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Proto-Hispanic

2020-07-27T10:37:29Z

Spinovenator:

Proto-Hispanic is the reconstructed common ancestor of the fictional group of Hispanic languages. Not yet estimated when it was spoken, and maybe it's asociated to Cardium pottery in Iberian peninsula. It is based on Basque and the Northern Caucasian languages.

==Phonology==

===Consonants===

{|class="wikitable"
|-
!colspan="2"|  
!rowspan="1"| Labial
!rowspan="1"| Laminodental
!rowspan="1"| Apicoalveolar
!rowspan="1"| Postalveolar
!rowspan="1"| Velar
!rowspan="1"| Glottal
|-
!colspan="2"| Nasal
| *m
|
| *n
|
| *ŋ
|
|-
!rowspan="3"| Stop
! Aspirated
| *pʰ
|
| *tʰ
|
| *kʰ
| *h
|-
! Voiceless
| *p
|
| *t
|
| *k
|
|-
! Voiced
| *b
|
| *d
|
| *g
|
|-
!rowspan="3"| Affricate
! Aspirated
|
| *tʰz
| *tʰs
| *tʰʃ
|
|
|-
! Voiceless
|
| *tz
| *ts
| *tʃ
|
|
|-
! Voiced
|
| *dz
| *ds
| *dʃ
|
|
|-
!colspan="2"| Fricative
|
| *z
| *s
| *ʃ
| *x
| *ɦ
|-
!rowspan="2"| Lateral
! Fricative
|
|
| *ɬ
|
|
|
|-
! Aproximant
|
|
| *l
|
| *ɫ
|
|-
!rowspan="3"| Rhotic
! Aproximant
|
|
| *ɹ
|
|
|
|-
! Trill
|
|
| *r
|
|
|
|-
! Tap
|
|
| *ɾ
|
|
|
|-
|}

====Consonant gradation====

{|class="wikitable"
|-
!colspan="1"|  
! Lenis
! Fortis
! Lenis/Fortis
|-
! Nasal
| *ŋ
| *n
| *m
|-
! Labial Stop
| *b
| *p
| *pʰ
|-
! Dentoalveolar Stop
| *d
| *t
| *tʰ
|-
! Velar Stop
| *g
| *k
| *kʰ
|-
! Laminodental Affricate
| *dz
| *tz
| *tʰz
|-
! Apicoalveolar Affricate
| *ds
| *ts
| *tʰs
|-
! Postalveolar Affricate
| *dʃ
| *tʃ
| *tʰʃ
|-
! Sibilant Fricative
| *z
| *s
| *ʃ
|-
! Laringal
| *ɦ
| *h
| *x
|-
! Lateral
| *l
| *ɫ
| *ɬ
|-
! Rhotic
| *ɾ
| *r
| *ɹ
|-
|}

===Vowels===

{|class="wikitable"
|-
!  
! Front
! Central
! Back
|-
! High
| *i
| *ɨ
| *u
|-
! Mid
| *e
| *ə
| *o
|-
! Low
|
| *a
|
|-
|}

====Ablaut patterns====

{|class="wikitable"
|-
!colspan="1"|  
! I
! II
! III
|-
! Type 1
| *a
| *e
| *i
|-
! Type 2
| *a
| *ə
| *ɨ
|-
! Type 3
| *a
| *o
| *u
|-
|}

==Pronoun==

===Personal===

{|class="wikitable"
|-
!rowspan="3"|  
!colspan="3"| 1st person
!colspan="4"| 2nd person
!colspan="4"| 3rd person
!colspan="2" rowspan="2"| 4th person
|-
!colspan="2"| Exclusive
!colspan="1"| Inclusive
!colspan="2"| Masculine
!colspan="2"| Feminine
!colspan="2"| Animate
!colspan="2"| Inanimate
|-
!colspan="1"| Singular
!colspan="1"| Plural
!colspan="1"| Plural
!colspan="1"| Singular
!colspan="1"| Plural
!colspan="1"| Singular
!colspan="1"| Plural
!colspan="1"| Singular
!colspan="1"| Plural
!colspan="1"| Singular
!colspan="1"| Plural
!colspan="1"| Singular
!colspan="1"| Plural
|-
!Absolutive
| *ni
| *gu
| *ɬu
| *hi
| *zu
| *bi
| *su
| *be
| *pe-rǝ
| *ɦa
| *ɦa-rǝ
| *no
| *no-rǝ
|-
!Ergative
| *da, *ni-kǝ
| *gu-kǝ
| *ɬu-kǝ
| *xa, *hi-kǝ
| *zu-kǝ
| *na, *bi-kǝ
| *su-kǝ
| *be-kǝ
| *pe-rǝ-kǝ
| *ɦa-kǝ
| *ɦa-rǝ-kǝ
| *no-kǝ
| *no-rǝ-kǝ
|-
!Dative
| *da-ɦi, *ni-r-ɦi
| *gu-r-ɦi
| *ɬu-r-ɦi
| *xa-ɦi, *hi-r-ɦi
| *zu-r-ɦi
| *na-ɦi, *bi-r-ɦi
| *su-r-ɦi
| *be-r-ɦi
| *pe-rǝ-r-ɦi
| *ɦar-ɦi
| *ɦa-rǝ-r-ɦi
| *no-r-ɦi
| *no-rǝ-r-ɦi
|-
!Instrumental
| *ni-ta-z
| *gu-ta-z
| *ɬu-ta-z
| *hi-ta-z
| *zu-ta-z
| *bi-ta-z
| *su-ta-z
| *be-ta-z
| *pe-rǝ-ta-z
| *ɦa-ta-z
| *ɦa-rǝ-ta-z
| *no-ta-z
| *no-rǝ-ta-z
|-
!Genitive possesive
| *ni-re
| *gu-re
| *ɬu-re
| *hi-re
| *zu-re
| *bi-re
| *su-re
| *be-re
| *pe-rǝ-re
| *ɦa-re
| *ɦa-rǝ-re
| *no-re
| *no-rǝ-re
|-
!Genitive locative
| *ɦi-ni-nǝ
| *ɦi-gu-nǝ
| *ɦi-ɬu-nǝ
| *ɦi-hi-nǝ
| *ɦi-zu-nǝ
| *ɦi-bi-nǝ
| *ɦi-su-nǝ
| *ɦi-be-nǝ
| *ɦi-pe-rǝ-nǝ
| *ɦi-ɦa-nǝ
| *ɦi-ɦa-rǝ-nǝ
| *ɦi-no-nǝ
| *ɦi-no-rǝ-nǝ
|-
!Vocative
| *zo
| *ʃe
| *ɬe
| *do
| *ze
| *mo
| *se
| *da, *la
| *ta, *ɫa
| *za
| *sa
| *ga
| *ka
|-
!Reflexive
| *mi-ɦiŋǝ
| *ʃi-ɦiŋǝ
| *ɬi-ɦiŋǝ
| *bi-ɦiŋǝ
| *zi-ɦiŋǝ
| *ni-ɦiŋǝ
| *si-ɦiŋǝ
| *ɫi
| *ɫu
| *dsi
| *dsu
| *tʃi
| *tʃu
|-
|}

===Demonstrative===

{|class="wikitable"
|-
!rowspan="2"|  
!colspan="2"| Proximal
!colspan="2"| Medial-proximal
!colspan="2"| Medial
!colspan="2"| Medial-distal
!colspan="2"| Distal
!colspan="2"| Indeterminate
|-
!colspan="1"| Singular
!colspan="1"| Plural
!colspan="1"| Plural
!colspan="1"| Singular
!colspan="1"| Plural
!colspan="1"| Singular
!colspan="1"| Plural
!colspan="1"| Singular
!colspan="1"| Plural
!colspan="1"| Singular
!colspan="1"| Plural
!colspan="1"| Singular
|-
!Absolutive
| *ɦa
| *ɦa-rǝ
| *ɦi
| *ɦi-rǝ
| *ɦe
| *ɦe-rǝ
| *ɦo
| *ɦo-rǝ
| *ɦu
| *ɦu-rǝ
| *gǝ
| *kǝ-rǝ
|-
|}

===Interrogative===

{|class="wikitable"
|-
!colspan="2"|  
! Original
! Interrogative
|-
!colspan="2"| Inanimate (What)
| *za
| *za-ɦi
|-
!rowspan="2"| Animate
! Non-human (Which)
| *kʰɨ
| *kʰɨ-ɦi
|-
! Human (Who)
| *nǝ
| *nǝ-ɦi
|-
|}

==Noun morphology==

===Declension===

{|class="wikitable"
|-
!rowspan="2"|  
!colspan="3"| Animate
!colspan="3"| Inanimate
|-
! Singular || Plural || Indeterminate || Singular || Plural || Indeterminate
|-
! Absolutive/Nominative/Essive
| *-
| *-rǝ
| *-
| *-
| *-nǝ
| *-
|-
! Ergative
| *-kǝ
| *-kǝ
| *-kǝ
| *-kǝ
| *-kǝ
| *-kǝ
|-
! Dative /elative
| *-ɦi
| *-ɦi
| *-ɦi
| *-ɦi
| *-ɦi
| *-ɦi
|-
! Instrumental (Attributive/dative)
| *-z
| *-z
| *-z
| *-ɬtu
| *-ɬtu
| *-ɬtu
|-
! Genitive
| *-nǝ
| *-nǝ
| *-nǝ
| *-nǝ
| *-nǝ
| *-nǝ
|-
! Allative
| *-la
| *-la
| *-la
| *-ɫa
| *-ɫa
| *-ɫa
|-
! Comitative
| *-ki-n
| *-ki-n
| *-ki-n
| *-ki-n
| *-ki-n
| *-ki-n
|-
! Innesive
| *-nǝ
| *-nǝ
| *-nǝ
| *-nǝ
| *-nǝ
| *-nǝ
|-
! Locative general
| *-dǝ-
| *-dǝ-
| *-dǝ-
| *-dǝ-
| *-dǝ-
| *-dǝ-
|-
! Essive/Prolative
| *-tʰʃǝ
| *-tʰʃǝ
| *-tʰʃǝ
| *-tʰʃǝ
| *-tʰʃǝ
| *-tʰʃǝ
|-
! Locative series
| *-g-a-
| *-k-a-
| *-x-a-
| *-g-a-
| *-k-a-
| *-x-a-
|-
!Instrumental/Comitative
| *-tʰzǝ
| *-tʰzǝ
| *-tʰzǝ
| *-tʰzǝ
| *-tʰzǝ
| *-tʰzǝ
|-
!Instrumental
| *-bǝ
| *-bǝ
| *-bǝ
| *-bǝ
| *-bǝ
| *-bǝ
|-
! Elative
| *-ɦi
| *-ɦu
| *-ɦǝ
| *-ɦi
| *-ɦu
| *-ɦǝ
|-
|}

===Other cases===

Oblique marks: *-rǝ-, *-ɦi-
Directive: *-rǝ
Locative: *-rǝ, *-tʰʃu
ad series: *-kǝ-, *-tʃǝ-, *-xǝ-, *-gǝ-
post/close series: *-kǝ, *-gǝ
complete series: *-ɬtʰ-
empty series: *-ɦ-

===Negative particles===
*bǝ /*-bǝ (negative/prohibitive)
*dǝ (prohibitive)
*dse/*tse
*-g- (privative)
*ɦu
*nǝ

===Other particles===

*-d- (substantivator/adjective)
*-d- (frequentative)
*-t- (substantivator of adjectives)

===Class markers===

Animate indeterminate: *(ɦ)a-
Animate maculine: *(ɦ)u- I
Animate feminine: *(ɦ)i- II

Inanimate (Factitive/frequentative): *-b- III

Affective *-ǝ-

==Verb morphology==

===Personal particles===

{|class="wikitable"
|-
!colspan="2" rowspan="2"|  
!colspan="2"| Singular
!colspan="2"| Plural
|-
! Subject || Object || Subject || Object
|-
!rowspan="2"| 1st person
! Exclusive
| *n-
| *da
| *gu
| *gu
|-
! Inclusive
| -
| -
| *ɬu
| *ɬu
|-
!rowspan="2"| 2nd person
! Masculine
| *h-
| *xa
| *zu
| *zu
|-
! Feminine
| *b-
| *na
| *su
| *su
|-
|}

===Third person particles===

{|class="wikitable"
|-
!colspan="1"|  
! Subject
! Object
|-
! Indeterminate
| *ʃ-
| *ga
|-
! Proximal
| *p-
| *ɦa
|-
! Medial-proximal
| *d-
| *ɦi
|-
! Medial
| *tʰ-
| *ɦe
|-
! Medial-distal
| *ɫ-
| *ɦo
|-
! Distal
| *z-
| *ɦu
|-
|}

==Phonemic correspondences with real languages==

===Consonants===

{|class="wikitable"
|-
! Proto-Hispanic
! Iberian
! Basque
|-
| *ŋ
| ?
| n-/-0-/-n
|-
| *n
| ?
| n
|-
| *m
| ?
| m/n
|-
| *b
| ?
| b
|-
| *p
| ?
| p/b-
|-
| *pʰ
| ?
| p
|-
| *d
| ?
| d/t-
|-
| *t
| ?
| t
|-
| *tʰ
| ?
| t
|-
| *g
| ?
| g
|-
| *k
| ?
| k
|-
| *kʰ
| ?
| h/0
|-
| *dz
| ?
| z
|-
| *tz
| ?
| z-/sU-/-tz-/-tsU-
|-
| *tʰz
| ?
| z-/sU-/-tz-/-tsU-
|-
| *ds
| ?
| z
|-
| *ts
| ?
| tx-/tsU-/-tz-/-tsU-
|-
| *tʰs
| ?
| z/sU
|-
| *dʃ
| ?
| z
|-
| *tʃ
| ?
| tx-/tsU-/-tz-/-tsU-
|-
| *tʰʃ
| ?
| z-/sU-/-tz-/-tsU-
|-
| *z
| ?
| z
|-
| *s
| ?
| z
|-
| *ʃ
| ?
| s
|-
| *ɦ
| ?
| ɦ/h/0
|-
| *h
| ?
| h/0
|-
| *x
| ?
| g/h/0
|-
| *l
| ?
| l-/-ɾ-/-l
|-
| *ɫ
| ?
| l
|-
| *ɬ
| ?
| l-/-lh-/-rC-/-l
|-
| *ɾ
| ?
| ɾ
|-
| *r
| ?
| r
|-
| *ɹ
| ?
| ɾ/r?
|-
|}

===Vowels===

{|class="wikitable"
|-
! Proto-Hispanic
! Iberian
! Basque
|-
| *i
| ?
| i?
|-
| *ɨ
| ?
| i/u?
|-
| *u
| ?
| u?
|-
| *e
| ?
| e?
|-
| *ə
| ?
| e/o?
|-
| *o
| ?
| o?
|-
| *a
| ?
| a?
|-
|}

==Thematic lexicon==

===Personal relations===

{|class="wikitable"
|-
! Proto-Hispanic
! English meaning
! Spanish meaning
! Basque cognate
! Notes
|-
| *ɦa-ma || mother || madre || ? || -
|-
| *da-da-ɦi || father || padre || ? || -
|-
| *i=tʰsi/*e=tʰsi || sister || hermana || ? || -
|-
| *u=tʰsi/*o=tʰsi || brother || hermano || ? || -
|-
|}

===Day's cycle===

{|class="wikitable"
|-
! Proto-Hispanic
! English meaning
! Spanish meaning
! Basque cognate
! Notes
|-
| *zeu̯ŋǝ / *ɦǝtʰsa / *tʰsaɦǝ || yesterday || ayer || atzo, átzo || -
|-
|}

===Flora===

{|class="wikitable"
|-
! Proto-Hispanic
! English meaning
! Spanish meaning
! Basque cognate
! Notes
|-
| *ɦˈaɬtǝ-lǝ || brach, pod || rama, vaina || adar, ádar || -
|-
| *ɦˈakʰǝ-ŋǝ || brach, pod || tronco, rama, haz|| aihen, aien, axen || -
|-
|}

===Adjectives===

{|class="wikitable"
|-
! Proto-Hispanic
! English meaning
! Spanish meaning
! Basque cognate
! Notes
|-
| *ɦaɫǝ-ɦǝ || weak, slow || débil, lento || ahul, aul, abol, áhül, aultu || -
|-
|}

===Verbs===

{|class="wikitable"
|-
! Proto-Hispanic
! English meaning
! Spanish meaning
! Basque cognate
! Notes
|-
| *e-(a)tʰzei̯-n || catch, gather, take || atrapar, coger, llevar, tomar, recoger, reunir || atzitu, atzipe, atzipatu, atsipatu || -
|-
|}

Proto-Hispanic

2020-07-27T10:25:49Z

Spinovenator: /* Pronoun */

Proto-Hispanic is the reconstructed common ancestor of the fictional group of Hispanic languages. Not yet estimated when it was spoken, and maybe it's asociated to Cardium pottery in Iberian peninsula. It is based on Basque and the Northern Caucasian languages.

==Phonology==

===Consonants===

{|class="wikitable"
|-
!colspan="2"|  
!rowspan="1"| Labial
!rowspan="1"| Laminodental
!rowspan="1"| Apicoalveolar
!rowspan="1"| Postalveolar
!rowspan="1"| Velar
!rowspan="1"| Glottal
|-
!colspan="2"| Nasal
| *m
|
| *n
|
| *ŋ
|
|-
!rowspan="3"| Stop
! Aspirated
| *pʰ
|
| *tʰ
|
| *kʰ
| *h
|-
! Voiceless
| *p
|
| *t
|
| *k
|
|-
! Voiced
| *b
|
| *d
|
| *g
|
|-
!rowspan="3"| Affricate
! Aspirated
|
| *tʰz
| *tʰs
| *tʰʃ
|
|
|-
! Voiceless
|
| *tz
| *ts
| *tʃ
|
|
|-
! Voiced
|
| *dz
| *ds
| *dʃ
|
|
|-
!colspan="2"| Fricative
|
| *z
| *s
| *ʃ
| *x
| *ɦ
|-
!rowspan="2"| Lateral
! Fricative
|
|
| *ɬ
|
|
|
|-
! Aproximant
|
|
| *l
|
| *ɫ
|
|-
!rowspan="3"| Rhotic
! Aproximant
|
|
| *ɹ
|
|
|
|-
! Trill
|
|
| *r
|
|
|
|-
! Tap
|
|
| *ɾ
|
|
|
|-
|}

====Consonant gradation====

{|class="wikitable"
|-
!colspan="1"|  
! Lenis
! Fortis
! Lenis/Fortis
|-
! Nasal
| *ŋ
| *n
| *m
|-
! Labial Stop
| *b
| *p
| *pʰ
|-
! Dentoalveolar Stop
| *d
| *t
| *tʰ
|-
! Velar Stop
| *g
| *k
| *kʰ
|-
! Laminodental Affricate
| *dz
| *tz
| *tʰz
|-
! Apicoalveolar Affricate
| *ds
| *ts
| *tʰs
|-
! Postalveolar Affricate
| *dʃ
| *tʃ
| *tʰʃ
|-
! Sibilant Fricative
| *z
| *s
| *ʃ
|-
! Laringal
| *ɦ
| *h
| *x
|-
! Lateral
| *l
| *ɫ
| *ɬ
|-
! Rhotic
| *ɾ
| *r
| *ɹ
|-
|}

===Vowels===

{|class="wikitable"
|-
!  
! Front
! Central
! Back
|-
! High
| *i
| *ɨ
| *u
|-
! Mid
| *e
| *ə
| *o
|-
! Low
|
| *a
|
|-
|}

====Ablaut patterns====

{|class="wikitable"
|-
!colspan="1"|  
! I
! II
! III
|-
! Type 1
| *a
| *e
| *i
|-
! Type 2
| *a
| *ə
| *ɨ
|-
! Type 3
| *a
| *o
| *u
|-
|}

==Pronoun==

===Personal===

{|class="wikitable"
|-
!rowspan="3"|  
!colspan="3"| 1st person
!colspan="4"| 2nd person
!colspan="4"| 3rd person
!colspan="2" rowspan="2"| 4th person
|-
!colspan="2"| Exclusive
!colspan="1"| Inclusive
!colspan="2"| Masculine
!colspan="2"| Feminine
!colspan="2"| Animate
!colspan="2"| Inanimate
|-
!colspan="1"| Singular
!colspan="1"| Plural
!colspan="1"| Plural
!colspan="1"| Singular
!colspan="1"| Plural
!colspan="1"| Singular
!colspan="1"| Plural
!colspan="1"| Singular
!colspan="1"| Plural
!colspan="1"| Singular
!colspan="1"| Plural
!colspan="1"| Singular
!colspan="1"| Plural
|-
!Absolutive
| *ni
| *gu
| *ɬu
| *hi
| *zu
| *bi
| *su
| *be
| *pe-rǝ
| *ɦa
| *ɦa-rǝ
| *no
| *no-rǝ
|-
!Ergative
| *da, *ni-kǝ
| *gu-kǝ
| *ɬu-kǝ
| *xa, *hi-kǝ
| *zu-kǝ
| *na, *bi-kǝ
| *su-kǝ
| *be-kǝ
| *pe-rǝ-kǝ
| *ɦa-kǝ
| *ɦa-rǝ-kǝ
| *no-kǝ
| *no-rǝ-kǝ
|-
!Dative
| *da-ɦi, *ni-r-ɦi
| *gu-r-ɦi
| *ɬu-r-ɦi
| *xa-ɦi, *hi-r-ɦi
| *zu-r-ɦi
| *na-ɦi, *bi-r-ɦi
| *su-r-ɦi
| *be-r-ɦi
| *pe-rǝ-r-ɦi
| *ɦar-ɦi
| *ɦa-rǝ-r-ɦi
| *no-r-ɦi
| *no-rǝ-r-ɦi
|-
!Instrumental
| *ni-ta-z
| *gu-ta-z
| *ɬu-ta-z
| *hi-ta-z
| *zu-ta-z
| *bi-ta-z
| *su-ta-z
| *be-ta-z
| *pe-rǝ-ta-z
| *ɦa-ta-z
| *ɦa-rǝ-ta-z
| *no-ta-z
| *no-rǝ-ta-z
|-
!Genitive
| *ɦi-ni-nǝ
| *ɦi-gu-nǝ
| *ɦi-ɬu-nǝ
| *ɦi-hi-nǝ
| *ɦi-zu-nǝ
| *ɦi-bi-nǝ
| *ɦi-su-nǝ
| *ɦi-be-nǝ
| *ɦi-pe-rǝ-nǝ
| *ɦi-ɦa-nǝ
| *ɦi-ɦa-rǝ-nǝ
| *ɦi-no-nǝ
| *ɦi-no-rǝ-nǝ
|-
!Vocative
| *zo
| *ʃe
| *ɬe
| *do
| *ze
| *mo
| *se
| *da, *la
| *ta, *ɫa
| *za
| *sa
| *ga
| *ka
|-
!Reflexive
| *mi-ɦiŋǝ
| *ʃi-ɦiŋǝ
| *ɬi-ɦiŋǝ
| *bi-ɦiŋǝ
| *zi-ɦiŋǝ
| *ni-ɦiŋǝ
| *si-ɦiŋǝ
| *ɫi
| *ɫu
| *dsi
| *dsu
| *tʃi
| *tʃu
|-
|}

===Demonstrative===

{|class="wikitable"
|-
!rowspan="2"|  
!colspan="2"| Proximal
!colspan="2"| Medial-proximal
!colspan="2"| Medial
!colspan="2"| Medial-distal
!colspan="2"| Distal
!colspan="2"| Indeterminate
|-
!colspan="1"| Singular
!colspan="1"| Plural
!colspan="1"| Plural
!colspan="1"| Singular
!colspan="1"| Plural
!colspan="1"| Singular
!colspan="1"| Plural
!colspan="1"| Singular
!colspan="1"| Plural
!colspan="1"| Singular
!colspan="1"| Plural
!colspan="1"| Singular
|-
!Absolutive
| *ɦa
| *ɦa-rǝ
| *ɦi
| *ɦi-rǝ
| *ɦe
| *ɦe-rǝ
| *ɦo
| *ɦo-rǝ
| *ɦu
| *ɦu-rǝ
| *gǝ
| *kǝ-rǝ
|-
|}

===Interrogative===

{|class="wikitable"
|-
!colspan="2"|  
! Original
! Interrogative
|-
!colspan="2"| Inanimate (What)
| *za
| *za-ɦi
|-
!rowspan="2"| Animate
! Non-human (Which)
| *kʰɨ
| *kʰɨ-ɦi
|-
! Human (Who)
| *nǝ
| *nǝ-ɦi
|-
|}

==Noun morphology==

===Declension===

{|class="wikitable"
|-
!rowspan="2"|  
!colspan="3"| Animate
!colspan="3"| Inanimate
|-
! Singular || Plural || Indeterminate || Singular || Plural || Indeterminate
|-
! Absolutive/Nominative/Essive
| *-
| *-rǝ
| *-
| *-
| *-nǝ
| *-
|-
! Ergative
| *-kǝ
| *-kǝ
| *-kǝ
| *-kǝ
| *-kǝ
| *-kǝ
|-
! Dative /elative
| *-ɦi
| *-ɦi
| *-ɦi
| *-ɦi
| *-ɦi
| *-ɦi
|-
! Instrumental (Attributive/dative)
| *-z
| *-z
| *-z
| *-ɬtu
| *-ɬtu
| *-ɬtu
|-
! Genitive
| *-nǝ
| *-nǝ
| *-nǝ
| *-nǝ
| *-nǝ
| *-nǝ
|-
! Allative
| *-la
| *-la
| *-la
| *-ɫa
| *-ɫa
| *-ɫa
|-
! Comitative
| *-ki-n
| *-ki-n
| *-ki-n
| *-ki-n
| *-ki-n
| *-ki-n
|-
! Innesive
| *-nǝ
| *-nǝ
| *-nǝ
| *-nǝ
| *-nǝ
| *-nǝ
|-
! Locative general
| *-dǝ-
| *-dǝ-
| *-dǝ-
| *-dǝ-
| *-dǝ-
| *-dǝ-
|-
! Essive/Prolative
| *-tʰʃǝ
| *-tʰʃǝ
| *-tʰʃǝ
| *-tʰʃǝ
| *-tʰʃǝ
| *-tʰʃǝ
|-
! Locative series
| *-g-a-
| *-k-a-
| *-x-a-
| *-g-a-
| *-k-a-
| *-x-a-
|-
!Instrumental/Comitative
| *-tʰzǝ
| *-tʰzǝ
| *-tʰzǝ
| *-tʰzǝ
| *-tʰzǝ
| *-tʰzǝ
|-
!Instrumental
| *-bǝ
| *-bǝ
| *-bǝ
| *-bǝ
| *-bǝ
| *-bǝ
|-
! Elative
| *-ɦi
| *-ɦu
| *-ɦǝ
| *-ɦi
| *-ɦu
| *-ɦǝ
|-
|}

Oblique marks: *-rǝ-, *-ɦi-
Directive: *-rǝ
Locative: *-rǝ, *-tʰʃu
ad series: *-kǝ-, *-tʃǝ-, *-xǝ-, *-gǝ-
post/close series: *-kǝ, *-gǝ
complete series: *-ɬtʰ-
empty series: *-ɦ-

==Negative particles==
*bǝ /*-bǝ (negative/prohibitive)
*dǝ (prohibitive)
*dse/*tse
*-g- (privative)
*ɦu
*nǝ

==Other particles==

*-d- (substantivator/adjective)
*-d- (frequentative)
*-t- (substantivator of adjectives)

===Class markers===

Animate indeterminate: *(ɦ)a-
Animate maculine: *(ɦ)u- I
Animate feminine: *(ɦ)i- II

Inanimate (Factitive/frequentative): *-b- III

Affective *-ǝ-

==Verb morphology==

===Personal particles===

{|class="wikitable"
|-
!colspan="2" rowspan="2"|  
!colspan="2"| Singular
!colspan="2"| Plural
|-
! Subject || Object || Subject || Object
|-
!rowspan="2"| 1st person
! Exclusive
| *n-
| *da
| *gu
| *gu
|-
! Inclusive
| -
| -
| *ɬu
| *ɬu
|-
!rowspan="2"| 2nd person
! Masculine
| *h-
| *xa
| *zu
| *zu
|-
! Feminine
| *b-
| *na
| *su
| *su
|-
|}

===Third person particles===

{|class="wikitable"
|-
!colspan="1"|  
! Subject
! Object
|-
! Indeterminate
| *ʃ-
| *ga
|-
! Proximal
| *p-
| *ɦa
|-
! Medial-proximal
| *d-
| *ɦi
|-
! Medial
| *tʰ-
| *ɦe
|-
! Medial-distal
| *ɫ-
| *ɦo
|-
! Distal
| *z-
| *ɦu
|-
|}

==Sound correspondences with real languages==

===Consonants===

{|class="wikitable"
|-
! Proto-Hispanic
! Iberian
! Basque
|-
| *ŋ
| ?
| n-/-0-/-n
|-
| *n
| ?
| n
|-
| *m
| ?
| m/n
|-
| *b
| ?
| b
|-
| *p
| ?
| p/b-
|-
| *pʰ
| ?
| p
|-
| *d
| ?
| d/t-
|-
| *t
| ?
| t
|-
| *tʰ
| ?
| t
|-
| *g
| ?
| g
|-
| *k
| ?
| k
|-
| *kʰ
| ?
| h/0
|-
| *dz
| ?
| z
|-
| *tz
| ?
| z-/sU-/-tz-/-tsU-
|-
| *tʰz
| ?
| z-/sU-/-tz-/-tsU-
|-
| *ds
| ?
| z
|-
| *ts
| ?
| tx-/tsU-/-tz-/-tsU-
|-
| *tʰs
| ?
| z/sU
|-
| *dʃ
| ?
| z
|-
| *tʃ
| ?
| tx-/tsU-/-tz-/-tsU-
|-
| *tʰʃ
| ?
| z-/sU-/-tz-/-tsU-
|-
| *z
| ?
| z
|-
| *s
| ?
| z
|-
| *ʃ
| ?
| s
|-
| *ɦ
| ?
| ɦ/h/0
|-
| *h
| ?
| h/0
|-
| *x
| ?
| g/h/0
|-
| *l
| ?
| l-/-ɾ-/-l
|-
| *ɫ
| ?
| l
|-
| *ɬ
| ?
| l-/-lh-/-rC-/-l
|-
| *ɾ
| ?
| ɾ
|-
| *r
| ?
| r
|-
| *ɹ
| ?
| ɾ/r?
|-
|}

===Vowels===

{|class="wikitable"
|-
! Proto-Hispanic
! Iberian
! Basque
|-
| *i
| ?
| i?
|-
| *ɨ
| ?
| i/u?
|-
| *u
| ?
| u?
|-
| *e
| ?
| e?
|-
| *ə
| ?
| e/o?
|-
| *o
| ?
| o?
|-
| *a
| ?
| a?
|-
|}

==Thematic lexicon==

===Personal relations===

{|class="wikitable"
|-
! Proto-Hispanic
! English meaning
! Spanish meaning
! Basque cognate
! Notes
|-
| *ɦa-ma || mother || madre || ? || -
|-
| *da-da-ɦi || father || padre || ? || -
|-
| *i=tʰsi/*e=tʰsi || sister || hermana || ? || -
|-
| *u=tʰsi/*o=tʰsi || brother || hermano || ? || -
|-
|}

===Day's cycle===

{|class="wikitable"
|-
! Proto-Hispanic
! English meaning
! Spanish meaning
! Basque cognate
! Notes
|-
| *zeu̯ŋǝ / *ɦǝtʰsa / *tʰsaɦǝ || yesterday || ayer || atzo, átzo || -
|-
|}

===Flora===

{|class="wikitable"
|-
! Proto-Hispanic
! English meaning
! Spanish meaning
! Basque cognate
! Notes
|-
| *ɦˈaɬtǝ-lǝ || brach, pod || rama, vaina || adar, ádar || -
|-
| *ɦˈakʰǝ-ŋǝ || brach, pod || tronco, rama, haz|| aihen, aien, axen || -
|-
|}

===Adjectives===

{|class="wikitable"
|-
! Proto-Hispanic
! English meaning
! Spanish meaning
! Basque cognate
! Notes
|-
| *ɦaɫǝ-ɦǝ || weak, slow || débil, lento || ahul, aul, abol, áhül, aultu || -
|-
|}

===Verbs===

{|class="wikitable"
|-
! Proto-Hispanic
! English meaning
! Spanish meaning
! Basque cognate
! Notes
|-
| *e-(a)tʰzei̯-n || catch, gather, take || atrapar, coger, llevar, tomar, recoger, reunir || atzitu, atzipe, atzipatu, atsipatu || -
|-
|}

Proto-Hispanic

2020-07-27T08:42:07Z

Spinovenator: /* Thrid person particles */

Proto-Hispanic is the reconstructed common ancestor of the fictional group of Hispanic languages. Not yet estimated when it was spoken, and maybe it's asociated to Cardium pottery in Iberian peninsula. It is based on Basque and the Northern Caucasian languages.

==Phonology==

===Consonants===

{|class="wikitable"
|-
!colspan="2"|  
!rowspan="1"| Labial
!rowspan="1"| Laminodental
!rowspan="1"| Apicoalveolar
!rowspan="1"| Postalveolar
!rowspan="1"| Velar
!rowspan="1"| Glottal
|-
!colspan="2"| Nasal
| *m
|
| *n
|
| *ŋ
|
|-
!rowspan="3"| Stop
! Aspirated
| *pʰ
|
| *tʰ
|
| *kʰ
| *h
|-
! Voiceless
| *p
|
| *t
|
| *k
|
|-
! Voiced
| *b
|
| *d
|
| *g
|
|-
!rowspan="3"| Affricate
! Aspirated
|
| *tʰz
| *tʰs
| *tʰʃ
|
|
|-
! Voiceless
|
| *tz
| *ts
| *tʃ
|
|
|-
! Voiced
|
| *dz
| *ds
| *dʃ
|
|
|-
!colspan="2"| Fricative
|
| *z
| *s
| *ʃ
| *x
| *ɦ
|-
!rowspan="2"| Lateral
! Fricative
|
|
| *ɬ
|
|
|
|-
! Aproximant
|
|
| *l
|
| *ɫ
|
|-
!rowspan="3"| Rhotic
! Aproximant
|
|
| *ɹ
|
|
|
|-
! Trill
|
|
| *r
|
|
|
|-
! Tap
|
|
| *ɾ
|
|
|
|-
|}

====Consonant gradation====

{|class="wikitable"
|-
!colspan="1"|  
! Lenis
! Fortis
! Lenis/Fortis
|-
! Nasal
| *ŋ
| *n
| *m
|-
! Labial Stop
| *b
| *p
| *pʰ
|-
! Dentoalveolar Stop
| *d
| *t
| *tʰ
|-
! Velar Stop
| *g
| *k
| *kʰ
|-
! Laminodental Affricate
| *dz
| *tz
| *tʰz
|-
! Apicoalveolar Affricate
| *ds
| *ts
| *tʰs
|-
! Postalveolar Affricate
| *dʃ
| *tʃ
| *tʰʃ
|-
! Sibilant Fricative
| *z
| *s
| *ʃ
|-
! Laringal
| *ɦ
| *h
| *x
|-
! Lateral
| *l
| *ɫ
| *ɬ
|-
! Rhotic
| *ɾ
| *r
| *ɹ
|-
|}

===Vowels===

{|class="wikitable"
|-
!  
! Front
! Central
! Back
|-
! High
| *i
| *ɨ
| *u
|-
! Mid
| *e
| *ə
| *o
|-
! Low
|
| *a
|
|-
|}

====Ablaut patterns====

{|class="wikitable"
|-
!colspan="1"|  
! I
! II
! III
|-
! Type 1
| *a
| *e
| *i
|-
! Type 2
| *a
| *ə
| *ɨ
|-
! Type 3
| *a
| *o
| *u
|-
|}

==Pronoun==

===Personal===

{|class="wikitable"
|-
!rowspan="2"|  
!rowspan="2"|  
!colspan="2"| Singular
!colspan="2"| Plural
|-
! Subject || Object || Subject || Object
|-
!rowspan="2"| 1st person
! Exclusive
| *ni ~ *mi
| *dsi ~ *zo / *gu
| *ʃi
| *ʃi
|-
! Inclusive
| -
| -
| *ɬa ~ *ɬi ~ *ɬe
| *ɬa ~ *ɬi ~ *ɬe
|-
!rowspan="2"| 2nd person
! Masculine
| *χu ~ *bo
| *χu ~ *du
| *zu
| *zu
|-
! Feminine
| *nǝ ~ *mǝ
| *nǝ ~ *mǝ
| *su ~ *se ~ *so
| *su ~ *se ~ *so
|-
|}

===Demonstrative===

{|class="wikitable"
|-
!colspan="1"|  
! Subject
! Object
|-
! Indeterminate
| *gǝ
| *tʰʃɨ
|-
! Proximal
| *ɦa
| *dǝ
|-
! Medial-proximal
| *ɦi
| *bǝ ~ *pǝ
|-
! Medial
| *ɦe
| *tʰǝ
|-
! Medial-distal
| *ɦo
| *ɫǝ
|-
! Distal
| *ɦu
| *zǝ
|-
|}

===Interrogative===

{|class="wikitable"
|-
!colspan="2"|  
! Original
! Interrogative
|-
!colspan="2"| Inanimate (What)
| *za
| *za-ɦi
|-
!rowspan="2"| Animate
! Non-human (Which)
| *kʰɨ
| *kʰɨ-ɦi
|-
! Human (Who)
| *nǝ
| *nǝ-ɦi
|-
|}

==Noun morphology==

===Declension===

{|class="wikitable"
|-
!rowspan="2"|  
!colspan="3"| Animate
!colspan="3"| Inanimate
|-
! Singular || Plural || Indeterminate || Singular || Plural || Indeterminate
|-
! Absolutive/Nominative/Essive
| *-
| *-rǝ
| *-
| *-
| *-nǝ
| *-
|-
! Ergative
| *-kǝ
| *-kǝ
| *-kǝ
| *-kǝ
| *-kǝ
| *-kǝ
|-
! Dative /elative
| *-ɦi
| *-ɦi
| *-ɦi
| *-ɦi
| *-ɦi
| *-ɦi
|-
! Instrumental (Attributive/dative)
| *-z
| *-z
| *-z
| *-ɬtu
| *-ɬtu
| *-ɬtu
|-
! Genitive
| *-nǝ
| *-nǝ
| *-nǝ
| *-nǝ
| *-nǝ
| *-nǝ
|-
! Allative
| *-la
| *-la
| *-la
| *-ɫa
| *-ɫa
| *-ɫa
|-
! Comitative
| *-ki-n
| *-ki-n
| *-ki-n
| *-ki-n
| *-ki-n
| *-ki-n
|-
! Innesive
| *-nǝ
| *-nǝ
| *-nǝ
| *-nǝ
| *-nǝ
| *-nǝ
|-
! Locative general
| *-dǝ-
| *-dǝ-
| *-dǝ-
| *-dǝ-
| *-dǝ-
| *-dǝ-
|-
! Essive/Prolative
| *-tʰʃǝ
| *-tʰʃǝ
| *-tʰʃǝ
| *-tʰʃǝ
| *-tʰʃǝ
| *-tʰʃǝ
|-
! Locative series
| *-g-a-
| *-k-a-
| *-x-a-
| *-g-a-
| *-k-a-
| *-x-a-
|-
!Instrumental/Comitative
| *-tʰzǝ
| *-tʰzǝ
| *-tʰzǝ
| *-tʰzǝ
| *-tʰzǝ
| *-tʰzǝ
|-
!Instrumental
| *-bǝ
| *-bǝ
| *-bǝ
| *-bǝ
| *-bǝ
| *-bǝ
|-
! Elative
| *-ɦi
| *-ɦu
| *-ɦǝ
| *-ɦi
| *-ɦu
| *-ɦǝ
|-
|}

Oblique marks: *-rǝ-, *-ɦi-
Directive: *-rǝ
Locative: *-rǝ, *-tʰʃu
ad series: *-kǝ-, *-tʃǝ-, *-xǝ-, *-gǝ-
post/close series: *-kǝ, *-gǝ
complete series: *-ɬtʰ-
empty series: *-ɦ-

==Negative particles==
*bǝ /*-bǝ (negative/prohibitive)
*dǝ (prohibitive)
*dse/*tse
*-g- (privative)
*ɦu
*nǝ

==Other particles==

*-d- (substantivator/adjective)
*-d- (frequentative)
*-t- (substantivator of adjectives)

===Class markers===

Animate indeterminate: *(ɦ)a-
Animate maculine: *(ɦ)u- I
Animate feminine: *(ɦ)i- II

Inanimate (Factitive/frequentative): *-b- III

Affective *-ǝ-

==Verb morphology==

===Personal particles===

{|class="wikitable"
|-
!colspan="2" rowspan="2"|  
!colspan="2"| Singular
!colspan="2"| Plural
|-
! Subject || Object || Subject || Object
|-
!rowspan="2"| 1st person
! Exclusive
| *n-
| *da
| *gu
| *gu
|-
! Inclusive
| -
| -
| *ɬu
| *ɬu
|-
!rowspan="2"| 2nd person
! Masculine
| *h-
| *xa
| *zu
| *zu
|-
! Feminine
| *b-
| *na
| *su
| *su
|-
|}

===Third person particles===

{|class="wikitable"
|-
!colspan="1"|  
! Subject
! Object
|-
! Indeterminate
| *ʃ-
| *ga
|-
! Proximal
| *p-
| *ɦa
|-
! Medial-proximal
| *d-
| *ɦi
|-
! Medial
| *tʰ-
| *ɦe
|-
! Medial-distal
| *ɫ-
| *ɦo
|-
! Distal
| *z-
| *ɦu
|-
|}

==Sound correspondences with real languages==

===Consonants===

{|class="wikitable"
|-
! Proto-Hispanic
! Iberian
! Basque
|-
| *ŋ
| ?
| n-/-0-/-n
|-
| *n
| ?
| n
|-
| *m
| ?
| m/n
|-
| *b
| ?
| b
|-
| *p
| ?
| p/b-
|-
| *pʰ
| ?
| p
|-
| *d
| ?
| d/t-
|-
| *t
| ?
| t
|-
| *tʰ
| ?
| t
|-
| *g
| ?
| g
|-
| *k
| ?
| k
|-
| *kʰ
| ?
| h/0
|-
| *dz
| ?
| z
|-
| *tz
| ?
| z-/sU-/-tz-/-tsU-
|-
| *tʰz
| ?
| z-/sU-/-tz-/-tsU-
|-
| *ds
| ?
| z
|-
| *ts
| ?
| tx-/tsU-/-tz-/-tsU-
|-
| *tʰs
| ?
| z/sU
|-
| *dʃ
| ?
| z
|-
| *tʃ
| ?
| tx-/tsU-/-tz-/-tsU-
|-
| *tʰʃ
| ?
| z-/sU-/-tz-/-tsU-
|-
| *z
| ?
| z
|-
| *s
| ?
| z
|-
| *ʃ
| ?
| s
|-
| *ɦ
| ?
| ɦ/h/0
|-
| *h
| ?
| h/0
|-
| *x
| ?
| g/h/0
|-
| *l
| ?
| l-/-ɾ-/-l
|-
| *ɫ
| ?
| l
|-
| *ɬ
| ?
| l-/-lh-/-rC-/-l
|-
| *ɾ
| ?
| ɾ
|-
| *r
| ?
| r
|-
| *ɹ
| ?
| ɾ/r?
|-
|}

===Vowels===

{|class="wikitable"
|-
! Proto-Hispanic
! Iberian
! Basque
|-
| *i
| ?
| i?
|-
| *ɨ
| ?
| i/u?
|-
| *u
| ?
| u?
|-
| *e
| ?
| e?
|-
| *ə
| ?
| e/o?
|-
| *o
| ?
| o?
|-
| *a
| ?
| a?
|-
|}

==Thematic lexicon==

===Personal relations===

{|class="wikitable"
|-
! Proto-Hispanic
! English meaning
! Spanish meaning
! Basque cognate
! Notes
|-
| *ɦa-ma || mother || madre || ? || -
|-
| *da-da-ɦi || father || padre || ? || -
|-
| *i=tʰsi/*e=tʰsi || sister || hermana || ? || -
|-
| *u=tʰsi/*o=tʰsi || brother || hermano || ? || -
|-
|}

===Day's cycle===

{|class="wikitable"
|-
! Proto-Hispanic
! English meaning
! Spanish meaning
! Basque cognate
! Notes
|-
| *zeu̯ŋǝ / *ɦǝtʰsa / *tʰsaɦǝ || yesterday || ayer || atzo, átzo || -
|-
|}

===Flora===

{|class="wikitable"
|-
! Proto-Hispanic
! English meaning
! Spanish meaning
! Basque cognate
! Notes
|-
| *ɦˈaɬtǝ-lǝ || brach, pod || rama, vaina || adar, ádar || -
|-
| *ɦˈakʰǝ-ŋǝ || brach, pod || tronco, rama, haz|| aihen, aien, axen || -
|-
|}

===Adjectives===

{|class="wikitable"
|-
! Proto-Hispanic
! English meaning
! Spanish meaning
! Basque cognate
! Notes
|-
| *ɦaɫǝ-ɦǝ || weak, slow || débil, lento || ahul, aul, abol, áhül, aultu || -
|-
|}

===Verbs===

{|class="wikitable"
|-
! Proto-Hispanic
! English meaning
! Spanish meaning
! Basque cognate
! Notes
|-
| *e-(a)tʰzei̯-n || catch, gather, take || atrapar, coger, llevar, tomar, recoger, reunir || atzitu, atzipe, atzipatu, atsipatu || -
|-
|}

Proto-Hispanic

2020-07-26T22:55:42Z

Spinovenator: /* Declension */

Proto-Hispanic is the reconstructed common ancestor of the fictional group of Hispanic languages. Not yet estimated when it was spoken, and maybe it's asociated to Cardium pottery in Iberian peninsula. It is based on Basque and the Northern Caucasian languages.

==Phonology==

===Consonants===

{|class="wikitable"
|-
!colspan="2"|  
!rowspan="1"| Labial
!rowspan="1"| Laminodental
!rowspan="1"| Apicoalveolar
!rowspan="1"| Postalveolar
!rowspan="1"| Velar
!rowspan="1"| Glottal
|-
!colspan="2"| Nasal
| *m
|
| *n
|
| *ŋ
|
|-
!rowspan="3"| Stop
! Aspirated
| *pʰ
|
| *tʰ
|
| *kʰ
| *h
|-
! Voiceless
| *p
|
| *t
|
| *k
|
|-
! Voiced
| *b
|
| *d
|
| *g
|
|-
!rowspan="3"| Affricate
! Aspirated
|
| *tʰz
| *tʰs
| *tʰʃ
|
|
|-
! Voiceless
|
| *tz
| *ts
| *tʃ
|
|
|-
! Voiced
|
| *dz
| *ds
| *dʃ
|
|
|-
!colspan="2"| Fricative
|
| *z
| *s
| *ʃ
| *x
| *ɦ
|-
!rowspan="2"| Lateral
! Fricative
|
|
| *ɬ
|
|
|
|-
! Aproximant
|
|
| *l
|
| *ɫ
|
|-
!rowspan="3"| Rhotic
! Aproximant
|
|
| *ɹ
|
|
|
|-
! Trill
|
|
| *r
|
|
|
|-
! Tap
|
|
| *ɾ
|
|
|
|-
|}

====Consonant gradation====

{|class="wikitable"
|-
!colspan="1"|  
! Lenis
! Fortis
! Lenis/Fortis
|-
! Nasal
| *ŋ
| *n
| *m
|-
! Labial Stop
| *b
| *p
| *pʰ
|-
! Dentoalveolar Stop
| *d
| *t
| *tʰ
|-
! Velar Stop
| *g
| *k
| *kʰ
|-
! Laminodental Affricate
| *dz
| *tz
| *tʰz
|-
! Apicoalveolar Affricate
| *ds
| *ts
| *tʰs
|-
! Postalveolar Affricate
| *dʃ
| *tʃ
| *tʰʃ
|-
! Sibilant Fricative
| *z
| *s
| *ʃ
|-
! Laringal
| *ɦ
| *h
| *x
|-
! Lateral
| *l
| *ɫ
| *ɬ
|-
! Rhotic
| *ɾ
| *r
| *ɹ
|-
|}

===Vowels===

{|class="wikitable"
|-
!  
! Front
! Central
! Back
|-
! High
| *i
| *ɨ
| *u
|-
! Mid
| *e
| *ə
| *o
|-
! Low
|
| *a
|
|-
|}

====Ablaut patterns====

{|class="wikitable"
|-
!colspan="1"|  
! I
! II
! III
|-
! Type 1
| *a
| *e
| *i
|-
! Type 2
| *a
| *ə
| *ɨ
|-
! Type 3
| *a
| *o
| *u
|-
|}

==Pronoun==

===Personal===

{|class="wikitable"
|-
!rowspan="2"|  
!rowspan="2"|  
!colspan="2"| Singular
!colspan="2"| Plural
|-
! Subject || Object || Subject || Object
|-
!rowspan="2"| 1st person
! Exclusive
| *ni ~ *mi
| *dsi ~ *zo / *gu
| *ʃi
| *ʃi
|-
! Inclusive
| -
| -
| *ɬa ~ *ɬi ~ *ɬe
| *ɬa ~ *ɬi ~ *ɬe
|-
!rowspan="2"| 2nd person
! Masculine
| *χu ~ *bo
| *χu ~ *du
| *zu
| *zu
|-
! Feminine
| *nǝ ~ *mǝ
| *nǝ ~ *mǝ
| *su ~ *se ~ *so
| *su ~ *se ~ *so
|-
|}

===Demonstrative===

{|class="wikitable"
|-
!colspan="1"|  
! Subject
! Object
|-
! Indeterminate
| *gǝ
| *tʰʃɨ
|-
! Proximal
| *ɦa
| *dǝ
|-
! Medial-proximal
| *ɦi
| *bǝ ~ *pǝ
|-
! Medial
| *ɦe
| *tʰǝ
|-
! Medial-distal
| *ɦo
| *ɫǝ
|-
! Distal
| *ɦu
| *zǝ
|-
|}

===Interrogative===

{|class="wikitable"
|-
!colspan="2"|  
! Original
! Interrogative
|-
!colspan="2"| Inanimate (What)
| *za
| *za-ɦi
|-
!rowspan="2"| Animate
! Non-human (Which)
| *kʰɨ
| *kʰɨ-ɦi
|-
! Human (Who)
| *nǝ
| *nǝ-ɦi
|-
|}

==Noun morphology==

===Declension===

{|class="wikitable"
|-
!rowspan="2"|  
!colspan="3"| Animate
!colspan="3"| Inanimate
|-
! Singular || Plural || Indeterminate || Singular || Plural || Indeterminate
|-
! Absolutive/Nominative/Essive
| *-
| *-rǝ
| *-
| *-
| *-nǝ
| *-
|-
! Ergative
| *-kǝ
| *-kǝ
| *-kǝ
| *-kǝ
| *-kǝ
| *-kǝ
|-
! Dative /elative
| *-ɦi
| *-ɦi
| *-ɦi
| *-ɦi
| *-ɦi
| *-ɦi
|-
! Instrumental (Attributive/dative)
| *-z
| *-z
| *-z
| *-ɬtu
| *-ɬtu
| *-ɬtu
|-
! Genitive
| *-nǝ
| *-nǝ
| *-nǝ
| *-nǝ
| *-nǝ
| *-nǝ
|-
! Allative
| *-la
| *-la
| *-la
| *-ɫa
| *-ɫa
| *-ɫa
|-
! Comitative
| *-ki-n
| *-ki-n
| *-ki-n
| *-ki-n
| *-ki-n
| *-ki-n
|-
! Innesive
| *-nǝ
| *-nǝ
| *-nǝ
| *-nǝ
| *-nǝ
| *-nǝ
|-
! Locative general
| *-dǝ-
| *-dǝ-
| *-dǝ-
| *-dǝ-
| *-dǝ-
| *-dǝ-
|-
! Essive/Prolative
| *-tʰʃǝ
| *-tʰʃǝ
| *-tʰʃǝ
| *-tʰʃǝ
| *-tʰʃǝ
| *-tʰʃǝ
|-
! Locative series
| *-g-a-
| *-k-a-
| *-x-a-
| *-g-a-
| *-k-a-
| *-x-a-
|-
!Instrumental/Comitative
| *-tʰzǝ
| *-tʰzǝ
| *-tʰzǝ
| *-tʰzǝ
| *-tʰzǝ
| *-tʰzǝ
|-
!Instrumental
| *-bǝ
| *-bǝ
| *-bǝ
| *-bǝ
| *-bǝ
| *-bǝ
|-
! Elative
| *-ɦi
| *-ɦu
| *-ɦǝ
| *-ɦi
| *-ɦu
| *-ɦǝ
|-
|}

Oblique marks: *-rǝ-, *-ɦi-
Directive: *-rǝ
Locative: *-rǝ, *-tʰʃu
ad series: *-kǝ-, *-tʃǝ-, *-xǝ-, *-gǝ-
post/close series: *-kǝ, *-gǝ
complete series: *-ɬtʰ-
empty series: *-ɦ-

==Negative particles==
*bǝ /*-bǝ (negative/prohibitive)
*dǝ (prohibitive)
*dse/*tse
*-g- (privative)
*ɦu
*nǝ

==Other particles==

*-d- (substantivator/adjective)
*-d- (frequentative)
*-t- (substantivator of adjectives)

===Class markers===

Animate indeterminate: *(ɦ)a-
Animate maculine: *(ɦ)u- I
Animate feminine: *(ɦ)i- II

Inanimate (Factitive/frequentative): *-b- III

Affective *-ǝ-

==Verb morphology==

===Personal particles===

{|class="wikitable"
|-
!colspan="2" rowspan="2"|  
!colspan="2"| Singular
!colspan="2"| Plural
|-
! Subject || Object || Subject || Object
|-
!rowspan="2"| 1st person
! Exclusive
| *n-
| *da
| *gu
| *gu
|-
! Inclusive
| -
| -
| *ɬu
| *ɬu
|-
!rowspan="2"| 2nd person
! Masculine
| *h-
| *xa
| *zu
| *zu
|-
! Feminine
| *b-
| *na
| *su
| *su
|-
|}

===Thrid person particles===

{|class="wikitable"
|-
!colspan="1"|  
! Subject
! Object
|-
! Indeterminate
| *ʃ-
| *ga
|-
! Proximal
| *d-
| *ɦa
|-
! Medial-proximal
| *p-
| *ɦi
|-
! Medial
| *tʰ-
| *ɦe
|-
! Medial-distal
| *ɫ-
| *ɦo
|-
! Distal
| *ʃ-
| *ɦu
|-
|}

==Sound correspondences with real languages==

===Consonants===

{|class="wikitable"
|-
! Proto-Hispanic
! Iberian
! Basque
|-
| *ŋ
| ?
| n-/-0-/-n
|-
| *n
| ?
| n
|-
| *m
| ?
| m/n
|-
| *b
| ?
| b
|-
| *p
| ?
| p/b-
|-
| *pʰ
| ?
| p
|-
| *d
| ?
| d/t-
|-
| *t
| ?
| t
|-
| *tʰ
| ?
| t
|-
| *g
| ?
| g
|-
| *k
| ?
| k
|-
| *kʰ
| ?
| h/0
|-
| *dz
| ?
| z
|-
| *tz
| ?
| z-/sU-/-tz-/-tsU-
|-
| *tʰz
| ?
| z-/sU-/-tz-/-tsU-
|-
| *ds
| ?
| z
|-
| *ts
| ?
| tx-/tsU-/-tz-/-tsU-
|-
| *tʰs
| ?
| z/sU
|-
| *dʃ
| ?
| z
|-
| *tʃ
| ?
| tx-/tsU-/-tz-/-tsU-
|-
| *tʰʃ
| ?
| z-/sU-/-tz-/-tsU-
|-
| *z
| ?
| z
|-
| *s
| ?
| z
|-
| *ʃ
| ?
| s
|-
| *ɦ
| ?
| ɦ/h/0
|-
| *h
| ?
| h/0
|-
| *x
| ?
| g/h/0
|-
| *l
| ?
| l-/-ɾ-/-l
|-
| *ɫ
| ?
| l
|-
| *ɬ
| ?
| l-/-lh-/-rC-/-l
|-
| *ɾ
| ?
| ɾ
|-
| *r
| ?
| r
|-
| *ɹ
| ?
| ɾ/r?
|-
|}

===Vowels===

{|class="wikitable"
|-
! Proto-Hispanic
! Iberian
! Basque
|-
| *i
| ?
| i?
|-
| *ɨ
| ?
| i/u?
|-
| *u
| ?
| u?
|-
| *e
| ?
| e?
|-
| *ə
| ?
| e/o?
|-
| *o
| ?
| o?
|-
| *a
| ?
| a?
|-
|}

==Thematic lexicon==

===Personal relations===

{|class="wikitable"
|-
! Proto-Hispanic
! English meaning
! Spanish meaning
! Basque cognate
! Notes
|-
| *ɦa-ma || mother || madre || ? || -
|-
| *da-da-ɦi || father || padre || ? || -
|-
| *i=tʰsi/*e=tʰsi || sister || hermana || ? || -
|-
| *u=tʰsi/*o=tʰsi || brother || hermano || ? || -
|-
|}

===Day's cycle===

{|class="wikitable"
|-
! Proto-Hispanic
! English meaning
! Spanish meaning
! Basque cognate
! Notes
|-
| *zeu̯ŋǝ / *ɦǝtʰsa / *tʰsaɦǝ || yesterday || ayer || atzo, átzo || -
|-
|}

===Flora===

{|class="wikitable"
|-
! Proto-Hispanic
! English meaning
! Spanish meaning
! Basque cognate
! Notes
|-
| *ɦˈaɬtǝ-lǝ || brach, pod || rama, vaina || adar, ádar || -
|-
| *ɦˈakʰǝ-ŋǝ || brach, pod || tronco, rama, haz|| aihen, aien, axen || -
|-
|}

===Adjectives===

{|class="wikitable"
|-
! Proto-Hispanic
! English meaning
! Spanish meaning
! Basque cognate
! Notes
|-
| *ɦaɫǝ-ɦǝ || weak, slow || débil, lento || ahul, aul, abol, áhül, aultu || -
|-
|}

===Verbs===

{|class="wikitable"
|-
! Proto-Hispanic
! English meaning
! Spanish meaning
! Basque cognate
! Notes
|-
| *e-(a)tʰzei̯-n || catch, gather, take || atrapar, coger, llevar, tomar, recoger, reunir || atzitu, atzipe, atzipatu, atsipatu || -
|-
|}

Proto-Hispanic

2020-07-26T20:20:56Z

Spinovenator:

Proto-Hispanic

2020-07-26T17:58:40Z

Spinovenator:

Proto-Hispanic

2020-07-26T17:57:37Z

Spinovenator: /* Adjectives */

Proto-Hispanic

2020-07-26T17:54:32Z

Spinovenator: /* Personal relations */

Proto-Hispanic

2020-07-26T17:53:34Z

Spinovenator: /* Personal relations */

Proto-Hispanic

2020-07-26T16:26:20Z

Spinovenator:

Proto-Hispanic

2020-07-26T13:50:38Z

Spinovenator:

Proto-Hispanic is the reconstructed common ancestor of the fictional group of Hispanic languages. Not yet estimated when it was spoken, and it's asociated to Cardium pottery in Iberian peninsula. It is based on Basque and the Northern Caucasian languages.

==Phonology==

===Consonants===

{|class="wikitable"
|-
!colspan="2"|  
!rowspan="1"| Labial
!rowspan="1"| Laminodental
!rowspan="1"| Apicoalveolar
!rowspan="1"| Postalveolar
!rowspan="1"| Velar
!rowspan="1"| Glottal
|-
!colspan="2"| Nasal
| *m
|
| *n
|
| *ŋ
|
|-
!rowspan="3"| Stop
! Aspirated
| *pʰ
|
| *tʰ
|
| *kʰ
| *h
|-
! Voiceless
| *p
|
| *t
|
| *k
|
|-
! Voiced
| *b
|
| *d
|
| *g
|
|-
!rowspan="3"| Affricate
! Aspirated
|
| *tʰz
| *tʰs
| *tʰʃ
|
|
|-
! Voiceless
|
| *tz
| *ts
| *tʃ
|
|
|-
! Voiced
|
| *dz
| *ds
| *dʃ
|
|
|-
!colspan="2"| Fricative
|
| *z
| *s
| *ʃ
| *x
| *ɦ
|-
!rowspan="2"| Lateral
! Fricative
|
|
| *ɬ
|
|
|
|-
! Aproximant
|
|
| *l
|
| *ɫ
|
|-
!rowspan="3"| Rhotic
! Aproximant
|
|
| *ɹ
|
|
|
|-
! Trill
|
|
| *r
|
|
|
|-
! Tap
|
|
| *ɾ
|
|
|
|-
|}

{|class="wikitable"
|-
!colspan="1"|  
! Lenis
! Fortis
! Lenis/Fortis
|-
! Nasal
| *ŋ
| *n
| *m
|-
! Labial Stop
| *b
| *p
| *pʰ
|-
! Dentoalveolar Stop
| *d
| *t
| *tʰ
|-
! Velar Stop
| *g
| *k
| *kʰ
|-
! Laminodental Affricate
| *dz
| *tz
| *tʰz
|-
! Apicoalveolar Affricate
| *ds
| *ts
| *tʰs
|-
! Postalveolar Affricate
| *dʃ
| *tʃ
| *tʰʃ
|-
! Sibilant Fricative
| *z
| *s
| *ʃ
|-
! Laringal
| *ɦ
| *h
| *x
|-
! Lateral
| *l
| *ɫ
| *ɬ
|-
! Rhotic
| *ɾ
| *r
| *ɹ
|-
|}

===Vowels===

{|class="wikitable"
|-
!  
! Front
! Central
! Back
|-
! High
| *i
| *ɨ
| *u
|-
! Mid
| *e
| *ə
| *o
|-
! Low
|
| *a
|
|-
|}

==Ablaut patterns==

{|class="wikitable"
|-
!colspan="1"|  
! I
! II
! III
|-
! Type 1
| *a
| *e
| *i
|-
! Type 2
| *a
| *ə
| *ɨ
|-
! Type 3
| *a
| *o
| *u
|-
|}

==Verb morphology==

===Personal particles===

{|class="wikitable"
|-
!rowspan="2"|  
!rowspan="2"|  
!colspan="2"| Singular
!colspan="2"| Plural
|-
! Subject || Object || Subject || Object
|-
!rowspan="2"| 1st person
! Exclusive
| *ni
| *da
| *gu
| *gu
|-
! Inclusive
| -
| -
| *ɬu
| *ɬu
|-
!rowspan="2"| 2nd person
! Masculine
| *xi
| *ɣa
| *zu
| *zu
|-
! Feminine
| *bi
| *na
| *su ~ *ʃu
| *su ~ *ʃu
|-
|}

===Thrid person particles===

{|class="wikitable"
|-
!colspan="1"|  
! Subject
! Object
|-
! Indeterminate
| *ʃe
| *ga
|-
! Proximal
| *de
| *ɦa
|-
! Medial-proximal
| *be ~ *pe
| *ɦi
|-
! Medial
| *tʰe
| *ɦe
|-
! Medial-distal
| *le
| *ɦo
|-
! Distal
| *ze
| *ɦu
|-
|}

==Pronoun==

===Personal===

{|class="wikitable"
|-
!rowspan="2"|  
!rowspan="2"|  
!colspan="2"| Singular
!colspan="2"| Plural
|-
! Subject || Object || Subject || Object
|-
!rowspan="2"| 1st person
! Exclusive
| *ni ~ *mi
| *dsi ~ *zo / *gu
| *ʃi
| *ʃi
|-
! Inclusive
| -
| -
| *ɬa ~ *ɬi ~ *ɬe
| *ɬa ~ *ɬi ~ *ɬe
|-
!rowspan="2"| 2nd person
! Masculine
| *χu ~ *bo
| *χu ~ *du
| *zu
| *zu
|-
! Feminine
| *nǝ ~ *mǝ
| *nǝ ~ *mǝ
| *su ~ *se ~ *so
| *su ~ *se ~ *so
|-
|}

===Demonstrative===

{|class="wikitable"
|-
!colspan="1"|  
! Subject
! Object
|-
! Indeterminate
| *gǝ
| *tʰʃɨ
|-
! Proximal
| *ɦa
| *dǝ
|-
! Medial-proximal
| *ɦi
| *bǝ ~ *pǝ
|-
! Medial
| *ɦe
| *tʰǝ
|-
! Medial-distal
| *ɦo
| *lǝ
|-
! Distal
| *ɦu
| *zǝ
|-
|}

===Interrogative===

{|class="wikitable"
|-
!colspan="2"|  
! Original
! Interrogative
|-
!colspan="2"| Inanimate (What)
| *za
| *za-ɦi
|-
!rowspan="2"| Animate
! Non-human (Which)
| *kʰɨ
| *kʰɨ-ɦi
|-
! Human (Who)
| *nǝ
| *nǝ-ɦi
|-
|}

Proto-Hispanic

2020-07-25T22:25:00Z

Spinovenator:

==Verb morphology==

===Personal particles===

==Pronoun==

===Personal===

{|class="wikitable"
|-
!rowspan="2"|  
!rowspan="2"|  
!colspan="2"| Singular
!colspan="2"| Plural
|-
! Subject || Object || Subject || Object
|-
!rowspan="2"| 1st person
! Exclusive
| *ni ~ *mi
| *dsi ~ *zo / *gu
| *ʃi
| *ʃi
|-
! Inclusive
| -
| -
| *ɬa ~ *ɬi ~ *ɬe
| *ɬa ~ *ɬi ~ *ɬe
|-
!rowspan="2"| 2nd person
! Masculine
| *χu ~ *bo
| *χu ~ *du
| *zu
| *zu
|-
! Feminine
| *nǝ ~ *mǝ
| *nǝ ~ *mǝ
| *su ~ *se ~ *so
| *su ~ *se ~ *so
|-
|}

===Demonstrative===

{|class="wikitable"
|-
!colspan="1"|  
! Subject
! Object
|-
! Indeterminate
| *gǝ
| *tʰʃɨ
|-
! Proximal
| *ɦa
| *dǝ
|-
! Medial-proximal
| *ɦi
| *bǝ ~ *pǝ
|-
! Medial
| *ɦe
| *tʰǝ
|-
! Medial-distal
| *ɦo
| *lǝ
|-
! Distal
| *ɦu
| *zǝ
|-
|}

===Interrogative===

{|class="wikitable"
|-
!colspan="1"|  
! Original
! Interrogative
|-
! Inanimate (What)
| *za
| *za-ɧi
|-
! Animate non-human (Which)
| *χɨ
| *χɨ-ɧi
|-
! ?
| *su
| *su-ɧi
|-
! ?
| *dǝ
| *dǝ-ɧi
|-
! Animate human (Who)
| *nǝ
| *nǝ-ɧi
|-
|}

Proto-Hispanic

2020-07-25T22:15:33Z

Spinovenator:

==Verb morphology==

===Personal particles===

==Pronoun==

===Personal===

{|class="wikitable"
|-
!rowspan="2"|  
!rowspan="2"|  
!colspan="2"| Singular
!colspan="2"| Plural
|-
! Subject || Object || Subject || Object
|-
!rowspan="2"| 1st person
! Exclusive
| *ni ~ *mi
| *dsi ~ *zo / *gu
| *ʃi
| *ʃi
|-
! Inclusive
| -
| -
| *ɬa ~ *ɬi ~ *ɬe
| *ɬa ~ *ɬi ~ *ɬe
|-
!rowspan="2"| 2nd person
! Masculine
| *χu ~ *bo
| *χu ~ *du
| *zu
| *zu
|-
! Feminine
| *nǝ
| *nǝ
| *su ~ *se ~ *so
| *su ~ *se ~ *so
|-
|}

===Demonstrative===

{|class="wikitable"
|-
!colspan="1"|  
! Subject
! Object
|-
! Indeterminate
| *gǝ
| *tʰʃɨ
|-
! Proximal
| *ɦa
| *dǝ
|-
! Medial-proximal
| *ɦi
| *bǝ
|-
! Medial
| *ɦe
| *tʰǝ
|-
! Medial-distal
| *ɦo
| *lǝ
|-
! Distal
| *ɦu
| *zǝ
|-
|}

===Interrogative===

{|class="wikitable"
|-
!colspan="1"|  
! Original
! Interrogative
|-
! Inanimate (What)
| *za
| *za-ɧi
|-
! Animate non-human (Which)
| *xu
| *xu-ɧi
|-
! Which?
| *su
| *su-ɧi
|-
! What?
| *dǝ
| *dǝ-ɧi
|-
! Animate human (Who)
| *nǝ
| *nǝ-ɧi
|-
|}

Proto-Hispanic

2020-07-25T21:18:51Z

Spinovenator: /* Pronouns */

==Verb morphology==

===Personal particles===

{|class="wikitable"
|-
!colspan="2"| SUBJECT
! Singular
! Plural
|-
!rowspan="2"| 1st person
! Exclusive
| *
| *
|-
! Inclusive
| -
| *
|-
!rowspan="2"| 2nd person
! Masculine
| *
| *
|-
! Feminine
| *
| *
|-
!rowspan="2"| 3rd person
! Animate
| *
| *
|-
! Inanimate
| *
| *
|-
|}

{|class="wikitable"
|-
!colspan="2"| OBJECT
! Singular
! Plural
|-
!rowspan="2"| 1st person
! Exclusive
| *
| *
|-
! Inclusive
| -
| *
|-
!rowspan="2"| 2nd person
! Masculine
| *
| *
|-
! Feminine
| *
| *
|-
!rowspan="2"| 3rd person
! Animate
| *
| *
|-
! Inanimate
| *
| *
|-
|}

==Pronouns==

{|class="wikitable"
|-
!rowspan="2"|  
!rowspan="2"|  
!colspan="2"| Singular
!colspan="2"| Plural
|-
! Subject || Object || Subject || Object
|-
!rowspan="2"| 1st person
! Exclusive
| *ni ~ *mi
| *dsi ~ *zo / *gu
| *ʃi
| *ʃi
|-
! Inclusive
| -
| -
| *ɬa ~ *ɬi ~ *ɬe
| *ɬa ~ *ɬi ~ *ɬe
|-
!rowspan="2"| 2nd person
! Masculine
| *χu ~ *bo
| *χu ~ *du
| *zu
| *zu
|-
! Feminine
| *nǝ
| *nǝ
| *su ~ *se ~ *so
| *su ~ *se ~ *so
|-
|}

===Demonstrative===

{|class="wikitable"
|-
!colspan="1"|  
!colspan="2"| Subject
!colspan="2"| Object
|-
!rowspan="6"|
! Indeterminate
| *gǝ
| *tʰʃɨ
|-
! Proximal
| *ɦa
| *dǝ
|-
! Medial-proximal
| *ɦi
| *bǝ
|-
! Medial
| *ɦe
| *tʰǝ
|-
! Medial-distal
| *ɦo
| *lǝ
|-
! Distal
| *ɦu
| *zǝ
|-
|}

===Interrogative/relative===

{|class="wikitable"
|-
!rowspan="2"|  
!colspan="2"| Interrogative
|-
!rowspan="2"| Inanimate (What)
| *za-ɧi
|-
!rowspan="2"| Animate
! Non-human (Which)
| *xu-ɧi / *su-ɧi
|-
! Human (Who)
| *nǝ-ɧi / *dǝ-ɧi
|-
|}

==Articles==

{|class="wikitable"
|-
!colspan="2"|  
! Singular
! Plural
|-
!rowspan="5"| Demonstrative
! Proximal
| *
| *
|-
! Medial-proximal
| *
| *
|-
! Medial-distal
| *
| *
|-
! Distal
| *
| *
|-
! Indeterminate
| *
| *
|-
|}

Proto-Hispanic

2020-07-25T18:50:04Z

Spinovenator:

==Verb morphology==

===Personal particles===

{|class="wikitable"
|-
!colspan="2"| SUBJECT
! Singular
! Plural
|-
!rowspan="2"| 1st person
! Exclusive
| *
| *
|-
! Inclusive
| -
| *
|-
!rowspan="2"| 2nd person
! Masculine
| *
| *
|-
! Feminine
| *
| *
|-
!rowspan="2"| 3rd person
! Animate
| *
| *
|-
! Inanimate
| *
| *
|-
|}

{|class="wikitable"
|-
!colspan="2"| OBJECT
! Singular
! Plural
|-
!rowspan="2"| 1st person
! Exclusive
| *
| *
|-
! Inclusive
| -
| *
|-
!rowspan="2"| 2nd person
! Masculine
| *
| *
|-
! Feminine
| *
| *
|-
!rowspan="2"| 3rd person
! Animate
| *
| *
|-
! Inanimate
| *
| *
|-
|}

==Pronouns==

{|class="wikitable"
|-
!colspan="2"|  
! Singular
! Plural
|-
!rowspan="2"| 1st person
! Exclusive
| *ni ~ *mi
| *
|-
! Inclusive
| -
| *ɬai̯
|-
!rowspan="2"| 2nd person
! Masculine
| *
| *zu
|-
! Feminine
| *
| *zu *seu̯
|-
!colspan="2"| 3rd person
| *
| *
|-
!rowspan="5"| Demonstrative
! Proximal
| *
| *
|-
! Medial-proximal
| *
| *
|-
! Medial-distal
| *
| *
|-
! Distal
| *
| *
|-
! Indeterminate
| *
| *
|-
!rowspan="2"| Interrogative/relative
! Thing (What)
| *
| *
|-
! Person (Who)
| *
| *
|-
|}

==Articles==

{|class="wikitable"
|-
!colspan="2"|  
! Singular
! Plural
|-
!rowspan="5"| Demonstrative
! Proximal
| *
| *
|-
! Medial-proximal
| *
| *
|-
! Medial-distal
| *
| *
|-
! Distal
| *
| *
|-
! Indeterminate
| *
| *
|-
|}

Talk:Proto-Cardial

2018-11-09T19:43:27Z

Spinovenator:

What is this??? The nominal paradigm of Proto-Hesperic, and the pronominal paradigm from the old version of Proto-Razaric? Are you serious? --[[User:WeepingElf|WeepingElf]] ([[User talk:WeepingElf|talk]]) 13:43, 9 February 2018 (PST)

Or do you merely intend them as templates to fill with your own content? --[[User:WeepingElf|WeepingElf]] ([[User talk:WeepingElf|talk]]) 13:49, 9 February 2018 (PST)

Sorry, I just wanted to use the templates that I will modify, I do not know how to make tables. --[[User:Spinovenator|Spinovenator]] ([[User talk:Spinovenator|talk]]) 05:33, 10 February 2018 (PST)

It's OK. The wiki markup language on FrathWiki is the same as on Wikipedia, and a tutorial can be found [https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Help:Editing here]. The table format is explained [https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Help:Table here]. --[[User:WeepingElf|WeepingElf]] ([[User talk:WeepingElf|talk]]) 08:54, 10 February 2018 (PST)

BTW: I like the way your language develops. --[[User:WeepingElf|WeepingElf]] ([[User talk:WeepingElf|talk]]) 08:55, 10 February 2018 (PST)

Thank you! --[[User:Spinovenator|Spinovenator]] ([[User talk:Spinovenator|talk]]) 09:50, 10 February 2018 (PST)

== Verb classes ==

I do not understand the verb classes, and why word order is different with them. I am not aware of any language (in the real world) which does this kind of thing. This looks like misunderstood Georgian verb classes to me, which are essentially just an active-stative system. --[[User:WeepingElf|WeepingElf]] ([[User talk:WeepingElf|talk]]) 15:23, 31 October 2018 (PDT)

Actually they are my invention, I wanted to try a different way of understanding the verb and that the daughter languages would develop from there systems of honorific according to the type of conjugation and also differences between transitivity, I was inspired a bit by Georgian screeves, but in truth has nothing to do. At first they need revision to make them a little more useful, and more logical. --[[User:Spinovenator|Spinovenator]] ([[User talk:Spinovenator|talk]]) 14:38, 7 November 2018 (PST)

I have converted the verbal classes into respect classes, so they are much more useful. Classes may have been generated with the appearance of agriculture to designate the richest and most powerful families that should have already appeared, at this time, it seems that there are still no monarchs or great rulers, but no doubt the social differences would begin to appear. --[[User:Spinovenator|Spinovenator]] ([[User talk:Spinovenator|talk]]) 05:24, 9 November 2018 (PST)

I see. Yet, I am not aware of any natlang which changes morphosyntactic alignment and case usage according to degrees of respect and politeness in such a way, and it still looks like a ''caricature'' of Kartvelian to me. --[[User:WeepingElf|WeepingElf]] ([[User talk:WeepingElf|talk]]) 10:02, 9 November 2018 (PST)

There are Natlangs in which men and women speak a different language with respect to vocabulary, for example Ubang; there are also others in that the higher classes change besides vocabulary, the phonology, see Damin; and proto-cardial, instead of changing the vocabulary, changes the morphosyntactic alignment to refer to higher classes, it does not seem so strange to me. Before this had more resemblance to kartvelian, but now there are no classes for each type of verbs, there are different ways to conjugate a verb according to the class that you refer to. The honorific class is intemporary and the formal class only allows the past, so they are not very functional, they are normally speaking using the polite (western) and the causal (eastern). --[[User:Spinovenator|Spinovenator]] ([[User talk:Spinovenator|talk]]) 11:43, 9 November 2018 (PST)

Proto-Cardial

2018-11-09T15:46:24Z

Spinovenator: /* Verbal paradigm and Classes of respect */

'''Proto-Cardial''' is the reconstructed common ancestor of the [[Cardial]] languages. It is estimated to have been spoken around '''6.200 BC''', and it's asociated to [[wikipedia:Cardium pottery|Cardium pottery]].

==Phonology==

===Consonants===

{|class="wikitable"
|-
!rowspan="2" colspan="2"|  
!rowspan="2"|Labial
!rowspan="2"|Dental
!colspan="2"|Alveolar
!rowspan="2"|Velar
!rowspan="2"|Uvular
!rowspan="2"|Glottal
|-
!Sibilant
!Lateral
|-
!colspan="2"|Nasals
| *m
| *n
|
|
| *ŋ
|
|
|-
!rowspan="3"|Stops
! Ejective
| *p'
| *t'
|
|
| *k'
| *q'
|
|-
! Voiceless
| *p
| *t
|
|
| *k
| *q
| *ʔ
|-
! Voiced
| *b
| *d
|
|
| *g
| *ɢ
|
|-
!rowspan="3"|Affricates
! Ejective
|
| *ts'
| *tʃ'
|
|
|
|
|-
! Voiceless
|
| *ts
| *tʃ
| *tɬ
|
|
|
|-
! Voiced
|
| *dz
| *dʒ
|
|
|
|
|-
!colspan="2"|Fricatives
|
| *s ~ *z?
| *ʃ ~ *ʒ?
|
| *x
| *χ
| *h
|-
!colspan="2"|Liquid
|
| *l
| *r
| *ɬ
| *ɫ
|
|
|-
|}

Maybe *ɫ ~ *lʲ were allophones.

===Vowels===

{|class="wikitable"
|-
!  
! Front
! Central
! Back
|-
! High
| *i
| *ɨ
| *u
|-
! Mid
| *e
| *ə
| *o
|-
! Low
| *æ
| *ɐ
| *a
|-
|}

The vowel system shows serious difficulties to be reconstructed, this is compounded by the lack of data and extreme vocalic changes in the daughter languages. Many authors have proposed a system of three central vowels that affect the consonants and that alternate between them in patterns of allophony and ablaut, this centralized system is very important to understand the stress.

{|class="wikitable"
|-
! '''Centralized System'''
! Palatized
! Central
! Labialized
|-
! High
| *ʲɨ /i/
| *ɨ
| *ʷɨ /u/
|-
! Mid
| *ʲə /e/
| *ə
| *ʷə /o/
|-
! Low
| *ʲɐ /æ/
| *ɐ
| *ʷɐ /a/
|-
|}

====Stress====

The reconstructed stress patterns is very simple and it is based on the system of centralized vowels as follows, "ə" and "ɨ" allow stress in the last syllable, while "ɐ" does not allow it, so "ɐ" always appears stressed in the penultimate syllable.

'''In daughter languages the "ɐ" stressed in the penultimate syllable losts the stress and...:'''

* disappears in ''southern Italy'' and ''Iberian peninsula''.

* geminates the posterior consonant in ''the Mediterranean islands'' and ''northern Africa''.

* evolves to "ɐʔ" in ''Alps''.

* the vowel lengthens gaining strength and weakening the vowels of the last syllabe until they disappear in higher stages, in ''Tartessian''.

** the rest of the daughter families maintain the archaic stress pattern.

==Evolution of phonology==

===Stops and aspirates===

'''Proto-Southern:''' The '''cyclic theory''' is given in several Cardial languages, consists of an exchange of ejectives by voiceless and vice versa. The development of aspirates is: *h > ʔ; *x > h; *χ > h.

'''Proto-Northern:''' All voiced evolved to aspirated voiced and ejectives evolved to voiced to take his place, except uvulars and glottal that evolved as follows: *ɢ > ʁ; *q’ > χ; *q > k; *ʔ > ɦ. Aspirates "h", "x" and "χ" are preserved.

===Sibilants and affricates===

'''Proto-Southern:''' The affricates fulfill the '''cyclic theory''', the biconsonantal groups as *SC > CS become as affricated, after fulfilling the cyclic theory. The palatized sibilants evolved to *zʲ > ʑ; *sʲ > ɕ.

'''Proto-Northern:''' Palatization in this phonemes is completely losts, just like *t'S- > Sk-; *-t'S- > -S- only in affricate possition. All the affricates become as follows *CS > SC. All sibilants merged with *s.

===Nasals and liquids===

'''Proto-Southern:''' The only change produced is on a labialized nasal, *ŋʷ > m. The liquids remain intact.

'''Proto-Northern:''' There is only a change on nasals, *ŋ > nn. The changes on liquids are also minimal, *tɬ- > s-; *-tɬ- > -ɬt-.

===Vowels===

'''Proto-Western:''' It is presupposed of this vowel system to be the original of the group, and it is reconstructed for an urheimat in southern Italy, which would eventually extend to the Mediterranean islands and northern Africa.

{|class="wikitable"
|-
!  
! Front (Palatized)
! Central
! Back (Labialized)
|-
! High
| *ʲɨ ~ *i
| *ɨ
| *ʷɨ ~ *u
|-
! Mid
| *ʲə ~ *e
| *ə
| *ʷə ~ *o
|-
! Low
| *ʲɐ ~ *æ
| *ɐ
| *ʷɐ ~ *a
|-
|}

'''Proto-Eastern:''' It seems that the vowel changes are subsequent to the colonization of southern Italy, and seem to be shared by the entire Balkan area.

{|class="wikitable"
|-
!  
! Front
! Central
! Back
|-
! High
| *i > e > 0
| *ɨ > o
| *u > e
|-
! Mid
|
| *ə > o
| *u > e
|-
! Low
| *e > 0
| *a
| *o > u > e
|-
|}

* '''Proto-Southern:''' Only found in Epirus, it is a strange case, it seems to be a serious innovation because southern Italy did not suffer these vowel changes.

{|class="wikitable"
|-
!  
! Palatized
! Central
! Labialized
|-
! High
|
| *o
| *ʷa > 0
|-
! Mid
|
| *e
| *ʷa > 0
|-
! Low
| *ʲa > 0
| *a
| *ʷe > 0
|-
|}

* '''Proto-Northern:''' The urheimat is presupossed to be in Slovenia, this system gave rise to the whole northern group.

{|class="wikitable"
|-
!  
! Front
! Central
! Back
|-
! High
| *ai > ʲi > i
| *ø > e
| *au > ʷu > e
|-
! Mid
|
| *ə > o ~ u
| *au > ʷu > e
|-
! Low
| *ei > ʲi > i
| *a
| *eu > ʷu > e
|-
|}

==Morphology==

===Pronouns===

{|class="wikitable"
|-
!colspan="2"|  
! Singular
! Plural
|-
!rowspan="2"| 1st person
! Exclusive
| *ʔɐgɐ ~ *ʔɐkɐ
| *ŋɐ
|-
! Inclusive
| -
| *bɐ
|-
!rowspan="2"| 2nd person
! Colloquial
| *t'u
| *χa
|-
! Respectful
| *si
| *χæ
|-
!colspan="2"| 3rd person
| *sɐ
| *sɐ?
|-
!rowspan="5"| Demonstrative
! Proximal
| *ʔi
| *hi
|-
! Medial-proximal
| *ʔe
| *he
|-
! Medial-distal
| *ʔu
| *hu
|-
! Distal
| *ʔa
| *ha
|-
! Indeterminate
| *t'ɐ
| *t'ɐ?
|-
!rowspan="2"| Interrogative/relative
! Thing (What)
| *mɐ
| *mɐ?
|-
! Person (Who)
| *ŋɨʃɐ
| *ŋɨʃɐ?
|-
|}

===Demarcators===

====Articles====

====Postopositions====

====Declension====

==Verbal paradigm and Classes of respect==

Four classes of respect are reconstructed for the proto-cardial. Epirus is the only language that all classes of respect are given.

===Polysynthetic order===

====Casual====

Only present in the eastern group.

{|class="wikitable"
|-
| Subject
| Direct Object
| VERB STEM
| Indirect Object
| Tense
|-
|}

====Polite====

The verbal stem suffers an ablaut of Type IIb.

{|class="wikitable"
|-
| Direct Object
| Indirect Object
| Subject
| VERB STEM
| Past
| SECONDARY STEM
| Non-past
|-
|}

====Formal====

The verbal stem suffers an ablaut of Type IIa. Does not permit demarcators.

{|class="wikitable"
|-
| Subject
| VERB STEM
| Object
| Past
|-
|}

====Honorific====

Only present in the Southern group. The verbal stem suffers an ablaut of Type I. Does not permit demarcators.

{|class="wikitable"
|-
| Object
| VERB STEM
| Subject
|-
|}

===Ablaut===

{|class="wikitable"
|-
!colspan="2"|  
! Ablaut
! Usage
|-
!colspan="2"| Type I
|
| Honorific
|-
!rowspan="2"| Type II
! A
|
| Formal
|-
! B
|
| Polite
|-
|}

===Tense===

===Pronominal mark===

The daughter languages develop new pronouns to mark four genders, inanimate and animate (neuter, masculine and femenine).

====Mark of subject====

{|class="wikitable"
|-
!colspan="2"|  
! Singular
! Plural
|-
!rowspan="2"| 1st person
! Exclusive
| *-kɐ-
| *-k'ɐ-
|-
! Inclusive
| -
| *-bɐ-
|-
!colspan="2"| 2nd person
| *-t'ə-
| *-sə-
|-
!rowspan="3"| 3rd person
! Animate
| *-ʃɨ-
| *-ʃɨ-
|-
! Inanimate
| *-ŋɨ-
| *-ŋɨ-
|-
! Indeterminate
| *-mɨ-
| *-mɨ-
|-
|}

====Mark of object====

{|class="wikitable"
|-
!colspan="2"|  
! Singular
! Plural
|-
!rowspan="2"| 1st person
! Exclusive
| *-gɐ-
| *-ŋɐ-
|-
! Inclusive
| -
| *-mɐ-
|-
!colspan="2"| 2nd person
| *-χə-
| *-χə-
|-
!rowspan="3"| 3rd person
! Animate
| *-sɨ-
| *-sɨ-
|-
! Inanimate
| *-ʔɨ-
| *-hɨ-
|-
! Indeterminate
| *-t'ɨ-
| *-t'ɨ-
|-
|}

====Declension of Marks====

{|class="wikitable"
|-
!colspan="2"| Scheme of declension
! Subject
! Direct Object
! Indirect Object
|-
!rowspan="2"| Casual
! Transitive
| Nominative
| Accusative
| Dative
|-
! Intransitive
| Nominative
| -
| -
|-
!rowspan="2"| Polite
! Transitive
| Ergative
| Accusative
| Genitive
|-
! Intransitive
| Intransitive
| -
| -
|-
!rowspan="2"| Formal
! Transitive
| Agentive
| Objetive
| Objetive
|-
! Intransitive
| Agentive
| -
| -
|-
!rowspan="2"| Honorific
! Transitive
| Direct
| Direct
| Direct
|-
! Intransitive
| Direct
| -
| -
|-
|}

{|class="wikitable"
|-
!colspan="1"|  
! ɐ
! ə
! ɨ
|-
!rowspan="1"| Nominative
|
|
|
|-
!rowspan="1"| Ergative
|
|
|
|-
!rowspan="1"| Intransitive
|
|
|
|-
!rowspan="1"| Agentive
|
|
|
|-
!rowspan="1"| Direct
|
|
|
|-
!rowspan="1"| Accusative
|
|
|
|-
!rowspan="1"| Objetive
|
|
|
|-
!rowspan="1"| Dative
|
|
|
|-
!rowspan="1"| Genitive
|
|
|
|-
|}

==Lexicon==

[[Category:Cardial]]

Talk:Proto-Cardial

2018-11-09T13:24:11Z

Spinovenator:

Proto-Cardial

2018-11-08T20:25:47Z

Spinovenator: /* Ablaut */

'''Proto-Cardial''' is the reconstructed common ancestor of the [[Cardial]] languages. It is estimated to have been spoken around '''6.200 BC''', and it's asociated to [[wikipedia:Cardium pottery|Cardium pottery]].

==Phonology==

===Consonants===

{|class="wikitable"
|-
!rowspan="2" colspan="2"|  
!rowspan="2"|Labial
!rowspan="2"|Dental
!colspan="2"|Alveolar
!rowspan="2"|Velar
!rowspan="2"|Uvular
!rowspan="2"|Glottal
|-
!Sibilant
!Lateral
|-
!colspan="2"|Nasals
| *m
| *n
|
|
| *ŋ
|
|
|-
!rowspan="3"|Stops
! Ejective
| *p'
| *t'
|
|
| *k'
| *q'
|
|-
! Voiceless
| *p
| *t
|
|
| *k
| *q
| *ʔ
|-
! Voiced
| *b
| *d
|
|
| *g
| *ɢ
|
|-
!rowspan="3"|Affricates
! Ejective
|
| *ts'
| *tʃ'
|
|
|
|
|-
! Voiceless
|
| *ts
| *tʃ
| *tɬ
|
|
|
|-
! Voiced
|
| *dz
| *dʒ
|
|
|
|
|-
!colspan="2"|Fricatives
|
| *s ~ *z?
| *ʃ ~ *ʒ?
|
| *x
| *χ
| *h
|-
!colspan="2"|Liquid
|
| *l
| *r
| *ɬ
| *ɫ
|
|
|-
|}

Maybe *ɫ ~ *lʲ were allophones.

===Vowels===

{|class="wikitable"
|-
!  
! Front
! Central
! Back
|-
! High
| *i
| *ɨ
| *u
|-
! Mid
| *e
| *ə
| *o
|-
! Low
| *æ
| *ɐ
| *a
|-
|}

The vowel system shows serious difficulties to be reconstructed, this is compounded by the lack of data and extreme vocalic changes in the daughter languages. Many authors have proposed a system of three central vowels that affect the consonants and that alternate between them in patterns of allophony and ablaut, this centralized system is very important to understand the stress.

{|class="wikitable"
|-
! '''Centralized System'''
! Palatized
! Central
! Labialized
|-
! High
| *ʲɨ /i/
| *ɨ
| *ʷɨ /u/
|-
! Mid
| *ʲə /e/
| *ə
| *ʷə /o/
|-
! Low
| *ʲɐ /æ/
| *ɐ
| *ʷɐ /a/
|-
|}

====Stress====

The reconstructed stress patterns is very simple and it is based on the system of centralized vowels as follows, "ə" and "ɨ" allow stress in the last syllable, while "ɐ" does not allow it, so "ɐ" always appears stressed in the penultimate syllable.

'''In daughter languages the "ɐ" stressed in the penultimate syllable losts the stress and...:'''

* disappears in ''southern Italy'' and ''Iberian peninsula''.

* geminates the posterior consonant in ''the Mediterranean islands'' and ''northern Africa''.

* evolves to "ɐʔ" in ''Alps''.

* the vowel lengthens gaining strength and weakening the vowels of the last syllabe until they disappear in higher stages, in ''Tartessian''.

** the rest of the daughter families maintain the archaic stress pattern.

==Evolution of phonology==

===Stops and aspirates===

'''Proto-Southern:''' The '''cyclic theory''' is given in several Cardial languages, consists of an exchange of ejectives by voiceless and vice versa. The development of aspirates is: *h > ʔ; *x > h; *χ > h.

'''Proto-Northern:''' All voiced evolved to aspirated voiced and ejectives evolved to voiced to take his place, except uvulars and glottal that evolved as follows: *ɢ > ʁ; *q’ > χ; *q > k; *ʔ > ɦ. Aspirates "h", "x" and "χ" are preserved.

===Sibilants and affricates===

'''Proto-Southern:''' The affricates fulfill the '''cyclic theory''', the biconsonantal groups as *SC > CS become as affricated, after fulfilling the cyclic theory. The palatized sibilants evolved to *zʲ > ʑ; *sʲ > ɕ.

'''Proto-Northern:''' Palatization in this phonemes is completely losts, just like *t'S- > Sk-; *-t'S- > -S- only in affricate possition. All the affricates become as follows *CS > SC. All sibilants merged with *s.

===Nasals and liquids===

'''Proto-Southern:''' The only change produced is on a labialized nasal, *ŋʷ > m. The liquids remain intact.

'''Proto-Northern:''' There is only a change on nasals, *ŋ > nn. The changes on liquids are also minimal, *tɬ- > s-; *-tɬ- > -ɬt-.

===Vowels===

'''Proto-Western:''' It is presupposed of this vowel system to be the original of the group, and it is reconstructed for an urheimat in southern Italy, which would eventually extend to the Mediterranean islands and northern Africa.

{|class="wikitable"
|-
!  
! Front (Palatized)
! Central
! Back (Labialized)
|-
! High
| *ʲɨ ~ *i
| *ɨ
| *ʷɨ ~ *u
|-
! Mid
| *ʲə ~ *e
| *ə
| *ʷə ~ *o
|-
! Low
| *ʲɐ ~ *æ
| *ɐ
| *ʷɐ ~ *a
|-
|}

'''Proto-Eastern:''' It seems that the vowel changes are subsequent to the colonization of southern Italy, and seem to be shared by the entire Balkan area.

{|class="wikitable"
|-
!  
! Front
! Central
! Back
|-
! High
| *i > e > 0
| *ɨ > o
| *u > e
|-
! Mid
|
| *ə > o
| *u > e
|-
! Low
| *e > 0
| *a
| *o > u > e
|-
|}

* '''Proto-Southern:''' Only found in Epirus, it is a strange case, it seems to be a serious innovation because southern Italy did not suffer these vowel changes.

{|class="wikitable"
|-
!  
! Palatized
! Central
! Labialized
|-
! High
|
| *o
| *ʷa > 0
|-
! Mid
|
| *e
| *ʷa > 0
|-
! Low
| *ʲa > 0
| *a
| *ʷe > 0
|-
|}

* '''Proto-Northern:''' The urheimat is presupossed to be in Slovenia, this system gave rise to the whole northern group.

{|class="wikitable"
|-
!  
! Front
! Central
! Back
|-
! High
| *ai > ʲi > i
| *ø > e
| *au > ʷu > e
|-
! Mid
|
| *ə > o ~ u
| *au > ʷu > e
|-
! Low
| *ei > ʲi > i
| *a
| *eu > ʷu > e
|-
|}

==Morphology==

===Pronouns===

{|class="wikitable"
|-
!colspan="2"|  
! Singular
! Plural
|-
!rowspan="2"| 1st person
! Exclusive
| *ʔɐgɐ ~ *ʔɐkɐ
| *ŋɐ
|-
! Inclusive
| -
| *bɐ
|-
!rowspan="2"| 2nd person
! Colloquial
| *t'u
| *χa
|-
! Respectful
| *si
| *χæ
|-
!colspan="2"| 3rd person
| *sɐ
| *sɐ?
|-
!rowspan="5"| Demonstrative
! Proximal
| *ʔi
| *hi
|-
! Medial-proximal
| *ʔe
| *he
|-
! Medial-distal
| *ʔu
| *hu
|-
! Distal
| *ʔa
| *ha
|-
! Indeterminate
| *t'ɐ
| *t'ɐ?
|-
!rowspan="2"| Interrogative/relative
! Thing (What)
| *mɐ
| *mɐ?
|-
! Person (Who)
| *ŋɨʃɐ
| *ŋɨʃɐ?
|-
|}

==Verbal paradigm and Classes of respect==

Four classes of respect are reconstructed for the proto-cardial. Epirus is the only language that all classes of respect are given.

===Polysynthetic order===

====Casual====

Only present in the eastern group.

{|class="wikitable"
|-
| Subject
| Direct Object
| VERB STEM
| Indirect Object
| Tense
|-
|}

====Polite====

The verbal stem suffers an ablaut of Type IIb.

{|class="wikitable"
|-
| Direct Object
| Indirect Object
| Subject
| VERB STEM
| Past
| SECONDARY STEM
| Non-past
|-
|}

====Formal====

The verbal stem suffers an ablaut of Type IIa.

{|class="wikitable"
|-
| Subject
| VERB STEM
| Object
| Past
|-
|}

====Honorific====

Only present in the Southern group. The verbal stem suffers an ablaut of Type I.

{|class="wikitable"
|-
| Object
| VERB STEM
| Subject
|-
|}

===Pronominal mark===

====Mark of subject====

{|class="wikitable"
|-
!colspan="2"|  
! Singular
! Plural
|-
!rowspan="2"| 1st person
! Exclusive
| *-kɐ-
| *-k'ɐ-
|-
! Inclusive
| -
| *-bɐ-
|-
!colspan="2"| 2nd person
| *-t'ə-
| *-sə-
|-
!rowspan="3"| 3rd person
! Animate
| *-ʃɨ-
| *-ʃɨ-
|-
! Inanimate
| *-ŋɨ-
| *-ŋɨ-
|-
! Indeterminate
| *-mɨ-
| *-mɨ-
|-
|}

====Mark of object====

{|class="wikitable"
|-
!colspan="2"|  
! Singular
! Plural
|-
!rowspan="2"| 1st person
! Exclusive
| *-gɐ-
| *-ŋɐ-
|-
! Inclusive
| -
| *-mɐ-
|-
!colspan="2"| 2nd person
| *-χə-
| *-χə-
|-
!rowspan="3"| 3rd person
! Animate
| *-sɨ-
| *-sɨ-
|-
! Inanimate
| *-ʔɨ-
| *-hɨ-
|-
! Indeterminate
| *-t'ɨ-
| *-t'ɨ-
|-
|}

===Ablaut===

{|class="wikitable"
|-
!colspan="2"|  
! Ablaut
! Usage
|-
!colspan="2"| Type I
|
| Honorific
|-
!rowspan="2"| Type II
! A
|
| Formal
|-
! B
|
| Polite
|-
|}

==Lexicon==

[[Category:Cardial]]

Proto-Cardial

2018-11-08T20:25:26Z

Spinovenator: /* Ablaut */

'''Proto-Cardial''' is the reconstructed common ancestor of the [[Cardial]] languages. It is estimated to have been spoken around '''6.200 BC''', and it's asociated to [[wikipedia:Cardium pottery|Cardium pottery]].

==Phonology==

===Consonants===

{|class="wikitable"
|-
!rowspan="2" colspan="2"|  
!rowspan="2"|Labial
!rowspan="2"|Dental
!colspan="2"|Alveolar
!rowspan="2"|Velar
!rowspan="2"|Uvular
!rowspan="2"|Glottal
|-
!Sibilant
!Lateral
|-
!colspan="2"|Nasals
| *m
| *n
|
|
| *ŋ
|
|
|-
!rowspan="3"|Stops
! Ejective
| *p'
| *t'
|
|
| *k'
| *q'
|
|-
! Voiceless
| *p
| *t
|
|
| *k
| *q
| *ʔ
|-
! Voiced
| *b
| *d
|
|
| *g
| *ɢ
|
|-
!rowspan="3"|Affricates
! Ejective
|
| *ts'
| *tʃ'
|
|
|
|
|-
! Voiceless
|
| *ts
| *tʃ
| *tɬ
|
|
|
|-
! Voiced
|
| *dz
| *dʒ
|
|
|
|
|-
!colspan="2"|Fricatives
|
| *s ~ *z?
| *ʃ ~ *ʒ?
|
| *x
| *χ
| *h
|-
!colspan="2"|Liquid
|
| *l
| *r
| *ɬ
| *ɫ
|
|
|-
|}

Maybe *ɫ ~ *lʲ were allophones.

===Vowels===

{|class="wikitable"
|-
!  
! Front
! Central
! Back
|-
! High
| *i
| *ɨ
| *u
|-
! Mid
| *e
| *ə
| *o
|-
! Low
| *æ
| *ɐ
| *a
|-
|}

The vowel system shows serious difficulties to be reconstructed, this is compounded by the lack of data and extreme vocalic changes in the daughter languages. Many authors have proposed a system of three central vowels that affect the consonants and that alternate between them in patterns of allophony and ablaut, this centralized system is very important to understand the stress.

{|class="wikitable"
|-
! '''Centralized System'''
! Palatized
! Central
! Labialized
|-
! High
| *ʲɨ /i/
| *ɨ
| *ʷɨ /u/
|-
! Mid
| *ʲə /e/
| *ə
| *ʷə /o/
|-
! Low
| *ʲɐ /æ/
| *ɐ
| *ʷɐ /a/
|-
|}

====Stress====

The reconstructed stress patterns is very simple and it is based on the system of centralized vowels as follows, "ə" and "ɨ" allow stress in the last syllable, while "ɐ" does not allow it, so "ɐ" always appears stressed in the penultimate syllable.

'''In daughter languages the "ɐ" stressed in the penultimate syllable losts the stress and...:'''

* disappears in ''southern Italy'' and ''Iberian peninsula''.

* geminates the posterior consonant in ''the Mediterranean islands'' and ''northern Africa''.

* evolves to "ɐʔ" in ''Alps''.

* the vowel lengthens gaining strength and weakening the vowels of the last syllabe until they disappear in higher stages, in ''Tartessian''.

** the rest of the daughter families maintain the archaic stress pattern.

==Evolution of phonology==

===Stops and aspirates===

'''Proto-Southern:''' The '''cyclic theory''' is given in several Cardial languages, consists of an exchange of ejectives by voiceless and vice versa. The development of aspirates is: *h > ʔ; *x > h; *χ > h.

'''Proto-Northern:''' All voiced evolved to aspirated voiced and ejectives evolved to voiced to take his place, except uvulars and glottal that evolved as follows: *ɢ > ʁ; *q’ > χ; *q > k; *ʔ > ɦ. Aspirates "h", "x" and "χ" are preserved.

===Sibilants and affricates===

'''Proto-Southern:''' The affricates fulfill the '''cyclic theory''', the biconsonantal groups as *SC > CS become as affricated, after fulfilling the cyclic theory. The palatized sibilants evolved to *zʲ > ʑ; *sʲ > ɕ.

'''Proto-Northern:''' Palatization in this phonemes is completely losts, just like *t'S- > Sk-; *-t'S- > -S- only in affricate possition. All the affricates become as follows *CS > SC. All sibilants merged with *s.

===Nasals and liquids===

'''Proto-Southern:''' The only change produced is on a labialized nasal, *ŋʷ > m. The liquids remain intact.

'''Proto-Northern:''' There is only a change on nasals, *ŋ > nn. The changes on liquids are also minimal, *tɬ- > s-; *-tɬ- > -ɬt-.

===Vowels===

'''Proto-Western:''' It is presupposed of this vowel system to be the original of the group, and it is reconstructed for an urheimat in southern Italy, which would eventually extend to the Mediterranean islands and northern Africa.

{|class="wikitable"
|-
!  
! Front (Palatized)
! Central
! Back (Labialized)
|-
! High
| *ʲɨ ~ *i
| *ɨ
| *ʷɨ ~ *u
|-
! Mid
| *ʲə ~ *e
| *ə
| *ʷə ~ *o
|-
! Low
| *ʲɐ ~ *æ
| *ɐ
| *ʷɐ ~ *a
|-
|}

'''Proto-Eastern:''' It seems that the vowel changes are subsequent to the colonization of southern Italy, and seem to be shared by the entire Balkan area.

{|class="wikitable"
|-
!  
! Front
! Central
! Back
|-
! High
| *i > e > 0
| *ɨ > o
| *u > e
|-
! Mid
|
| *ə > o
| *u > e
|-
! Low
| *e > 0
| *a
| *o > u > e
|-
|}

* '''Proto-Southern:''' Only found in Epirus, it is a strange case, it seems to be a serious innovation because southern Italy did not suffer these vowel changes.

{|class="wikitable"
|-
!  
! Palatized
! Central
! Labialized
|-
! High
|
| *o
| *ʷa > 0
|-
! Mid
|
| *e
| *ʷa > 0
|-
! Low
| *ʲa > 0
| *a
| *ʷe > 0
|-
|}

* '''Proto-Northern:''' The urheimat is presupossed to be in Slovenia, this system gave rise to the whole northern group.

{|class="wikitable"
|-
!  
! Front
! Central
! Back
|-
! High
| *ai > ʲi > i
| *ø > e
| *au > ʷu > e
|-
! Mid
|
| *ə > o ~ u
| *au > ʷu > e
|-
! Low
| *ei > ʲi > i
| *a
| *eu > ʷu > e
|-
|}

==Morphology==

===Pronouns===

{|class="wikitable"
|-
!colspan="2"|  
! Singular
! Plural
|-
!rowspan="2"| 1st person
! Exclusive
| *ʔɐgɐ ~ *ʔɐkɐ
| *ŋɐ
|-
! Inclusive
| -
| *bɐ
|-
!rowspan="2"| 2nd person
! Colloquial
| *t'u
| *χa
|-
! Respectful
| *si
| *χæ
|-
!colspan="2"| 3rd person
| *sɐ
| *sɐ?
|-
!rowspan="5"| Demonstrative
! Proximal
| *ʔi
| *hi
|-
! Medial-proximal
| *ʔe
| *he
|-
! Medial-distal
| *ʔu
| *hu
|-
! Distal
| *ʔa
| *ha
|-
! Indeterminate
| *t'ɐ
| *t'ɐ?
|-
!rowspan="2"| Interrogative/relative
! Thing (What)
| *mɐ
| *mɐ?
|-
! Person (Who)
| *ŋɨʃɐ
| *ŋɨʃɐ?
|-
|}

==Verbal paradigm and Classes of respect==

Four classes of respect are reconstructed for the proto-cardial. Epirus is the only language that all classes of respect are given.

===Polysynthetic order===

====Casual====

Only present in the eastern group.

{|class="wikitable"
|-
| Subject
| Direct Object
| VERB STEM
| Indirect Object
| Tense
|-
|}

====Polite====

The verbal stem suffers an ablaut of Type IIb.

{|class="wikitable"
|-
| Direct Object
| Indirect Object
| Subject
| VERB STEM
| Past
| SECONDARY STEM
| Non-past
|-
|}

====Formal====

The verbal stem suffers an ablaut of Type IIa.

{|class="wikitable"
|-
| Subject
| VERB STEM
| Object
| Past
|-
|}

====Honorific====

Only present in the Southern group. The verbal stem suffers an ablaut of Type I.

{|class="wikitable"
|-
| Object
| VERB STEM
| Subject
|-
|}

===Pronominal mark===

====Mark of subject====

{|class="wikitable"
|-
!colspan="2"|  
! Singular
! Plural
|-
!rowspan="2"| 1st person
! Exclusive
| *-kɐ-
| *-k'ɐ-
|-
! Inclusive
| -
| *-bɐ-
|-
!colspan="2"| 2nd person
| *-t'ə-
| *-sə-
|-
!rowspan="3"| 3rd person
! Animate
| *-ʃɨ-
| *-ʃɨ-
|-
! Inanimate
| *-ŋɨ-
| *-ŋɨ-
|-
! Indeterminate
| *-mɨ-
| *-mɨ-
|-
|}

====Mark of object====

{|class="wikitable"
|-
!colspan="2"|  
! Singular
! Plural
|-
!rowspan="2"| 1st person
! Exclusive
| *-gɐ-
| *-ŋɐ-
|-
! Inclusive
| -
| *-mɐ-
|-
!colspan="2"| 2nd person
| *-χə-
| *-χə-
|-
!rowspan="3"| 3rd person
! Animate
| *-sɨ-
| *-sɨ-
|-
! Inanimate
| *-ʔɨ-
| *-hɨ-
|-
! Indeterminate
| *-t'ɨ-
| *-t'ɨ-
|-
|}

===Ablaut===

{|class="wikitable"
|-
!colspan="2"|  
! Ablaut
! Usage
|-
!colspan="2"| I
|
| Honorific
|-
!rowspan="2"| II
! A
|
| Formal
|-
! B
|
| Polite
|-
|}

==Lexicon==

[[Category:Cardial]]

Proto-Cardial

2018-11-08T20:16:23Z

Spinovenator: t

'''Proto-Cardial''' is the reconstructed common ancestor of the [[Cardial]] languages. It is estimated to have been spoken around '''6.200 BC''', and it's asociated to [[wikipedia:Cardium pottery|Cardium pottery]].

==Phonology==

===Consonants===

{|class="wikitable"
|-
!rowspan="2" colspan="2"|  
!rowspan="2"|Labial
!rowspan="2"|Dental
!colspan="2"|Alveolar
!rowspan="2"|Velar
!rowspan="2"|Uvular
!rowspan="2"|Glottal
|-
!Sibilant
!Lateral
|-
!colspan="2"|Nasals
| *m
| *n
|
|
| *ŋ
|
|
|-
!rowspan="3"|Stops
! Ejective
| *p'
| *t'
|
|
| *k'
| *q'
|
|-
! Voiceless
| *p
| *t
|
|
| *k
| *q
| *ʔ
|-
! Voiced
| *b
| *d
|
|
| *g
| *ɢ
|
|-
!rowspan="3"|Affricates
! Ejective
|
| *ts'
| *tʃ'
|
|
|
|
|-
! Voiceless
|
| *ts
| *tʃ
| *tɬ
|
|
|
|-
! Voiced
|
| *dz
| *dʒ
|
|
|
|
|-
!colspan="2"|Fricatives
|
| *s ~ *z?
| *ʃ ~ *ʒ?
|
| *x
| *χ
| *h
|-
!colspan="2"|Liquid
|
| *l
| *r
| *ɬ
| *ɫ
|
|
|-
|}

Maybe *ɫ ~ *lʲ were allophones.

===Vowels===

{|class="wikitable"
|-
!  
! Front
! Central
! Back
|-
! High
| *i
| *ɨ
| *u
|-
! Mid
| *e
| *ə
| *o
|-
! Low
| *æ
| *ɐ
| *a
|-
|}

The vowel system shows serious difficulties to be reconstructed, this is compounded by the lack of data and extreme vocalic changes in the daughter languages. Many authors have proposed a system of three central vowels that affect the consonants and that alternate between them in patterns of allophony and ablaut, this centralized system is very important to understand the stress.

{|class="wikitable"
|-
! '''Centralized System'''
! Palatized
! Central
! Labialized
|-
! High
| *ʲɨ /i/
| *ɨ
| *ʷɨ /u/
|-
! Mid
| *ʲə /e/
| *ə
| *ʷə /o/
|-
! Low
| *ʲɐ /æ/
| *ɐ
| *ʷɐ /a/
|-
|}

====Stress====

The reconstructed stress patterns is very simple and it is based on the system of centralized vowels as follows, "ə" and "ɨ" allow stress in the last syllable, while "ɐ" does not allow it, so "ɐ" always appears stressed in the penultimate syllable.

'''In daughter languages the "ɐ" stressed in the penultimate syllable losts the stress and...:'''

* disappears in ''southern Italy'' and ''Iberian peninsula''.

* geminates the posterior consonant in ''the Mediterranean islands'' and ''northern Africa''.

* evolves to "ɐʔ" in ''Alps''.

* the vowel lengthens gaining strength and weakening the vowels of the last syllabe until they disappear in higher stages, in ''Tartessian''.

** the rest of the daughter families maintain the archaic stress pattern.

==Evolution of phonology==

===Stops and aspirates===

'''Proto-Southern:''' The '''cyclic theory''' is given in several Cardial languages, consists of an exchange of ejectives by voiceless and vice versa. The development of aspirates is: *h > ʔ; *x > h; *χ > h.

'''Proto-Northern:''' All voiced evolved to aspirated voiced and ejectives evolved to voiced to take his place, except uvulars and glottal that evolved as follows: *ɢ > ʁ; *q’ > χ; *q > k; *ʔ > ɦ. Aspirates "h", "x" and "χ" are preserved.

===Sibilants and affricates===

'''Proto-Southern:''' The affricates fulfill the '''cyclic theory''', the biconsonantal groups as *SC > CS become as affricated, after fulfilling the cyclic theory. The palatized sibilants evolved to *zʲ > ʑ; *sʲ > ɕ.

'''Proto-Northern:''' Palatization in this phonemes is completely losts, just like *t'S- > Sk-; *-t'S- > -S- only in affricate possition. All the affricates become as follows *CS > SC. All sibilants merged with *s.

===Nasals and liquids===

'''Proto-Southern:''' The only change produced is on a labialized nasal, *ŋʷ > m. The liquids remain intact.

'''Proto-Northern:''' There is only a change on nasals, *ŋ > nn. The changes on liquids are also minimal, *tɬ- > s-; *-tɬ- > -ɬt-.

===Vowels===

'''Proto-Western:''' It is presupposed of this vowel system to be the original of the group, and it is reconstructed for an urheimat in southern Italy, which would eventually extend to the Mediterranean islands and northern Africa.

{|class="wikitable"
|-
!  
! Front (Palatized)
! Central
! Back (Labialized)
|-
! High
| *ʲɨ ~ *i
| *ɨ
| *ʷɨ ~ *u
|-
! Mid
| *ʲə ~ *e
| *ə
| *ʷə ~ *o
|-
! Low
| *ʲɐ ~ *æ
| *ɐ
| *ʷɐ ~ *a
|-
|}

'''Proto-Eastern:''' It seems that the vowel changes are subsequent to the colonization of southern Italy, and seem to be shared by the entire Balkan area.

{|class="wikitable"
|-
!  
! Front
! Central
! Back
|-
! High
| *i > e > 0
| *ɨ > o
| *u > e
|-
! Mid
|
| *ə > o
| *u > e
|-
! Low
| *e > 0
| *a
| *o > u > e
|-
|}

* '''Proto-Southern:''' Only found in Epirus, it is a strange case, it seems to be a serious innovation because southern Italy did not suffer these vowel changes.

{|class="wikitable"
|-
!  
! Palatized
! Central
! Labialized
|-
! High
|
| *o
| *ʷa > 0
|-
! Mid
|
| *e
| *ʷa > 0
|-
! Low
| *ʲa > 0
| *a
| *ʷe > 0
|-
|}

* '''Proto-Northern:''' The urheimat is presupossed to be in Slovenia, this system gave rise to the whole northern group.

{|class="wikitable"
|-
!  
! Front
! Central
! Back
|-
! High
| *ai > ʲi > i
| *ø > e
| *au > ʷu > e
|-
! Mid
|
| *ə > o ~ u
| *au > ʷu > e
|-
! Low
| *ei > ʲi > i
| *a
| *eu > ʷu > e
|-
|}

==Morphology==

===Pronouns===

{|class="wikitable"
|-
!colspan="2"|  
! Singular
! Plural
|-
!rowspan="2"| 1st person
! Exclusive
| *ʔɐgɐ ~ *ʔɐkɐ
| *ŋɐ
|-
! Inclusive
| -
| *bɐ
|-
!rowspan="2"| 2nd person
! Colloquial
| *t'u
| *χa
|-
! Respectful
| *si
| *χæ
|-
!colspan="2"| 3rd person
| *sɐ
| *sɐ?
|-
!rowspan="5"| Demonstrative
! Proximal
| *ʔi
| *hi
|-
! Medial-proximal
| *ʔe
| *he
|-
! Medial-distal
| *ʔu
| *hu
|-
! Distal
| *ʔa
| *ha
|-
! Indeterminate
| *t'ɐ
| *t'ɐ?
|-
!rowspan="2"| Interrogative/relative
! Thing (What)
| *mɐ
| *mɐ?
|-
! Person (Who)
| *ŋɨʃɐ
| *ŋɨʃɐ?
|-
|}

==Verbal paradigm and Classes of respect==

Four classes of respect are reconstructed for the proto-cardial. Epirus is the only language that all classes of respect are given.

===Polysynthetic order===

====Casual====

Only present in the eastern group.

{|class="wikitable"
|-
| Subject
| Direct Object
| VERB STEM
| Indirect Object
| Tense
|-
|}

====Polite====

The verbal stem suffers an ablaut of Type IIb.

{|class="wikitable"
|-
| Direct Object
| Indirect Object
| Subject
| VERB STEM
| Past
| SECONDARY STEM
| Non-past
|-
|}

====Formal====

The verbal stem suffers an ablaut of Type IIa.

{|class="wikitable"
|-
| Subject
| VERB STEM
| Object
| Past
|-
|}

====Honorific====

Only present in the Southern group. The verbal stem suffers an ablaut of Type I.

{|class="wikitable"
|-
| Object
| VERB STEM
| Subject
|-
|}

===Pronominal mark===

====Mark of subject====

{|class="wikitable"
|-
!colspan="2"|  
! Singular
! Plural
|-
!rowspan="2"| 1st person
! Exclusive
| *-kɐ-
| *-k'ɐ-
|-
! Inclusive
| -
| *-bɐ-
|-
!colspan="2"| 2nd person
| *-t'ə-
| *-sə-
|-
!rowspan="3"| 3rd person
! Animate
| *-ʃɨ-
| *-ʃɨ-
|-
! Inanimate
| *-ŋɨ-
| *-ŋɨ-
|-
! Indeterminate
| *-mɨ-
| *-mɨ-
|-
|}

====Mark of object====

{|class="wikitable"
|-
!colspan="2"|  
! Singular
! Plural
|-
!rowspan="2"| 1st person
! Exclusive
| *-gɐ-
| *-ŋɐ-
|-
! Inclusive
| -
| *-mɐ-
|-
!colspan="2"| 2nd person
| *-χə-
| *-χə-
|-
!rowspan="3"| 3rd person
! Animate
| *-sɨ-
| *-sɨ-
|-
! Inanimate
| *-ʔɨ-
| *-hɨ-
|-
! Indeterminate
| *-t'ɨ-
| *-t'ɨ-
|-
|}

===Ablaut===

{|class="wikitable"
|-
!colspan="2"|  
! Ablaut
! Usage
|-
!colspan="2"| I
|
| Verbs?
|-
!rowspan="2"| II
! A
|
| Verbs?
|-
! B
|
| Verbs?
|-
|}

==Lexicon==

[[Category:Cardial]]

Talk:Proto-Cardial

2018-11-07T22:38:15Z

Spinovenator:

Proto-Cardial

2018-11-07T22:29:44Z

Spinovenator: /* Phonology */

'''Proto-Cardial''' is the reconstructed common ancestor of the [[Cardial]] languages. It is estimated to have been spoken around '''6.200 BC''', and it's asociated to [[wikipedia:Cardium pottery|Cardium pottery]].

==Phonology==

===Consonants===

{|class="wikitable"
|-
!rowspan="2" colspan="2"|  
!rowspan="2"|Labial
!rowspan="2"|Dental
!colspan="2"|Alveolar
!rowspan="2"|Velar
!rowspan="2"|Uvular
!rowspan="2"|Glottal
|-
!Sibilant
!Lateral
|-
!colspan="2"|Nasals
| *m
| *n
|
|
| *ŋ
|
|
|-
!rowspan="3"|Stops
! Ejective
| *p'
| *t'
|
|
| *k'
| *q'
|
|-
! Voiceless
| *p
| *t
|
|
| *k
| *q
| *ʔ
|-
! Voiced
| *b
| *d
|
|
| *g
| *ɢ
|
|-
!rowspan="3"|Affricates
! Ejective
|
| *ts'
| *tʃ'
|
|
|
|
|-
! Voiceless
|
| *ts
| *tʃ
| *tɬ
|
|
|
|-
! Voiced
|
| *dz
| *dʒ
|
|
|
|
|-
!colspan="2"|Fricatives
|
| *s ~ *z?
| *ʃ ~ *ʒ?
|
| *x
| *χ
| *h
|-
!colspan="2"|Liquid
|
| *l
| *r
| *ɬ
| *ɫ
|
|
|-
|}

Maybe *ɫ ~ *lʲ were allophones.

===Vowels===

{|class="wikitable"
|-
!  
! Front
! Central
! Back
|-
! High
| *i
| *ɨ
| *u
|-
! Mid
| *e
| *ə
| *o
|-
! Low
| *æ
| *ɐ
| *a
|-
|}

The vowel system shows serious difficulties to be reconstructed, this is compounded by the lack of data and extreme vocalic changes in the daughter languages. Many authors have proposed a system of three central vowels that affect the consonants and that alternate between them in patterns of allophony and ablaut, this centralized system is very important to understand the stress.

{|class="wikitable"
|-
! '''Centralized System'''
! Palatized
! Central
! Labialized
|-
! High
| *ʲɨ /i/
| *ɨ
| *ʷɨ /u/
|-
! Mid
| *ʲə /e/
| *ə
| *ʷə /o/
|-
! Low
| *ʲɐ /æ/
| *ɐ
| *ʷɐ /a/
|-
|}

====Stress====

The reconstructed stress patterns is very simple and it is based on the system of centralized vowels as follows, "ə" and "ɨ" allow stress in the last syllable, while "ɐ" does not allow it, so "ɐ" always appears stressed in the penultimate syllable.

'''In daughter languages the "ɐ" stressed in the penultimate syllable losts the stress and...:'''

* disappears in ''southern Italy'' and ''Iberian peninsula''.

* geminates the posterior consonant in ''the Mediterranean islands'' and ''northern Africa''.

* evolves to "ɐʔ" in ''Alps''.

* the vowel lengthens gaining strength and weakening the vowels of the last syllabe until they disappear in higher stages, in ''Tartessian''.

** the rest of the daughter families maintain the archaic stress pattern.

==Evolution of phonology==

===Stops and aspirates===

'''Proto-Southern:''' The '''cyclic theory''' is given in several Cardial languages, consists of an exchange of ejectives by voiceless and vice versa. The development of aspirates is: *h > ʔ; *x > h; *χ > h.

'''Proto-Northern:''' All voiced evolved to aspirated voiced and ejectives evolved to voiced to take his place, except uvulars and glottal that evolved as follows: *ɢ > ʁ; *q’ > χ; *q > k; *ʔ > ɦ. Aspirates "h", "x" and "χ" are preserved.

===Sibilants and affricates===

'''Proto-Southern:''' The affricates fulfill the '''cyclic theory''', the biconsonantal groups as *SC > CS become as affricated, after fulfilling the cyclic theory. The palatized sibilants evolved to *zʲ > ʑ; *sʲ > ɕ.

'''Proto-Northern:''' Palatization in this phonemes is completely losts, just like *t'S- > Sk-; *-t'S- > -S- only in affricate possition. All the affricates become as follows *CS > SC. All sibilants merged with *s.

===Nasals and liquids===

'''Proto-Southern:''' The only change produced is on a labialized nasal, *ŋʷ > m. The liquids remain intact.

'''Proto-Northern:''' There is only a change on nasals, *ŋ > nn. The changes on liquids are also minimal, *tɬ- > s-; *-tɬ- > -ɬt-.

===Vowels===

'''Proto-Western:''' It is presupposed of this vowel system to be the original of the group, and it is reconstructed for an urheimat in southern Italy, which would eventually extend to the Mediterranean islands and northern Africa.

{|class="wikitable"
|-
!  
! Front (Palatized)
! Central
! Back (Labialized)
|-
! High
| *ʲɨ ~ *i
| *ɨ
| *ʷɨ ~ *u
|-
! Mid
| *ʲə ~ *e
| *ə
| *ʷə ~ *o
|-
! Low
| *ʲɐ ~ *æ
| *ɐ
| *ʷɐ ~ *a
|-
|}

'''Proto-Eastern:''' It seems that the vowel changes are subsequent to the colonization of southern Italy, and seem to be shared by the entire Balkan area.

{|class="wikitable"
|-
!  
! Front
! Central
! Back
|-
! High
| *i > e > 0
| *ɨ > o
| *u > e
|-
! Mid
|
| *ə > o
| *u > e
|-
! Low
| *e > 0
| *a
| *o > u > e
|-
|}

* '''Proto-Southern:''' Only found in Epirus, it is a strange case, it seems to be a serious innovation because southern Italy did not suffer these vowel changes.

{|class="wikitable"
|-
!  
! Palatized
! Central
! Labialized
|-
! High
|
| *o
| *ʷa > 0
|-
! Mid
|
| *e
| *ʷa > 0
|-
! Low
| *ʲa > 0
| *a
| *ʷe > 0
|-
|}

* '''Proto-Northern:''' The urheimat is presupossed to be in Slovenia, this system gave rise to the whole northern group.

{|class="wikitable"
|-
!  
! Front
! Central
! Back
|-
! High
| *ai > ʲi > i
| *ø > e
| *au > ʷu > e
|-
! Mid
|
| *ə > o ~ u
| *au > ʷu > e
|-
! Low
| *ei > ʲi > i
| *a
| *eu > ʷu > e
|-
|}

==Morphology==

===Pronouns===

{|class="wikitable"
|-
!colspan="2"|  
! Singular
! Plural
|-
!rowspan="2"| 1st person
! Exclusive
| *ʔɐgɐ ~ *ʔɐkɐ
| *ŋɐ
|-
! Inclusive
| -
| *bɐ
|-
!rowspan="2"| 2nd person
! Casual
| *t'u
| *χa
|-
! Polite
| *si
| *χæ
|-
!colspan="2"| 3rd person
| *sɐ
| *sɐ?
|-
!rowspan="5"| Demonstrative
! Proximal
| *ʔi
| *hi
|-
! Medial-proximal
| *ʔe
| *he
|-
! Medial-distal
| *ʔu
| *hu
|-
! Distal
| *ʔa
| *ha
|-
! Indeterminate
| *t'ɐ
| *t'ɐ?
|-
!rowspan="2"| Interrogative/relative
! Thing (What)
| *mɐ
| *mɐ?
|-
! Person (Who)
| *ŋɨʃɐ
| *ŋɨʃɐ?
|-
|}

===Ablaut===

{|class="wikitable"
|-
!colspan="2"|  
! Ablaut
! Usage
|-
!colspan="2"| I
|
| Verbs?
|-
!rowspan="2"| II
! A
|
| Verbs?
|-
! B
|
| Verbs?
|-
|}

==Phrase and Verbal paradigm==

The type of verbal conjugation varies according to the type of phrase you want to build, only the following sentences are allowed.

==='''Class I'''===

* Subject is marked with: Nominative; Subject is allowed optionally

* Object is marked with: Absolutive; Object is allowed optionally

* Articles, relatives and postpositions are allowed optionally

* Verb is allowed; Mostly Intransitive

* Word Order: OSV

====Verb====

* The verbal stem suffers an ablaut of type IIa

{|class="wikitable"
|-
| Direct Object (Abs.)
| Indirect Object (Gen.)
| Subject
| VERB STEM
| Transitivity
| Perfective
| Post-verb
| Imperfective
|-
|}

==='''Class II'''===

* Subject is marked with: Nominative; Subject is allowed optionally

* Object is marked with: Absolutive; Object is allowed optionally

* Articles, relatives and postpositions are prohibited

* Verb is allowed; Mostly Transitive

* Word Order: OVS

====Verb====

* The verbal stem suffers an ablaut of type IIb

{|class="wikitable"
|-
| Subject
| VERB STEM
| Object
| Perfective
|-
|}

==='''Class III'''===

* Subject is marked with: Ergative; Subject is allowed optionally

* Object is marked with: Absolutive; Object is obligatory

* Articles, relatives and postpositions are allowed optionally

* Verb is obligatory; Only Transitive

* Word Order: SOV

====Verb====

* The verbal stem do not suffers an ablaut

{|class="wikitable"
|-
| Subject (Erg.)
| Object (Abs.)
| VERB STEM
| Transitivity
| Perfectivity
|-
|}

==='''Class IV'''===

* Subject is marked with: Nominative; Subject is allowed optionally

* Object is not marked; Object is allowed optionally

* Articles, relatives and postpositions are allowed optionally

* Verb is allowed; Mostly Intransitive

* Word Order: SVO

====Verb====

* The verbal stem suffers an ablaut of type IIa

{|class="wikitable"
|-
| Direct Object (Abs.)
| Indirect Object (Gen.)
| Subject (Abs.)
| VERB STEM
| Transitivity
| Perfective
| Post-verb
| Imperfective
|-
|}

==='''Class V'''===

* Subject is marked with: Nominative; Subject is allowed optionally

* Object is prohibited

* Articles and postpositions are prohibited; Relatives are allowed optionally

* Verb is allowed; Only Intransitive

* Word Order: VSO

====Verb====

* The verbal stem suffers an ablaut of type I

{|class="wikitable"
|-
| Subject
| VERB STEM
| Object
|-
|}

==Lexicon==

[[Category:Cardial]]

Proto-Cardial

2018-11-07T13:25:17Z

Spinovenator:

Category:Cardial

2018-10-28T17:14:09Z

Spinovenator: Created blank page

Proto-Cardial

2018-10-28T17:12:46Z

Spinovenator:

Proto-Cardial

2018-10-28T16:32:17Z

Spinovenator: /* Verbal paradigm */

Proto-Cardial

2018-10-28T16:01:16Z

Spinovenator:

Cardial

2018-10-27T17:16:11Z

Spinovenator: /* Diachronic evolution of languages */

'''Cardial''' is a [[language family]] created by [[User:Spinovenator|Spinovenator]]. The Cardial languages represent descendants of the language of '''Cardium pottery culture or Cardial impressed culture''' of Neolithic Mediterranean Europe. Originally these languages were spoken by farmers that carrying Y-DNA haplogroup G2a, distantly related to the [[wikipedia:Kartvelian languages|Kartvelian]] and [[Midrean]] languages.

This idea was born on the assumption that the Cardium pottery culture was a culture with good maritime skills and that it was linked to a culture of its own and was not just a cultural movement of southern Europe. This original language is known as '''[[Proto-Cardial]]'''.

==Diachronic evolution of languages==

Cardial languages are postulated to evolve from a period of a dialectal continuum, so that the relationship between languages could not be fully understood had it not been for their relatives with the surrounding tongues through contact time.

* Proto-Cardial
:* South I
::* South II
:::* South III
::* South Italian I
:::* South Italian II
::::* South Italian III
:::* Sicilian I
::::* Sicilian II
:::::* Sicilian III
:::::* Tunisian I (Influenced by: Sardinian II)
::::::* Tunisian II
:::::::* Tunisian III
::::* Libian I?
:::::* Libian II?
::::::* Libian III?
::::* Sardinian I
:::::* Sardinian II
::::::* Sardinian III
:::::* Corsican I
::::::* Corsican II
:::::::* Corsican III
:* North I
::* North II
:::* North III
:::* North Italian I (Influenced by: South Italian I)
::::* North Italian II
:::::* North Italian II
::::* Alpine I?
:::::* Alpine II?
::::::* Alpine II?
::::* French I (Influenced by: Corsican II)
:::::* French II
::::::* French III
:::::* Spanish I
::::::* Spanish II
:::::::* Spanish III
::::::* Tartessian I (Influenced by: Tunisian II)
:::::::* Tartessian II
::::::::* Tartessian III
:::::::::* Atlantic I (Influenced by: South Portugal II)
::::::::::* Atlantic II (Influenced by: North Portugal II)
:::::::::::* Atlantic III
::::::* South Portugal I (Influenced by: Tartessian II)
:::::::* South Portugal II
::::::::* South Portugal III
:::::::* North Portugal I
::::::::* North Portugal II
:::::::::* North Portugal III

==See also==

* [[Agroic languages]]
* [[Cardial-Impresso languages]]

[[Category:Cardial]]

Cardial

2018-10-27T16:52:58Z

Spinovenator:

'''Cardial''' is a [[language family]] created by [[User:Spinovenator|Spinovenator]]. The Cardial languages represent descendants of the language of '''Cardium pottery culture or Cardial impressed culture''' of Neolithic Mediterranean Europe. Originally these languages were spoken by farmers that carrying Y-DNA haplogroup G2a, distantly related to the [[wikipedia:Kartvelian languages|Kartvelian]] and [[Midrean]] languages.

This idea was born on the assumption that the Cardium pottery culture was a culture with good maritime skills and that it was linked to a culture of its own and was not just a cultural movement of southern Europe. This original language is known as '''[[Proto-Cardial]]'''.

==Diachronic evolution of languages==

Cardial languages are postulated to evolve from a period of a dialectal continuum, so that the relationship between languages could not be fully understood had it not been for their relatives with the surrounding tongues through contact time.

Proto-Cardial
* South I
:* South Italian I
::* South Italian II
::* Sicilian I
:::* Libian I?
:::* Sardinian I
::::* Sardinian II
:::::* Sardinian III
::::* Corsican I
:::::* Corsican II
::::::* Corsican III
:::* Sicilian II
::::* Tunisian I (Influenced by: Sardinian II)
:::::* Tunisian II
::::::* Tunisian III
* North I
:* North II
::* North Italian I (Influenced by: South Italian I)
:::* North Italian II
:::* Alpine I?
:::* French I (Influenced by: Corsican II)
::::* French II
::::* Spanish I
:::::* Tartessian I (Influenced by: Tunisian II)
::::::* Tartessian II
:::::::* Tartessian III
::::::::* Atlantic I (Influenced by: South Portugal II)
:::::::::* Atlantic II (Influenced by: North Portugal II)
::::::::::* Atlantic III
:::::* South Portugal I (Influenced by: Tartessian II)
::::::* South Portugal II
:::::::* South Portugal III
::::::* North Portugal I
:::::::* North Portugal II
::::::::* North Portugal III

==See also==

* [[Agroic languages]]
* [[Cardial-Impresso languages]]

[[Category:Cardial]]

Proto-Cardial

2018-10-27T15:43:59Z

Spinovenator:

Proto-Cardial is the reconstructed common ancestor of the [[Cardial]] languages. It is estimated to have been spoken around 6.200 BC, and it's asociated to [[wikipedia:Cardium pottery|Cardium pottery]].

==Phonology==

===Consonants===

{|class="wikitable"
|-
!rowspan="2" colspan="2"|  
!rowspan="2"|Labial
!rowspan="2"|Dental
!colspan="2"|Alveolar
!rowspan="2"|Velar
!rowspan="2"|Uvular
!rowspan="2"|Glottal
|-
!Sibilant
!Lateral
|-
!colspan="2"|Nasals
| *m
| *n
|
|
| *ŋ
|
|
|-
!rowspan="3"|Stops
! Ejective
| *p'
| *t'
|
|
| *k'
| *q'
|
|-
! Voiceless
| *p
| *t
|
|
| *k
| *q
| *ʔ
|-
! Voiced
| *b
| *d
|
|
| *g
| *ɢ
|
|-
!rowspan="3"|Affricates
! Ejective
|
| *ts'
| *tʃ'
|
|
|
|
|-
! Voiceless
|
| *ts
| *tʃ
| *tɬ
|
|
|
|-
! Voiced
|
| *dz
| *dʒ
|
|
|
|
|-
!colspan="2"|Fricatives
|
| *s ~ *z?
| *ʃ ~ *ʒ?
|
| *x
| *χ
| *h
|-
!colspan="2"|Liquid
|
| *l
| *r
| *ɬ
| *ɫ
|
|
|-
|}

===Vowels===

{|class="wikitable"
|-
!  
! Front
! Central
! Back
|-
! High
| *i
| *ɨ
| *u
|-
! Mid
| *e
| *ə
| *o
|-
! Low
| *æ
| *ɐ
| *a
|-
|}

The vowel system shows serious difficulties to be reconstructed, many authors have proposed a system of three central vowels that affect the consonants and that alternate between them in patterns of allophony and ablaut, this is compounded by the lack of data and extreme vocalic changes in the daughter languages.

{|class="wikitable"
|-
!  
! Palatized
! Central
! Labialized
|-
! High
| *ʲɨ /i/
| *ɨ
| *ʷɨ /u/
|-
! Mid
| *ʲə /e/
| *ə
| *ʷə /o/
|-
! Low
| *ʲɐ /æ/
| *ɐ
| *ʷɐ /a/
|-
|}

==Morphology==

===Pronouns===

{|class="wikitable"
|-
!colspan="2"|  
! Singular
! Plural
|-
!rowspan="2"| 1st person
! Exclusive
| *ʔɐgɐ ~ *ʔɐkɐ
| *ŋɐ
|-
! Inclusive
| -
| *bɐ
|-
!rowspan="2"| 2nd person
! Casual
| *t'u
| *χa
|-
! Polite
| *si
| *χæ
|-
!colspan="2"| 3rd person
| *sɐ
| *sɐ?
|-
!rowspan="5"| Demonstrative
! Proximal
| *ʔi
| *hi
|-
! Medial-proximal
| *ʔe
| *he
|-
! Medial-distal
| *ʔu
| *hu
|-
! Distal
| *ʔa
| *ha
|-
! Indeterminate
| *t'ɐ
| *t'ɐ?
|-
!rowspan="2"| Interrogative/relative
! Thing (What)
| *mɐ
| *mɐ?
|-
! Person (Who)
| *ŋɨʃɐ
| *ŋɨʃɐ?
|-
|}

==Lexicon==

Cardial

2018-10-27T13:39:44Z

Spinovenator:

Cardial

2018-10-27T13:31:53Z

Spinovenator:

Cardial

2018-10-27T13:31:20Z

Spinovenator:

Cardial

2018-10-27T13:30:06Z

Spinovenator:

Talk:Huamish

2018-10-27T13:10:06Z

Spinovenator: Spinovenator moved page Talk:Huamish to Talk:Cardial: It's more correct

#REDIRECT [[Talk:Cardial]]

Talk:Cardial

2018-10-27T13:10:06Z

Spinovenator: Spinovenator moved page Talk:Huamish to Talk:Cardial: It's more correct

==The end of Tommian==

Meanwhile, I have grown sceptical of connections between Y-DNA haplogroups and language families, as mismatches are far too common (such as the Basques and R1b). Hence, I decided last week that the "Tommian" language family probably never existed, and I considered breaking it up such that the name "Tommian" would refer only to one of the language groups encompassed in the old concept. Since then, the guy whom the thing was named for has turned out to be a fraud, and hence I deleted the "Tommian" pages. [[Razaric]] is now a stand-alone family without known external relatives. Whether [[Kreluri]] will stand or fall, is entirely open. Also, it has turned out that Proto-Kartvelian probably was a typical nominative-accusative language; ergativity in Kartvelian languages seems to be a rather late innovation, as the ergative markers in the languages are not cognate (only the closely related pair Mingrelian-Laz shares the same ergative suffix), and verb morphology is thoroughly nom-acc. So there goes the notion of a great Para-Kartvelian language family in Neolithic Europe. It no longer makes sense to me. ..[[User:WeepingElf|WeepingElf]] ([[User talk:WeepingElf|talk]]) 10:22, 7 May 2018 (PDT)

== The rebirth of Tommian as Mirian ==

I am not sure whether this family will indeed be related to Kartvelian, but I have restored Tommian as [[Mirian]]. --[[User:WeepingElf|WeepingElf]] ([[User talk:WeepingElf|talk]]) 12:24, 8 May 2018 (PDT)

== Para-Kartvelian family ==

It seems to me that the Proto-Kartvelian appeared in northern Anatolia where they contacted the proto-Indo-European peoples and adopted ablaut, and moved on to the Caucasus later. Possibly entering an environment with ergative languages adopted a split ergativity. What you say is very important, the verb shows that it was nom-acc, I realized. Personally I think that the verb is a fossilized marker of the ancient language, and that also happens with the reconstruction of the Proto-Indo-European verb.

Note: The Spanish and the Aragonese, and the Iberorromance in general, show similar ergativity in some expressions, that is why in Spanish it is rare to use the passive voice, this may be due to the influence of the Basque language. Maybe possibly this could be the first stages of contact.

On the other hand, I think that Mirian is a good idea but maybe it was not para-kartvelian. Personally I liked it when at the beginning of the description you relates it to eteonoric in some words, think that! Possibily the para-kartvelian family would be small groups of people, not far from the Balkans.

I'm rethinking Huamish, maybe I'll modify it because I do not like how it fit. I originally thought of doing a para-kartvelian language for cardial, in the case of that, Huamish would be his descendant and also related it to argaric (*bast-uli, the suffix *-uli presumably of para-kartvelian origin, but now I think it could be proto-Basque * -ela), but now I do not think that cardial had a large population impact on the peninsula. The suffix *-oli, *-uli, -*eli, can be find around all tribes of the Iberian penisula, but I think that this would be para-basque. I do not know how to improve it. --[[User:Spinovenator|Spinovenator]] ([[User talk:Spinovenator|talk]]) 15:09, 10 May 2018 (PDT)

Mirian is pretty much an open issue still. Is it related to Kartvelian? Is Razaric a part of it? These two questions are ones where I don't know how to answer them. The Kartvelian verb is quite purely nom-acc, and the ergatives in the Kartvelian languages are not cognate; hence it is parsimonious to think of Proto-Kartvelian as a nom-acc language and that the ''individual'' Kartvelian languages developed ergativity as an areal or substratal trait. And it may be that this substratum, not Kartvelian, was the "original" language of the G2a Y-DNA haplogroup (if there is such a thing at all, I have since grown sceptical of haplogroup/language connections!), and the LBK people spoke a sister of ''that''. Also, it is uncertain whether the Cardial people spoke a language related to the LBK.

I more and more lean to breaking this thing up entirely, with one family in LBK central Europe, and a ''completely different'' language family in the Neolithic British Isles. If the LBK language is unrelated to Kartvelian, then Eteonoric may be a branch of it! After all, the survival of an LBK-descended language in the eastern Alps is more likely than that of a Mesolithic one. My realization that Proto-Kartvelian probably was a nom-acc language has done much to dispel the Kartvelophilia I entertained when I began with all this. (Also, if the Cardial was not Para-Kartvelian, their language may have been Vasconic. There apparently is evidence in Sardinian place name of a Vasconic language in Sardinia, and the Basque-Iberian question must still be regarded open. While Basque has not been very helpful in understanding Iberian, the two languages ''do'' show some affinity.) --[[User:WeepingElf|WeepingElf]] ([[User talk:WeepingElf|talk]]) 12:09, 14 May 2018 (PDT)

Huamish

2018-10-27T13:10:06Z

Spinovenator: Spinovenator moved page Huamish to Cardial: It's more correct

#REDIRECT [[Cardial]]

Cardial

2018-10-27T13:10:06Z

Spinovenator: Spinovenator moved page Huamish to Cardial: It's more correct

Talk:Proto-Huamish

2018-10-27T13:09:00Z

Spinovenator: Spinovenator moved page Talk:Proto-Huamish to Talk:Proto-Cardial: It's more correct

#REDIRECT [[Talk:Proto-Cardial]]

Talk:Proto-Cardial

2018-10-27T13:09:00Z

Spinovenator: Spinovenator moved page Talk:Proto-Huamish to Talk:Proto-Cardial: It's more correct

Proto-Huamish

2018-10-27T13:09:00Z

Spinovenator: Spinovenator moved page Proto-Huamish to Proto-Cardial: It's more correct

#REDIRECT [[Proto-Cardial]]

Proto-Cardial

2018-10-27T13:08:59Z

Spinovenator: Spinovenator moved page Proto-Huamish to Proto-Cardial: It's more correct

==Phonology==

===Consonants===

{|class="wikitable"
|-
!rowspan="2" colspan="2"|  
!rowspan="2"|Labial
!rowspan="2"|Dental
!colspan="2"|Alveolar
!rowspan="2"|Velar
!rowspan="2"|Uvular
!rowspan="2"|Glottal
|-
!Sibilant
!Lateral
|-
!colspan="2"|Nasals
| *m
| *n
|
|
| *ŋ
|
|
|-
!rowspan="3"|Stops
! Ejective
| *p'
| *t'
|
|
| *k'
| *q'
|
|-
! Voiceless
| *p
| *t
|
|
| *k
| *q
| *ʔ
|-
! Voiced
| *b
| *d
|
|
| *g
| *ɢ
|
|-
!rowspan="3"|Affricates
! Ejective
|
| *ts'
| *tʃ'
|
|
|
|
|-
! Voiceless
|
| *ts
| *tʃ
| *tɬ
|
|
|
|-
! Voiced
|
| *dz
| *dʒ
|
|
|
|
|-
!colspan="2"|Fricatives
|
| *s ~ *z?
| *ʃ ~ *ʒ?
|
| *x
| *χ
| *h
|-
!colspan="2"|Liquid
|
| *l
| *r
| *ɬ
| *ɫ
|
|
|-
|}

===Vowels===

{|class="wikitable"
|-
!  
! Front
! Central
! Back
|-
! High
| *i
| *ɨ
| *u
|-
! Mid
| *e
| *ə
| *o
|-
! Low
| *æ
| *ɐ
| *a
|-
|}

Proto-Cardial

2018-10-27T13:03:45Z

Spinovenator: /* Consonants */

Proto-Cardial

2018-10-27T12:30:20Z

Spinovenator:

==Phonology==

===Consonants===

{|class="wikitable"
|-
!colspan="2" rowspan="2"|
!rowspan="2"|Labial
!rowspan="2"|Dental
!colspan="3"|Alveolar sibilant
!rowspan="2"|Alveolar lateral
!rowspan="2"|Velar
!rowspan="2"|Uvular
!rowspan="2"|Glottal
|-
!colspan="2"|Nasals
| *m
| *n
|
|
| *ŋ
|
|
|-
!rowspan="3"|Stops
! Ejective
| *p'
| *t'
|
|
| *k'
| *q'
|
|-
! Voiceless
| *p
| *t
|
|
| *k
| *q
| *ʔ
|-
! Voiced
| *b
| *d
|
|
| *g
| *ɢ
|
|-
!rowspan="3"|Affricates
! Ejective
|
| *t's
| *t'ʃ
| *t'ɬ
|
|
|
|-
! Voiceless
|
| *ts
| *tʃ
| *tɬ
|
|
|
|-
! Voiced
|
| *ds
| *dʃ
| *dɬ
|
|
|
|-
!rowspan="2"|Fricatives
!
|
| *s
| *ʃ
| *ɬ
| *x
| *χ
| *h
|-
!colspan="2"|Aproximant
!
|
| *l
| *r
|
| *ɫ
|
|
|-
|}

===Vowels===

{|class="wikitable"
|-
!  
! Front
! Central
! Back
|-
! High
| *i
| *ɨ
| *u
|-
! Mid
| *e
| *ə
| *o
|-
! Low
| *æ
| *ɐ
| *a
|-
|}

User talk:WeepingElf

2018-10-25T18:05:33Z

Spinovenator:

{{TOCright}}
== Flafi ==
oh my god hahahaha [[Flafi]] is such a hilarious language. it's like pokémon, which can only say their own name, truncations of it, repetitions of it but nothing else. hahahaha you've made my day oh gosh this is too funny. -grin --[[User:Denihilonihil|Denihilonihil]] 08:13, 22 February 2006 (PST)

== Silindion ==
Joerg, I've updated more of the Silindion page, if you'd like to take a look. [[User:Erelion12]]

== Canarese ==

You do know, I suppose, that 'Canarese' is an older English term for the Dravidian language Kannaḍa. Actually [[wp:Canarese]] redirects to [[wp:Kannada language]]! Why not 'Canarian' to resolve the ambiguity? [[wp:Canarian]] redirects to a page about the modern people of the Canary Islands. The OTL aborigines and their language are called [[wp:Guanche|Guanche]]. [[User:Melroch|BPJ]] 17:21, 9 November 2009 (UTC)

== The language template ==
Hi, I was wondering if you could help me with the language summary template? I need one without the fields genealogy, word order, morphological type and morphosyntactic alignment, because I'm using it on [[Suomitsuzuri|an orthography page]]. But simply deleting those fields won't get rid of them. What's the actual wiki-code for this table?

'''Answer:'''

You can delete the relevant rows just like you can delete any other source code in your page. Where is the problem?
 
They don't disappear from the table when viewing the page normally, even if I delete those rows from the code. 
Then I'm wondering if you could help me with another related problem. ;) I'm writing [[Revived_Middle_Cornish|this article]], and have that same template in it. Although, it seems to have been updated since when I last wrote to you, because it looks completely different now. In the genealogy section, I want to specify "Revived Middle Cornish" as a dialect, but I don't understand how to do that, or what the end result is supposed to look like exactly. This template's [http://www.frathwiki.com/Template:Language help page] isn't helpful now that the code looks different. :/ 
[[User:Qwynegold|Qwynegold]] 12:15, 10 November 2012 (PST)

I cannot help you because the template is no longer the way I made it. I did not write the code you have trouble with. Somebody else has added some magic to it which is beyond my understanding. [[User:WeepingElf|WeepingElf]] 11:45, 12 November 2012 (PST)

Oh, I see. Oh well, thanks anyway.
[[User:Qwynegold|Qwynegold]] 04:48, 14 November 2012 (PST)

== Hello! ==

Hey there! I'm Wattmann (duh), from the forums! Just wanted to say hello :) [[User:Wattmann| - The Swamp Watcher ]] 15:29, 19 September 2012 (PDT)

Thanks for the add! -- [[User:Hammerfeallan]] 21:59, 25 June 2018

== Admin ==
I realize this may be a few years overdue, but congrats on your Admin status here! [[User:Masako|masako]]

== Questions ==
Hello there! I wasn't sure if [[User:Muke|Muke]] was still active or not, so I looked at the Active User list to find an Admin who is still actively using the Wiki; and I found you! Anyway, I have a few things and was wondering if you could help me out with them:

* Do you know if folks actively purge stuff out of the [[:Category:For deletion|For deletion]] category? If not, is there a better way to ask Admins to delete things for me?
** Relatedly, as I tend to mess with naming conventions and what not, I was wondering if it would be possible for someone to give me the ability to rename pages and suppress the automatic creation of a re-direct page. I know this isn't generally done for ordinary users, but I can assure you that I have no interest in purposefully breaking links willy-nilly and actually would just like to be able to move my stuff around when I need to without creating a swath of dead pages in my wake that may never get dumped themselves. I am well aware of checking the "What links here?" link to make sure that when I move things it makes as few dead links as possible. Just a thought that might make less work for you guys in the long run and minimize the number of dead pages I end up making.
* And, finally, I have been messing around a lot with a template that creates a table for use within another table. Unfortunately, it has a bad habit of being obnoxious and won't let me center the resulting tables inside the cells of the other table I am using it in. Is there a better way to do this (mayhap using div-boxes or spans, or some other trickery I just don't know)? If not, can you make any suggestions for the syntax of the page/templates in question. They are: [[Vingdagese#Characters]], [[Template:VDT+]] and the other version of the template which basically just makes placing Files easier [[Template:VDT]].

Also, I hope you don't mind, but I added some headings to some of the earlier questions that folks posted here as they appeared above the auto-generated TOC. I also shifted it to the right side of the page so that it intrudes less in the flow of text. I apologize if that was a bit too presumptuous of me. I just know that Talk pages can get pretty out of hand eventually.

Thanks in advance for any assistance you are able to give me! — [[File:Pill-37.png|24px|link=User:Thirty7]] {{small|[[User talk:Thirty7|Talk]] {{dot}} [[Special:Contributions/Thirty7|Cont]]}}  01:57, 18 September 2017 (PDT)

:Well, thanks for the answer, such as it was. Do you have a suggestion as to who might be better able to answer my questions? — [[File:Pill-37.png|24px|link=User:Thirty7]] {{small|[[User talk:Thirty7|Talk]] {{dot}} [[Special:Contributions/Thirty7|Cont]]}}  20:53, 19 September 2017 (PDT)
:: Thanks just the same for the responses! — [[File:Pill-37.png|24px|link=User:Thirty7]] {{small|[[User talk:Thirty7|Talk]] {{dot}} [[Special:Contributions/Thirty7|Cont]]}}  01:23, 25 September 2017 (PDT)

== League of Lost Languages ==

Hello! Thank you very much for accepting me in the community! I've been looking at projects here for many times, I find interesting the topic of Ibero-Hesperic, like [[Balla]] and [[Corunese]], Have you thought about these languages?--[[User:Spinovenator|Spinovenator]] ([[User talk:Spinovenator|talk]]) 16:12, 15 December 2017 (PST)

I haven't done much work on them yet, and they are rather low priority; I am currently focussing on [[Proto-Hesperic]] and [[Old Albic]]. --[[User:WeepingElf|WeepingElf]] ([[User talk:WeepingElf|talk]]) 12:08, 17 December 2017 (PST)

OK, Thank you! Would be there any way to participate in [[League of Lost Languages]]? I have some ideas. --[[User:Spinovenator|Spinovenator]] ([[User talk:Spinovenator|talk]]) 06:10, 18 December 2017 (PST)

You can join, by subscribing to the lostlangs@yahoogroups.com mailing list; but I should warn you that that list is virtually dead, and the League of Lost Languages is essentially a thing of the past. Nobody except me works on that thing any more, it seems. --[[User:WeepingElf|WeepingElf]] ([[User talk:WeepingElf|talk]]) 08:23, 18 December 2017 (PST)

I have set up [[Ibero-Hesperic Brainstorming|a little brainstorming page]] for our purposes. --[[User:WeepingElf|WeepingElf]] ([[User talk:WeepingElf|talk]]) 11:40, 19 December 2017 (PST)

Oh it's perfect! I want to actively participate in these languages, in a few months I'll have some more time, because now I'm busy with the studies... I'm anxious to create a "Proto-Ibero-Hesperic"! --[[User:Spinovenator|Spinovenator]] ([[User talk:Spinovenator|talk]]) 15:53, 11 January 2018 (PST)

I have seen your edits on the brainstorming page. You have suggested wholesale borrowings of Basque inflectional suffixes into Ibero-Hesperic. This, however, is '''not the way such things work'''. I rather thought of building Basque-like syntactic structures from morphemes inherited from [[Proto-Hesperic]]. --[[User:WeepingElf|WeepingElf]] ([[User talk:WeepingElf|talk]]) 11:58, 12 January 2018 (PST)

Sorry, It was a copy of the Basque characteristics that I got out of wikipedia and I put it without wanting to, I do not want the Proto-Ibero-Hesperic to be like the Basque, only that it has similar characteristics. It has been a mistake. --[[User:Spinovenator|Spinovenator]] ([[User talk:Spinovenator|talk]]) 12:45, 12 January 2018 (PST)

Fine. I think we are coming to terms. --[[User:WeepingElf|WeepingElf]] ([[User talk:WeepingElf|talk]]) 06:08, 13 January 2018 (PST)

I need a word in Proto-Hesperic to name "Ibero-Hesperic", as a "person", "language" or other. I had thought about naming him with the *Usk- stem, adopted from the Proto-Basque language, but it would not be logical for native Basques to call foreigners by their name, or for Proto-Ibero-Hesperic to adopt the name of the natives without being culturally absorbed. I have seen your work with [[Tommian]] Family, in case you need it for the kartvelian etymology, there is a good page that I use [http://starling.rinet.ru/cgi-bin/response.cgi?root=config&morpho=0&basename=\data\kart\kartet&first=1] --[[User:Spinovenator|Spinovenator]] ([[User talk:Spinovenator|talk]]) 15:30, 14 January 2018 (PST)

Fine; I have to think about your suggestions. You should check the directions of the arrows, though; it seems to me as if some were backwards. It is old > new, or new < old. However, I feel that at the present stage, this project is premature (though we can already talk about it, of course), as I still have a lot to work on Proto-Hesperic and West Hesperic (as an intermediate protolanguage). (Also, Tommian is in a very early stage, and the sound changes not yet laid down.) --[[User:WeepingElf|WeepingElf]] ([[User talk:WeepingElf|talk]]) 09:13, 15 January 2018 (PST)

Ok, it's already revised. I have other ideas to carry out in other [[Paleo-Hispanic languages]]. I'll wait until you have more information about Proto-Hesperic. --[[User:Spinovenator|Spinovenator]] ([[User talk:Spinovenator|talk]]) 07:57, 18 January 2018 (PST)

I have added a note on the geographical range of Ibero-Hesperic to the brainstorming page. --[[User:WeepingElf|WeepingElf]] ([[User talk:WeepingElf|talk]]) 13:13, 18 January 2018 (PST)

Perfect! Do you think that the ancient Greeks could have related the Ibero-Hesperic peoples to Oestriminis, Ophiussa, Sefes and Dragani (names that appear in [Ora maritima https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ora_maritima])? --[[User:Spinovenator|Spinovenator]] ([[User talk:Spinovenator|talk]]) 13:42, 18 January 2018 (PST)

Frankly, I have no ideas about those old names. --[[User:WeepingElf|WeepingElf]] ([[User talk:WeepingElf|talk]]) 10:38, 19 January 2018 (PST)

Sorry for the inconvenience, is there any easier way to make a data table (declension, phonemes, etc...)? Also you could change the name to [[Huamish]] for '''Eteolusitanian''', if it seems right? --[[User:Spinovenator|Spinovenator]] ([[User talk:Spinovenator|talk]]) 13:05, 24 January 2018 (PST)

You mean, rename it ''from'' "Huamish" ''to'' "Eteolusitanian"? I could do that, yes, but first I'll ask you why you want to abandon such a nice short name in favour of a much more cumbersome and long-winded one (8 sylllables!). --[[User:WeepingElf|WeepingElf]] ([[User talk:WeepingElf|talk]]) 06:31, 25 January 2018 (PST)

Okay, it's also true, it's that I thought about changing to give information about its origin, but I'll leave it as well as huamish. Thank you! I have an other question, is there any easier way to make a data table (declension, phonemes, etc...), and where there are templates for tables? --[[User:Spinovenator|Spinovenator]] ([[User talk:Spinovenator|talk]]) 10:14, 25 January 2018 (PST)

At least, I know of none. --[[User:WeepingElf|WeepingElf]] ([[User talk:WeepingElf|talk]]) 13:39, 25 January 2018 (PST)

One question, do you have some Proto-Hesperic patrimonial vocabulary? is to start creating something about Ibero-Hesperic. --[[User:Spinovenator|Spinovenator]] ([[User talk:Spinovenator|talk]]) 06:31, 16 February 2018 (PST)

What do you mean by "patrimonial vocabulary"? This is the very first time I heard this expression! Do you mean 'inherited vocabulary'? I am working on this. --[[User:WeepingElf|WeepingElf]] ([[User talk:WeepingElf|talk]]) 10:12, 16 February 2018 (PST)

Sorry, I thought that is also said in English! The meaning is "inherited", which derives from the mother tongue following the phonetic rules of evolution of itself. I do not know how to explain. I was referring to own or genuine proto-Hesperic vocabulary, It's the part of Hesperic vocabulary that arrived in Iberian Peninsula. A good example so you can understand, you think in an interior language, which will not inherit maritime terms, therefore, these maritime terms do not fall within their "partimonial vocabulary" inherited directly from a previous proto-language. OK, is "inherited vocabulary" (Silly of me!). I reffered to Hesperic vocabulary, only the part thaht will be inherited in Ibero-Hesperic. Sorry. I'll wait for you to finish it, but there are numerals? --[[User:Spinovenator|Spinovenator]] ([[User talk:Spinovenator|talk]]) 10:33, 16 February 2018 (PST)

I see. I will soon add some basic vocabulary, including numerals, to [[Proto-Hesperic]]. Today I was busy and did not have the time to do anything, but I am planning to start tomorrow. --[[User:WeepingElf|WeepingElf]] ([[User talk:WeepingElf|talk]]) 13:32, 17 February 2018 (PST)

I have started to put up [[Proto-Hesperic]] vocabulary; I have also summarized the main developments in West vs. East Hesperic. --[[User:WeepingElf|WeepingElf]] ([[User talk:WeepingElf|talk]]) 08:30, 19 February 2018 (PST)

I love your work, it really is amazing! --[[User:Spinovenator|Spinovenator]] ([[User talk:Spinovenator|talk]]) 10:33, 23 February 2018 (PST)

Thank you! --[[User:WeepingElf|WeepingElf]] ([[User talk:WeepingElf|talk]]) 12:34, 23 February 2018 (PST)

I really like the [[Hesperic]] family more and more! It's amazing! I have some things done for [[Durian]], and when I have a little time I will do a [[Proto-Durian]], I want that you help me, because you are the true author of Hesperic and I do not want it to be implausible. I have a question, Mediterranean Hesperic is a phylogenetic group? --[[User:Spinovenator|Spinovenator]] ([[User talk:Spinovenator|talk]]) 12:15, 10 March 2018 (PST)

I think we should go separate ways, as our level of expertise is different. I do not mean to be condescending towards you, but I feel that while some of your ideas have merit, I don't think it would be a good idea if you did Proto-Durian, and I want to do it myself. Hesperic is a rather personal matter of mine, you have to understand. It is like a band where beginners play together with experienced musicians; such situations easily lead to frustration as the different expectations of the members are hard to reconcile.

As for Mediterranean Hesperic, I am not really sure yet whether it is a phylogenetic grouping or not.

--[[User:WeepingElf|WeepingElf]] ([[User talk:WeepingElf|talk]]) 04:02, 12 March 2018 (PDT)

I have renamed the Tommian family to [[Kachian]] because the guy that had inspired the old name has turned out to be a fraud. --[[User:WeepingElf|WeepingElf]] ([[User talk:WeepingElf|talk]]) 03:57, 14 March 2018 (PDT)

Regarding Hesperic, it seems to me correct, anyway I will follow the project to see how it evolves, I find it interesting. Meanwhile I will continue with other projects. If I can help you something with respect to the Basque language I have enough knowledge of the language. Thank you! --[[User:Spinovenator|Spinovenator]] ([[User talk:Spinovenator|talk]]) 12:46, 14 March 2018 (PDT)

Fine. Your help with Basque is always welcome. --[[User:WeepingElf|WeepingElf]] ([[User talk:WeepingElf|talk]]) 03:48, 15 March 2018 (PDT)

I have undone the change from "Tommian" to "Kachian". The dispute with my friend Thomas has been settled, and the old name is back. --[[User:WeepingElf|WeepingElf]] ([[User talk:WeepingElf|talk]]) 08:15, 20 March 2018 (PDT)

Well, the issues I had with that guy weren't really settled and the band has finally broken up, so it's no longer "Tommian", this time for good. It is now "Mirian", but that will be changed to "Midrean", as "Miri" is the name of one of [[User:Teamouse|Herman Miller]]'s peoples, so the name is to be considered taken. I think [[Razaric]] will remain a part of it, as will [[Eteonoric]]. I am now trying to reconcile the membership of Eteonoric with the assumption that Midrean is distantly related to Kartvelian. There won't be much in common between Midrean and Kartvelian, as the relationship is as distant as that [[Indo-Uralic|between IE and Uralic]], but it still needs a lot of work to get the pronouns to match. It seems, though, as if it helps if in Eteonoric, the back sibilants become velars, and the "emphatic" stops become aspirated ones. And then, Eteonoric may have innovated by means of honorifics and all that; consider how English has all but lost PIE *tu/*te, and would hardly be recognizable as a [[Mitian]] language if we did not know its history and relatives! --[[User:WeepingElf|WeepingElf]] ([[User talk:WeepingElf|talk]]) 13:00, 20 May 2018 (PDT)

Hello, a lot of sorry for being absent for so long time! but I have not had much time since then and I think now I can start again seriously, with this project. I have been investigating and I have decided that Huamish is incongruous with the history of europe and in his case it would have been much more vasconic.
I have seen Agroic as a good idea, although Huamish was already initially focused to be Cardial Impressed. The idea is that Agroic expanding by displacing the rest of the Mediterranean languages leaving the Ibero-Vasconic and Sardinian and perhaps some groups like North Picene and Sicani.
It would make sense that if cardial impressed was expanded by the Mediterranean its toponymic trail was almost completely erased with almost 500 years of Roman rule, that in case there were any traces that had not been erased by the Indo-Europeans.
We can suppose that the Basques were originally hunter-gatherers and the arrival of the Cardial Impressed, pressed them, or maybe not ...?, Because in the Neolithic population density was scarce, so each culture could stay in his area without disturbing others, so maybe the Basques were not very affected by this arrival, that situation would be in the whole peninsula surely.
The Basques and other peoples would end up adopting agriculture before the Indo-Europeans arrived with their societies as Cogotas I, who already wanted a large territory so the ancient peoples would be displaced, before this the Iberians expanded to the south, and the only ones that would remain of the ancient cardials would be the Tartessians and Turdetans with a very uncertain language of filiation and with an ancient and flourishing culture, while "pacifying" at least with the Iberians, not so much with the Celts, which It could reflect that old relationship between both peoples. This is just specifying in a rough way.
I deleted the Huamish page to make a large-scale family for the Mediterranean that really represents Cardial Impressed, then I will retrieve the Huamish data to perhaps make its Iberian variant or to serve as data in the Proto-Cardial. I would like us to agree on some points about Agroic to work on a common basis with Midrean. Sorry for stay absent and for my english which seems to have worsened. --[[User:Spinovenator|Spinovenator]] ([[User talk:Spinovenator|talk]]) 05:03, 25 October 2018 (PDT)

Thank you very much for your answer. It is not necessary that you erase the blank pages, I will do the new work in those pages. In principle I will start to create the proto-language with some characteristics between Kartvelian and Vasconic, and with others of their own. I will start with a large consonant inventory but a poor vocal inventory and I will also try to put the pronouns to see what common things can be with Midrean. Do not hesitate to criticize me if you see something you do not like or that may be inconsistent, I learn from mistakes! ;) --[[User:Spinovenator|Spinovenator]] ([[User talk:Spinovenator|talk]]) 11:05, 25 October 2018 (PDT)

== login from mobile phone ==

Sorry to bother. Suddenly last night, I was no longer able to edit or login from my mobile phone, getting a message saying I had cookies turned off (which isn't possible). Being logged in is helpful for me because I have minor visual problems and use CSS that makes the pages easier to read, so even without editing I get use out of this wiki when I am logged in. I searched the Internet and it seems it may be a problem on the server end and that there is nothing I can do from my phone. For the meantime, editing from the big screen PC still works but I don't have access to it directly because I use a hotspot.

Please help if you can.

Thank you,
[[User talk:Soap|Soap]] / [[User:Poswob Rare|Poswob Rare]] ([[User talk:Poswob Rare|talk]]) 06:52, 23 May 2018 (PDT)

I am sorry but I can't help you with this at all. I am '''not''' a MediaWiki wizard (while I have been awarded admin status, nobody ever gave me a tutorial in such matters), and all I know about accessing the Internet by mobile phones is that those things make a lot of problems which "real" computers don't - but again I have no idea how to fix them. Perhaps [[User:Muke|Muke]] can help you - I can't. --[[User:WeepingElf|WeepingElf]] ([[User talk:WeepingElf|talk]]) 07:52, 23 May 2018 (PDT)
:OK thanks for the prompt reply. However, if my theory is right, it's a server-side problem related to storage of login tokens, and will affect everyone eventually as the remaining tokens expire. I am editing from a third computer right now ... the phone login still doesn't work. I will copy this post to [[User talk:Muke]] and add a note. [[User:Soap|Soap]] ([[User talk:Soap|talk]]) 11:23, 23 May 2018 (PDT)

User talk:WeepingElf

2018-10-25T12:03:49Z

Spinovenator:

{{TOCright}}
== Flafi ==
oh my god hahahaha [[Flafi]] is such a hilarious language. it's like pokémon, which can only say their own name, truncations of it, repetitions of it but nothing else. hahahaha you've made my day oh gosh this is too funny. -grin --[[User:Denihilonihil|Denihilonihil]] 08:13, 22 February 2006 (PST)

== Silindion ==
Joerg, I've updated more of the Silindion page, if you'd like to take a look. [[User:Erelion12]]

== Canarese ==

You do know, I suppose, that 'Canarese' is an older English term for the Dravidian language Kannaḍa. Actually [[wp:Canarese]] redirects to [[wp:Kannada language]]! Why not 'Canarian' to resolve the ambiguity? [[wp:Canarian]] redirects to a page about the modern people of the Canary Islands. The OTL aborigines and their language are called [[wp:Guanche|Guanche]]. [[User:Melroch|BPJ]] 17:21, 9 November 2009 (UTC)

== The language template ==
Hi, I was wondering if you could help me with the language summary template? I need one without the fields genealogy, word order, morphological type and morphosyntactic alignment, because I'm using it on [[Suomitsuzuri|an orthography page]]. But simply deleting those fields won't get rid of them. What's the actual wiki-code for this table?

'''Answer:'''

You can delete the relevant rows just like you can delete any other source code in your page. Where is the problem?
 
They don't disappear from the table when viewing the page normally, even if I delete those rows from the code. 
Then I'm wondering if you could help me with another related problem. ;) I'm writing [[Revived_Middle_Cornish|this article]], and have that same template in it. Although, it seems to have been updated since when I last wrote to you, because it looks completely different now. In the genealogy section, I want to specify "Revived Middle Cornish" as a dialect, but I don't understand how to do that, or what the end result is supposed to look like exactly. This template's [http://www.frathwiki.com/Template:Language help page] isn't helpful now that the code looks different. :/ 
[[User:Qwynegold|Qwynegold]] 12:15, 10 November 2012 (PST)

I cannot help you because the template is no longer the way I made it. I did not write the code you have trouble with. Somebody else has added some magic to it which is beyond my understanding. [[User:WeepingElf|WeepingElf]] 11:45, 12 November 2012 (PST)

Oh, I see. Oh well, thanks anyway.
[[User:Qwynegold|Qwynegold]] 04:48, 14 November 2012 (PST)

== Hello! ==

Hey there! I'm Wattmann (duh), from the forums! Just wanted to say hello :) [[User:Wattmann| - The Swamp Watcher ]] 15:29, 19 September 2012 (PDT)

Thanks for the add! -- [[User:Hammerfeallan]] 21:59, 25 June 2018

== Admin ==
I realize this may be a few years overdue, but congrats on your Admin status here! [[User:Masako|masako]]

== Questions ==
Hello there! I wasn't sure if [[User:Muke|Muke]] was still active or not, so I looked at the Active User list to find an Admin who is still actively using the Wiki; and I found you! Anyway, I have a few things and was wondering if you could help me out with them:

* Do you know if folks actively purge stuff out of the [[:Category:For deletion|For deletion]] category? If not, is there a better way to ask Admins to delete things for me?
** Relatedly, as I tend to mess with naming conventions and what not, I was wondering if it would be possible for someone to give me the ability to rename pages and suppress the automatic creation of a re-direct page. I know this isn't generally done for ordinary users, but I can assure you that I have no interest in purposefully breaking links willy-nilly and actually would just like to be able to move my stuff around when I need to without creating a swath of dead pages in my wake that may never get dumped themselves. I am well aware of checking the "What links here?" link to make sure that when I move things it makes as few dead links as possible. Just a thought that might make less work for you guys in the long run and minimize the number of dead pages I end up making.
* And, finally, I have been messing around a lot with a template that creates a table for use within another table. Unfortunately, it has a bad habit of being obnoxious and won't let me center the resulting tables inside the cells of the other table I am using it in. Is there a better way to do this (mayhap using div-boxes or spans, or some other trickery I just don't know)? If not, can you make any suggestions for the syntax of the page/templates in question. They are: [[Vingdagese#Characters]], [[Template:VDT+]] and the other version of the template which basically just makes placing Files easier [[Template:VDT]].

Also, I hope you don't mind, but I added some headings to some of the earlier questions that folks posted here as they appeared above the auto-generated TOC. I also shifted it to the right side of the page so that it intrudes less in the flow of text. I apologize if that was a bit too presumptuous of me. I just know that Talk pages can get pretty out of hand eventually.

Thanks in advance for any assistance you are able to give me! — [[File:Pill-37.png|24px|link=User:Thirty7]] {{small|[[User talk:Thirty7|Talk]] {{dot}} [[Special:Contributions/Thirty7|Cont]]}}  01:57, 18 September 2017 (PDT)

:Well, thanks for the answer, such as it was. Do you have a suggestion as to who might be better able to answer my questions? — [[File:Pill-37.png|24px|link=User:Thirty7]] {{small|[[User talk:Thirty7|Talk]] {{dot}} [[Special:Contributions/Thirty7|Cont]]}}  20:53, 19 September 2017 (PDT)
:: Thanks just the same for the responses! — [[File:Pill-37.png|24px|link=User:Thirty7]] {{small|[[User talk:Thirty7|Talk]] {{dot}} [[Special:Contributions/Thirty7|Cont]]}}  01:23, 25 September 2017 (PDT)

== League of Lost Languages ==

Hello! Thank you very much for accepting me in the community! I've been looking at projects here for many times, I find interesting the topic of Ibero-Hesperic, like [[Balla]] and [[Corunese]], Have you thought about these languages?--[[User:Spinovenator|Spinovenator]] ([[User talk:Spinovenator|talk]]) 16:12, 15 December 2017 (PST)

I haven't done much work on them yet, and they are rather low priority; I am currently focussing on [[Proto-Hesperic]] and [[Old Albic]]. --[[User:WeepingElf|WeepingElf]] ([[User talk:WeepingElf|talk]]) 12:08, 17 December 2017 (PST)

OK, Thank you! Would be there any way to participate in [[League of Lost Languages]]? I have some ideas. --[[User:Spinovenator|Spinovenator]] ([[User talk:Spinovenator|talk]]) 06:10, 18 December 2017 (PST)

You can join, by subscribing to the lostlangs@yahoogroups.com mailing list; but I should warn you that that list is virtually dead, and the League of Lost Languages is essentially a thing of the past. Nobody except me works on that thing any more, it seems. --[[User:WeepingElf|WeepingElf]] ([[User talk:WeepingElf|talk]]) 08:23, 18 December 2017 (PST)

I have set up [[Ibero-Hesperic Brainstorming|a little brainstorming page]] for our purposes. --[[User:WeepingElf|WeepingElf]] ([[User talk:WeepingElf|talk]]) 11:40, 19 December 2017 (PST)

Oh it's perfect! I want to actively participate in these languages, in a few months I'll have some more time, because now I'm busy with the studies... I'm anxious to create a "Proto-Ibero-Hesperic"! --[[User:Spinovenator|Spinovenator]] ([[User talk:Spinovenator|talk]]) 15:53, 11 January 2018 (PST)

I have seen your edits on the brainstorming page. You have suggested wholesale borrowings of Basque inflectional suffixes into Ibero-Hesperic. This, however, is '''not the way such things work'''. I rather thought of building Basque-like syntactic structures from morphemes inherited from [[Proto-Hesperic]]. --[[User:WeepingElf|WeepingElf]] ([[User talk:WeepingElf|talk]]) 11:58, 12 January 2018 (PST)

Sorry, It was a copy of the Basque characteristics that I got out of wikipedia and I put it without wanting to, I do not want the Proto-Ibero-Hesperic to be like the Basque, only that it has similar characteristics. It has been a mistake. --[[User:Spinovenator|Spinovenator]] ([[User talk:Spinovenator|talk]]) 12:45, 12 January 2018 (PST)

Fine. I think we are coming to terms. --[[User:WeepingElf|WeepingElf]] ([[User talk:WeepingElf|talk]]) 06:08, 13 January 2018 (PST)

I need a word in Proto-Hesperic to name "Ibero-Hesperic", as a "person", "language" or other. I had thought about naming him with the *Usk- stem, adopted from the Proto-Basque language, but it would not be logical for native Basques to call foreigners by their name, or for Proto-Ibero-Hesperic to adopt the name of the natives without being culturally absorbed. I have seen your work with [[Tommian]] Family, in case you need it for the kartvelian etymology, there is a good page that I use [http://starling.rinet.ru/cgi-bin/response.cgi?root=config&morpho=0&basename=\data\kart\kartet&first=1] --[[User:Spinovenator|Spinovenator]] ([[User talk:Spinovenator|talk]]) 15:30, 14 January 2018 (PST)

Fine; I have to think about your suggestions. You should check the directions of the arrows, though; it seems to me as if some were backwards. It is old > new, or new < old. However, I feel that at the present stage, this project is premature (though we can already talk about it, of course), as I still have a lot to work on Proto-Hesperic and West Hesperic (as an intermediate protolanguage). (Also, Tommian is in a very early stage, and the sound changes not yet laid down.) --[[User:WeepingElf|WeepingElf]] ([[User talk:WeepingElf|talk]]) 09:13, 15 January 2018 (PST)

Ok, it's already revised. I have other ideas to carry out in other [[Paleo-Hispanic languages]]. I'll wait until you have more information about Proto-Hesperic. --[[User:Spinovenator|Spinovenator]] ([[User talk:Spinovenator|talk]]) 07:57, 18 January 2018 (PST)

I have added a note on the geographical range of Ibero-Hesperic to the brainstorming page. --[[User:WeepingElf|WeepingElf]] ([[User talk:WeepingElf|talk]]) 13:13, 18 January 2018 (PST)

Perfect! Do you think that the ancient Greeks could have related the Ibero-Hesperic peoples to Oestriminis, Ophiussa, Sefes and Dragani (names that appear in [Ora maritima https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ora_maritima])? --[[User:Spinovenator|Spinovenator]] ([[User talk:Spinovenator|talk]]) 13:42, 18 January 2018 (PST)

Frankly, I have no ideas about those old names. --[[User:WeepingElf|WeepingElf]] ([[User talk:WeepingElf|talk]]) 10:38, 19 January 2018 (PST)

Sorry for the inconvenience, is there any easier way to make a data table (declension, phonemes, etc...)? Also you could change the name to [[Huamish]] for '''Eteolusitanian''', if it seems right? --[[User:Spinovenator|Spinovenator]] ([[User talk:Spinovenator|talk]]) 13:05, 24 January 2018 (PST)

You mean, rename it ''from'' "Huamish" ''to'' "Eteolusitanian"? I could do that, yes, but first I'll ask you why you want to abandon such a nice short name in favour of a much more cumbersome and long-winded one (8 sylllables!). --[[User:WeepingElf|WeepingElf]] ([[User talk:WeepingElf|talk]]) 06:31, 25 January 2018 (PST)

Okay, it's also true, it's that I thought about changing to give information about its origin, but I'll leave it as well as huamish. Thank you! I have an other question, is there any easier way to make a data table (declension, phonemes, etc...), and where there are templates for tables? --[[User:Spinovenator|Spinovenator]] ([[User talk:Spinovenator|talk]]) 10:14, 25 January 2018 (PST)

At least, I know of none. --[[User:WeepingElf|WeepingElf]] ([[User talk:WeepingElf|talk]]) 13:39, 25 January 2018 (PST)

One question, do you have some Proto-Hesperic patrimonial vocabulary? is to start creating something about Ibero-Hesperic. --[[User:Spinovenator|Spinovenator]] ([[User talk:Spinovenator|talk]]) 06:31, 16 February 2018 (PST)

What do you mean by "patrimonial vocabulary"? This is the very first time I heard this expression! Do you mean 'inherited vocabulary'? I am working on this. --[[User:WeepingElf|WeepingElf]] ([[User talk:WeepingElf|talk]]) 10:12, 16 February 2018 (PST)

Sorry, I thought that is also said in English! The meaning is "inherited", which derives from the mother tongue following the phonetic rules of evolution of itself. I do not know how to explain. I was referring to own or genuine proto-Hesperic vocabulary, It's the part of Hesperic vocabulary that arrived in Iberian Peninsula. A good example so you can understand, you think in an interior language, which will not inherit maritime terms, therefore, these maritime terms do not fall within their "partimonial vocabulary" inherited directly from a previous proto-language. OK, is "inherited vocabulary" (Silly of me!). I reffered to Hesperic vocabulary, only the part thaht will be inherited in Ibero-Hesperic. Sorry. I'll wait for you to finish it, but there are numerals? --[[User:Spinovenator|Spinovenator]] ([[User talk:Spinovenator|talk]]) 10:33, 16 February 2018 (PST)

I see. I will soon add some basic vocabulary, including numerals, to [[Proto-Hesperic]]. Today I was busy and did not have the time to do anything, but I am planning to start tomorrow. --[[User:WeepingElf|WeepingElf]] ([[User talk:WeepingElf|talk]]) 13:32, 17 February 2018 (PST)

I have started to put up [[Proto-Hesperic]] vocabulary; I have also summarized the main developments in West vs. East Hesperic. --[[User:WeepingElf|WeepingElf]] ([[User talk:WeepingElf|talk]]) 08:30, 19 February 2018 (PST)

I love your work, it really is amazing! --[[User:Spinovenator|Spinovenator]] ([[User talk:Spinovenator|talk]]) 10:33, 23 February 2018 (PST)

Thank you! --[[User:WeepingElf|WeepingElf]] ([[User talk:WeepingElf|talk]]) 12:34, 23 February 2018 (PST)

I really like the [[Hesperic]] family more and more! It's amazing! I have some things done for [[Durian]], and when I have a little time I will do a [[Proto-Durian]], I want that you help me, because you are the true author of Hesperic and I do not want it to be implausible. I have a question, Mediterranean Hesperic is a phylogenetic group? --[[User:Spinovenator|Spinovenator]] ([[User talk:Spinovenator|talk]]) 12:15, 10 March 2018 (PST)

I think we should go separate ways, as our level of expertise is different. I do not mean to be condescending towards you, but I feel that while some of your ideas have merit, I don't think it would be a good idea if you did Proto-Durian, and I want to do it myself. Hesperic is a rather personal matter of mine, you have to understand. It is like a band where beginners play together with experienced musicians; such situations easily lead to frustration as the different expectations of the members are hard to reconcile.

As for Mediterranean Hesperic, I am not really sure yet whether it is a phylogenetic grouping or not.

--[[User:WeepingElf|WeepingElf]] ([[User talk:WeepingElf|talk]]) 04:02, 12 March 2018 (PDT)

I have renamed the Tommian family to [[Kachian]] because the guy that had inspired the old name has turned out to be a fraud. --[[User:WeepingElf|WeepingElf]] ([[User talk:WeepingElf|talk]]) 03:57, 14 March 2018 (PDT)

Regarding Hesperic, it seems to me correct, anyway I will follow the project to see how it evolves, I find it interesting. Meanwhile I will continue with other projects. If I can help you something with respect to the Basque language I have enough knowledge of the language. Thank you! --[[User:Spinovenator|Spinovenator]] ([[User talk:Spinovenator|talk]]) 12:46, 14 March 2018 (PDT)

Fine. Your help with Basque is always welcome. --[[User:WeepingElf|WeepingElf]] ([[User talk:WeepingElf|talk]]) 03:48, 15 March 2018 (PDT)

I have undone the change from "Tommian" to "Kachian". The dispute with my friend Thomas has been settled, and the old name is back. --[[User:WeepingElf|WeepingElf]] ([[User talk:WeepingElf|talk]]) 08:15, 20 March 2018 (PDT)

Well, the issues I had with that guy weren't really settled and the band has finally broken up, so it's no longer "Tommian", this time for good. It is now "Mirian", but that will be changed to "Midrean", as "Miri" is the name of one of [[User:Teamouse|Herman Miller]]'s peoples, so the name is to be considered taken. I think [[Razaric]] will remain a part of it, as will [[Eteonoric]]. I am now trying to reconcile the membership of Eteonoric with the assumption that Midrean is distantly related to Kartvelian. There won't be much in common between Midrean and Kartvelian, as the relationship is as distant as that [[Indo-Uralic|between IE and Uralic]], but it still needs a lot of work to get the pronouns to match. It seems, though, as if it helps if in Eteonoric, the back sibilants become velars, and the "emphatic" stops become aspirated ones. And then, Eteonoric may have innovated by means of honorifics and all that; consider how English has all but lost PIE *tu/*te, and would hardly be recognizable as a [[Mitian]] language if we did not know its history and relatives! --[[User:WeepingElf|WeepingElf]] ([[User talk:WeepingElf|talk]]) 13:00, 20 May 2018 (PDT)

Hello, a lot of sorry for being absent for so long time! but I have not had much time since then and I think now I can start again seriously, with this project. I have been investigating and I have decided that Huamish is incongruous with the history of europe and in his case it would have been much more vasconic.
I have seen Agroic as a good idea, although Huamish was already initially focused to be Cardial Impressed. The idea is that Agroic expanding by displacing the rest of the Mediterranean languages leaving the Ibero-Vasconic and Sardinian and perhaps some groups like North Picene and Sicani.
It would make sense that if cardial impressed was expanded by the Mediterranean its toponymic trail was almost completely erased with almost 500 years of Roman rule, that in case there were any traces that had not been erased by the Indo-Europeans.
We can suppose that the Basques were originally hunter-gatherers and the arrival of the Cardial Impressed, pressed them, or maybe not ...?, Because in the Neolithic population density was scarce, so each culture could stay in his area without disturbing others, so maybe the Basques were not very affected by this arrival, that situation would be in the whole peninsula surely.
The Basques and other peoples would end up adopting agriculture before the Indo-Europeans arrived with their societies as Cogotas I, who already wanted a large territory so the ancient peoples would be displaced, before this the Iberians expanded to the south, and the only ones that would remain of the ancient cardials would be the Tartessians and Turdetans with a very uncertain language of filiation and with an ancient and flourishing culture, while "pacifying" at least with the Iberians, not so much with the Celts, which It could reflect that old relationship between both peoples. This is just specifying in a rough way.
I deleted the Huamish page to make a large-scale family for the Mediterranean that really represents Cardial Impressed, then I will retrieve the Huamish data to perhaps make its Iberian variant or to serve as data in the Proto-Cardial. I would like us to agree on some points about Agroic to work on a common basis with Midrean. Sorry for stay absent and for my english which seems to have worsened. --[[User:Spinovenator|Spinovenator]] ([[User talk:Spinovenator|talk]]) 05:03, 25 October 2018 (PDT)

== login from mobile phone ==

Sorry to bother. Suddenly last night, I was no longer able to edit or login from my mobile phone, getting a message saying I had cookies turned off (which isn't possible). Being logged in is helpful for me because I have minor visual problems and use CSS that makes the pages easier to read, so even without editing I get use out of this wiki when I am logged in. I searched the Internet and it seems it may be a problem on the server end and that there is nothing I can do from my phone. For the meantime, editing from the big screen PC still works but I don't have access to it directly because I use a hotspot.

Please help if you can.

Thank you,
[[User talk:Soap|Soap]] / [[User:Poswob Rare|Poswob Rare]] ([[User talk:Poswob Rare|talk]]) 06:52, 23 May 2018 (PDT)

I am sorry but I can't help you with this at all. I am '''not''' a MediaWiki wizard (while I have been awarded admin status, nobody ever gave me a tutorial in such matters), and all I know about accessing the Internet by mobile phones is that those things make a lot of problems which "real" computers don't - but again I have no idea how to fix them. Perhaps [[User:Muke|Muke]] can help you - I can't. --[[User:WeepingElf|WeepingElf]] ([[User talk:WeepingElf|talk]]) 07:52, 23 May 2018 (PDT)
:OK thanks for the prompt reply. However, if my theory is right, it's a server-side problem related to storage of login tokens, and will affect everyone eventually as the remaining tokens expire. I am editing from a third computer right now ... the phone login still doesn't work. I will copy this post to [[User talk:Muke]] and add a note. [[User:Soap|Soap]] ([[User talk:Soap|talk]]) 11:23, 23 May 2018 (PDT)

Cardial

2018-10-25T11:28:40Z

Spinovenator: Blanked the page

Proto-Cardial

2018-10-25T11:27:52Z

Spinovenator: Blanked the page

User talk:Spinovenator

2018-05-13T23:32:19Z

Spinovenator:

'''Welcome to ''FrathWiki''!'''
We hope you will contribute much and well.
You will probably want to read the [Help:Contents help pages].
Again, welcome and have fun! [[User:WeepingElf|WeepingElf]] ([[User talk:WeepingElf|talk]]) 07:57, 11 December 2017 (PST)

I have deleted the "Tommian" pages for two reasons:
1. I have dropped the idea of a large Para-Kartvelian family.
2. The family was named after a former bandmate of mine who turned out to be a fraud. --[[User:WeepingElf|WeepingElf]] ([[User talk:WeepingElf|talk]]) 09:08, 4 May 2018 (PDT)

I think para-Kartvelian is not entirely crazy, it could have existed but maybe it was not such a massive family with Semitic or Indo-European. --[[User:Spinovenator|Spinovenator]] ([[User talk:Spinovenator|talk]]) 15:04, 10 May 2018 (PDT)

Meanwhile, I am back to the notion that [[Mirian]], as I call it now, is distantly related to Kartvelian, but it is a good deal remoter than the relationship between Hesperic and IE, more like IE and Uralic. There will be hardly any lexical cognates, and a few morphological resemblances. What regards Proto-Kartvelian perhaps having been a plain nominative-accusative language, this can't be ruled out for sure (as the ergative suffixes of the individual Kartvelian languages are not cognate), but it may well have been the case that Proto-Kartvelian already was split-ergative but the original ergative suffix eroded by sound change and individually renewed in the modern languages. At any rate, there is no reason why Proto-Mirian couldn't have been split-ergative! --[[User:WeepingElf|WeepingElf]] ([[User talk:WeepingElf|talk]]) 07:00, 11 May 2018 (PDT)
See mi

I've answered that here: [[Talk:Huamish]]. [[Mirian]] could have adopted the split-ergativity of a substrate language, it would be cool! Do you see possible that para-kartvelian (AKA Huamish) had arrived in the Iberian peninsula? I Could modify it to adapt it to Italy peninsula, but I don't know... --[[User:Spinovenator|Spinovenator]] ([[User talk:Spinovenator|talk]]) 16:32, 13 May 2018 (PDT)