Mekoshan

2011-10-05T01:02:54Z

TaylorS:

{{Language|
| English = Mekoshan
| native = Meexoŝ
| country = USA
| universe = Future
| speakers = 50 Million
| family = Indo-European
| branch = Germanic
| subbranch = Anglo-Frisian
| subbranch = American
| subbranch = Mekoshan
| wordorder = VSO
| type = Agglutinative
| alignment = Accusative
| author = Taylor Selseth
| date = 2011 C.E.
| background = white
| headingbg = #B5EAAA
| width = 50%
}}

'''Mekoshan''' ('Mheqqoŝ) is a descendant of English spoken in the American Midwest. It is notable among the Anglic languages for it's pharyngealization of consonants.

=Phonology=
Mekoshan has a very large consonant inventory and a very complex syllable structure. Most notable are the Uvular, Pharyngeal, and Pharyngealized consonants that developed from clusters with the historical English /ɹ/. Most voiceless nasals come from /s/+nasal clusters. most /ɬ/ come from English /sl/.
==IPA==
{|
|| ||Labial||Alveolar||Palatal||Velar||Uvular||Pharyngeal||Glottal
|-
||Plosives, Plain||'''p'''||'''t tˤ'''|| ||'''k'''||'''q qʷ'''|| ||'''ʔ'''
|-
||Plosives, aspirated||'''pʰ'''||'''tʰ tˤʰ'''|| ||'''kʰ'''||'''qʰ qʷʰ'''|| ||
|-
||Affricates, Plain|| ||'''ʦ''' '''ʦˤ'''||'''ʧ'''|| || || ||
|-
||Affricates, aspirated|| ||'''ʦʰ''' '''ʦˤʰ'''||'''ʧʰ'''|| || || ||
|-
||Nasals||'''m m̥'''||'''n n̥'''||'''ɲ ɲ̥'''|| || || ||
|-
||Fricatives, unvoiced||'''f'''||'''s ɬ'''||'''ʃ'''||'''x'''||'''χʷ'''||'''ħ'''||'''h'''
|-
||Fricatives, voiced||'''v'''||'''z'''||'''ʒ'''|| || ||'''ʕ'''||
|-
||Approximants||'''w'''||'''l'''||'''j'''|| || || ||
|-
|}

{|
|| ||Front||Central||Back||Diphthong
|-
||High||'''i iː'''||'''y yː'''||'''u uː'''||
|-
||Mid||'''e eː'''||'''ø øː'''||'''o oː'''||'''ɛi ɛu œy œu ɔy ɔu'''
|-
||Low|| ||'''a aː'''|| ||'''ɑi au'''
|-
|}

==Orthography==
{|
|| ||Labial||Alveolar||Palatal||Velar||Uvular||Pharyngeal||Glottal
|-
||Plosives, Plain||'''b'''||'''d dr'''|| ||'''g'''||'''x br'''|| ||
|-
||Plosives, aspirated||'''p'''||'''t tr'''|| ||'''k'''||'''q pr'''|| ||
|-
||Affricates, Plain|| ||'''dz''' '''jr'''||'''j'''|| || || ||
|-
||Affricates, aspirated|| ||'''ts''' '''cr'''||'''c'''|| || || ||
|-
||Nasals||'''m mh'''||'''n nh'''||'''ny nhy'''|| || || ||
|-
||Fricatives, unvoiced||'''f'''||'''s lh'''||'''sh'''||'''kh'''||'''fr'''||'''hr'''||'''h'''
|-
||Fricatives, voiced||'''v'''||'''z'''||'''zh'''|| || ||'''r'''||
|-
||Approximants||'''w'''||'''l'''||'''y'''|| || || ||
|-
|}

{|
|| ||Front||Central||Back||Diphthong
|-
||High||'''i ii'''||'''ü üü'''||'''u uu'''||
|-
||Mid||'''e eː'''||'''ö öö'''||'''o oo'''||'''ei eu öi öu oi ou'''
|-
||Low|| ||'''a aa'''|| ||'''ai au'''
|-
|}

=Grammar=
Like many Anglic languages, Mekoshan is a moderately synthetic, agglutinative laguage with a bias towards prefixes in it's verbs.

==The Noun Phrase==
The noun phrase has the following structure: 
 
1. Case clitic or Proposition
2. Demonstrative, determiner, or numeral
3. Adjective
4. Noun

===Noun===
Nouns inflect for number. For most nouns the plural is formed by a '''-s''' or '''-az''' suffix in voicing agreement with the preceding consonant, if any. Some nouns are formed by mutation of the final consonant with or without the normal plural suffix. 4 nouns retain the old Germanic Umlaut: '''Mei''', '''Womn''', '''Mos''', and '''Gus'''; meaning man, woman, mouse, and goose. Some nouns are considered collective or mass nouns and do not take a plural, but instead are preceded by a classifier derived from UNIT of NOUN constructions of English. 
 
'''tö - tös''' = toy - toys 
'''brekh - brek''' = brick - bricks 
'''cref - crep''' = trap - traps 
'''mei - mou''' = man - men 
 
'''tri jraiks waar''' = three CLASSIFIER water". 

[[Category: conlangs]]
[[Category: a posteriori conlangs]]

Liroitian

2011-04-30T03:55:43Z

TaylorS: /* Case */

{{Language|
| English = Liroitian
| native = Liroitach
| country = Italy
| nativecountry = Italya
| universe = [[League of Lost Languages]]
| speakers = ~100
| family = Isolate
| branch = Isolate
| subbranch = Liroitian
| wordorder = SOV
| type = Agglutinative
| alignment = Accusative
| author = Taylor Selseth
| date = 2011 C.E.
| background = white
| headingbg = #B5EAAA
| width = 50%
}}

Liroitian {{IPA|/lɪ.ˈɹɔɪ.ʃən/}}, native Liroitach {{IPA|/li.ˈroi.takʰ/}} is a highly endangered isolate language spoken by a handful of people in northwestern Italy. It is similar typologically to Bausque, being agglutinative, SOV, and head-final, but no relation is apparent.

=Phonology=
==Phoneme Inventory==
The most notable aspect of Liroitian's consonant inventory is a 3-way voicing-aspiration contrast not unlike Ancient Greek.
===Consonants===
'''IPA''' 
{|
|| ||Labial||Alveolar||Palatal||Velar
|-
||Stops, Plain||'''p'''||'''t'''|| ||'''k'''
|-
||Stops, aspirated||'''pʰ'''||'''tʰ'''|| ||'''kʰ'''
|-
||Stops, Voiced||'''b'''||'''d'''|| ||'''g'''
|-
||Nasals||'''m'''||'''n'''
|-
||Fricatives, unvoiced||'''f'''||'''s'''
|-
||Fricatives, voiced||'''v'''||
|-
||Approximants|| ||'''l'''||'''j'''
|-
||Trills|| ||'''r'''
|-
|}

'''Orthography''' 
{|
|| ||Labial||Alveolar||Palatal||Velar
|-
||Stops, Plain||'''p'''||'''t'''|| ||'''c'''
|-
||Stops, aspirated||'''ph'''||'''th'''|| ||'''ch'''
|-
||Stops, Voiced||'''b'''||'''d'''|| ||'''g'''
|-
||Nasals||'''m'''||'''n'''
|-
||Fricatives, unvoiced||'''f'''||'''s'''
|-
||Fricatives, voiced||'''v'''||
|-
||Approximants|| ||'''l'''||'''y'''
|-
||Trills|| ||'''r'''
|-
|}
 
Phonemic /v/ is only found word-initially and in consonant clusters. 
/f/ and /s/ are voiced intervocalically. 
Velar stops become palatal before /j/. 
===Vowels===
Liroitian has a simple 5-vowel system of {{IPA|/a e i o u/}}. There are no phonemic diphthongs, but bimoraic vowel clusters exist. 

=Morphology=
Liroitian has a complex, agglutinative, suffixing morphology that is very atypical for a Western European language. 

==Nouns and Adjectives==
Nouns and Adjectives agree in case, but not number. Nouns inflect for possesion and adjectives inflect for comparison. 

===Number===
Liroitian has 3 numbers, singular, dual, and plural. The singular is unmarked. The dual is '''-bu'''. The plural is '''-c''' following vowels and '''-ec''' following consonants. 
 
'''velec''' 
vel-ec 
''"trees"'' 
 
'''casac'''
casa-c 
''"houses"'' 
 
'''oasbu'''
oas-bu 
''"pair of eyes"'' 

===Case===
The case system is extensive. There are 6 core cases: Nominative, Accusative, Genitive, Dative, Casual, Partitive, and Instrumental. There are 8 locative cases: Locative, Inessive, Lative, Superessive, Subessive, Illative, Ablative, Elative, Perlative. 
 
The '''Nominative''' case, which is the unmarked case, indicates the subject and the copular complement of an "X is Y" statement. 
 
The '''Accusative''' case '''-ja''' indicates the direct object. 
 
The '''Genitive''' case '''-pho''' has two primary uses, to indicate possesion ("Jack''''s''' house) and for description, origin and reference ("men of Rome", "maid of honor", "of the issue I know nothing"). 
 
The '''Dative''' case '''-(v)u''' indicates the indirect object, but can also refer to the direct objects of some monotransitive verbs. 
 
The '''Casual''' case '''-i''' indicates the cause of something, similar to the English preposition "because". 
 
The '''Partitive''' case '''-fe''' indicates parts or amounts of something.

Liroitian

2011-04-27T21:27:20Z

TaylorS: /* Case */

{{Language|
| English = Liroitian
| native = Liroitach
| country = Italy
| nativecountry = Italya
| universe = [[League of Lost Languages]]
| speakers = ~100
| family = Isolate
| branch = Isolate
| subbranch = Liroitian
| wordorder = SOV
| type = Agglutinative
| alignment = Accusative
| author = Taylor Selseth
| date = 2011 C.E.
| background = white
| headingbg = #B5EAAA
| width = 50%
}}

Liroitian {{IPA|/lɪ.ˈɹɔɪ.ʃən/}}, native Liroitach {{IPA|/li.ˈroi.takʰ/}} is a highly endangered isolate language spoken by a handful of people in northwestern Italy. It is similar typologically to Bausque, being agglutinative, SOV, and head-final, but no relation is apparent.

=Phonology=
==Phoneme Inventory==
The most notable aspect of Liroitian's consonant inventory is a 3-way voicing-aspiration contrast not unlike Ancient Greek.
===Consonants===
'''IPA''' 
{|
|| ||Labial||Alveolar||Palatal||Velar
|-
||Stops, Plain||'''p'''||'''t'''|| ||'''k'''
|-
||Stops, aspirated||'''pʰ'''||'''tʰ'''|| ||'''kʰ'''
|-
||Stops, Voiced||'''b'''||'''d'''|| ||'''g'''
|-
||Nasals||'''m'''||'''n'''
|-
||Fricatives, unvoiced||'''f'''||'''s'''
|-
||Fricatives, voiced||'''v'''||
|-
||Approximants|| ||'''l'''||'''j'''
|-
||Trills|| ||'''r'''
|-
|}

'''Orthography''' 
{|
|| ||Labial||Alveolar||Palatal||Velar
|-
||Stops, Plain||'''p'''||'''t'''|| ||'''c'''
|-
||Stops, aspirated||'''ph'''||'''th'''|| ||'''ch'''
|-
||Stops, Voiced||'''b'''||'''d'''|| ||'''g'''
|-
||Nasals||'''m'''||'''n'''
|-
||Fricatives, unvoiced||'''f'''||'''s'''
|-
||Fricatives, voiced||'''v'''||
|-
||Approximants|| ||'''l'''||'''y'''
|-
||Trills|| ||'''r'''
|-
|}
 
Phonemic /v/ is only found word-initially and in consonant clusters. 
/f/ and /s/ are voiced intervocalically. 
Velar stops become palatal before /j/. 
===Vowels===
Liroitian has a simple 5-vowel system of {{IPA|/a e i o u/}}. There are no phonemic diphthongs, but bimoraic vowel clusters exist. 

=Morphology=
Liroitian has a complex, agglutinative, suffixing morphology that is very atypical for a Western European language. 

==Nouns and Adjectives==
Nouns and Adjectives agree in case, but not number. Nouns inflect for possesion and adjectives inflect for comparison. 

===Number===
Liroitian has 3 numbers, singular, dual, and plural. The singular is unmarked. The dual is '''-bu'''. The plural is '''-c''' following vowels and '''-ec''' following consonants. 
 
'''velec''' 
vel-ec 
''"trees"'' 
 
'''casac'''
casa-c 
''"houses"'' 
 
'''oasbu'''
oas-bu 
''"pair of eyes"'' 

===Case===
The case system is extensive. There are 6 core cases: Nominative, Accusative, Genitive, Dative, Casual, Partitive, and Instrumental. There are 8 locative cases: Locative, Inessive, Lative, Superessive, Subessive, Illative, Ablative, Elative, Perlative. 
 
The '''Nominative''' case, which is the unmarked case, indicates the subject and the copular complement of an "X is Y" statement. 
 
The '''Accusative''' case '''-ja''' indicates the direct object. 
 
The '''Genitive''' case '''-pho''' has two primary uses, to indicate possesion ("Jack''''s''' house) and for description, origin and reference ("men of Rome", "maid of honor", "of the issue I know nothing"). 
 
The Dative case -(v)u indicates the indirect object, but can also refer to the direct objects of some monotransitive verbs.

Liroitian

2011-04-27T20:50:53Z

TaylorS:

{{Language|
| English = Liroitian
| native = Liroitach
| country = Italy
| nativecountry = Italya
| universe = [[League of Lost Languages]]
| speakers = ~100
| family = Isolate
| branch = Isolate
| subbranch = Liroitian
| wordorder = SOV
| type = Agglutinative
| alignment = Accusative
| author = Taylor Selseth
| date = 2011 C.E.
| background = white
| headingbg = #B5EAAA
| width = 50%
}}

Liroitian {{IPA|/lɪ.ˈɹɔɪ.ʃən/}}, native Liroitach {{IPA|/li.ˈroi.takʰ/}} is a highly endangered isolate language spoken by a handful of people in northwestern Italy. It is similar typologically to Bausque, being agglutinative, SOV, and head-final, but no relation is apparent.

=Phonology=
==Phoneme Inventory==
The most notable aspect of Liroitian's consonant inventory is a 3-way voicing-aspiration contrast not unlike Ancient Greek.
===Consonants===
'''IPA''' 
{|
|| ||Labial||Alveolar||Palatal||Velar
|-
||Stops, Plain||'''p'''||'''t'''|| ||'''k'''
|-
||Stops, aspirated||'''pʰ'''||'''tʰ'''|| ||'''kʰ'''
|-
||Stops, Voiced||'''b'''||'''d'''|| ||'''g'''
|-
||Nasals||'''m'''||'''n'''
|-
||Fricatives, unvoiced||'''f'''||'''s'''
|-
||Fricatives, voiced||'''v'''||
|-
||Approximants|| ||'''l'''||'''j'''
|-
||Trills|| ||'''r'''
|-
|}

'''Orthography''' 
{|
|| ||Labial||Alveolar||Palatal||Velar
|-
||Stops, Plain||'''p'''||'''t'''|| ||'''c'''
|-
||Stops, aspirated||'''ph'''||'''th'''|| ||'''ch'''
|-
||Stops, Voiced||'''b'''||'''d'''|| ||'''g'''
|-
||Nasals||'''m'''||'''n'''
|-
||Fricatives, unvoiced||'''f'''||'''s'''
|-
||Fricatives, voiced||'''v'''||
|-
||Approximants|| ||'''l'''||'''y'''
|-
||Trills|| ||'''r'''
|-
|}
 
Phonemic /v/ is only found word-initially and in consonant clusters. 
/f/ and /s/ are voiced intervocalically. 
Velar stops become palatal before /j/. 
===Vowels===
Liroitian has a simple 5-vowel system of {{IPA|/a e i o u/}}. There are no phonemic diphthongs, but bimoraic vowel clusters exist. 

=Morphology=
Liroitian has a complex, agglutinative, suffixing morphology that is very atypical for a Western European language. 

==Nouns and Adjectives==
Nouns and Adjectives agree in case, but not number. Nouns inflect for possesion and adjectives inflect for comparison. 

===Number===
Liroitian has 3 numbers, singular, dual, and plural. The singular is unmarked. The dual is '''-bu'''. The plural is '''-c''' following vowels and '''-ec''' following consonants. 
 
'''velec''' 
vel-ec 
''"trees"'' 
 
'''casac'''
casa-c 
''"houses"'' 
 
'''oasbu'''
oas-bu 
''"pair of eyes"'' 

===Case===
The case system is extensive. There are 5 core cases: Nominative, Accusative, Genitive, Dative, and Instrumental. There are 10 locative cases: Locative, Inessive, Lative, Superessive, Subessive, Illative, Ablative, Elative, Perlative.