FrathWiki - User contributions [en]

GERMÄNGLISH

2010-10-06T18:47:18Z

Rivendale: Created page with "INTRODUCTION Germänglish (or Germenglish) is an a posteriori, macaronic conlang which fundamentally incorporates the corpus and grammar of both modern German and English, though..."

INTRODUCTION
Germänglish (or Germenglish) is an a posteriori, macaronic conlang which fundamentally incorporates the corpus and grammar of both modern German and English, though not entirely nor evenly. I should note that Germänglish is not an IAL, nor was there any attempt to purge non-germanic words (since the conlang is partially based around modern English and will therefore inherently contain words of Latin origin. However, I do not think of such words as Latin, but English since they have been resident in the language for such a long time).

My primary goal with Germänglish was to create a modern day hybrid of German and English. However, I didn't want to purge German of all of its traits (that wouldn't seem fair), but I did want to reduce some of its complexities, such as the case system. I decided to retain a (simplified) gender system for nouns, but his serves no grammatical function other than to add a little depth to the language. Also, rather than refer to this as 'gender', I chose to call it 'noun classification'. Typical German/English traits in Germänglish are: prepositions, umlaut, standard VSO/V2 word order, verb inversion, and verb agreement.

Germänglish is quite phonetic, with a 1-1 letter to sound ratio. Spelling has taken on a Germanic feel too, especially noteable among non-germanic words, and there is a significant reduction in silent letters and non-diphthonic vowels, such as ou/ue in through/blue. Pronunciation wise, Germänglish is perhaps not as gutteral as German, and sounds that do not exist within the 2 languages (such as the th in the English the/bath or the gutteral r in the German rot, grün) have been purposely omitted in order that both English and German natives can speak and pronounce Germänglish consistently.

On a semantic level, Germänglish leans more towards English in the sense of adpositional phrases: Place-Manner-Time, and word order follows SVO in both coordinate and subordinate clauses, although auxilliaries do send the main verb to the end, as in German.

Finally, although Germänglish is fundamentally based on German and English, it is not necessarily engineered to sound exactly like them. Invariably (and quite rightly), it will take on its own personality and flavour. One could almost describe Germänglish as a 'baby' language in much the same way as the Dutch describe Afrikaans as 'baby Dutch. But then again, every language and dialect has its own traits and nuances.

Dal'qörian Telling the time

2010-03-20T12:10:04Z

Rivendale: /* Responding */

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[[Dalcurian Language Homepage|Homepage]]

Dalcurian time is indicated with the 24 hour clock, and mainly denoted by the genitive case '''dis''' (see cases). There is no equivalent of ''am/pm''. When written numerically, an uppercase '''s''' follows, which stands for '''stöndæel'''-''hours''. Here are some quick examples:

* '''12:15S''' ''12:15pm''

* '''4:25S''' ''4:25am''

* '''19:30S''' ''7:30pm''

When spoken:

* '''pensenta dis dionsenta''' lit: ''15 of [the hour] 12'' (the word '''stöndæel''' is ommitted in speech)

* '''penö'dionta dis tera''' lit: ''25 of [the hour] 4''

* '''träonta dis ninasenta''' lit: ''30 of [the hour] 19''

=='''Asking the time'''==

There are 2 ways in which the time can be asked:

* '''Vöeni? stöndæel qve iáda.''' lit: ''How many hours of today?''

* '''Qualasöri, andri véca? stöndæ agöentr di épø.''' lit: ''Excuse me, at which hour stands the time''?

The 2nd example is a very polite way to ask (when asking strangers or peers). As with most requests or questions in Dalcurian, voice intonation rises at the end.

=='''Responding'''==

Depending on the manner in which you are asked, there are 2 responses. These typically emulate the style of the request:

* '''Vöeni? stöndæel qve iáda. ''DanöÞ pensenta dis dionsenta.'''''
** ''What time is it? It's 12:15pm.'' lit: ''There are 15 of the hour 12''.

* '''Qualasöri, andri véca? stöndæ agöentr di épø. ''Yil qoÞ, di épø, andri träonta dis ninasenta, agöentr'''''.
** ''Can you tell me the time please? Certainly, the time is 7:30pm.'' lit: ''The time, at 30 of the hour 19, stands.''

Dalcurian alphabet and pronunciation

2010-03-20T12:02:49Z

Rivendale:

[[Dalcurian Language Homepage|Homepage]]

=='''Modern alphabet and pronunciation (with English IPA equivalent)'''==

{| border="1"
|+
! letter !! letter name !! pronunciation (with '''IPA''')
|-
! Aa
| al || (æ) as in ''cat''
|-
! Bb
| bri || (b) as in ''bat''
|-
! Cc
| ca || (k) as in ''cat''
|-
! Dd
| da || (ɗ) as in ''day''
|-
! Ee
| era || (ɛ) as in ''end''
|-
! Ff
| fe || (f) as in ''fall''
|-
! Gg
| géø || (g) ''see special pronounciation''
|-
! Hh
| hal || (h) as in ''hat''
|-
! Ii
| il || (ɪ) as in ''kill''
|-
! Jj
| öja || (ʒ) like the s in ''television''
|-
! Ll
| lá || (l) as in ''like''
|-
! Mm
| ma || (m) as in ''man''
|-
! Nn
| na || (n) as in ''not''
|-
! Oo
| ol || (ɒ) as in ''top''
|-
! Pp
| pä || (p) as in ''pat''
|-
! Qq
| qöc || (k) as in ''kick''
|-
! Ququ
| q'qöa || as in ''quick''
|-
! Rr
| ræ || (ɹ) ''see special pronunciation''
|-
! Ss
| siri || (s) as in ''sit''
|-
! Tt
| tø || (t) as in ''take''
|-
! Vv
| vála || (v) as in ''van''
|-
! x
| séca || (ks) as in ''wax''
|-
! Yy
| yenta || (waɪ) as in the whole word ''why''
|-
! z
| tsi || (ts) as in ''sets'' (like the German ''z'')
|}

=='''special vowels and characters'''==

{| border="1"
|+
! letter !! letter name !! pronunciation
|-
! Ää
| äli || (eɪ) as in 'ey' in ''they'' (see also special pronunciation)
|-
! Áá
| áli || (a:) long as in ''bar''
|-
! Éé
| éga || (i:) long as in ''feel''
|-
! Öö
| öli || (u) long as in ''cool''
|-
! Øø
| ø || like the ''och'' in the German ''doch''
|-
! Ææ
| æ || (aɪ) as in the 'i' in ''find''
|-
! Þ
| eÞ || (ɵ-voiceless dental fricative) ''th'' as in ''bath'' but not in ''the''
|-
! ß
| alv || (v) as in ''have''; replaces ''v'' after a vowel but only formal literacy (rarely used now)
|}

=='''Special pronunciations'''==

* '''g''' is a ''voiced velar plosive'' pronounced hard at the beginning and middle of a word, like '''g''' in ''get/forget'' but becomes soft at the end of a word, like '''g''' in the German word ''swanzig''.

* '''r''' is an ''alveolar trill''. Its place of articulation is alveolar which means it is articulated with the tip of the tongue against the alveolar ridge (or just behind the top teeth). It can be likened to the way in which a Scottish person with a strong accent would say ''great, straight, road'', etc.

* '''ä''' is pronounced like the ey in ''they''. However, at the end of a word, or where it is separated by a high apostrophe, it is pronounced ''ey-ya'' (ipa: eɪ-j-æ).

*'''q''' Unvoiced velar plosive. Is only found at the beginning of a word, including words that are separated by a high apostrophe, as in ''Dal’qörian'' or ''qatáj''-cat, and is always pronounced like an English '''k'''.

*'''c''' Unvoiced velar plosive. Only appears in the middle or end of a word such as '''qurvecsár'''-''to annoy'' and '''dörac'''-''through'', and is sounded like an English ''k''.

*'''x''' is used only to denote a negative word and attaches to the end of a verb. (see ''verbs'' and ''negatives'')

*'''z''' is only used in loan words, and pronounced like the ''ts'' in ''sets'', much like the German ''''z'''.

*'''sh''' This does not exist in Dalcurian, however, after the vowel '''ö''' you may hear the '''s''' as a 'voiceless palato-alveolar sibilant' {{IPA|[ʃ]}}, although it's exact sound can only be described as being a 'half voiceless palato-alveolar sibilant' and cannot be identified in IPA.

*'''eÞ'''. As stated in the pronunciation chart, this is represented in IPA with θ and is an ''Unvoiced dental fricative'' like the ''th'' in ''thin'' and ''bath''. Although to English ears, there may appear to be only a small difference between the ''voiced'' th as in ''the'' and ''then'', Dalcurians do not know this sound, and a characteristic of the Dalcurian English accent is a heavily unvoiced ''th''.

=='''Lenition/mutation''' (spoken only)==

==='''Þ'''===

When in word final position and the following word begins with the dentals '''d, t''' and itself, '''Þ''' undergoes complete mutation, eg:

*'''DanöÞ vélø''' ''It's cold'', but
**'''Danö[-] disiri vélø''', ''It's very cold''
*'''máriÞ eladöra''' ''with you all'' but
**'''mári[-] tiÞöra''' ''with it''
*'''tiÞ nöacr...''' ''it can...'' but
**'''ti[-] Þöldr...''' ''it should...''

Note on '''Þ''': There is an unhappy agreement when a word ends in '''Þ''' and the following word begins with '''Þ'''. In both cases, the first '''Þ''' is muted and the second lenites to '''/t/'''.

When in word final position and the following word begins with the spirants: '''s''' and '''f'''; lenites to '''/t/''':

*'''máriÞ mæöra''' but
**'''mári[t] siöra'''
*'''ti[t] flästa''' ''it's new''

==='''r'''===

The rhoticity of the language can also force mutation of the '''r''' in many word combinations. When '''r''' is in medial or last syllable position, and the following word begins with '''r''' the first is normally muted, for example:

* '''Érenöra Þöldr''' becomes
** '''Érenö-a Þöldr''' (some dialects do the opposite and mute the 1st '''r''')
* '''máriÞ reÞæsámn''' becomes
** '''má-iÞ reÞæsámn'''

=='''Uppercase'''==

Uppercase letters are used to begin sentences, and with real nouns such as names, places, countries. There is no capital '''x''' or '''z''', since there are no words begining with these. '''Þ''' does not fall under any case classification, and this form is used in any position in a sentence. In actual fact, '''Þ''' is being considered [under the coming spelling reform] for deletion from the alphabet. It's replacement is very likely to be '''dh''' like that of the Halcarnian dialect.

As well as being a 'rhotic' lanuage, Dalcurian is also PHONETIC; its spoken pretty much as it is written. Once you have learned to pronounce the letters, speaking and reading Dalcurian should be relatively easy. For example, ''Dal'qörian'' is pronounced ''dal-koo-ree-yan''. Here are a few more examples, in syllabic form, to give you a flavour of how words sound:

{| border="1"
|+
! Dalcurian !! Meaning !! Phonetic pronunciation
|-
! strömi
| hot || stroo-mi
|-
! binä
| I/Iam || bin-ey-a
|-
! stæcnáÞrädn
| thankless || sty-kun-arth-rey-dun
|-
! ädiáda
| yesterday || ey-dee-ar-da
|-
! yenø
| immense || why-en-och
|-
! ødérämös
| steadiness || och-dee-rey-mous
|-
! qsendaréø
| scenario || ku-send-a-ree-och
|-
! embáragadöraj
| puppy || em-bar-a-gad-oo-raj
|-
! siagentöj
| aunty || see-a-gent-ooj
|}
----

=='''Axilliary spelling'''==

Written Dalcurian is highly 'diacritical'. However, and mainly for those outside of Dalcuria, it is not always possible to write in this way, depending on one's PC and operating system. For this reason, an auxilliary spelling system is in place, which uses no diacritics. This is as follows:

'''á'''-ah iáda/iahda

'''ä'''-ai binä/binai

'''æ'''-ae stæ/stae

'''é'''-ee ména/meena

'''ö'''-u diö/diu

'''ø'''-k vélø/veelok

'''Þ'''-th taÞ/tath

Example:

Standard spelling:

* '''Ela mantábel, am gravætas ön jerandel, andri vädencamöig, vädenár efragörädn ön equahörädn.<br>Minäla Þöldr semér reÞæsámn ön qvésänámn,, ön, máriÞ ela, am perös qve beröjelperös, agöentr.'''

Auxilliary spelling:

* '''Ela mantahbel, am gravaetas un jerandel, andri vaidencamuig, vaidenahr efraguraidn un equahuraidn.<br>Minaila thuldr semeer rethaesahmn un qveesainahmn,, un mahrith ela, am perus qve berujelperus aguentr.'''

All human beings are born free and equal in dignity and rights.<br>They are endowed with reason and conscience, and should stand together in a spirit of brotherhood.

Dalcurian

2009-09-16T21:56:05Z

Rivendale:

[[Image:dal title1 peg.jpg]]

[[User:Rivendale|Click Here to see disclaimer]]

{{Infobox|name=Dal’qörian|pronounce=ɗælkuɹi:jæn (Eng: Dalcurian)<br>[[Media:Dalcurian.ogg|hear pronunciation]]|tu=Present|species=Human|in=[[Dalcuria]] |no=over 3 million|script=Latin alphabet<br>(Dalcurian variant)|tree= [[Thaduracian|Thaduracian]]<br> [[Proto-Dalcurian|Proto-Dalcurian]]<br>  [[Old Dalcurian|Old Dalcurian]]<br>   Middle Dalcurian<br>    Modern Dalcurian|morph=Analytic (standard)<br/> Semi-synthetic (Halcarnian)|ms=Nominative-Accusative (pronouns only)|wo=SVO/SOV|creator=Dayle Hill|date= 2003-ongoing}}

__TOC__

[[Image:Welcome note in dalscript.jpg]]

'''[[Dal'qörian Script|For more on the Dalcurian Script, click here]]'''

Transliteration

<font color=#151B8D><span style="font-size: 16px">'''Qiöra qoÞ. Aca re bán? Binä, te intevönæÞ dis déalecti Dal’qöria, velcamör ela. DérÞ, diö descöbræ däáträdn qörabárämösel qve májä, niaságrämös, liläárämös,, ön salö ni ænÞal degérø dis oragéanámn tiÞöra-lintöni di vosérämös qve tiÞöra qedérÞas.<br/>Binä, öcra di épø taÞ diö icaÞr besöcér siÞ intevönæÞ, iquirquas qnáÞr diöra,, ön méla diö, máriÞ éanö qomenträmösel ödri qualtédrämösel, iquirquas é-mäl binöra,, ödri méla diö natindr éanö enörämösel,, taÞ binä gä’ábravaqur,, ön diö qönér,, taÞ diö nöacr önestár,, nes efragörädnas maqur taÞ dérÞ: ''dwhmusic32@yahoo.co.uk'''''

Translation

<span style="font-size: 16px">'''Hi, and welcome to the Dalcurian language website. Here, you’ll find detailed descriptions of its grammar, pronunciation, style, and a basic history of its origins right up to its present day usage.<br/>I would like to thank you for taking the time to peruse this website, and if you would like to email me with any comments or questions, or if you notice any mistakes that you feel you could correct me on, then please feel free to do so at''': '''''dwhmusic32@yahoo.co.uk'''''
----
Through my own experiences, I have purposely simplified the grammatical terminology in this article, and I have also included brief descriptions of grammatical words and expressions in each respective section. This is because I want newcomers to language study not to feel intimidated by heavy terminology and explanations. As I can remember when I first began to study German, I was very confused with 'intense grammatical explanations'. Of course, when studying or creating a language, one must have some understanding of grammar to begin with. However, for the above reasons I have, for the most part, written this article in [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Simple_English_Wikipedia simple English].<BR/>I should also state that most of the examples and references here are based in comparison to the English language.
----

=='''Sub categories'''==

===[[Dalcurian language and basic history|Dalcurian language and basic history]]===

===[[Dalcurian alphabet and pronunciation|Dalcurian alphabet and pronunciation]]===

===[[dal'qörian adjectives|Adjectives]]===

===[[dal'qörian adverbs|Adverbs]]===

===[[dal'qörian verbs|Verbs]]===

===[[dal'qörian prepositions|Prepositions]]===

===[[Dal'qörian negatives|Negatives]]===

===[[Dal'qörian nouns|Nouns]]===

===[[Dal'qörian Cases|Case]]===

===[[Dal'qörian pronouns|Pronouns]]===

===[[Dalcurian punctuation|Punctuation]]===

===[[Dal'qörian Telling the time|Time]]===

===[[Dal'qörian numbers|Numbers]]===

=='''Miscellaneous word and phrase lists'''==

====[[Dal'qörian colours|Colours]]====
====[[dal'qörian days/months/seasons|Days/months/seasons]]====
====[[dal'qörian describing people|Describing people]]====
====[[dal'qörian countries|Names of Countries]]====
====[[Dalcurian hello/goodbye please/thankyou|Hello/goodbye Please/thankyou]]====
====[[Dalcurian intensifiers|Intensifiers]]====
====[http://docs.google.com/View?id=dmh9tc5_92r9dbhhr English Dalcurian Dictionary]====

====Links:====
[http://www.omniglot.com '''Omniglot''']

[[Websites in Dalcurian|Various webpages in Dalcurian]]

[[Category:Conlangs]]

Dalcurian verb moods

2009-09-16T21:51:55Z

Rivendale: /* Subjunctive */

[[Dalcurian Language Homepage|Homepage]]

[[dal'qörian verbs|Return to Dalcurian Verbs]]

The mood of a verb is the manner in which the action or condition is conceived or intended. Dalcurian verbs have 4 moods:

1. '''Indicative''', a verb stating an apparent fact or asking a question, to describe an habitual action, or generally an action that is happening now, in the past or the future (covered in the above section).

2. '''Imperative''', a verb stating a command or request.

3. '''Subjunctive''', a verb expressing a doubt, desire, supposition, or condition contrary to fact.

4. '''Conditional''', a verb refering to a hypothetical state of affairs, or an uncertain event that is contingent on another set of circumstances.

=='''Imperative'''==

The imperative mood adds '''os''' to the infinitive. In dirct orders or forceful requests, this is often followed by the accusative pronoun. However, for politness, such as giving directions or instructing strangers, then either the nominative can be used or no pronoun at all:

* '''Quavéna, nistaros diöra taÞ!''' ''Can you stop doing that at once!''

* '''Abetáros eladiö!''' ''You may begin!''

* '''Quavéna, lecantros diöra taÞ zigaretij!''' ''Put that cigarette out!''

* '''Qintä tistros diö.''' ''Please sit.''

* '''Nebtöros jentø,, nes göros écanelbrädn’lencöÞ.''' ''Turn right then go straight ahead.''

* '''ERACINÖRÄMÖS: TSÖCRAXOS ELA!''' ''DANGER: DO NOT TOUCH!''

=='''Subjunctive'''==

For the most part, the subjunctive mood is expressed with the conditional form of the verb '''nöacr'''-''can'', which is '''näocr'''-''could'' (take care not to use the actual simple past of ''can'' which is '''gä'nöacr''', as you may not be understood). This can also mean ''could be'' when preceeding an adjective:

* '''Méla binä näocr diöra,, nes binä maqurquasax taÞ.''' ''If I were you, I wouldn't do that.''

* '''Binä sæcr,, taÞ binä näocr fæeltös.''' ''I wish I were (could be) rich.''

The Dalcurian subjunctive can also translate as ''maybe'' or ''might/be'':

* '''Di blösonj qve diöra, am sancoj, näocr¿''' ''Your coat might be in the cupboard.''

* ''' Mæ, am alcabödänø, nø näocr¿''' ''Maybe he's still in the pub?''

Other subjuncive forms that can be rendered with '''näocr''' are:

* ''I suggested that Paul eat an apple.''

* ''I am rather anxious that she discuss this with me soon''.

There are actually 2 ways in which these can be equated. Using '''näocr''':

* '''Binä, te Paul, gä'gesægr,, taÞ mæ näocr qonsömér ni apelj¿''' ''I suggested that Paul eat an apple.'' Lit: ''I, to Paul, suggested that he maybe eat an apple''.

* '''Binä disiri angræÞ,, taÞ nösa, sia näocr, máriÞ binöra, rödnspecér séÞa'''. ''I am rather anxious that she discuss this with me soon''¿ lit: I'm very anxious, that soon she maybe, with me, discusses this.''

Note: In written grammar, the subjunctive will often be completed with an upside down question mark.

=='''Conditional'''==

This form adds '''quas''' to the verb:

* '''quascr''' ''ask'' '''quascrquas''' ''would ask''
* '''gä'ábraspélögr''' ''have played'' '''gä'ábraspélögrquas''' ''would have played''
* '''Méla di danpörämös stæabetár,, nes ''binä görørquas'''''. ''If it stopped raining then I '''would go out'''''.
* '''Méla épø, máriÞ binöra, agöentr,, nes binä ''stödæérquas öraÞ'''''. ''If I had time, I '''would study art'''''.
----

In adition to these, colloquial Dalcurian often expresses verbs with the following moods:

* '''Causative'''-Indicates the cause of an action.

* '''Deductive'''-Indicate the speaker's assumption from a set of facts.

* '''Deliberative'''-Indicates the speaker's request for a command.

* '''Dubitative'''-Indicates an air of doubt in the speaker's statement.

However, these moods are highly colloquial and not likely to be used with a foreigner, and likewise a foreigner is only likely to use them if they have a very good command of Dalcurian.

Dalcurian modal verbs

2009-09-16T21:49:59Z

Rivendale: /* Nöacr */

[[Dalcurian Language Homepage|Homepage]]

[[dal'qörian verbs|Return to Dalcurian Verbs]]

Modal verbs are auxiliaries that convey a condition for the main verb. There are six modal verbs in Dalcurian and unlike main verbs are quite irregular.

'''Dalcurian modals in tense:'''

Present/infinitive:

* '''voltir''' ''want''
* '''mösár''' ''must/to have to''
* '''Þöldr''' ''should (ought to)''
* '''már''' ''may/to be allowed to''
* '''iqur''' ''like''
* '''nöacr''' ''can/able to''

'''Simple past:'''

* '''gä'voltir''' ''wanted''
* '''gä'mösár''' ''had to''
* '''gä'Þöldr''' ''was/were supposed to''
* '''gä'már''' ''was/were allowed to''
* '''gä'iqur''' ''liked''
* '''gä'nöacr''' ''could/was/were able to''

'''Perfect present'''

* '''gä'ábravoltir''' ''has/have wanted''
* '''gä'ábramösár''' ''have had to''
* '''gä'ábraÞöldr''' ''has/have been supposed to'' (rarely used)
* '''gä'ábramár''' ''has/have been be allowed to''
* '''gä'ábra-iqur''' ''has/have liked''
* '''gä'ábranöacr''' ''could have, has/have been able to''

'''Future'''

* '''voltiræ''' ''will want''
* '''mösáræ''' ''will have to''
* '''Þöldr'''-
* '''máræ''' ''will be allowed to''
* '''iquræ''' ''will like''
* '''nöacræ''' ''will able to''

'''Conditional'''

* '''voltirquas''' ''would want''
* '''mösárquas''' ''would have to''
* '''Þöldrquas''' ''would be supposed to''
* '''márquas''' ''would be allowed to''
* '''iqurquas''' ''would like''
* '''nöacrquas''' ''would be able to''

'''Perfect conditional''' (Note the omission of '''ábra''' in this perfective tense)

* '''gä'voltirquas''' ''would have wanted''
* '''gä'mösárquas''' ''would have had to''
* '''gä'Þöldrquas''' ''would have been supposed to''
* '''gä'márquas''' ''would have been allowed to''
* '''gä'iqurquas''' ''would have liked''
* '''gä'nöacrquas''' ''would have been able to''

'''NOTE 1''': Although the auxilliary '''ábra'''-''have/has'' can take a conditional inflection, we do not use it with conditional modals. Look at the following 2 examples for the phrase, ''I would have wanted...'': the first is grammatically wrong, the second correct:

* '''Binä gä'ábraquas gä'voltir...'''
* '''Binä gä'voltirquas...'''

'''NOTE 2''': Modals only take past tense inflection if the main verb is in infinitive form, or in the case of '''like''' acts as the main verb:

* '''Binä gä'voltir gör'''. ''I wanted '''to go'''''.
* '''Öcra tirimiÞ, binä gä'ábraiqur siöra'''. ''I '''have liked''' her for a while''.

Main verbs themselves carry past tense inflections, and the modal must remain in the infinitive:

* '''Mæ mösár, rödn tiÞ, gä'ábrategöfár.''' ''He must have forgotton about it''.
* '''Sia Þöldr gä'ábracenár'''. ''She should have known''.

The following are grammatically wrong:

* '''Mæ ''gä'mösár'', rödn tiÞ, ''gä'tegöfár''.''' ''He must have forgotton about it''.
* '''Sia ''gä'Þöldr gä'qenár'''''. ''She should have known''.

A tip here is to consider if the main verb is a past participle, as in the above ''forgotton'' and ''known''; two past participles cannot sit together.

==='''Nöacr'''===

This is the only Dalcurian verb that has a subjunctive form, which is '''näocr'''. Depending on context, this can mean ''could, could be, might, might be''. However, one must be able to distinguish the difference between the simple past tense ''could'' and the subjunctive ''could''.

Simple past

This simply implies that you are no longer able to do something:

* '''Binä gä’nöacr, vönéri minäla gä'nábr binöra, evédr.''' ''I could (was able to) drive before I was banned.''

The subjunctive is entirely different. See the Subjunctive section below.

==='''Mösár'''===

This verb, although having a translation of ''must'' is not as forceful as its English counterpart when in negation. In fact, it's more akin to the German verb ''müssen'':

* '''Ména mösár gör'''. ''We have to go''.
* '''Ména mösárax gör'''. ''We don't have to go''. (It's not vital or necessary that we go).

To translate '''mösár''' into a true negative, we use the intensifier '''esti''':

* '''Ména mösár esti gör'''! ''We MUST go!''

In sentences and clauses where a modal verb is present, word order puts a prepositional phrase AFTER the modal verb and NOT immediately after the pronoun/noun as normal:

* '''Binä, máriÞ érenöra, gör'''. ''I go with them''.
* '''Binä mösár, máriÞ érenöra, gör'''. ''I have to go with them''.

DON'T FORGET: For negation, add '''x/ax'''.

2009-07-21T11:30:47Z

Rivendale:

Dalcurian Language Homepage

2009-07-21T11:28:17Z

Rivendale: /* Links: */

[[Image:dal title1 peg.jpg]]

[[User:Rivendale|Click Here to see disclaimer]]

{{Infobox|name=Dal’qörian|pronounce=ɗælkuɹi:jæn (Eng: Dalcurian)<br>[[Media:Dalcurian.ogg|hear pronunciation]]|tu=Present|species=Human|in=[[Dalcuria]] |no=over 3 million|script=Latin alphabet<br>(Dalcurian variant)|tree= [[Thaduracian|Thaduracian]]<br> [[Proto-Dalcurian|Proto-Dalcurian]]<br>  [[Old Dalcurian|Old Dalcurian]]<br>   Middle Dalcurian<br>    Modern Dalcurian|morph=Analytic (standard)<br/> Semi-synthetic (Halcarnian)|ms=Nominative-Accusative (pronouns only)|wo=SVO/SOV|creator=Dayle Hill|date= 2003-ongoing}}

__TOC__

[[Image:Welcome note in dalscript.jpg]]

'''[[Dal'qörian Script|For more on the Dalcurian Script, click here]]'''

Transliteration

<font color=#151B8D><span style="font-size: 16px">'''Qiöra qoÞ. Aca re bán? Binä, te intevönæÞ dis déalecti Dal’qöria, velcamör ela. DérÞ, diö descöbræ däáträdn qörabárämösel qve májä, niaságrämös, liläárämös,, ön salö ni ænÞal degérø dis oragéanámn tiÞöra-lintöni di vosérämös qve tiÞöra qedérÞas.<br/>Binä, öcra di épø taÞ diö icaÞr besöcér siÞ intevönæÞ, iquirquas qnáÞr diöra,, ön méla diö, máriÞ éanö qomenträmösel ödri qualtédrämösel, iquirquas é-mäl binöra,, ödri méla diö natindr éanö enörämösel,, taÞ binä gä’ábravaqur,, ön diö qönér,, taÞ diö nöacr önestár,, nes efragörädnas maqur taÞ dérÞ: ''dwhmusic32@yahoo.co.uk'''''

Translation

<span style="font-size: 16px">'''Hi, and welcome to the Dalcurian language website. Here, you’ll find detailed descriptions of its grammar, pronunciation, style, and a basic history of its origins right up to its present day usage.<br/>I would like to thank you for taking the time to peruse this website, and if you would like to email me with any comments or questions, or if you notice any mistakes that you feel you could correct me on, then please feel free to do so at''': '''''dwhmusic32@yahoo.co.uk'''''
----
Through my own experiences, I have purposely simplified the grammatical terminology in this article, and I have also included brief descriptions of grammatical words and expressions in each respective section. This is because I want newcomers to language study not to feel intimidated by heavy terminology and explanations. As I can remember when I first began to study German, I was very confused with 'intense grammatical explanations'. Of course, when studying or creating a language, one must have some understanding of grammar to begin with. However, for the above reasons I have, for the most part, written this article in [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Simple_English_Wikipedia simple English].<BR/>I should also state that most of the examples and references here are based in comparison to the English language.
----

=='''Sub categories'''==

===[[Dalcurian language and basic history|Dalcurian language and basic history]]===

===[[Dalcurian alphabet and pronunciation|Dalcurian alphabet and pronunciation]]===

===[[dal'qörian adjectives|Adjectives]]===

===[[dal'qörian adverbs|Adverbs]]===

===[[dal'qörian verbs|Verbs]]===

===[[dal'qörian prepositions|Prepositions]]===

===[[Dal'qörian negatives|Negatives]]===

===[[Dal'qörian nouns|Nouns]]===

===[[Dal'qörian Cases|Case]]===

===[[Dal'qörian pronouns|Pronouns]]===

===[[Dalcurian punctuation|Punctuation]]===

===[[Dal'qörian Telling the time|Time]]===

===[[Dal'qörian numbers|Numbers]]===

=='''Miscellaneous word and phrase lists'''==

====[[Dal'qörian colours|Colours]]====
====[[dal'qörian days/months/seasons|Days/months/seasons]]====
====[[dal'qörian describing people|Describing people]]====
====[[dal'qörian countries|Names of Countries]]====
====[[Dalcurian hello/goodbye please/thankyou|Hello/goodbye Please/thankyou]]====
====[[Dalcurian intensifiers|Intensifiers]]====

====Links:====
[http://www.omniglot.com '''Omniglot''']

[[Websites in Dalcurian|Various webpages in Dalcurian]]

[[Category:Conlangs]]

Dalcurian Language Homepage

2009-07-21T11:24:45Z

Rivendale: /* Links: */

[[Image:dal title1 peg.jpg]]

[[User:Rivendale|Click Here to see disclaimer]]

{{Infobox|name=Dal’qörian|pronounce=ɗælkuɹi:jæn (Eng: Dalcurian)<br>[[Media:Dalcurian.ogg|hear pronunciation]]|tu=Present|species=Human|in=[[Dalcuria]] |no=over 3 million|script=Latin alphabet<br>(Dalcurian variant)|tree= [[Thaduracian|Thaduracian]]<br> [[Proto-Dalcurian|Proto-Dalcurian]]<br>  [[Old Dalcurian|Old Dalcurian]]<br>   Middle Dalcurian<br>    Modern Dalcurian|morph=Analytic (standard)<br/> Semi-synthetic (Halcarnian)|ms=Nominative-Accusative (pronouns only)|wo=SVO/SOV|creator=Dayle Hill|date= 2003-ongoing}}

__TOC__

[[Image:Welcome note in dalscript.jpg]]

'''[[Dal'qörian Script|For more on the Dalcurian Script, click here]]'''

Transliteration

<font color=#151B8D><span style="font-size: 16px">'''Qiöra qoÞ. Aca re bán? Binä, te intevönæÞ dis déalecti Dal’qöria, velcamör ela. DérÞ, diö descöbræ däáträdn qörabárämösel qve májä, niaságrämös, liläárämös,, ön salö ni ænÞal degérø dis oragéanámn tiÞöra-lintöni di vosérämös qve tiÞöra qedérÞas.<br/>Binä, öcra di épø taÞ diö icaÞr besöcér siÞ intevönæÞ, iquirquas qnáÞr diöra,, ön méla diö, máriÞ éanö qomenträmösel ödri qualtédrämösel, iquirquas é-mäl binöra,, ödri méla diö natindr éanö enörämösel,, taÞ binä gä’ábravaqur,, ön diö qönér,, taÞ diö nöacr önestár,, nes efragörädnas maqur taÞ dérÞ: ''dwhmusic32@yahoo.co.uk'''''

Translation

<span style="font-size: 16px">'''Hi, and welcome to the Dalcurian language website. Here, you’ll find detailed descriptions of its grammar, pronunciation, style, and a basic history of its origins right up to its present day usage.<br/>I would like to thank you for taking the time to peruse this website, and if you would like to email me with any comments or questions, or if you notice any mistakes that you feel you could correct me on, then please feel free to do so at''': '''''dwhmusic32@yahoo.co.uk'''''
----
Through my own experiences, I have purposely simplified the grammatical terminology in this article, and I have also included brief descriptions of grammatical words and expressions in each respective section. This is because I want newcomers to language study not to feel intimidated by heavy terminology and explanations. As I can remember when I first began to study German, I was very confused with 'intense grammatical explanations'. Of course, when studying or creating a language, one must have some understanding of grammar to begin with. However, for the above reasons I have, for the most part, written this article in [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Simple_English_Wikipedia simple English].<BR/>I should also state that most of the examples and references here are based in comparison to the English language.
----

=='''Sub categories'''==

===[[Dalcurian language and basic history|Dalcurian language and basic history]]===

===[[Dalcurian alphabet and pronunciation|Dalcurian alphabet and pronunciation]]===

===[[dal'qörian adjectives|Adjectives]]===

===[[dal'qörian adverbs|Adverbs]]===

===[[dal'qörian verbs|Verbs]]===

===[[dal'qörian prepositions|Prepositions]]===

===[[Dal'qörian negatives|Negatives]]===

===[[Dal'qörian nouns|Nouns]]===

===[[Dal'qörian Cases|Case]]===

===[[Dal'qörian pronouns|Pronouns]]===

===[[Dalcurian punctuation|Punctuation]]===

===[[Dal'qörian Telling the time|Time]]===

===[[Dal'qörian numbers|Numbers]]===

=='''Miscellaneous word and phrase lists'''==

====[[Dal'qörian colours|Colours]]====
====[[dal'qörian days/months/seasons|Days/months/seasons]]====
====[[dal'qörian describing people|Describing people]]====
====[[dal'qörian countries|Names of Countries]]====
====[[Dalcurian hello/goodbye please/thankyou|Hello/goodbye Please/thankyou]]====
====[[Dalcurian intensifiers|Intensifiers]]====

====Links:====
[http://www.omniglot.com '''Omniglot''']

[[Web pages in Dalcurian|Various webpages in Dalcurian]]

[[Category:Conlangs]]

Dalcurian Language Homepage

2009-07-21T11:24:17Z

Rivendale:

[[Image:dal title1 peg.jpg]]

[[User:Rivendale|Click Here to see disclaimer]]

{{Infobox|name=Dal’qörian|pronounce=ɗælkuɹi:jæn (Eng: Dalcurian)<br>[[Media:Dalcurian.ogg|hear pronunciation]]|tu=Present|species=Human|in=[[Dalcuria]] |no=over 3 million|script=Latin alphabet<br>(Dalcurian variant)|tree= [[Thaduracian|Thaduracian]]<br> [[Proto-Dalcurian|Proto-Dalcurian]]<br>  [[Old Dalcurian|Old Dalcurian]]<br>   Middle Dalcurian<br>    Modern Dalcurian|morph=Analytic (standard)<br/> Semi-synthetic (Halcarnian)|ms=Nominative-Accusative (pronouns only)|wo=SVO/SOV|creator=Dayle Hill|date= 2003-ongoing}}

__TOC__

[[Image:Welcome note in dalscript.jpg]]

'''[[Dal'qörian Script|For more on the Dalcurian Script, click here]]'''

Transliteration

<font color=#151B8D><span style="font-size: 16px">'''Qiöra qoÞ. Aca re bán? Binä, te intevönæÞ dis déalecti Dal’qöria, velcamör ela. DérÞ, diö descöbræ däáträdn qörabárämösel qve májä, niaságrämös, liläárämös,, ön salö ni ænÞal degérø dis oragéanámn tiÞöra-lintöni di vosérämös qve tiÞöra qedérÞas.<br/>Binä, öcra di épø taÞ diö icaÞr besöcér siÞ intevönæÞ, iquirquas qnáÞr diöra,, ön méla diö, máriÞ éanö qomenträmösel ödri qualtédrämösel, iquirquas é-mäl binöra,, ödri méla diö natindr éanö enörämösel,, taÞ binä gä’ábravaqur,, ön diö qönér,, taÞ diö nöacr önestár,, nes efragörädnas maqur taÞ dérÞ: ''dwhmusic32@yahoo.co.uk'''''

Translation

<span style="font-size: 16px">'''Hi, and welcome to the Dalcurian language website. Here, you’ll find detailed descriptions of its grammar, pronunciation, style, and a basic history of its origins right up to its present day usage.<br/>I would like to thank you for taking the time to peruse this website, and if you would like to email me with any comments or questions, or if you notice any mistakes that you feel you could correct me on, then please feel free to do so at''': '''''dwhmusic32@yahoo.co.uk'''''
----
Through my own experiences, I have purposely simplified the grammatical terminology in this article, and I have also included brief descriptions of grammatical words and expressions in each respective section. This is because I want newcomers to language study not to feel intimidated by heavy terminology and explanations. As I can remember when I first began to study German, I was very confused with 'intense grammatical explanations'. Of course, when studying or creating a language, one must have some understanding of grammar to begin with. However, for the above reasons I have, for the most part, written this article in [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Simple_English_Wikipedia simple English].<BR/>I should also state that most of the examples and references here are based in comparison to the English language.
----

=='''Sub categories'''==

===[[Dalcurian language and basic history|Dalcurian language and basic history]]===

===[[Dalcurian alphabet and pronunciation|Dalcurian alphabet and pronunciation]]===

===[[dal'qörian adjectives|Adjectives]]===

===[[dal'qörian adverbs|Adverbs]]===

===[[dal'qörian verbs|Verbs]]===

===[[dal'qörian prepositions|Prepositions]]===

===[[Dal'qörian negatives|Negatives]]===

===[[Dal'qörian nouns|Nouns]]===

===[[Dal'qörian Cases|Case]]===

===[[Dal'qörian pronouns|Pronouns]]===

===[[Dalcurian punctuation|Punctuation]]===

===[[Dal'qörian Telling the time|Time]]===

===[[Dal'qörian numbers|Numbers]]===

=='''Miscellaneous word and phrase lists'''==

====[[Dal'qörian colours|Colours]]====
====[[dal'qörian days/months/seasons|Days/months/seasons]]====
====[[dal'qörian describing people|Describing people]]====
====[[dal'qörian countries|Names of Countries]]====
====[[Dalcurian hello/goodbye please/thankyou|Hello/goodbye Please/thankyou]]====
====[[Dalcurian intensifiers|Intensifiers]]====

====Links:====
[http://www.omniglot.com '''Omniglot''']
[[Web pages in Dalcurian|Various webpages in Dalcurian]]

[[Category:Conlangs]]

Conlang learners/Learners shortlist

2009-07-21T00:16:34Z

Rivendale:

=Conlang Learner's List Language Shortlist=
This is a list of the language's mentioned by name on the [http://lists.conlang.org/listinfo.cgi/conlang_learners-conlang.org conlang learners' list] to be learned by the community.
The list when complete will have the creator's name alongside the language's name, along with a link to some resources.

== Key to abbreviations ==

* art - [[artlang]]
* enge - [[engelang]]
* aux - [[auxlang]]

* alt - alternate history language
* fict - language with fictional setting
* exo - nonhuman language

* OK - permission obtained from conlang's creator for use in this project
* PC - conlang was proposed by its creator for use in this project
* free - conlang is released under some suitable license so we don't need explicit permission to use it for this project
* P? - someone needs to contact the conlang's creator and ask if they mind us using it for this project
* U - conlang creator's whereabouts are unknown, no one has succeeded in contacting them

==the list==
*Adelic - S. A. MacLagan (art, alt; U)
**http://www.geocities.com/Area51/Station/6297/index.html?200915
*Alurhsa - Tony Harris (art, fict; P?)
**http://alurhsa.org
**http://podcast.conlang.org/2009/03/interview-with-tony-harris/
*Asha'ille - Arthaey Angosii (art, fict; OK)
**http://www.arthaey.com/conlang/
*Ayeri - Carsten Becker (art, fict; P?)
**http://benung.nfshost.com/
*[[Brithenig]] - Andrew Smith (art, alt, fict; OK)
**http://hobbit.griffler.co.nz/introduction.html
*[[Dalcurian|Dalcurian]] - Dayle Hill (alt, fict; PC)
**Recently updated-documented on this wiki
**[http://docs.google.com/View?id=dmh9tc5_5cc2cgxdx Dalcurian lexicon sample]
*Frenkisch - David Parke (aux; P?)
**http://tech.groups.yahoo.com/group/frenkisch/
*gjâ-zym-byn (gzb) - Jim Henry (art/enge; OK)
**http://bellsouthpwp.net/j/i/jimhenry1973/gzb/gzb.htm
*Ilomi (aux/art; OK)
**http://ca.geocities.com/handydad/elomi/elomi-main.html
*[[Ithkuil]] & Ilaksh - John Quijada (enge; P?)
**http://www.ithkuil.net/
*Itlani - Jim Hopkins (art; P?)
**http://www.christusrex.org/www1/pater/JPN-itlani.html
**http://steen.free.fr/relay10/itlani.html
*[[Kalusa]] - Gary Shannon and various others (art; free? P?)
**http://dedalvs.conlang.org/smileys/2006.html
**http://inamidst.com/stuff/kalusa/
**http://www.pobox.com/~jimhenry/conlang/kalusa/index.html
*Kash - Roger Mills (art, fict; PC)
**http://cinduworld.tripod.com/contents.htm
*[[Kelanian|Kelanian]] Andre/Andrew (art, alt P?)
*[[Kēlen]] - Sylvia Sotomayor (art, exo, fict; P?)
**http://www.terjemar.net/kelen.php
*[[Kerno]] - Padraic Brown (art, alt; PC)
**Documented on this wiki
**Phrasebook, grammar sketch, texts and lexicon: http://www.bethisad.com/kerno.htm
*[[Láadan]] - Suzette Haden Elgin (art, fict, free)
** http://www.laadanlanguage.org/
** http://podcast.conlang.org/2009/04/interview-with-suzette-haden-elgin/
*Laefèvæšii - Ashucky (art; PC)
**http://laefevsjiieng.weebly.com/index.html
* Qakwan - Larry Sulky (art; OK)
**http://larrysulky.webs.com/qakwan/qakwan-main.html
*Sambahsa - Olivier Simon (aux; PC)
**http://sambahsa.pbworks.com/
*Taruven - Taliesin (art; P?)
**http://home.nvg.org/~taliesin/taruven/
*[[Teonaht]] - Sally Caves (art, fict; P?)
**http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Teonaht
**http://www.frontiernet.net/~scaves/contents.html
*Vabungula - Bill Price (art; OK)
**http://www.geocities.com/bprice1949/vab1.html
*[[Verdurian]] - Mark Rosenfelder (art, fict; P?)
**http://www.zompist.com/verdurian.htm
*Voksigid - B. R. Gilson (enge; [http://viewsoflanguage.host56.com/myinterest.html OK])
**http://ViewsOfLanguage.host56.com/voksigid/
*Vorlin - Rick Harrison (aux/art; free)
**http://www.vorlin.org/

==Conlangs whose feasability is under question==
*[[Fith]] - Jeffrey Henning (art, exo, fict; P?)
**http://www.langmaker.com/fith.htm
*[[Tokana]] - Matthew Pearson (art, fict; P?)
**http://www.linguistics.ucla.edu/people/grads/pearson/tokindex.html

== Note on geocities.com sites ==

Yahoo has announced that they're going to close Geocities later this year (2009-10-26), presumably resulting in a loss of data on conlangs (etc.) documented only on Geocities. I (Jim Henry) am saving offline copies of several conlangs' Geocities pages with [http://www.gnu.org/software/wget wget], including all the conlangs listed above which are hosted on Geocities, plus Rex May's Ceqli. If Geocities goes down before we vote on what conlang to learn and you want copies of the Vabungula, Voksigid, Ilomi, or Adelic websites, let me know.

Websites in Dalcurian

2009-07-20T21:56:40Z

Rivendale: Created page with 'Homepage Here is a list and images for various website homepages in Dalcurian. Facebook homepage: Image:Dalcurian Facebook Homepage.jpg […'

2009-07-19T20:21:29Z

Rivendale: Blanked the page

Main Page/Dalcurian

2009-07-19T20:19:47Z

Rivendale:

<center>{{CURRENTDAYNAME}} {{CURRENTDAY}} {{CURRENTMONTHNAME}} {{CURRENTYEAR}}. Support:
[[Help:Free Unicode fonts|Fonts]] • [[Help:Editing|Editing a Page]] • [[FrathWiki:Naming conventions|Article Naming Conventions]] • [[Help:How does one start a page|Starting a Page]] • [[Help:Contents|General Help]]</center>

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{{:Main Page/News banner}}

<center>

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<div style="font: 13pt Verdana; font-weight:bold; padding:5px; border-bottom:1px solid #aaa;">Topics</div>
:[[:Category:Linguistics|Natural languages]]
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:[[:Category:Conworlds|Conworlds]]
:[[Conlang comparison]]
:[[Our Father|Lord's Prayer translations]]
:[[:Category:Conlang relays|Conlang relays]]
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Rivendale's ideas

Dal'qörian comparison of adjectives

2009-07-17T21:29:30Z

Rivendale:

[[Dalcurian Language Homepage|Homepage]]

[[dal'qörian adjectives|back to Dalcurian adjectives]]

In English, many adjectives are compared by adding the suffixes ''er'' and ''est'' with the definite article ''the'':

{| border="1"
|+
! absolute !! comparative !! superlative
|-
| fast
| faster || the fastest
|-
| late
| later || the latest
|}

Another way of comparing adjectives is with ''more'' and ''the most'':

{| border="1"
|+
! absolute !! comparative !! superlative
|-
| achievable
| more achievable || the most achievable
|-
| advanced
| more advanced || the most advanced
|}

In Dalcurian, both of these constructions are rendered with the prefix '''te''' with words beginning with a consonant, and '''tev''' with those beginning with a vowel:

{| border="1"
|+
! absolute !! comparative !! superlative
|-
| '''araciev'''-''late''
| '''tev'araciev'''-''later'' || '''di tev'araciev'''-''the latest''
|-
| '''bracödrädn'''-''achievable''
| '''te'bracödrädn'''-''more achievable'' || '''di te'bracödrädn'''-''the most achievable''
|}

[[dal'qörian comparative sentences|Comparative sentences]]

[[dal'qörian adjective endings|Adjective endings]]

[[dal'qörian adjective tense|Adjective tense]]

[[dal'qörian Attributive and Predicative adjectives|Attributive and Predicative adjectives]]

[[dal'qörian Post positive adjectives|Post positive adjectives]]

[[dal'qörian Inherent and non-inherent adjectives|Inherent and non-inherent adjectives]]

[[dal'qörian Nominal adjectives|Nominal adjectives]]

[[dal'qörian Resultant adjectives|Resultant adjectives]]

[[dal'qörian adjectives with prepositions|Adjectives with prepositions]]

Dal'qörian comparison of adjectives

2009-07-17T21:29:13Z

Rivendale: