely to-{{sc|imp}}}}
{{gl|jayc|ʝaɪ̯ɡ|jayc|to be good}}
{{gl|ré|reː|ré|if}}
{{gl|dhưn|ðɪn|dhưn|3SG}}
{{gl|qon|qon|qon|to be able to}}
{{gl|gwún-’a.|ɡwuːn.ʔa '''/'''|gwún-’a|to sleep.{{sc|perf}}}}
{{glend|It would be nice if he could sleep.}}

{{VDT|jayc}}{{VDT|gwing}}{{VDT|aa}}{{VDT|cwo'c}}{{VDT|a^q}}{{VDT|tyat}}{{VDT|tre}}{{VDT|nyac}}{{VDT|'!|16px}}
{{gl|Jayc-gwing|'''/''' ʝaɪ̯ɡ.ɡwiŋ|jayc-gwing|good-fortune}}
{{gl|á|ʔaː|á|to}}
{{gl|cwơc|kwɔɡ|cwơc|1SG}}
{{gl|ąq|ʔãq|ąq|on}}
{{gl|tyat-tre|tɪə̯d.trə|tyat-tre|day-{{sc|poss}}}}
{{gl|nyac!|nɪə̯ɡ '''/'''|nyac|birth}}
{{glend|Good fortune to me on the day of birth! [Happy birthday to me!]}}

[[Category:Thirty7|*]]

User talk:Masako

2020-01-11T09:24:59Z

Thirty7:

==Category tags==
The categories that you marked "for deletion"- do you want all the included images removed? I'm hesitant to just empty them out without making absolutely sure. - [[User:Bornfor|bornfor]] 11:27 (EDT) 15 Nov 2012

: [[User:Bornfor|bornfor]], thank you for clarifying/verifying, and the answer is a resounding '''yes'''. I do '''NOT''' want/need the images for any current/future projects. [[User:Masako|masako]]

== Vingdagese ==
I finally noticed your comment over [[Talk:Vingdagese#Kudos|there]], and responded to it. Thought I would leave a line here as it isn't likely that you'd see it otherwise. :) — [[File:Pill-37.png|24px|link=User:Thirty7]] {{small|[[User talk:Thirty7|Talk]] {{dot}} [[Special:Contributions/Thirty7|Cont]]}}  01:24, 11 January 2020 (PST)

Talk:Vingdagese

2020-01-11T09:22:24Z

Thirty7: /* Kudos */

== Kudos ==

I've been watching these pages and I must confess your language, in its entirety, is massively impressive and I am intimidated by the amount of detail you have been able to add to its respective elements, i.e. script, grammar, lexicon. [[User:Masako|masako]] ([[User talk:Masako|talk]])
: Though this was posted about a year ago... I am just now noticing it! However, thanks much for the kind words. I lament the fact that I haven't worked on it in a long time, and that it is sort of lost to me ATM since the computer I have it stored on is currently inaccessible. Oh well, mayhap I will be able to rescue it in the not too distant future. — [[File:Pill-37.png|24px|link=User:Thirty7]] {{small|[[User talk:Thirty7|Talk]] {{dot}} [[Special:Contributions/Thirty7|Cont]]}}  01:22, 11 January 2020 (PST)

Vingdagese/Characters

2019-09-01T03:17:41Z

Thirty7:

== Characters ==
Characters are sorted into the below chart in alphabetically order according to their Romanizations (and the system in use on the [[Vingdagese/Lexicon|Vingdagese lexicon]] page) and then if two or more are the same, by the stroke count of the "logogram" portion of the character. Special characters and unique phonograms are shown in the second chart with a gloss or pronunciation, depending on the glyph. The chart is divided much as a chart of phonograms would be. However, remember that among the various vowel groups are more than just one vowel each, they include:
* A-Group: '''a''', '''e''', '''á''', '''ą''', and '''ay'''
* I-Group: '''i''', '''ư''', '''é''', '''į''', and '''ya'''
* O-Group: '''o''', '''ơ''', '''ú''', '''ǫ''', and '''oy'''

{| class = "wikitable" style="align:center; text-align:center; border: none; background: none;"
| style="border: none; background: none;" |  
! colspan="3" | Vowel Group
|-
! Cardinal Consonant !! A !! I !! O
|-
! width="64px" | ’
| {{VDT+|aa|’á}} {{VDT+|aang|’áng}} {{VDT+|ay|’ay}} {{VDT+|ayng|’ayng}} || {{VDT+|eem|’ém}} || {{VDT+|o'c|’ơc}}
|-
! Ḅ
| {{VDT+|bej|ḅegh}} || || {{VDT+|bo'|ḅơ}}
|-
! C
| {{VDT+|cem|cem}} {{VDT+|caang|cáng}} || || {{VDT+|qon|qon}} {{VDT+|quu|qú}} {{VDT+|cwo'c|cwơc}}
|-
! Ḍ
| {{VDT+|daac|ḍác}} || || {{VDT+|duuj|ḍúgh}} {{VDT+|doy|ḍoy}}
|-
! Dh
| {{VDT+|dhraa|dhrá}} || ||
|-
! G̣
| || {{VDT+|gu'c|ġưc}} ||
|-
! T
| || {{VDT+|tin|tin}} {{VDT+|tre|tre}} {{VDT+|treng|treng}} || {{VDT+|to^|tǫ}} {{VDT+|truudh|trúdh}}
|-
! M
| || || {{VDT+|moyc|moyc}}
|-
! N
| {{VDT+|na|na}} {{VDT+|nnem|nnem}} {{VDT+|nnay|nnay}} || {{VDT+|ni|ni}} ||
|-
! Ng
| || || {{VDT+|ngu'q|ngưq}} {{VDT+|ngoy|ngoy}} {{VDT+|nngom|ńgom}} {{VDT+|ngwu'm|ngwưm}}
|-
! P
| {{VDT+|pac|pac}} {{VDT+|pra^|prą}} || || {{VDT+|po|po}} {{VDT+|pwo'|pwơ}}
|-
! R
| {{VDT+|rej|regh}} || {{VDT+|reet|rét}} ||
|-
! J
| || {{VDT+|gwing|gwing}} {{VDT+|gri|gri}} {{VDT+|grigh|grigh}} ||
|-
! V
| || {{VDT+|ving|ving}} ||
|}

{| class = "wikitable" style="align:center; text-align:center; border: none; background: none;"
| style="border: none; background: none;" |  
! Special Characters
|-
! width="64px" |  
| {{VDT+|2x|{{sc|redup}}}}
|}

File:Tçi'vclura.png

2019-08-03T07:51:31Z

Thirty7: Category:Thirty7 Images

[[Category:Thirty7 Images]]

File:Flag-Torq.png

2019-08-03T00:38:16Z

Thirty7: Category:Thirty7 Images

[[Category:Thirty7 Images]]

File:Torq-orb.png

2019-08-03T00:37:49Z

Thirty7: Category:Thirty7 Images

[[Category:Thirty7 Images]]

File:Tçig'olûd Sm.png

2019-08-03T00:18:46Z

Thirty7: Category:Thirty7 Images

[[Category:Thirty7 Images]]

User:Thirty7

2018-03-08T18:24:05Z

Thirty7: /* Useful Links */

__NOTOC__
{{SCBar|name=My|User:Thirty7/charinsert{{!}}Special Characters|:Category:Thirty7 Images{{!}}''Image Category''}}

{{User:Thirty7/Userboxen}}
== About Me ==
Hey there! I figure you stumbled onto this page at least mostly on purpose, so I guess I should introduce myself. I am a self described conlanger and student of language and linguistics. Ever since I was first able to take a course in a foreign language in school I have been interested in languages. I'm interested in psychology and sociology as well.

If you want to know anything else, say my social security number, where I work, my mother's maiden name or some more specific identifying information, I'm probably most definitely not going to tell you. I mean, unless, all you want to know is my gender and approximate age... because that I'll tell ya: male, and I was born in the early 80s.

=== Conlanging ===
I've been conlanging since probably the Eighth Grade, or thereabouts. My first conlang, '''Lexen''' was a horrid and uninspired re-lexicalization of English that borrowed heavily from the Spanish and German vocabulary I knew at the time. I made endless lists of words, and verb conjugations and such. I mean, I loved that thing, but in retrospect, it just wasn't very good.

Since then, I have made probably hundreds of different short-lived projects over the years. I've also since learned of the fact that there is actually a conlanging community and I am not, in fact, the only human outside of Tolkein to do this sort of thing (not that there are many humans ''inside'' of Tolkien, that is... or at least I should hope not). It wasn't until a few years ago that I went looking for a new forum community to spend time perusing after the shut-down of the MMO '''[[Wikipedia:City of Heroes|City of Heroes]]''' (trust me, there is a tie-in to that, I'll get back to it) that I found the '''CBB'''. From there, I eventually made my way here.

In terms of conlanging, the part that I find myself most drawn to is in creating conscripts (or on occasion neographies for existing languages). It was this, actually, that drew me in to beginning to learn written Chinese. I am fascinated by the different ways in which cultures begin to express themselves in writing. What I think is perhaps the most interesting aspect, is how cultures come to acquire a written language after getting along for, in some cases, thousands of years without one.

My first conlangs always had an alphabet, but as I went along, I discovered that my favorite type of script is the [[Wikipedia:abugida|abugida]]. While it isn't well suited for all languages, I find it to be a pretty awesome method for those with which it works well.

==== Conventions ====
First off, I love making tables for my Conlang pages. In fact, it's probably the best thing about using a Wiki for conlanging purposes.

I've also changed over the naming convention of all of my Conlang pages so that they are the Anglicised name of the language, not the native one. Unfortunately, that meant that all of them would need to be renamed. Of course, this wasn't exactly a tiny undertaking. Shitullian, Vingdagese, Islhontish, Dahoukki, etc. all needed to come into line with requisite moves of other connected pages, files, and categories as well. It's these types of things that make me wish I had a bot! (That actually reminds me that I have a penchant for reorganizing things in such a way that it causes me an annoying amount of extra work. On a constant basis.)

Also, I have begun to use a red diamond ({{red*}}) to indicate when a construction or word is ungrammatical. I find this to be somewhat prettier than the typical asterisk. (There is also the case that it is often used to mean the word is from a reconstruction or an ancestor language. This introduces some un-needed ambiguity.)

=== Wiki-ing ===
When I played '''CoH''', I became active in the ParagonWiki which was the unofficial wiki for the game. I eventually became an Admin over there, and it taught me some of the really cool things about being involved in a collaborative project like that. Not to mention, that it kind of forced me to learn the wiki markup language.

As such, I see myself enjoying my time here.

Also, if you, o' traveler of these wiki pages, happen to find yourself in need of assistance in crafting tables, templates or other such things, I may be able to help you out. Maybe. I am still learning stuff too, and CSS always seems to trip me up. Drop me a line on my [[User talk:Thirty7|talk page]], though, if you think I may be able to help.

== To Do List ==
* Add more detail to [[Carnassus]]

== Useful Links ==
{{SCBar|name=Sandbox|/Sandbox I{{!}}VDT Phrases [I]|/Sandbox II{{!}}SHI Testing [II]|/Sandbox III{{!}}Klingon [III]|/Sandbox IV{{!}}Word Gen Sandbox [IV]|/Sandbox V{{!}}GNU Testing [V]}}

* [http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Flag_orbs Flag Orbs]: For making further Userboxes related to spoken languages.
* [http://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/resolveform?redirect=true&lang=Latin Perseus Dictionary]: A very nice Latin/English dictionary using macrons!
* [http://www.zompist.com/gen.html Zompist's Word Generator]: Seems like a pretty powerful tool to help define phonotactics and available syllables.
* [http://frathwiki.com/index.php?title=Special:PrefixIndex&prefix=Thirty7/&namespace=2 Thirty7's Subpages]: All of my subpages.
* [http://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Appendix:1000_Japanese_basic_words 1000 Japanese Words]: Self-explanatory... most likely only useful for Dahoukki.
* [http://krikienoid.github.io/flagwaver/ Flag Waving Site]: Allows the input of an image file, and the flag is placed on a pole with somewhat realistic reactions to wind.

[[Category:Thirty7|*]]

Gnutzish/Lexicon

2018-03-08T07:56:51Z

Thirty7: +word

__NOTOC__

== Patterns ==
* iCCeCːu — country or land of ___
* CeCiC — place where ___ (happens)
:: to write → den, notary office
* CiCːuC — object used to ___; item that ___
:: to write → pen (that which writes)
* CiCːuCűr — thing that has/is ___ [past part.]
:: to write → letter, article (that which is written)
* uCCiC — agentivizer (action done by person)
* uCCiCeq — patientivizer (action done to person)
* țűCiCuC — abstract nominalizer
* kiCCeCn — nominal causative (to make ___ [past. part.])
:: to write → to make written → printing press
* CeCuCl — part of the body that ___
 
* CűCCik̦ — used to refer to a language spoken by a given people
:: Instead of always taking a root, this pattern acts more as an affix, and is used to modify the name of a country or a race or group of people who speak a certain language. It will sometimes even be used with a "root" containing vowels.

== Roots ==
* √S·K·R — to write
* √B·’·S — to become soft
* √K·N·Țʼ — to become hard
* √Ț’·C·mB — to make damp; to wet
* √K·T·B — to carve; to engrave
* √K·nD·K̦ — to pet; to smooth over
* √N·’·mB — to die
* √nG·C·W — to gather together

== Lexicon ==
* uno’ımbaq ({{GNU|u}}{{GNU|nu}}{{GNU|'i}}{{GNU|mbe}}{{GNU|q}}) — ''n.'' corpse
* kindduk̦őr ({{GNU|ki}}{{GNU|ndu}}{{GNU|!}}{{GNU|k}}{{GNU|xue}}{{GNU|r}}) — ''n.'' a family pet; esp. a dog
* țőr ({{GNU|th}}{{GNU|xue}}{{GNU|r}}) — ''prep.'' for, by, of
* kenoțʼl ({{GNU|k}}{{GNU|xe}}{{GNU|nu}}{{GNU|th'}}{{GNU|ll}}) — ''n.'' penis

Gnutzish/Lexicon

2018-03-08T07:53:43Z

Thirty7: /* Roots */

Gnutzish/Lexicon

2018-03-08T07:52:48Z

Thirty7: /* Roots */

__NOTOC__

== Patterns ==
* iCCeCːu — country or land of ___
* CeCiC — place where ___ (happens)
:: to write → den, notary office
* CiCːuC — object used to ___; item that ___
:: to write → pen (that which writes)
* CiCːuCűr — thing that has/is ___ [past part.]
:: to write → letter, article (that which is written)
* uCCiC — agentivizer (action done by person)
* uCCiCeq — patientivizer (action done to person)
* țűCiCuC — abstract nominalizer
* kiCCeCn — nominal causative (to make ___ [past. part.])
:: to write → to make written → printing press
* CeCuCl — part of the body that ___
 
* CűCCik̦ — used to refer to a language spoken by a given people
:: Instead of always taking a root, this pattern acts more as an affix, and is used to modify the name of a country or a race or group of people who speak a certain language. It will sometimes even be used with a "root" containing vowels.

== Roots ==
* √S·K·R — to write
* √B·’·S — to make soft
* √K·N·Țʼ — to make hard
* √Ț’·C·mB — to make damp; to wet
* √K·T·B — to carve; to engrave
* √K·nD·K̦ — to pet; to smooth over
* √N·’·mB — to die
* √nG·C·W — to gather together

== Lexicon ==
* uno’ımbaq ({{GNU|u}}{{GNU|nu}}{{GNU|'i}}{{GNU|mbe}}{{GNU|q}}) — ''n.'' corpse
* kindduk̦őr ({{GNU|ki}}{{GNU|ndu}}{{GNU|!}}{{GNU|k}}{{GNU|xue}}{{GNU|r}}) — ''n.'' a family pet; esp. a dog
* țőr ({{GNU|th}}{{GNU|xue}}{{GNU|r}}) — ''prep.'' for, by, of

User:Thirty7/Sandbox IV

2018-03-08T07:50:15Z

Thirty7:

{{TOCright}}
== Vingdagese Input ==
C=mnŋptcvđjr K=ʼ N=mnŋ Q=: P=ptcq I=ḅḍġ R=r W=w F=vđj V=aeáąiưéįoơúǫæœy

co|qo cơ|qơ cú|qú cǫ|qǫ m:|mm n:|nn ŋ:|ńg ŋ|ng đ|dh y|ya æ|ay œ|oy jw|gw jr|gr

V CV CRV CWV VN CVN CRVN CWVN VP CVP CRVP CWVP VF CVF CRVF CWVF IV 
IVN IVP IVF NQV NQVN NQVP NQVF KV KVN KVP KVF 

== Shitullian Input ==

C=tnńszʦśvmbldϕʣʧźʤ D=kŋłhg V=aieouær T=:'

ϕ|bv ʦ|ts ts ʧ|tś ʣ|dz ʤ|dź ł|ll

CV CVT CVD VTD CVTD V VT VD

== Gnutzish Input ==
For the generation of roots!

C=nbtťrθďcčńsšl'ňkmxqŋw O=·

m|mB n|N ń|nD ň|nZ ŋ|nG θ|Ț x|K̦ '|ʼ č|Cʼ ť|Tʼ š|Sʼ ď|Țʼ b|B t|T r|R c|C s|S l|L k|K q|Q w|W

COCOC

[[Category:Thirty7|*]]

User:Thirty7/Sandbox IV

2018-03-08T07:46:41Z

Thirty7: +GNZ stuff

{{TOCright}}
== Vingdagese Input ==

=== Categories ===
C=mnŋptcvđjr K=ʼ N=mnŋ Q=: P=ptcq I=ḅḍġ R=r W=w F=vđj V=aeáąiưéįoơúǫæœy

=== Rewrite ===
co|qo cơ|qơ cú|qú cǫ|qǫ m:|mm n:|nn ŋ:|ńg ŋ|ng đ|dh y|ya æ|ay œ|oy jw|gw jr|gr

=== Types ===
V CV CRV CWV VN CVN CRVN CWVN VP CVP CRVP CWVP VF CVF CRVF CWVF IV 
IVN IVP IVF NQV NQVN NQVP NQVF KV KVN KVP KVF 

== Shitullian Input ==

=== Categories ===
C=tnńszʦśvmbldϕʣʧźʤ D=kŋłhg V=aieouær T=:'

=== Rewrite ===
ϕ|bv ʦ|ts ts ʧ|tś ʣ|dz ʤ|dź ł|ll

=== Types ===
CV CVT CVD VTD CVTD V VT VD

== Gnutzish Input ==
For the generation of roots!

=== Categories ===
C=nbtťrθďcčńsšl'ňkmxqŋw O=·

=== Rewrite ===
m|mB n|N ń|nD ň|nZ ŋ|nG θ|Ț x|K̦ '|ʼ č|Cʼ ť|Tʼ š|Sʼ ď|Țʼ b|B t|T r|R c|C s|S l|L k|K q|Q w|W

=== Types ===
COCOC

[[Category:Thirty7|*]]

Gnutzish/Lexicon

2018-03-08T07:20:31Z

Thirty7: /* Roots */

__NOTOC__

== Patterns ==
* iCCeCːu — country or land of ___
* CeCiC — place where ___ (happens)
:: to write → den, notary office
* CiCːuC — object used to ___; item that ___
:: to write → pen (that which writes)
* CiCːuCűr — thing that has/is ___ [past part.]
:: to write → letter, article (that which is written)
* uCCiC — agentivizer (action done by person)
* uCCiCeq — patientivizer (action done to person)
* țűCiCuC — abstract nominalizer
* kiCCeCn — nominal causative (to make ___ [past. part.])
:: to write → to make written → printing press
* CeCuCl — part of the body that ___
 
* CűCCik̦ — used to refer to a language spoken by a given people
:: Instead of always taking a root, this pattern acts more as an affix, and is used to modify the name of a country or a race or group of people who speak a certain language. It will sometimes even be used with a "root" containing vowels.

== Roots ==
* √B·’·S — to make soft
* √·· — to make hard
* √Ț’·C·mB — to make damp; to wet
* √K·T·B — to carve; to engrave
* √K·nD·K̦ — to pet; to smooth over
* √N·’·mB — to die
* √nG·C·W — to gather together

== Lexicon ==
* uno’ımbaq ({{GNU|u}}{{GNU|nu}}{{GNU|'i}}{{GNU|mbe}}{{GNU|q}}) — ''n.'' corpse
* kindduk̦őr ({{GNU|ki}}{{GNU|ndu}}{{GNU|!}}{{GNU|k}}{{GNU|xue}}{{GNU|r}}) — ''n.'' a family pet; esp. a dog
* țőr ({{GNU|th}}{{GNU|xue}}{{GNU|r}}) — ''prep.'' for, by, of

Gnutzish/Lexicon

2018-03-08T07:09:17Z

Thirty7: /* Patterns */

__NOTOC__

== Patterns ==
* iCCeCːu — country or land of ___
* CeCiC — place where ___ (happens)
:: to write → den, notary office
* CiCːuC — object used to ___; item that ___
:: to write → pen (that which writes)
* CiCːuCűr — thing that has/is ___ [past part.]
:: to write → letter, article (that which is written)
* uCCiC — agentivizer (action done by person)
* uCCiCeq — patientivizer (action done to person)
* țűCiCuC — abstract nominalizer
* kiCCeCn — nominal causative (to make ___ [past. part.])
:: to write → to make written → printing press
* CeCuCl — part of the body that ___
 
* CűCCik̦ — used to refer to a language spoken by a given people
:: Instead of always taking a root, this pattern acts more as an affix, and is used to modify the name of a country or a race or group of people who speak a certain language. It will sometimes even be used with a "root" containing vowels.

== Roots ==
* √B·’·S — to make soft
* √Ț’·C·mB — to make damp; to wet
* √K·T·B — to carve; to engrave
* √K·nD·K̦ — to pet; to smooth over
* √N·’·mB — to die
* √nG·C·W — to gather together

== Lexicon ==
* uno’ımbaq ({{GNU|u}}{{GNU|nu}}{{GNU|'i}}{{GNU|mbe}}{{GNU|q}}) — ''n.'' corpse
* kindduk̦őr ({{GNU|ki}}{{GNU|ndu}}{{GNU|!}}{{GNU|k}}{{GNU|xue}}{{GNU|r}}) — ''n.'' a family pet; esp. a dog
* țőr ({{GNU|th}}{{GNU|xue}}{{GNU|r}}) — ''prep.'' for, by, of