https://www.frathwiki.com/api.php?action=feedcontributions&feedformat=atom&user=TeamouseFrathWiki - User contributions [en]2026-04-04T05:54:06ZUser contributionsMediaWiki 1.39.8https://www.frathwiki.com/index.php?title=Zireen_music&diff=71779Zireen music2012-12-28T19:50:13Z<p>Teamouse: fixed outdated io.com link</p>
<hr />
<div>== Introduction ==<br />
<br />
The fundamental building blocks of Zireen music, as with all kinds of music, are pitch, rhythm, and timbre. For purposes of illustration, the elements of Zireen music will be described with anglicized versions of words from the [[Yasaro]] language. Other Zireen languages tend to have similar concepts, although the words used to describe them are different.<br />
<br />
== Pitch and intervals ==<br />
<br />
The basis for all intervals in Zireen music is the '''tilar''' (Yasaro: ''tílar''), which is a '''tempered octave'''. All other intervals are constructed by subdividing the tilar into smaller parts (such as fifths, fourths, and thirds), according to a rough approximation of the harmonic series, or by stacking two or more of these basic intervals. "Superparticular" intervals (pitch ratios of the form n+1/n) are considered the most basic of the Zireen musical intervals. Note that although these intervals are expressed as pitch ratios, actual Zireen music almost invariably alters these ratios to produce a slight beating effect. This beating ranges from subtle to extreme, but it is almost always present, even in the octaves.<br />
<br />
=== The basic musical intervals ===<br />
<br />
The first division of the tilar produces a pair of intervals called '''napi''' (Yasaro: ''nhàpī''), which correspond to the perfect fifth (3/2) and perfect fourth (4/3). The smaller of a pair of intervals is called a '''muri''', or "shadow", of the larger interval (Yasaro: ''mùri''). The major napi is divided into two '''pindu''' (''pį́tu''), which are the equivalent of the major and minor third, and the shadow napi is divided into two '''laira''' (''lâira''), which are 7-limit intervals: a "subminor third" (7/6) and a "supermajor second" (8/7). Further subdivisions are defined as follows:<br />
* '''tondu''' (whole tones): 9/8 (''tą̀tu''), 10/9 (''tą̀tu mùri'').<br />
* '''yombi''' (neutral seconds): 11/10 (''ją́pi''), 12/11 (''ją́pi mùri'').<br />
* '''chulu''' (13-limit small steps): 13/12 (''čùlu''), 14/13 (''čùlu mùri'').<br />
* '''kima''' (semitones): 15/14 (''kíma''), 16/15 (''kíma mùri'').<br />
<br />
=== Tuning systems (''nai'') ===<br />
<br />
The notation and tuning of Zireen music, especially instrumental music, is based on the tradition of music for the '''vila''' (Yasaro: ''vǐla''), a kind of reed organ with an array of round buttons as a keyboard (similar to the arrangement of a button accordion). A particular arrangement of buttons is called a '''nai''' (Yasaro: ''nâi''), and there are many different kinds of nai in Zireen music. As an illustration, nai seret (''nâi sèret'') is an arrangement of buttons associated with what we call '''meantone temperament''', which is a historical tuning based on tempering out the small interval called a '''syntonic comma''' (which has a ratio of 81/80). In Zireen music, nai seret includes intervals down to the size of a shadow laira (supermajor second), which makes it a 7-limit temperament. In addition to 81/80, nai seret also tempers out 126/125 (or equivalently, 225/224). This tempering out of small intervals allows a limited set of buttons to represent a much larger set of theoretical intervals that differ from each other by only small amounts. The slight beating introduced by this detuning is generally considered as a desirable effect, but Zireen cultures vary as to how much beating is desirable. Here is a list of some of the more common nais, with a description of which small intervals are tempered out.<br />
<br />
* ''nâi hanákī'' ("bug"): 27/25<br />
* ''nâi jùluŋ'' ("father"): 16/15<br />
* ''nâi kénet'' ("mavila"): 135/128<br />
* ''nâi lę̀pa'' ("lemba"): 50/49, 525/512<br />
* ''nâi mahǎli'' ("superpelog"): 49/48, 135/128<br />
* ''nâi pilîna'' ("blacksmith"): 28/27, 49/48<br />
* ''nâi sèret'' ("meantone"): 81/80, 126/125<br />
* ''nâi sį̀kā'' ("keemun"): 49/48, 225/224<br />
<br />
=== Scales (''yemet'') ===<br />
<br />
While a nai can theoretically include an unlimited number of pitches by extending the array of buttons in the vertical direction, actual music uses only a limited subset of these pitches, in arrangements called '''yemet''' (Yasaro: ''jémet''). Yemets are categorized by the number of different steps of one size or another within the range of a tilar (tempered octave), as well as the variations in the scale pattern as a melody develops. For instance, a particular yemet might have one form when ascending, and a different one when descending, or a different pattern in each octave. A yemet typically has only two different sizes of steps, which are combined in specific numbers to reach an octave, like the diatonic scale of 5 whole steps and 2 half steps in Western music. '''Yemet kerasi''', for instance (Yasaro: ''jémet kerâsi'') is the Zireen equivalent of the pentatonic scale, with 2 large steps and 3 small steps per octave (abbreviated "2+3"); this yemet is typically associated with the button arrangement '''nai seret''' (meantone). '''Yemet veriko''', on the other hand (''jémet vèriką''), is a bizarre scale associated with nai yulung, which has 3 large steps and 2 small steps (3+2).<br />
<br />
== External links ==<br />
[http://www.prismnet.com/~hmiller/music/zireen-music.html The music of the Zireen]<br />
<br />
[[Category:Conmusic]]</div>Teamousehttps://www.frathwiki.com/index.php?title=User:Teamouse&diff=69180User:Teamouse2012-10-02T02:33:24Z<p>Teamouse: </p>
<hr />
<div>{| border=1 align=right cellpadding=4 cellspacing=0 width=300 style="margin: 0 0 1em 1em; background: #f9f9f9; border: 1px #aaaaaa solid; border-collapse: collapse; font-size: 95%;"<br />
|+<big>'''Herman Miller'''</big><br />
|-<br />
|colspan="2" valign=top| HERE IS PLACE FOR A PICTURE, MAYBE A PICTURE OF ME! :)<br /><br />
[[Image:Conflag_med.png]]<br />
|-<br />
|valign=top|'''Birth:'''<br />
|| Nov. 22, 1964; Lansing, Michigan, USA<br />
|-<br />
|valign=top|'''Profession:'''<br />
|| Software Engineer<br />
|-<br />
|valign=top|'''Natural languages:'''<br />
|| English<br />
|-<br />
|valign=top|'''Created conlangs:'''<br />
|| Minza, Tirelat, Jarda, etc.<br />
|-<br />
|valign=top|'''Other conlangs:'''<br />
|| Esperanto<br />
|-<br />
|valign=top|'''Interests:'''<br />
|| Music, reading, video games<br />
|-<br />
|valign=top|'''More information:'''<br />
|| MORE INFORMATION<br />
|}<br />
<br />
This page is intended to contain information about the world of [[Azir]] and the languages spoken by the non-human inhabitants of Azir, in particular the [[Zireen]]. As a first step, I intend to document the basics of the Zireen language [[Yasaro]]. Pages describing [[Zireen music]] and other aspects of Zireen culture will also be included here. More to come....<br />
<br />
* [[Azirian numbers]]<br />
<br />
<br />
==Relays==<br />
<br />
{{torch|Conlang Relay 3||from=Rišuli|Gjarrda (Kayatal)|http://web.archive.org/web/20030210000109/http://www.geocities.com/nicole_eap/onaila/relay/14.html|torchext=1}}<br />
{{torch|Conlang Relay 4||from=Kerno|Czirehlat}}<br />
{{torch|Conlang Relay 6||from=Zhyler|Tirelat|}}<br />
{{torch|Conlang Relay 7||from=Rokbeigalmki|Tirelat|http://eaworld.conlang.org/relays/relay7/tirelat/|torchext=1}}<br />
{{torch|Conlang Relay 9|Ring 1|from=Ebisédian|Tirelat|http://www.quandary.org/~langs/relays/relay9/ring1/tirelat/all.html|torchext=1}}<br />
{{torch|Conlang Relay 12||from=Wenedyk|Minza|Conlang Relay 12/Minza}}<br />
{{torch|Conlang Relay 13|Ring A|from=Θuwǵø|Minza|http://www.conlang.info/relay13/minza.html|torchext=1}}<br />
{{torch|Conlang Relay 14|Ring B|from=Taruven|Minza|http://www.conlang.info/relay14/minza.html|torchext=1}}<br />
{{torch|Conlang Relay 16|Ring B|from=Terkunan|Tirelat|Conlang Relay 16/Tirelat}}<br />
{{torch|Conlang Relay 17|Ring A|from=Ayeri|Tirelat|Conlang Relay 17/Tirelat}}<br />
{{torch|Conlang Relay 18|Ring C|from=Kelen|Jarda|Conlang Relay 18/Jarda}}<br />
{{torch|Conlang Relay 19|Ring 2|from=Aeruyo|Tirelat|Conlang Relay 19/Tirelat}}</div>Teamousehttps://www.frathwiki.com/index.php?title=User:Teamouse&diff=69179User:Teamouse2012-10-02T01:56:41Z<p>Teamouse: </p>
<hr />
<div>{| border=1 align=right cellpadding=4 cellspacing=0 width=300 style="margin: 0 0 1em 1em; background: #f9f9f9; border: 1px #aaaaaa solid; border-collapse: collapse; font-size: 95%;"<br />
|+<big>'''Herman Miller'''</big><br />
|-<br />
|colspan="2" valign=top| HERE IS PLACE FOR A PICTURE, MAYBE A PICTURE OF ME! :)<br /><br />
[[Image:Conflag_med.png]]<br />
|-<br />
|valign=top|'''Birth:'''<br />
|| Nov. 22, 1964; Lansing, Michigan, USA<br />
|-<br />
|valign=top|'''Profession:'''<br />
|| Software Engineer<br />
|-<br />
|valign=top|'''Natural languages:'''<br />
|| English<br />
|-<br />
|valign=top|'''Created conlangs:'''<br />
|| Minza, Tirelat, Jarda, etc.<br />
|-<br />
|valign=top|'''Other conlangs:'''<br />
|| Esperanto<br />
|-<br />
|valign=top|'''Interests:'''<br />
|| Music, reading, video games<br />
|-<br />
|valign=top|'''More information:'''<br />
|| MORE INFORMATION<br />
|}<br />
<br />
This page is intended to contain information about the world of [[Azir]] and the languages spoken by the non-human inhabitants of Azir, in particular the [[Zireen]]. As a first step, I intend to document the basics of the Zireen language [[Yasaro]]. Pages describing [[Zireen music]] and other aspects of Zireen culture will also be included here. More to come....<br />
<br />
* [[Azirian numbers]]<br />
<br />
<br />
==Relays==<br />
<br />
{{torch|Conlang Relay 3||from=Rišuli|Gjarrda (Kayatal)|http://web.archive.org/web/20030210000109/http://www.geocities.com/nicole_eap/onaila/relay/14.html|torchext=1}}<br />
{{torch|Conlang Relay 4||from=Kerno|Czirehlat}}<br />
{{torch|Conlang Relay 6||from=Rokbeigalmki|Tirelat|}}<br />
{{torch|Conlang Relay 9|Ring 1|from=Ebisédian|Tirelat|http://www.quandary.org/~langs/relays/relay9/ring1/tirelat/all.html|torchext=1}}<br />
{{torch|Conlang Relay 12||from=Wenedyk|Minza|Conlang Relay 12/Minza}}<br />
{{torch|Conlang Relay 13|Ring A|from=Θuwǵø|Minza|http://www.conlang.info/relay13/minza.html|torchext=1}}<br />
{{torch|Conlang Relay 14|Ring B|from=Taruven|Minza|http://www.conlang.info/relay14/minza.html|torchext=1}}<br />
{{torch|Conlang Relay 16|Ring B|from=Terkunan|Tirelat|Conlang Relay 16/Tirelat}}<br />
{{torch|Conlang Relay 17|Ring A|from=Ayeri|Tirelat|Conlang Relay 17/Tirelat}}<br />
{{torch|Conlang Relay 18|Ring C|from=Kelen|Jarda|Conlang Relay 18/Jarda}}<br />
{{torch|Conlang Relay 19|Ring 2|from=Aeruyo|Tirelat|Conlang Relay 19/Tirelat}}</div>Teamousehttps://www.frathwiki.com/index.php?title=User:Teamouse&diff=69178User:Teamouse2012-10-02T01:37:00Z<p>Teamouse: </p>
<hr />
<div>{| border=1 align=right cellpadding=4 cellspacing=0 width=300 style="margin: 0 0 1em 1em; background: #f9f9f9; border: 1px #aaaaaa solid; border-collapse: collapse; font-size: 95%;"<br />
|+<big>'''Herman Miller'''</big><br />
|-<br />
|colspan="2" valign=top| HERE IS PLACE FOR A PICTURE, MAYBE A PICTURE OF ME! :)<br /><br />
[[Image:Conflag_med.png]]<br />
|-<br />
|valign=top|'''Birth:'''<br />
|| Nov. 22, 1964; Lansing, Michigan, USA<br />
|-<br />
|valign=top|'''Profession:'''<br />
|| Software Engineer<br />
|-<br />
|valign=top|'''Natural languages:'''<br />
|| English<br />
|-<br />
|valign=top|'''Created conlangs:'''<br />
|| Minza, Tirelat, Jarda, etc.<br />
|-<br />
|valign=top|'''Other conlangs:'''<br />
|| Esperanto<br />
|-<br />
|valign=top|'''Interests:'''<br />
|| Music, reading, video games<br />
|-<br />
|valign=top|'''More information:'''<br />
|| MORE INFORMATION<br />
|}<br />
<br />
This page is intended to contain information about the world of [[Azir]] and the languages spoken by the non-human inhabitants of Azir, in particular the [[Zireen]]. As a first step, I intend to document the basics of the Zireen language [[Yasaro]]. Pages describing [[Zireen music]] and other aspects of Zireen culture will also be included here. More to come....<br />
<br />
* [[Azirian numbers]]<br />
<br />
<br />
==Relays==<br />
<br />
{{torch|Conlang Relay 9|Ring 1|from=Ebisédian|Tirelat|http://www.quandary.org/~langs/relays/relay9/ring1/tirelat/all.html|torchext=1}}<br />
{{torch|Conlang Relay 12||from=Wenedyk|Minza|Conlang Relay 12/Minza}}<br />
{{torch|Conlang Relay 13|Ring A|from=Θuwǵø|Minza|http://www.conlang.info/relay13/minza.html|torchext=1}}<br />
{{torch|Conlang Relay 14|Ring B|from=Taruven|Minza|http://www.conlang.info/relay14/minza.html|torchext=1}}<br />
{{torch|Conlang Relay 16|Ring B|from=Terkunan|Tirelat|Conlang Relay 16/Tirelat}}<br />
{{torch|Conlang Relay 17|Ring A|from=Ayeri|Tirelat|Conlang Relay 17/Tirelat}}<br />
{{torch|Conlang Relay 18|Ring C|from=Kelen|Jarda|Conlang Relay 18/Jarda}}<br />
{{torch|Conlang Relay 19|Ring 2|from=Aeruyo|Tirelat|Conlang Relay 19/Tirelat}}</div>Teamousehttps://www.frathwiki.com/index.php?title=User:Teamouse&diff=69177User:Teamouse2012-10-02T01:30:57Z<p>Teamouse: </p>
<hr />
<div>{| border=1 align=right cellpadding=4 cellspacing=0 width=300 style="margin: 0 0 1em 1em; background: #f9f9f9; border: 1px #aaaaaa solid; border-collapse: collapse; font-size: 95%;"<br />
|+<big>'''Herman Miller'''</big><br />
|-<br />
|colspan="2" valign=top| HERE IS PLACE FOR A PICTURE, MAYBE A PICTURE OF ME! :)<br /><br />
[[Image:Conflag_med.png]]<br />
|-<br />
|valign=top|'''Birth:'''<br />
|| Nov. 22, 1964; Lansing, Michigan, USA<br />
|-<br />
|valign=top|'''Profession:'''<br />
|| Software Engineer<br />
|-<br />
|valign=top|'''Natural languages:'''<br />
|| English<br />
|-<br />
|valign=top|'''Created conlangs:'''<br />
|| Minza, Tirelat, Jarda, etc.<br />
|-<br />
|valign=top|'''Other conlangs:'''<br />
|| Esperanto<br />
|-<br />
|valign=top|'''Interests:'''<br />
|| Music, reading, video games<br />
|-<br />
|valign=top|'''More information:'''<br />
|| MORE INFORMATION<br />
|}<br />
<br />
This page is intended to contain information about the world of [[Azir]] and the languages spoken by the non-human inhabitants of Azir, in particular the [[Zireen]]. As a first step, I intend to document the basics of the Zireen language [[Yasaro]]. Pages describing [[Zireen music]] and other aspects of Zireen culture will also be included here. More to come....<br />
<br />
* [[Azirian numbers]]<br />
<br />
<br />
==Relays==<br />
<br />
{{torch|Conlang Relay 9|Ring 1|from=Ebisédian|Tirelat|http://www.quandary.org/~langs/relays/relay9/ring1/tirelat/all.html|torchext=1}}<br />
{{torch|Conlang Relay 12||from=Wenedyk|Minza|Conlang Relay 12/Minza}}<br />
{{torch|Conlang Relay 13|Ring A|from=Θuwǵø|Minza|http://www.conlang.info/relay13/minza.html|torchext=1}}<br />
{{torch|Conlang Relay 14|Ring B|from=Taruven|Minza|http://www.conlang.info/relay14/minza.html|torchext=1}}<br />
{{torch|Conlang Relay 16|Ring B|from=Terkunan|Tirelat|Conlang Relay 16/Tirelat}}<br />
{{torch|Conlang Relay 17|Ring A|from=Ayeri|Tirelat|Conlang Relay 17/Tirelat}}<br />
{{torch|Conlang Relay 19|Ring 2|from=Aeruyo|Tirelat|Conlang Relay 19/Tirelat}}</div>Teamousehttps://www.frathwiki.com/index.php?title=Conlang_Relay_16/Tirelat&diff=69176Conlang Relay 16/Tirelat2012-10-02T01:19:08Z<p>Teamouse: </p>
<hr />
<div>Mizoj, sy relgaŕ ka tuhli jĕkagežan my rĕvunari ki faċa myn bynari.<br />
Xazik my rĕšyru, kavahl pa saj ñaj vit jĕzihkitakan vë vydesa.<br />
Tebi jĕŕjandiłikan sy rĕšyru ba rĕkaziat!<br />
<br />
Word order in Tirelat depends on the verb. Stative verbs (sv) precede their subjects (VS), while dynamic verbs (dv) follow their subjects (SV), and transitive verbs (tv) go between the subject and the object (SVO). Modifiers such as adjectives and adverbs precede the word they modify, while longer modifiers (e.g. prepositional phrases) typically follow.<br />
<br />
ba (prep) in the manner of; like, as.<br />
byna (tv) to miss, lose, fail.<br />
desa (n) middle, center.<br />
faċa (n) peak, top.<br />
jĕ- (prefix) he, she, it (subject of verb); (possessive) his, her, its.<br />
-k (suffix) imperative.<br />
ka (prep) of, associated with.<br />
-ka- (suffix) negative.<br />
kage (tv) to bring, convey.<br />
kavahl pa (conj) because.<br />
kaziat (n) life.<br />
ki (prep) to, toward, at.<br />
-łi- (suffix) opinion, non-past.<br />
mizoj (adv) finally, in the end.<br />
my (prep) accusative singular.<br />
myn (prep) resulting in.<br />
-n (suffix) perfective.<br />
ñaj (num) all, every.<br />
rĕ- (prefix) you (sing.) (subject of verb); (possessive) your (sing.).<br />
relgaŕ (n) tradition.<br />
-ri (suffix) verbal noun.<br />
ŕjandi (sv) important.<br />
saj (prep) nominative plural.<br />
sy (prep) nominative singular, inanimate.<br />
šyru (n) manner, way (of doing).<br />
-ta- (suffix) deontic; must, need to, have to, should ...<br />
tebi (adv) so much, to such an extent.<br />
tuhli (n) spirit.<br />
vë (prep) at, in (place).<br />
vit (n) thing, object, item.<br />
vuna (dv) to act (take action), behave.<br />
vy- (prefix) they (subject of verb); (possessive) their.<br />
xazi (dv) to change.<br />
-ža- (suffix) predictive, non-past.<br />
zihki (dv) to arrive.</div>Teamousehttps://www.frathwiki.com/index.php?title=Conlang_Relay_16/Tirelat&diff=69175Conlang Relay 16/Tirelat2012-10-02T01:18:26Z<p>Teamouse: </p>
<hr />
<div><br />
Mizoj, sy relgaŕ ka tuhli jĕkagežan my rĕvunari ki faċa myn bynari.<br />
Xazik my rĕšyru, kavahl pa saj ñaj vit jĕzihkitakan vë vydesa.<br />
Tebi jĕŕjandiłikan sy rĕšyru ba rĕkaziat!<br />
<br />
Word order in Tirelat depends on the verb. Stative verbs (sv) precede their subjects (VS), while dynamic verbs (dv) follow their subjects (SV), and transitive verbs (tv) go between the subject and the object (SVO). Modifiers such as adjectives and adverbs precede the word they modify, while longer modifiers (e.g. prepositional phrases) typically follow.<br />
<br />
ba (prep) in the manner of; like, as.<br />
byna (tv) to miss, lose, fail.<br />
desa (n) middle, center.<br />
faċa (n) peak, top.<br />
jĕ- (prefix) he, she, it (subject of verb); (possessive) his, her, its.<br />
-k (suffix) imperative.<br />
ka (prep) of, associated with.<br />
-ka- (suffix) negative.<br />
kage (tv) to bring, convey.<br />
kavahl pa (conj) because.<br />
kaziat (n) life.<br />
ki (prep) to, toward, at.<br />
-łi- (suffix) opinion, non-past.<br />
mizoj (adv) finally, in the end.<br />
my (prep) accusative singular.<br />
myn (prep) resulting in.<br />
-n (suffix) perfective.<br />
ñaj (num) all, every.<br />
rĕ- (prefix) you (sing.) (subject of verb); (possessive) your (sing.).<br />
relgaŕ (n) tradition.<br />
-ri (suffix) verbal noun.<br />
ŕjandi (sv) important.<br />
saj (prep) nominative plural.<br />
sy (prep) nominative singular, inanimate.<br />
šyru (n) manner, way (of doing).<br />
-ta- (suffix) deontic; must, need to, have to, should ...<br />
tebi (adv) so much, to such an extent.<br />
tuhli (n) spirit.<br />
vë (prep) at, in (place).<br />
vit (n) thing, object, item.<br />
vuna (dv) to act (take action), behave.<br />
vy- (prefix) they (subject of verb); (possessive) their.<br />
xazi (dv) to change.<br />
-ža- (suffix) predictive, non-past.<br />
zihki (dv) to arrive.</div>Teamousehttps://www.frathwiki.com/index.php?title=Conlang_Relay_16/Tirelat&diff=69174Conlang Relay 16/Tirelat2012-10-02T01:09:59Z<p>Teamouse: </p>
<hr />
<div>Mizoj, sy relgaŕ ka tuhli jĕkagežan my rĕvunari ki faċa myn bynari.<br />
Xazik my rĕšyru, kavahl pa saj ñaj vit jĕzihkitakan vë vydesa.<br />
Tebi jĕŕjandiłikan sy rĕšyru ba rĕkaziat!</div>Teamousehttps://www.frathwiki.com/index.php?title=Conlang_Relay_19&diff=65479Conlang Relay 192012-05-01T02:38:34Z<p>Teamouse: </p>
<hr />
<div>Members of the relay mailing list are planning a '''19th [[conlang relay]]'''.<br />
<br />
==Planning==<br />
<br />
Amanda Babcock Furrow is preparing the text and will presumably be the relay master. The relay schedule etc will be organized here and/or on the list.<br />
<br />
===Participating===<br />
<br />
If you want to participate, add your name and the conlang you will be translating into below, and send mail to [mailto:irina@valdyas.org irina@valdyas.org] if you're not already subscribed to the relay mailing list.<br />
<br />
If you want to participate with multiple conlangs, please note that this will only be possible if the relay has as many rings as you have conlangs. For each additional conlang, add the minimum number of rings to your name.<br />
<br />
==Participants==<br />
<br />
<!-- Please sort alphabetically by first name --><br />
* [[User:Bornfor|Aaron Wood]] — [[Sandic]]<br />
* [[User:Celinceithir|A. Ayres]] — [http://celinese.tumblr.com/ Celinese]<br />
* [[User:AlexFink|Alex Fink]] and [[User:Saizai|Sai]] — [http://saizai.com/nlws.shtml UNLWS]<br />
* [[User:Ashucky|Andrej Šuc]] — [http://olilowiki.jumpwiki.com/wiki/Settaka_language Settaka]<br />
* [[User:CJMiller|Carl Miller]] — Xylphika<br />
* Chrys Jordan — Ŧuàn<br />
* Daniel Bowman — Angosey<br />
* David Edwards — Feayran<br />
* [[User:Deathcat13|Deathcat13]] and [[User:Fenhl|Fenhl]] — [[Jayus]]<br />
* [[User:Tsketar|Doug Ball]] — [http://skerre.conlang.org/conlangs/skerre/skerremain.html Skerre]<br />
* [[User:Erkinde|Elizabeth Kinde]] — Gsekshurdu<br />
* [[User:Fenhl|Fenhl]]<sub>(3)</sub> — [[Naeso]]<br />
* [[User:Fenhl|Fenhl]]<sub>(2)</sub> — [[Wanya]]<br />
* [http://www.gacorley.com/ George Corley] — [http://www.gacorley.com/constructed-languages/Aeruyo%20Grammar.pdf Aeruyo]<br />
* [[User:Monir|Gregg Cantillon]] — Monira/Asatru<br />
* [[User:Teamouse|Herman Miller]] — [http://www.prismnet.com/~hmiller/lang/Tirelat/index.html Tirelat]<br />
* [[User:Irina|Irina Rempt]] — Ilaini<br />
* [[User:Cedh audmanh|Jan Strasser]] — [http://tzirtzi.ipage.com/akana/index.php?title=Tma%C5%9Bare%CA%94 Tmaśareʔ] ''or'' [http://tzirtzi.ipage.com/akana/index.php?title=Doay%C3%A2u Doayâu]<br />
* [[User:Cedh audmanh|Jan Strasser]]<sub>(2)</sub> — [http://tzirtzi.ipage.com/akana/index.php?title=Buruya_Nzaysa Buruya Nzaysa]<br />
* [[User:Qiihoskeh|Jeffrey Jones]] — [[Naisek]]<br />
* [[User:WeepingElf|Jörg Rhiemeier]] — [[Old Albic]]<br />
* kechpaja — ''unknown''<br />
* Lars Finsen<sub>(3)</sub> — Suraetua<br />
* Lars Finsen — Tubenian<br />
* Lars Finsen<sub>(2)</sub> — [http://www.ortygia.no/uriania/uriansk-eng.shtml Urianian]<br />
* Leland Paul — 8'0i<br />
* Logan Kearsley — ''unknown''<br />
* [[User:Sel messitihildi|Mechthild Czapp]] — Neoquux<br />
* [[User:MilyAMD|Mily M.]] — [[Emyt|Classical Emyt]]<br />
* Padraic Brown — ''unknown''<br />
* [[User:Rfmills|Roger Mills]] — Prevli<br />
* [[User:Rfmills|Roger Mills]]<sub>(2)</sub> — Gwr<br />
* Roman Rausch - [http://sindanoorie.net/glp.html Talmit]<br />
* Sylvia Sotomayor — ''unknown''<br />
* [[User:Halyihev|Tony Harris]] — [http://alurhsa.org Alurhsa]<br />
* [[User:Halyihev|Tony Harris]]<sub>(2)</sub> — Tariatta<br />
* Tony Hogard — ''unknown''<br />
* Zach W. — łaá siri<br />
<!-- Please sort alphabetically by first name --><br />
<br />
{{relay|relay=Conlang Relay 19}}</div>Teamousehttps://www.frathwiki.com/index.php?title=Conlang_Relay_18/Jarda&diff=63228Conlang Relay 18/Jarda2011-11-07T02:22:27Z<p>Teamouse: </p>
<hr />
<div>== Jarda text: ==<br />
<br />
Kelzêvô jô kipvo rêłvôd diṛ. Liṛvi runi gru, ņazŏs krağ rêł. Ğêlra vŏṛa zel źṛêņna nŏ raś au kêg au pin, źê pinsiķag lôxôm, ķödadol zulṛêma logê Jez. Zulṛêmvo stê wel ņêr zabê nêv nŏ ðizŏs kêz ni ļev nêslö baṛ ðan, ni ṛel źŭğ au mavlö, ni mêð sün stônta ģün źê tṛaz. Źin ğöṛ ślŭ pṛapṛinvo, au fömmas vŏ jô. Plên ṛoxê lul kêzṛa ni voṛ faṛvu ka źev łim dêgol vŏ.<br />
<br />
== Vocabulary: ==<br />
<br />
{|<br />
| adv<br />
| adverb<br />
|-<br />
| art<br />
| article<br />
|-<br />
| conj<br />
| conjunction<br />
|-<br />
| na<br />
| noun (animate)<br />
|-<br />
| nab<br />
| noun (abstract)<br />
|-<br />
| ni<br />
| noun (inanimate)<br />
|-<br />
| pron<br />
| pronoun<br />
|-<br />
| rp<br />
| relative pronoun<br />
|-<br />
| vi<br />
| verb (intransitive)<br />
|-<br />
| vt<br />
| verb (transitive)<br />
|}<br />
<br />
au (au) ''conj'' - and (joins two verbs)<br />
baṛ (baɻ) ''vi'' - to stand<br />
dêg (deɡ) ''nab'' - front<br />
diṛ (diɻ) ''vi'' - small, little<br />
ðan (ɮan) ''vi'' - vertical, upright<br />
ðiz (ɮiz) ''vt'' - to support (physically)<br />
faṛ (faɻ) ''vt'' - to play (a game)<br />
föm (føm) ''vi'' - to be proud of, satisfied with<br />
gru (ɡru) ''vi'' - young<br />
ģün (ɟyn) ''vi'' - orange (color), dark yellow<br />
ğêl (ɣel) ''vt'' - send, emit, transmit<br />
ğöṛ (ɣøɻ) ''vt'' - to forget<br />
jez (jɛz) ''ni'' - iron (Fe, element 26)<br />
jô (jo) ''adv'' - again, re-<br />
ka (ka) ''art'' - the (inanimate)<br />
kel (kɛl) ''vt'' - to begin, start<br />
kêg (keɡ) ''vt'' - to break, snap<br />
kêz (kez) ''na'' - woman, adult female<br />
kip (kip) ''nab'' - corner, angle<br />
krağ (kraɣ) ''na'' - a small flying dragon, the size of a fruit bat<br />
ķöd (cød) ''vt'' - surround, encompass; around, surrounding, encompassing<br />
liṛ (liɻ) ''na'' - arm, from shoulder to wrist<br />
log (lɔɡ) ''vt'' - to call, name, label<br />
lôx (lox) ''vi'' - old<br />
lul (lul) ''adv'' - not more than, at most; just, only<br />
ļev (ʎɛv) ''ni'' - clothing, garment<br />
łim (ɬim) ''vi'' - to shine, glow<br />
mav (mav) ''vt'' - to admire<br />
mêð (meɮ) ''ni'' - cheek (side of face)<br />
nês (nes) ''vt'' - to see, view<br />
nêv (nev) ''ni'' - snow<br />
ni (ni) ''vt'' - having, with<br />
ņaz (ɲaz) ''vt'' - to awaken, wake up.<br />
ņêr (ɲer) ''vi'' - broad, wide (in size, esp. laterally)<br />
nŏ (nɤ) ''rp'' - which<br />
pin (pin) ''vt'' - to tie, knot<br />
plên (plen) ''vt'' - to pull, draw<br />
pṛa (pɻa) ''vt'' - to precede; earlier<br />
pṛin (pɻin) ''nab'' - time (as a dimension), duration<br />
raś (raɕ) ''vi'' - to rotate, spin, roll<br />
rêł (reɬ) ''vt'' - to carve, sculpt<br />
run (run) ''na'' - man; adult male<br />
ṛel (ɻɛl) ''ni'' - face; facial features<br />
ṛêm (ɻem) ''nab'' - place, spot, site, location<br />
ṛox (ɻɔx) ''vi'' - to descend; down<br />
siķ (sic) ''vt'' - to write<br />
stê (ste) ''vi'' - there is, there are<br />
stôn (ston) ''nab'' - color<br />
sün (syn) ''vt'' - to color, dye, paint<br />
ślŭ (ɕlɯ) ''nab'' - all, everything<br />
tṛaz (tɻaz) ''ni'' - tea, beverage made from leaves in boiling water<br />
voṛ (vɔɻ) ''na'' - smile<br />
vôd (vod) ''nab'' - form, structure<br />
vŏ (vɤ) ''pron'' - he, she, it, him, her, his, its<br />
wel (wɛl) ''ni'' - table (furniture)<br />
zab (zab) ''vi'' - to cover, shield, insulate<br />
zel (zɛl) ''nab'' - voice, vocal sound (produced by larynx)<br />
zêv (zev) ''vi'' - to move around in place; be active<br />
zul (zul) ''vt'' - trade, exchange, barter, buy, sell<br />
źev (ʑɛv) ''nab'' - mask<br />
źê (ʑe) ''vt'' - like, as, in the manner of<br />
źin (ʑin) ''conj'' - and, but, however<br />
źṛêņ (ʑɻeɲ) ''nab'' - smoke<br />
źŭğ (ʑɯɣ) ''vi'' - arrogant, conceited<br />
<br />
suffixes<br />
-a (-a) genitive case (abstract nouns)<br />
-ad (-ad) nab - verbal noun representing an abstraction; quality of being, -ness<br />
-ag (-aɡ) nab - verbal noun representing the object of a verb<br />
-ê (-e) passive participle<br />
-i (-i) genitive case (animate nouns)<br />
-lö (-lø) vi - worthy of, deserving<br />
-ma (-ma) reflexive<br />
-na (-na) dative case (abstract nouns)<br />
-ol (-ɔl) ablative case (abstract nouns)<br />
-ô (-o) present tense<br />
-ôm (-om) augmentative<br />
-ŏs (-ɤs) imperfective aspect<br />
-ra (-ra) repetitive aspect<br />
-ṛa (-ɻa) ergative case (animate nouns)<br />
-s (-s) imperfective aspect<br />
-ta (-ta) instrumental case (abstract nouns)<br />
-vi (-vi) locative case (animate nouns)<br />
-vo (-vɔ) locative case (abstract nouns)<br />
-vu (-vu) vi - to resemble; similar to, like, -ish<br />
<br />
== Grammatical notes: ==<br />
<br />
Jarda has three categories of nouns: animate, inanimate, and abstract. Nouns take different case endings depending on their category. The plain, unadorned form of the noun is the absolutive case, which is considered the primary object of a verb or preposition (the only one which cannot normally be omitted). Subjects of verbs are typically in the ergative case, although some verbs take a subject in the dative case. The locative case typically represents the location where something exists or an action takes place. The ablative case, among other uses, marks the source or origin of a thing, and the dative case marks a destination.<br />
<br />
Case suffixes:<br />
{|<br />
|<br />
! animate<br />
! inanimate<br />
! abstract<br />
|-<br />
| ergative || -ṛa || -ka || -ma<br />
|-<br />
| absolutive || - || - || -<br />
|-<br />
| ablative || -lü || -öl, -l || -ol, -l<br />
|-<br />
| dative || -na, -n || -in, -n || -na, -n<br />
|-<br />
| instrumental || -ta || -ŏt || -ta<br />
|-<br />
| genitive || -i || -ê || -a, -ja<br />
|-<br />
| locative || -vi || -vö || -vo<br />
|}<br />
<br />
Jarda has intransitive verbs which take a single argument in the absolutive case, as well as transitive verbs with an ergative subject and absolutive object. The verb typically precedes its subjects and objects. Transitive verbs, such as "prêl" (to open), can be used intransitively without any change to the verb, simply by omitting the subject. For example:<br />
<br />
{|<br />
! prêl || zi-ṛa || ķufê<br />
|-<br />
| open || I-ERG || box<br />
|}<br />
"I opened a box"<br />
<br />
{|<br />
! prêl || ķufê<br />
|-<br />
| open || box<br />
|}<br />
"a box has been opened"; "a box is open"<br />
<br />
The verbs in these examples are in the perfective aspect, which is unmarked. The imperfective aspect is marked with the suffix "-sê" (after vowels) or "-ŏs" (after consonants). Jarda also has a repetitive aspect, marked with -ra, which denotes a series of short, repeated actions.<br />
<br />
{|<br />
! prêl-ŏs ||zi-ṛa || ķufê<br />
|-<br />
| open-IPF || I-ERG || box<br />
|}<br />
"I am opening a box"<br />
<br />
{|<br />
! prêl-ra || zi-ṛa || ķufê<br />
|-<br />
| open-REP || I-ERG || box<br />
|}<br />
"I am opening boxes"<br />
<br />
Verbs in Jarda often take on the role of an adjective or a preposition in languages like English. As an adjective, a phrase like "an open box" in English becomes "a box that has been opened" in Jarda. Compare:<br />
<br />
{|<br />
! prêl || ķufê<br />
|-<br />
| open || box<br />
|}<br />
"a box has been opened"; "a box is open"<br />
<br />
{|<br />
! ķufê || (nŏ) || prêl<br />
|-<br />
| box || that || open<br />
|}<br />
"a box that has been opened"; "an open box"<br />
<br />
Note that the relative pronoun "nŏ" is optional in this sort of phrase and typically omitted. So you can essentially think of verb roots as having a double role as verbs and as adjectives.<br />
<br />
A typical use of a verb as a preposition is the word "ni", which can mean "to have" or "with".<br />
<br />
{|<br />
! ni || krağ || -na || jêṛ || füļ<br />
|-<br />
| have || bat-dragon || -DAT || wing || short<br />
|}<br />
"the bat-dragon has short wings"<br />
<br />
{|<br />
! krağ || ni || jêṛ || füļ<br />
|-<br />
| bat-dragon || with || wing || short<br />
|}<br />
"the bat-dragon with short wings"<br />
<br />
== Smooth English translations ==<br />
<br />
=== Translation from Kēlen: ===<br />
<br />
''A small statue is stirring on the corner again; in the crook of a young man’s arms, a carved small predator awakens; it barks at the smokes that have become twisted and also broken and knotted like a letter in the interlace alphabet, from around the market Iron; at the market there is a broad table covered with snow that has above it a well-dressed woman standing upright, her face disdainful and awe-inspiring, her cheeks flushed with pink as tea; but all past events have become forgotten, and proud again; the woman with a playful smile only pulled down the shining mask from in front of her.''<br />
<br />
=== Translation of Jarda text: ===<br />
<br />
''A small carved form starts to move around again on the corner. In the arm of a young man, a carved bat-dragon awakens. It sends repeated vocal sounds to the smoke that is spinning, broken, and knotted, like ancient knot-writing, from around the market called Iron. At the market is a broad table covered in snow which supports a woman with attractive clothes standing upright, with an arrogant and admiration-worthy face, with cheeks colored a dark orange color like tea. But everything in the past has been forgotten, and she is proud again. The woman with a playful smile only pulled down the shining mask from in front of her.''</div>Teamousehttps://www.frathwiki.com/index.php?title=Conlang_Relay_18/Jarda&diff=63227Conlang Relay 18/Jarda2011-11-07T02:02:13Z<p>Teamouse: Created page with "Jarda text: Kelzêvô jô kipvo rêłvôd diṛ. Liṛvi runi gru, ņazŏs krağ rêł. Ğêlra vŏṛa zel źṛêņna nŏ raś au kêg au pin, źê pinsiķag lôxôm, ķödado..."</p>
<hr />
<div>Jarda text:<br />
<br />
Kelzêvô jô kipvo rêłvôd diṛ. Liṛvi runi gru, ņazŏs krağ rêł. Ğêlra vŏṛa zel źṛêņna nŏ raś au kêg au pin, źê pinsiķag lôxôm, ķödadol zulṛêma logê Jez. Zulṛêmvo stê wel ņêr zabê nêv nŏ ðizŏs kêz ni ļev nêslö baṛ ðan, ni ṛel źŭğ au mavlö, ni mêð sün stônta ģün źê tṛaz. Źin ğöṛ ślŭ pṛapṛinvo, au fömmas vŏ jô. Plên ṛoxê lul kêzṛa ni voṛ faṛvu ka źev łim dêgol vŏ.<br />
<br />
Vocabulary:<br />
<br />
adv adverb<br />
art article<br />
conj conjunction<br />
na noun (animate)<br />
nab noun (abstract)<br />
ni noun (inanimate)<br />
pron pronoun<br />
rp relative pronoun<br />
vi verb (intransitive)<br />
vt verb (transitive)<br />
<br />
au (au) conj - and (joins two verbs)<br />
baṛ (baɻ) vi - to stand<br />
dêg (deɡ) nab - front<br />
diṛ (diɻ) vi - small, little<br />
ðan (ɮan) vi - vertical, upright<br />
ðiz (ɮiz) vt - to support (physically)<br />
faṛ (faɻ) vt - to play (a game)<br />
föm (føm) vi - to be proud of, satisfied with<br />
gru (ɡru) vi - young<br />
ģün (ɟyn) vi - orange (color), dark yellow<br />
ğêl (ɣel) vt - send, emit, transmit<br />
ğöṛ (ɣøɻ) vt - to forget<br />
jez (jɛz) ni - iron (Fe, element 26)<br />
jô (jo) adv - again, re-<br />
ka (ka) art - the (inanimate)<br />
kel (kɛl) vt - to begin, start<br />
kêg (keɡ) vt - to break, snap<br />
kêz (kez) na - woman, adult female<br />
kip (kip) nab - corner, angle<br />
krağ (kraɣ) na - a small flying dragon, the size of a fruit bat<br />
ķöd (cød) vt - surround, encompass; around, surrounding, encompassing<br />
liṛ (liɻ) na - arm, from shoulder to wrist<br />
log (lɔɡ) vt - to call, name, label<br />
lôx (lox) vi - old<br />
lul (lul) adv - not more than, at most; just, only<br />
ļev (ʎɛv) ni - clothing, garment<br />
łim (ɬim) vi - to shine, glow<br />
mav (mav) vt - to admire<br />
mêð (meɮ) ni - cheek (side of face)<br />
nês (nes) vt - to see, view<br />
nêv (nev) ni - snow<br />
ni (ni) vt - having, with<br />
ņaz (ɲaz) vt - to awaken, wake up.<br />
ņêr (ɲer) vi - broad, wide (in size, esp. laterally)<br />
nŏ (nɤ) rp - which<br />
pin (pin) vt - to tie, knot<br />
plên (plen) vt - to pull, draw<br />
pṛa (pɻa) vt - to precede; earlier<br />
pṛin (pɻin) nab - time (as a dimension), duration<br />
raś (raɕ) vi - to rotate, spin, roll<br />
rêł (reɬ) vt - to carve, sculpt<br />
run (run) na - man; adult male<br />
ṛel (ɻɛl) ni - face; facial features<br />
ṛêm (ɻem) nab - place, spot, site, location<br />
ṛox (ɻɔx) vi - to descend; down<br />
siķ (sic) vt - to write<br />
stê (ste) vi - there is, there are<br />
stôn (ston) nab - color<br />
sün (syn) vt - to color, dye, paint<br />
ślŭ (ɕlɯ) nab - all, everything<br />
tṛaz (tɻaz) ni - tea, beverage made from leaves in boiling water<br />
voṛ (vɔɻ) na - smile<br />
vôd (vod) nab - form, structure<br />
vŏ (vɤ) pron - he, she, it, him, her, his, its<br />
wel (wɛl) ni - table (furniture)<br />
zab (zab) vi - to cover, shield, insulate<br />
zel (zɛl) nab - voice, vocal sound (produced by larynx)<br />
zêv (zev) vi - to move around in place; be active<br />
zul (zul) vt - trade, exchange, barter, buy, sell<br />
źev (ʑɛv) nab - mask<br />
źê (ʑe) vt - like, as, in the manner of<br />
źin (ʑin) conj - and, but, however<br />
źṛêņ (ʑɻeɲ) nab - smoke<br />
źŭğ (ʑɯɣ) vi - arrogant, conceited<br />
<br />
suffixes<br />
-a (-a) genitive case (abstract nouns)<br />
-ad (-ad) nab - verbal noun representing an abstraction; quality of being, -ness<br />
-ag (-aɡ) nab - verbal noun representing the object of a verb<br />
-ê (-e) passive participle<br />
-i (-i) genitive case (animate nouns)<br />
-lö (-lø) vi - worthy of, deserving<br />
-ma (-ma) reflexive<br />
-na (-na) dative case (abstract nouns)<br />
-ol (-ɔl) ablative case (abstract nouns)<br />
-ô (-o) present tense<br />
-ôm (-om) augmentative<br />
-ŏs (-ɤs) imperfective aspect<br />
-ra (-ra) repetitive aspect<br />
-ṛa (-ɻa) ergative case (animate nouns)<br />
-s (-s) imperfective aspect<br />
-ta (-ta) instrumental case (abstract nouns)<br />
-vi (-vi) locative case (animate nouns)<br />
-vo (-vɔ) locative case (abstract nouns)<br />
-vu (-vu) vi - to resemble; similar to, like, -ish<br />
<br />
Grammatical notes:<br />
<br />
Jarda has three categories of nouns: animate, inanimate, and abstract. Nouns take different case endings depending on their category. The plain, unadorned form of the noun is the absolutive case, which is considered the primary object of a verb or preposition (the only one which cannot normally be omitted). Subjects of verbs are typically in the ergative case, although some verbs take a subject in the dative case. The locative case typically represents the location where something exists or an action takes place. The ablative case, among other uses, marks the source or origin of a thing, and the dative case marks a destination.<br />
<br />
Case suffixes:<br />
animate inanimate abstract<br />
ergative -ṛa -ka -ma<br />
absolutive - - -<br />
ablative -lü -öl, -l -ol, -l<br />
dative -na, -n -in, -n -na, -n<br />
instrumental -ta -ŏt -ta<br />
genitive -i -ê -a, -ja<br />
locative -vi -vö -vo<br />
<br />
Jarda has intransitive verbs which take a single argument in the absolutive case, as well as transitive verbs with an ergative subject and absolutive object. The verb typically precedes its subjects and objects. Transitive verbs, such as "prêl" (to open), can be used intransitively without any change to the verb, simply by omitting the subject. For example:<br />
<br />
prêl zi-ṛa ķufê<br />
open I-ERG box<br />
"I opened a box"<br />
<br />
prêl ķufê<br />
open box<br />
"a box has been opened"; "a box is open"<br />
<br />
The verbs in these examples are in the perfective aspect, which is unmarked. The imperfective aspect is marked with the suffix "-sê" (after vowels) or "-ŏs" (after consonants). Jarda also has a repetitive aspect, marked with -ra, which denotes a series of short, repeated actions.<br />
<br />
prêl-ŏs zi-ṛa ķufê<br />
open-IPF I-ERG box<br />
"I am opening a box"<br />
<br />
prêl-ra zi-ṛa ķufê<br />
open-REP I-ERG box<br />
"I am opening boxes"<br />
<br />
Verbs in Jarda often take on the role of an adjective or a preposition in languages like English. As an adjective, a phrase like "an open box" in English becomes "a box that has been opened" in Jarda. Compare:<br />
<br />
prêl ķufê<br />
open box<br />
"a box has been opened"; "a box is open"<br />
<br />
ķufê (nŏ) prêl<br />
box that open<br />
"a box that has been opened"; "an open box"<br />
<br />
Note that the relative pronoun "nŏ" is optional in this sort of phrase and typically omitted. So you can essentially think of verb roots as having a double role as verbs and as adjectives.<br />
<br />
A typical use of a verb as a preposition is the word "ni", which can mean "to have" or "with".<br />
<br />
ni krağ -na jêṛ füļ<br />
have bat-dragon-DAT wing short<br />
"the bat-dragon has short wings"<br />
<br />
krağ ni jêṛ füļ<br />
bat-dragon with wing short<br />
"the bat-dragon with short wings"<br />
<br />
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------<br />
Smooth English translations<br />
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------<br />
<br />
Translation from Kēlen:<br />
<br />
A small statue is stirring on the corner again; in the crook of a young man’s arms, a carved small predator awakens; it barks at the smokes that have become twisted and also broken and knotted like a letter in the interlace alphabet, from around the market Iron; at the market there is a broad table covered with snow that has above it a well-dressed woman standing upright, her face disdainful and awe-inspiring, her cheeks flushed with pink as tea; but all past events have become forgotten, and proud again; the woman with a playful smile only pulled down the shining mask from in front of her.<br />
<br />
Translation of Jarda text:<br />
<br />
A small carved form starts to move around again on the corner. In the arm of a young man, a carved bat-dragon awakens. It sends repeated vocal sounds to the smoke that is spinning, broken, and knotted, like ancient knot-writing, from around the market called Iron. At the market is a broad table covered in snow which supports a woman with attractive clothes standing upright, with an arrogant and admiration-worthy face, with cheeks colored a dark orange color like tea. But everything in the past has been forgotten, and she is proud again. The woman with a playful smile only pulled down the shining mask from in front of her.</div>Teamousehttps://www.frathwiki.com/index.php?title=Conlang_Relay_17/Tirelat&diff=53180Conlang Relay 17/Tirelat2010-04-25T01:46:02Z<p>Teamouse: Created page with '== The text == === Tirelat === SU TAHLA JËMUKËTAN Jëżjuguŕjałikan su Ġavizahr. Na mih sošuni ŕadelin my Tahlamoža. Ła jëšausumin! Ispa jëxinżilin su Tahla u mih…'</p>
<hr />
<div>== The text ==<br />
<br />
=== Tirelat ===<br />
<br />
SU TAHLA JËMUKËTAN<br />
<br />
Jëżjuguŕjałikan su Ġavizahr. Na mih sošuni ŕadelin my Tahlamoža. Ła jëšausumin! Ispa jëxinżilin su Tahla u mih. Javi su Regasahn jëkłeramin my žrevari u dłahsahnmi Tahla. Vë zaž u dłah žrevari, su Ġavizahr nufani jëliŕkalin të saj tadru ġazahr tiskini vyzihkilin rih ušuri. Zekini pizaj vytëkikulin ma Tahla, vël vymikulin mih. Mëžba vyzitŕalin mih, të taċani vyšuñalin maj ñaj jëġan. Vyšokalin ma Tahla.<br />
<br />
=== Smooth English translation of the Tirelat text ===<br />
<br />
MAN MUST DIE<br />
<br />
Ghavizahr "Little Deer" is untrustworthy. He was previously called Tahlamozha "Friend of Man". But that was wrong! Indeed, Man was cruel to him. So Fourfoot decided to fight two-footed Man. Between two fights, Ghavizahr loudly cried out and many deer quickly arrived to help. They immediately chased Man away, but they followed him. Eventually they caught him, and bit off all his limbs. They killed Man.<br />
<br />
== Vocabulary ==<br />
<br />
{|<br />
| adj || adjective<br />
|-<br />
| adv || adverb<br />
|-<br />
| art || article<br />
|-<br />
| cn || countable noun<br />
|-<br />
| conj || conjunction<br />
|-<br />
| dv || dynamic verb (intransitive)<br />
|-<br />
| prep || preposition<br />
|-<br />
| pron || pronoun<br />
|-<br />
| sv || stative verb (intransitive)<br />
|-<br />
| tv || transitive verb<br />
|}<br />
<br />
=== prefixes ===<br />
{|<br />
| jë- || (n) || his, her, its (possessive).<br />
|-<br />
| jë- || (v) || he, she, it (subject).<br />
|-<br />
| vy- || (v) || they (subject).<br />
|}<br />
<br />
=== suffixes ===<br />
{|<br />
| -ka- || (v) || negative<br />
|-<br />
| -ku- || (v) || causative<br />
|-<br />
| -li- || (v) || hearsay, past<br />
|-<br />
| -łi- || (v) || opinion, non-past<br />
|-<br />
| -mi || (adj) || having, with, -ful(l)<br />
|-<br />
| -mi- || (v) || inferential, past <br />
|-<br />
| -n || (v) || perfective<br />
|-<br />
| -ni || (adv) || -ly (adverb-forming suffix)<br />
|-<br />
| -ri || (n) || verbal noun; action, event, infinitive<br />
|-<br />
| -ta- || (v) || deontic; must, need to, have to, should ...<br />
|}<br />
<br />
=== roots ===<br />
{|<br />
| dłah || (adj) || two.<br />
|-<br />
| ġan || (cn) || limb (arm, leg, etc.)<br />
|-<br />
| Ġavizahr || || a proper name (Little Deer, < vini "little" + ġazahr "deer")<br />
|-<br />
| ġazahr || (cn) || deer.<br />
|-<br />
| ispa || (adv) || indeed, really, truly.<br />
|-<br />
| javi || (adv) || so, therefore.<br />
|-<br />
| kłera || (tv) || to decide, resolve, choose (to do something).<br />
|-<br />
| ła || (conj) || but (in contrast), on the other hand.<br />
|-<br />
| liŕka || (dv) || to cry out, shout, yell.<br />
|-<br />
| ma || (art) || accusative singular, animate<br />
|-<br />
| maj || (art) || accusative plural<br />
|-<br />
| mëžba || (adv) || eventually.<br />
|-<br />
| mih || (pron) || him, her.<br />
|-<br />
| miku || (tv) || to follow, chase.<br />
|-<br />
| mukë || (dv) || to die.<br />
|-<br />
| my || (art) || accusative singular, inanimate<br />
|-<br />
| na || (art) || dative singular<br />
|-<br />
| ñaj || (adj) || all, every.<br />
|-<br />
| nufa || (sv) || loud.<br />
|-<br />
| pizaj || (adv) || away.<br />
|-<br />
| ŕade || (tv) || to call, name. (acc = name, dat = the one being named)<br />
|-<br />
| rega || (adj) || four.<br />
|-<br />
| rih || (prep) || as, in the role of.<br />
|-<br />
| sahn || (cn) || foot (body part).<br />
|-<br />
| saj || (art) || nominative plural<br />
|-<br />
| šausu || (sv) || wrong, incorrect.<br />
|-<br />
| šoka || (tv) || to kill.<br />
|-<br />
| sošu || (adj) || last, previous, preceding, prior.<br />
|-<br />
| su || (art) || nominative singular, animate<br />
|-<br />
| šuña || (tv) || to cut off, sever, amputate.<br />
|-<br />
| taċa || (tv) || to bite.<br />
|-<br />
| tadru || (sv) || much, a lot, many.<br />
|-<br />
| tahla || (cn) || male (mature adult); man.<br />
|-<br />
| Tahlamoža || || a proper name (Friend of Man, < tahla "friend" + moža "man")<br />
|-<br />
| të || (conj) || and (joins two verbs)<br />
|-<br />
| tëki || (dv) || to run (move rapidly).<br />
|-<br />
| tiski || (sv) || quick, fast.<br />
|-<br />
| u || (art) || genitive/oblique singular<br />
|-<br />
| ušu || (vt) || to help.<br />
|-<br />
| vë || (art) || locative singular<br />
|-<br />
| vël || (conj) || but, yet, still, however (joins two verbs).<br />
|-<br />
| xinżi || (sv) || cruel, harsh.<br />
|-<br />
| zaž || (prep) || between, among, in the midst of.<br />
|-<br />
| zeki || (sv) || sudden, abrupt, immediate.<br />
|-<br />
| zihki || (dv) || to arrive.<br />
|-<br />
| zitŕa || (tv) || to catch, grab, seize.<br />
|-<br />
| żjuguŕja || (sv) || trustworthy (< żjugu "trust" + -ŕja "suitable for").<br />
|-<br />
| žreva || (tv) || to fight<br />
|}<br />
<br />
<br />
== Grammatical notes ==<br />
<br />
Basic word order in Tirelat is SVO in clauses with transitive verbs. Tirelat has two kinds of intransitive verbs: stative and dynamic verbs. The usual word order is VS with stative verbs and SV with dynamic verbs. In general, modifiers such as adjectives and adverbs come before the word they modify.<br />
<br />
The main verb typically has a subject or object prefix, and one or more suffixes that are added in a specific order after the verb root. (In this text the only prefixes that occur are the third-person singular nominative jë- and third-person plural nominative vy-.) Suffixes indicate voice (e.g. passive, causative), mode (e.g. deontic, optative, imperative), evidential and tense (e.g. hearsay, opinion), negative, and aspect. For this text, the main thing to know about the evidentials is that the "inferential" past is more or less an unmarked past tense. Hearsay in this case is used to tell a story, and opinion relates the narrator's opinion of a character in the story.<br />
<br />
Nouns and noun phrases are introduced with an article which marks the case of the phrase. Tirelat has eight cases; the important ones for this text are the nominative (typically the subject of a verb), accusative (the direct object), locative, dative, and oblique. Dative often marks the recipient of an action: in this text, object of the verb "call, name" (the one being named). The oblique case is harder to pin down; it often marks the object of a locative preposition or an infinitive, but it has various other uses. In general, with verbs it adds a non-essential argument (with the word xinżi "cruel, harsh" it could be translated as "to").<br />
<br />
Plurals are usually indicated with a plural form of the article, or a plural prefix on the verb, or both. Some plural suffixes are used on nouns in certain cases, but these are not used in this text; nouns may be plural without an explicit plural suffix.<br />
<br />
Suffixes are commonly used for word derivation. One common pattern that comes up in this text is the adjective + noun + -mi "having", where the -mi suffix has the same role as the –ed in English words like "long-tailed" or "short-eared": literally "having a long tail", "having short ears" in the Tirelat equivalents (sedriloxmi, piŕkivynmi).</div>Teamousehttps://www.frathwiki.com/index.php?title=Conlang_Relay_17&diff=52832Conlang Relay 172010-03-27T04:12:06Z<p>Teamouse: </p>
<hr />
<div>Conlang Relay 17 is currently happening. [[User:DCliche|Kenner Gordon]] is running it.<br />
<br />
<br />
Schedule:<br />
<br />
{|<br />
|- align="left"<br />
! !! Ring A !! Ring B !! Ring C !! Ring D<br />
|-<br />
! Feb 14<br />
| Kenner Gordon - ''[[Theadisch]]'' || Kenner Gordon - ''Theadisch'' || Kenner Gordon - ''Theadisch'' || Kenner Gordon - ''Theadisch''<br />
|-<br />
! Feb 16<br />
| Padraic Brown - ''[[Kerno]]'' || || Tony Harris - ''[[Alurhsa]]'' || Lars Finsen - ''[[Azurian]]''<br />
|-<br />
! Feb 18<br />
| Kelvin Jackson - ''[[Karrev]]'' || John Quijada - ''[[Ithkuil]]'' || Peter Bleackley - ''[[Iljena]]'' || <br />
|-<br />
! Feb 20<br />
| Sean Anderson - ''[http://westgermanic.co.uk West Germanic]'' || Eugene Oh - ''[[Classical Arithide]]'' || Amanda Furrow - ''[[Mirexu]]'' || Jan van Steenbergen - ''[[Vozgian]]''<br />
|-<br />
! Feb 22<br />
| Peter Bleackley - ''[[Khangaþyagon]]'' || Henrik Theiling - ''[[Tirkunan]]'' || Arthaey Angosii - ''[[Lhenazi]]'' || Sylvia Sotomayor - ''[[Kēlen]]''<br />
|-<br />
! Feb 24<br />
| David E - ''[[Feayran]]'' || Danny Bowman - ''[[Angosey]]'' || Jan Strasser - ''[[Buruya Nzaysa]]'' || Padraic Brown - ''[[Talarian]]''<br />
|-<br />
! Feb 26<br />
| Mechthild Czapp - ''[http://gist.github.com/101728 Rejistanian]'' || loftyd - ''[[Şärsâ]]'' || Eugene Oh - ''[[Zesovian]]'' || Kelvin Jackson - ''[[Vašt î Kûvik]]''<br />
|-<br />
! Feb 28<br />
| Doug Ball - ''[http://skerre.conlang.org/conlangs/skerre/skerremain.html Skerre]'' || Jim Taylor - ''[[Xara]]'' || '''X''' Kevin Urbanczyk - ''[[Proto-Drem]]'' || Adam Walker - ''[[Tvern El]]''<br />
|-<br />
! Mar 2<br />
| [[User:Dedalvs|David Peterson]] - ''[[Kamakawi]]'' || Tony Harris - ''[[Tariatta]]'' || Andrej Šuc - ''[[Laefèvëši]]'' || Roger Mills - ''[[Prevli]]''<br />
|-<br />
! Mar 4<br />
| Jeffrey Jones - ''[[SIAL]]'' || G.V. Pieterson - ''[[Neimalu]]'' || Clayton Cardoso - ''[[Mabri]]'' || Elliott Lash - ''[[Silindion]]''<br />
|-<br />
! Mar 6<br />
| Carsten Becker - ''[[Ayeri]]'' || Adam Walker - ''[[Carrajena]]'' || René Uittenbogaard - ''[http://www.joekewoud.nl/ruittenb/calennawn/ Calénnawn]'' || Jan Strasser - ''[[Ndok Aisô]]''<br />
|-<br />
! Mar 8<br />
| Arthaey Angosii - ''[[Asha'ille]]'' || '''X''' Jan van Steenbergen - ''[[Wenedyk]]'' || '''X''' Jeffrey Jones - ''[[K'tlê]]'' || Tony Hogard - ''[[Nesheti]]''<br />
|-<br />
! Mar 10<br />
| Herman Miller - ''[http://www.io.com/~hmiller/lang/Tirelat/index.html Tirelat]'' || '''@''' Puey McCleary - ''[[Babel]]'' || '''@''' Deiniol Jones - ''[[Sχáskari]]''<br />
|-<br />
|} <br />
<div style="clear:both" /><br />
<br />
Rings A and D have been completed.<br />
<br />
== See also: ==<br />
* [[Conlang relay]]<br />
<br />
[[Category:Conlang relays]]</div>Teamousehttps://www.frathwiki.com/index.php?title=Conlang_Relay_17&diff=52828Conlang Relay 172010-03-26T02:42:32Z<p>Teamouse: </p>
<hr />
<div>Conlang Relay 17 is currently happening. [[User:DCliche|Kenner Gordon]] is running it.<br />
<br />
<br />
Schedule:<br />
<br />
{|<br />
|- align="left"<br />
! !! Ring A !! Ring B !! Ring C !! Ring D<br />
|-<br />
! Feb 14<br />
| Kenner Gordon - ''[[Theadisch]]'' || Kenner Gordon - ''Theadisch'' || Kenner Gordon - ''Theadisch'' || Kenner Gordon - ''Theadisch''<br />
|-<br />
! Feb 16<br />
| Padraic Brown - ''[[Kerno]]'' || || Tony Harris - ''[[Alurhsa]]'' || Lars Finsen - ''[[Azurian]]''<br />
|-<br />
! Feb 18<br />
| Kelvin Jackson - ''[[Karrev]]'' || John Quijada - ''[[Ithkuil]]'' || Peter Bleackley - ''[[Iljena]]'' || <br />
|-<br />
! Feb 20<br />
| Sean Anderson - ''[http://westgermanic.co.uk West Germanic]'' || Eugene Oh - ''[[Classical Arithide]]'' || Amanda Furrow - ''[[Mirexu]]'' || Jan van Steenbergen - ''[[Vozgian]]''<br />
|-<br />
! Feb 22<br />
| Peter Bleackley - ''[[Khangaþyagon]]'' || Henrik Theiling - ''[[Tirkunan]]'' || Arthaey Angosii - ''[[Lhenazi]]'' || Sylvia Sotomayor - ''[[Kēlen]]''<br />
|-<br />
! Feb 24<br />
| David E - ''[[Feayran]]'' || Danny Bowman - ''[[Angosey]]'' || Jan Strasser - ''[[Buruya Nzaysa]]'' || Padraic Brown - ''[[Talarian]]''<br />
|-<br />
! Feb 26<br />
| Mechthild Czapp - ''[http://gist.github.com/101728 Rejistanian]'' || loftyd - ''[[Şärsâ]]'' || Eugene Oh - ''[[Zesovian]]'' || Kelvin Jackson - ''[[Vašt î Kûvik]]''<br />
|-<br />
! Feb 28<br />
| Doug Ball - ''[http://skerre.conlang.org/conlangs/skerre/skerremain.html Skerre]'' || Jim Taylor - ''[[Xara]]'' || '''X''' Kevin Urbanczyk - ''[[Proto-Drem]]'' || Adam Walker - ''[[Tvern El]]''<br />
|-<br />
! Mar 2<br />
| [[User:Dedalvs|David Peterson]] - ''[[Kamakawi]]'' || Tony Harris - ''[[Tariatta]]'' || Andrej Šuc - ''[[Laefèvëši]]'' || Roger Mills - ''[[Prevli]]''<br />
|-<br />
! Mar 4<br />
| Jeffrey Jones - ''[[SIAL]]'' || G.V. Pieterson - ''[[Neimalu]]'' || Clayton Cardoso - ''[[Mabri]]'' || Elliott Lash - ''[[Silindion]]''<br />
|-<br />
! Mar 6<br />
| Carsten Becker - ''[[Ayeri]]'' || Adam Walker - ''[[Carrajena]]'' || René Uittenbogaard - ''[http://www.joekewoud.nl/ruittenb/calennawn/ Calénnawn]'' || Jan Strasser - ''[[Ndok Aisô]]''<br />
|-<br />
! Mar 8<br />
| Arthaey Angosii - ''[[Asha'ille]]'' || '''X''' Jan van Steenbergen - ''[[Wenedyk]]'' || '''X''' Jeffrey Jones - ''[[K'tlê]]'' || Tony Hogard - ''[[Nesheti]]''<br />
|-<br />
! Mar 10<br />
| '''@''' Herman Miller - ''[http://www.io.com/~hmiller/lang/Tirelat/index.html Tirelat]'' || '''@''' Puey McCleary - ''[[Babel]]'' || '''@''' Deiniol Jones - ''[[Sχáskari]]''<br />
|-<br />
|} <br />
<div style="clear:both" /><br />
<br />
Ring D has been completed.<br />
<br />
== See also: ==<br />
* [[Conlang relay]]<br />
<br />
[[Category:Conlang relays]]</div>Teamousehttps://www.frathwiki.com/index.php?title=Conlang_Relay_17&diff=52557Conlang Relay 172010-03-11T02:25:34Z<p>Teamouse: </p>
<hr />
<div>Conlang Relay 17 is currently happening. [[User:DCliche|Kenner Gordon]] is running it.<br />
<br />
<br />
Schedule:<br />
<br />
{|<br />
|- align="left"<br />
! !! Ring A !! Ring B !! Ring C !! Ring D<br />
|-<br />
! Feb 14<br />
| Kenner Gordon - ''[[Theadisch]]'' || Kenner Gordon - ''Theadisch'' || Kenner Gordon - ''Theadisch'' || Kenner Gordon - ''Theadisch''<br />
|-<br />
! Feb 16<br />
| Padraic Brown - ''[[Kerno]]'' || || Tony Harris - ''[[Alurhsa]]'' || Lars Finsen - ''[[Azurian]]''<br />
|-<br />
! Feb 18<br />
| Kelvin Jackson - ''[[Karrev]]'' || John Quijada - ''[[Ithkuil]]'' || Peter Bleackley - ''[[Iljena]]'' || <br />
|-<br />
! Feb 20<br />
| Sean Anderson - ''[http://westgermanic.co.uk West Germanic]'' || Eugene Oh - ''[[Classical Arithide]]'' || Amanda Furrow - ''[[Mirexu]]'' || Jan van Steenbergen - ''[[Vozgian]]''<br />
|-<br />
! Feb 22<br />
| Peter Bleackley - ''[[Khangaþyagon]]'' || Henrik Theiling - ''[[Tirkunan]]'' || Arthaey Angosii - ''[[Lhenazi]]'' || Sylvia Sotomayor - ''[[Kēlen]]''<br />
|-<br />
! Feb 24<br />
| David E - ''[[Feayran]]'' || Danny Bowman - ''[[Angosey]]'' || Jan Strasser - ''[[Buruya Nzaysa]]'' || Padraic Brown - ''[[Talarian]]''<br />
|-<br />
! Feb 26<br />
| Mechthild Czapp - ''[http://gist.github.com/101728 Rejistanian]'' || loftyd - ''[[Şärsâ]]'' || Eugene Oh - ''[[Zesovian]]'' || Kelvin Jackson - ''[[Vašt î Kûvik]]''<br />
|-<br />
! Feb 28<br />
| Doug Ball - ''[http://skerre.conlang.org/conlangs/skerre/skerremain.html Skerre]'' || Jim Taylor - ''[[Xara]]'' || '''X''' Kevin Urbanczyk - ''[[Proto-Drem]]'' || Adam Walker - ''[[Tvern El]]''<br />
|-<br />
! Mar 2<br />
| [[User:Dedalvs|David Peterson]] - ''[[Kamakawi]]'' || Tony Harris - ''[[Tariatta]]'' || Andrej Šuc - ''[[Laefèvëši]]'' || Roger Mills - ''[[Prevli]]''<br />
|-<br />
! Mar 4<br />
| Jeffrey Jones - ''[[SIAL]]'' || G.V. Pieterson - ''[[Neimalu]]'' || Clayton Cardoso - ''[[Mabri]]'' || Elliott Lash - ''[[Silindion]]''<br />
|-<br />
! Mar 6<br />
| Carsten Becker - ''[[Ayeri]]'' || Adam Walker - ''[[Carrajena]]'' || '''@''' René Uittenbogaard - ''[http://www.joekewoud.nl/ruittenb/calennawn/ Calénnawn]'' || Jan Strasser - ''[[Ndok Aisô]]''<br />
|-<br />
! Mar 8<br />
| '''@''' Arthaey Angosii - ''[[Asha'ille]]'' || '''@''' Jan van Steenbergen - ''[[Wenedyk]]'' || Jeffrey Jones - ''[[K'tlê]]'' || '''@''' Tony Hogard - ''[[Nesheti]]''<br />
|-<br />
! Mar 10<br />
| Herman Miller - ''[http://www.io.com/~hmiller/lang/Tirelat/index.html Tirelat]'' || Puey McCleary - ''[[Babel]]'' || Deiniol Jones - ''[[Sxirati]]''<br />
|-<br />
|} <br />
<div style="clear:both" /><br />
<br />
== See also: ==<br />
* [[Conlang relay]]<br />
<br />
[[Category:Conlang relays]]</div>Teamousehttps://www.frathwiki.com/index.php?title=X&diff=49803X2009-10-19T00:48:18Z<p>Teamouse: added entry for voiced alveolar fricative; examples for [x]</p>
<hr />
<div>'''X''' is the 21st and final letter of the original [[Latin alphabet]], adapted via [[Etruscan]] from [[Greek alphabet|Greek]] [[chi]] (Χ). Since its inception, it has gone on to become one of the "leftover" letters of the Latin alphabet, and has taken on a considerable array of phonetic values, however most commonly, one of /ʃ x ks/.<br />
<br />
==[[Velar]]s==<br />
The three canonical values (and a few others) of ''x'' all involve velar consonants.<br />
===Aspirated [[voiceless velar stop]]===<br />
Or, /kʰ/. The original value of chi. Does anyone use it these days anymore?<br />
===Cluster /ks/===<br />
The original Latin value, as well as the value of chi in western varieties of the Greek alphabet. This is retained in several natlangs, including English, and has inspired several conlangs to prominently feature the cluster.<br />
*''Further examples here.''<br />
===Cluster /gz/===<br />
The cluster has sometimes developed voice in English.<br />
*''And elsewhere?''<br />
===[[Voiceless velar fricative]]===<br />
[[Spirantization]] got hang of chi in Greek by the Byzantine times, and the resulting fricativ value was handed down not only to Modern Greek, but also to the Cyrillic kha (Х), and doutlessly inspired by these, also to the [[IPA]]; which begat ''x'' as /x/ in many linguist-devised Latin orthographies, natlang or conlang.<br />
*''List examples here.'' [[Olaetian]] (current transliteration), [[Tirelat]], [[Zharranh]], [[Tilya]], [[Ludireo]]<br />
<br />
==Further [[fricative]]s==<br />
Voiceless fricativ values are not uncommon for ''x'' either.<br />
===[[Voiced alveolar fricative]]===<br />
[[English]] pronounces initial ''x'' as /z/ in words such as ''xylophone''. The original transliteration of the [[Olaetian]] alphabet used this letter for a laminal sound /z̻/ (while the apical sound /z̺/ is written ''z''); current practice is to transcribe the laminal sound as ''ż''.<br />
===[[Voiceless alveolar fricative]]===<br />
For some godforsaken reason, [[Vietnamese]] and [[Hmong]] use ''x'' for /s/.<br />
*''Please don't tell me you do this (at least, if you are not Vietnamese or Hmong yourself)''<br />
===[[Voiceless postalveolar fricative]]===<br />
[[Portuguese]] and [[Old Spanish]] use ''x'' for /ʃ/. A large number of South American natlangs (and some elsewhere) get the same usage from them. Popular in conlangs as well.<br />
*''List examples here.''<br />
===[[Voiceless alveolo-palatal fricative]]===<br />
[[Pinyin]] transcription of Mandarin, likely inspired by the previous, uses ''x'' for /ɕ/.<br />
*''Any other examples?'' [[Simik]] (a.k.a. [[Zirinka]])<br />
===[[Voiceless pharyngeal fricative]]===<br />
[[Somali]] uses ''x'' for /ħ/.<br />
*''Did your conlang run out of letters, too?''<br />
===[[Voiceless retroflex fricative]]===<br />
While no natlang use is known, [[Rejistanian]] writes this sound as <x> in the transliteration into the Latin alphabet.<br />
<br />
==Other consonants==<br />
And this is why we call it a "leftover" letter.<br />
===[[Voiced alveolar affricate]]===<br />
/dz/ is found in [[Albanian]] and '''Pashto'''. We are not sure whichever got it first, and if there is any connection anyway. There's just really no single fitting Latin letter for /dz/ once you've spent ''z'' on /z/, and at least this is better than making up some sort of a voiced ''[[c]]'' (oh, those wacky [[Turkish|Turks]]…)<br />
===[[Alveolar ejective affricate]]===<br />
'''Kiowa''', spoken not anywhere near Kiev but in Oklahoma, together with [[J#Voiceless alveolar stop|other]] [[V#Bilabial ejective|unintuitiv]] letter assignments, uses ''x'' for /tsʼ/.<br />
===[[Alveolar ejective stop]]===<br />
In the East Cushitic '''Oromo''', ''x'' = /tʼ/.<br />
===[[Alveolar implosive]]===<br />
The fellow East Cushitic '''Afar''' goes by ''x'' = /ɗ/. We suspect this may be cognate with the previous.<br />
===[[Glottal stop]]===<br />
As if [[Pirahã]] wasn't weird enuff yet, Daniel Everett<!--I think?--> had to pick ''x'' for /ʔ/, even with ''[[q]]'' unused.<br />
===[[Postalveolar click]]===<br />
/ǃ/ and variations thereof are the standard usage of ''x'' in Nguni languages such as [[Zulu]].<br />
<br />
==Oh, but we're not done yet…==<br />
''(*supervillaneous mad cackle*)''<br />
===[[Schwa]]===<br />
*[[Sasxsek]]<br />
===Rising [[tone]]===<br />
*'''Iu Mien''' (that's the "Mien" of [[Hmong-Mien languages]])<br />
===[[General all-purpose diacritic]]===<br />
*[[ASCII]]fication of [[Esperanto]]</div>Teamousehttps://www.frathwiki.com/index.php?title=Conlang_Recognition_Chart&diff=19187Conlang Recognition Chart2007-02-12T02:14:22Z<p>Teamouse: added Minza</p>
<hr />
<div>This article describes a variety of simple clues one can use to determine what conlang a document is written in with high accuracy.<br />
<br />
==Calénnawn==<br />
* Non-ASCII: ''áéíóú àèìòù ë ðñ'' and ''$'' or ''š''<br />
* Unused ASCII: ''jk''<br />
* Diphthongs: ''aw, iw, ow, ay, ey, oy, uy''<br />
* Digraph: ''ii''<br />
* ''x'' and ''q'' are common<br />
* Words starting with ''f-'' or ''s-'' (like ''f-qúba'')<br />
* Words of more than one syllable contain at least one acute accent<br />
* Common one- and two-letter words: ''h, e, i, o, on, so, se, fh, el, en, iw, fa''<br />
<br />
==Ebisédian==<br />
* ASCII orthography:<br />
:* Uses ''w'', ''y'', ''3'' and ''0'' as vowel letters<br />
:* Upper- and lowercase consonants are distinct (e.&nbsp;g., ''K'' vs. ''k'')<br />
:* Use of double vowel letters to indicate length: ''00'', ''ww''.<br />
:* Use of apostrophe after vowels to indicate stress: ''00', yy'.''<br />
* LaTeX orthography:<br />
:* Use of ''ø'' and ''ɜ'' as vowel letters<br />
:* Multiple diacritics over single vowel letters, up to 4 (macron, acute, tear-drop accent, subscript tilde).<br />
:* Subscript tilde to indicate nasality.<br />
:* Tear-drop accent in vowel-initial words (looks like a superscript apostrophe)<br />
* General:<br />
:* Common single-word sentences with ''i'' in the syllable.<br />
:* Common words: ''Ke'', ''ve'', ''ke'', ''je'', ''re'' (always clause-final), ''keve'', ''tømø'', ''tɜmɜ'', ''timi'', ''tama'', ''tumu''.<br />
<br />
==Minza==<br />
* Non-ASCII: ċ č ł ŋ ö ř š ż ž<br />
* Unused ASCII: q w x<br />
* Digraphs: ch, gh<br />
* Combinations: ië, yö, uö, öy, -h after vowels, łř, nř<br />
* Common words: ai, ba, ċi, die, en, fi, ida, ja, kam, keh, ła, łu, min, nu, öych, ři, šei, šö, vö, yn, zmi<br />
<br />
==Qþyn|gài==<br />
* Non-ASCII: Þþ|ǂáíúýàìùỳ<br />
* Unused ASCII: bpmfvweoczj<br />
* Combinations: nq qþ rq ql tl hh nǂg n!g n||g ǂk ái áu úi íu ài àu ùi ìu<br />
* All words start with a consonant and end with a vowel<br />
* Very long words<br />
<br />
==[[Sasxsek]]==<br />
* 7-bit ASCII characters only.<br />
* All upper case or all lower case letters, no mixed case.<br />
* Unused punctuation symbols: ; " ? !<br />
* Unused letters: C, Y.<br />
* No doubled letters.<br />
* Empenthetic X (=/@/) used to in compounds.<br />
* Single bracket quotes: < ><br />
* Apostrophe to break up numbers or long words to make them more readable: 1'000'000<br />
* Colon used for abbreviations: k:m: (=kilxmitros)<br />
* Proper name marker "li".<br />
<br />
http://www.nutter.net/sasxsek<br />
<br />
==Senjecas==<br />
*Latin consonants: b, c, d, f, g, l, m, n, p, q, r, s, t, v, x, z<br />
*Other consonants: ð, ħ, ʒ (yogh), ł, ɱ, š, þ, ž<br />
**On the conlang list: ħ = jh, yogh = j, ł = lh, ɱ = mh, r = rh<br />
*Breve under or over to indicate labialization: ğ, ð̬<br />
**On the conlang list: labialization indicated by ü<br />
*Cedilla under or apostrophe over to indicate palatalization: ç, g̓<br />
**On the conlang list labialization indicated by ï<br />
*Vowels: i, e, a, ø, o, u; with acute accent: í, é, á, ǿ, ó, ú; with double acute accent: i̋, e̋, a̋, ø̋, ő, ű<br />
**On the conlang list double acute accent replaced with circumflex<br />
*Weak vowels: æ, ɶ, ı<br />
**On the conlang list ı = ï<br />
*No capitalization.<br />
<br />
==Tatari Faran==<br />
* Uses subset of Latin alphabet: a, b, d, e, f, h, i, j, k, m, n, o, p, r, s, t, u.<br />
* No capitalization, even in proper names.<br />
* Glottal stop in words, indicated by apostrophe (')<br />
* ''ts'' used as a digraph<br />
* The only consonant clusters are double consonants beginning with ''m'' or ''n''<br />
* Common words: ''ka, kei, ko, sa, sei, so, na, nei, no, ei'' (never at the beginning of a sentence); ''e'' (never at the end of a sentence); ''da'' (always follows a word ending in ''-n'').<br />
<br />
==[[Terzemian]]==<br />
===Latin script===<br />
* Non-ASCII: Åå Čč Ǧǧ Ňň Öö Šš Üü Žž<br />
* Unused ASCII: Jj Qq (except in foreign names) <br />
* Vowel Harmony groups: <br />
** Aa Ee Ii Öö Üü<br />
** Åå Oo Öö Uu Üü<br />
** Aa Åå Ee Oo Öö<br />
* Sentences generally start with a word (the verb) beginning with a multi-consonant cluster<br />
* Verb may have ''a'', ''e'', or ''ö'' prefixed to the initial cluster<br />
===Cyrillic script===<br />
* Non-Russian: Ғғ Ңң Өө Ўў Үү Һһ Ωω<br />
* Unused Russian: Ее Щщ Ъъ Ыы Ьь Юю Яя (Ыы sometimes used for non-harmonic or non-Terzemian vowels in foreign words)<br />
* Foreign names not originally written in Cyrillic may occur in Latin orthography<br />
* Vowel Harmony groups: <br />
** Аа Ээ Ии Өө Үү <br />
** Ωω Оо Өө Уу Үү <br />
** Аа Ωω Ээ Оо Өө<br />
* Sentences generally start with a word (the verb) beginning with a multi-consonant cluster<br />
* Verb may have ''а'', ''э'', or ''ө'' prefixed to the initial cluster<br />
<br />
==Þrjótrunn==<br />
* Non-ASCII: ÁÐÉÍÓÚÝÞÆÖáðéíóúýþæö<br />
* Unused ASCII: cqz<br />
* Combinations: pp tt kk gj ggj kj kkj<br />
* Frequent words: ún únn á í eð er þiss þissi þissa</div>Teamousehttps://www.frathwiki.com/index.php?title=Yasaro&diff=11428Yasaro2006-07-23T21:31:07Z<p>Teamouse: added link to Lelimi script</p>
<hr />
<div>Yasaro (''níñsi jasǎro'') is one of around 70,000 [[Zireen]] languages spoken on the planet Rishai. This is a brief introduction to the language, which will eventually grow to include more aspects of phonology, grammar, and vocabulary.<br />
<br />
Consonants:<br />
<br />
{| border=1 cellpadding=5<br />
| p<br />
| th [t̪]<br />
| t<br />
| <br />
| č [tʃ]<br />
| k<br />
|-<br />
| m<br />
| nh [n̪]<br />
| n<br />
| <br />
| ň [ɲ]<br />
| ŋ<br />
| ñ*<br />
|-<br />
| v<br />
| l<br />
| s [s~z]<br />
| r [ʐ]<br />
| j<br />
| h<br />
|}<br />
<br />
* /ñ/ is the Yasaro syllable-final nasal phoneme, contrasting with /m/ (in some dialects) and /ŋ/. See below for pronunciation.<br />
<br />
Vowels:<br />
<br />
{| border=1 cellpadding=5<br />
| i<br />
| <br />
| u<br />
|-<br />
| e<br />
| <br />
| (ɔ)<br />
|-<br />
| (ɛ)<br />
| a<br />
| <br />
|}<br />
<br />
Pronunciation of vowel + syllable-final nasal /ñ/:<br />
*short vowel + homorganic nasal before stops: ''lèñpa'' = [ˈlɛ̂mba], ''tòñtu'' = [ˈtɔ̂ndɯ]<br />
*a long and nasal vowel before fricatives: ''níñsi'' = [ˈnɪ̌ː̃zi], ''kelòñra'' = [keˈlɔ̂ː̃ʐa]<br />
*short and non-nasal at end of words: ''jasǎro(ñ)'' = [ʝaˈsǎʐɔ]<br />
<br />
Final [ɛ] (from -/eñ/) contrasts with /e/ in some words. Before /ñ/, the distinction between /a/ and /u/ is neutralized to an [ɔ] sound, which is represented here as a phoneme /o/ (since it contrasts with both /a/ and /u/ at the ends of words).<br />
<br />
Pitch accent:<br />
Underlying stress can fall on any syllable of the main root, but word-final syllables are never stressed. Stressed syllables on non-final syllables are pronounced with a falling tone. When a word ends with a syllable that would ordinarily be stressed, the preceding syllable gets the stress instead, but is pronounced with a rising tone. The stress remains on the final syllable of the root if a suffix is added (for example, ''tóñpa'' [ˈtɔ̌mba] "head", but ''toñpà-ta'' [tɔmˈpâɾa] "my head").<br />
<br />
== Writing ==<br />
<br />
Yasaro is written using the [[Lelimi]] script (Yasaro ''lelímī'' "alphabet"), which is closely related to the Vlika script. The spelling of native Yasaro words is largely based on the pronunciation of an earlier stage of the language, Middle Yasaro, while retaining some features of Old Yasaro pronunciation. Borrowed words are spelled in various ways depending on when the words were borrowed and from which language.<br />
<br />
Long vowels in modern Yasaro were still diphthongs in the Middle Yasaro period when the spelling conventions were established, so for instance /vǐ:la/ "reed organ" is spelled ‹veilá›, and /čěte:/ "ice" is spelled ‹tletéu›. The spelling of /č/ is especially variable; it developed from various consonant clusters such as /tl/ and /kr/, as well as /k/ before /i/. (Most occurrences of /ki/ in modern Yasaro are from /ke/ in Old Yasaro.) Yasaro spelling also preserves syllable-final consonants which were lost, as in the words /čâ:ŋa/ ‹krávga› "to eat" and /mǐra/ ‹birás› "sun". Double consonants such as ‹ss› and ‹hh› represent lengthened consonants in earlier versions of the language which are pronounced as single consonants in the modern language. The name of the language itself has one of these double consonants: ‹jassavráň›.<br />
<br />
== Vocabulary ==<br />
[[Yasaro Colors|Colors]]<br />
<br />
[[Zireen music]]</div>Teamousehttps://www.frathwiki.com/index.php?title=Lelimi&diff=11427Lelimi2006-07-23T21:30:49Z<p>Teamouse: Basic description of the Lelimi script with illustration</p>
<hr />
<div>Lelimi is a writing system used for writing a number of [[Zireen]] languages, including [[Yasaro]] and related languages. It is closely related to the Vlika script. Here is a chart with the basic sounds of the letters in of the Lelimi script as used in the Yasaro language.<br />
<br />
[[Image:Yasaro-alphabet.png]]<br />
<br />
The letters [[Image:Lelimi-j.png]], [[Image:Lelimi-g.png]], [[Image:Lelimi-b.png]], [[Image:Lelimi-d.png]], and [[Image:Lelimi-dh.png]], which are unique to the Lelimi script, represent voiced stops [ɟ ɡ b d d̪] in most languages, which have developed into nasals [ɲ ŋ m n n̪] in Yasaro. Other notable differences from Vlika usage include the low-tone vowel letters for [a] and [i], which represent [ɣ] and [z] in the Vlika script.</div>Teamousehttps://www.frathwiki.com/index.php?title=File:Lelimi-j.png&diff=11426File:Lelimi-j.png2006-07-23T21:18:52Z<p>Teamouse: The letter "j" in the Lelimi script</p>
<hr />
<div>The letter "j" in the Lelimi script</div>Teamousehttps://www.frathwiki.com/index.php?title=File:Lelimi-g.png&diff=11425File:Lelimi-g.png2006-07-23T21:18:40Z<p>Teamouse: The letter "g" in the Lelimi script</p>
<hr />
<div>The letter "g" in the Lelimi script</div>Teamousehttps://www.frathwiki.com/index.php?title=File:Lelimi-dh.png&diff=11424File:Lelimi-dh.png2006-07-23T21:18:24Z<p>Teamouse: The letter "dh" in the Lelimi script</p>
<hr />
<div>The letter "dh" in the Lelimi script</div>Teamousehttps://www.frathwiki.com/index.php?title=File:Lelimi-d.png&diff=11423File:Lelimi-d.png2006-07-23T21:18:11Z<p>Teamouse: The letter "d" in the Lelimi script</p>
<hr />
<div>The letter "d" in the Lelimi script</div>Teamousehttps://www.frathwiki.com/index.php?title=File:Lelimi-b.png&diff=11422File:Lelimi-b.png2006-07-23T21:17:55Z<p>Teamouse: The letter "b" in the Lelimi script</p>
<hr />
<div>The letter "b" in the Lelimi script</div>Teamousehttps://www.frathwiki.com/index.php?title=File:Yasaro-alphabet.png&diff=11420File:Yasaro-alphabet.png2006-07-23T21:05:15Z<p>Teamouse: The Yasaro alphabet (lelimi)</p>
<hr />
<div>The Yasaro alphabet (lelimi)</div>Teamousehttps://www.frathwiki.com/index.php?title=Yasaro&diff=11396Yasaro2006-07-23T02:19:08Z<p>Teamouse: replaced angle brackets with guillemets</p>
<hr />
<div>Yasaro (''níñsi jasǎro'') is one of around 70,000 [[Zireen]] languages spoken on the planet Rishai. This is a brief introduction to the language, which will eventually grow to include more aspects of phonology, grammar, and vocabulary.<br />
<br />
Consonants:<br />
<br />
{| border=1 cellpadding=5<br />
| p<br />
| th [t̪]<br />
| t<br />
| <br />
| č [tʃ]<br />
| k<br />
|-<br />
| m<br />
| nh [n̪]<br />
| n<br />
| <br />
| ň [ɲ]<br />
| ŋ<br />
| ñ*<br />
|-<br />
| v<br />
| l<br />
| s [s~z]<br />
| r [ʐ]<br />
| j<br />
| h<br />
|}<br />
<br />
* /ñ/ is the Yasaro syllable-final nasal phoneme, contrasting with /m/ (in some dialects) and /ŋ/. See below for pronunciation.<br />
<br />
Vowels:<br />
<br />
{| border=1 cellpadding=5<br />
| i<br />
| <br />
| u<br />
|-<br />
| e<br />
| <br />
| (ɔ)<br />
|-<br />
| (ɛ)<br />
| a<br />
| <br />
|}<br />
<br />
Pronunciation of vowel + syllable-final nasal /ñ/:<br />
*short vowel + homorganic nasal before stops: ''lèñpa'' = [ˈlɛ̂mba], ''tòñtu'' = [ˈtɔ̂ndɯ]<br />
*a long and nasal vowel before fricatives: ''níñsi'' = [ˈnɪ̌ː̃zi], ''kelòñra'' = [keˈlɔ̂ː̃ʐa]<br />
*short and non-nasal at end of words: ''jasǎro(ñ)'' = [ʝaˈsǎʐɔ]<br />
<br />
Final [ɛ] (from -/eñ/) contrasts with /e/ in some words. Before /ñ/, the distinction between /a/ and /u/ is neutralized to an [ɔ] sound, which is represented here as a phoneme /o/ (since it contrasts with both /a/ and /u/ at the ends of words).<br />
<br />
Pitch accent:<br />
Underlying stress can fall on any syllable of the main root, but word-final syllables are never stressed. Stressed syllables on non-final syllables are pronounced with a falling tone. When a word ends with a syllable that would ordinarily be stressed, the preceding syllable gets the stress instead, but is pronounced with a rising tone. The stress remains on the final syllable of the root if a suffix is added (for example, ''tóñpa'' [ˈtɔ̌mba] "head", but ''toñpà-ta'' [tɔmˈpâɾa] "my head").<br />
<br />
== Writing ==<br />
<br />
Yasaro is written using the Lelimi script (Yasaro ''lelímī'' "alphabet"), which is closely related to the Vlika script. The spelling of native Yasaro words is largely based on the pronunciation of an earlier stage of the language, Middle Yasaro, while retaining some features of Old Yasaro pronunciation. Borrowed words are spelled in various ways depending on when the words were borrowed and from which language.<br />
<br />
Long vowels in modern Yasaro were still diphthongs in the Middle Yasaro period when the spelling conventions were established, so for instance /vǐ:la/ "reed organ" is spelled ‹veilá›, and /čěte:/ "ice" is spelled ‹tletéu›. The spelling of /č/ is especially variable; it developed from various consonant clusters such as /tl/ and /kr/, as well as /k/ before /i/. (Most occurrences of /ki/ in modern Yasaro are from /ke/ in Old Yasaro.) Yasaro spelling also preserves syllable-final consonants which were lost, as in the words /čâ:ŋa/ ‹krávga› "to eat" and /mǐra/ ‹birás› "sun". Double consonants such as ‹ss› and ‹hh› represent lengthened consonants in earlier versions of the language which are pronounced as single consonants in the modern language. The name of the language itself has one of these double consonants: ‹jassavráň›.<br />
<br />
== Vocabulary ==<br />
[[Yasaro Colors|Colors]]<br />
<br />
[[Zireen music]]</div>Teamousehttps://www.frathwiki.com/index.php?title=Yasaro&diff=11392Yasaro2006-07-22T21:40:17Z<p>Teamouse: added section on Yasaro spelling</p>
<hr />
<div>Yasaro (''níñsi jasǎro'') is one of around 70,000 [[Zireen]] languages spoken on the planet Rishai. This is a brief introduction to the language, which will eventually grow to include more aspects of phonology, grammar, and vocabulary.<br />
<br />
Consonants:<br />
<br />
{| border=1 cellpadding=5<br />
| p<br />
| th [t̪]<br />
| t<br />
| <br />
| č [tʃ]<br />
| k<br />
|-<br />
| m<br />
| nh [n̪]<br />
| n<br />
| <br />
| ň [ɲ]<br />
| ŋ<br />
| ñ*<br />
|-<br />
| v<br />
| l<br />
| s [s~z]<br />
| r [ʐ]<br />
| j<br />
| h<br />
|}<br />
<br />
* /ñ/ is the Yasaro syllable-final nasal phoneme, contrasting with /m/ (in some dialects) and /ŋ/. See below for pronunciation.<br />
<br />
Vowels:<br />
<br />
{| border=1 cellpadding=5<br />
| i<br />
| <br />
| u<br />
|-<br />
| e<br />
| <br />
| (ɔ)<br />
|-<br />
| (ɛ)<br />
| a<br />
| <br />
|}<br />
<br />
Pronunciation of vowel + syllable-final nasal /ñ/:<br />
*short vowel + homorganic nasal before stops: ''lèñpa'' = [ˈlɛ̂mba], ''tòñtu'' = [ˈtɔ̂ndɯ]<br />
*a long and nasal vowel before fricatives: ''níñsi'' = [ˈnɪ̌ː̃zi], ''kelòñra'' = [keˈlɔ̂ː̃ʐa]<br />
*short and non-nasal at end of words: ''jasǎro(ñ)'' = [ʝaˈsǎʐɔ]<br />
<br />
Final [ɛ] (from -/eñ/) contrasts with /e/ in some words. Before /ñ/, the distinction between /a/ and /u/ is neutralized to an [ɔ] sound, which is represented here as a phoneme /o/ (since it contrasts with both /a/ and /u/ at the ends of words).<br />
<br />
Pitch accent:<br />
Underlying stress can fall on any syllable of the main root, but word-final syllables are never stressed. Stressed syllables on non-final syllables are pronounced with a falling tone. When a word ends with a syllable that would ordinarily be stressed, the preceding syllable gets the stress instead, but is pronounced with a rising tone. The stress remains on the final syllable of the root if a suffix is added (for example, ''tóñpa'' [ˈtɔ̌mba] "head", but ''toñpà-ta'' [tɔmˈpâɾa] "my head").<br />
<br />
== Writing ==<br />
<br />
Yasaro is written using the Lelimi script (Yasaro ''lelímī'' "alphabet"), which is closely related to the Vlika script. The spelling of native Yasaro words is largely based on the pronunciation of an earlier stage of the language, Middle Yasaro, while retaining some features of Old Yasaro pronunciation. Borrowed words are spelled in various ways depending on when the words were borrowed and from which language.<br />
<br />
Long vowels in modern Yasaro were still diphthongs in the Middle Yasaro period when the spelling conventions were established, so for instance /vǐ:la/ "reed organ" is spelled 〈veilá〉, and /čěte:/ "ice" is spelled 〈tletéu〉. The spelling of /č/ is especially variable; it developed from various consonant clusters such as /tl/ and /kr/, as well as /k/ before /i/. (Most occurrences of /ki/ in modern Yasaro are from /ke/ in Old Yasaro.) Yasaro spelling also preserves syllable-final consonants which were lost, as in the words /čâ:ŋa/ 〈krávga〉 "to eat" and /mǐra/ 〈birás〉 "sun". Double consonants such as 〈ss〉 and 〈hh〉 represent lengthened consonants in earlier versions of the language which are pronounced as single consonants in the modern language. The name of the language itself has one of these double consonants: 〈jassavráň〉.<br />
<br />
== Vocabulary ==<br />
[[Yasaro Colors|Colors]]<br />
<br />
[[Zireen music]]</div>Teamousehttps://www.frathwiki.com/index.php?title=Yasaro&diff=10633Yasaro2006-06-29T04:15:01Z<p>Teamouse: changed notation of nasal vowels</p>
<hr />
<div>Yasaro (''níñsi jasǎro'') is one of around 70,000 [[Zireen]] languages spoken on the planet Rishai. This is a brief introduction to the language, which will eventually grow to include more aspects of phonology, grammar, and vocabulary.<br />
<br />
Consonants:<br />
<br />
{| border=1 cellpadding=5<br />
| p<br />
| th [t̪]<br />
| t<br />
| <br />
| č [tʃ]<br />
| k<br />
|-<br />
| m<br />
| nh [n̪]<br />
| n<br />
| <br />
| ň [ɲ]<br />
| ŋ<br />
| ñ*<br />
|-<br />
| v<br />
| l<br />
| s [s~z]<br />
| r [ʐ]<br />
| j<br />
| h<br />
|}<br />
<br />
* /ñ/ is the Yasaro syllable-final nasal phoneme, contrasting with /m/ (in some dialects) and /ŋ/. See below for pronunciation.<br />
<br />
Vowels:<br />
<br />
{| border=1 cellpadding=5<br />
| i<br />
| <br />
| u<br />
|-<br />
| e<br />
| <br />
| (ɔ)<br />
|-<br />
| (ɛ)<br />
| a<br />
| <br />
|}<br />
<br />
Pronunciation of vowel + syllable-final nasal /ñ/:<br />
*short vowel + homorganic nasal before stops: ''lèñpa'' = [ˈlɛ̂mba], ''tòñtu'' = [ˈtɔ̂ndɯ]<br />
*a long and nasal vowel before fricatives: ''níñsi'' = [ˈnɪ̌ː̃zi], ''kelòñra'' = [keˈlɔ̂ː̃ʐa]<br />
*short and non-nasal at end of words: ''jasǎro(ñ)'' = [ʝaˈsǎʐɔ]<br />
<br />
Final [ɛ] (from -/eñ/) contrasts with /e/ in some words. Before /ñ/, the distinction between /a/ and /u/ is neutralized to an [ɔ] sound, which is represented here as a phoneme /o/ (since it contrasts with both /a/ and /u/ at the ends of words).<br />
<br />
Pitch accent:<br />
Underlying stress can fall on any syllable of the main root, but word-final syllables are never stressed. Stressed syllables on non-final syllables are pronounced with a falling tone. When a word ends with a syllable that would ordinarily be stressed, the preceding syllable gets the stress instead, but is pronounced with a rising tone. The stress remains on the final syllable of the root if a suffix is added (for example, ''tóñpa'' [ˈtɔ̌mba] "head", but ''toñpà-ta'' [tɔmˈpâɾa] "my head").<br />
<br />
<br />
== Vocabulary ==<br />
[[Yasaro Colors|Colors]]<br />
<br />
[[Zireen music]]</div>Teamousehttps://www.frathwiki.com/index.php?title=Yasaro&diff=10632Yasaro2006-06-29T04:14:12Z<p>Teamouse: </p>
<hr />
<div>Yasaro (''níṅsi jasǎro'') is one of around 70,000 [[Zireen]] languages spoken on the planet Rishai. This is a brief introduction to the language, which will eventually grow to include more aspects of phonology, grammar, and vocabulary.<br />
<br />
Consonants:<br />
<br />
{| border=1 cellpadding=5<br />
| p<br />
| th [t̪]<br />
| t<br />
| <br />
| č [tʃ]<br />
| k<br />
|-<br />
| m<br />
| nh [n̪]<br />
| n<br />
| <br />
| ň [ɲ]<br />
| ŋ<br />
| ñ*<br />
|-<br />
| v<br />
| l<br />
| s [s~z]<br />
| r [ʐ]<br />
| j<br />
| h<br />
|}<br />
<br />
* /ñ/ is the Yasaro syllable-final nasal phoneme, contrasting with /m/ (in some dialects) and /ŋ/. See below for pronunciation.<br />
<br />
Vowels:<br />
<br />
{| border=1 cellpadding=5<br />
| i<br />
| <br />
| u<br />
|-<br />
| e<br />
| <br />
| (ɔ)<br />
|-<br />
| (ɛ)<br />
| a<br />
| <br />
|}<br />
<br />
Pronunciation of vowel + syllable-final nasal /ñ/:<br />
*short vowel + homorganic nasal before stops: ''lèñpa'' = [ˈlɛ̂mba], ''tòñtu'' = [ˈtɔ̂ndɯ]<br />
*a long and nasal vowel before fricatives: ''níñsi'' = [ˈnɪ̌ː̃zi], ''kelòñra'' = [keˈlɔ̂ː̃ʐa]<br />
*short and non-nasal at end of words: ''jasǎro(ñ)'' = [ʝaˈsǎʐɔ]<br />
<br />
Final [ɛ] (from -/eñ/) contrasts with /e/ in some words. Before /ñ/, the distinction between /a/ and /u/ is neutralized to an [ɔ] sound, which is represented here as a phoneme /o/ (since it contrasts with both /a/ and /u/ at the ends of words).<br />
<br />
Pitch accent:<br />
Underlying stress can fall on any syllable of the main root, but word-final syllables are never stressed. Stressed syllables on non-final syllables are pronounced with a falling tone. When a word ends with a syllable that would ordinarily be stressed, the preceding syllable gets the stress instead, but is pronounced with a rising tone. The stress remains on the final syllable of the root if a suffix is added (for example, ''tóñpa'' [ˈtɔ̌mba] "head", but ''toñpà-ta'' [tɔmˈpâɾa] "my head").<br />
<br />
<br />
== Vocabulary ==<br />
[[Yasaro Colors|Colors]]<br />
<br />
[[Zireen music]]</div>Teamousehttps://www.frathwiki.com/index.php?title=Azirian_numbers&diff=9092Azirian numbers2006-05-20T22:15:57Z<p>Teamouse: comparison of Zireen languages added</p>
<hr />
<div>This is an overview of number systems in various Azirian languages.<br />
<br />
== Jarda ==<br />
<br />
In Jarda, numbers can be represented in any base which is convenient, up to base 12.<br />
<br />
* 1: ju {{IPA|[ju]}}<br />
* 2: řal {{IPA|[ɻal]}}<br />
* 3: đağ {{IPA|[ɟaɣ]}}<br />
* 4: kun {{IPA|[kun]}}<br />
* 5: raz {{IPA|[raz]}}<br />
* 6: kóv {{IPA|[kov]}}<br />
* 7: noś {{IPA|[nɔɕ]}}<br />
* 8: řóm {{IPA|[ɻom]}}<br />
* 9: kóř {{IPA|[koɻ]}}<br />
* 10: jum {{IPA|[jum]}}<br />
* 11: vaź {{IPA|[vaʑ]}}<br />
* 12: źév {{IPA|[ʑev]}}<br />
<br />
== Jirra ==<br />
<br />
The Jirra language is related to Lindiga. Compare these numbers with the corresponding Lindiga words:<br />
<br />
* 1: swai {{IPA|[sʷai]}}<br />
* 2: koči {{IPA|[kotʃi]}}<br />
* 3: miči {{IPA|[mitʃi]}}<br />
* 4: sirwi {{IPA|[siɾʷi]}}<br />
* 5: ngwëswi {{IPA|[ŋwəzʷi]}}<br />
* 6: issi {{IPA|[issʲi]}}<br />
* 7: xasci {{IPA|[xasci]}}<br />
* 8: kwasi {{IPA|[kʷazʲi]}}<br />
* 9: ütti {{IPA|[ʉttʲi]}}<br />
* 10: cië {{IPA|[ciə]}}<br />
<br />
== Lindiga ==<br />
<br />
* 1: rsai {{IPA|[ʂɛi]}}<br />
* 2: koti {{IPA|[kɔʧi]}}<br />
* 3: miti {{IPA|[miʧi]}}<br />
* 4: siři {{IPA|[ʃiɽi]}}<br />
* 5: ngüorsi {{IPA|[ŋuəʐi]}}<br />
* 6: issi {{IPA|[iʃʃi]}}<br />
* 7: chaski {{IPA|[xaski]}}<br />
* 8: pasi {{IPA|[paʒi]}}<br />
* 9: ykki {{IPA|[ykki]}}<br />
* 10: kie {{IPA|[kiə]}}<br />
<br />
Lindiga is also the source for basic numbers in the Minza language: šei, koči, miči, širi, ňuoži, iši, xaski, paži, yki, kie.<br />
<br />
== Siralla ==<br />
<br />
Siralla numbers use base 8:<br />
<br />
* 1: ik {{IPA|[ik]}}<br />
* 2: nar {{IPA|[nar]}}<br />
* 3: gar {{IPA|[ɡar]}}<br />
* 4: zek {{IPA|[zɛk]}}<br />
* 5: chek {{IPA|[tʃɛk]}}<br />
* 6: rev {{IPA|[rɛv]}}<br />
* 7: yel {{IPA|[jɛl]}}<br />
* 8: kemel {{IPA|[kɛmɛl]}}<br />
<br />
Numbers after 8 add the suffix -mel: ikmel "nine", narmel "ten", etc.<br />
<br />
== Tirelat ==<br />
<br />
Tirelat uses base 12.<br />
<br />
* 1: lii {{IPA|[liː]}}<br />
* 2: dłaa {{IPA|[dɮaː]}}<br />
* 3: kim {{IPA|[kim]}}<br />
* 4: reega {{IPA|[reːɡa]}}<br />
* 5: vakki {{IPA|[vakki]}}<br />
* 6: zem {{IPA|[zɛm]}}<br />
* 7: telił {{IPA|[tɛliɬ]}}<br />
* 8: syt {{IPA|[sɨt]}}<br />
* 9: lañu {{IPA|[laŋu]}}<br />
* 10: nidi {{IPA|[nidi]}}<br />
* 11: foža {{IPA|[fɔʒa]}}<br />
* 12: kaž {{IPA|[kaʒ]}}<br />
<br />
== Virelli ==<br />
<br />
Virelli, as is typical of Zireen languages, uses base 8.<br />
<br />
* 1: hú {{IPA|[hú]}}<br />
* 2: zá {{IPA|[zá]}}<br />
* 3: néri {{IPA|[néʐì]}}<br />
* 4: ņa’i {{IPA|[ɲàʔì]}}<br />
* 5: séða {{IPA|[séðà]}}<br />
* 6: háka {{IPA|[hákà]}}<br />
* 7: gira {{IPA|[ɣìʐà]}}<br />
* 8: hļú {{IPA|[ɬʲú]}}<br />
<br />
== Vizaki == <br />
<br />
Another Zireen language which uses base 8.<br />
<br />
* 1: a {{IPA|[a]}}<br />
* 2: ti {{IPA|[ti]}}<br />
* 3: fhei {{IPA|[hei]}}<br />
* 4: nyy {{IPA|[nɨː]}}<br />
* 5: šia {{IPA|[ʃia]}}<br />
* 6: t'aša {{IPA|[tʼaʃa]}}<br />
* 7: yša {{IPA|[ɨʃa]}}<br />
* 8: zei {{IPA|[zei]}}<br />
<br />
== Zariva ==<br />
<br />
The [[Zariva]] number system uses a combination of base 5 and base 7.<br />
<br />
The numbers 1-7 are:<br />
<br />
* 1: ai {{IPA|[ai]}}<br />
* 2: ilai {{IPA|[ilai]}} ("twice one")<br />
* 3: ith {{IPA|[iθ]}}<br />
* 4: sai {{IPA|[sai]}}<br />
* 5: min {{IPA|[min]}}<br />
* 6: minda {{IPA|[minda]}} ("one more than 5")<br />
* 7: thú {{IPA|[θuː]}}<br />
<br />
Certain multiples of 5 and 7 have specific names:<br />
<br />
* 10: hi {{IPA|[hi]}}<br />
* 15: mist {{IPA|[mist]}}<br />
* 25: ming {{IPA|[miŋ]}}<br />
* 125: léshek {{IPA|[leːʃɛk]}}<br />
* 15,625 (125<sup>2</sup>): agálik {{IPA|[aɡaːlik]}}<br />
* 1,953,125 (125<sup>3</sup>): nuruthkest {{IPA|[nuruθkɛst]}}<br />
<br />
* 49: thúsi {{IPA|[θuːsi]}}<br />
<br />
The numbers from 1 to 125 use various combinations of 5 and 7 with the<br />
following affixes: an- (one less), adan- (two less), -ra (one more) -rad<br />
(two more), il- (twice), ith (3) and sai (4).<br />
<br />
* 8: thúra {{IPA|[θuːra]}} (7+1)<br />
* 9: anghi {{IPA|[aŋhi]}} (10-1)<br />
* 10: hi {{IPA|[hi]}}<br />
* 11: hina {{IPA|[hina]}} (10+1)<br />
* 12: hinad {{IPA|[hinad]}} (10+2)<br />
* 13: adammist {{IPA|[adammist]}} (15-2)<br />
* 14: ilthu {{IPA|[ilθu]}} (2*7)<br />
* 15: mist {{IPA|[mist]}}<br />
* 16: mistra {{IPA|[mistra]}} (15+1)<br />
* 17: mistrad {{IPA|[mistrad]}} (15+2)<br />
* 18: mistith {{IPA|[mistiθ]}} (15+3)<br />
* 19: mistsai {{IPA|[mistsai]}} (15+4)<br />
* 20: mistmin {{IPA|[mistmin]}} (15+5)<br />
* 21: ithú {{IPA|[iθuː]}} (3*7)<br />
* 22: ithúra {{IPA|[iθuːra]}} (3*7+1)<br />
* 23: adamming {{IPA|[adammiŋ]}} (25-2)<br />
* 24: amming {{IPA|[ammiŋ]}} (25-1)<br />
* 25: ming {{IPA|[miŋ]}}<br />
* 26: mingna {{IPA|[miŋna]}} (25+1)<br />
* 27: mingnad {{IPA|[miŋnad]}} (25+2)<br />
* 28: saithú {{IPA|[saiθuː]}} (4*7)<br />
* 29: saithúra {{IPA|[saiθuːra]}} (4*7+1)<br />
* 30: ilmist {{IPA|[ilmist]}} (2*15)<br />
* 31: ilmistra {{IPA|[ilmistra]}} (2*15+1)<br />
* 32: mingthú {{IPA|[miŋθuː]}} (25+7)<br />
* 33: mingthúra {{IPA|[miŋθuːra]}} (25+7+1)<br />
* 34: amminthú {{IPA|[amminθuː]}} (5*7-1)<br />
* 35: minthú {{IPA|[minθuː]}} (5*7)<br />
* 36: minthúra {{IPA|[minθuːra]}} (5*7+1)<br />
* 37: minthúrad {{IPA|[minθuːrad]}} (5*7+2)<br />
* 38: mingadammist {{IPA|[miŋadammist]}} (25+15-2)<br />
* 39: mingilthú {{IPA|[miŋilθuː]}} (25+2*7)<br />
* 40: mingmist {{IPA|[miŋmist]}} (25+15)<br />
* 41: mingmistra {{IPA|[miŋmistra]}} (25+15+1)<br />
* 42: mindathú {{IPA|[mindaθuː]}} (6*7)<br />
* 43: mindathúra {{IPA|[mindaθuːra]}} (6*7+1)<br />
* 44: anithmist {{IPA|[aniθmist]}} (3*15-1)<br />
* 45: ithmist {{IPA|[iθmist]}} (3*15)<br />
* 46: ithmistra {{IPA|[iθmistra]}} (3*15+1)<br />
* 47: adanthúsi {{IPA|[adanθuːsi]}} (7*7-2)<br />
* 48: anthúsi {{IPA|[anθuːsi]}} (7*7-1)<br />
* 49: thúsi {{IPA|[θuːsi]}} (7*7)<br />
<br />
After 49, multiples of 7 are less frequently used, and it starts to look<br />
more like a base-5 system.<br />
<br />
== Zharranh ==<br />
<br />
Zharranh uses a base 8 system. Numbers 1-8:<br />
<br />
* 1: žar {{IPA|[ʒar]}}<br />
* 2: k{{IPA|ɭ}}iĵu {{IPA|[kɭiʝu]}}<br />
* 3: tiva {{IPA|[tiva]}}<br />
* 4: ziđa {{IPA|[zid̪a]}}<br />
* 5: ni{{IPA|ʈ}}a {{IPA|[niʈa]}}<br />
* 6: disa {{IPA|[disa]}}<br />
* 7: krina {{IPA|[krina]}}<br />
* 8: mimi {{IPA|[mimi]}}<br />
<br />
Numbers 9-15 are formed by adding the prefix mi- to numbers 1-8 (e.g. nine is "mižar" and 10 is "{{IPA|mikɭiĵu}}").<br />
<br />
== Zireen languages ==<br />
<br />
Zireen languages commonly use base eight. Numbers above eight are represented by various means: prefixes (such as Zharranh "mi-"), suffixes (such as Yasaro "-na"), or just saying "eight one", "eight two", and so on as separate words. Here is a comparison of basic numbers in some of the Zireen languages:<br />
<br />
{| cellpadding="2"<br />
! <br />
| Virelli<br />
| Vizaki<br />
| Zharranh<br />
| Jaradh<br />
| Yasaro<br />
| Simik<br />
|-<br />
! one<br />
| hú<br />
| a<br />
| žar<br />
| jar<br />
| àu<br />
| vá:<br />
|-<br />
! two<br />
| zá<br />
| ti<br />
| k{{IPA|ɭ}}iĵu<br />
| griizhiu<br />
| nhúlu<br />
| zain<br />
|-<br />
! three<br />
| néri<br />
| fhei<br />
| tiva<br />
| t'iiwa<br />
| làku<br />
| yaika<br />
|-<br />
! four<br />
| ņa'i<br />
| nyy<br />
| ziđa<br />
| ziitha<br />
| čę́pi<br />
| xu:<br />
|-<br />
! five<br />
| séða<br />
| šia<br />
| ni{{IPA|ʈ}}a<br />
| diidra<br />
| tìa<br />
| íx<br />
|-<br />
! six<br />
| háka<br />
| t'aša<br />
| disa<br />
| tuisa<br />
| są̀rę<br />
| tazâ<br />
|-<br />
! seven<br />
| gira<br />
| yša<br />
| krina<br />
| griida<br />
| vǔki<br />
| zizâ<br />
|-<br />
! eight<br />
| hļú<br />
| zei<br />
| mimi<br />
| miimui<br />
| nùa<br />
| câi<br />
|-<br />
! nine<br />
| hļú hú<br />
| azei<br />
| mižar<br />
| muijar<br />
| aúna<br />
| vá:câi<br />
|-<br />
! ten<br />
| hļú zá<br />
| tizei<br />
| mik{{IPA|ɭ}}iĵu<br />
| muigriizhiu<br />
| nhúna<br />
| zaincâi<br />
|}<br />
<br />
[[Category:Azir]]<br />
[[Category:Lexica]]</div>Teamousehttps://www.frathwiki.com/index.php?title=Azirian_Phylogeny&diff=9089Azirian Phylogeny2006-05-20T03:20:15Z<p>Teamouse: </p>
<hr />
<div>==Evolutionary history==<br />
<br />
The people of Azir are all distantly related to each other, via a common ancestor millions of years ago on an unknown world. The two main groups of Azirian people are the "elves" (Nelya and relatives) and the "furry people" (Zireen and relatives). The Nikta and relatives are technically more closely related to elves, although often associated with the furry people because of their appearance. In addition to these groups are more distantly related people such as the [[Zaik]] and related Mizarian rodent-people, which have been created by genetic engineering.<br />
<br />
The branching pattern of the Azirian family tree is influenced by two main factors. First, the opening and closing of Impossible Gates can allow a population to become established on a distant world, then become cut off from the original population. Second, when two populations come together on a single world, they can establish new hybrid populations, if they are closely related. For example, the [[Kireethin]] are hybrids of [[Zireen]] and [[Sangari]] populations that have recently come into contact on the world of [[Sharnirazva]]. Alternatively, one of the populations can outcompete the other, causing the less successful population to fall back to another world or even to become extinct. The Ttanissyn and Thruad are recent examples of populations that have become extinct due to recent contact with other Azirian populations (Nithra and Nikta, respectively). More rarely, two populations will eventually come to coexist on the same world (as with the [[Neyasai]] and [[Zireen]] of [[Rishai]]).<br />
<br />
==Azirian family tree==<br />
<br />
5 4 3 2 1 0 (million years ago)<br />
+---------------------+--+---------------------------Tanja<br />
| | +-+-------------------------Sayana<br />
| | +----+--------------------Klathnar<br />
| | +-------+----+-------[[Kaltani]]<br />
| | | +-------Lialia<br />
| | +---+---+----[[Nelya]]<br />
| | | +----[[Yitha]]<br />
| | +-+------Hlal<br />
| | +------Miri<br />
| +----+-------------------------(Ttanissyn)<br />
| +-----------------------+-Nikta<br />
| +-Neyasai<br />
+----+-----------------------------------------------Binda<br />
+-----------------+--------------------(Dhuli)<br />
+---+----------------------+--[[Sangari]]<br />
| | + [[Kireethin]]<br />
| +--[[Zireen]]<br />
+---+---------+-------(Varinnoya)<br />
| +-----------Zoray<br />
+-----+---------------[[Nithra]]<br />
+---------+-----Hralta<br />
+-----(Thruad)<br />
<br />
<br />
[[Category:Azir]]</div>Teamousehttps://www.frathwiki.com/index.php?title=Azirian_Phylogeny&diff=9088Azirian Phylogeny2006-05-20T03:17:51Z<p>Teamouse: Added brief description of Azirian evolutionary history, family tree chart</p>
<hr />
<div>==Evolutionary history==<br />
<br />
The people of Azir are all distantly related to each other, via a common ancestor millions of years ago on an unknown world. The two main groups of Azirian people are the "elves" (Nelya and relatives) and the "furry people" (Zireen and relatives). The Nikta and relatives are technically more closely related to elves, although often associated with the furry people because of their appearance. In addition to these groups are more distantly related people such as the [[Zaik]] and related Mizarian rodent-people, which have been created by genetic engineering.<br />
<br />
The branching pattern of the Azirian family tree is influenced by two main factors. First, the opening and closing of Impossible Gates can allow a population to become established on a distant world, then become cut off from the original population. Second, when two populations come together on a single world, they can establish new hybrid populations, if they are closely related. For example, the [[Kireethin]] are hybrids of [[Zireen]] and [[Sangari]] populations that have recently come into contact on the world of [[Sharnirazva]]. Alternatively, one of the populations can outcompete the other, causing the less successful population to fall back to another world or even to become extinct. The Ttanissyn and Thruad are recent examples of populations that have become extinct due to recent contact with other Azirian populations (Nithra and Nikta, respectively). More rarely, two populations will eventually come to coexist on the same world (as with the [[Neyasai]] and [[Zireen]] of [[Rishai]]).<br />
<br />
==Azirian family tree==<br />
<br />
5 4 3 2 1 0 (million years ago)<br />
+---------------------+--+---------------------------Tanja<br />
| | +-+-------------------------Sayana<br />
| | +----+--------------------Klathnar<br />
| | +-------+----+-------[[Kaltani]]<br />
| | | +-------Lialia<br />
| | +---+---+----[[Nelya]]<br />
| | | +----[[Yitha]]<br />
| | +-+------Hlal<br />
| | +------Miri<br />
| +----+-------------------------(Ttanissyn)<br />
| +-----------------------+-Nikta<br />
| +-Neyasai<br />
+----+-----------------------------------------------Binda<br />
+-----------------+--------------------Dhuli<br />
+---+----------------------+--[[Sangari]]<br />
| | + [[Kireethin]]<br />
| +--[[Zireen]]<br />
+---+---------+-----------Varinnoya<br />
| +-----------Zoray<br />
+-----+---------------[[Nithra]]<br />
+---------+-----Hralta<br />
+-----(Thruad)<br />
<br />
<br />
[[Category:Azir]]</div>Teamousehttps://www.frathwiki.com/index.php?title=Azir&diff=9087Azir2006-05-20T02:54:34Z<p>Teamouse: </p>
<hr />
<div>Azir is a collection of separate worlds connected by Impossible Gates (portals which open at regular or unpredictable intervals, and stay open for relatively brief periods of time). <br />
<br />
== Worlds of Azir ==<br />
* [[Striezarait]] (Mizar)<br />
* [[Rishai]]<br />
* [[Thersenia]]<br />
* [[Kallarilan]]<br />
<br />
== People of Azir ==<br />
* Mizarians (humanoid rodents)<br />
** [[Zaik]]<br />
* Furry people<br />
** [[Zireen]]<br />
** [[Sangari]]<br />
** [[Kireethin]]<br />
** [[Nithra]]<br />
** [[Hralta]]<br />
** [[Zoray]]<br />
** [[Binda]]<br />
* Nikta and relatives<br />
** [[Nikta]]<br />
** [[Neyasai]]<br />
* "Elves" (pointy eared humanoids)<br />
** [[Yitha]]<br />
** [[Nelya]]<br />
** [[Kaltani]]<br />
** [[Miri]]<br />
** [[Lialia]]<br />
<br />
Also see the [[Azirian Culture]] quick-guide and [[Azirian Phylogeny]].<br />
<br />
[[Category:Azir]]</div>Teamousehttps://www.frathwiki.com/index.php?title=Azirian_numbers&diff=8214Azirian numbers2006-03-25T23:04:46Z<p>Teamouse: Added IPA for pronunciation</p>
<hr />
<div>This is an overview of number systems in various Azirian languages.<br />
<br />
== Jarda ==<br />
<br />
In Jarda, numbers can be represented in any base which is convenient, up to base 12.<br />
<br />
* 1: ju [ju]<br />
* 2: řal [ɻal]<br />
* 3: đağ [ɟaɣ]<br />
* 4: kun [kun]<br />
* 5: raz [raz]<br />
* 6: kóv [kov]<br />
* 7: noś [nɔɕ]<br />
* 8: řóm [ɻom]<br />
* 9: kóř [koɻ]<br />
* 10: jum [jum]<br />
* 11: vaź [vaʑ]<br />
* 12: źév [ʑev]<br />
<br />
== Jirra ==<br />
<br />
The Jirra language is related to Lindiga. Compare these numbers with the corresponding Lindiga words:<br />
<br />
* 1: swai [sʷai]<br />
* 2: koči [kotʃi]<br />
* 3: miči [mitʃi]<br />
* 4: sirwi [siɾʷi]<br />
* 5: ngwëswi [ŋwəzʷi]<br />
* 6: issi [issʲi]<br />
* 7: xasci [xasci]<br />
* 8: kwasi [kʷazʲi]<br />
* 9: ütti [ʉttʲi]<br />
* 10: cië [ciə]<br />
<br />
== Lindiga ==<br />
<br />
* 1: rsai [ʂɛi]<br />
* 2: koti [kɔʧi]<br />
* 3: miti [miʧi]<br />
* 4: siři [ʃiɽi]<br />
* 5: ngüorsi [ŋuəʐi]<br />
* 6: issi [iʃʃi]<br />
* 7: chaski [xaski]<br />
* 8: pasi [paʒi]<br />
* 9: ykki [ykki]<br />
* 10: kie [kiə]<br />
<br />
Lindiga is also the source for basic numbers in the Minza language: šei, koči, miči, širi, ňuoži, iši, xaski, paži, yki, kie.<br />
<br />
== Siralla ==<br />
<br />
Siralla numbers use base 8:<br />
<br />
* 1: ik [ik]<br />
* 2: nar [nar]<br />
* 3: gar [ɡar]<br />
* 4: zek [zɛk]<br />
* 5: chek [tʃɛk]<br />
* 6: rev [rɛv]<br />
* 7: yel [jɛl]<br />
* 8: kemel [kɛmɛl]<br />
<br />
Numbers after 8 add the suffix -mel: ikmel "nine", narmel "ten", etc.<br />
<br />
== Tirelat ==<br />
<br />
Tirelat uses base 12.<br />
<br />
* 1: lii [liː]<br />
* 2: dłaa [dɮaː]<br />
* 3: kim [kim]<br />
* 4: reega [reːɡa]<br />
* 5: vakki [vakki]<br />
* 6: zem [zɛm]<br />
* 7: telił [tɛliɬ]<br />
* 8: syt [sɨt]<br />
* 9: lañu [laŋu]<br />
* 10: nidi [nidi]<br />
* 11: foža [fɔʒa]<br />
* 12: kaž [kaʒ]<br />
<br />
== Virelli ==<br />
<br />
Virelli, as is typical of Zireen languages, uses base 8.<br />
<br />
* 1: hú [hú]<br />
* 2: zá [zá]<br />
* 3: néri [néʐì]<br />
* 4: ņa’i [ɲàʔì]<br />
* 5: séða [séðà]<br />
* 6: háka [hákà]<br />
* 7: gira [ɣìʐà]<br />
* 8: hļú [ɬʲú]<br />
<br />
== Vizaki == <br />
<br />
Another Zireen language which uses base 8.<br />
<br />
* 1: a [a]<br />
* 2: ti [ti]<br />
* 3: fhei [hei]<br />
* 4: nyy [nɨː]<br />
* 5: šia [ʃia]<br />
* 6: t'aša [tʼaʃa]<br />
* 7: yša [ɨʃa]<br />
* 8: zei [zei]<br />
<br />
== Zariva ==<br />
<br />
The [[Zariva]] number system uses a combination of base 5 and base 7.<br />
<br />
The numbers 1-7 are:<br />
<br />
* 1: ai [ai]<br />
* 2: ilai [ilai] ("twice one")<br />
* 3: ith [iθ]<br />
* 4: sai [sai]<br />
* 5: min [min]<br />
* 6: minda [minda] ("one more than 5")<br />
* 7: thú [θuː]<br />
<br />
Certain multiples of 5 and 7 have specific names:<br />
<br />
* 10: hi [hi]<br />
* 15: mist [mist]<br />
* 25: ming [miŋ]<br />
* 125: léshek [leːʃɛk]<br />
* 15,625 (125<sup>2</sup>): agálik [aɡaːlik]<br />
* 1,953,125 (125<sup>3</sup>): nuruthkest [nuruθkɛst]<br />
<br />
* 49: thúsi [θuːsi]<br />
<br />
The numbers from 1 to 125 use various combinations of 5 and 7 with the<br />
following affixes: an- (one less), adan- (two less), -ra (one more) -rad<br />
(two more), il- (twice), ith (3) and sai (4).<br />
<br />
* 8: thúra [θuːra] (7+1)<br />
* 9: anghi [aŋhi] (10-1)<br />
* 10: hi [hi]<br />
* 11: hina [hina] (10+1)<br />
* 12: hinad [hinad] (10+2)<br />
* 13: adammist [adammist] (15-2)<br />
* 14: ilthu [ilθu] (2*7)<br />
* 15: mist [mist]<br />
* 16: mistra [mistra] (15+1)<br />
* 17: mistrad [mistrad] (15+2)<br />
* 18: mistith [mistiθ] (15+3)<br />
* 19: mistsai [mistsai] (15+4)<br />
* 20: mistmin [mistmin] (15+5)<br />
* 21: ithú [iθuː] (3*7)<br />
* 22: ithúra [iθuːra] (3*7+1)<br />
* 23: adamming [adammiŋ] (25-2)<br />
* 24: amming [ammiŋ] (25-1)<br />
* 25: ming [miŋ]<br />
* 26: mingna [miŋna] (25+1)<br />
* 27: mingnad [miŋnad] (25+2)<br />
* 28: saithú [saiθuː] (4*7)<br />
* 29: saithúra [saiθuːra] (4*7+1)<br />
* 30: ilmist [ilmist] (2*15)<br />
* 31: ilmistra [ilmistra] (2*15+1)<br />
* 32: mingthú [miŋθuː] (25+7)<br />
* 33: mingthúra [miŋθuːra] (25+7+1)<br />
* 34: amminthú [amminθuː] (5*7-1)<br />
* 35: minthú [minθuː] (5*7)<br />
* 36: minthúra [minθuːra] (5*7+1)<br />
* 37: minthúrad [minθuːrad] (5*7+2)<br />
* 38: mingadammist [miŋadammist] (25+15-2)<br />
* 39: mingilthú [miŋilθuː] (25+2*7)<br />
* 40: mingmist [miŋmist] (25+15)<br />
* 41: mingmistra [miŋmistra] (25+15+1)<br />
* 42: mindathú [mindaθuː] (6*7)<br />
* 43: mindathúra [mindaθuːra] (6*7+1)<br />
* 44: anithmist [aniθmist] (3*15-1)<br />
* 45: ithmist [iθmist] (3*15)<br />
* 46: ithmistra [iθmistra] (3*15+1)<br />
* 47: adanthúsi [adanθuːsi] (7*7-2)<br />
* 48: anthúsi [anθuːsi] (7*7-1)<br />
* 49: thúsi [θuːsi] (7*7)<br />
<br />
After 49, multiples of 7 are less frequently used, and it starts to look<br />
more like a base-5 system.<br />
<br />
== Zharranh ==<br />
<br />
Zharranh uses a base 8 system. Numbers 1-8:<br />
<br />
* 1: žar [ʒar]<br />
* 2: kɭiĵu [kɭiʝu]<br />
* 3: tiva [tiva]<br />
* 4: ziđa [zid̪a]<br />
* 5: niʈa [niʈa]<br />
* 6: disa [disa]<br />
* 7: krina [krina]<br />
* 8: mimi [mimi]<br />
<br />
Numbers 9-15 are formed by adding the prefix mi- to numbers 1-8 (e.g. nine is "mižar" and 10 is "mikɭiĵu").<br />
<br />
[[Category:Azir]]<br />
[[Category:Lexica]]</div>Teamousehttps://www.frathwiki.com/index.php?title=Azirian_numbers&diff=8213Azirian numbers2006-03-25T23:02:26Z<p>Teamouse: </p>
<hr />
<div>This is an overview of number systems in various Azirian languages.<br />
<br />
== Jarda ==<br />
<br />
In Jarda, numbers can be represented in any base which is convenient, up to base 12.<br />
<br />
* 1: ju [ju]<br />
* 2: řal [ɻal]<br />
* 3: đağ [ɟaɣ]<br />
* 4: kun [kun]<br />
* 5: raz [raz]<br />
* 6: kóv [kov]<br />
* 7: noś [nɔɕ]<br />
* 8: řóm [ɻom]<br />
* 9: kóř [koɻ]<br />
* 10: jum [jum]<br />
* 11: vaź [vaʑ]<br />
* 12: źév [ʑev]<br />
<br />
== Jirra ==<br />
<br />
The Jirra language is related to Lindiga. Compare these numbers with the corresponding Lindiga words:<br />
<br />
* 1: swai [sʷai]<br />
* 2: koči [kotʃi]<br />
* 3: miči [mitʃi]<br />
* 4: sirwi [siɾʷi]<br />
* 5: ngwëswi [ŋwəzʷi]<br />
* 6: issi [issʲi]<br />
* 7: xasci [xasci]<br />
* 8: kwasi [kʷazʲi]<br />
* 9: ütti [ʉttʲi]<br />
* 10: cië [ciə]<br />
<br />
== Lindiga ==<br />
<br />
* 1: rsai [ʂɛi]<br />
* 2: koti [kɔʧi]<br />
* 3: miti [miʧi]<br />
* 4: siři [ʃiɽi]<br />
* 5: ngüorsi [ŋuəʐi]<br />
* 6: issi [iʃʃi]<br />
* 7: chaski [xaski]<br />
* 8: pasi [paʒi]<br />
* 9: ykki [ykki]<br />
* 10: kie [kiə]<br />
<br />
Lindiga is also the source for basic numbers in the Minza language: šei, koči, miči, širi, ňuoži, iši, xaski, paži, yki, kie.<br />
<br />
== Siralla ==<br />
<br />
Siralla numbers use base 8:<br />
<br />
* 1: ik [ik]<br />
* 2: nar [nar]<br />
* 3: gar [ɡar]<br />
* 4: zek [zɛk]<br />
* 5: chek [tʃɛk]<br />
* 6: rev [rɛv]<br />
* 7: yel [jɛl]<br />
* 8: kemel [kɛmɛl]<br />
<br />
Numbers after 8 add the suffix -mel: ikmel "nine", narmel "ten", etc.<br />
<br />
== Tirelat ==<br />
<br />
Tirelat uses base 12.<br />
<br />
* 1: lii [liː]<br />
* 2: dłaa [dɮaː]<br />
* 3: kim [kim]<br />
* 4: reega [reːɡa]<br />
* 5: vakki [vakki]<br />
* 6: zem [zɛm]<br />
* 7: telił [tɛliɬ]<br />
* 8: syt [syt]<br />
* 9: lañu [laŋu]<br />
* 10: nidi [nidi]<br />
* 11: foža [fɔʒa]<br />
* 12: kaž [kaʒ]<br />
<br />
== Virelli ==<br />
<br />
Virelli, as is typical of Zireen languages, uses base 8.<br />
<br />
* 1: hú [hú]<br />
* 2: zá [zá]<br />
* 3: néri [néʐì]<br />
* 4: ņa’i [ɲàʔì]<br />
* 5: séða [séðà]<br />
* 6: háka [hákà]<br />
* 7: gira [ɣìʐà]<br />
* 8: hļú [ɬʲú]<br />
<br />
== Vizaki == <br />
<br />
Another Zireen language which uses base 8.<br />
<br />
* 1: a [a]<br />
* 2: ti [ti]<br />
* 3: fhei [hei]<br />
* 4: nyy [nɨː]<br />
* 5: šia [ʃia]<br />
* 6: t'aša [tʼaʃa]<br />
* 7: yša [ɨʃa]<br />
* 8: zei [zei]<br />
<br />
== Zariva ==<br />
<br />
The [[Zariva]] number system uses a combination of base 5 and base 7.<br />
<br />
The numbers 1-7 are:<br />
<br />
* 1: ai [ai]<br />
* 2: ilai [ilai] ("twice one")<br />
* 3: ith [iθ]<br />
* 4: sai [sai]<br />
* 5: min [min]<br />
* 6: minda [minda] ("one more than 5")<br />
* 7: thú [θuː]<br />
<br />
Certain multiples of 5 and 7 have specific names:<br />
<br />
* 10: hi [hi]<br />
* 15: mist [mist]<br />
* 25: ming [miŋ]<br />
* 125: léshek [leːʃɛk]<br />
* 15,625 (125<sup>2</sup>): agálik [aɡaːlik]<br />
* 1,953,125 (125<sup>3</sup>): nuruthkest [nuruθkɛst]<br />
<br />
* 49: thúsi [θuːsi]<br />
<br />
The numbers from 1 to 125 use various combinations of 5 and 7 with the<br />
following affixes: an- (one less), adan- (two less), -ra (one more) -rad<br />
(two more), il- (twice), ith (3) and sai (4).<br />
<br />
* 8: thúra [θuːra] (7+1)<br />
* 9: anghi [aŋhi] (10-1)<br />
* 10: hi [hi]<br />
* 11: hina [hina] (10+1)<br />
* 12: hinad [hinad] (10+2)<br />
* 13: adammist [adammist] (15-2)<br />
* 14: ilthu [ilθu] (2*7)<br />
* 15: mist [mist]<br />
* 16: mistra [mistra] (15+1)<br />
* 17: mistrad [mistrad] (15+2)<br />
* 18: mistith [mistiθ] (15+3)<br />
* 19: mistsai [mistsai] (15+4)<br />
* 20: mistmin [mistmin] (15+5)<br />
* 21: ithú [iθuː] (3*7)<br />
* 22: ithúra [iθuːra] (3*7+1)<br />
* 23: adamming [adammiŋ] (25-2)<br />
* 24: amming [ammiŋ] (25-1)<br />
* 25: ming [miŋ]<br />
* 26: mingna [miŋna] (25+1)<br />
* 27: mingnad [miŋnad] (25+2)<br />
* 28: saithú [saiθuː] (4*7)<br />
* 29: saithúra [saiθuːra] (4*7+1)<br />
* 30: ilmist [ilmist] (2*15)<br />
* 31: ilmistra [ilmistra] (2*15+1)<br />
* 32: mingthú [miŋθuː] (25+7)<br />
* 33: mingthúra [miŋθuːra] (25+7+1)<br />
* 34: amminthú [amminθuː] (5*7-1)<br />
* 35: minthú [minθuː] (5*7)<br />
* 36: minthúra [minθuːra] (5*7+1)<br />
* 37: minthúrad [minθuːrad] (5*7+2)<br />
* 38: mingadammist [miŋadammist] (25+15-2)<br />
* 39: mingilthú [miŋilθuː] (25+2*7)<br />
* 40: mingmist [miŋmist] (25+15)<br />
* 41: mingmistra [miŋmistra] (25+15+1)<br />
* 42: mindathú [mindaθuː] (6*7)<br />
* 43: mindathúra [mindaθuːra] (6*7+1)<br />
* 44: anithmist [aniθmist] (3*15-1)<br />
* 45: ithmist [iθmist] (3*15)<br />
* 46: ithmistra [iθmistra] (3*15+1)<br />
* 47: adanthúsi [adanθuːsi] (7*7-2)<br />
* 48: anthúsi [anθuːsi] (7*7-1)<br />
* 49: thúsi [θuːsi] (7*7)<br />
<br />
After 49, multiples of 7 are less frequently used, and it starts to look<br />
more like a base-5 system.<br />
<br />
== Zharranh ==<br />
<br />
Zharranh uses a base 8 system. Numbers 1-8:<br />
<br />
* 1: žar [ʒar]<br />
* 2: kɭiĵu [kɭiʝu]<br />
* 3: tiva [tiva]<br />
* 4: ziđa [zid̪a]<br />
* 5: niʈa [niʈa]<br />
* 6: disa [disa]<br />
* 7: krina [krina]<br />
* 8: mimi [mimi]<br />
<br />
Numbers 9-15 are formed by adding the prefix mi- to numbers 1-8 (e.g. nine is "mižar" and 10 is "mikɭiĵu").<br />
<br />
[[Category:Azir]]<br />
[[Category:Lexica]]</div>Teamousehttps://www.frathwiki.com/index.php?title=Azirian_numbers&diff=8139Azirian numbers2006-03-25T03:52:07Z<p>Teamouse: Added numbers for Jarda, Jirra, Lindiga, Siralla, Tirelat, Virelli, Vizaki, and Zharranh</p>
<hr />
<div>This is an overview of number systems in various Azirian languages.<br />
<br />
== Jarda ==<br />
<br />
In Jarda, numbers can be represented in any base which is convenient, up to base 12.<br />
<br />
* 1: ju<br />
* 2: řal<br />
* 3: đağ<br />
* 4: kun<br />
* 5: raz<br />
* 6: kóv<br />
* 7: noś<br />
* 8: řóm<br />
* 9: kóř<br />
* 10: jum<br />
* 11: vaź<br />
* 12: źév<br />
<br />
== Jirra ==<br />
<br />
The Jirra language is related to Lindiga. Compare these numbers with the corresponding Lindiga words:<br />
<br />
* 1: swai<br />
* 2: koči<br />
* 3: miči<br />
* 4: sirwi<br />
* 5: ngwëswi<br />
* 6: issi<br />
* 7: xasci<br />
* 8: kwasi<br />
* 9: ütti<br />
* 10: cië<br />
<br />
== Lindiga ==<br />
<br />
* 1: rsai<br />
* 2: koti<br />
* 3: miti<br />
* 4: siři<br />
* 5: ngüorsi<br />
* 6: issi<br />
* 7: chaski<br />
* 8: pasi<br />
* 9: ykki<br />
* 10: kie<br />
<br />
Lindiga is also the source for basic numbers in the Minza language: šei, koči, miči, širi, ňuoži, iši, xaski, paži, yki, kie.<br />
<br />
== Siralla ==<br />
<br />
Siralla numbers use base 8:<br />
<br />
* 1: ik<br />
* 2: nar<br />
* 3: gar<br />
* 4: zek<br />
* 5: chek<br />
* 6: rev<br />
* 7: yel<br />
* 8: kemel<br />
<br />
Numbers after 8 add the suffix -mel: ikmel "nine", narmel "ten", etc.<br />
<br />
== Tirelat ==<br />
<br />
Tirelat uses base 12.<br />
<br />
* 1: lii<br />
* 2: dłaa<br />
* 3: kim<br />
* 4: reega<br />
* 5: vakki<br />
* 6: zem<br />
* 7: telił<br />
* 8: syt<br />
* 9: lañu<br />
* 10: nidi<br />
* 11: foža<br />
* 12: kaž<br />
<br />
== Virelli ==<br />
<br />
Virelli, as is typical of Zireen languages, uses base 8.<br />
<br />
* 1: hú<br />
* 2: zá<br />
* 3: néri<br />
* 4: ņa’i<br />
* 5: séða<br />
* 6: háka<br />
* 7: gira<br />
* 8: hļú<br />
<br />
== Vizaki == <br />
<br />
Another Zireen language which uses base 8.<br />
<br />
* 1: a<br />
* 2: ti<br />
* 3: fhei<br />
* 4: nyy<br />
* 5: šia<br />
* 6: t'aša<br />
* 7: yša<br />
* 8: zei<br />
<br />
== Zariva ==<br />
<br />
The [[Zariva]] number system uses a combination of base 5 and base 7.<br />
<br />
The numbers 1-7 are:<br />
<br />
* 1: ai<br />
* 2: ilai ("twice one")<br />
* 3: ith<br />
* 4: sai<br />
* 5: min<br />
* 6: minda ("one more than 5")<br />
* 7: thú<br />
<br />
Certain multiples of 5 and 7 have specific names:<br />
<br />
* 10: hi<br />
* 15: mist<br />
* 25: ming<br />
* 125: léshek<br />
* 15,625 (125<sup>2</sup>): agálik<br />
* 1,953,125 (125<sup>3</sup>): nuruthkest<br />
<br />
* 49: thúsi<br />
<br />
The numbers from 1 to 125 use various combinations of 5 and 7 with the<br />
following affixes: an- (one less), adan- (two less), -ra (one more) -rad<br />
(two more), il- (twice), ith (3) and sai (4).<br />
<br />
* 8: thúra (7+1)<br />
* 9: anghi (10-1)<br />
* 10: hi<br />
* 11: hina (10+1)<br />
* 12: hinad (10+2)<br />
* 13: adammist (15-2)<br />
* 14: ilthu (2*7)<br />
* 15: mist<br />
* 16: mistra (15+1)<br />
* 17: mistrad (15+2)<br />
* 18: mistith (15+3)<br />
* 19: mistsai (15+4)<br />
* 20: mistmin (15+5)<br />
* 21: ithú (3*7)<br />
* 22: ithúra (3*7+1)<br />
* 23: adamming (25-2)<br />
* 24: amming (25-1)<br />
* 25: ming<br />
* 26: mingna (25+1)<br />
* 27: mingnad (25+2)<br />
* 28: saithú (4*7)<br />
* 29: saithúra (4*7+1)<br />
* 30: ilmist (2*15)<br />
* 31: ilmistra (2*15+1)<br />
* 32: mingthú (25+7)<br />
* 33: mingthúra (25+7+1)<br />
* 34: amminthú (5*7-1)<br />
* 35: minthú (5*7)<br />
* 36: minthúra (5*7+1)<br />
* 37: minthúrad (5*7+2)<br />
* 38: mingadammist (25+15-2)<br />
* 39: mingilthú (25+2*7)<br />
* 40: mingmist (25+15)<br />
* 41: mingmistra (25+15+1)<br />
* 42: mindathú (6*7)<br />
* 43: mindathúra (6*7+1)<br />
* 44: anithmist (3*15-1)<br />
* 45: ithmist (3*15)<br />
* 46: ithmistra (3*15+1)<br />
* 47: adanthúsi (7*7-2)<br />
* 48: anthúsi (7*7-1)<br />
* 49: thúsi (7*7)<br />
<br />
After 49, multiples of 7 are less frequently used, and it starts to look<br />
more like a base-5 system.<br />
<br />
== Zharranh ==<br />
<br />
Zharranh uses a base 8 system. Numbers 1-8:<br />
<br />
* 1: žar<br />
* 2: kɭiĵu<br />
* 3: tiva<br />
* 4: ziđa<br />
* 5: niʈa<br />
* 6: disa<br />
* 7: krina<br />
* 8: mimi<br />
<br />
Numbers 9-15 are formed by adding the prefix mi- to numbers 1-8 (e.g. nine is "mižar" and 10 is "mikɭiĵu").<br />
<br />
[[Category:Azir]]<br />
[[Category:Lexica]]</div>Teamousehttps://www.frathwiki.com/index.php?title=Conlang_Relay_12/Minza&diff=6254Conlang Relay 12/Minza2006-01-10T04:24:43Z<p>Teamouse: </p>
<hr />
<div>==Minza text and interlinear translation==<br />
<br />
IPLIMU AI IŠONU?!<br />
I-PLIM-U AI I-ŠON-U?!<br />
3s.ERG-observe-PF and 3s.ERG-talk-PF?!<br />
He observes and talks?!<br />
<br />
Xažla: Mimo!<br />
Xažla: Mim-o!<br />
man-ABS: persist-IMP!<br />
Man: Persist!<br />
<br />
Čaghyl: Taugho xöy, seira nataughi öyxe!<br />
Čaghyl: Taugh-o xöy, seir-a na-taugh-i öyx-(l)e!<br />
doctor-ABS: push-IMP madam-ABS, must-IPF 2s.ERG-push-SUB you-ERG!<br />
Doctor: Push, madam, you need to push!<br />
<br />
Šöy łe, kazmi kaini ymigi lan rašat!<br />
Šöy łe, ka-zmi kaini y-mig-i lan raša-(a)t!<br />
now (polite), 1s.ABS-can already 1s.ERG-see-SUB head-ABS baby-GEN!<br />
Now, I can already see the baby's head!<br />
<br />
Teka omba öyxu sinatemu aka nymat.<br />
Tek-a omba öyx-(m)u sina-(e)te-mu aka nym-at.<br />
3s.ABS-sit-IPF almost you-LOC past-your-LOC whole-ABS event-GEN.<br />
You almost have the whole of the event in your past.<br />
<br />
Xažla: Mimo!<br />
Xažla: Mim-o!<br />
man-ABS: persist-IMP!<br />
Man: Persist!<br />
<br />
Raša: Šöy ze, kazmi ymigi tan'ga, đa riteka jexu.<br />
Raša: Šöy ze, ka-zmi y-mig-i tan'ga, đa ri-tek-a jex-(m)u.<br />
baby-ABS: now then, 1s.ABS-can 1s.ERG-see-SUB place-ABS, that 1p.ABS-sit-IPF this-LOC.<br />
Baby: Well, now I can see the place where we are.<br />
<br />
Xažla: Igá!<br />
Xažla: Igá!<br />
man-ABS: what.the...!<br />
Man: What the...!<br />
<br />
Kövu: Kala čui?<br />
Kövu: Kal-a čui?<br />
woman-ABS: 3s.ABS-happen-IFP what-ABS?<br />
Woman: What's happening?<br />
<br />
Čaghyl: Tego łe naziri.<br />
Čaghyl: Teg-o łe na-zir-i.<br />
doctor-ABS: avoid-IMP (polite) 2s.ERG-fear-SUB.<br />
Doctor: Please don't be afraid.<br />
<br />
Seira nataughi xöy, seira nataughi!<br />
Seir-a na-taugh-i xöy, seir-a na-taugh-i!<br />
must-IPF 2s.ERG-push-SUB madam, must-IPF 2s.ERG-push-SUB!<br />
You must push, madam, you must push!<br />
<br />
Xažla: Mimo!<br />
Xažla: Mim-o!<br />
man-ABS: persist-IMP!<br />
Man: Persist!<br />
<br />
Raša: Ymagha šöy kö čilaskat.<br />
Raša: Y-magh-a šöy kö čil-as-(a)ka-(a)t.<br />
baby-ABS: 1s.ERG-want-IPF now something-ABS wear-ACT-my-GEN.<br />
Baby: Now I want something to wear.<br />
<br />
Wei! Yđevu čilas fynarit beži kame!<br />
Wei! Y-đev-u čil-as fyna-ri-(a)t bež-i kam-(l)e!<br />
hey! 1s.ERG-accustomed.to-PF wear-ACT-ABS clothes-PL-GEN expensive-GEN I-ERG!<br />
Hey! I am accustomed to wearing expensive clothes!<br />
<br />
Kövu: Zmi išoni va!<br />
Kövu: Zmi i-šon-i va!<br />
woman-ABS: 3s.ABS-can 3s.ERG-talk-SUB he-ABS!<br />
Woman: He can talk!<br />
<br />
Raša: Duro tö, i viraka. Kari raša öyxat.<br />
Raša: Dur-o tö, i vira-(a)ka. Ka-ri raša öyx-at.<br />
baby-ABS: listen-IMP (emphatic), VOC mother-my-ABS. 1s.ABS-be child-ABS you-GEN.<br />
Baby: Now listen, my mother. I am your child.<br />
<br />
Ła ymagha de ynšadi šy Konušat, šöy ze de, ži vyönu ghovi nöki nyn.<br />
Ła y-magh-a de y-n-šad-i šy Konuš-at, šöy ze de, ži vyön-u ghov-i nök-i nyn.<br />
but 1s.ERG-want-IPF not 1s.ERG-REFL-call-SUB as Konuš-GEN, now well not, since 3s.ABS-ordinary-PF too-ABS much-ABS that-ABS.<br />
But I don't want to be called Konush, well not now, since that is much too ordinary.<br />
<br />
Kövu: Ri nevek đa yglibu wöli ghovi kame ža. Fie đa šona rašale?<br />
Kövu: Ri nevek đa y-glib-u wöli ghovi kam-(l)e ža. Fie đa šon-a raša-le?<br />
woman-ABS: 3s.ABS-be reason-ABS that 1s.ERG-drink-PF alcohol-ABS too.much-ABS I-ERG isn't.it? namely that 3s.ERG-talk-IPF baby-ERG?<br />
Woman: It's because I drank too much [alcohol], isn't it? That the baby is talking?<br />
<br />
Čaghyl: Yreka šöy zörin nalanavat.<br />
Čaghyl: Y-rek-a šöy zörin nalan-ava-(a)t.<br />
doctor-ABS: 1s.ERG-cut-IPF now cord-ABS navel-his-GEN.<br />
Doctor: I am now cutting his umbilical cord.<br />
<br />
Raša: Vyö xörykakamu, katuonžananu, našara.<br />
Raša: Vyö xör-yk-aka-mu, ka-tuon-žan-an-u, na-šar-a.<br />
baby-ABS: before death-my-LOC, 1s.ABS-general-be-PF, 2s.ERG-know-IFP.<br />
Baby: Before my death, I was a general, you know.<br />
<br />
Epi kamu loga teski, fie ynšadu šy Petrosat.<br />
Epi kam-(m)u loga tesk-i, fie y-n-šad-u šy Petros-at.<br />
also I-LOC name-ABS fine-ABS, namely 1s.ERG-REFL-call-PF as Peter-GEN.<br />
I also had a fine name; I called myself Peter.<br />
<br />
Ai ymaghi yglibi, i peš, ła ymaghu de yglibi kura öli kame!<br />
Ai y-magh-i y-glib-i, i peš, ła y-magh-u de y-glib-i kura öl-i kam-(l)e!<br />
and 1s.ERG-want-SUB 1s.ERG-drink-SUB, VOC fiend-ABS, but 1s.ERG-want-PF not 1s.ERG-drink-SUB milk-ABS any-ABS I-ERG!<br />
And I want to drink, you fiend, but I don't want any milk!<br />
<br />
Xažla: I Petros, xisčo kaini möghas šy rylat, i öyx!<br />
Xažla: I Petros, xisč-o kaini mögh-as šy ryl-at, i öyx!<br />
man-ABS: VOC Peter-ABS, stop-IMP already squirm-ACT-ABS like worm-GEN, VOC you!<br />
Man: Peter, stop squirming like a worm already, you!<br />
<br />
Raša: Đo ličimu paže vige, ygliba de lašeunat....<br />
Raša: Đo lič-(r)i-mu paž-e vig-e, y-glib-a de laš-euna-(a)t....<br />
baby-ABS: during month-PL-LOC eight-LOC last-LOC, 1s.ERG-drink-IFP not fire-water-GEN....<br />
Baby: For the last eight months, I was not drinking any vodka [lit. "firewater"]....<br />
<br />
Xažla: Mimo!<br />
Xažla: Mim-o!<br />
man-ABS: persist-IMP!<br />
Man: Persist!<br />
<br />
Lišu zy jagu nauke lišyle: "MOZU ŠONYLI! MOREVANU LUGHI VA!"<br />
Liš-u zy jag-(m)u nauk-e liš-yl-e: "MOZU ŠON-YL-I! MOREV-AN-U LUGH-I VA!<br />
3s.ABS-write-PF the.following day-LOC next-LOC writer-ERG: "baby-ABS talk-ing-ABS! 3s.ABS-gift-is-PF holy-ABS he-ABS!"<br />
A writer wrote the next day: "Talking baby! He is a holy gift!"<br />
<br />
==Grammatical notes==<br />
<br />
[http://www.io.com/~hmiller/lang/Minza/index.html Minza web site]<br />
<br />
Minza is a relatively new language, intended as a "bridge" between the human world and the fictional worlds of Azir. Much of the Minza vocabulary is borrowed from other languages: Lindiga, Tirelat, Jarda, Kisuna, Zharranh, Kirezagi, and so on. The grammar is mainly based on Lindiga, although other recent languages such as Yasaro have contributed.<br />
<br />
Basic word order is VOS, with the subject at the end of the sentence. Minza is an ergative language; the subject of a transitive clause is expressed with the ergative suffix -(l)e, while the object of a transitive clause is like the subject of an intransitive clause, in the absolutive case, without a case suffix added. In general, modifying words or phrases in Minza follow the words they modify: adverbs follow verbs, adjectives follow nouns, and so on.<br />
<br />
Minza is an agglutinative language, without any major alteration of roots or affixes when combined, although many suffixes have alternative forms depending on whether they are appended to a vowel or a consonant. It shouldn't be too hard to separate the roots from the affixes, but in case you get stuck or want to skip this step, I've included a morpheme breakdown at the end of the message.<br />
<br />
===Nouns===<br />
<br />
Minza has six cases for nouns: absolutive, genitive, ergative, dative, locative, and instrumental. These cases are formed by adding a suffix to the noun root. This suffix can take one of two forms depending on whether the root ends in a consonant or a vowel. Consonant-ending roots take suffixes beginning with a vowel, and vice versa. This is a general characteristic of suffixes in Minza; suffixes in the vocabulary are notated with an optional letter in parentheses: -(l)e for the ergative suffix, or -(r)i for the plural suffix.<br />
<br />
There is also a vocative form, which is marked with the particle "i", although this is considered to be a preposition that governs the absolutive case. The vocative particle marks the person the speaker is talking to.<br />
<br />
The locative case can represent possession as well as location: the example from the Minza web page is "kyrlu miezu" ("the mouse's tail"), which literally means "(the) tail at (the) mouse". If the locative noun comes first, the resulting verbless sentence can be translated with "have" in English ("miezu kyrlu" = "the mouse has a tail", literally "at the mouse (is) a tail").<br />
<br />
Minza has "transitive nouns", which are nouns that take an optional "argument" (in the genitive case). Inherently possessed nouns, such as family relations and body parts, belong to this category. Another use of the genitive case which occurs in this text is the partitive usage, which refers to a quantity out of the total; this is found after verbs.<br />
<br />
Nouns can also have possessive suffixes added to them; "my mother" for instance would be "viraka", with the suffix -(a)ka (my) added after the root for "mother" (vira). Another use for possessive suffixes is to specify the subject of a verbal noun (a noun derived from a verb root). The case suffix (if any) comes after other suffixes.<br />
<br />
The suffix -(a)ni, which converts a noun into a verb, is one way of expressing the verb "to be". The difference between -(a)ni and the copula (ri) is similar to the difference between the definite and indefinite articles in English: "I am *the* walrus" uses the copula, while "I am *a* jelly doughnut" uses the suffix -(a)ni. The copula equates two things, while the noun-to-verb suffix defines one thing as belonging to a class.<br />
<br />
Noun suffixes<br />
-(a)ka my<br />
-(a)ni to be.<br />
-(a)t of (genitive case).<br />
-(a)va his, her, its<br />
-(e)te your (s.)<br />
-(l)e (ergative).<br />
-(m)u in, at (locative).<br />
-(r)i (plural)<br />
<br />
===Adjectives===<br />
<br />
Adjectives only have four case suffixes: absolutive, genitive, and ergative cases all take the ending -i. The only other adjective case suffix in this text is -e, which marks the locative case. Adjectives typically follow nouns or other adjectives. Additionally, any adjective root can be used as a main verb. Note that numbers are regular adjectives in Minza, and follow the noun like other adjectives!<br />
<br />
Adjective suffixes<br />
-e in, at (locative).<br />
-i (absolutive, genitive, or ergative).<br />
<br />
===Verbs===<br />
<br />
The dictionary form of a verb ends in -i; verbs are inflected for person and number of both the subject and the object by adding prefixes, and for aspect by adding suffixes. The third person singular absolutive lacks a prefix. When the subject and object refer to the same thing, a reflexive prefix -n- is added after the subject prefix. There are also numerous derivational suffixes for converting verbs to nouns and adjectives, but the only ones necessary for this text are -as (which forms a noun describing the activity of doing something), -yl (the ergative verbal noun, like English -er), and -yli (the ergative participle, like English -ing).<br />
<br />
There are two main aspects in Minza: perfective (-u) and imperfective (-a). The difference is that perfective generally refers to activities in the past or future, seen from outside, or events not specific to time; imperfective refers to ongoing, repeated, or habitual activities at any time. The subjunctive form is used in conjunction with auxiliary verbs, or as a more generic form to soften the effect of words like "maghi" ("ymaghi" could be translated "I would like", as opposed to "ymagha" which is "I want" or "I am hoping for"). In many cases the subjunctive form is used in situations where other languages would use an infinitive.<br />
<br />
Certain auxiliary verbs (smi, "can / is able", for instance), as well as the copula (ri), are not inflected for aspect, although they do take personal prefixes. In these cases, the -i is not a marker of the subjunctive form, but simply a part of the verb root. The copula is unlike most Minza verbs in that it takes two absolutive arguments.<br />
<br />
The auxiliary + main verb construction is frequent in Minza: in many cases, the subject of the auxiliary is shared with the main verb, although the two subjects might not be in the same case. "I want to go" would be translated "I want (imperfective) I go (subjunctive)", for instance. Some auxiliaries, on the other hand (such as "seiri") are used without a subject prefix; "seira" might be translated "it is necessary". Adverbs and other phrases can come between the auxiliary and the main verb, but the subject and other noun phrases go after the main verb.<br />
<br />
Although the verb is usually the first element of a sentence, any single phrase can be moved before the verb for variety or emphasis. Generally, though, the noun phrases are left after the verb.<br />
<br />
Verb prefixes<br />
ka- I/me (1s abs.)<br />
i- he, she, it (3s erg.)<br />
n- (reflexive)<br />
na- you (2s erg.)<br />
ri- we/us (1p abs.)<br />
y- I (1s erg.)<br />
<br />
Verb suffixes<br />
-a (imperfective)<br />
-as (activity of doing).<br />
-i (subjunctive)<br />
-o (imperative)<br />
-u (perfective)<br />
-yl (ergative verbal noun; one who does).<br />
-yli (ergative participle).<br />
<br />
===Adverbs===<br />
<br />
Usually an adverb will come directly after a verb, either a main verb or an auxiliary verb. Many adverbs can also follow adjectives (which in many respects are similar to verbs). Adverbs may be placed before the verb for emphasis or stylistic variation.<br />
<br />
===Prepositions===<br />
<br />
Prepositions precede nouns, and govern a particular case of the noun. For example, nouns used with the preposition "vyö" (before) are always marked with the locative case suffix. Certain verbs take arguments that require a particular preposition.<br />
<br />
===Enclitics and other particles===<br />
<br />
Minza has a number of "little words" that pop up in various places. Some of them (such as "łe", which adds politeness, or "tö" which emphasizes a phrase) are enclitics, which are always placed after the first word in a phrase. There are also clause-initial and clause-final particles; the final particle "ža" acts rather like the French expression "n'est-ce pas?" except that it is pronounced with the inflection of a statement rather than a question. Interjections can be used by themselves.<br />
<br />
<br />
==Vocabulary==<br />
<br />
adv adverb (follows verb or auxiliary verb)<br />
aux auxiliary verb<br />
conj conjunction<br />
enc enclitic particle (attached after the first word of a phrase)<br />
int interjection<br />
n0 intransitive noun<br />
n1 transitive noun (inherently possessed, with its object following in the genitive case)<br />
p.n. proper name<br />
pron pronoun<br />
v1 intransitive verb<br />
v2 transitive verb<br />
<br />
ai conj and.<br />
aka n1 whole, entirety.<br />
beži a0 expensive, costly.<br />
čaghyl n0 doctor, healer.<br />
čili v2 to wear (clothing).<br />
čui pron who, what, which?<br />
de adv not.<br />
duri v2 to listen to.<br />
đa conj that, which.<br />
đevi v2 to be familiar with, accustomed to.<br />
đo prep +LOC during, over (time).<br />
epi adv also, too.<br />
fie conj namely (used more frequently in Minza than in English).<br />
fyna n0 cloth, garment.<br />
glibi vt to drink.<br />
ghovi adj excessive, too (much).<br />
i prep +ABS (vocative)<br />
igá int what the ... ?!; what in the world is that?<br />
jag n0 date, day, period of planetary rotation<br />
jex pron this (the one over here).<br />
kaini adv already, yet.<br />
kali vi to occur, happen, come to pass.<br />
kam pron I, me.<br />
Konuš pn Konush (name).<br />
kö pron something.<br />
kövu n0 woman (adult female human).<br />
kura n0 milk.<br />
lan n1 head (anat.)<br />
lašeuna* n0 a clear distilled alcoholic beverage.<br />
lič n0 month.<br />
liši vt to write.<br />
loga n1 name, label.<br />
lughi adj holy, sacred.<br />
ła conj but (in contrast), on the other hand.<br />
łe enc (marker of polite speech)<br />
maghi v2 to hope, wish for, desire, want.<br />
migi v2 to see.<br />
mimi v1 to remain, endure, persist.<br />
morev n0 gift, present.<br />
mozu n0 baby, infant.<br />
möghi v1 to squirm, wriggle.<br />
nalan n1 navel.<br />
nauki adj following, next.<br />
nevek n1 a cause of (an event), reason for.<br />
nöki adj much, a lot, many.<br />
nym n0 event, occasion.<br />
nyn pron that (the one over there).<br />
omba adv almost.<br />
öli adj any quantity of.<br />
öyx pron you (sing.).<br />
paži adj eight.<br />
peš n0 fiend, monster.<br />
Petros pn Peter<br />
plimi v2 to be attentive, observant, watchful of; to pay attention.<br />
raša n1 child, offspring.<br />
reki vt to cut, to slice.<br />
ri v1 to be (copula).<br />
ryl n0 worm.<br />
seiri aux must, have to, need to.<br />
sina n0 the past (time).<br />
šadi* v2 to call, name.<br />
šari v2 to be reasonably certain of; know (facts).<br />
šoni v2 to speak, say, talk.<br />
šöy adv now.<br />
šy* prep +GEN in the manner of; like, as.<br />
tan'ga n0 place, location.<br />
taughi v2 to push, to press.<br />
tegi v2 to avoid.<br />
teki* v1 to sit, be (located).<br />
teski adj fine, excellent (of superior quality).<br />
tö enc (emphatic)<br />
tuonžan* n0 admiral; general (military rank).<br />
va pron he, she, it.<br />
vigi adj previous, preceding, last.<br />
vira n1 mother.<br />
vyö prep +LOC before (in time)<br />
vyöni adj ordinary, plain.<br />
wei int hey!<br />
wöli n0 alcoholic beverage.<br />
xažla n0 man (adult male human).<br />
xisči v2 to quit, stop, cease.<br />
xöryk n1 death.<br />
xöy pron Mr., Mrs., Miss, Ms.; sir, madam<br />
ze enc well, anyway, now then, ...<br />
ziri v2 to fear, be afraid of.<br />
zmi aux can (capable of).<br />
zörin n1 string, cord, wire.<br />
zy pron the following:<br />
ža adv isn't it?<br />
ži conj because, since.<br />
<br />
* Vocabulary notes<br />
<br />
The derivation of "lašeuna" is: laš "fire" + euna "water" (i.e., a clear liquid)<br />
<br />
"šadi" (to name) has two core arguments: the namer (ergative) and the one being named (absolutive); the name is an oblique argument, preceded by the preposition "šy".<br />
<br />
"teki" has a number of idiomatic uses; in this text, "teki" along with a pronoun in the locative case might best be translated as "have".<br />
<br />
The derivation of "tuonžan" is tuon "overall, general" + žan "military officer".</div>Teamousehttps://www.frathwiki.com/index.php?title=Conlang_Relay_12&diff=6253Conlang Relay 122006-01-10T03:53:22Z<p>Teamouse: </p>
<hr />
<div>=Relay 12=<br />
<br />
This relay was a scheduleless relay run by Jeffrey Henning. Unfortunately, Jeffrey completely disappeared during the course of the relay, which is quite eldritch. We all hope he is well and found no time for the relay only because he is involved in real-life occupations.<br />
<br />
This page aims at gathering the texts of relay 12.<br />
<br />
[http://www.kunstsprachen.de/relay11/ Previous Relay 11 (Irina Rempt)]<br />
[http://www.conlang.info/relay/relay13.html Next Relay 13 (Henrik Theiling)]<br />
<br />
==Darynese==<br />
<br />
===Dorunyaera! Nyaram, ilaetraenyaera!===<br />
<br />
; Mizaebaiao : Marinyaera!<br />
; Saerai : Saenyanyaera! Yaetai! saenyanyaera!<br />
; Saerai : Yaetai! Emilonaime mati dorusetas raikae. Yaemi deles se daibe!<br />
; Mizaebaiao : Marinyaera!<br />
; Emilo : A! Teoro dorunyaetas raokae!<br />
; Saerai : rarurileyiza!<br />
; Mizaebaiai : Latrimaelnaor?<br />
; Saerai : Pasaeranyaepara! Aesem saenyanyaera! Yaetai! saenyanyaera!<br />
; Mizaebaiao : Marinyaera!<br />
; Emilo : Raokae taekonyaera! Yaope tazembo ranneos teonzanyae raokae.<br />
; Mizaebaiai : Taeyinnaor ilaetraese?<br />
; Emilo : Eyilai. Raokaekul laemtraenyaera. Daibenaimao ineyilao zaitrinyae raokae. 'Konor' tusreonyaepa raokae. Taenae menyae yaemi.<br />
; Mizaebaiai : Nanenaor? Ilaetraese emilo!<br />
; Saerai : Emilseyai sem datae raikae.<br />
; Emilo : Nenkenaimeo naer leobysunyae raokae. Yilae aon leobysunyae raokae.'Petros' zaitrinyae raokaenaimae aon.<br />
; Emilo : Aotaelao menyae raokae. Subenyai, ilaoba zelnelonyaepa raokae.<br />
; Saerai : Petros! Ebenyaepara!<br />
; Emilo : Ner trais binyin keoru, saisinsu zelnelonyae raokae.<br />
; Mizaebaiao : Marinyaera!<br />
<br />
Ereo mokeorul donyose donyoao -- 'Ilaetraerilo emilo! Taomaenaime kaodi!'<br />
<br />
<br />
[[Relay 12: Dyranese -- Full Information]]<br />
<br />
==Da Mätz Se Basa==<br />
<br />
===De kuk un kuja ja he===<br />
<br />
; Ä Man : Diu häl dur to.<br />
; Doto : Ü drük to. Muin Quän, ü drük to. Muin Quän, ich kan da Bäbi s' Kop ol sä höma. Ü hat de bäna saf ja.<br />
; Man : Diu häl dur to.<br />
; Bäbi : Säo, ich kan de hir Urt sä ima.<br />
; Doto : Chofadem!<br />
; Quän : Wat is he?<br />
; Doto : Ü wot nich bang nä to. Ü drük noma to, muin Quän, ü drük to.<br />
; Man : Diu häl dur to.<br />
; Bäbi : Ich wil wat dräk an höma. Ich drach of gui Zuich ja.<br />
; Quän : De kan kuja ima.<br />
; Bäbi : Diu fan Modo hur ma ze to. Ich is duin Anak. Un ich wil nich "Konol" heis nä höma, omdat de ze tawal is ja.<br />
; Quän : De do is ne Drik he. De Bäbi kuja he.<br />
; Doto : Ich wirt gätz de Nalsur snä dur.<br />
; Bäbi : Ich hat na Gäral se Maut hat. Un ich hat ne hau Nam ja, nämich heis ich "Pädrus". Un ich hat ne Durs ja, ma ich wil kein Nai nä höma.<br />
; Doto : Pädrus, diu zape nich säo nä to.<br />
; Bäbi: Di lätz ach Mat hat ich ne Woka drik.<br />
; Man : Diu häl dur to.<br />
Ana näs Dach sir di Sir-Mätz: "Ne kuja s' Bäbi höma! Ne da Got se Sänk ja!"<br />
<br />
===It looks and talks!?===<br />
<br />
; Husband : Persevere!<br />
; Doctor : Push! Madam, push! Madam, I can see the baby's head already! You have almost done it!<br />
; Man : Persevere!<br />
; Baby : Well! I can see this place, right!?<br />
; Doctor : Damnit!<br />
; Woman : What is it?<br />
; Doctor : Don't get disturbed! Push again, madam, push again!<br />
; Man : Persevere!<br />
; Baby : I want to wear something! I often wear precious clothes!<br />
; Woman : It can talk!?<br />
; Baby : Mother, listen to me! I am your son. And I don't want to be called 'Konor', because that's too common.<br />
; Woman : This is a trick, right? The baby talks!?<br />
; Doctor : I will now cut the umbilical cord.<br />
; Baby : I had a general's death. And I have a good name, that is, I'm called 'Petrus'.<br>And I am thirsty, but I don't want any milk.<br />
; Doctor : Petrus, don't squirm like that!<br />
; Baby : The last eight months I drank vodka.<br />
; Man : Persevere!<br />
<br />
The next day, the writers wrote: A talking baby! A gift of God indeed!<br />
<br />
<br />
[[Relay 12: Da Mätz Se Basa -- Full Information]]<br />
<br />
<br />
==Minza==<br />
<br />
===IPLIMU AI IŠONU?!===<br />
<br />
; Xažla: Mimo!<br />
; Čaghyl: Taugho xöy, seira nataughi öyxe! Šöy łe, kazmi kaini ymigi lan rašat! Teka omba öyxu sinatemu aka nymat.<br />
; Xažla: Mimo!<br />
; Raša: Šöy ze, kazmi ymigi tan'ga, đa riteka jexu.<br />
; Xažla: Igá!<br />
; Kövu: Kala čui?<br />
; Čaghyl: Tego łe naziri. Seira nataughi xöy, seira nataughi!<br />
; Xažla: Mimo!<br />
; Raša: Ymagha šöy kö čilaskat. Wei! Yđevu čilas fynarit beži kame!<br />
; Kövu: Zmi išoni va!<br />
; Raša: Duro tö, i viraka. Kari raša öyxat. Ła ymagha de ynšadi šy Konušat, šöy ze de, ži vyönu ghovi nöki nyn.<br />
; Kövu: Ri nevek đa yglibu wöli ghovi kame ža. Fie đa šona rašale?<br />
; Čaghyl: Yreka šöy zörin nalanavat.<br />
; Raša: Vyö xörykakamu, katuonžananu, našara. Epi kamu loga teski, fie ynšadu šy Petrosat. Ai ymaghi yglibi, i peš, ła ymaghu de yglibi kura öli kame!<br />
; Xažla: I Petros, xisčo kaini möghas šy rylat, i öyx!<br />
; Raša: Đo ličimu paže vige, ygliba de lašeunat....<br />
; Xažla: Mimo!<br />
Lišu zy jagu nauke lišyle: "MOZU ŠONYLI! MOREVANU LUGHI VA!"<br />
<br />
===He observes and talks?!===<br />
<br />
; Man: Persist!<br />
; Doctor: Push, madam, you need to push! Now, I can already see the baby's head! You almost have the whole of the event in your past.<br />
; Man: Persist!<br />
; Baby: Well, now I can see the place where we are.<br />
; Man: What the...!<br />
; Woman: What's happening?<br />
; Doctor: Please don't be afraid. You must push, madam, you must push!<br />
; Man: Persist!<br />
; Baby: Now I want something to wear. Hey! I am accustomed to wearing expensive clothes!<br />
; Woman: He can talk!<br />
; Baby: Now listen, my mother. I am your child. But I don't want to be called Konush, well not now, since that is much too ordinary.<br />
; Woman: It's because I drank too much [alcohol], isn't it? That the baby is talking?<br />
; Doctor: I am now cutting his umbilical cord.<br />
; Baby: Before my death, I was a general, you know. I also had a fine name; I called myself Peter. And I want to drink, you fiend, but I don't want any milk!<br />
; Man: Peter, stop squirming like a worm already, you!<br />
; Baby: For the last eight months, I was not drinking any vodka [lit. "firewater"]....<br />
; Man: Persist!<br />
<br />
A writer wrote the next day: "Talking baby! He is a holy gift!"<br />
<br />
[[Relay 12: Minza -- Full Information]]</div>Teamousehttps://www.frathwiki.com/index.php?title=Jirra&diff=5384Jirra2005-11-03T01:59:06Z<p>Teamouse: </p>
<hr />
<div>Jirra (or swi-Jirra) is a language spoken by a population of [[Yitha]] (the [[Azir|Azirian]] equivalent of humans) who call themselves the Hyitha Jirra. The word "yitha" and related words (such as Chispa "yieta") are derived from the Jirra word "hyitha" [ˈçiθa], which is pronounced "yitha" [ˈʝiθa] in compounds.</div>Teamousehttps://www.frathwiki.com/index.php?title=Yitha&diff=5383Yitha2005-11-03T01:52:03Z<p>Teamouse: </p>
<hr />
<div>Yitha are the most human-like of the "elves" of [[Azir]]. Except for their pointy ears and somewhat larger eyes, they look very much like humans, and are around the same size.<br />
<br />
== Yitha languages ==<br />
* [[Jirra]]<br />
* [[Lindiga]]<br />
* [[Kazvarad]]<br />
* [[Olaetian]]</div>Teamousehttps://www.frathwiki.com/index.php?title=Azirian_Culture&diff=4654Azirian Culture2005-10-08T05:43:17Z<p>Teamouse: </p>
<hr />
<div>Work in progress!<br />
<br />
This quick guide to [[Azir|Azirian]] cultures was originally inspired by Jefferson Wilson's [http://www.meanspc.com/~jeff_wilson63/rpg/align12.html Cultural Attitudes] page.<br />
<br />
{| border="1"<br />
!<br />
! +2<br />
! +1<br />
! 0<br />
! -1<br />
! -2<br />
|-<br />
! Authority<br />
| Obey authority without question.<br />
| Have faith in authority; follow where you are led.<br />
| Respect the wisdom and experience of authority, but make your own decisions.<br />
| When in doubt, trust authority, but feel free to ignore nonsense.<br />
| Never trust authority. Make your own rules.<br />
|-<br />
! Generosity<br />
| Share everything that you have.<br />
| Help out those in need.<br />
| Share with your family and friends.<br />
| Give only as required.<br />
| Take all that you can and keep it for yourself.<br />
|-<br />
! Novelty<br />
| ''Radical:''<br/>Try something new at every opportunity. Be bold.<br />
| ''Innovative:''<br/>Always look for ways to improve things, but keep a sound foundation.<br />
| ''Progressive:''<br/>Be cautious about change, but fix things that can be improved.<br />
| ''Conservative:''<br/>Keep things the way they are. Distrust novelty.<br />
| ''Reactionary:''<br/>The old ways are best. Go back to the way things used to be.<br />
|-<br />
! Pleasure<br />
| ''Hedonistic:''<br/>Pleasure is the most important thing in life. Seek it at all cost.<br />
| Pleasure in moderation is a good thing. Work to achieve it.<br />
| Enjoy life when you can; avoid needless suffering.<br />
| It can be virtuous to endure suffering, but pleasure is not a bad thing.<br />
| ''Ascetic:''<br/>Pleasure is a dangerous addiction. Keep it to a minimum.<br />
|-<br />
! Ritual<br />
| ''Obsessive:''<br/>Life revolves around rituals. Nothing is more important.<br />
| ''Ritualistic:''<br/>Rituals are important, but should not rule your life.<br />
| ''Habitual:''<br/>It can be useful to follow a routine.<br />
| ''Creative:''<br/>Do your own thing. Improvise.<br />
| Don't bother with rituals. They're a waste of time.<br />
|-<br />
! Sociability<br />
| ''Gregarious:''<br/>The more the merrier. Party on!<br />
| ''Sociable:''<br/>It's best to be with others. It's no fun to be alone.<br />
| ''Friendly:''<br/>Having a small group of close friends is best.<br />
| ''Polite:''<br/>Be social when you must, but prefer to be alone.<br />
| ''Reclusive:''<br/>Solitude is the best. Peace and quiet!<br />
|}</div>Teamousehttps://www.frathwiki.com/index.php?title=Azirian_Culture&diff=3364Azirian Culture2005-10-08T05:29:13Z<p>Teamouse: </p>
<hr />
<div>Work in progress!<br />
<br />
This quick guide to Azirian cultures was originally inspired by Jefferson Wilson's [http://www.meanspc.com/~jeff_wilson63/rpg/align12.html Cultural Attitudes] page.<br />
<br />
{| border="1"<br />
!<br />
! +2<br />
! +1<br />
! 0<br />
! -1<br />
! -2<br />
|-<br />
! Authority<br />
| Obey authority without question.<br />
| Have faith in authority; follow where you are led.<br />
| Respect the wisdom and experience of authority, but make your own decisions.<br />
| When in doubt, trust authority, but feel free to ignore nonsense.<br />
| Never trust authority. Make your own rules.<br />
|-<br />
! Generosity<br />
| Share everything that you have.<br />
| Help out those in need.<br />
| Share with your family and friends.<br />
| Give only as required.<br />
| Take all that you can and keep it for yourself.<br />
|-<br />
! Novelty<br />
| ''Radical:''<br/>Try something new at every opportunity. Be bold.<br />
| ''Innovative:''<br/>Always look for ways to improve things, but keep a sound foundation.<br />
| ''Progressive:''<br/>Be cautious about change, but fix things that can be improved.<br />
| ''Conservative:''<br/>Keep things the way they are. Distrust novelty.<br />
| ''Reactionary:''<br/>The old ways are best. Go back to the way things used to be.<br />
|-<br />
! Pleasure<br />
| ''Hedonistic:''<br/>Pleasure is the most important thing in life. Seek it at all cost.<br />
| Pleasure in moderation is a good thing. Work to achieve it.<br />
| Enjoy life when you can; avoid needless suffering.<br />
| It can be virtuous to endure suffering, but pleasure is not a bad thing.<br />
| ''Ascetic:''<br/>Pleasure is a dangerous addiction. Keep it to a minimum.<br />
|-<br />
! Ritual<br />
| ''Obsessive:''<br/>Life revolves around rituals. Nothing is more important.<br />
| ''Ritualistic:''<br/>Rituals are important, but should not rule your life.<br />
| ''Habitual:''<br/>It can be useful to follow a routine.<br />
| ''Creative:''<br/>Do your own thing. Improvise.<br />
| Don't bother with rituals. They're a waste of time.<br />
|-<br />
! Sociability<br />
| ''Gregarious:''<br/>The more the merrier. Party on!<br />
| ''Sociable:''<br/>It's best to be with others. It's no fun to be alone.<br />
| ''Friendly:''<br/>Having a small group of close friends is best.<br />
| ''Polite:''<br/>Be social when you must, but prefer to be alone.<br />
| ''Reclusive:''<br/>Solitude is the best. Peace and quiet!<br />
|}</div>Teamousehttps://www.frathwiki.com/index.php?title=Azir&diff=4619Azir2005-10-08T03:31:05Z<p>Teamouse: </p>
<hr />
<div>Azir is a collection of separate worlds connected by Impossible Gates (portals which open at regular or unpredictable intervals, and stay open for relatively brief periods of time). <br />
<br />
== Worlds of Azir ==<br />
* [[Striezarait]] (Mizar)<br />
* [[Rishai]]<br />
* [[Thersenia]]<br />
* [[Kallarilan]]<br />
<br />
== People of Azir ==<br />
* Mizarians (humanoid rodents)<br />
** [[Zaik]]<br />
* Furry people<br />
** [[Zireen]]<br />
** [[Sangari]]<br />
** [[Kireethin]]<br />
** [[Nithra]]<br />
** [[Hralta]]<br />
** [[Zoray]]<br />
** [[Binda]]<br />
* Nikta and relatives<br />
** [[Nikta]]<br />
** [[Neyasai]]<br />
* "Elves" (pointy eared humanoids)<br />
** [[Yitha]]<br />
** [[Nelya]]<br />
** [[Kaltani]]<br />
** [[Miri]]<br />
** [[Lialia]]<br />
<br />
Also see the [[Azirian Culture]] quick-guide.</div>Teamousehttps://www.frathwiki.com/index.php?title=Serivelna&diff=4658Serivelna2005-09-21T02:19:24Z<p>Teamouse: </p>
<hr />
<div>Serivelna is a script used to write languages spoken by the [[Kaltani]] "elves".<br />
<br />
[[Image:Serivelna.jpg]]</div>Teamousehttps://www.frathwiki.com/index.php?title=File:Serivelna.jpg&diff=4657File:Serivelna.jpg2005-09-21T02:18:13Z<p>Teamouse: Consonants of the Serivelna writing system</p>
<hr />
<div>Consonants of the Serivelna writing system</div>Teamousehttps://www.frathwiki.com/index.php?title=Kaltani&diff=4656Kaltani2005-09-21T02:16:58Z<p>Teamouse: </p>
<hr />
<div>Kaltani are medium-sized "elves" (pointy-eared humanoids) distantly related to the [[Nelya]]. Their languages are typically written in a script known as [[Serivelna]].</div>Teamousehttps://www.frathwiki.com/index.php?title=Simik&diff=4627Simik2005-08-10T03:02:31Z<p>Teamouse: </p>
<hr />
<div>Simîk is one of many languages spoken by the [[Zireen]] of the planet Rishai.<br />
<br />
== Phonology ==<br />
<br />
=== Consonants ===<br />
<br />
{| border=1 cellpadding=5<br />
| <br />
| labial<br />
| alveolar<br />
| retroflex<br />
| alv-palat.<br />
| palatal<br />
| velar<br />
|-<br />
| stops<br />
|<br />
| t<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
| k<br />
|-<br />
| nasals<br />
| m<br />
| n<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
| fricatives<br />
| v<br />
| s z<br />
| š r<br />
| ś ź<br />
| c j<br />
| <br />
|-<br />
| lat. appr.<br />
|<br />
| l<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|}<br />
<br />
=== Vowels ===<br />
<br />
{| border=1 cellpadding=5<br />
| <br />
| front<br />
| central<br />
| back<br />
|-<br />
| high<br />
| i<br />
| <br />
| u<br />
|-<br />
| mid<br />
| e<br />
| <br />
| <br />
|-<br />
| low<br />
| <br />
| a<br />
|<br />
|}<br />
<br />
=== Tones ===<br />
<br />
Simîk has four tones:<br />
<br />
* high rising: á é í ú<br />
* high falling: â ê î û<br />
* low rising: ǎ ě ǐ ǔ<br />
* low falling: à è ì ù<br />
<br />
For convenience, the low rising tone is written without a tone mark. Each of these tones may also occur on long vowels (or diphthongs), so it is often said that Simîk has eight tones.<br />
<br />
There should be 16 possible combinations of tones in two-syllable Simik words. However, most of these combinations only appear in compounds and foreign words. If you account for vowel length separately, only four or five of the possible tone patterns are common in native Simik roots, and many of the exceptions are emphatic forms that are derived from shorter roots. Historically, Simik developed from a language with pitch accent. The five tone patterns are especially apparent in words with short vowels:<br />
<br />
* pattern 1 (HF-LR): jûma "dream", mâjar "to carry", nârik "right-hand"<br />
* pattern 2 (HR-LR): nécla "[[Yitha]]", tílma "logic", źálin "to assemble", źérit "bird"<br />
* pattern 3 (LR-HF): imâk "metal", mekî "puzzle", tazâ "six", valâr "finger"<br />
* pattern 4 (LR-HR): izá "cat", jaśí "imbalance", saré "right, proper"<br />
* pattern 5 (LR-LF): jerìn "left-hand", njeźà "lubricant", rizù "to thank"<br />
<br />
In the ancient language, at most one syllable of a word received a stress, which could be rising or falling. The fifth pattern is accounted for by words without inherent stress. The various tone patterns of modern Simîk arise from different combinations of pitch accent, vowel length, and other factors.<br />
<br />
{| border=1 cellpadding=5<br />
| ancient:<br />
| jùma<br />
| néškla<br />
| imàk<br />
| iðá<br />
| ježin<br />
|-<br />
| modern:<br />
| jûma<br />
| nécla<br />
| imâk<br />
| izá<br />
| jerìn<br />
|}<br />
<br />
== Morphology ==<br />
<br />
=== Verbs ===<br />
<br />
There are three conjugation patterns for verbs. <br />
<br />
* 1st conjugation (intransitive verbs)<br />
{|<br />
| ''taacèi''<br />
| I sleep<br />
|-<br />
| ''nîicèi''<br />
| you sleep<br />
|-<br />
| ''nâacèi''<br />
| we; you and I sleep<br />
|-<br />
| ''secèi''<br />
| he/she/it/they sleep(s)<br />
|-<br />
| ''kúucèi''<br />
| we; he/she/it/they and I sleep<br />
|}<br />
<br />
* 2nd conjugation (transitive verbs)<br />
{|<br />
| ''kítai''<br />
| I like myself<br />
|-<br />
| ''sîitai''<br />
| I like you<br />
|-<br />
| ''setai''<br />
| I like him/her/it/them<br />
|-<br />
| ''síitai''<br />
| you like me<br />
|-<br />
| ''kíitai''<br />
| you like yourself<br />
|-<br />
| ''séetai''<br />
| you like him/her/it/them<br />
|-<br />
| ''leetái''<br />
| he/she/it/they like(s) me<br />
|-<br />
| ''iitái''<br />
| he/she/it/they like(s) you<br />
|-<br />
| ''àtai''<br />
| he/she/it/they like(s) him/her/it/them<br />
|-<br />
| ''kàtai''<br />
| he/she/it/they like(s) himself/herself/itself/themselves<br />
|}<br />
<br />
* 3rd conjugation (reciprocal verbs)<br />
{|<br />
| ''núilic''<br />
| you and I kiss<br />
|-<br />
| ''śilic''<br />
| he/she/it and I kiss<br />
|-<br />
| ''zilic''<br />
| you and he/she/it kiss<br />
|-<br />
| ''valic''<br />
| they kiss<br />
|}</div>Teamousehttps://www.frathwiki.com/index.php?title=Virelli&diff=4177Virelli2005-08-08T04:45:17Z<p>Teamouse: </p>
<hr />
<div>Virelli is a language spoken by [[Zireen]].<br />
<br />
== Pronunciation ==<br />
<br />
=== Consonants ===<br />
{| border=1 cellpadding=5<br />
| <br />
| labial<br />
| dental<br />
| alveolar<br />
| retroflex<br />
| palatal<br />
| velar<br />
| glottal<br />
|-<br />
| stops<br />
| <br />
| th<br />
| t<br />
| <br />
| ķ<br />
| k<br />
| ’<br />
|-<br />
| nasals<br />
| m<br />
| <br />
| n<br />
| <br />
| ņ<br />
| <br />
| <br />
|-<br />
| fricatives<br />
| v<br />
| d<br />
| s z<br />
| hr r<br />
| hj j<br />
| g<br />
| h<br />
|-<br />
| lat. fric.<br />
| <br />
| <br />
| hl l<br />
| <br />
| hļ ļ<br />
| <br />
| <br />
|}<br />
<br />
=== Vowels ===<br />
<br />
{| border=1 cellpadding=5<br />
| <br />
| front<br />
| central<br />
| back<br />
|-<br />
| high<br />
| i<br />
| <br />
| u<br />
|-<br />
| mid<br />
| e<br />
| o<br />
| <br />
|-<br />
| low<br />
| <br />
| a<br />
|<br />
|}<br />
<br />
== Morphology ==<br />
<br />
=== Nouns ===<br />
<br />
Nouns have three cases: Absolutive, Ergative, and Dative. Nouns ending in a vowel add the case ending in a relatively straightforward manner (although the ending varies according to the gender of the noun).<br />
<br />
{| border=1 cellpadding=5<br />
|<br />
| "person"<br />
| "fire"<br />
| "sea"<br />
| "Rishai"<br />
| "air"<br />
|-<br />
| Gender:<br />
| I<br />
| II<br />
| III<br />
| IV<br />
| V<br />
|-<br />
| stem<br />
| írrá-<br />
| ’ahrí-<br />
| zúlí-<br />
| uļí-<br />
| thú’a-<br />
|-<br />
| absolutive<br />
| írrát<br />
| ’ahrít<br />
| zúlíl<br />
| uļí<br />
| thú’a<br />
|-<br />
| ergative<br />
| írrájuk<br />
| ’ahríjuk<br />
| zúlísík<br />
| uļísík<br />
| thú’alik<br />
|-<br />
| dative<br />
| írránu<br />
| ’ahríņu<br />
| zúlímu<br />
| uļíņí<br />
| thú’ají<br />
|}<br />
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Nouns with consonant-ending stems alter the stems or the endings in various ways according to phonological rules. Examples:<br />
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* ''kaļút-'' "ice" (gender I) + ergative ''-juk'' > ''kaļúķuk''<br />
* ''kaļút-'' "ice" (gender I) + dative ''-nu'' > ''kaļúntu''<br />
* ''karas-'' "stream" (gender III) + absolutive ''-l'' > ''karahl''</div>Teamousehttps://www.frathwiki.com/index.php?title=Yitha&diff=3150Yitha2005-08-06T01:09:55Z<p>Teamouse: </p>
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<div>Yitha are the most human-like of the "elves" of Azir. Except for their pointy ears and somewhat larger eyes, they look very much like humans, and are around the same size.<br />
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== Yitha languages ==<br />
* [[Olaetian]]<br />
* [[Kazvarad]]<br />
* [[Lindiga]]</div>Teamousehttps://www.frathwiki.com/index.php?title=Nelya&diff=4623Nelya2005-08-06T01:04:24Z<p>Teamouse: </p>
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<div>Nelya are human-like "elves", slightly shorter than humans (average height 150 cm), who live on the planet [[Kallarilan]]. Nelya are known for their greater than usual interest in and skill with magic.<br />
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== Nelya languages ==<br />
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* [[Rynnan]]<br />
* [[Cythin]]<br />
* [[Alzećan]]</div>Teamouse