FrathWiki - User contributions [en]

Terzemian

2013-05-04T19:39:35Z

Paul.w.bennett:

{{IPA|}}

{{Infobox|name=Terzemian|pronounce=tɜ˞ˈzɛj.mjən|tu=Possible [[League of Lost Languages|LLL]] candidate|script=Latin, Cyrillic, Arabic, UTA|tree=Unique PIE, influences from Kartvelian, Turkic, Persian, Uralic and Slavic|morph=Mixed|ms=Lexically Split-S|wo=VSO|creator=[[User:Paul.w.bennett|Paul.w.bennett]]|date=}}

=Overview=

Terzemian is an [[Wikipedia:Indo-European|IE-derived]] conlang located along the west coast of the Caspian Sea. It is a [[Wikipedia:Centum-Satem_isogloss|satem]] language (the word for ''hundred'' is šündo (шүндо, şyndo, شَِنداَ /ʃyndo/) that uses the ''ruki'' rule, Grassman's law, Slavic-type depalatalization, z/r alternation, r/n alternation, a three-group vowel harmony system, and two phases of lenition (the first word-final, and the second approximately intervocalic).

=Phonology=

==Consonants==

{|border="1" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="4" align="center"
|align = "center"|p b
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"|t d
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"|k g
|align = "center"|kʷ gʷ
|align = "center"|q ɢ
|align = "center"|ʔ

|-
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"|f v
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"|s z
|align = "center"|ʃ ʒ
|align = "center"|ɬ ɮ
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"|x ɣ
|align = "center"|xʷ ɣʷ
|align = "center"|χ ʁ
|align = "center"|h

|-
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"|ts
|align = "center"|tʃ
|align = "center"|tɬ
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 

|-
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"|w
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"|l
|align = "center"|j
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 

|-
|align = "center"|m
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"|n
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"|ŋ
|align = "center"|ŋʷ
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 

|-
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"|ɾ ɹ
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 

|} 

==Vowels==

Depending on your viewpoint, there are either 17, 14, 9, 7, 6, or 3 vowels. To be more specific, there are 3 vowel harmony groups, with 3 vowels in each group (making up the "Nine" vowel system), plus four ''metavocalic'' symbols: ''я'', ''ю'', ''ə'', and ''←''.

===Seventeen / Fourteen Vowel System===

In external analysis, there seem to be three suprasegmental (word-length) vowel-harmony phonemes, and five segmental vowels (forming a grid of fifteen phonetic vowels), plus two metavocalic symbols. By this count, there are seventeen distinct phonetic vowels.

In practical terms, any word may have any of the seven historical surface vowels as it's "Root" vowel (the first vowel of the lexical root), and belongs to one of one of three harmony groups. Other vowels in a word are then given by one of seven metavocalic symbols. Thus, we find in the first root syllable of a word one of (''a'', ''e'', ''i'', ''o'', ''u'', ''ɨ'', ''ɯ''), in prefixes one of (''α'', ''ε'', ''ω'', ''я'', ''ю'', ''ə''), and all other places any of (''α'', ''ε'', ''ω'', ''я'', ''ю'', ''ə'', ''←''). By this count, there are two sets of seven vowels in complementary distribution, though this is usually called the "Fourteen" vowel system to avoid confusion with the "Seven" vowel system used in the UTA and Arabic scripts.

====Root Vowel Compatibility====

{|border="1" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="4" align="center"
|align = "center"|'''Harmony'''
|align = "center"|''a''
|align = "center"|''e''
|align = "center"|''i''
|align = "center"|''o''
|align = "center"|''u''
|align = "center"|''y''
|align = "center"|''ɯ''

|-
|align = "center"|'''i'''
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"|e
|align = "center"|i
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"|ɯ

|-
|align = "center"|'''a'''
|align = "center"|a
|align = "center"|e
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"|o
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 

|-
|align = "center"|'''u'''
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"|o
|align = "center"|u
|align = "center"|y
|align = "center"| 

|} 

====Metavocalic Symbols====

{|border="1" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="4" align="center"
|align = "center"|'''Harmony'''
|align = "center"|''ε''
|align = "center"|''α''
|align = "center"|''ω''
|align = "center"|''я''
|align = "center"|''ю''

|-
|align = "center"|'''i'''
|align = "center"|i
|align = "center"|e
|align = "center"|ɯ
|align = "center"|iː
|align = "center"|ɯw

|-
|align = "center"|'''a'''
|align = "center"|e
|align = "center"|a
|align = "center"|o
|align = "center"|ja
|align = "center"|aː

|-
|align = "center"|'''u'''
|align = "center"|y
|align = "center"|o
|align = "center"|u
|align = "center"|ju
|align = "center"|uː

|} 

In addition, the metavowels ''ə'' and ''←'' respectively stand for "the root vowel" and "the vowel immediately to the left".

===Seven Vowel System===

The Seven Vowel system is retained in writing in the UTA and Arabic scripts, but in modern times, /y/ and /ɯ/ have merged under Soviet influence (being in complementary distribution, and not found in Russian), and the Six Vowel system has replaced it for the Latin and Cyrillic scripts, and in modern pronunciation (in all but the most careful / formal contexts).

{|border="1" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="4" align="center"
|align = "center"|i y
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"|ɯ u

|-
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"|e
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"|o
|align = "center"| 

|-
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"|ɑ
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 

|} 

===Six Vowel System===

{|border="1" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="4" align="center"
|align = "center"|i
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"|ɨ
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"|u

|-
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"|e
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"|o
|align = "center"| 

|-
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"|ɑ
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 

|} 

=Writing System=

Terzemian has been written in a variety of scripts. In the modern era, a modified Latin alphabet is used. During the Soviet era, Cyrillic was used, and can still be found. Before the Soviet era, a form of the [[Wikipedia:Uniform Turkic Alphabet|UTA]] was used alongside Arabic. The Arabic script can still be found in general use in certain areas, as well as among the Muslim population throughout the region. Despite (or perhaps because) the fact that the move to the Latin script was a deliberate process to reflect post-Soviet independence, there is also a small folkish movement to return to the UTA script. In short, the learner of Terzemian should concentrate on learning the Latin script, but should be prepared to encounter Cyrillic, UTA, and Arabic on a more or less daily basis.

==Logical Layout==

The following tables illustrate the writing systems with a layout that is in accordance with the Phonology tables above.

===Modern Latin===

{|border="1" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="4" align="center"
|align = "center"|p b
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"|t d
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"|k g
|align = "center"|k˚ g˚
|align = "center"|ḳ ġ
|align = "center"|ʼ

|-
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"|f v
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"|s z
|align = "center"|š ž
|align = "center"|ł ł̣
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"|x ǧ
|align = "center"|x˚ ǧ˚
|align = "center"|x̣ ǧ̇
|align = "center"|h

|-
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"|c
|align = "center"|č
|align = "center"|tł
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 

|-
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"|w
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"|l
|align = "center"|j
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 

|-
|align = "center"|m
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"|n
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"|ň
|align = "center"|ň˚
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 

|-
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"|ṛ r
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 

|} 

{|border="1" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="4" align="center"
|align = "center"|i
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"|y
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"|u

|-
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"|e
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"|o
|align = "center"| 

|-
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"|a
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 

|} 

===UTA===

{|border="1" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="4" align="center"
|align = "center"|p b
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"|t d
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"|k g
|align = "center"|kъ gъ
|align = "center"|ķ g̓
|align = "center"|q

|-
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"|f v
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"|s z
|align = "center"|ş ƶ
|align = "center"|ł ľ
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"|x ƣ
|align = "center"|xъ ƣъ
|align = "center"|x̧ ƣ̓
|align = "center"|h

|-
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"|c
|align = "center"|ç
|align = "center"|tł
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 

|-
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"|w
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"|l
|align = "center"|j
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 

|-
|align = "center"|m
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"|n
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"|ŋ
|align = "center"|ŋъ

|-
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"|r ř
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 

|} 

{|border="1" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="4" align="center"
|align = "center"|i y
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"|ı u

|-
|align = "center"|e
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"|o

|-
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"|a
|align = "center"| 

|} 

===Cyrillic===

{|border="1" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="4" align="center"
|align = "center"|п б
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"|т д
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"|к г
|align = "center"|къ гъ къ
|align = "center"|қ ӷ
|align = "center"|Ӏ

|-
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"|ф в
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"|с з
|align = "center"|ш ж
|align = "center"|ӆ ԓ
|align = "center"|х ғ
|align = "center"|хъ ғъ
|align = "center"|ҳ ӷ̵
|align = "center"|һ

|-
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"|ц
|align = "center"|ч
|align = "center"|тӆ
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 

|-
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"|ў
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"|й
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 

|-
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"|л
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 

|-
|align = "center"|м
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"|н
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"|ң
|align = "center"|ңъ
|align = "center"| 

|-
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"|р ʀ
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 

|} 

{|border="1" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="4" align="center"
|align = "center"|и
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"|ы
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"|у

|-
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"|э
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"|о
|align = "center"| 

|-
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"|а
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 

|} 

===Arabic===

{|border="1" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="4" align="center"
|align = "center"|پ ب
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"|ت د
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"|ك گ
|align = "center"| 

|-
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"|ف ڒ
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"|س ز
|align = "center"|ژ ش
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"|خ غ
|align = "center"|ه

|-
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| څ
|align = "center"| چ
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 

|-
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| و
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| ي
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 

|-
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| ل
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 

|-
|align = "center"| م
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| ن
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| ڽ
|align = "center"| 

|-
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"|ر
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 

|} 

{|border="1" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="4" align="center"
|align = "center"|هِ
|align = "center"| هَِ
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| هَ

|-
|align = "center"| اِ
|align = "center"| اَِ
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| اَ

|-
|align = "center"| اٍ
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"|ا
|align = "center"|اً

|} 

==Alphabetical Orders==

The tables above approximately follow the IPA layout for the sounds of Terzemian. The correct orders of the writing systems of Terzemian are:

* Latin: Aa Ää Åå Bb Cc Čč Dd Ee Ff Gg Ǧǧ Ġġ Ǧ̇ǧ̇ Hh Ii Kk Ll Łł Mm Nn Ňň Oo Öö Pp Rr Ṛṛ Ss Šš Tt Uu Üü Vv Ww Xx X̣x̣ Yy Zz Žž ˚ ʼ
* Cyrillic: Аа Әә Бб Вв Гг Ғғ Ӷ̵ӷ̵ Дд Ее Жж Зз Һһ Ии Йй Кк Лл Ӆӆ Ԓԓ Мм Нн Ңң Оо Өө Пп Рр Rʀ Сс Тт Уу Ўў Үү Фф Хх Ҳҳ Цц Чч Шш Щщ Ъъ Ыы Ьь Ээ Ɔɔ Юю Яя ӏ
* UTA: Aa Əə Bb Cc Çç Dd Ee Ff Gg Ƣƣ Hh Ii Jj Kk Ll Mm Nn Ŋŋ Oo Ɵɵ Ɔɔ Pp Rr Ss Şş Tt Uu Vv Ww Xx Yy Zz Ƶƶ Qq Ъъ
* Arabic: ا ب ت پ ح خ څ چ د ر ز ژ س ش غ ف ك گ ل م ن ڽ ه و ۆ ي هِ هَِ هَ اِ اَِ اَ اٍ اً

The following chart shows the other writing systems in the latin order:

{|border="1" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="4" align="center"
|align = "center"|'''Latin'''
|align = "center"|Aa
|align = "center"|Ää
|align = "center"|Åå
|align = "center"|Bb
|align = "center"|Cc
|align = "center"|Čč
|align = "center"|Dd
|align = "center"|Ee
|align = "center"|Ff
|align = "center"|Gg
|align = "center"|Ǧǧ
|align = "center"|Ġġ
|align = "center"|Ǧ̇ǧ̇
|align = "center"|Hh
|align = "center"|Ii
|align = "center"|Kk
|align = "center"|Ll
|align = "center"|Łł
|align = "center"|Mm

|-
|align = "center"|'''Cyrillic'''
|align = "center"|Аа
|align = "center"|Әә
|align = "center"|Ɔɔ
|align = "center"|Бб
|align = "center"|Цц
|align = "center"|Чч
|align = "center"|Дд
|align = "center"|Ээ
|align = "center"|Фф
|align = "center"|Гг
|align = "center"|Ғғ
|align = "center"|Ӷ̵ӷ̵
|align = "center"|''???''
|align = "center"|Һһ
|align = "center"|Ии
|align = "center"|Кк
|align = "center"|Лл
|align = "center"|Ӆӆ / Ԓԓ
|align = "center"|Мм

|-
|align = "center"|''Latin''
|align = "center"|Nn
|align = "center"|Ňň
|align = "center"|Oo
|align = "center"|Öö
|align = "center"|Pp
|align = "center"|Rr
|align = "center"|Ṛṛ
|align = "center"|Ss
|align = "center"|Šš
|align = "center"|Tt
|align = "center"|Uu
|align = "center"|Üü
|align = "center"|Vv
|align = "center"|Ww
|align = "center"|Xx
|align = "center"|X̣x̣
|align = "center"|Yy
|align = "center"|Zz
|align = "center"|Žž
|align = "center"|˚
|align = "center"|ʼ
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 

|-
|align = "center"|''Cyrillic''
|align = "center"|Нн
|align = "center"|Ңң
|align = "center"|Оо
|align = "center"|Өө
|align = "center"|Пп
|align = "center"|Rʀ
|align = "center"|Рр
|align = "center"|Сс
|align = "center"|Шш
|align = "center"|Тт
|align = "center"|Уу
|align = "center"|Үү
|align = "center"|Вв
|align = "center"|Ўў
|align = "center"|Хх
|align = "center"|Ҳҳ
|align = "center"|Йй
|align = "center"|Зз
|align = "center"|Жж
|align = "center"|Ъъ
|align = "center"|ӏ
|align = "center"|Щщ
|align = "center"|Ыы
|align = "center"|Ьь
|align = "center"|Юю
|align = "center"|Яя
|align = "center"|Ее

|} 

Notes:

* The Cyrillic letters ''Щ'', ''Ъ'', and ''Ь'' are not used in native words.
* The Cyrillic letters ''Е'', ''Ю'', and ''Я'' are occasionally used in native words.
* The Arabic characters هِ هَِ هَ use the letter ه as a base character for illustration. The actual vowels are written as just the diactrics, attached to the preceeding consonant.

=Sound Changes=

''See the [[Terzemian/Sound_Changes|Sound Changes]] subarticle.

=Morphosyntax=

==Harmony==

===Vowels===

===Fricative===

The metasymbol ''ɧ'' represents an assimilatory fricative, as follows:

{|border="1" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="4" align="center"
! Next Consonant || p,b,m,f,v,w || t,d,n,s,z,l,r || č,š,ž,y || k,g,x,ǧ || h
|-
| '''Outcome''' || f || s || š || x || ∅
|}

If there is no next consonant in the root, ''ɧ'' assimilates to the previous consonant.

If there is no next consonant and no previous consonant in the root, ''ɧ'' becomes ''h''.

==Verbs==

===Agreement===

====Agreement prefixes====

{|border="1" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="4" align="center"
! Conj. || Argument || 1st Person || 2nd || 3rd
|-
| 1 || A || ''ǧ-'' || ''z-'' || ''ε-''
|-
| 1 || P || - || ''ю-'' || ''c-''
|-
| 2 || A || - || ''smω-'' || ''s-''
|-
| 2 || P || ''əm-'' || ''jω-'' || -
|}

===Aspect, Mood, Intensity, and Attitude===

Additional verb characteristics are expressed in suffixes, including the following.

*'''Aspect
**'''Inceptive'''
**'''Abortive'''
**'''Completitive''' ''-юǧ''
**'''Participle''' ''-яnz''
**'''Perfect''' ''-gεv''
*'''Mood'''
**'''Imperative''' (use bare root)
**'''Negative''' ''-nε''
**'''Optative/Hortative/Jussive''' ''-zюn''
**'''Causative/Volition''' (A -> P, Cause -> A)
*'''Intensity'''
**'''More Intense''' ''-sεz''
**'''Less Intense''' ''-də'' (NB: same as nominal diminutive)

Suffixes may be chained in a head-modifier (right-branching) manner.

==Nominals==

===Gender===

There is pragmatic gender marking -- Nouns are marked for a gender system that combines traditional gender and pragmatic roles.

Genders, with examples, are:

{|border="1" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="4" align="center"
|align = "left"|1st Person
|align = "center"|''-αm''
|align = "left"|rižem
|align = "left"|I, the king
|align = "left"| 
|align = "left"| 

|-
|align = "left"|2nd Person
|align = "center"|''-αs''
|align = "left"|rižes
|align = "left"|You, the king
|align = "left"| 
|align = "left"| 

|-
|align = "left"|3rd Animate
|align = "center"|''-αt''
|align = "left"|rižet
|align = "left"|He, the king
|align = "left"| 
|align = "left"| 

|-
|align = "left"|3rd Inanimate
|align = "center"|''∅''
|align = "left"|riž
|align = "left"|It, the kingdom
|align = "left"|čom
|align = "left"|The land

|-
|align = "left"|Negative Animate
|align = "center"|''-n←''
|align = "left"|rižni
|align = "left"|No king
|align = "left"| 
|align = "left"| 

|-
|align = "left"|Negative Inanimate
|align = "center"|''α-''
|align = "left"|eriž
|align = "left"|No kingdom
|align = "left"|očom
|align = "left"|No land

|} 

===Cases===

Case marking is ergative for Inanimate and Negative subjects, and accusative in all other cases.

Cases are:

{|border="1" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="4" align="center"
|align = "left"|Erg
|align = "center"|''-εr''
|align = "left"|--
|align = "left"|čomyr

|-
|align = "left"|Nom/Abs
|align = "center"|''∅''
|align = "left"|rižet
|align = "left"|čom

|-
|align = "left"|Acc
|align = "center"|''-←n''
|align = "left"|rižeten
|align = "left"|--

|-
|align = "left"|Dat
|align = "center"|''-əm''
|align = "left"|rižetim
|align = "left"|čomom

|-
|align = "left"|Gen
|align = "center"|''-εs''
|align = "left"|rižetis
|align = "left"|čomys

|-
|align = "left"|Ins/Prl
|align = "center"|''-ω''
|align = "left"|rižety
|align = "left"|čomu

|-
|align = "left"|Com/Loc
|align = "center"|''-b←''
|align = "left"|rižetbe
|align = "left"|čombo

|} 

[[Category: Conlangs]]

Terzemian

2013-05-04T19:36:56Z

Paul.w.bennett: /* Agreement prefixes */

{{IPA|}}

{{Infobox|name=Terzemian|pronounce=tɜ˞ˈzɛj.mjən|tu=Possible [[League of Lost Languages|LLL]] candidate|script=Latin, Cyrillic, Arabic, UTA|tree=Unique PIE, influences from Kartvelian, Turkic, Persian, Uralic and Slavic|morph=Mixed|ms=Lexically Split-S|wo=VSO|creator=[[User:Paul.w.bennett|Paul.w.bennett]]|date=}}

=Overview=

Terzemian is an [[Wikipedia:Indo-European|IE-derived]] conlang located along the west coast of the Caspian Sea. It is a [[Wikipedia:Centum-Satem_isogloss|satem]] language (the word for ''hundred'' is šündo (шүндо, şyndo, شَِنداَ /ʃyndo/) that uses the ''ruki'' rule, Grassman's law, Slavic-type depalatalization, z/r alternation, r/n alternation, a three-group vowel harmony system, and two phases of lenition (the first word-final, and the second approximately intervocalic).

=Phonology=

==Consonants==

{|border="1" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="4" align="center"
|align = "center"|p b
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"|t d
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"|k g
|align = "center"|kʷ gʷ
|align = "center"|q ɢ
|align = "center"|ʔ

|-
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"|f v
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"|s z
|align = "center"|ʃ ʒ
|align = "center"|ɬ ɮ
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"|x ɣ
|align = "center"|xʷ ɣʷ
|align = "center"|χ ʁ
|align = "center"|h

|-
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"|ts
|align = "center"|tʃ
|align = "center"|tɬ
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 

|-
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"|w
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"|l
|align = "center"|j
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 

|-
|align = "center"|m
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"|n
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"|ŋ
|align = "center"|ŋʷ
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 

|-
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"|ɾ ɹ
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 

|} 

==Vowels==

Depending on your viewpoint, there are either 17, 14, 9, 7, 6, or 3 vowels. To be more specific, there are 3 vowel harmony groups, with 3 vowels in each group (making up the "Nine" vowel system), plus four ''metavocalic'' symbols: ''я'', ''ю'', ''ə'', and ''←''.

===Seventeen / Fourteen Vowel System===

In external analysis, there seem to be three suprasegmental (word-length) vowel-harmony phonemes, and five segmental vowels (forming a grid of fifteen phonetic vowels), plus two metavocalic symbols. By this count, there are seventeen distinct phonetic vowels.

In practical terms, any word may have any of the seven historical surface vowels as it's "Root" vowel (the first vowel of the lexical root), and belongs to one of one of three harmony groups. Other vowels in a word are then given by one of seven metavocalic symbols. Thus, we find in the first root syllable of a word one of (''a'', ''e'', ''i'', ''o'', ''u'', ''ɨ'', ''ɯ''), in prefixes one of (''α'', ''ε'', ''ω'', ''я'', ''ю'', ''ə''), and all other places any of (''α'', ''ε'', ''ω'', ''я'', ''ю'', ''ə'', ''←''). By this count, there are two sets of seven vowels in complementary distribution, though this is usually called the "Fourteen" vowel system to avoid confusion with the "Seven" vowel system used in the UTA and Arabic scripts.

====Root Vowel Compatibility====

{|border="1" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="4" align="center"
|align = "center"|'''Harmony'''
|align = "center"|''a''
|align = "center"|''e''
|align = "center"|''i''
|align = "center"|''o''
|align = "center"|''u''
|align = "center"|''y''
|align = "center"|''ɯ''

|-
|align = "center"|'''i'''
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"|e
|align = "center"|i
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"|ɯ

|-
|align = "center"|'''a'''
|align = "center"|a
|align = "center"|e
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"|o
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 

|-
|align = "center"|'''u'''
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"|o
|align = "center"|u
|align = "center"|y
|align = "center"| 

|} 

====Metavocalic Symbols====

{|border="1" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="4" align="center"
|align = "center"|'''Harmony'''
|align = "center"|''ε''
|align = "center"|''α''
|align = "center"|''ω''
|align = "center"|''я''
|align = "center"|''ю''

|-
|align = "center"|'''i'''
|align = "center"|i
|align = "center"|e
|align = "center"|ɯ
|align = "center"|iː
|align = "center"|ɯw

|-
|align = "center"|'''a'''
|align = "center"|e
|align = "center"|a
|align = "center"|o
|align = "center"|ja
|align = "center"|aː

|-
|align = "center"|'''u'''
|align = "center"|y
|align = "center"|o
|align = "center"|u
|align = "center"|ju
|align = "center"|uː

|} 

In addition, the metavowels ''ə'' and ''←'' respectively stand for "the root vowel" and "the vowel immediately to the left".

===Seven Vowel System===

The Seven Vowel system is retained in writing in the UTA and Arabic scripts, but in modern times, /y/ and /ɯ/ have merged under Soviet influence (being in complementary distribution, and not found in Russian), and the Six Vowel system has replaced it for the Latin and Cyrillic scripts, and in modern pronunciation (in all but the most careful / formal contexts).

{|border="1" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="4" align="center"
|align = "center"|i y
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"|ɯ u

|-
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"|e
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"|o
|align = "center"| 

|-
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"|ɑ
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 

|} 

===Six Vowel System===

{|border="1" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="4" align="center"
|align = "center"|i
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"|ɨ
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"|u

|-
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"|e
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"|o
|align = "center"| 

|-
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"|ɑ
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 

|} 

=Writing System=

Terzemian has been written in a variety of scripts. In the modern era, a modified Latin alphabet is used. During the Soviet era, Cyrillic was used, and can still be found. Before the Soviet era, a form of the [[Wikipedia:Uniform Turkic Alphabet|UTA]] was used alongside Arabic. The Arabic script can still be found in general use in certain areas, as well as among the Muslim population throughout the region. Despite (or perhaps because) the fact that the move to the Latin script was a deliberate process to reflect post-Soviet independence, there is also a small folkish movement to return to the UTA script. In short, the learner of Terzemian should concentrate on learning the Latin script, but should be prepared to encounter Cyrillic, UTA, and Arabic on a more or less daily basis.

==Logical Layout==

The following tables illustrate the writing systems with a layout that is in accordance with the Phonology tables above.

===Modern Latin===

{|border="1" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="4" align="center"
|align = "center"|p b
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"|t d
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"|k g
|align = "center"|k˚ g˚
|align = "center"|ḳ ġ
|align = "center"|ʼ

|-
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"|f v
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"|s z
|align = "center"|š ž
|align = "center"|ł ł̣
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"|x ǧ
|align = "center"|x˚ ǧ˚
|align = "center"|x̣ ǧ̇
|align = "center"|h

|-
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"|c
|align = "center"|č
|align = "center"|tł
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 

|-
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"|w
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"|l
|align = "center"|j
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 

|-
|align = "center"|m
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"|n
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"|ň
|align = "center"|ň˚
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 

|-
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"|ṛ r
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 

|} 

{|border="1" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="4" align="center"
|align = "center"|i
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"|y
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"|u

|-
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"|e
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"|o
|align = "center"| 

|-
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"|a
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 

|} 

===UTA===

{|border="1" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="4" align="center"
|align = "center"|p b
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"|t d
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"|k g
|align = "center"|kъ gъ
|align = "center"|ķ g̓
|align = "center"|q

|-
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"|f v
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"|s z
|align = "center"|ş ƶ
|align = "center"|ł ľ
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"|x ƣ
|align = "center"|xъ ƣъ
|align = "center"|x̧ ƣ̓
|align = "center"|h

|-
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"|c
|align = "center"|ç
|align = "center"|tł
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 

|-
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"|w
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"|l
|align = "center"|j
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 

|-
|align = "center"|m
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"|n
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"|ŋ
|align = "center"|ŋъ

|-
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"|r ř
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 

|} 

{|border="1" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="4" align="center"
|align = "center"|i y
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"|ı u

|-
|align = "center"|e
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"|o

|-
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"|a
|align = "center"| 

|} 

===Cyrillic===

{|border="1" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="4" align="center"
|align = "center"|п б
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"|т д
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"|к г
|align = "center"|къ гъ къ
|align = "center"|қ ӷ
|align = "center"|Ӏ

|-
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"|ф в
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"|с з
|align = "center"|ш ж
|align = "center"|ӆ ԓ
|align = "center"|х ғ
|align = "center"|хъ ғъ
|align = "center"|ҳ ӷ̵
|align = "center"|һ

|-
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"|ц
|align = "center"|ч
|align = "center"|тӆ
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 

|-
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"|ў
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"|й
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 

|-
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"|л
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 

|-
|align = "center"|м
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"|н
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"|ң
|align = "center"|ңъ
|align = "center"| 

|-
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"|р ʀ
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 

|} 

{|border="1" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="4" align="center"
|align = "center"|и
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"|ы
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"|у

|-
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"|э
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"|о
|align = "center"| 

|-
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"|а
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 

|} 

===Arabic===

{|border="1" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="4" align="center"
|align = "center"|پ ب
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"|ت د
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"|ك گ
|align = "center"| 

|-
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"|ف ڒ
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"|س ز
|align = "center"|ژ ش
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"|خ غ
|align = "center"|ه

|-
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| څ
|align = "center"| چ
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 

|-
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| و
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| ي
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 

|-
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| ل
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 

|-
|align = "center"| م
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| ن
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| ڽ
|align = "center"| 

|-
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"|ر
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 

|} 

{|border="1" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="4" align="center"
|align = "center"|هِ
|align = "center"| هَِ
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| هَ

|-
|align = "center"| اِ
|align = "center"| اَِ
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| اَ

|-
|align = "center"| اٍ
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"|ا
|align = "center"|اً

|} 

==Alphabetical Orders==

The tables above approximately follow the IPA layout for the sounds of Terzemian. The correct orders of the writing systems of Terzemian are:

* Latin: Aa Ää Åå Bb Cc Čč Dd Ee Ff Gg Ǧǧ Ġġ Ǧ̇ǧ̇ Hh Ii Kk Ll Łł Mm Nn Ňň Oo Öö Pp Rr Ṛṛ Ss Šš Tt Uu Üü Vv Ww Xx X̣x̣ Yy Zz Žž ˚ ʼ
* Cyrillic: Аа Әә Бб Вв Гг Ғғ Ӷ̵ӷ̵ Дд Ее Жж Зз Һһ Ии Йй Кк Лл Ӆӆ Ԓԓ Мм Нн Ңң Оо Өө Пп Рр Rʀ Сс Тт Уу Ўў Үү Фф Хх Ҳҳ Цц Чч Шш Щщ Ъъ Ыы Ьь Ээ Ɔɔ Юю Яя ӏ
* UTA: Aa Əə Bb Cc Çç Dd Ee Ff Gg Ƣƣ Hh Ii Jj Kk Ll Mm Nn Ŋŋ Oo Ɵɵ Ɔɔ Pp Rr Ss Şş Tt Uu Vv Ww Xx Yy Zz Ƶƶ Qq Ъъ
* Arabic: ا ب ت پ ح خ څ چ د ر ز ژ س ش غ ف ك گ ل م ن ڽ ه و ۆ ي هِ هَِ هَ اِ اَِ اَ اٍ اً

The following chart shows the other writing systems in the latin order:

{|border="1" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="4" align="center"
|align = "center"|'''Latin'''
|align = "center"|Aa
|align = "center"|Ää
|align = "center"|Åå
|align = "center"|Bb
|align = "center"|Cc
|align = "center"|Čč
|align = "center"|Dd
|align = "center"|Ee
|align = "center"|Ff
|align = "center"|Gg
|align = "center"|Ǧǧ
|align = "center"|Ġġ
|align = "center"|Ǧ̇ǧ̇
|align = "center"|Hh
|align = "center"|Ii
|align = "center"|Kk
|align = "center"|Ll
|align = "center"|Łł
|align = "center"|Mm

|-
|align = "center"|'''Cyrillic'''
|align = "center"|Аа
|align = "center"|Әә
|align = "center"|Ɔɔ
|align = "center"|Бб
|align = "center"|Цц
|align = "center"|Чч
|align = "center"|Дд
|align = "center"|Ээ
|align = "center"|Фф
|align = "center"|Гг
|align = "center"|Ғғ
|align = "center"|Ӷ̵ӷ̵
|align = "center"|''???''
|align = "center"|Һһ
|align = "center"|Ии
|align = "center"|Кк
|align = "center"|Лл
|align = "center"|Ӆӆ / Ԓԓ
|align = "center"|Мм

|-
|align = "center"|''Latin''
|align = "center"|Nn
|align = "center"|Ňň
|align = "center"|Oo
|align = "center"|Öö
|align = "center"|Pp
|align = "center"|Rr
|align = "center"|Ṛṛ
|align = "center"|Ss
|align = "center"|Šš
|align = "center"|Tt
|align = "center"|Uu
|align = "center"|Üü
|align = "center"|Vv
|align = "center"|Ww
|align = "center"|Xx
|align = "center"|X̣x̣
|align = "center"|Yy
|align = "center"|Zz
|align = "center"|Žž
|align = "center"|˚
|align = "center"|ʼ
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 

|-
|align = "center"|''Cyrillic''
|align = "center"|Нн
|align = "center"|Ңң
|align = "center"|Оо
|align = "center"|Өө
|align = "center"|Пп
|align = "center"|Rʀ
|align = "center"|Рр
|align = "center"|Сс
|align = "center"|Шш
|align = "center"|Тт
|align = "center"|Уу
|align = "center"|Үү
|align = "center"|Вв
|align = "center"|Ўў
|align = "center"|Хх
|align = "center"|Ҳҳ
|align = "center"|Йй
|align = "center"|Зз
|align = "center"|Жж
|align = "center"|Ъъ
|align = "center"|ӏ
|align = "center"|Щщ
|align = "center"|Ыы
|align = "center"|Ьь
|align = "center"|Юю
|align = "center"|Яя
|align = "center"|Ее

|} 

Notes:

* The Cyrillic letters ''Щ'', ''Ъ'', and ''Ь'' are not used in native words.
* The Cyrillic letters ''Е'', ''Ю'', and ''Я'' are occasionally used in native words.
* The Arabic characters هِ هَِ هَ use the letter ه as a base character for illustration. The actual vowels are written as just the diactrics, attached to the preceeding consonant.

=Sound Changes=

''See the [[Terzemian/Sound_Changes|Sound Changes]] subarticle.

=Morphosyntax=

==Harmony==

===Vowels===

{|border="1" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="4" align="center"
|align = "center" rowspan = "2"|'''Root Vowel'''
|align = "center" colspan = "3"|'''Prefix Vowel'''
|align = "center" colspan = "6"|'''Suffix Vowel'''

|-

|align = "center"|'''i'''
|align = "center"|'''u'''
|align = "center"|'''a'''

|align = "center"|'''i'''
|align = "center"|'''ü'''
|align = "center"|'''e'''
|align = "center"|'''ö'''
|align = "center"|'''ä'''
|align = "center"|'''a'''

|-
|align = "center"|'''i'''

|align = "center"|i
|align = "center"|ü
|align = "center"|e

|align = "center"|i
|align = "center"|ü
|align = "center"|e
|align = "center"|ö
|align = "center"|ä
|align = "center"|a

|-
|align = "center"|'''ü'''

|align = "center"|i
|align = "center"|ü
|align = "center"|e

|align = "center"|ü
|align = "center"|u
|align = "center"|ö
|align = "center"|o
|align = "center"|ä
|align = "center"|a

|-
|align = "center"|'''u'''

|align = "center"|ü
|align = "center"|u
|align = "center"|o

|align = "center"|ü
|align = "center"|u
|align = "center"|ö
|align = "center"|o
|align = "center"|a
|align = "center"|å

|-
|align = "center"|'''e'''

|align = "center"|i
|align = "center"|ö
|align = "center"|ä

|align = "center"|i
|align = "center"|ü
|align = "center"|e
|align = "center"|ö
|align = "center"|ä
|align = "center"|a

|-
|align = "center"|'''ö'''

|align = "center"|ü
|align = "center"|o
|align = "center"|å

|align = "center"|ü
|align = "center"|u
|align = "center"|ö
|align = "center"|o
|align = "center"|ä
|align = "center"|a

|-
|align = "center"|'''o'''

|align = "center"|ö
|align = "center"|å
|align = "center"|a

|align = "center"|ü
|align = "center"|u
|align = "center"|ö
|align = "center"|o
|align = "center"|a
|align = "center"|å

|-
|align = "center"|'''ä'''

|align = "center"|e
|align = "center"|å
|align = "center"|a

|align = "center"|e
|align = "center"|ö
|align = "center"|ä
|align = "center"|å
|align = "center"|ä
|align = "center"|a

|-
|align = "center"|'''a'''

|align = "center"|e
|align = "center"|o
|align = "center"|a

|align = "center"|e
|align = "center"|ö
|align = "center"|ä
|align = "center"|å
|align = "center"|ä
|align = "center"|a

|-
|align = "center"|'''å'''

|align = "center"|ä
|align = "center"|åɧ
|align = "center"|aɧ

|align = "center"|e
|align = "center"|ö
|align = "center"|ä
|align = "center"|å
|align = "center"|ä
|align = "center"|a

|} 

===Fricative===

The metasymbol ''ɧ'' represents an assimilatory fricative, as follows:

{|border="1" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="4" align="center"
! Next Consonant || p,b,m,f,v,w || t,d,n,s,z,l,r || č,š,ž,y || k,g,x,ǧ || h
|-
| '''Outcome''' || f || s || š || x || ∅
|}

If there is no next consonant in the root, ''ɧ'' assimilates to the previous consonant.

If there is no next consonant and no previous consonant in the root, ''ɧ'' becomes ''h''.

==Verbs==

===Agreement===

====Agreement prefixes====

{|border="1" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="4" align="center"
! Conj. || Argument || 1st Person || 2nd || 3rd
|-
| 1 || A || ''ǧ-'' || ''z-'' || ''ε-''
|-
| 1 || P || - || ''ю-'' || ''c-''
|-
| 2 || A || - || ''smω-'' || ''s-''
|-
| 2 || P || ''əm-'' || ''jω-'' || -
|}

===Aspect, Mood, Intensity, and Attitude===

Additional verb characteristics are expressed in suffixes, including the following.

*'''Aspect
**'''Inceptive'''
**'''Abortive'''
**'''Completitive''' ''-юǧ''
**'''Participle''' ''-яnz''
**'''Perfect''' ''-gεv''
*'''Mood'''
**'''Imperative''' (use bare root)
**'''Negative''' ''-nε''
**'''Optative/Hortative/Jussive''' ''-zюn''
**'''Causative/Volition''' (A -> P, Cause -> A)
*'''Intensity'''
**'''More Intense''' ''-sεz''
**'''Less Intense''' ''-də'' (NB: same as nominal diminutive)

Suffixes may be chained in a head-modifier (right-branching) manner.

==Nominals==

===Gender===

There is pragmatic gender marking -- Nouns are marked for a gender system that combines traditional gender and pragmatic roles.

Genders, with examples, are:

{|border="1" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="4" align="center"
|align = "left"|1st Person
|align = "center"|''-αm''
|align = "left"|rižem
|align = "left"|I, the king
|align = "left"| 
|align = "left"| 

|-
|align = "left"|2nd Person
|align = "center"|''-αs''
|align = "left"|rižes
|align = "left"|You, the king
|align = "left"| 
|align = "left"| 

|-
|align = "left"|3rd Animate
|align = "center"|''-αt''
|align = "left"|rižet
|align = "left"|He, the king
|align = "left"| 
|align = "left"| 

|-
|align = "left"|3rd Inanimate
|align = "center"|''∅''
|align = "left"|riž
|align = "left"|It, the kingdom
|align = "left"|čom
|align = "left"|The land

|-
|align = "left"|Negative Animate
|align = "center"|''-n←''
|align = "left"|rižni
|align = "left"|No king
|align = "left"| 
|align = "left"| 

|-
|align = "left"|Negative Inanimate
|align = "center"|''α-''
|align = "left"|eriž
|align = "left"|No kingdom
|align = "left"|očom
|align = "left"|No land

|} 

===Cases===

Case marking is ergative for Inanimate and Negative subjects, and accusative in all other cases.

Cases are:

{|border="1" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="4" align="center"
|align = "left"|Erg
|align = "center"|''-εr''
|align = "left"|--
|align = "left"|čomyr

|-
|align = "left"|Nom/Abs
|align = "center"|''∅''
|align = "left"|rižet
|align = "left"|čom

|-
|align = "left"|Acc
|align = "center"|''-←n''
|align = "left"|rižeten
|align = "left"|--

|-
|align = "left"|Dat
|align = "center"|''-əm''
|align = "left"|rižetim
|align = "left"|čomom

|-
|align = "left"|Gen
|align = "center"|''-εs''
|align = "left"|rižetis
|align = "left"|čomys

|-
|align = "left"|Ins/Prl
|align = "center"|''-ω''
|align = "left"|rižety
|align = "left"|čomu

|-
|align = "left"|Com/Loc
|align = "center"|''-b←''
|align = "left"|rižetbe
|align = "left"|čombo

|} 

[[Category: Conlangs]]

Terzemian

2013-05-04T19:36:16Z

Paul.w.bennett: /* Verbs */

{{IPA|}}

{{Infobox|name=Terzemian|pronounce=tɜ˞ˈzɛj.mjən|tu=Possible [[League of Lost Languages|LLL]] candidate|script=Latin, Cyrillic, Arabic, UTA|tree=Unique PIE, influences from Kartvelian, Turkic, Persian, Uralic and Slavic|morph=Mixed|ms=Lexically Split-S|wo=VSO|creator=[[User:Paul.w.bennett|Paul.w.bennett]]|date=}}

=Overview=

Terzemian is an [[Wikipedia:Indo-European|IE-derived]] conlang located along the west coast of the Caspian Sea. It is a [[Wikipedia:Centum-Satem_isogloss|satem]] language (the word for ''hundred'' is šündo (шүндо, şyndo, شَِنداَ /ʃyndo/) that uses the ''ruki'' rule, Grassman's law, Slavic-type depalatalization, z/r alternation, r/n alternation, a three-group vowel harmony system, and two phases of lenition (the first word-final, and the second approximately intervocalic).

=Phonology=

==Consonants==

{|border="1" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="4" align="center"
|align = "center"|p b
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"|t d
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"|k g
|align = "center"|kʷ gʷ
|align = "center"|q ɢ
|align = "center"|ʔ

|-
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"|f v
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"|s z
|align = "center"|ʃ ʒ
|align = "center"|ɬ ɮ
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"|x ɣ
|align = "center"|xʷ ɣʷ
|align = "center"|χ ʁ
|align = "center"|h

|-
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"|ts
|align = "center"|tʃ
|align = "center"|tɬ
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 

|-
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"|w
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"|l
|align = "center"|j
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 

|-
|align = "center"|m
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"|n
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"|ŋ
|align = "center"|ŋʷ
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 

|-
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"|ɾ ɹ
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 

|} 

==Vowels==

Depending on your viewpoint, there are either 17, 14, 9, 7, 6, or 3 vowels. To be more specific, there are 3 vowel harmony groups, with 3 vowels in each group (making up the "Nine" vowel system), plus four ''metavocalic'' symbols: ''я'', ''ю'', ''ə'', and ''←''.

===Seventeen / Fourteen Vowel System===

In external analysis, there seem to be three suprasegmental (word-length) vowel-harmony phonemes, and five segmental vowels (forming a grid of fifteen phonetic vowels), plus two metavocalic symbols. By this count, there are seventeen distinct phonetic vowels.

In practical terms, any word may have any of the seven historical surface vowels as it's "Root" vowel (the first vowel of the lexical root), and belongs to one of one of three harmony groups. Other vowels in a word are then given by one of seven metavocalic symbols. Thus, we find in the first root syllable of a word one of (''a'', ''e'', ''i'', ''o'', ''u'', ''ɨ'', ''ɯ''), in prefixes one of (''α'', ''ε'', ''ω'', ''я'', ''ю'', ''ə''), and all other places any of (''α'', ''ε'', ''ω'', ''я'', ''ю'', ''ə'', ''←''). By this count, there are two sets of seven vowels in complementary distribution, though this is usually called the "Fourteen" vowel system to avoid confusion with the "Seven" vowel system used in the UTA and Arabic scripts.

====Root Vowel Compatibility====

{|border="1" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="4" align="center"
|align = "center"|'''Harmony'''
|align = "center"|''a''
|align = "center"|''e''
|align = "center"|''i''
|align = "center"|''o''
|align = "center"|''u''
|align = "center"|''y''
|align = "center"|''ɯ''

|-
|align = "center"|'''i'''
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"|e
|align = "center"|i
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"|ɯ

|-
|align = "center"|'''a'''
|align = "center"|a
|align = "center"|e
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"|o
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 

|-
|align = "center"|'''u'''
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"|o
|align = "center"|u
|align = "center"|y
|align = "center"| 

|} 

====Metavocalic Symbols====

{|border="1" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="4" align="center"
|align = "center"|'''Harmony'''
|align = "center"|''ε''
|align = "center"|''α''
|align = "center"|''ω''
|align = "center"|''я''
|align = "center"|''ю''

|-
|align = "center"|'''i'''
|align = "center"|i
|align = "center"|e
|align = "center"|ɯ
|align = "center"|iː
|align = "center"|ɯw

|-
|align = "center"|'''a'''
|align = "center"|e
|align = "center"|a
|align = "center"|o
|align = "center"|ja
|align = "center"|aː

|-
|align = "center"|'''u'''
|align = "center"|y
|align = "center"|o
|align = "center"|u
|align = "center"|ju
|align = "center"|uː

|} 

In addition, the metavowels ''ə'' and ''←'' respectively stand for "the root vowel" and "the vowel immediately to the left".

===Seven Vowel System===

The Seven Vowel system is retained in writing in the UTA and Arabic scripts, but in modern times, /y/ and /ɯ/ have merged under Soviet influence (being in complementary distribution, and not found in Russian), and the Six Vowel system has replaced it for the Latin and Cyrillic scripts, and in modern pronunciation (in all but the most careful / formal contexts).

{|border="1" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="4" align="center"
|align = "center"|i y
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"|ɯ u

|-
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"|e
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"|o
|align = "center"| 

|-
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"|ɑ
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 

|} 

===Six Vowel System===

{|border="1" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="4" align="center"
|align = "center"|i
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"|ɨ
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"|u

|-
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"|e
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"|o
|align = "center"| 

|-
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"|ɑ
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 

|} 

=Writing System=

Terzemian has been written in a variety of scripts. In the modern era, a modified Latin alphabet is used. During the Soviet era, Cyrillic was used, and can still be found. Before the Soviet era, a form of the [[Wikipedia:Uniform Turkic Alphabet|UTA]] was used alongside Arabic. The Arabic script can still be found in general use in certain areas, as well as among the Muslim population throughout the region. Despite (or perhaps because) the fact that the move to the Latin script was a deliberate process to reflect post-Soviet independence, there is also a small folkish movement to return to the UTA script. In short, the learner of Terzemian should concentrate on learning the Latin script, but should be prepared to encounter Cyrillic, UTA, and Arabic on a more or less daily basis.

==Logical Layout==

The following tables illustrate the writing systems with a layout that is in accordance with the Phonology tables above.

===Modern Latin===

{|border="1" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="4" align="center"
|align = "center"|p b
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"|t d
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"|k g
|align = "center"|k˚ g˚
|align = "center"|ḳ ġ
|align = "center"|ʼ

|-
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"|f v
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"|s z
|align = "center"|š ž
|align = "center"|ł ł̣
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"|x ǧ
|align = "center"|x˚ ǧ˚
|align = "center"|x̣ ǧ̇
|align = "center"|h

|-
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"|c
|align = "center"|č
|align = "center"|tł
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 

|-
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"|w
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"|l
|align = "center"|j
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 

|-
|align = "center"|m
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"|n
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"|ň
|align = "center"|ň˚
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 

|-
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"|ṛ r
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 

|} 

{|border="1" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="4" align="center"
|align = "center"|i
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"|y
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"|u

|-
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"|e
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"|o
|align = "center"| 

|-
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"|a
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 

|} 

===UTA===

{|border="1" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="4" align="center"
|align = "center"|p b
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"|t d
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"|k g
|align = "center"|kъ gъ
|align = "center"|ķ g̓
|align = "center"|q

|-
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"|f v
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"|s z
|align = "center"|ş ƶ
|align = "center"|ł ľ
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"|x ƣ
|align = "center"|xъ ƣъ
|align = "center"|x̧ ƣ̓
|align = "center"|h

|-
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"|c
|align = "center"|ç
|align = "center"|tł
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 

|-
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"|w
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"|l
|align = "center"|j
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 

|-
|align = "center"|m
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"|n
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"|ŋ
|align = "center"|ŋъ

|-
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"|r ř
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 

|} 

{|border="1" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="4" align="center"
|align = "center"|i y
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"|ı u

|-
|align = "center"|e
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"|o

|-
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"|a
|align = "center"| 

|} 

===Cyrillic===

{|border="1" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="4" align="center"
|align = "center"|п б
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"|т д
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"|к г
|align = "center"|къ гъ къ
|align = "center"|қ ӷ
|align = "center"|Ӏ

|-
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"|ф в
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"|с з
|align = "center"|ш ж
|align = "center"|ӆ ԓ
|align = "center"|х ғ
|align = "center"|хъ ғъ
|align = "center"|ҳ ӷ̵
|align = "center"|һ

|-
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"|ц
|align = "center"|ч
|align = "center"|тӆ
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 

|-
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"|ў
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"|й
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 

|-
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"|л
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 

|-
|align = "center"|м
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"|н
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"|ң
|align = "center"|ңъ
|align = "center"| 

|-
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"|р ʀ
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 

|} 

{|border="1" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="4" align="center"
|align = "center"|и
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"|ы
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"|у

|-
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"|э
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"|о
|align = "center"| 

|-
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"|а
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 

|} 

===Arabic===

{|border="1" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="4" align="center"
|align = "center"|پ ب
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"|ت د
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"|ك گ
|align = "center"| 

|-
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"|ف ڒ
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"|س ز
|align = "center"|ژ ش
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"|خ غ
|align = "center"|ه

|-
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| څ
|align = "center"| چ
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 

|-
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| و
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| ي
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 

|-
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| ل
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 

|-
|align = "center"| م
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| ن
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| ڽ
|align = "center"| 

|-
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"|ر
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 

|} 

{|border="1" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="4" align="center"
|align = "center"|هِ
|align = "center"| هَِ
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| هَ

|-
|align = "center"| اِ
|align = "center"| اَِ
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| اَ

|-
|align = "center"| اٍ
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"|ا
|align = "center"|اً

|} 

==Alphabetical Orders==

The tables above approximately follow the IPA layout for the sounds of Terzemian. The correct orders of the writing systems of Terzemian are:

* Latin: Aa Ää Åå Bb Cc Čč Dd Ee Ff Gg Ǧǧ Ġġ Ǧ̇ǧ̇ Hh Ii Kk Ll Łł Mm Nn Ňň Oo Öö Pp Rr Ṛṛ Ss Šš Tt Uu Üü Vv Ww Xx X̣x̣ Yy Zz Žž ˚ ʼ
* Cyrillic: Аа Әә Бб Вв Гг Ғғ Ӷ̵ӷ̵ Дд Ее Жж Зз Һһ Ии Йй Кк Лл Ӆӆ Ԓԓ Мм Нн Ңң Оо Өө Пп Рр Rʀ Сс Тт Уу Ўў Үү Фф Хх Ҳҳ Цц Чч Шш Щщ Ъъ Ыы Ьь Ээ Ɔɔ Юю Яя ӏ
* UTA: Aa Əə Bb Cc Çç Dd Ee Ff Gg Ƣƣ Hh Ii Jj Kk Ll Mm Nn Ŋŋ Oo Ɵɵ Ɔɔ Pp Rr Ss Şş Tt Uu Vv Ww Xx Yy Zz Ƶƶ Qq Ъъ
* Arabic: ا ب ت پ ح خ څ چ د ر ز ژ س ش غ ف ك گ ل م ن ڽ ه و ۆ ي هِ هَِ هَ اِ اَِ اَ اٍ اً

The following chart shows the other writing systems in the latin order:

{|border="1" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="4" align="center"
|align = "center"|'''Latin'''
|align = "center"|Aa
|align = "center"|Ää
|align = "center"|Åå
|align = "center"|Bb
|align = "center"|Cc
|align = "center"|Čč
|align = "center"|Dd
|align = "center"|Ee
|align = "center"|Ff
|align = "center"|Gg
|align = "center"|Ǧǧ
|align = "center"|Ġġ
|align = "center"|Ǧ̇ǧ̇
|align = "center"|Hh
|align = "center"|Ii
|align = "center"|Kk
|align = "center"|Ll
|align = "center"|Łł
|align = "center"|Mm

|-
|align = "center"|'''Cyrillic'''
|align = "center"|Аа
|align = "center"|Әә
|align = "center"|Ɔɔ
|align = "center"|Бб
|align = "center"|Цц
|align = "center"|Чч
|align = "center"|Дд
|align = "center"|Ээ
|align = "center"|Фф
|align = "center"|Гг
|align = "center"|Ғғ
|align = "center"|Ӷ̵ӷ̵
|align = "center"|''???''
|align = "center"|Һһ
|align = "center"|Ии
|align = "center"|Кк
|align = "center"|Лл
|align = "center"|Ӆӆ / Ԓԓ
|align = "center"|Мм

|-
|align = "center"|''Latin''
|align = "center"|Nn
|align = "center"|Ňň
|align = "center"|Oo
|align = "center"|Öö
|align = "center"|Pp
|align = "center"|Rr
|align = "center"|Ṛṛ
|align = "center"|Ss
|align = "center"|Šš
|align = "center"|Tt
|align = "center"|Uu
|align = "center"|Üü
|align = "center"|Vv
|align = "center"|Ww
|align = "center"|Xx
|align = "center"|X̣x̣
|align = "center"|Yy
|align = "center"|Zz
|align = "center"|Žž
|align = "center"|˚
|align = "center"|ʼ
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 

|-
|align = "center"|''Cyrillic''
|align = "center"|Нн
|align = "center"|Ңң
|align = "center"|Оо
|align = "center"|Өө
|align = "center"|Пп
|align = "center"|Rʀ
|align = "center"|Рр
|align = "center"|Сс
|align = "center"|Шш
|align = "center"|Тт
|align = "center"|Уу
|align = "center"|Үү
|align = "center"|Вв
|align = "center"|Ўў
|align = "center"|Хх
|align = "center"|Ҳҳ
|align = "center"|Йй
|align = "center"|Зз
|align = "center"|Жж
|align = "center"|Ъъ
|align = "center"|ӏ
|align = "center"|Щщ
|align = "center"|Ыы
|align = "center"|Ьь
|align = "center"|Юю
|align = "center"|Яя
|align = "center"|Ее

|} 

Notes:

* The Cyrillic letters ''Щ'', ''Ъ'', and ''Ь'' are not used in native words.
* The Cyrillic letters ''Е'', ''Ю'', and ''Я'' are occasionally used in native words.
* The Arabic characters هِ هَِ هَ use the letter ه as a base character for illustration. The actual vowels are written as just the diactrics, attached to the preceeding consonant.

=Sound Changes=

''See the [[Terzemian/Sound_Changes|Sound Changes]] subarticle.

=Morphosyntax=

==Harmony==

===Vowels===

{|border="1" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="4" align="center"
|align = "center" rowspan = "2"|'''Root Vowel'''
|align = "center" colspan = "3"|'''Prefix Vowel'''
|align = "center" colspan = "6"|'''Suffix Vowel'''

|-

|align = "center"|'''i'''
|align = "center"|'''u'''
|align = "center"|'''a'''

|align = "center"|'''i'''
|align = "center"|'''ü'''
|align = "center"|'''e'''
|align = "center"|'''ö'''
|align = "center"|'''ä'''
|align = "center"|'''a'''

|-
|align = "center"|'''i'''

|align = "center"|i
|align = "center"|ü
|align = "center"|e

|align = "center"|i
|align = "center"|ü
|align = "center"|e
|align = "center"|ö
|align = "center"|ä
|align = "center"|a

|-
|align = "center"|'''ü'''

|align = "center"|i
|align = "center"|ü
|align = "center"|e

|align = "center"|ü
|align = "center"|u
|align = "center"|ö
|align = "center"|o
|align = "center"|ä
|align = "center"|a

|-
|align = "center"|'''u'''

|align = "center"|ü
|align = "center"|u
|align = "center"|o

|align = "center"|ü
|align = "center"|u
|align = "center"|ö
|align = "center"|o
|align = "center"|a
|align = "center"|å

|-
|align = "center"|'''e'''

|align = "center"|i
|align = "center"|ö
|align = "center"|ä

|align = "center"|i
|align = "center"|ü
|align = "center"|e
|align = "center"|ö
|align = "center"|ä
|align = "center"|a

|-
|align = "center"|'''ö'''

|align = "center"|ü
|align = "center"|o
|align = "center"|å

|align = "center"|ü
|align = "center"|u
|align = "center"|ö
|align = "center"|o
|align = "center"|ä
|align = "center"|a

|-
|align = "center"|'''o'''

|align = "center"|ö
|align = "center"|å
|align = "center"|a

|align = "center"|ü
|align = "center"|u
|align = "center"|ö
|align = "center"|o
|align = "center"|a
|align = "center"|å

|-
|align = "center"|'''ä'''

|align = "center"|e
|align = "center"|å
|align = "center"|a

|align = "center"|e
|align = "center"|ö
|align = "center"|ä
|align = "center"|å
|align = "center"|ä
|align = "center"|a

|-
|align = "center"|'''a'''

|align = "center"|e
|align = "center"|o
|align = "center"|a

|align = "center"|e
|align = "center"|ö
|align = "center"|ä
|align = "center"|å
|align = "center"|ä
|align = "center"|a

|-
|align = "center"|'''å'''

|align = "center"|ä
|align = "center"|åɧ
|align = "center"|aɧ

|align = "center"|e
|align = "center"|ö
|align = "center"|ä
|align = "center"|å
|align = "center"|ä
|align = "center"|a

|} 

===Fricative===

The metasymbol ''ɧ'' represents an assimilatory fricative, as follows:

{|border="1" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="4" align="center"
! Next Consonant || p,b,m,f,v,w || t,d,n,s,z,l,r || č,š,ž,y || k,g,x,ǧ || h
|-
| '''Outcome''' || f || s || š || x || ∅
|}

If there is no next consonant in the root, ''ɧ'' assimilates to the previous consonant.

If there is no next consonant and no previous consonant in the root, ''ɧ'' becomes ''h''.

==Verbs==

===Agreement===

====Agreement prefixes====

{|border="1" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="4" align="center"
! Conj. || Argument || 1st Person || 2nd || 3rd
|-
| 1 || A || ''ǧ-'' || ''z-'' || ''ε-''
|-
| 1 || P || - || ''ю-'' || ''c-''
|-
| 2 || A || - || ''smω-'' || ''s-''
|-
| 2 || P || ''m-'' || ''jω-'' || -
|}

===Aspect, Mood, Intensity, and Attitude===

Additional verb characteristics are expressed in suffixes, including the following.

*'''Aspect
**'''Inceptive'''
**'''Abortive'''
**'''Completitive''' ''-юǧ''
**'''Participle''' ''-яnz''
**'''Perfect''' ''-gεv''
*'''Mood'''
**'''Imperative''' (use bare root)
**'''Negative''' ''-nε''
**'''Optative/Hortative/Jussive''' ''-zюn''
**'''Causative/Volition''' (A -> P, Cause -> A)
*'''Intensity'''
**'''More Intense''' ''-sεz''
**'''Less Intense''' ''-də'' (NB: same as nominal diminutive)

Suffixes may be chained in a head-modifier (right-branching) manner.

==Nominals==

===Gender===

There is pragmatic gender marking -- Nouns are marked for a gender system that combines traditional gender and pragmatic roles.

Genders, with examples, are:

{|border="1" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="4" align="center"
|align = "left"|1st Person
|align = "center"|''-αm''
|align = "left"|rižem
|align = "left"|I, the king
|align = "left"| 
|align = "left"| 

|-
|align = "left"|2nd Person
|align = "center"|''-αs''
|align = "left"|rižes
|align = "left"|You, the king
|align = "left"| 
|align = "left"| 

|-
|align = "left"|3rd Animate
|align = "center"|''-αt''
|align = "left"|rižet
|align = "left"|He, the king
|align = "left"| 
|align = "left"| 

|-
|align = "left"|3rd Inanimate
|align = "center"|''∅''
|align = "left"|riž
|align = "left"|It, the kingdom
|align = "left"|čom
|align = "left"|The land

|-
|align = "left"|Negative Animate
|align = "center"|''-n←''
|align = "left"|rižni
|align = "left"|No king
|align = "left"| 
|align = "left"| 

|-
|align = "left"|Negative Inanimate
|align = "center"|''α-''
|align = "left"|eriž
|align = "left"|No kingdom
|align = "left"|očom
|align = "left"|No land

|} 

===Cases===

Case marking is ergative for Inanimate and Negative subjects, and accusative in all other cases.

Cases are:

{|border="1" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="4" align="center"
|align = "left"|Erg
|align = "center"|''-εr''
|align = "left"|--
|align = "left"|čomyr

|-
|align = "left"|Nom/Abs
|align = "center"|''∅''
|align = "left"|rižet
|align = "left"|čom

|-
|align = "left"|Acc
|align = "center"|''-←n''
|align = "left"|rižeten
|align = "left"|--

|-
|align = "left"|Dat
|align = "center"|''-əm''
|align = "left"|rižetim
|align = "left"|čomom

|-
|align = "left"|Gen
|align = "center"|''-εs''
|align = "left"|rižetis
|align = "left"|čomys

|-
|align = "left"|Ins/Prl
|align = "center"|''-ω''
|align = "left"|rižety
|align = "left"|čomu

|-
|align = "left"|Com/Loc
|align = "center"|''-b←''
|align = "left"|rižetbe
|align = "left"|čombo

|} 

[[Category: Conlangs]]

Terzemian

2013-05-04T19:35:35Z

Paul.w.bennett: /* Verbs */ Starting to get closer to the nat-modern idea of verbs

{{IPA|}}

{{Infobox|name=Terzemian|pronounce=tɜ˞ˈzɛj.mjən|tu=Possible [[League of Lost Languages|LLL]] candidate|script=Latin, Cyrillic, Arabic, UTA|tree=Unique PIE, influences from Kartvelian, Turkic, Persian, Uralic and Slavic|morph=Mixed|ms=Lexically Split-S|wo=VSO|creator=[[User:Paul.w.bennett|Paul.w.bennett]]|date=}}

=Overview=

Terzemian is an [[Wikipedia:Indo-European|IE-derived]] conlang located along the west coast of the Caspian Sea. It is a [[Wikipedia:Centum-Satem_isogloss|satem]] language (the word for ''hundred'' is šündo (шүндо, şyndo, شَِنداَ /ʃyndo/) that uses the ''ruki'' rule, Grassman's law, Slavic-type depalatalization, z/r alternation, r/n alternation, a three-group vowel harmony system, and two phases of lenition (the first word-final, and the second approximately intervocalic).

=Phonology=

==Consonants==

{|border="1" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="4" align="center"
|align = "center"|p b
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"|t d
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"|k g
|align = "center"|kʷ gʷ
|align = "center"|q ɢ
|align = "center"|ʔ

|-
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"|f v
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"|s z
|align = "center"|ʃ ʒ
|align = "center"|ɬ ɮ
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"|x ɣ
|align = "center"|xʷ ɣʷ
|align = "center"|χ ʁ
|align = "center"|h

|-
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"|ts
|align = "center"|tʃ
|align = "center"|tɬ
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 

|-
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"|w
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"|l
|align = "center"|j
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 

|-
|align = "center"|m
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"|n
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"|ŋ
|align = "center"|ŋʷ
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 

|-
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"|ɾ ɹ
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 

|} 

==Vowels==

Depending on your viewpoint, there are either 17, 14, 9, 7, 6, or 3 vowels. To be more specific, there are 3 vowel harmony groups, with 3 vowels in each group (making up the "Nine" vowel system), plus four ''metavocalic'' symbols: ''я'', ''ю'', ''ə'', and ''←''.

===Seventeen / Fourteen Vowel System===

In external analysis, there seem to be three suprasegmental (word-length) vowel-harmony phonemes, and five segmental vowels (forming a grid of fifteen phonetic vowels), plus two metavocalic symbols. By this count, there are seventeen distinct phonetic vowels.

In practical terms, any word may have any of the seven historical surface vowels as it's "Root" vowel (the first vowel of the lexical root), and belongs to one of one of three harmony groups. Other vowels in a word are then given by one of seven metavocalic symbols. Thus, we find in the first root syllable of a word one of (''a'', ''e'', ''i'', ''o'', ''u'', ''ɨ'', ''ɯ''), in prefixes one of (''α'', ''ε'', ''ω'', ''я'', ''ю'', ''ə''), and all other places any of (''α'', ''ε'', ''ω'', ''я'', ''ю'', ''ə'', ''←''). By this count, there are two sets of seven vowels in complementary distribution, though this is usually called the "Fourteen" vowel system to avoid confusion with the "Seven" vowel system used in the UTA and Arabic scripts.

====Root Vowel Compatibility====

{|border="1" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="4" align="center"
|align = "center"|'''Harmony'''
|align = "center"|''a''
|align = "center"|''e''
|align = "center"|''i''
|align = "center"|''o''
|align = "center"|''u''
|align = "center"|''y''
|align = "center"|''ɯ''

|-
|align = "center"|'''i'''
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"|e
|align = "center"|i
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"|ɯ

|-
|align = "center"|'''a'''
|align = "center"|a
|align = "center"|e
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"|o
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 

|-
|align = "center"|'''u'''
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"|o
|align = "center"|u
|align = "center"|y
|align = "center"| 

|} 

====Metavocalic Symbols====

{|border="1" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="4" align="center"
|align = "center"|'''Harmony'''
|align = "center"|''ε''
|align = "center"|''α''
|align = "center"|''ω''
|align = "center"|''я''
|align = "center"|''ю''

|-
|align = "center"|'''i'''
|align = "center"|i
|align = "center"|e
|align = "center"|ɯ
|align = "center"|iː
|align = "center"|ɯw

|-
|align = "center"|'''a'''
|align = "center"|e
|align = "center"|a
|align = "center"|o
|align = "center"|ja
|align = "center"|aː

|-
|align = "center"|'''u'''
|align = "center"|y
|align = "center"|o
|align = "center"|u
|align = "center"|ju
|align = "center"|uː

|} 

In addition, the metavowels ''ə'' and ''←'' respectively stand for "the root vowel" and "the vowel immediately to the left".

===Seven Vowel System===

The Seven Vowel system is retained in writing in the UTA and Arabic scripts, but in modern times, /y/ and /ɯ/ have merged under Soviet influence (being in complementary distribution, and not found in Russian), and the Six Vowel system has replaced it for the Latin and Cyrillic scripts, and in modern pronunciation (in all but the most careful / formal contexts).

{|border="1" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="4" align="center"
|align = "center"|i y
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"|ɯ u

|-
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"|e
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"|o
|align = "center"| 

|-
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"|ɑ
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 

|} 

===Six Vowel System===

{|border="1" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="4" align="center"
|align = "center"|i
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"|ɨ
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"|u

|-
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"|e
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"|o
|align = "center"| 

|-
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"|ɑ
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 

|} 

=Writing System=

Terzemian has been written in a variety of scripts. In the modern era, a modified Latin alphabet is used. During the Soviet era, Cyrillic was used, and can still be found. Before the Soviet era, a form of the [[Wikipedia:Uniform Turkic Alphabet|UTA]] was used alongside Arabic. The Arabic script can still be found in general use in certain areas, as well as among the Muslim population throughout the region. Despite (or perhaps because) the fact that the move to the Latin script was a deliberate process to reflect post-Soviet independence, there is also a small folkish movement to return to the UTA script. In short, the learner of Terzemian should concentrate on learning the Latin script, but should be prepared to encounter Cyrillic, UTA, and Arabic on a more or less daily basis.

==Logical Layout==

The following tables illustrate the writing systems with a layout that is in accordance with the Phonology tables above.

===Modern Latin===

{|border="1" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="4" align="center"
|align = "center"|p b
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"|t d
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"|k g
|align = "center"|k˚ g˚
|align = "center"|ḳ ġ
|align = "center"|ʼ

|-
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"|f v
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"|s z
|align = "center"|š ž
|align = "center"|ł ł̣
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"|x ǧ
|align = "center"|x˚ ǧ˚
|align = "center"|x̣ ǧ̇
|align = "center"|h

|-
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"|c
|align = "center"|č
|align = "center"|tł
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 

|-
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"|w
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"|l
|align = "center"|j
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 

|-
|align = "center"|m
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"|n
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"|ň
|align = "center"|ň˚
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 

|-
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"|ṛ r
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 

|} 

{|border="1" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="4" align="center"
|align = "center"|i
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"|y
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"|u

|-
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"|e
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"|o
|align = "center"| 

|-
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"|a
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 

|} 

===UTA===

{|border="1" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="4" align="center"
|align = "center"|p b
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"|t d
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"|k g
|align = "center"|kъ gъ
|align = "center"|ķ g̓
|align = "center"|q

|-
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"|f v
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"|s z
|align = "center"|ş ƶ
|align = "center"|ł ľ
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"|x ƣ
|align = "center"|xъ ƣъ
|align = "center"|x̧ ƣ̓
|align = "center"|h

|-
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"|c
|align = "center"|ç
|align = "center"|tł
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 

|-
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"|w
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"|l
|align = "center"|j
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 

|-
|align = "center"|m
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"|n
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"|ŋ
|align = "center"|ŋъ

|-
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"|r ř
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 

|} 

{|border="1" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="4" align="center"
|align = "center"|i y
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"|ı u

|-
|align = "center"|e
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"|o

|-
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"|a
|align = "center"| 

|} 

===Cyrillic===

{|border="1" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="4" align="center"
|align = "center"|п б
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"|т д
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"|к г
|align = "center"|къ гъ къ
|align = "center"|қ ӷ
|align = "center"|Ӏ

|-
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"|ф в
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"|с з
|align = "center"|ш ж
|align = "center"|ӆ ԓ
|align = "center"|х ғ
|align = "center"|хъ ғъ
|align = "center"|ҳ ӷ̵
|align = "center"|һ

|-
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"|ц
|align = "center"|ч
|align = "center"|тӆ
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 

|-
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"|ў
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"|й
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 

|-
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"|л
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 

|-
|align = "center"|м
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"|н
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"|ң
|align = "center"|ңъ
|align = "center"| 

|-
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"|р ʀ
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 

|} 

{|border="1" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="4" align="center"
|align = "center"|и
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"|ы
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"|у

|-
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"|э
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"|о
|align = "center"| 

|-
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"|а
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 

|} 

===Arabic===

{|border="1" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="4" align="center"
|align = "center"|پ ب
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"|ت د
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"|ك گ
|align = "center"| 

|-
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"|ف ڒ
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"|س ز
|align = "center"|ژ ش
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"|خ غ
|align = "center"|ه

|-
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| څ
|align = "center"| چ
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 

|-
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| و
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| ي
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 

|-
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| ل
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 

|-
|align = "center"| م
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| ن
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| ڽ
|align = "center"| 

|-
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"|ر
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 

|} 

{|border="1" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="4" align="center"
|align = "center"|هِ
|align = "center"| هَِ
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| هَ

|-
|align = "center"| اِ
|align = "center"| اَِ
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| اَ

|-
|align = "center"| اٍ
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"|ا
|align = "center"|اً

|} 

==Alphabetical Orders==

The tables above approximately follow the IPA layout for the sounds of Terzemian. The correct orders of the writing systems of Terzemian are:

* Latin: Aa Ää Åå Bb Cc Čč Dd Ee Ff Gg Ǧǧ Ġġ Ǧ̇ǧ̇ Hh Ii Kk Ll Łł Mm Nn Ňň Oo Öö Pp Rr Ṛṛ Ss Šš Tt Uu Üü Vv Ww Xx X̣x̣ Yy Zz Žž ˚ ʼ
* Cyrillic: Аа Әә Бб Вв Гг Ғғ Ӷ̵ӷ̵ Дд Ее Жж Зз Һһ Ии Йй Кк Лл Ӆӆ Ԓԓ Мм Нн Ңң Оо Өө Пп Рр Rʀ Сс Тт Уу Ўў Үү Фф Хх Ҳҳ Цц Чч Шш Щщ Ъъ Ыы Ьь Ээ Ɔɔ Юю Яя ӏ
* UTA: Aa Əə Bb Cc Çç Dd Ee Ff Gg Ƣƣ Hh Ii Jj Kk Ll Mm Nn Ŋŋ Oo Ɵɵ Ɔɔ Pp Rr Ss Şş Tt Uu Vv Ww Xx Yy Zz Ƶƶ Qq Ъъ
* Arabic: ا ب ت پ ح خ څ چ د ر ز ژ س ش غ ف ك گ ل م ن ڽ ه و ۆ ي هِ هَِ هَ اِ اَِ اَ اٍ اً

The following chart shows the other writing systems in the latin order:

{|border="1" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="4" align="center"
|align = "center"|'''Latin'''
|align = "center"|Aa
|align = "center"|Ää
|align = "center"|Åå
|align = "center"|Bb
|align = "center"|Cc
|align = "center"|Čč
|align = "center"|Dd
|align = "center"|Ee
|align = "center"|Ff
|align = "center"|Gg
|align = "center"|Ǧǧ
|align = "center"|Ġġ
|align = "center"|Ǧ̇ǧ̇
|align = "center"|Hh
|align = "center"|Ii
|align = "center"|Kk
|align = "center"|Ll
|align = "center"|Łł
|align = "center"|Mm

|-
|align = "center"|'''Cyrillic'''
|align = "center"|Аа
|align = "center"|Әә
|align = "center"|Ɔɔ
|align = "center"|Бб
|align = "center"|Цц
|align = "center"|Чч
|align = "center"|Дд
|align = "center"|Ээ
|align = "center"|Фф
|align = "center"|Гг
|align = "center"|Ғғ
|align = "center"|Ӷ̵ӷ̵
|align = "center"|''???''
|align = "center"|Һһ
|align = "center"|Ии
|align = "center"|Кк
|align = "center"|Лл
|align = "center"|Ӆӆ / Ԓԓ
|align = "center"|Мм

|-
|align = "center"|''Latin''
|align = "center"|Nn
|align = "center"|Ňň
|align = "center"|Oo
|align = "center"|Öö
|align = "center"|Pp
|align = "center"|Rr
|align = "center"|Ṛṛ
|align = "center"|Ss
|align = "center"|Šš
|align = "center"|Tt
|align = "center"|Uu
|align = "center"|Üü
|align = "center"|Vv
|align = "center"|Ww
|align = "center"|Xx
|align = "center"|X̣x̣
|align = "center"|Yy
|align = "center"|Zz
|align = "center"|Žž
|align = "center"|˚
|align = "center"|ʼ
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 

|-
|align = "center"|''Cyrillic''
|align = "center"|Нн
|align = "center"|Ңң
|align = "center"|Оо
|align = "center"|Өө
|align = "center"|Пп
|align = "center"|Rʀ
|align = "center"|Рр
|align = "center"|Сс
|align = "center"|Шш
|align = "center"|Тт
|align = "center"|Уу
|align = "center"|Үү
|align = "center"|Вв
|align = "center"|Ўў
|align = "center"|Хх
|align = "center"|Ҳҳ
|align = "center"|Йй
|align = "center"|Зз
|align = "center"|Жж
|align = "center"|Ъъ
|align = "center"|ӏ
|align = "center"|Щщ
|align = "center"|Ыы
|align = "center"|Ьь
|align = "center"|Юю
|align = "center"|Яя
|align = "center"|Ее

|} 

Notes:

* The Cyrillic letters ''Щ'', ''Ъ'', and ''Ь'' are not used in native words.
* The Cyrillic letters ''Е'', ''Ю'', and ''Я'' are occasionally used in native words.
* The Arabic characters هِ هَِ هَ use the letter ه as a base character for illustration. The actual vowels are written as just the diactrics, attached to the preceeding consonant.

=Sound Changes=

''See the [[Terzemian/Sound_Changes|Sound Changes]] subarticle.

=Morphosyntax=

==Harmony==

===Vowels===

{|border="1" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="4" align="center"
|align = "center" rowspan = "2"|'''Root Vowel'''
|align = "center" colspan = "3"|'''Prefix Vowel'''
|align = "center" colspan = "6"|'''Suffix Vowel'''

|-

|align = "center"|'''i'''
|align = "center"|'''u'''
|align = "center"|'''a'''

|align = "center"|'''i'''
|align = "center"|'''ü'''
|align = "center"|'''e'''
|align = "center"|'''ö'''
|align = "center"|'''ä'''
|align = "center"|'''a'''

|-
|align = "center"|'''i'''

|align = "center"|i
|align = "center"|ü
|align = "center"|e

|align = "center"|i
|align = "center"|ü
|align = "center"|e
|align = "center"|ö
|align = "center"|ä
|align = "center"|a

|-
|align = "center"|'''ü'''

|align = "center"|i
|align = "center"|ü
|align = "center"|e

|align = "center"|ü
|align = "center"|u
|align = "center"|ö
|align = "center"|o
|align = "center"|ä
|align = "center"|a

|-
|align = "center"|'''u'''

|align = "center"|ü
|align = "center"|u
|align = "center"|o

|align = "center"|ü
|align = "center"|u
|align = "center"|ö
|align = "center"|o
|align = "center"|a
|align = "center"|å

|-
|align = "center"|'''e'''

|align = "center"|i
|align = "center"|ö
|align = "center"|ä

|align = "center"|i
|align = "center"|ü
|align = "center"|e
|align = "center"|ö
|align = "center"|ä
|align = "center"|a

|-
|align = "center"|'''ö'''

|align = "center"|ü
|align = "center"|o
|align = "center"|å

|align = "center"|ü
|align = "center"|u
|align = "center"|ö
|align = "center"|o
|align = "center"|ä
|align = "center"|a

|-
|align = "center"|'''o'''

|align = "center"|ö
|align = "center"|å
|align = "center"|a

|align = "center"|ü
|align = "center"|u
|align = "center"|ö
|align = "center"|o
|align = "center"|a
|align = "center"|å

|-
|align = "center"|'''ä'''

|align = "center"|e
|align = "center"|å
|align = "center"|a

|align = "center"|e
|align = "center"|ö
|align = "center"|ä
|align = "center"|å
|align = "center"|ä
|align = "center"|a

|-
|align = "center"|'''a'''

|align = "center"|e
|align = "center"|o
|align = "center"|a

|align = "center"|e
|align = "center"|ö
|align = "center"|ä
|align = "center"|å
|align = "center"|ä
|align = "center"|a

|-
|align = "center"|'''å'''

|align = "center"|ä
|align = "center"|åɧ
|align = "center"|aɧ

|align = "center"|e
|align = "center"|ö
|align = "center"|ä
|align = "center"|å
|align = "center"|ä
|align = "center"|a

|} 

===Fricative===

The metasymbol ''ɧ'' represents an assimilatory fricative, as follows:

{|border="1" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="4" align="center"
! Next Consonant || p,b,m,f,v,w || t,d,n,s,z,l,r || č,š,ž,y || k,g,x,ǧ || h
|-
| '''Outcome''' || f || s || š || x || ∅
|}

If there is no next consonant in the root, ''ɧ'' assimilates to the previous consonant.

If there is no next consonant and no previous consonant in the root, ''ɧ'' becomes ''h''.

==Verbs==

===Agreement===

====Agreement prefixes====

{|border="1" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="4" align="center"
! Conj. || Argument || 1st Person || 2nd || 3rd
|-
| 1 || A || ''ǧ-'' || ''z-'' || ''ε-''
|-
| 1 || P || - || ''ю-'' || ''c-''
|-
| 2 || A || - || ''smω-'' || ''s-''
|-
| 2 || P || ''m-'' || ''jω-'' || -
|}

===Tense and Evidentiality===

There are two verb tenses, the past and non-past.

*In the past tense, there are three evidentiality/reality markings:
**''direct'' realis, indicating first-hand observational (e.g. "eye witness") knowledge. This is marked by the prefix ''e-'', in addition to ablaut.
**''indirect'' realis, indicating knowledge that is informed, inferred, supposed, or otherwise not personal. This is marked by ablaut alone.
**irrealis, making no overt statement about the reality of the VP, but inferring a lesser degree of certainty than either realis marking.
*In the non-past, only the realis and irrealis are distinguished.

===Aspect, Mood, Intensity, and Attitude===

Additional verb characteristics are expressed in suffixes, including the following.

*'''Aspect
**'''Inceptive'''
**'''Abortive'''
**'''Completitive''' ''-юǧ''
**'''Participle''' ''-яnz''
**'''Perfect''' ''-gεv''
*'''Mood'''
**'''Imperative''' (use bare root)
**'''Negative''' ''-nε''
**'''Optative/Hortative/Jussive''' ''-zюn''
**'''Causative/Volition''' (A -> P, Cause -> A)
*'''Intensity'''
**'''More Intense''' ''-sεz''
**'''Less Intense''' ''-də'' (NB: same as nominal diminutive)

Suffixes may be chained in a head-modifier (right-branching) manner.

==Nominals==

===Gender===

There is pragmatic gender marking -- Nouns are marked for a gender system that combines traditional gender and pragmatic roles.

Genders, with examples, are:

{|border="1" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="4" align="center"
|align = "left"|1st Person
|align = "center"|''-αm''
|align = "left"|rižem
|align = "left"|I, the king
|align = "left"| 
|align = "left"| 

|-
|align = "left"|2nd Person
|align = "center"|''-αs''
|align = "left"|rižes
|align = "left"|You, the king
|align = "left"| 
|align = "left"| 

|-
|align = "left"|3rd Animate
|align = "center"|''-αt''
|align = "left"|rižet
|align = "left"|He, the king
|align = "left"| 
|align = "left"| 

|-
|align = "left"|3rd Inanimate
|align = "center"|''∅''
|align = "left"|riž
|align = "left"|It, the kingdom
|align = "left"|čom
|align = "left"|The land

|-
|align = "left"|Negative Animate
|align = "center"|''-n←''
|align = "left"|rižni
|align = "left"|No king
|align = "left"| 
|align = "left"| 

|-
|align = "left"|Negative Inanimate
|align = "center"|''α-''
|align = "left"|eriž
|align = "left"|No kingdom
|align = "left"|očom
|align = "left"|No land

|} 

===Cases===

Case marking is ergative for Inanimate and Negative subjects, and accusative in all other cases.

Cases are:

{|border="1" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="4" align="center"
|align = "left"|Erg
|align = "center"|''-εr''
|align = "left"|--
|align = "left"|čomyr

|-
|align = "left"|Nom/Abs
|align = "center"|''∅''
|align = "left"|rižet
|align = "left"|čom

|-
|align = "left"|Acc
|align = "center"|''-←n''
|align = "left"|rižeten
|align = "left"|--

|-
|align = "left"|Dat
|align = "center"|''-əm''
|align = "left"|rižetim
|align = "left"|čomom

|-
|align = "left"|Gen
|align = "center"|''-εs''
|align = "left"|rižetis
|align = "left"|čomys

|-
|align = "left"|Ins/Prl
|align = "center"|''-ω''
|align = "left"|rižety
|align = "left"|čomu

|-
|align = "left"|Com/Loc
|align = "center"|''-b←''
|align = "left"|rižetbe
|align = "left"|čombo

|} 

[[Category: Conlangs]]

Terzemian

2013-05-04T19:32:39Z

Paul.w.bennett: /* Nouns */

{{IPA|}}

{{Infobox|name=Terzemian|pronounce=tɜ˞ˈzɛj.mjən|tu=Possible [[League of Lost Languages|LLL]] candidate|script=Latin, Cyrillic, Arabic, UTA|tree=Unique PIE, influences from Kartvelian, Turkic, Persian, Uralic and Slavic|morph=Mixed|ms=Lexically Split-S|wo=VSO|creator=[[User:Paul.w.bennett|Paul.w.bennett]]|date=}}

=Overview=

Terzemian is an [[Wikipedia:Indo-European|IE-derived]] conlang located along the west coast of the Caspian Sea. It is a [[Wikipedia:Centum-Satem_isogloss|satem]] language (the word for ''hundred'' is šündo (шүндо, şyndo, شَِنداَ /ʃyndo/) that uses the ''ruki'' rule, Grassman's law, Slavic-type depalatalization, z/r alternation, r/n alternation, a three-group vowel harmony system, and two phases of lenition (the first word-final, and the second approximately intervocalic).

=Phonology=

==Consonants==

{|border="1" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="4" align="center"
|align = "center"|p b
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"|t d
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"|k g
|align = "center"|kʷ gʷ
|align = "center"|q ɢ
|align = "center"|ʔ

|-
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"|f v
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"|s z
|align = "center"|ʃ ʒ
|align = "center"|ɬ ɮ
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"|x ɣ
|align = "center"|xʷ ɣʷ
|align = "center"|χ ʁ
|align = "center"|h

|-
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"|ts
|align = "center"|tʃ
|align = "center"|tɬ
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 

|-
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"|w
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"|l
|align = "center"|j
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 

|-
|align = "center"|m
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"|n
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"|ŋ
|align = "center"|ŋʷ
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 

|-
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"|ɾ ɹ
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 

|} 

==Vowels==

Depending on your viewpoint, there are either 17, 14, 9, 7, 6, or 3 vowels. To be more specific, there are 3 vowel harmony groups, with 3 vowels in each group (making up the "Nine" vowel system), plus four ''metavocalic'' symbols: ''я'', ''ю'', ''ə'', and ''←''.

===Seventeen / Fourteen Vowel System===

In external analysis, there seem to be three suprasegmental (word-length) vowel-harmony phonemes, and five segmental vowels (forming a grid of fifteen phonetic vowels), plus two metavocalic symbols. By this count, there are seventeen distinct phonetic vowels.

In practical terms, any word may have any of the seven historical surface vowels as it's "Root" vowel (the first vowel of the lexical root), and belongs to one of one of three harmony groups. Other vowels in a word are then given by one of seven metavocalic symbols. Thus, we find in the first root syllable of a word one of (''a'', ''e'', ''i'', ''o'', ''u'', ''ɨ'', ''ɯ''), in prefixes one of (''α'', ''ε'', ''ω'', ''я'', ''ю'', ''ə''), and all other places any of (''α'', ''ε'', ''ω'', ''я'', ''ю'', ''ə'', ''←''). By this count, there are two sets of seven vowels in complementary distribution, though this is usually called the "Fourteen" vowel system to avoid confusion with the "Seven" vowel system used in the UTA and Arabic scripts.

====Root Vowel Compatibility====

{|border="1" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="4" align="center"
|align = "center"|'''Harmony'''
|align = "center"|''a''
|align = "center"|''e''
|align = "center"|''i''
|align = "center"|''o''
|align = "center"|''u''
|align = "center"|''y''
|align = "center"|''ɯ''

|-
|align = "center"|'''i'''
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"|e
|align = "center"|i
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"|ɯ

|-
|align = "center"|'''a'''
|align = "center"|a
|align = "center"|e
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"|o
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 

|-
|align = "center"|'''u'''
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"|o
|align = "center"|u
|align = "center"|y
|align = "center"| 

|} 

====Metavocalic Symbols====

{|border="1" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="4" align="center"
|align = "center"|'''Harmony'''
|align = "center"|''ε''
|align = "center"|''α''
|align = "center"|''ω''
|align = "center"|''я''
|align = "center"|''ю''

|-
|align = "center"|'''i'''
|align = "center"|i
|align = "center"|e
|align = "center"|ɯ
|align = "center"|iː
|align = "center"|ɯw

|-
|align = "center"|'''a'''
|align = "center"|e
|align = "center"|a
|align = "center"|o
|align = "center"|ja
|align = "center"|aː

|-
|align = "center"|'''u'''
|align = "center"|y
|align = "center"|o
|align = "center"|u
|align = "center"|ju
|align = "center"|uː

|} 

In addition, the metavowels ''ə'' and ''←'' respectively stand for "the root vowel" and "the vowel immediately to the left".

===Seven Vowel System===

The Seven Vowel system is retained in writing in the UTA and Arabic scripts, but in modern times, /y/ and /ɯ/ have merged under Soviet influence (being in complementary distribution, and not found in Russian), and the Six Vowel system has replaced it for the Latin and Cyrillic scripts, and in modern pronunciation (in all but the most careful / formal contexts).

{|border="1" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="4" align="center"
|align = "center"|i y
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"|ɯ u

|-
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"|e
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"|o
|align = "center"| 

|-
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"|ɑ
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 

|} 

===Six Vowel System===

{|border="1" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="4" align="center"
|align = "center"|i
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"|ɨ
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"|u

|-
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"|e
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"|o
|align = "center"| 

|-
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"|ɑ
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 

|} 

=Writing System=

Terzemian has been written in a variety of scripts. In the modern era, a modified Latin alphabet is used. During the Soviet era, Cyrillic was used, and can still be found. Before the Soviet era, a form of the [[Wikipedia:Uniform Turkic Alphabet|UTA]] was used alongside Arabic. The Arabic script can still be found in general use in certain areas, as well as among the Muslim population throughout the region. Despite (or perhaps because) the fact that the move to the Latin script was a deliberate process to reflect post-Soviet independence, there is also a small folkish movement to return to the UTA script. In short, the learner of Terzemian should concentrate on learning the Latin script, but should be prepared to encounter Cyrillic, UTA, and Arabic on a more or less daily basis.

==Logical Layout==

The following tables illustrate the writing systems with a layout that is in accordance with the Phonology tables above.

===Modern Latin===

{|border="1" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="4" align="center"
|align = "center"|p b
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"|t d
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"|k g
|align = "center"|k˚ g˚
|align = "center"|ḳ ġ
|align = "center"|ʼ

|-
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"|f v
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"|s z
|align = "center"|š ž
|align = "center"|ł ł̣
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"|x ǧ
|align = "center"|x˚ ǧ˚
|align = "center"|x̣ ǧ̇
|align = "center"|h

|-
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"|c
|align = "center"|č
|align = "center"|tł
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 

|-
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"|w
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"|l
|align = "center"|j
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 

|-
|align = "center"|m
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"|n
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"|ň
|align = "center"|ň˚
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 

|-
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"|ṛ r
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 

|} 

{|border="1" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="4" align="center"
|align = "center"|i
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"|y
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"|u

|-
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"|e
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"|o
|align = "center"| 

|-
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"|a
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 

|} 

===UTA===

{|border="1" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="4" align="center"
|align = "center"|p b
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"|t d
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"|k g
|align = "center"|kъ gъ
|align = "center"|ķ g̓
|align = "center"|q

|-
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"|f v
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"|s z
|align = "center"|ş ƶ
|align = "center"|ł ľ
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"|x ƣ
|align = "center"|xъ ƣъ
|align = "center"|x̧ ƣ̓
|align = "center"|h

|-
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"|c
|align = "center"|ç
|align = "center"|tł
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 

|-
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"|w
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"|l
|align = "center"|j
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 

|-
|align = "center"|m
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"|n
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"|ŋ
|align = "center"|ŋъ

|-
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"|r ř
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 

|} 

{|border="1" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="4" align="center"
|align = "center"|i y
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"|ı u

|-
|align = "center"|e
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"|o

|-
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"|a
|align = "center"| 

|} 

===Cyrillic===

{|border="1" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="4" align="center"
|align = "center"|п б
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"|т д
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"|к г
|align = "center"|къ гъ къ
|align = "center"|қ ӷ
|align = "center"|Ӏ

|-
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"|ф в
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"|с з
|align = "center"|ш ж
|align = "center"|ӆ ԓ
|align = "center"|х ғ
|align = "center"|хъ ғъ
|align = "center"|ҳ ӷ̵
|align = "center"|һ

|-
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"|ц
|align = "center"|ч
|align = "center"|тӆ
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 

|-
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"|ў
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"|й
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 

|-
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"|л
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 

|-
|align = "center"|м
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"|н
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"|ң
|align = "center"|ңъ
|align = "center"| 

|-
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"|р ʀ
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 

|} 

{|border="1" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="4" align="center"
|align = "center"|и
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"|ы
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"|у

|-
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"|э
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"|о
|align = "center"| 

|-
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"|а
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 

|} 

===Arabic===

{|border="1" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="4" align="center"
|align = "center"|پ ب
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"|ت د
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"|ك گ
|align = "center"| 

|-
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"|ف ڒ
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"|س ز
|align = "center"|ژ ش
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"|خ غ
|align = "center"|ه

|-
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| څ
|align = "center"| چ
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 

|-
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| و
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| ي
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 

|-
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| ل
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 

|-
|align = "center"| م
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| ن
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| ڽ
|align = "center"| 

|-
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"|ر
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 

|} 

{|border="1" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="4" align="center"
|align = "center"|هِ
|align = "center"| هَِ
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| هَ

|-
|align = "center"| اِ
|align = "center"| اَِ
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| اَ

|-
|align = "center"| اٍ
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"|ا
|align = "center"|اً

|} 

==Alphabetical Orders==

The tables above approximately follow the IPA layout for the sounds of Terzemian. The correct orders of the writing systems of Terzemian are:

* Latin: Aa Ää Åå Bb Cc Čč Dd Ee Ff Gg Ǧǧ Ġġ Ǧ̇ǧ̇ Hh Ii Kk Ll Łł Mm Nn Ňň Oo Öö Pp Rr Ṛṛ Ss Šš Tt Uu Üü Vv Ww Xx X̣x̣ Yy Zz Žž ˚ ʼ
* Cyrillic: Аа Әә Бб Вв Гг Ғғ Ӷ̵ӷ̵ Дд Ее Жж Зз Һһ Ии Йй Кк Лл Ӆӆ Ԓԓ Мм Нн Ңң Оо Өө Пп Рр Rʀ Сс Тт Уу Ўў Үү Фф Хх Ҳҳ Цц Чч Шш Щщ Ъъ Ыы Ьь Ээ Ɔɔ Юю Яя ӏ
* UTA: Aa Əə Bb Cc Çç Dd Ee Ff Gg Ƣƣ Hh Ii Jj Kk Ll Mm Nn Ŋŋ Oo Ɵɵ Ɔɔ Pp Rr Ss Şş Tt Uu Vv Ww Xx Yy Zz Ƶƶ Qq Ъъ
* Arabic: ا ب ت پ ح خ څ چ د ر ز ژ س ش غ ف ك گ ل م ن ڽ ه و ۆ ي هِ هَِ هَ اِ اَِ اَ اٍ اً

The following chart shows the other writing systems in the latin order:

{|border="1" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="4" align="center"
|align = "center"|'''Latin'''
|align = "center"|Aa
|align = "center"|Ää
|align = "center"|Åå
|align = "center"|Bb
|align = "center"|Cc
|align = "center"|Čč
|align = "center"|Dd
|align = "center"|Ee
|align = "center"|Ff
|align = "center"|Gg
|align = "center"|Ǧǧ
|align = "center"|Ġġ
|align = "center"|Ǧ̇ǧ̇
|align = "center"|Hh
|align = "center"|Ii
|align = "center"|Kk
|align = "center"|Ll
|align = "center"|Łł
|align = "center"|Mm

|-
|align = "center"|'''Cyrillic'''
|align = "center"|Аа
|align = "center"|Әә
|align = "center"|Ɔɔ
|align = "center"|Бб
|align = "center"|Цц
|align = "center"|Чч
|align = "center"|Дд
|align = "center"|Ээ
|align = "center"|Фф
|align = "center"|Гг
|align = "center"|Ғғ
|align = "center"|Ӷ̵ӷ̵
|align = "center"|''???''
|align = "center"|Һһ
|align = "center"|Ии
|align = "center"|Кк
|align = "center"|Лл
|align = "center"|Ӆӆ / Ԓԓ
|align = "center"|Мм

|-
|align = "center"|''Latin''
|align = "center"|Nn
|align = "center"|Ňň
|align = "center"|Oo
|align = "center"|Öö
|align = "center"|Pp
|align = "center"|Rr
|align = "center"|Ṛṛ
|align = "center"|Ss
|align = "center"|Šš
|align = "center"|Tt
|align = "center"|Uu
|align = "center"|Üü
|align = "center"|Vv
|align = "center"|Ww
|align = "center"|Xx
|align = "center"|X̣x̣
|align = "center"|Yy
|align = "center"|Zz
|align = "center"|Žž
|align = "center"|˚
|align = "center"|ʼ
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 

|-
|align = "center"|''Cyrillic''
|align = "center"|Нн
|align = "center"|Ңң
|align = "center"|Оо
|align = "center"|Өө
|align = "center"|Пп
|align = "center"|Rʀ
|align = "center"|Рр
|align = "center"|Сс
|align = "center"|Шш
|align = "center"|Тт
|align = "center"|Уу
|align = "center"|Үү
|align = "center"|Вв
|align = "center"|Ўў
|align = "center"|Хх
|align = "center"|Ҳҳ
|align = "center"|Йй
|align = "center"|Зз
|align = "center"|Жж
|align = "center"|Ъъ
|align = "center"|ӏ
|align = "center"|Щщ
|align = "center"|Ыы
|align = "center"|Ьь
|align = "center"|Юю
|align = "center"|Яя
|align = "center"|Ее

|} 

Notes:

* The Cyrillic letters ''Щ'', ''Ъ'', and ''Ь'' are not used in native words.
* The Cyrillic letters ''Е'', ''Ю'', and ''Я'' are occasionally used in native words.
* The Arabic characters هِ هَِ هَ use the letter ه as a base character for illustration. The actual vowels are written as just the diactrics, attached to the preceeding consonant.

=Sound Changes=

''See the [[Terzemian/Sound_Changes|Sound Changes]] subarticle.

=Morphosyntax=

==Harmony==

===Vowels===

{|border="1" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="4" align="center"
|align = "center" rowspan = "2"|'''Root Vowel'''
|align = "center" colspan = "3"|'''Prefix Vowel'''
|align = "center" colspan = "6"|'''Suffix Vowel'''

|-

|align = "center"|'''i'''
|align = "center"|'''u'''
|align = "center"|'''a'''

|align = "center"|'''i'''
|align = "center"|'''ü'''
|align = "center"|'''e'''
|align = "center"|'''ö'''
|align = "center"|'''ä'''
|align = "center"|'''a'''

|-
|align = "center"|'''i'''

|align = "center"|i
|align = "center"|ü
|align = "center"|e

|align = "center"|i
|align = "center"|ü
|align = "center"|e
|align = "center"|ö
|align = "center"|ä
|align = "center"|a

|-
|align = "center"|'''ü'''

|align = "center"|i
|align = "center"|ü
|align = "center"|e

|align = "center"|ü
|align = "center"|u
|align = "center"|ö
|align = "center"|o
|align = "center"|ä
|align = "center"|a

|-
|align = "center"|'''u'''

|align = "center"|ü
|align = "center"|u
|align = "center"|o

|align = "center"|ü
|align = "center"|u
|align = "center"|ö
|align = "center"|o
|align = "center"|a
|align = "center"|å

|-
|align = "center"|'''e'''

|align = "center"|i
|align = "center"|ö
|align = "center"|ä

|align = "center"|i
|align = "center"|ü
|align = "center"|e
|align = "center"|ö
|align = "center"|ä
|align = "center"|a

|-
|align = "center"|'''ö'''

|align = "center"|ü
|align = "center"|o
|align = "center"|å

|align = "center"|ü
|align = "center"|u
|align = "center"|ö
|align = "center"|o
|align = "center"|ä
|align = "center"|a

|-
|align = "center"|'''o'''

|align = "center"|ö
|align = "center"|å
|align = "center"|a

|align = "center"|ü
|align = "center"|u
|align = "center"|ö
|align = "center"|o
|align = "center"|a
|align = "center"|å

|-
|align = "center"|'''ä'''

|align = "center"|e
|align = "center"|å
|align = "center"|a

|align = "center"|e
|align = "center"|ö
|align = "center"|ä
|align = "center"|å
|align = "center"|ä
|align = "center"|a

|-
|align = "center"|'''a'''

|align = "center"|e
|align = "center"|o
|align = "center"|a

|align = "center"|e
|align = "center"|ö
|align = "center"|ä
|align = "center"|å
|align = "center"|ä
|align = "center"|a

|-
|align = "center"|'''å'''

|align = "center"|ä
|align = "center"|åɧ
|align = "center"|aɧ

|align = "center"|e
|align = "center"|ö
|align = "center"|ä
|align = "center"|å
|align = "center"|ä
|align = "center"|a

|} 

===Fricative===

The metasymbol ''ɧ'' represents an assimilatory fricative, as follows:

{|border="1" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="4" align="center"
! Next Consonant || p,b,m,f,v,w || t,d,n,s,z,l,r || č,š,ž,y || k,g,x,ǧ || h
|-
| '''Outcome''' || f || s || š || x || ∅
|}

If there is no next consonant in the root, ''ɧ'' assimilates to the previous consonant.

If there is no next consonant and no previous consonant in the root, ''ɧ'' becomes ''h''.

==Verbs==

===Agreement===

Terzemain nouns mark two or less of three core cases, notionally representing the semantic roles INITIATOR, UNDERGOER, and TARGET. For ease of reference, these will be marked with the traditional A, P, and O labels used in discussing Ergative/Accusative marking.

Terzemian is Split-S, with Ergative or Accusative style marking determined lexically by the conjugation of the verb.

The conjugations are as follows:

{|border="1" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="4" align="center"
! Conj. || Required || Optional || Description
|-
| '''1 a''' || A ||   || Intransitive Active verbs
|-
| '''1 b''' || P || A ''(causitive)'' || Intransitive Stative verbs
|-
| '''2''' || AP ||   || Transitive Active verbs
|}

====Ablaut Patterns====

{|border="1" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="4" align="center"
|align = "center"|'''Conj.'''
|align = "center"|'''Root Vowel'''
|align = "center"|'''Non-P R'''
|align = "center"|'''Past R'''
|align = "center"|'''Non-P Ir'''
|align = "center"|'''Past Ir'''

|-
|align = "center" rowspan = "9"|'''1 a/b'''
|align = "center"|'''i'''
|align = "center"|i
|align = "center"|e
|align = "center"|ü
|align = "center"|iy

|-
|align = "center"|'''ü'''
|align = "center"|ü
|align = "center"|ö
|align = "center"|u
|align = "center"|üy

|-
|align = "center"|'''u'''
|align = "center"|u
|align = "center"|o
|align = "center"|uw
|align = "center"|wo

|-
|align = "center"|'''e'''
|align = "center"|e
|align = "center"|ä
|align = "center"|ö
|align = "center"|ye

|-
|align = "center"|'''ö'''
|align = "center"|ö
|align = "center"|a
|align = "center"|o
|align = "center"|yo

|-
|align = "center"|'''o'''
|align = "center"|o
|align = "center"|å
|align = "center"|ow
|align = "center"|öü

|-
|align = "center"|'''ä'''
|align = "center"|ä
|align = "center"|äh
|align = "center"|a
|align = "center"|e

|-
|align = "center"|'''a'''
|align = "center"|a
|align = "center"|ah
|align = "center"|ay
|align = "center"|ey

|-
|align = "center"|'''å'''
|align = "center"|å
|align = "center"|åh
|align = "center"|åw
|align = "center"|ow

|-
|align = "center" rowspan = "9"|'''2'''
|align = "center"|'''i'''
|align = "center"|i
|align = "center"|ü
|align = "center"|e
|align = "center"|ö

|-
|align = "center"|'''ü'''
|align = "center"|ü
|align = "center"|u
|align = "center"|ö
|align = "center"|o

|-
|align = "center"|'''u'''
|align = "center"|u
|align = "center"|uw
|align = "center"|o
|align = "center"|ow

|-
|align = "center"|'''e'''
|align = "center"|e
|align = "center"|ö
|align = "center"|ä
|align = "center"|å

|-
|align = "center"|'''ö'''
|align = "center"|ö
|align = "center"|o
|align = "center"|å
|align = "center"|a

|-
|align = "center"|'''o'''
|align = "center"|o
|align = "center"|ow
|align = "center"|å
|align = "center"|a

|-
|align = "center"|'''ä'''
|align = "center"|ä
|align = "center"|a
|align = "center"|äɧ
|align = "center"|aɧ

|-
|align = "center"|'''a'''
|align = "center"|a
|align = "center"|å
|align = "center"|aɧ
|align = "center"|åɧ

|-
|align = "center"|'''å'''
|align = "center"|å
|align = "center"|åw
|align = "center"|åɧ
|align = "center"|åwɧ

|} 

====Agreement prefixes====

{|border="1" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="4" align="center"
! Conj. || Argument || 1st Person || 2nd || 3rd
|-
| 1 || A || ǧ- || z- || i-
|-
| 1 || P || - || yu- || c-
|-
| 2 || A || - || smu- || s-
|-
| 2 || P || m- || yu- || -
|}

===Tense and Evidentiality===

There are two verb tenses, the past and non-past.

*In the past tense, there are three evidentiality/reality markings:
**''direct'' realis, indicating first-hand observational (e.g. "eye witness") knowledge. This is marked by the prefix ''e-'', in addition to ablaut.
**''indirect'' realis, indicating knowledge that is informed, inferred, supposed, or otherwise not personal. This is marked by ablaut alone.
**irrealis, making no overt statement about the reality of the VP, but inferring a lesser degree of certainty than either realis marking.
*In the non-past, only the realis and irrealis are distinguished.

===Aspect, Mood, Intensity, and Attitude===

Additional verb characteristics are expressed in suffixes, including the following.

*'''Aspect
**'''Inceptive'''
**'''Abortive'''
**'''Completitive''' ''-юǧ''
**'''Participle''' ''-яnz''
**'''Perfect''' ''-gεv''
*'''Mood'''
**'''Imperative''' (use bare root)
**'''Negative''' ''-nε''
**'''Optative/Hortative/Jussive''' ''-zюn''
**'''Causative/Volition''' (A -> P, Cause -> A)
*'''Intensity'''
**'''More Intense''' ''-sεz''
**'''Less Intense''' ''-də'' (NB: same as nominal diminutive)

Suffixes may be chained in a head-modifier (right-branching) manner.

==Nominals==

===Gender===

There is pragmatic gender marking -- Nouns are marked for a gender system that combines traditional gender and pragmatic roles.

Genders, with examples, are:

{|border="1" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="4" align="center"
|align = "left"|1st Person
|align = "center"|''-αm''
|align = "left"|rižem
|align = "left"|I, the king
|align = "left"| 
|align = "left"| 

|-
|align = "left"|2nd Person
|align = "center"|''-αs''
|align = "left"|rižes
|align = "left"|You, the king
|align = "left"| 
|align = "left"| 

|-
|align = "left"|3rd Animate
|align = "center"|''-αt''
|align = "left"|rižet
|align = "left"|He, the king
|align = "left"| 
|align = "left"| 

|-
|align = "left"|3rd Inanimate
|align = "center"|''∅''
|align = "left"|riž
|align = "left"|It, the kingdom
|align = "left"|čom
|align = "left"|The land

|-
|align = "left"|Negative Animate
|align = "center"|''-n←''
|align = "left"|rižni
|align = "left"|No king
|align = "left"| 
|align = "left"| 

|-
|align = "left"|Negative Inanimate
|align = "center"|''α-''
|align = "left"|eriž
|align = "left"|No kingdom
|align = "left"|očom
|align = "left"|No land

|} 

===Cases===

Case marking is ergative for Inanimate and Negative subjects, and accusative in all other cases.

Cases are:

{|border="1" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="4" align="center"
|align = "left"|Erg
|align = "center"|''-εr''
|align = "left"|--
|align = "left"|čomyr

|-
|align = "left"|Nom/Abs
|align = "center"|''∅''
|align = "left"|rižet
|align = "left"|čom

|-
|align = "left"|Acc
|align = "center"|''-←n''
|align = "left"|rižeten
|align = "left"|--

|-
|align = "left"|Dat
|align = "center"|''-əm''
|align = "left"|rižetim
|align = "left"|čomom

|-
|align = "left"|Gen
|align = "center"|''-εs''
|align = "left"|rižetis
|align = "left"|čomys

|-
|align = "left"|Ins/Prl
|align = "center"|''-ω''
|align = "left"|rižety
|align = "left"|čomu

|-
|align = "left"|Com/Loc
|align = "center"|''-b←''
|align = "left"|rižetbe
|align = "left"|čombo

|} 

[[Category: Conlangs]]

Terzemian

2013-05-04T17:50:54Z

Paul.w.bennett: /* Cases */

{{IPA|}}

{{Infobox|name=Terzemian|pronounce=tɜ˞ˈzɛj.mjən|tu=Possible [[League of Lost Languages|LLL]] candidate|script=Latin, Cyrillic, Arabic, UTA|tree=Unique PIE, influences from Kartvelian, Turkic, Persian, Uralic and Slavic|morph=Mixed|ms=Lexically Split-S|wo=VSO|creator=[[User:Paul.w.bennett|Paul.w.bennett]]|date=}}

=Overview=

Terzemian is an [[Wikipedia:Indo-European|IE-derived]] conlang located along the west coast of the Caspian Sea. It is a [[Wikipedia:Centum-Satem_isogloss|satem]] language (the word for ''hundred'' is šündo (шүндо, şyndo, شَِنداَ /ʃyndo/) that uses the ''ruki'' rule, Grassman's law, Slavic-type depalatalization, z/r alternation, r/n alternation, a three-group vowel harmony system, and two phases of lenition (the first word-final, and the second approximately intervocalic).

=Phonology=

==Consonants==

{|border="1" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="4" align="center"
|align = "center"|p b
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"|t d
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"|k g
|align = "center"|kʷ gʷ
|align = "center"|q ɢ
|align = "center"|ʔ

|-
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"|f v
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"|s z
|align = "center"|ʃ ʒ
|align = "center"|ɬ ɮ
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"|x ɣ
|align = "center"|xʷ ɣʷ
|align = "center"|χ ʁ
|align = "center"|h

|-
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"|ts
|align = "center"|tʃ
|align = "center"|tɬ
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 

|-
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"|w
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"|l
|align = "center"|j
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 

|-
|align = "center"|m
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"|n
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"|ŋ
|align = "center"|ŋʷ
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 

|-
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"|ɾ ɹ
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 

|} 

==Vowels==

Depending on your viewpoint, there are either 17, 14, 9, 7, 6, or 3 vowels. To be more specific, there are 3 vowel harmony groups, with 3 vowels in each group (making up the "Nine" vowel system), plus four ''metavocalic'' symbols: ''я'', ''ю'', ''ə'', and ''←''.

===Seventeen / Fourteen Vowel System===

In external analysis, there seem to be three suprasegmental (word-length) vowel-harmony phonemes, and five segmental vowels (forming a grid of fifteen phonetic vowels), plus two metavocalic symbols. By this count, there are seventeen distinct phonetic vowels.

In practical terms, any word may have any of the seven historical surface vowels as it's "Root" vowel (the first vowel of the lexical root), and belongs to one of one of three harmony groups. Other vowels in a word are then given by one of seven metavocalic symbols. Thus, we find in the first root syllable of a word one of (''a'', ''e'', ''i'', ''o'', ''u'', ''ɨ'', ''ɯ''), in prefixes one of (''α'', ''ε'', ''ω'', ''я'', ''ю'', ''ə''), and all other places any of (''α'', ''ε'', ''ω'', ''я'', ''ю'', ''ə'', ''←''). By this count, there are two sets of seven vowels in complementary distribution, though this is usually called the "Fourteen" vowel system to avoid confusion with the "Seven" vowel system used in the UTA and Arabic scripts.

====Root Vowel Compatibility====

{|border="1" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="4" align="center"
|align = "center"|'''Harmony'''
|align = "center"|''a''
|align = "center"|''e''
|align = "center"|''i''
|align = "center"|''o''
|align = "center"|''u''
|align = "center"|''y''
|align = "center"|''ɯ''

|-
|align = "center"|'''i'''
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"|e
|align = "center"|i
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"|ɯ

|-
|align = "center"|'''a'''
|align = "center"|a
|align = "center"|e
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"|o
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 

|-
|align = "center"|'''u'''
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"|o
|align = "center"|u
|align = "center"|y
|align = "center"| 

|} 

====Metavocalic Symbols====

{|border="1" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="4" align="center"
|align = "center"|'''Harmony'''
|align = "center"|''ε''
|align = "center"|''α''
|align = "center"|''ω''
|align = "center"|''я''
|align = "center"|''ю''

|-
|align = "center"|'''i'''
|align = "center"|i
|align = "center"|e
|align = "center"|ɯ
|align = "center"|iː
|align = "center"|ɯw

|-
|align = "center"|'''a'''
|align = "center"|e
|align = "center"|a
|align = "center"|o
|align = "center"|ja
|align = "center"|aː

|-
|align = "center"|'''u'''
|align = "center"|y
|align = "center"|o
|align = "center"|u
|align = "center"|ju
|align = "center"|uː

|} 

In addition, the metavowels ''ə'' and ''←'' respectively stand for "the root vowel" and "the vowel immediately to the left".

===Seven Vowel System===

The Seven Vowel system is retained in writing in the UTA and Arabic scripts, but in modern times, /y/ and /ɯ/ have merged under Soviet influence (being in complementary distribution, and not found in Russian), and the Six Vowel system has replaced it for the Latin and Cyrillic scripts, and in modern pronunciation (in all but the most careful / formal contexts).

{|border="1" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="4" align="center"
|align = "center"|i y
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"|ɯ u

|-
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"|e
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"|o
|align = "center"| 

|-
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"|ɑ
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 

|} 

===Six Vowel System===

{|border="1" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="4" align="center"
|align = "center"|i
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"|ɨ
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"|u

|-
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"|e
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"|o
|align = "center"| 

|-
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"|ɑ
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 

|} 

=Writing System=

Terzemian has been written in a variety of scripts. In the modern era, a modified Latin alphabet is used. During the Soviet era, Cyrillic was used, and can still be found. Before the Soviet era, a form of the [[Wikipedia:Uniform Turkic Alphabet|UTA]] was used alongside Arabic. The Arabic script can still be found in general use in certain areas, as well as among the Muslim population throughout the region. Despite (or perhaps because) the fact that the move to the Latin script was a deliberate process to reflect post-Soviet independence, there is also a small folkish movement to return to the UTA script. In short, the learner of Terzemian should concentrate on learning the Latin script, but should be prepared to encounter Cyrillic, UTA, and Arabic on a more or less daily basis.

==Logical Layout==

The following tables illustrate the writing systems with a layout that is in accordance with the Phonology tables above.

===Modern Latin===

{|border="1" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="4" align="center"
|align = "center"|p b
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"|t d
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"|k g
|align = "center"|k˚ g˚
|align = "center"|ḳ ġ
|align = "center"|ʼ

|-
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"|f v
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"|s z
|align = "center"|š ž
|align = "center"|ł ł̣
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"|x ǧ
|align = "center"|x˚ ǧ˚
|align = "center"|x̣ ǧ̇
|align = "center"|h

|-
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"|c
|align = "center"|č
|align = "center"|tł
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 

|-
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"|w
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"|l
|align = "center"|j
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 

|-
|align = "center"|m
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"|n
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"|ň
|align = "center"|ň˚
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 

|-
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"|ṛ r
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 

|} 

{|border="1" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="4" align="center"
|align = "center"|i
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"|y
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"|u

|-
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"|e
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"|o
|align = "center"| 

|-
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"|a
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 

|} 

===UTA===

{|border="1" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="4" align="center"
|align = "center"|p b
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"|t d
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"|k g
|align = "center"|kъ gъ
|align = "center"|ķ g̓
|align = "center"|q

|-
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"|f v
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"|s z
|align = "center"|ş ƶ
|align = "center"|ł ľ
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"|x ƣ
|align = "center"|xъ ƣъ
|align = "center"|x̧ ƣ̓
|align = "center"|h

|-
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"|c
|align = "center"|ç
|align = "center"|tł
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 

|-
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"|w
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"|l
|align = "center"|j
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 

|-
|align = "center"|m
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"|n
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"|ŋ
|align = "center"|ŋъ

|-
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"|r ř
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 

|} 

{|border="1" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="4" align="center"
|align = "center"|i y
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"|ı u

|-
|align = "center"|e
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"|o

|-
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"|a
|align = "center"| 

|} 

===Cyrillic===

{|border="1" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="4" align="center"
|align = "center"|п б
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"|т д
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"|к г
|align = "center"|къ гъ къ
|align = "center"|қ ӷ
|align = "center"|Ӏ

|-
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"|ф в
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"|с з
|align = "center"|ш ж
|align = "center"|ӆ ԓ
|align = "center"|х ғ
|align = "center"|хъ ғъ
|align = "center"|ҳ ӷ̵
|align = "center"|һ

|-
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"|ц
|align = "center"|ч
|align = "center"|тӆ
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 

|-
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"|ў
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"|й
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 

|-
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"|л
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 

|-
|align = "center"|м
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"|н
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"|ң
|align = "center"|ңъ
|align = "center"| 

|-
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"|р ʀ
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 

|} 

{|border="1" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="4" align="center"
|align = "center"|и
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"|ы
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"|у

|-
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"|э
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"|о
|align = "center"| 

|-
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"|а
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 

|} 

===Arabic===

{|border="1" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="4" align="center"
|align = "center"|پ ب
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"|ت د
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"|ك گ
|align = "center"| 

|-
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"|ف ڒ
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"|س ز
|align = "center"|ژ ش
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"|خ غ
|align = "center"|ه

|-
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| څ
|align = "center"| چ
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 

|-
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| و
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| ي
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 

|-
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| ل
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 

|-
|align = "center"| م
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| ن
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| ڽ
|align = "center"| 

|-
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"|ر
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 

|} 

{|border="1" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="4" align="center"
|align = "center"|هِ
|align = "center"| هَِ
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| هَ

|-
|align = "center"| اِ
|align = "center"| اَِ
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| اَ

|-
|align = "center"| اٍ
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"|ا
|align = "center"|اً

|} 

==Alphabetical Orders==

The tables above approximately follow the IPA layout for the sounds of Terzemian. The correct orders of the writing systems of Terzemian are:

* Latin: Aa Ää Åå Bb Cc Čč Dd Ee Ff Gg Ǧǧ Ġġ Ǧ̇ǧ̇ Hh Ii Kk Ll Łł Mm Nn Ňň Oo Öö Pp Rr Ṛṛ Ss Šš Tt Uu Üü Vv Ww Xx X̣x̣ Yy Zz Žž ˚ ʼ
* Cyrillic: Аа Әә Бб Вв Гг Ғғ Ӷ̵ӷ̵ Дд Ее Жж Зз Һһ Ии Йй Кк Лл Ӆӆ Ԓԓ Мм Нн Ңң Оо Өө Пп Рр Rʀ Сс Тт Уу Ўў Үү Фф Хх Ҳҳ Цц Чч Шш Щщ Ъъ Ыы Ьь Ээ Ɔɔ Юю Яя ӏ
* UTA: Aa Əə Bb Cc Çç Dd Ee Ff Gg Ƣƣ Hh Ii Jj Kk Ll Mm Nn Ŋŋ Oo Ɵɵ Ɔɔ Pp Rr Ss Şş Tt Uu Vv Ww Xx Yy Zz Ƶƶ Qq Ъъ
* Arabic: ا ب ت پ ح خ څ چ د ر ز ژ س ش غ ف ك گ ل م ن ڽ ه و ۆ ي هِ هَِ هَ اِ اَِ اَ اٍ اً

The following chart shows the other writing systems in the latin order:

{|border="1" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="4" align="center"
|align = "center"|'''Latin'''
|align = "center"|Aa
|align = "center"|Ää
|align = "center"|Åå
|align = "center"|Bb
|align = "center"|Cc
|align = "center"|Čč
|align = "center"|Dd
|align = "center"|Ee
|align = "center"|Ff
|align = "center"|Gg
|align = "center"|Ǧǧ
|align = "center"|Ġġ
|align = "center"|Ǧ̇ǧ̇
|align = "center"|Hh
|align = "center"|Ii
|align = "center"|Kk
|align = "center"|Ll
|align = "center"|Łł
|align = "center"|Mm

|-
|align = "center"|'''Cyrillic'''
|align = "center"|Аа
|align = "center"|Әә
|align = "center"|Ɔɔ
|align = "center"|Бб
|align = "center"|Цц
|align = "center"|Чч
|align = "center"|Дд
|align = "center"|Ээ
|align = "center"|Фф
|align = "center"|Гг
|align = "center"|Ғғ
|align = "center"|Ӷ̵ӷ̵
|align = "center"|''???''
|align = "center"|Һһ
|align = "center"|Ии
|align = "center"|Кк
|align = "center"|Лл
|align = "center"|Ӆӆ / Ԓԓ
|align = "center"|Мм

|-
|align = "center"|''Latin''
|align = "center"|Nn
|align = "center"|Ňň
|align = "center"|Oo
|align = "center"|Öö
|align = "center"|Pp
|align = "center"|Rr
|align = "center"|Ṛṛ
|align = "center"|Ss
|align = "center"|Šš
|align = "center"|Tt
|align = "center"|Uu
|align = "center"|Üü
|align = "center"|Vv
|align = "center"|Ww
|align = "center"|Xx
|align = "center"|X̣x̣
|align = "center"|Yy
|align = "center"|Zz
|align = "center"|Žž
|align = "center"|˚
|align = "center"|ʼ
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 

|-
|align = "center"|''Cyrillic''
|align = "center"|Нн
|align = "center"|Ңң
|align = "center"|Оо
|align = "center"|Өө
|align = "center"|Пп
|align = "center"|Rʀ
|align = "center"|Рр
|align = "center"|Сс
|align = "center"|Шш
|align = "center"|Тт
|align = "center"|Уу
|align = "center"|Үү
|align = "center"|Вв
|align = "center"|Ўў
|align = "center"|Хх
|align = "center"|Ҳҳ
|align = "center"|Йй
|align = "center"|Зз
|align = "center"|Жж
|align = "center"|Ъъ
|align = "center"|ӏ
|align = "center"|Щщ
|align = "center"|Ыы
|align = "center"|Ьь
|align = "center"|Юю
|align = "center"|Яя
|align = "center"|Ее

|} 

Notes:

* The Cyrillic letters ''Щ'', ''Ъ'', and ''Ь'' are not used in native words.
* The Cyrillic letters ''Е'', ''Ю'', and ''Я'' are occasionally used in native words.
* The Arabic characters هِ هَِ هَ use the letter ه as a base character for illustration. The actual vowels are written as just the diactrics, attached to the preceeding consonant.

=Sound Changes=

''See the [[Terzemian/Sound_Changes|Sound Changes]] subarticle.

=Morphosyntax=

==Harmony==

===Vowels===

{|border="1" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="4" align="center"
|align = "center" rowspan = "2"|'''Root Vowel'''
|align = "center" colspan = "3"|'''Prefix Vowel'''
|align = "center" colspan = "6"|'''Suffix Vowel'''

|-

|align = "center"|'''i'''
|align = "center"|'''u'''
|align = "center"|'''a'''

|align = "center"|'''i'''
|align = "center"|'''ü'''
|align = "center"|'''e'''
|align = "center"|'''ö'''
|align = "center"|'''ä'''
|align = "center"|'''a'''

|-
|align = "center"|'''i'''

|align = "center"|i
|align = "center"|ü
|align = "center"|e

|align = "center"|i
|align = "center"|ü
|align = "center"|e
|align = "center"|ö
|align = "center"|ä
|align = "center"|a

|-
|align = "center"|'''ü'''

|align = "center"|i
|align = "center"|ü
|align = "center"|e

|align = "center"|ü
|align = "center"|u
|align = "center"|ö
|align = "center"|o
|align = "center"|ä
|align = "center"|a

|-
|align = "center"|'''u'''

|align = "center"|ü
|align = "center"|u
|align = "center"|o

|align = "center"|ü
|align = "center"|u
|align = "center"|ö
|align = "center"|o
|align = "center"|a
|align = "center"|å

|-
|align = "center"|'''e'''

|align = "center"|i
|align = "center"|ö
|align = "center"|ä

|align = "center"|i
|align = "center"|ü
|align = "center"|e
|align = "center"|ö
|align = "center"|ä
|align = "center"|a

|-
|align = "center"|'''ö'''

|align = "center"|ü
|align = "center"|o
|align = "center"|å

|align = "center"|ü
|align = "center"|u
|align = "center"|ö
|align = "center"|o
|align = "center"|ä
|align = "center"|a

|-
|align = "center"|'''o'''

|align = "center"|ö
|align = "center"|å
|align = "center"|a

|align = "center"|ü
|align = "center"|u
|align = "center"|ö
|align = "center"|o
|align = "center"|a
|align = "center"|å

|-
|align = "center"|'''ä'''

|align = "center"|e
|align = "center"|å
|align = "center"|a

|align = "center"|e
|align = "center"|ö
|align = "center"|ä
|align = "center"|å
|align = "center"|ä
|align = "center"|a

|-
|align = "center"|'''a'''

|align = "center"|e
|align = "center"|o
|align = "center"|a

|align = "center"|e
|align = "center"|ö
|align = "center"|ä
|align = "center"|å
|align = "center"|ä
|align = "center"|a

|-
|align = "center"|'''å'''

|align = "center"|ä
|align = "center"|åɧ
|align = "center"|aɧ

|align = "center"|e
|align = "center"|ö
|align = "center"|ä
|align = "center"|å
|align = "center"|ä
|align = "center"|a

|} 

===Fricative===

The metasymbol ''ɧ'' represents an assimilatory fricative, as follows:

{|border="1" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="4" align="center"
! Next Consonant || p,b,m,f,v,w || t,d,n,s,z,l,r || č,š,ž,y || k,g,x,ǧ || h
|-
| '''Outcome''' || f || s || š || x || ∅
|}

If there is no next consonant in the root, ''ɧ'' assimilates to the previous consonant.

If there is no next consonant and no previous consonant in the root, ''ɧ'' becomes ''h''.

==Verbs==

===Agreement===

Terzemain nouns mark two or less of three core cases, notionally representing the semantic roles INITIATOR, UNDERGOER, and TARGET. For ease of reference, these will be marked with the traditional A, P, and O labels used in discussing Ergative/Accusative marking.

Terzemian is Split-S, with Ergative or Accusative style marking determined lexically by the conjugation of the verb.

The conjugations are as follows:

{|border="1" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="4" align="center"
! Conj. || Required || Optional || Description
|-
| '''1 a''' || A ||   || Intransitive Active verbs
|-
| '''1 b''' || P || A ''(causitive)'' || Intransitive Stative verbs
|-
| '''2''' || AP ||   || Transitive Active verbs
|}

====Ablaut Patterns====

{|border="1" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="4" align="center"
|align = "center"|'''Conj.'''
|align = "center"|'''Root Vowel'''
|align = "center"|'''Non-P R'''
|align = "center"|'''Past R'''
|align = "center"|'''Non-P Ir'''
|align = "center"|'''Past Ir'''

|-
|align = "center" rowspan = "9"|'''1 a/b'''
|align = "center"|'''i'''
|align = "center"|i
|align = "center"|e
|align = "center"|ü
|align = "center"|iy

|-
|align = "center"|'''ü'''
|align = "center"|ü
|align = "center"|ö
|align = "center"|u
|align = "center"|üy

|-
|align = "center"|'''u'''
|align = "center"|u
|align = "center"|o
|align = "center"|uw
|align = "center"|wo

|-
|align = "center"|'''e'''
|align = "center"|e
|align = "center"|ä
|align = "center"|ö
|align = "center"|ye

|-
|align = "center"|'''ö'''
|align = "center"|ö
|align = "center"|a
|align = "center"|o
|align = "center"|yo

|-
|align = "center"|'''o'''
|align = "center"|o
|align = "center"|å
|align = "center"|ow
|align = "center"|öü

|-
|align = "center"|'''ä'''
|align = "center"|ä
|align = "center"|äh
|align = "center"|a
|align = "center"|e

|-
|align = "center"|'''a'''
|align = "center"|a
|align = "center"|ah
|align = "center"|ay
|align = "center"|ey

|-
|align = "center"|'''å'''
|align = "center"|å
|align = "center"|åh
|align = "center"|åw
|align = "center"|ow

|-
|align = "center" rowspan = "9"|'''2'''
|align = "center"|'''i'''
|align = "center"|i
|align = "center"|ü
|align = "center"|e
|align = "center"|ö

|-
|align = "center"|'''ü'''
|align = "center"|ü
|align = "center"|u
|align = "center"|ö
|align = "center"|o

|-
|align = "center"|'''u'''
|align = "center"|u
|align = "center"|uw
|align = "center"|o
|align = "center"|ow

|-
|align = "center"|'''e'''
|align = "center"|e
|align = "center"|ö
|align = "center"|ä
|align = "center"|å

|-
|align = "center"|'''ö'''
|align = "center"|ö
|align = "center"|o
|align = "center"|å
|align = "center"|a

|-
|align = "center"|'''o'''
|align = "center"|o
|align = "center"|ow
|align = "center"|å
|align = "center"|a

|-
|align = "center"|'''ä'''
|align = "center"|ä
|align = "center"|a
|align = "center"|äɧ
|align = "center"|aɧ

|-
|align = "center"|'''a'''
|align = "center"|a
|align = "center"|å
|align = "center"|aɧ
|align = "center"|åɧ

|-
|align = "center"|'''å'''
|align = "center"|å
|align = "center"|åw
|align = "center"|åɧ
|align = "center"|åwɧ

|} 

====Agreement prefixes====

{|border="1" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="4" align="center"
! Conj. || Argument || 1st Person || 2nd || 3rd
|-
| 1 || A || ǧ- || z- || i-
|-
| 1 || P || - || yu- || c-
|-
| 2 || A || - || smu- || s-
|-
| 2 || P || m- || yu- || -
|}

===Tense and Evidentiality===

There are two verb tenses, the past and non-past.

*In the past tense, there are three evidentiality/reality markings:
**''direct'' realis, indicating first-hand observational (e.g. "eye witness") knowledge. This is marked by the prefix ''e-'', in addition to ablaut.
**''indirect'' realis, indicating knowledge that is informed, inferred, supposed, or otherwise not personal. This is marked by ablaut alone.
**irrealis, making no overt statement about the reality of the VP, but inferring a lesser degree of certainty than either realis marking.
*In the non-past, only the realis and irrealis are distinguished.

===Aspect, Mood, Intensity, and Attitude===

Additional verb characteristics are expressed in suffixes, including the following.

*'''Aspect
**'''Inceptive'''
**'''Abortive'''
**'''Completitive''' ''-юǧ''
**'''Participle''' ''-яnz''
**'''Perfect''' ''-gεv''
*'''Mood'''
**'''Imperative''' (use bare root)
**'''Negative''' ''-nε''
**'''Optative/Hortative/Jussive''' ''-zюn''
**'''Causative/Volition''' (A -> P, Cause -> A)
*'''Intensity'''
**'''More Intense''' ''-sεz''
**'''Less Intense''' ''-də'' (NB: same as nominal diminutive)

Suffixes may be chained in a head-modifier (right-branching) manner.

==Nouns==

===Gender===

There is pragmatic gender marking -- Nouns are marked for a gender system that combines traditional gender and pragmatic roles.

Genders, with examples, are:

{|border="1" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="4" align="center"
|align = "left"|1st Person
|align = "center"|''-αm''
|align = "left"|rižem
|align = "left"|I, the king
|align = "left"| 
|align = "left"| 

|-
|align = "left"|2nd Person
|align = "center"|''-αs''
|align = "left"|rižes
|align = "left"|You, the king
|align = "left"| 
|align = "left"| 

|-
|align = "left"|3rd Animate
|align = "center"|''-αt''
|align = "left"|rižet
|align = "left"|He, the king
|align = "left"| 
|align = "left"| 

|-
|align = "left"|3rd Inanimate
|align = "center"|''∅''
|align = "left"|riž
|align = "left"|It, the kingdom
|align = "left"|čom
|align = "left"|The land

|-
|align = "left"|Negative Animate
|align = "center"|''-n←''
|align = "left"|rižni
|align = "left"|No king
|align = "left"| 
|align = "left"| 

|-
|align = "left"|Negative Inanimate
|align = "center"|''α-''
|align = "left"|eriž
|align = "left"|No kingdom
|align = "left"|očom
|align = "left"|No land

|} 

===Cases===

Case marking is ergative for Inanimate and Negative subjects, and accusative in all other cases.

Cases are:

{|border="1" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="4" align="center"
|align = "left"|Erg
|align = "center"|''-εr''
|align = "left"|--
|align = "left"|čomyr

|-
|align = "left"|Nom/Abs
|align = "center"|''∅''
|align = "left"|rižet
|align = "left"|čom

|-
|align = "left"|Acc
|align = "center"|''-←n''
|align = "left"|rižeten
|align = "left"|--

|-
|align = "left"|Dat
|align = "center"|''-əm''
|align = "left"|rižetim
|align = "left"|čomom

|-
|align = "left"|Gen
|align = "center"|''-εs''
|align = "left"|rižetis
|align = "left"|čomys

|-
|align = "left"|Ins/Prl
|align = "center"|''-ω''
|align = "left"|rižety
|align = "left"|čomu

|-
|align = "left"|Com/Loc
|align = "center"|''-b←''
|align = "left"|rižetbe
|align = "left"|čombo

|} 

[[Category: Conlangs]]

Terzemian

2013-05-04T17:49:15Z

Paul.w.bennett: /* Cases */

{{IPA|}}

{{Infobox|name=Terzemian|pronounce=tɜ˞ˈzɛj.mjən|tu=Possible [[League of Lost Languages|LLL]] candidate|script=Latin, Cyrillic, Arabic, UTA|tree=Unique PIE, influences from Kartvelian, Turkic, Persian, Uralic and Slavic|morph=Mixed|ms=Lexically Split-S|wo=VSO|creator=[[User:Paul.w.bennett|Paul.w.bennett]]|date=}}

=Overview=

Terzemian is an [[Wikipedia:Indo-European|IE-derived]] conlang located along the west coast of the Caspian Sea. It is a [[Wikipedia:Centum-Satem_isogloss|satem]] language (the word for ''hundred'' is šündo (шүндо, şyndo, شَِنداَ /ʃyndo/) that uses the ''ruki'' rule, Grassman's law, Slavic-type depalatalization, z/r alternation, r/n alternation, a three-group vowel harmony system, and two phases of lenition (the first word-final, and the second approximately intervocalic).

=Phonology=

==Consonants==

{|border="1" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="4" align="center"
|align = "center"|p b
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"|t d
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"|k g
|align = "center"|kʷ gʷ
|align = "center"|q ɢ
|align = "center"|ʔ

|-
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"|f v
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"|s z
|align = "center"|ʃ ʒ
|align = "center"|ɬ ɮ
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"|x ɣ
|align = "center"|xʷ ɣʷ
|align = "center"|χ ʁ
|align = "center"|h

|-
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"|ts
|align = "center"|tʃ
|align = "center"|tɬ
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 

|-
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"|w
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"|l
|align = "center"|j
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 

|-
|align = "center"|m
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"|n
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"|ŋ
|align = "center"|ŋʷ
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 

|-
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"|ɾ ɹ
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 

|} 

==Vowels==

Depending on your viewpoint, there are either 17, 14, 9, 7, 6, or 3 vowels. To be more specific, there are 3 vowel harmony groups, with 3 vowels in each group (making up the "Nine" vowel system), plus four ''metavocalic'' symbols: ''я'', ''ю'', ''ə'', and ''←''.

===Seventeen / Fourteen Vowel System===

In external analysis, there seem to be three suprasegmental (word-length) vowel-harmony phonemes, and five segmental vowels (forming a grid of fifteen phonetic vowels), plus two metavocalic symbols. By this count, there are seventeen distinct phonetic vowels.

In practical terms, any word may have any of the seven historical surface vowels as it's "Root" vowel (the first vowel of the lexical root), and belongs to one of one of three harmony groups. Other vowels in a word are then given by one of seven metavocalic symbols. Thus, we find in the first root syllable of a word one of (''a'', ''e'', ''i'', ''o'', ''u'', ''ɨ'', ''ɯ''), in prefixes one of (''α'', ''ε'', ''ω'', ''я'', ''ю'', ''ə''), and all other places any of (''α'', ''ε'', ''ω'', ''я'', ''ю'', ''ə'', ''←''). By this count, there are two sets of seven vowels in complementary distribution, though this is usually called the "Fourteen" vowel system to avoid confusion with the "Seven" vowel system used in the UTA and Arabic scripts.

====Root Vowel Compatibility====

{|border="1" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="4" align="center"
|align = "center"|'''Harmony'''
|align = "center"|''a''
|align = "center"|''e''
|align = "center"|''i''
|align = "center"|''o''
|align = "center"|''u''
|align = "center"|''y''
|align = "center"|''ɯ''

|-
|align = "center"|'''i'''
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"|e
|align = "center"|i
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"|ɯ

|-
|align = "center"|'''a'''
|align = "center"|a
|align = "center"|e
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"|o
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 

|-
|align = "center"|'''u'''
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"|o
|align = "center"|u
|align = "center"|y
|align = "center"| 

|} 

====Metavocalic Symbols====

{|border="1" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="4" align="center"
|align = "center"|'''Harmony'''
|align = "center"|''ε''
|align = "center"|''α''
|align = "center"|''ω''
|align = "center"|''я''
|align = "center"|''ю''

|-
|align = "center"|'''i'''
|align = "center"|i
|align = "center"|e
|align = "center"|ɯ
|align = "center"|iː
|align = "center"|ɯw

|-
|align = "center"|'''a'''
|align = "center"|e
|align = "center"|a
|align = "center"|o
|align = "center"|ja
|align = "center"|aː

|-
|align = "center"|'''u'''
|align = "center"|y
|align = "center"|o
|align = "center"|u
|align = "center"|ju
|align = "center"|uː

|} 

In addition, the metavowels ''ə'' and ''←'' respectively stand for "the root vowel" and "the vowel immediately to the left".

===Seven Vowel System===

The Seven Vowel system is retained in writing in the UTA and Arabic scripts, but in modern times, /y/ and /ɯ/ have merged under Soviet influence (being in complementary distribution, and not found in Russian), and the Six Vowel system has replaced it for the Latin and Cyrillic scripts, and in modern pronunciation (in all but the most careful / formal contexts).

{|border="1" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="4" align="center"
|align = "center"|i y
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"|ɯ u

|-
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"|e
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"|o
|align = "center"| 

|-
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"|ɑ
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 

|} 

===Six Vowel System===

{|border="1" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="4" align="center"
|align = "center"|i
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"|ɨ
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"|u

|-
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"|e
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"|o
|align = "center"| 

|-
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"|ɑ
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 

|} 

=Writing System=

Terzemian has been written in a variety of scripts. In the modern era, a modified Latin alphabet is used. During the Soviet era, Cyrillic was used, and can still be found. Before the Soviet era, a form of the [[Wikipedia:Uniform Turkic Alphabet|UTA]] was used alongside Arabic. The Arabic script can still be found in general use in certain areas, as well as among the Muslim population throughout the region. Despite (or perhaps because) the fact that the move to the Latin script was a deliberate process to reflect post-Soviet independence, there is also a small folkish movement to return to the UTA script. In short, the learner of Terzemian should concentrate on learning the Latin script, but should be prepared to encounter Cyrillic, UTA, and Arabic on a more or less daily basis.

==Logical Layout==

The following tables illustrate the writing systems with a layout that is in accordance with the Phonology tables above.

===Modern Latin===

{|border="1" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="4" align="center"
|align = "center"|p b
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"|t d
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"|k g
|align = "center"|k˚ g˚
|align = "center"|ḳ ġ
|align = "center"|ʼ

|-
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"|f v
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"|s z
|align = "center"|š ž
|align = "center"|ł ł̣
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"|x ǧ
|align = "center"|x˚ ǧ˚
|align = "center"|x̣ ǧ̇
|align = "center"|h

|-
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"|c
|align = "center"|č
|align = "center"|tł
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 

|-
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"|w
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"|l
|align = "center"|j
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 

|-
|align = "center"|m
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"|n
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"|ň
|align = "center"|ň˚
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 

|-
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"|ṛ r
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 

|} 

{|border="1" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="4" align="center"
|align = "center"|i
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"|y
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"|u

|-
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"|e
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"|o
|align = "center"| 

|-
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"|a
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 

|} 

===UTA===

{|border="1" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="4" align="center"
|align = "center"|p b
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"|t d
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"|k g
|align = "center"|kъ gъ
|align = "center"|ķ g̓
|align = "center"|q

|-
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"|f v
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"|s z
|align = "center"|ş ƶ
|align = "center"|ł ľ
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"|x ƣ
|align = "center"|xъ ƣъ
|align = "center"|x̧ ƣ̓
|align = "center"|h

|-
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"|c
|align = "center"|ç
|align = "center"|tł
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 

|-
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"|w
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"|l
|align = "center"|j
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 

|-
|align = "center"|m
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"|n
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"|ŋ
|align = "center"|ŋъ

|-
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"|r ř
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 

|} 

{|border="1" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="4" align="center"
|align = "center"|i y
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"|ı u

|-
|align = "center"|e
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"|o

|-
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"|a
|align = "center"| 

|} 

===Cyrillic===

{|border="1" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="4" align="center"
|align = "center"|п б
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"|т д
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"|к г
|align = "center"|къ гъ къ
|align = "center"|қ ӷ
|align = "center"|Ӏ

|-
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"|ф в
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"|с з
|align = "center"|ш ж
|align = "center"|ӆ ԓ
|align = "center"|х ғ
|align = "center"|хъ ғъ
|align = "center"|ҳ ӷ̵
|align = "center"|һ

|-
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"|ц
|align = "center"|ч
|align = "center"|тӆ
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 

|-
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"|ў
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"|й
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 

|-
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"|л
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 

|-
|align = "center"|м
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"|н
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"|ң
|align = "center"|ңъ
|align = "center"| 

|-
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"|р ʀ
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 

|} 

{|border="1" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="4" align="center"
|align = "center"|и
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"|ы
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"|у

|-
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"|э
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"|о
|align = "center"| 

|-
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"|а
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 

|} 

===Arabic===

{|border="1" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="4" align="center"
|align = "center"|پ ب
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"|ت د
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"|ك گ
|align = "center"| 

|-
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"|ف ڒ
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"|س ز
|align = "center"|ژ ش
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"|خ غ
|align = "center"|ه

|-
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| څ
|align = "center"| چ
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 

|-
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| و
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| ي
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 

|-
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| ل
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 

|-
|align = "center"| م
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| ن
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| ڽ
|align = "center"| 

|-
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"|ر
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 

|} 

{|border="1" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="4" align="center"
|align = "center"|هِ
|align = "center"| هَِ
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| هَ

|-
|align = "center"| اِ
|align = "center"| اَِ
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| اَ

|-
|align = "center"| اٍ
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"|ا
|align = "center"|اً

|} 

==Alphabetical Orders==

The tables above approximately follow the IPA layout for the sounds of Terzemian. The correct orders of the writing systems of Terzemian are:

* Latin: Aa Ää Åå Bb Cc Čč Dd Ee Ff Gg Ǧǧ Ġġ Ǧ̇ǧ̇ Hh Ii Kk Ll Łł Mm Nn Ňň Oo Öö Pp Rr Ṛṛ Ss Šš Tt Uu Üü Vv Ww Xx X̣x̣ Yy Zz Žž ˚ ʼ
* Cyrillic: Аа Әә Бб Вв Гг Ғғ Ӷ̵ӷ̵ Дд Ее Жж Зз Һһ Ии Йй Кк Лл Ӆӆ Ԓԓ Мм Нн Ңң Оо Өө Пп Рр Rʀ Сс Тт Уу Ўў Үү Фф Хх Ҳҳ Цц Чч Шш Щщ Ъъ Ыы Ьь Ээ Ɔɔ Юю Яя ӏ
* UTA: Aa Əə Bb Cc Çç Dd Ee Ff Gg Ƣƣ Hh Ii Jj Kk Ll Mm Nn Ŋŋ Oo Ɵɵ Ɔɔ Pp Rr Ss Şş Tt Uu Vv Ww Xx Yy Zz Ƶƶ Qq Ъъ
* Arabic: ا ب ت پ ح خ څ چ د ر ز ژ س ش غ ف ك گ ل م ن ڽ ه و ۆ ي هِ هَِ هَ اِ اَِ اَ اٍ اً

The following chart shows the other writing systems in the latin order:

{|border="1" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="4" align="center"
|align = "center"|'''Latin'''
|align = "center"|Aa
|align = "center"|Ää
|align = "center"|Åå
|align = "center"|Bb
|align = "center"|Cc
|align = "center"|Čč
|align = "center"|Dd
|align = "center"|Ee
|align = "center"|Ff
|align = "center"|Gg
|align = "center"|Ǧǧ
|align = "center"|Ġġ
|align = "center"|Ǧ̇ǧ̇
|align = "center"|Hh
|align = "center"|Ii
|align = "center"|Kk
|align = "center"|Ll
|align = "center"|Łł
|align = "center"|Mm

|-
|align = "center"|'''Cyrillic'''
|align = "center"|Аа
|align = "center"|Әә
|align = "center"|Ɔɔ
|align = "center"|Бб
|align = "center"|Цц
|align = "center"|Чч
|align = "center"|Дд
|align = "center"|Ээ
|align = "center"|Фф
|align = "center"|Гг
|align = "center"|Ғғ
|align = "center"|Ӷ̵ӷ̵
|align = "center"|''???''
|align = "center"|Һһ
|align = "center"|Ии
|align = "center"|Кк
|align = "center"|Лл
|align = "center"|Ӆӆ / Ԓԓ
|align = "center"|Мм

|-
|align = "center"|''Latin''
|align = "center"|Nn
|align = "center"|Ňň
|align = "center"|Oo
|align = "center"|Öö
|align = "center"|Pp
|align = "center"|Rr
|align = "center"|Ṛṛ
|align = "center"|Ss
|align = "center"|Šš
|align = "center"|Tt
|align = "center"|Uu
|align = "center"|Üü
|align = "center"|Vv
|align = "center"|Ww
|align = "center"|Xx
|align = "center"|X̣x̣
|align = "center"|Yy
|align = "center"|Zz
|align = "center"|Žž
|align = "center"|˚
|align = "center"|ʼ
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 

|-
|align = "center"|''Cyrillic''
|align = "center"|Нн
|align = "center"|Ңң
|align = "center"|Оо
|align = "center"|Өө
|align = "center"|Пп
|align = "center"|Rʀ
|align = "center"|Рр
|align = "center"|Сс
|align = "center"|Шш
|align = "center"|Тт
|align = "center"|Уу
|align = "center"|Үү
|align = "center"|Вв
|align = "center"|Ўў
|align = "center"|Хх
|align = "center"|Ҳҳ
|align = "center"|Йй
|align = "center"|Зз
|align = "center"|Жж
|align = "center"|Ъъ
|align = "center"|ӏ
|align = "center"|Щщ
|align = "center"|Ыы
|align = "center"|Ьь
|align = "center"|Юю
|align = "center"|Яя
|align = "center"|Ее

|} 

Notes:

* The Cyrillic letters ''Щ'', ''Ъ'', and ''Ь'' are not used in native words.
* The Cyrillic letters ''Е'', ''Ю'', and ''Я'' are occasionally used in native words.
* The Arabic characters هِ هَِ هَ use the letter ه as a base character for illustration. The actual vowels are written as just the diactrics, attached to the preceeding consonant.

=Sound Changes=

''See the [[Terzemian/Sound_Changes|Sound Changes]] subarticle.

=Morphosyntax=

==Harmony==

===Vowels===

{|border="1" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="4" align="center"
|align = "center" rowspan = "2"|'''Root Vowel'''
|align = "center" colspan = "3"|'''Prefix Vowel'''
|align = "center" colspan = "6"|'''Suffix Vowel'''

|-

|align = "center"|'''i'''
|align = "center"|'''u'''
|align = "center"|'''a'''

|align = "center"|'''i'''
|align = "center"|'''ü'''
|align = "center"|'''e'''
|align = "center"|'''ö'''
|align = "center"|'''ä'''
|align = "center"|'''a'''

|-
|align = "center"|'''i'''

|align = "center"|i
|align = "center"|ü
|align = "center"|e

|align = "center"|i
|align = "center"|ü
|align = "center"|e
|align = "center"|ö
|align = "center"|ä
|align = "center"|a

|-
|align = "center"|'''ü'''

|align = "center"|i
|align = "center"|ü
|align = "center"|e

|align = "center"|ü
|align = "center"|u
|align = "center"|ö
|align = "center"|o
|align = "center"|ä
|align = "center"|a

|-
|align = "center"|'''u'''

|align = "center"|ü
|align = "center"|u
|align = "center"|o

|align = "center"|ü
|align = "center"|u
|align = "center"|ö
|align = "center"|o
|align = "center"|a
|align = "center"|å

|-
|align = "center"|'''e'''

|align = "center"|i
|align = "center"|ö
|align = "center"|ä

|align = "center"|i
|align = "center"|ü
|align = "center"|e
|align = "center"|ö
|align = "center"|ä
|align = "center"|a

|-
|align = "center"|'''ö'''

|align = "center"|ü
|align = "center"|o
|align = "center"|å

|align = "center"|ü
|align = "center"|u
|align = "center"|ö
|align = "center"|o
|align = "center"|ä
|align = "center"|a

|-
|align = "center"|'''o'''

|align = "center"|ö
|align = "center"|å
|align = "center"|a

|align = "center"|ü
|align = "center"|u
|align = "center"|ö
|align = "center"|o
|align = "center"|a
|align = "center"|å

|-
|align = "center"|'''ä'''

|align = "center"|e
|align = "center"|å
|align = "center"|a

|align = "center"|e
|align = "center"|ö
|align = "center"|ä
|align = "center"|å
|align = "center"|ä
|align = "center"|a

|-
|align = "center"|'''a'''

|align = "center"|e
|align = "center"|o
|align = "center"|a

|align = "center"|e
|align = "center"|ö
|align = "center"|ä
|align = "center"|å
|align = "center"|ä
|align = "center"|a

|-
|align = "center"|'''å'''

|align = "center"|ä
|align = "center"|åɧ
|align = "center"|aɧ

|align = "center"|e
|align = "center"|ö
|align = "center"|ä
|align = "center"|å
|align = "center"|ä
|align = "center"|a

|} 

===Fricative===

The metasymbol ''ɧ'' represents an assimilatory fricative, as follows:

{|border="1" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="4" align="center"
! Next Consonant || p,b,m,f,v,w || t,d,n,s,z,l,r || č,š,ž,y || k,g,x,ǧ || h
|-
| '''Outcome''' || f || s || š || x || ∅
|}

If there is no next consonant in the root, ''ɧ'' assimilates to the previous consonant.

If there is no next consonant and no previous consonant in the root, ''ɧ'' becomes ''h''.

==Verbs==

===Agreement===

Terzemain nouns mark two or less of three core cases, notionally representing the semantic roles INITIATOR, UNDERGOER, and TARGET. For ease of reference, these will be marked with the traditional A, P, and O labels used in discussing Ergative/Accusative marking.

Terzemian is Split-S, with Ergative or Accusative style marking determined lexically by the conjugation of the verb.

The conjugations are as follows:

{|border="1" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="4" align="center"
! Conj. || Required || Optional || Description
|-
| '''1 a''' || A ||   || Intransitive Active verbs
|-
| '''1 b''' || P || A ''(causitive)'' || Intransitive Stative verbs
|-
| '''2''' || AP ||   || Transitive Active verbs
|}

====Ablaut Patterns====

{|border="1" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="4" align="center"
|align = "center"|'''Conj.'''
|align = "center"|'''Root Vowel'''
|align = "center"|'''Non-P R'''
|align = "center"|'''Past R'''
|align = "center"|'''Non-P Ir'''
|align = "center"|'''Past Ir'''

|-
|align = "center" rowspan = "9"|'''1 a/b'''
|align = "center"|'''i'''
|align = "center"|i
|align = "center"|e
|align = "center"|ü
|align = "center"|iy

|-
|align = "center"|'''ü'''
|align = "center"|ü
|align = "center"|ö
|align = "center"|u
|align = "center"|üy

|-
|align = "center"|'''u'''
|align = "center"|u
|align = "center"|o
|align = "center"|uw
|align = "center"|wo

|-
|align = "center"|'''e'''
|align = "center"|e
|align = "center"|ä
|align = "center"|ö
|align = "center"|ye

|-
|align = "center"|'''ö'''
|align = "center"|ö
|align = "center"|a
|align = "center"|o
|align = "center"|yo

|-
|align = "center"|'''o'''
|align = "center"|o
|align = "center"|å
|align = "center"|ow
|align = "center"|öü

|-
|align = "center"|'''ä'''
|align = "center"|ä
|align = "center"|äh
|align = "center"|a
|align = "center"|e

|-
|align = "center"|'''a'''
|align = "center"|a
|align = "center"|ah
|align = "center"|ay
|align = "center"|ey

|-
|align = "center"|'''å'''
|align = "center"|å
|align = "center"|åh
|align = "center"|åw
|align = "center"|ow

|-
|align = "center" rowspan = "9"|'''2'''
|align = "center"|'''i'''
|align = "center"|i
|align = "center"|ü
|align = "center"|e
|align = "center"|ö

|-
|align = "center"|'''ü'''
|align = "center"|ü
|align = "center"|u
|align = "center"|ö
|align = "center"|o

|-
|align = "center"|'''u'''
|align = "center"|u
|align = "center"|uw
|align = "center"|o
|align = "center"|ow

|-
|align = "center"|'''e'''
|align = "center"|e
|align = "center"|ö
|align = "center"|ä
|align = "center"|å

|-
|align = "center"|'''ö'''
|align = "center"|ö
|align = "center"|o
|align = "center"|å
|align = "center"|a

|-
|align = "center"|'''o'''
|align = "center"|o
|align = "center"|ow
|align = "center"|å
|align = "center"|a

|-
|align = "center"|'''ä'''
|align = "center"|ä
|align = "center"|a
|align = "center"|äɧ
|align = "center"|aɧ

|-
|align = "center"|'''a'''
|align = "center"|a
|align = "center"|å
|align = "center"|aɧ
|align = "center"|åɧ

|-
|align = "center"|'''å'''
|align = "center"|å
|align = "center"|åw
|align = "center"|åɧ
|align = "center"|åwɧ

|} 

====Agreement prefixes====

{|border="1" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="4" align="center"
! Conj. || Argument || 1st Person || 2nd || 3rd
|-
| 1 || A || ǧ- || z- || i-
|-
| 1 || P || - || yu- || c-
|-
| 2 || A || - || smu- || s-
|-
| 2 || P || m- || yu- || -
|}

===Tense and Evidentiality===

There are two verb tenses, the past and non-past.

*In the past tense, there are three evidentiality/reality markings:
**''direct'' realis, indicating first-hand observational (e.g. "eye witness") knowledge. This is marked by the prefix ''e-'', in addition to ablaut.
**''indirect'' realis, indicating knowledge that is informed, inferred, supposed, or otherwise not personal. This is marked by ablaut alone.
**irrealis, making no overt statement about the reality of the VP, but inferring a lesser degree of certainty than either realis marking.
*In the non-past, only the realis and irrealis are distinguished.

===Aspect, Mood, Intensity, and Attitude===

Additional verb characteristics are expressed in suffixes, including the following.

*'''Aspect
**'''Inceptive'''
**'''Abortive'''
**'''Completitive''' ''-юǧ''
**'''Participle''' ''-яnz''
**'''Perfect''' ''-gεv''
*'''Mood'''
**'''Imperative''' (use bare root)
**'''Negative''' ''-nε''
**'''Optative/Hortative/Jussive''' ''-zюn''
**'''Causative/Volition''' (A -> P, Cause -> A)
*'''Intensity'''
**'''More Intense''' ''-sεz''
**'''Less Intense''' ''-də'' (NB: same as nominal diminutive)

Suffixes may be chained in a head-modifier (right-branching) manner.

==Nouns==

===Gender===

There is pragmatic gender marking -- Nouns are marked for a gender system that combines traditional gender and pragmatic roles.

Genders, with examples, are:

{|border="1" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="4" align="center"
|align = "left"|1st Person
|align = "center"|''-αm''
|align = "left"|rižem
|align = "left"|I, the king
|align = "left"| 
|align = "left"| 

|-
|align = "left"|2nd Person
|align = "center"|''-αs''
|align = "left"|rižes
|align = "left"|You, the king
|align = "left"| 
|align = "left"| 

|-
|align = "left"|3rd Animate
|align = "center"|''-αt''
|align = "left"|rižet
|align = "left"|He, the king
|align = "left"| 
|align = "left"| 

|-
|align = "left"|3rd Inanimate
|align = "center"|''∅''
|align = "left"|riž
|align = "left"|It, the kingdom
|align = "left"|čom
|align = "left"|The land

|-
|align = "left"|Negative Animate
|align = "center"|''-n←''
|align = "left"|rižni
|align = "left"|No king
|align = "left"| 
|align = "left"| 

|-
|align = "left"|Negative Inanimate
|align = "center"|''α-''
|align = "left"|eriž
|align = "left"|No kingdom
|align = "left"|očom
|align = "left"|No land

|} 

===Cases===

Case marking is ergative for Inanimate and Negative subjects, and accusative in all other cases.

Cases are:

{|border="1" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="4" align="center"
|align = "left"|Erg
|align = "center"|''-εr''
|align = "left"|--
|align = "left"|čomyr

|-
|align = "left"|Nom/Abs
|align = "center"|''∅''
|align = "left"|rižet
|align = "left"|čom

|-
|align = "left"|Acc
|align = "center"|''-αn''
|align = "left"|rižeten
|align = "left"|--

|-
|align = "left"|Dat
|align = "center"|''-εm''
|align = "left"|rižetim
|align = "left"|čomym

|-
|align = "left"|Gen
|align = "center"|''-εs''
|align = "left"|rižetis
|align = "left"|čomys

|-
|align = "left"|Ins/Prl
|align = "center"|''-ω''
|align = "left"|rižety
|align = "left"|čomu

|-
|align = "left"|Com/Loc
|align = "center"|''-bα''
|align = "left"|rižetbe
|align = "left"|čombo

|} 

[[Category: Conlangs]]

Terzemian

2013-05-04T17:47:56Z

Paul.w.bennett: /* Gender */

{{IPA|}}

{{Infobox|name=Terzemian|pronounce=tɜ˞ˈzɛj.mjən|tu=Possible [[League of Lost Languages|LLL]] candidate|script=Latin, Cyrillic, Arabic, UTA|tree=Unique PIE, influences from Kartvelian, Turkic, Persian, Uralic and Slavic|morph=Mixed|ms=Lexically Split-S|wo=VSO|creator=[[User:Paul.w.bennett|Paul.w.bennett]]|date=}}

=Overview=

Terzemian is an [[Wikipedia:Indo-European|IE-derived]] conlang located along the west coast of the Caspian Sea. It is a [[Wikipedia:Centum-Satem_isogloss|satem]] language (the word for ''hundred'' is šündo (шүндо, şyndo, شَِنداَ /ʃyndo/) that uses the ''ruki'' rule, Grassman's law, Slavic-type depalatalization, z/r alternation, r/n alternation, a three-group vowel harmony system, and two phases of lenition (the first word-final, and the second approximately intervocalic).

=Phonology=

==Consonants==

{|border="1" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="4" align="center"
|align = "center"|p b
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"|t d
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"|k g
|align = "center"|kʷ gʷ
|align = "center"|q ɢ
|align = "center"|ʔ

|-
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"|f v
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"|s z
|align = "center"|ʃ ʒ
|align = "center"|ɬ ɮ
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"|x ɣ
|align = "center"|xʷ ɣʷ
|align = "center"|χ ʁ
|align = "center"|h

|-
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"|ts
|align = "center"|tʃ
|align = "center"|tɬ
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 

|-
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"|w
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"|l
|align = "center"|j
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 

|-
|align = "center"|m
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"|n
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"|ŋ
|align = "center"|ŋʷ
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 

|-
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"|ɾ ɹ
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 

|} 

==Vowels==

Depending on your viewpoint, there are either 17, 14, 9, 7, 6, or 3 vowels. To be more specific, there are 3 vowel harmony groups, with 3 vowels in each group (making up the "Nine" vowel system), plus four ''metavocalic'' symbols: ''я'', ''ю'', ''ə'', and ''←''.

===Seventeen / Fourteen Vowel System===

In external analysis, there seem to be three suprasegmental (word-length) vowel-harmony phonemes, and five segmental vowels (forming a grid of fifteen phonetic vowels), plus two metavocalic symbols. By this count, there are seventeen distinct phonetic vowels.

In practical terms, any word may have any of the seven historical surface vowels as it's "Root" vowel (the first vowel of the lexical root), and belongs to one of one of three harmony groups. Other vowels in a word are then given by one of seven metavocalic symbols. Thus, we find in the first root syllable of a word one of (''a'', ''e'', ''i'', ''o'', ''u'', ''ɨ'', ''ɯ''), in prefixes one of (''α'', ''ε'', ''ω'', ''я'', ''ю'', ''ə''), and all other places any of (''α'', ''ε'', ''ω'', ''я'', ''ю'', ''ə'', ''←''). By this count, there are two sets of seven vowels in complementary distribution, though this is usually called the "Fourteen" vowel system to avoid confusion with the "Seven" vowel system used in the UTA and Arabic scripts.

====Root Vowel Compatibility====

{|border="1" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="4" align="center"
|align = "center"|'''Harmony'''
|align = "center"|''a''
|align = "center"|''e''
|align = "center"|''i''
|align = "center"|''o''
|align = "center"|''u''
|align = "center"|''y''
|align = "center"|''ɯ''

|-
|align = "center"|'''i'''
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"|e
|align = "center"|i
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"|ɯ

|-
|align = "center"|'''a'''
|align = "center"|a
|align = "center"|e
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"|o
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 

|-
|align = "center"|'''u'''
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"|o
|align = "center"|u
|align = "center"|y
|align = "center"| 

|} 

====Metavocalic Symbols====

{|border="1" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="4" align="center"
|align = "center"|'''Harmony'''
|align = "center"|''ε''
|align = "center"|''α''
|align = "center"|''ω''
|align = "center"|''я''
|align = "center"|''ю''

|-
|align = "center"|'''i'''
|align = "center"|i
|align = "center"|e
|align = "center"|ɯ
|align = "center"|iː
|align = "center"|ɯw

|-
|align = "center"|'''a'''
|align = "center"|e
|align = "center"|a
|align = "center"|o
|align = "center"|ja
|align = "center"|aː

|-
|align = "center"|'''u'''
|align = "center"|y
|align = "center"|o
|align = "center"|u
|align = "center"|ju
|align = "center"|uː

|} 

In addition, the metavowels ''ə'' and ''←'' respectively stand for "the root vowel" and "the vowel immediately to the left".

===Seven Vowel System===

The Seven Vowel system is retained in writing in the UTA and Arabic scripts, but in modern times, /y/ and /ɯ/ have merged under Soviet influence (being in complementary distribution, and not found in Russian), and the Six Vowel system has replaced it for the Latin and Cyrillic scripts, and in modern pronunciation (in all but the most careful / formal contexts).

{|border="1" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="4" align="center"
|align = "center"|i y
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"|ɯ u

|-
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"|e
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"|o
|align = "center"| 

|-
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"|ɑ
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 

|} 

===Six Vowel System===

{|border="1" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="4" align="center"
|align = "center"|i
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"|ɨ
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"|u

|-
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"|e
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"|o
|align = "center"| 

|-
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"|ɑ
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 

|} 

=Writing System=

Terzemian has been written in a variety of scripts. In the modern era, a modified Latin alphabet is used. During the Soviet era, Cyrillic was used, and can still be found. Before the Soviet era, a form of the [[Wikipedia:Uniform Turkic Alphabet|UTA]] was used alongside Arabic. The Arabic script can still be found in general use in certain areas, as well as among the Muslim population throughout the region. Despite (or perhaps because) the fact that the move to the Latin script was a deliberate process to reflect post-Soviet independence, there is also a small folkish movement to return to the UTA script. In short, the learner of Terzemian should concentrate on learning the Latin script, but should be prepared to encounter Cyrillic, UTA, and Arabic on a more or less daily basis.

==Logical Layout==

The following tables illustrate the writing systems with a layout that is in accordance with the Phonology tables above.

===Modern Latin===

{|border="1" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="4" align="center"
|align = "center"|p b
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"|t d
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"|k g
|align = "center"|k˚ g˚
|align = "center"|ḳ ġ
|align = "center"|ʼ

|-
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"|f v
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"|s z
|align = "center"|š ž
|align = "center"|ł ł̣
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"|x ǧ
|align = "center"|x˚ ǧ˚
|align = "center"|x̣ ǧ̇
|align = "center"|h

|-
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"|c
|align = "center"|č
|align = "center"|tł
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 

|-
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"|w
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"|l
|align = "center"|j
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 

|-
|align = "center"|m
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"|n
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"|ň
|align = "center"|ň˚
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 

|-
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"|ṛ r
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 

|} 

{|border="1" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="4" align="center"
|align = "center"|i
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"|y
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"|u

|-
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"|e
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"|o
|align = "center"| 

|-
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"|a
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 

|} 

===UTA===

{|border="1" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="4" align="center"
|align = "center"|p b
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"|t d
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"|k g
|align = "center"|kъ gъ
|align = "center"|ķ g̓
|align = "center"|q

|-
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"|f v
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"|s z
|align = "center"|ş ƶ
|align = "center"|ł ľ
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"|x ƣ
|align = "center"|xъ ƣъ
|align = "center"|x̧ ƣ̓
|align = "center"|h

|-
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"|c
|align = "center"|ç
|align = "center"|tł
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 

|-
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"|w
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"|l
|align = "center"|j
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 

|-
|align = "center"|m
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"|n
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"|ŋ
|align = "center"|ŋъ

|-
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"|r ř
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 

|} 

{|border="1" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="4" align="center"
|align = "center"|i y
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"|ı u

|-
|align = "center"|e
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"|o

|-
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"|a
|align = "center"| 

|} 

===Cyrillic===

{|border="1" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="4" align="center"
|align = "center"|п б
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"|т д
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"|к г
|align = "center"|къ гъ къ
|align = "center"|қ ӷ
|align = "center"|Ӏ

|-
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"|ф в
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"|с з
|align = "center"|ш ж
|align = "center"|ӆ ԓ
|align = "center"|х ғ
|align = "center"|хъ ғъ
|align = "center"|ҳ ӷ̵
|align = "center"|һ

|-
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"|ц
|align = "center"|ч
|align = "center"|тӆ
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 

|-
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"|ў
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"|й
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 

|-
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"|л
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 

|-
|align = "center"|м
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"|н
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"|ң
|align = "center"|ңъ
|align = "center"| 

|-
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"|р ʀ
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 

|} 

{|border="1" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="4" align="center"
|align = "center"|и
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"|ы
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"|у

|-
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"|э
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"|о
|align = "center"| 

|-
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"|а
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 

|} 

===Arabic===

{|border="1" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="4" align="center"
|align = "center"|پ ب
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"|ت د
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"|ك گ
|align = "center"| 

|-
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"|ف ڒ
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"|س ز
|align = "center"|ژ ش
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"|خ غ
|align = "center"|ه

|-
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| څ
|align = "center"| چ
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 

|-
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| و
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| ي
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 

|-
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| ل
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 

|-
|align = "center"| م
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| ن
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| ڽ
|align = "center"| 

|-
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"|ر
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 

|} 

{|border="1" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="4" align="center"
|align = "center"|هِ
|align = "center"| هَِ
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| هَ

|-
|align = "center"| اِ
|align = "center"| اَِ
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| اَ

|-
|align = "center"| اٍ
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"|ا
|align = "center"|اً

|} 

==Alphabetical Orders==

The tables above approximately follow the IPA layout for the sounds of Terzemian. The correct orders of the writing systems of Terzemian are:

* Latin: Aa Ää Åå Bb Cc Čč Dd Ee Ff Gg Ǧǧ Ġġ Ǧ̇ǧ̇ Hh Ii Kk Ll Łł Mm Nn Ňň Oo Öö Pp Rr Ṛṛ Ss Šš Tt Uu Üü Vv Ww Xx X̣x̣ Yy Zz Žž ˚ ʼ
* Cyrillic: Аа Әә Бб Вв Гг Ғғ Ӷ̵ӷ̵ Дд Ее Жж Зз Һһ Ии Йй Кк Лл Ӆӆ Ԓԓ Мм Нн Ңң Оо Өө Пп Рр Rʀ Сс Тт Уу Ўў Үү Фф Хх Ҳҳ Цц Чч Шш Щщ Ъъ Ыы Ьь Ээ Ɔɔ Юю Яя ӏ
* UTA: Aa Əə Bb Cc Çç Dd Ee Ff Gg Ƣƣ Hh Ii Jj Kk Ll Mm Nn Ŋŋ Oo Ɵɵ Ɔɔ Pp Rr Ss Şş Tt Uu Vv Ww Xx Yy Zz Ƶƶ Qq Ъъ
* Arabic: ا ب ت پ ح خ څ چ د ر ز ژ س ش غ ف ك گ ل م ن ڽ ه و ۆ ي هِ هَِ هَ اِ اَِ اَ اٍ اً

The following chart shows the other writing systems in the latin order:

{|border="1" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="4" align="center"
|align = "center"|'''Latin'''
|align = "center"|Aa
|align = "center"|Ää
|align = "center"|Åå
|align = "center"|Bb
|align = "center"|Cc
|align = "center"|Čč
|align = "center"|Dd
|align = "center"|Ee
|align = "center"|Ff
|align = "center"|Gg
|align = "center"|Ǧǧ
|align = "center"|Ġġ
|align = "center"|Ǧ̇ǧ̇
|align = "center"|Hh
|align = "center"|Ii
|align = "center"|Kk
|align = "center"|Ll
|align = "center"|Łł
|align = "center"|Mm

|-
|align = "center"|'''Cyrillic'''
|align = "center"|Аа
|align = "center"|Әә
|align = "center"|Ɔɔ
|align = "center"|Бб
|align = "center"|Цц
|align = "center"|Чч
|align = "center"|Дд
|align = "center"|Ээ
|align = "center"|Фф
|align = "center"|Гг
|align = "center"|Ғғ
|align = "center"|Ӷ̵ӷ̵
|align = "center"|''???''
|align = "center"|Һһ
|align = "center"|Ии
|align = "center"|Кк
|align = "center"|Лл
|align = "center"|Ӆӆ / Ԓԓ
|align = "center"|Мм

|-
|align = "center"|''Latin''
|align = "center"|Nn
|align = "center"|Ňň
|align = "center"|Oo
|align = "center"|Öö
|align = "center"|Pp
|align = "center"|Rr
|align = "center"|Ṛṛ
|align = "center"|Ss
|align = "center"|Šš
|align = "center"|Tt
|align = "center"|Uu
|align = "center"|Üü
|align = "center"|Vv
|align = "center"|Ww
|align = "center"|Xx
|align = "center"|X̣x̣
|align = "center"|Yy
|align = "center"|Zz
|align = "center"|Žž
|align = "center"|˚
|align = "center"|ʼ
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 

|-
|align = "center"|''Cyrillic''
|align = "center"|Нн
|align = "center"|Ңң
|align = "center"|Оо
|align = "center"|Өө
|align = "center"|Пп
|align = "center"|Rʀ
|align = "center"|Рр
|align = "center"|Сс
|align = "center"|Шш
|align = "center"|Тт
|align = "center"|Уу
|align = "center"|Үү
|align = "center"|Вв
|align = "center"|Ўў
|align = "center"|Хх
|align = "center"|Ҳҳ
|align = "center"|Йй
|align = "center"|Зз
|align = "center"|Жж
|align = "center"|Ъъ
|align = "center"|ӏ
|align = "center"|Щщ
|align = "center"|Ыы
|align = "center"|Ьь
|align = "center"|Юю
|align = "center"|Яя
|align = "center"|Ее

|} 

Notes:

* The Cyrillic letters ''Щ'', ''Ъ'', and ''Ь'' are not used in native words.
* The Cyrillic letters ''Е'', ''Ю'', and ''Я'' are occasionally used in native words.
* The Arabic characters هِ هَِ هَ use the letter ه as a base character for illustration. The actual vowels are written as just the diactrics, attached to the preceeding consonant.

=Sound Changes=

''See the [[Terzemian/Sound_Changes|Sound Changes]] subarticle.

=Morphosyntax=

==Harmony==

===Vowels===

{|border="1" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="4" align="center"
|align = "center" rowspan = "2"|'''Root Vowel'''
|align = "center" colspan = "3"|'''Prefix Vowel'''
|align = "center" colspan = "6"|'''Suffix Vowel'''

|-

|align = "center"|'''i'''
|align = "center"|'''u'''
|align = "center"|'''a'''

|align = "center"|'''i'''
|align = "center"|'''ü'''
|align = "center"|'''e'''
|align = "center"|'''ö'''
|align = "center"|'''ä'''
|align = "center"|'''a'''

|-
|align = "center"|'''i'''

|align = "center"|i
|align = "center"|ü
|align = "center"|e

|align = "center"|i
|align = "center"|ü
|align = "center"|e
|align = "center"|ö
|align = "center"|ä
|align = "center"|a

|-
|align = "center"|'''ü'''

|align = "center"|i
|align = "center"|ü
|align = "center"|e

|align = "center"|ü
|align = "center"|u
|align = "center"|ö
|align = "center"|o
|align = "center"|ä
|align = "center"|a

|-
|align = "center"|'''u'''

|align = "center"|ü
|align = "center"|u
|align = "center"|o

|align = "center"|ü
|align = "center"|u
|align = "center"|ö
|align = "center"|o
|align = "center"|a
|align = "center"|å

|-
|align = "center"|'''e'''

|align = "center"|i
|align = "center"|ö
|align = "center"|ä

|align = "center"|i
|align = "center"|ü
|align = "center"|e
|align = "center"|ö
|align = "center"|ä
|align = "center"|a

|-
|align = "center"|'''ö'''

|align = "center"|ü
|align = "center"|o
|align = "center"|å

|align = "center"|ü
|align = "center"|u
|align = "center"|ö
|align = "center"|o
|align = "center"|ä
|align = "center"|a

|-
|align = "center"|'''o'''

|align = "center"|ö
|align = "center"|å
|align = "center"|a

|align = "center"|ü
|align = "center"|u
|align = "center"|ö
|align = "center"|o
|align = "center"|a
|align = "center"|å

|-
|align = "center"|'''ä'''

|align = "center"|e
|align = "center"|å
|align = "center"|a

|align = "center"|e
|align = "center"|ö
|align = "center"|ä
|align = "center"|å
|align = "center"|ä
|align = "center"|a

|-
|align = "center"|'''a'''

|align = "center"|e
|align = "center"|o
|align = "center"|a

|align = "center"|e
|align = "center"|ö
|align = "center"|ä
|align = "center"|å
|align = "center"|ä
|align = "center"|a

|-
|align = "center"|'''å'''

|align = "center"|ä
|align = "center"|åɧ
|align = "center"|aɧ

|align = "center"|e
|align = "center"|ö
|align = "center"|ä
|align = "center"|å
|align = "center"|ä
|align = "center"|a

|} 

===Fricative===

The metasymbol ''ɧ'' represents an assimilatory fricative, as follows:

{|border="1" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="4" align="center"
! Next Consonant || p,b,m,f,v,w || t,d,n,s,z,l,r || č,š,ž,y || k,g,x,ǧ || h
|-
| '''Outcome''' || f || s || š || x || ∅
|}

If there is no next consonant in the root, ''ɧ'' assimilates to the previous consonant.

If there is no next consonant and no previous consonant in the root, ''ɧ'' becomes ''h''.

==Verbs==

===Agreement===

Terzemain nouns mark two or less of three core cases, notionally representing the semantic roles INITIATOR, UNDERGOER, and TARGET. For ease of reference, these will be marked with the traditional A, P, and O labels used in discussing Ergative/Accusative marking.

Terzemian is Split-S, with Ergative or Accusative style marking determined lexically by the conjugation of the verb.

The conjugations are as follows:

{|border="1" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="4" align="center"
! Conj. || Required || Optional || Description
|-
| '''1 a''' || A ||   || Intransitive Active verbs
|-
| '''1 b''' || P || A ''(causitive)'' || Intransitive Stative verbs
|-
| '''2''' || AP ||   || Transitive Active verbs
|}

====Ablaut Patterns====

{|border="1" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="4" align="center"
|align = "center"|'''Conj.'''
|align = "center"|'''Root Vowel'''
|align = "center"|'''Non-P R'''
|align = "center"|'''Past R'''
|align = "center"|'''Non-P Ir'''
|align = "center"|'''Past Ir'''

|-
|align = "center" rowspan = "9"|'''1 a/b'''
|align = "center"|'''i'''
|align = "center"|i
|align = "center"|e
|align = "center"|ü
|align = "center"|iy

|-
|align = "center"|'''ü'''
|align = "center"|ü
|align = "center"|ö
|align = "center"|u
|align = "center"|üy

|-
|align = "center"|'''u'''
|align = "center"|u
|align = "center"|o
|align = "center"|uw
|align = "center"|wo

|-
|align = "center"|'''e'''
|align = "center"|e
|align = "center"|ä
|align = "center"|ö
|align = "center"|ye

|-
|align = "center"|'''ö'''
|align = "center"|ö
|align = "center"|a
|align = "center"|o
|align = "center"|yo

|-
|align = "center"|'''o'''
|align = "center"|o
|align = "center"|å
|align = "center"|ow
|align = "center"|öü

|-
|align = "center"|'''ä'''
|align = "center"|ä
|align = "center"|äh
|align = "center"|a
|align = "center"|e

|-
|align = "center"|'''a'''
|align = "center"|a
|align = "center"|ah
|align = "center"|ay
|align = "center"|ey

|-
|align = "center"|'''å'''
|align = "center"|å
|align = "center"|åh
|align = "center"|åw
|align = "center"|ow

|-
|align = "center" rowspan = "9"|'''2'''
|align = "center"|'''i'''
|align = "center"|i
|align = "center"|ü
|align = "center"|e
|align = "center"|ö

|-
|align = "center"|'''ü'''
|align = "center"|ü
|align = "center"|u
|align = "center"|ö
|align = "center"|o

|-
|align = "center"|'''u'''
|align = "center"|u
|align = "center"|uw
|align = "center"|o
|align = "center"|ow

|-
|align = "center"|'''e'''
|align = "center"|e
|align = "center"|ö
|align = "center"|ä
|align = "center"|å

|-
|align = "center"|'''ö'''
|align = "center"|ö
|align = "center"|o
|align = "center"|å
|align = "center"|a

|-
|align = "center"|'''o'''
|align = "center"|o
|align = "center"|ow
|align = "center"|å
|align = "center"|a

|-
|align = "center"|'''ä'''
|align = "center"|ä
|align = "center"|a
|align = "center"|äɧ
|align = "center"|aɧ

|-
|align = "center"|'''a'''
|align = "center"|a
|align = "center"|å
|align = "center"|aɧ
|align = "center"|åɧ

|-
|align = "center"|'''å'''
|align = "center"|å
|align = "center"|åw
|align = "center"|åɧ
|align = "center"|åwɧ

|} 

====Agreement prefixes====

{|border="1" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="4" align="center"
! Conj. || Argument || 1st Person || 2nd || 3rd
|-
| 1 || A || ǧ- || z- || i-
|-
| 1 || P || - || yu- || c-
|-
| 2 || A || - || smu- || s-
|-
| 2 || P || m- || yu- || -
|}

===Tense and Evidentiality===

There are two verb tenses, the past and non-past.

*In the past tense, there are three evidentiality/reality markings:
**''direct'' realis, indicating first-hand observational (e.g. "eye witness") knowledge. This is marked by the prefix ''e-'', in addition to ablaut.
**''indirect'' realis, indicating knowledge that is informed, inferred, supposed, or otherwise not personal. This is marked by ablaut alone.
**irrealis, making no overt statement about the reality of the VP, but inferring a lesser degree of certainty than either realis marking.
*In the non-past, only the realis and irrealis are distinguished.

===Aspect, Mood, Intensity, and Attitude===

Additional verb characteristics are expressed in suffixes, including the following.

*'''Aspect
**'''Inceptive'''
**'''Abortive'''
**'''Completitive''' ''-юǧ''
**'''Participle''' ''-яnz''
**'''Perfect''' ''-gεv''
*'''Mood'''
**'''Imperative''' (use bare root)
**'''Negative''' ''-nε''
**'''Optative/Hortative/Jussive''' ''-zюn''
**'''Causative/Volition''' (A -> P, Cause -> A)
*'''Intensity'''
**'''More Intense''' ''-sεz''
**'''Less Intense''' ''-də'' (NB: same as nominal diminutive)

Suffixes may be chained in a head-modifier (right-branching) manner.

==Nouns==

===Gender===

There is pragmatic gender marking -- Nouns are marked for a gender system that combines traditional gender and pragmatic roles.

Genders, with examples, are:

{|border="1" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="4" align="center"
|align = "left"|1st Person
|align = "center"|''-αm''
|align = "left"|rižem
|align = "left"|I, the king
|align = "left"| 
|align = "left"| 

|-
|align = "left"|2nd Person
|align = "center"|''-αs''
|align = "left"|rižes
|align = "left"|You, the king
|align = "left"| 
|align = "left"| 

|-
|align = "left"|3rd Animate
|align = "center"|''-αt''
|align = "left"|rižet
|align = "left"|He, the king
|align = "left"| 
|align = "left"| 

|-
|align = "left"|3rd Inanimate
|align = "center"|''∅''
|align = "left"|riž
|align = "left"|It, the kingdom
|align = "left"|čom
|align = "left"|The land

|-
|align = "left"|Negative Animate
|align = "center"|''-n←''
|align = "left"|rižni
|align = "left"|No king
|align = "left"| 
|align = "left"| 

|-
|align = "left"|Negative Inanimate
|align = "center"|''α-''
|align = "left"|eriž
|align = "left"|No kingdom
|align = "left"|očom
|align = "left"|No land

|} 

===Cases===

Case marking is ergative for Inanimate and Negative subjects, and accusative in all other cases.

Cases are:

{|border="1" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="4" align="center"
|align = "left"|Erg
|align = "center"|-εr
|align = "left"|--
|align = "left"|čomyr

|-
|align = "left"|Nom/Abs
|align = "center"|-∅
|align = "left"|rižet
|align = "left"|čom

|-
|align = "left"|Acc
|align = "center"|-αn
|align = "left"|rižeten
|align = "left"|--

|-
|align = "left"|Dat
|align = "center"|-εm
|align = "left"|rižetim
|align = "left"|čomym

|-
|align = "left"|Gen
|align = "center"|-εs
|align = "left"|rižetis
|align = "left"|čomys

|-
|align = "left"|Ins/Loc
|align = "center"|-ω
|align = "left"|rižety
|align = "left"|čomu

|-
|align = "left"|Com
|align = "center"|-bα
|align = "left"|rižetbe
|align = "left"|čombo

|} 

[[Category: Conlangs]]

Terzemian

2013-05-04T17:45:57Z

Paul.w.bennett: /* Aspect, Mood, Intensity, and Attitude */ Typography

{{IPA|}}

{{Infobox|name=Terzemian|pronounce=tɜ˞ˈzɛj.mjən|tu=Possible [[League of Lost Languages|LLL]] candidate|script=Latin, Cyrillic, Arabic, UTA|tree=Unique PIE, influences from Kartvelian, Turkic, Persian, Uralic and Slavic|morph=Mixed|ms=Lexically Split-S|wo=VSO|creator=[[User:Paul.w.bennett|Paul.w.bennett]]|date=}}

=Overview=

Terzemian is an [[Wikipedia:Indo-European|IE-derived]] conlang located along the west coast of the Caspian Sea. It is a [[Wikipedia:Centum-Satem_isogloss|satem]] language (the word for ''hundred'' is šündo (шүндо, şyndo, شَِنداَ /ʃyndo/) that uses the ''ruki'' rule, Grassman's law, Slavic-type depalatalization, z/r alternation, r/n alternation, a three-group vowel harmony system, and two phases of lenition (the first word-final, and the second approximately intervocalic).

=Phonology=

==Consonants==

{|border="1" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="4" align="center"
|align = "center"|p b
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"|t d
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"|k g
|align = "center"|kʷ gʷ
|align = "center"|q ɢ
|align = "center"|ʔ

|-
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"|f v
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"|s z
|align = "center"|ʃ ʒ
|align = "center"|ɬ ɮ
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"|x ɣ
|align = "center"|xʷ ɣʷ
|align = "center"|χ ʁ
|align = "center"|h

|-
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"|ts
|align = "center"|tʃ
|align = "center"|tɬ
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 

|-
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"|w
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"|l
|align = "center"|j
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 

|-
|align = "center"|m
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"|n
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"|ŋ
|align = "center"|ŋʷ
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 

|-
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"|ɾ ɹ
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 

|} 

==Vowels==

Depending on your viewpoint, there are either 17, 14, 9, 7, 6, or 3 vowels. To be more specific, there are 3 vowel harmony groups, with 3 vowels in each group (making up the "Nine" vowel system), plus four ''metavocalic'' symbols: ''я'', ''ю'', ''ə'', and ''←''.

===Seventeen / Fourteen Vowel System===

In external analysis, there seem to be three suprasegmental (word-length) vowel-harmony phonemes, and five segmental vowels (forming a grid of fifteen phonetic vowels), plus two metavocalic symbols. By this count, there are seventeen distinct phonetic vowels.

In practical terms, any word may have any of the seven historical surface vowels as it's "Root" vowel (the first vowel of the lexical root), and belongs to one of one of three harmony groups. Other vowels in a word are then given by one of seven metavocalic symbols. Thus, we find in the first root syllable of a word one of (''a'', ''e'', ''i'', ''o'', ''u'', ''ɨ'', ''ɯ''), in prefixes one of (''α'', ''ε'', ''ω'', ''я'', ''ю'', ''ə''), and all other places any of (''α'', ''ε'', ''ω'', ''я'', ''ю'', ''ə'', ''←''). By this count, there are two sets of seven vowels in complementary distribution, though this is usually called the "Fourteen" vowel system to avoid confusion with the "Seven" vowel system used in the UTA and Arabic scripts.

====Root Vowel Compatibility====

{|border="1" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="4" align="center"
|align = "center"|'''Harmony'''
|align = "center"|''a''
|align = "center"|''e''
|align = "center"|''i''
|align = "center"|''o''
|align = "center"|''u''
|align = "center"|''y''
|align = "center"|''ɯ''

|-
|align = "center"|'''i'''
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"|e
|align = "center"|i
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"|ɯ

|-
|align = "center"|'''a'''
|align = "center"|a
|align = "center"|e
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"|o
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 

|-
|align = "center"|'''u'''
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"|o
|align = "center"|u
|align = "center"|y
|align = "center"| 

|} 

====Metavocalic Symbols====

{|border="1" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="4" align="center"
|align = "center"|'''Harmony'''
|align = "center"|''ε''
|align = "center"|''α''
|align = "center"|''ω''
|align = "center"|''я''
|align = "center"|''ю''

|-
|align = "center"|'''i'''
|align = "center"|i
|align = "center"|e
|align = "center"|ɯ
|align = "center"|iː
|align = "center"|ɯw

|-
|align = "center"|'''a'''
|align = "center"|e
|align = "center"|a
|align = "center"|o
|align = "center"|ja
|align = "center"|aː

|-
|align = "center"|'''u'''
|align = "center"|y
|align = "center"|o
|align = "center"|u
|align = "center"|ju
|align = "center"|uː

|} 

In addition, the metavowels ''ə'' and ''←'' respectively stand for "the root vowel" and "the vowel immediately to the left".

===Seven Vowel System===

The Seven Vowel system is retained in writing in the UTA and Arabic scripts, but in modern times, /y/ and /ɯ/ have merged under Soviet influence (being in complementary distribution, and not found in Russian), and the Six Vowel system has replaced it for the Latin and Cyrillic scripts, and in modern pronunciation (in all but the most careful / formal contexts).

{|border="1" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="4" align="center"
|align = "center"|i y
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"|ɯ u

|-
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"|e
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"|o
|align = "center"| 

|-
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"|ɑ
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 

|} 

===Six Vowel System===

{|border="1" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="4" align="center"
|align = "center"|i
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"|ɨ
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"|u

|-
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"|e
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"|o
|align = "center"| 

|-
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"|ɑ
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 

|} 

=Writing System=

Terzemian has been written in a variety of scripts. In the modern era, a modified Latin alphabet is used. During the Soviet era, Cyrillic was used, and can still be found. Before the Soviet era, a form of the [[Wikipedia:Uniform Turkic Alphabet|UTA]] was used alongside Arabic. The Arabic script can still be found in general use in certain areas, as well as among the Muslim population throughout the region. Despite (or perhaps because) the fact that the move to the Latin script was a deliberate process to reflect post-Soviet independence, there is also a small folkish movement to return to the UTA script. In short, the learner of Terzemian should concentrate on learning the Latin script, but should be prepared to encounter Cyrillic, UTA, and Arabic on a more or less daily basis.

==Logical Layout==

The following tables illustrate the writing systems with a layout that is in accordance with the Phonology tables above.

===Modern Latin===

{|border="1" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="4" align="center"
|align = "center"|p b
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"|t d
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"|k g
|align = "center"|k˚ g˚
|align = "center"|ḳ ġ
|align = "center"|ʼ

|-
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"|f v
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"|s z
|align = "center"|š ž
|align = "center"|ł ł̣
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"|x ǧ
|align = "center"|x˚ ǧ˚
|align = "center"|x̣ ǧ̇
|align = "center"|h

|-
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"|c
|align = "center"|č
|align = "center"|tł
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 

|-
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"|w
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"|l
|align = "center"|j
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 

|-
|align = "center"|m
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"|n
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"|ň
|align = "center"|ň˚
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 

|-
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"|ṛ r
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 

|} 

{|border="1" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="4" align="center"
|align = "center"|i
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"|y
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"|u

|-
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"|e
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"|o
|align = "center"| 

|-
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"|a
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 

|} 

===UTA===

{|border="1" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="4" align="center"
|align = "center"|p b
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"|t d
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"|k g
|align = "center"|kъ gъ
|align = "center"|ķ g̓
|align = "center"|q

|-
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"|f v
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"|s z
|align = "center"|ş ƶ
|align = "center"|ł ľ
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"|x ƣ
|align = "center"|xъ ƣъ
|align = "center"|x̧ ƣ̓
|align = "center"|h

|-
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"|c
|align = "center"|ç
|align = "center"|tł
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 

|-
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"|w
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"|l
|align = "center"|j
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 

|-
|align = "center"|m
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"|n
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"|ŋ
|align = "center"|ŋъ

|-
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"|r ř
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 

|} 

{|border="1" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="4" align="center"
|align = "center"|i y
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"|ı u

|-
|align = "center"|e
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"|o

|-
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"|a
|align = "center"| 

|} 

===Cyrillic===

{|border="1" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="4" align="center"
|align = "center"|п б
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"|т д
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"|к г
|align = "center"|къ гъ къ
|align = "center"|қ ӷ
|align = "center"|Ӏ

|-
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"|ф в
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"|с з
|align = "center"|ш ж
|align = "center"|ӆ ԓ
|align = "center"|х ғ
|align = "center"|хъ ғъ
|align = "center"|ҳ ӷ̵
|align = "center"|һ

|-
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"|ц
|align = "center"|ч
|align = "center"|тӆ
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 

|-
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"|ў
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"|й
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 

|-
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"|л
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 

|-
|align = "center"|м
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"|н
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"|ң
|align = "center"|ңъ
|align = "center"| 

|-
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"|р ʀ
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 

|} 

{|border="1" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="4" align="center"
|align = "center"|и
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"|ы
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"|у

|-
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"|э
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"|о
|align = "center"| 

|-
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"|а
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 

|} 

===Arabic===

{|border="1" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="4" align="center"
|align = "center"|پ ب
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"|ت د
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"|ك گ
|align = "center"| 

|-
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"|ف ڒ
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"|س ز
|align = "center"|ژ ش
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"|خ غ
|align = "center"|ه

|-
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| څ
|align = "center"| چ
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 

|-
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| و
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| ي
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 

|-
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| ل
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 

|-
|align = "center"| م
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| ن
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| ڽ
|align = "center"| 

|-
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"|ر
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 

|} 

{|border="1" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="4" align="center"
|align = "center"|هِ
|align = "center"| هَِ
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| هَ

|-
|align = "center"| اِ
|align = "center"| اَِ
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| اَ

|-
|align = "center"| اٍ
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"|ا
|align = "center"|اً

|} 

==Alphabetical Orders==

The tables above approximately follow the IPA layout for the sounds of Terzemian. The correct orders of the writing systems of Terzemian are:

* Latin: Aa Ää Åå Bb Cc Čč Dd Ee Ff Gg Ǧǧ Ġġ Ǧ̇ǧ̇ Hh Ii Kk Ll Łł Mm Nn Ňň Oo Öö Pp Rr Ṛṛ Ss Šš Tt Uu Üü Vv Ww Xx X̣x̣ Yy Zz Žž ˚ ʼ
* Cyrillic: Аа Әә Бб Вв Гг Ғғ Ӷ̵ӷ̵ Дд Ее Жж Зз Һһ Ии Йй Кк Лл Ӆӆ Ԓԓ Мм Нн Ңң Оо Өө Пп Рр Rʀ Сс Тт Уу Ўў Үү Фф Хх Ҳҳ Цц Чч Шш Щщ Ъъ Ыы Ьь Ээ Ɔɔ Юю Яя ӏ
* UTA: Aa Əə Bb Cc Çç Dd Ee Ff Gg Ƣƣ Hh Ii Jj Kk Ll Mm Nn Ŋŋ Oo Ɵɵ Ɔɔ Pp Rr Ss Şş Tt Uu Vv Ww Xx Yy Zz Ƶƶ Qq Ъъ
* Arabic: ا ب ت پ ح خ څ چ د ر ز ژ س ش غ ف ك گ ل م ن ڽ ه و ۆ ي هِ هَِ هَ اِ اَِ اَ اٍ اً

The following chart shows the other writing systems in the latin order:

{|border="1" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="4" align="center"
|align = "center"|'''Latin'''
|align = "center"|Aa
|align = "center"|Ää
|align = "center"|Åå
|align = "center"|Bb
|align = "center"|Cc
|align = "center"|Čč
|align = "center"|Dd
|align = "center"|Ee
|align = "center"|Ff
|align = "center"|Gg
|align = "center"|Ǧǧ
|align = "center"|Ġġ
|align = "center"|Ǧ̇ǧ̇
|align = "center"|Hh
|align = "center"|Ii
|align = "center"|Kk
|align = "center"|Ll
|align = "center"|Łł
|align = "center"|Mm

|-
|align = "center"|'''Cyrillic'''
|align = "center"|Аа
|align = "center"|Әә
|align = "center"|Ɔɔ
|align = "center"|Бб
|align = "center"|Цц
|align = "center"|Чч
|align = "center"|Дд
|align = "center"|Ээ
|align = "center"|Фф
|align = "center"|Гг
|align = "center"|Ғғ
|align = "center"|Ӷ̵ӷ̵
|align = "center"|''???''
|align = "center"|Һһ
|align = "center"|Ии
|align = "center"|Кк
|align = "center"|Лл
|align = "center"|Ӆӆ / Ԓԓ
|align = "center"|Мм

|-
|align = "center"|''Latin''
|align = "center"|Nn
|align = "center"|Ňň
|align = "center"|Oo
|align = "center"|Öö
|align = "center"|Pp
|align = "center"|Rr
|align = "center"|Ṛṛ
|align = "center"|Ss
|align = "center"|Šš
|align = "center"|Tt
|align = "center"|Uu
|align = "center"|Üü
|align = "center"|Vv
|align = "center"|Ww
|align = "center"|Xx
|align = "center"|X̣x̣
|align = "center"|Yy
|align = "center"|Zz
|align = "center"|Žž
|align = "center"|˚
|align = "center"|ʼ
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 

|-
|align = "center"|''Cyrillic''
|align = "center"|Нн
|align = "center"|Ңң
|align = "center"|Оо
|align = "center"|Өө
|align = "center"|Пп
|align = "center"|Rʀ
|align = "center"|Рр
|align = "center"|Сс
|align = "center"|Шш
|align = "center"|Тт
|align = "center"|Уу
|align = "center"|Үү
|align = "center"|Вв
|align = "center"|Ўў
|align = "center"|Хх
|align = "center"|Ҳҳ
|align = "center"|Йй
|align = "center"|Зз
|align = "center"|Жж
|align = "center"|Ъъ
|align = "center"|ӏ
|align = "center"|Щщ
|align = "center"|Ыы
|align = "center"|Ьь
|align = "center"|Юю
|align = "center"|Яя
|align = "center"|Ее

|} 

Notes:

* The Cyrillic letters ''Щ'', ''Ъ'', and ''Ь'' are not used in native words.
* The Cyrillic letters ''Е'', ''Ю'', and ''Я'' are occasionally used in native words.
* The Arabic characters هِ هَِ هَ use the letter ه as a base character for illustration. The actual vowels are written as just the diactrics, attached to the preceeding consonant.

=Sound Changes=

''See the [[Terzemian/Sound_Changes|Sound Changes]] subarticle.

=Morphosyntax=

==Harmony==

===Vowels===

{|border="1" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="4" align="center"
|align = "center" rowspan = "2"|'''Root Vowel'''
|align = "center" colspan = "3"|'''Prefix Vowel'''
|align = "center" colspan = "6"|'''Suffix Vowel'''

|-

|align = "center"|'''i'''
|align = "center"|'''u'''
|align = "center"|'''a'''

|align = "center"|'''i'''
|align = "center"|'''ü'''
|align = "center"|'''e'''
|align = "center"|'''ö'''
|align = "center"|'''ä'''
|align = "center"|'''a'''

|-
|align = "center"|'''i'''

|align = "center"|i
|align = "center"|ü
|align = "center"|e

|align = "center"|i
|align = "center"|ü
|align = "center"|e
|align = "center"|ö
|align = "center"|ä
|align = "center"|a

|-
|align = "center"|'''ü'''

|align = "center"|i
|align = "center"|ü
|align = "center"|e

|align = "center"|ü
|align = "center"|u
|align = "center"|ö
|align = "center"|o
|align = "center"|ä
|align = "center"|a

|-
|align = "center"|'''u'''

|align = "center"|ü
|align = "center"|u
|align = "center"|o

|align = "center"|ü
|align = "center"|u
|align = "center"|ö
|align = "center"|o
|align = "center"|a
|align = "center"|å

|-
|align = "center"|'''e'''

|align = "center"|i
|align = "center"|ö
|align = "center"|ä

|align = "center"|i
|align = "center"|ü
|align = "center"|e
|align = "center"|ö
|align = "center"|ä
|align = "center"|a

|-
|align = "center"|'''ö'''

|align = "center"|ü
|align = "center"|o
|align = "center"|å

|align = "center"|ü
|align = "center"|u
|align = "center"|ö
|align = "center"|o
|align = "center"|ä
|align = "center"|a

|-
|align = "center"|'''o'''

|align = "center"|ö
|align = "center"|å
|align = "center"|a

|align = "center"|ü
|align = "center"|u
|align = "center"|ö
|align = "center"|o
|align = "center"|a
|align = "center"|å

|-
|align = "center"|'''ä'''

|align = "center"|e
|align = "center"|å
|align = "center"|a

|align = "center"|e
|align = "center"|ö
|align = "center"|ä
|align = "center"|å
|align = "center"|ä
|align = "center"|a

|-
|align = "center"|'''a'''

|align = "center"|e
|align = "center"|o
|align = "center"|a

|align = "center"|e
|align = "center"|ö
|align = "center"|ä
|align = "center"|å
|align = "center"|ä
|align = "center"|a

|-
|align = "center"|'''å'''

|align = "center"|ä
|align = "center"|åɧ
|align = "center"|aɧ

|align = "center"|e
|align = "center"|ö
|align = "center"|ä
|align = "center"|å
|align = "center"|ä
|align = "center"|a

|} 

===Fricative===

The metasymbol ''ɧ'' represents an assimilatory fricative, as follows:

{|border="1" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="4" align="center"
! Next Consonant || p,b,m,f,v,w || t,d,n,s,z,l,r || č,š,ž,y || k,g,x,ǧ || h
|-
| '''Outcome''' || f || s || š || x || ∅
|}

If there is no next consonant in the root, ''ɧ'' assimilates to the previous consonant.

If there is no next consonant and no previous consonant in the root, ''ɧ'' becomes ''h''.

==Verbs==

===Agreement===

Terzemain nouns mark two or less of three core cases, notionally representing the semantic roles INITIATOR, UNDERGOER, and TARGET. For ease of reference, these will be marked with the traditional A, P, and O labels used in discussing Ergative/Accusative marking.

Terzemian is Split-S, with Ergative or Accusative style marking determined lexically by the conjugation of the verb.

The conjugations are as follows:

{|border="1" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="4" align="center"
! Conj. || Required || Optional || Description
|-
| '''1 a''' || A ||   || Intransitive Active verbs
|-
| '''1 b''' || P || A ''(causitive)'' || Intransitive Stative verbs
|-
| '''2''' || AP ||   || Transitive Active verbs
|}

====Ablaut Patterns====

{|border="1" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="4" align="center"
|align = "center"|'''Conj.'''
|align = "center"|'''Root Vowel'''
|align = "center"|'''Non-P R'''
|align = "center"|'''Past R'''
|align = "center"|'''Non-P Ir'''
|align = "center"|'''Past Ir'''

|-
|align = "center" rowspan = "9"|'''1 a/b'''
|align = "center"|'''i'''
|align = "center"|i
|align = "center"|e
|align = "center"|ü
|align = "center"|iy

|-
|align = "center"|'''ü'''
|align = "center"|ü
|align = "center"|ö
|align = "center"|u
|align = "center"|üy

|-
|align = "center"|'''u'''
|align = "center"|u
|align = "center"|o
|align = "center"|uw
|align = "center"|wo

|-
|align = "center"|'''e'''
|align = "center"|e
|align = "center"|ä
|align = "center"|ö
|align = "center"|ye

|-
|align = "center"|'''ö'''
|align = "center"|ö
|align = "center"|a
|align = "center"|o
|align = "center"|yo

|-
|align = "center"|'''o'''
|align = "center"|o
|align = "center"|å
|align = "center"|ow
|align = "center"|öü

|-
|align = "center"|'''ä'''
|align = "center"|ä
|align = "center"|äh
|align = "center"|a
|align = "center"|e

|-
|align = "center"|'''a'''
|align = "center"|a
|align = "center"|ah
|align = "center"|ay
|align = "center"|ey

|-
|align = "center"|'''å'''
|align = "center"|å
|align = "center"|åh
|align = "center"|åw
|align = "center"|ow

|-
|align = "center" rowspan = "9"|'''2'''
|align = "center"|'''i'''
|align = "center"|i
|align = "center"|ü
|align = "center"|e
|align = "center"|ö

|-
|align = "center"|'''ü'''
|align = "center"|ü
|align = "center"|u
|align = "center"|ö
|align = "center"|o

|-
|align = "center"|'''u'''
|align = "center"|u
|align = "center"|uw
|align = "center"|o
|align = "center"|ow

|-
|align = "center"|'''e'''
|align = "center"|e
|align = "center"|ö
|align = "center"|ä
|align = "center"|å

|-
|align = "center"|'''ö'''
|align = "center"|ö
|align = "center"|o
|align = "center"|å
|align = "center"|a

|-
|align = "center"|'''o'''
|align = "center"|o
|align = "center"|ow
|align = "center"|å
|align = "center"|a

|-
|align = "center"|'''ä'''
|align = "center"|ä
|align = "center"|a
|align = "center"|äɧ
|align = "center"|aɧ

|-
|align = "center"|'''a'''
|align = "center"|a
|align = "center"|å
|align = "center"|aɧ
|align = "center"|åɧ

|-
|align = "center"|'''å'''
|align = "center"|å
|align = "center"|åw
|align = "center"|åɧ
|align = "center"|åwɧ

|} 

====Agreement prefixes====

{|border="1" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="4" align="center"
! Conj. || Argument || 1st Person || 2nd || 3rd
|-
| 1 || A || ǧ- || z- || i-
|-
| 1 || P || - || yu- || c-
|-
| 2 || A || - || smu- || s-
|-
| 2 || P || m- || yu- || -
|}

===Tense and Evidentiality===

There are two verb tenses, the past and non-past.

*In the past tense, there are three evidentiality/reality markings:
**''direct'' realis, indicating first-hand observational (e.g. "eye witness") knowledge. This is marked by the prefix ''e-'', in addition to ablaut.
**''indirect'' realis, indicating knowledge that is informed, inferred, supposed, or otherwise not personal. This is marked by ablaut alone.
**irrealis, making no overt statement about the reality of the VP, but inferring a lesser degree of certainty than either realis marking.
*In the non-past, only the realis and irrealis are distinguished.

===Aspect, Mood, Intensity, and Attitude===

Additional verb characteristics are expressed in suffixes, including the following.

*'''Aspect
**'''Inceptive'''
**'''Abortive'''
**'''Completitive''' ''-юǧ''
**'''Participle''' ''-яnz''
**'''Perfect''' ''-gεv''
*'''Mood'''
**'''Imperative''' (use bare root)
**'''Negative''' ''-nε''
**'''Optative/Hortative/Jussive''' ''-zюn''
**'''Causative/Volition''' (A -> P, Cause -> A)
*'''Intensity'''
**'''More Intense''' ''-sεz''
**'''Less Intense''' ''-də'' (NB: same as nominal diminutive)

Suffixes may be chained in a head-modifier (right-branching) manner.

==Nouns==

===Gender===

There is pragmatic gender marking -- Nouns are marked for a gender system that combines traditional gender and pragmatic roles.

Genders, with examples, are:

{|border="1" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="4" align="center"
|align = "left"|1st Person
|align = "center"|-αm
|align = "left"|rižem
|align = "left"|I, the king
|align = "left"| 
|align = "left"| 

|-
|align = "left"|2nd Person
|align = "center"|-αs
|align = "left"|rižes
|align = "left"|You, the king
|align = "left"| 
|align = "left"| 

|-
|align = "left"|3rd Animate
|align = "center"|-αt
|align = "left"|rižet
|align = "left"|He, the king
|align = "left"| 
|align = "left"| 

|-
|align = "left"|3rd Inanimate
|align = "center"|-∅
|align = "left"|riž
|align = "left"|It, the kingdom
|align = "left"|čom
|align = "left"|The land

|-
|align = "left"|Negative Animate
|align = "center"|-nα
|align = "left"|rižne
|align = "left"|No king
|align = "left"| 
|align = "left"| 

|-
|align = "left"|Negative Inanimate
|align = "center"|α-
|align = "left"|eriž
|align = "left"|No kingdom
|align = "left"|očom
|align = "left"|No land

|} 

===Cases===

Case marking is ergative for Inanimate and Negative subjects, and accusative in all other cases.

Cases are:

{|border="1" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="4" align="center"
|align = "left"|Erg
|align = "center"|-εr
|align = "left"|--
|align = "left"|čomyr

|-
|align = "left"|Nom/Abs
|align = "center"|-∅
|align = "left"|rižet
|align = "left"|čom

|-
|align = "left"|Acc
|align = "center"|-αn
|align = "left"|rižeten
|align = "left"|--

|-
|align = "left"|Dat
|align = "center"|-εm
|align = "left"|rižetim
|align = "left"|čomym

|-
|align = "left"|Gen
|align = "center"|-εs
|align = "left"|rižetis
|align = "left"|čomys

|-
|align = "left"|Ins/Loc
|align = "center"|-ω
|align = "left"|rižety
|align = "left"|čomu

|-
|align = "left"|Com
|align = "center"|-bα
|align = "left"|rižetbe
|align = "left"|čombo

|} 

[[Category: Conlangs]]

Terzemian

2013-05-04T17:43:27Z

Paul.w.bennett: /* Gender */ Typography

{{IPA|}}

{{Infobox|name=Terzemian|pronounce=tɜ˞ˈzɛj.mjən|tu=Possible [[League of Lost Languages|LLL]] candidate|script=Latin, Cyrillic, Arabic, UTA|tree=Unique PIE, influences from Kartvelian, Turkic, Persian, Uralic and Slavic|morph=Mixed|ms=Lexically Split-S|wo=VSO|creator=[[User:Paul.w.bennett|Paul.w.bennett]]|date=}}

=Overview=

Terzemian is an [[Wikipedia:Indo-European|IE-derived]] conlang located along the west coast of the Caspian Sea. It is a [[Wikipedia:Centum-Satem_isogloss|satem]] language (the word for ''hundred'' is šündo (шүндо, şyndo, شَِنداَ /ʃyndo/) that uses the ''ruki'' rule, Grassman's law, Slavic-type depalatalization, z/r alternation, r/n alternation, a three-group vowel harmony system, and two phases of lenition (the first word-final, and the second approximately intervocalic).

=Phonology=

==Consonants==

{|border="1" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="4" align="center"
|align = "center"|p b
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"|t d
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"|k g
|align = "center"|kʷ gʷ
|align = "center"|q ɢ
|align = "center"|ʔ

|-
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"|f v
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"|s z
|align = "center"|ʃ ʒ
|align = "center"|ɬ ɮ
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"|x ɣ
|align = "center"|xʷ ɣʷ
|align = "center"|χ ʁ
|align = "center"|h

|-
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"|ts
|align = "center"|tʃ
|align = "center"|tɬ
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 

|-
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"|w
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"|l
|align = "center"|j
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 

|-
|align = "center"|m
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"|n
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"|ŋ
|align = "center"|ŋʷ
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 

|-
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"|ɾ ɹ
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 

|} 

==Vowels==

Depending on your viewpoint, there are either 17, 14, 9, 7, 6, or 3 vowels. To be more specific, there are 3 vowel harmony groups, with 3 vowels in each group (making up the "Nine" vowel system), plus four ''metavocalic'' symbols: ''я'', ''ю'', ''ə'', and ''←''.

===Seventeen / Fourteen Vowel System===

In external analysis, there seem to be three suprasegmental (word-length) vowel-harmony phonemes, and five segmental vowels (forming a grid of fifteen phonetic vowels), plus two metavocalic symbols. By this count, there are seventeen distinct phonetic vowels.

In practical terms, any word may have any of the seven historical surface vowels as it's "Root" vowel (the first vowel of the lexical root), and belongs to one of one of three harmony groups. Other vowels in a word are then given by one of seven metavocalic symbols. Thus, we find in the first root syllable of a word one of (''a'', ''e'', ''i'', ''o'', ''u'', ''ɨ'', ''ɯ''), in prefixes one of (''α'', ''ε'', ''ω'', ''я'', ''ю'', ''ə''), and all other places any of (''α'', ''ε'', ''ω'', ''я'', ''ю'', ''ə'', ''←''). By this count, there are two sets of seven vowels in complementary distribution, though this is usually called the "Fourteen" vowel system to avoid confusion with the "Seven" vowel system used in the UTA and Arabic scripts.

====Root Vowel Compatibility====

{|border="1" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="4" align="center"
|align = "center"|'''Harmony'''
|align = "center"|''a''
|align = "center"|''e''
|align = "center"|''i''
|align = "center"|''o''
|align = "center"|''u''
|align = "center"|''y''
|align = "center"|''ɯ''

|-
|align = "center"|'''i'''
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"|e
|align = "center"|i
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"|ɯ

|-
|align = "center"|'''a'''
|align = "center"|a
|align = "center"|e
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"|o
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 

|-
|align = "center"|'''u'''
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"|o
|align = "center"|u
|align = "center"|y
|align = "center"| 

|} 

====Metavocalic Symbols====

{|border="1" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="4" align="center"
|align = "center"|'''Harmony'''
|align = "center"|''ε''
|align = "center"|''α''
|align = "center"|''ω''
|align = "center"|''я''
|align = "center"|''ю''

|-
|align = "center"|'''i'''
|align = "center"|i
|align = "center"|e
|align = "center"|ɯ
|align = "center"|iː
|align = "center"|ɯw

|-
|align = "center"|'''a'''
|align = "center"|e
|align = "center"|a
|align = "center"|o
|align = "center"|ja
|align = "center"|aː

|-
|align = "center"|'''u'''
|align = "center"|y
|align = "center"|o
|align = "center"|u
|align = "center"|ju
|align = "center"|uː

|} 

In addition, the metavowels ''ə'' and ''←'' respectively stand for "the root vowel" and "the vowel immediately to the left".

===Seven Vowel System===

The Seven Vowel system is retained in writing in the UTA and Arabic scripts, but in modern times, /y/ and /ɯ/ have merged under Soviet influence (being in complementary distribution, and not found in Russian), and the Six Vowel system has replaced it for the Latin and Cyrillic scripts, and in modern pronunciation (in all but the most careful / formal contexts).

{|border="1" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="4" align="center"
|align = "center"|i y
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"|ɯ u

|-
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"|e
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"|o
|align = "center"| 

|-
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"|ɑ
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 

|} 

===Six Vowel System===

{|border="1" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="4" align="center"
|align = "center"|i
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"|ɨ
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"|u

|-
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"|e
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"|o
|align = "center"| 

|-
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"|ɑ
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 

|} 

=Writing System=

Terzemian has been written in a variety of scripts. In the modern era, a modified Latin alphabet is used. During the Soviet era, Cyrillic was used, and can still be found. Before the Soviet era, a form of the [[Wikipedia:Uniform Turkic Alphabet|UTA]] was used alongside Arabic. The Arabic script can still be found in general use in certain areas, as well as among the Muslim population throughout the region. Despite (or perhaps because) the fact that the move to the Latin script was a deliberate process to reflect post-Soviet independence, there is also a small folkish movement to return to the UTA script. In short, the learner of Terzemian should concentrate on learning the Latin script, but should be prepared to encounter Cyrillic, UTA, and Arabic on a more or less daily basis.

==Logical Layout==

The following tables illustrate the writing systems with a layout that is in accordance with the Phonology tables above.

===Modern Latin===

{|border="1" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="4" align="center"
|align = "center"|p b
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"|t d
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"|k g
|align = "center"|k˚ g˚
|align = "center"|ḳ ġ
|align = "center"|ʼ

|-
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"|f v
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"|s z
|align = "center"|š ž
|align = "center"|ł ł̣
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"|x ǧ
|align = "center"|x˚ ǧ˚
|align = "center"|x̣ ǧ̇
|align = "center"|h

|-
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"|c
|align = "center"|č
|align = "center"|tł
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 

|-
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"|w
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"|l
|align = "center"|j
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 

|-
|align = "center"|m
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"|n
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"|ň
|align = "center"|ň˚
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 

|-
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"|ṛ r
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 

|} 

{|border="1" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="4" align="center"
|align = "center"|i
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"|y
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"|u

|-
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"|e
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"|o
|align = "center"| 

|-
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"|a
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 

|} 

===UTA===

{|border="1" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="4" align="center"
|align = "center"|p b
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"|t d
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"|k g
|align = "center"|kъ gъ
|align = "center"|ķ g̓
|align = "center"|q

|-
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"|f v
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"|s z
|align = "center"|ş ƶ
|align = "center"|ł ľ
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"|x ƣ
|align = "center"|xъ ƣъ
|align = "center"|x̧ ƣ̓
|align = "center"|h

|-
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"|c
|align = "center"|ç
|align = "center"|tł
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 

|-
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"|w
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"|l
|align = "center"|j
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 

|-
|align = "center"|m
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"|n
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"|ŋ
|align = "center"|ŋъ

|-
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"|r ř
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 

|} 

{|border="1" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="4" align="center"
|align = "center"|i y
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"|ı u

|-
|align = "center"|e
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"|o

|-
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"|a
|align = "center"| 

|} 

===Cyrillic===

{|border="1" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="4" align="center"
|align = "center"|п б
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"|т д
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"|к г
|align = "center"|къ гъ къ
|align = "center"|қ ӷ
|align = "center"|Ӏ

|-
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"|ф в
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"|с з
|align = "center"|ш ж
|align = "center"|ӆ ԓ
|align = "center"|х ғ
|align = "center"|хъ ғъ
|align = "center"|ҳ ӷ̵
|align = "center"|һ

|-
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"|ц
|align = "center"|ч
|align = "center"|тӆ
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 

|-
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"|ў
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"|й
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 

|-
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"|л
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 

|-
|align = "center"|м
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"|н
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"|ң
|align = "center"|ңъ
|align = "center"| 

|-
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"|р ʀ
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 

|} 

{|border="1" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="4" align="center"
|align = "center"|и
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"|ы
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"|у

|-
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"|э
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"|о
|align = "center"| 

|-
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"|а
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 

|} 

===Arabic===

{|border="1" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="4" align="center"
|align = "center"|پ ب
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"|ت د
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"|ك گ
|align = "center"| 

|-
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"|ف ڒ
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"|س ز
|align = "center"|ژ ش
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"|خ غ
|align = "center"|ه

|-
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| څ
|align = "center"| چ
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 

|-
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| و
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| ي
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 

|-
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| ل
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 

|-
|align = "center"| م
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| ن
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| ڽ
|align = "center"| 

|-
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"|ر
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 

|} 

{|border="1" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="4" align="center"
|align = "center"|هِ
|align = "center"| هَِ
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| هَ

|-
|align = "center"| اِ
|align = "center"| اَِ
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| اَ

|-
|align = "center"| اٍ
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"|ا
|align = "center"|اً

|} 

==Alphabetical Orders==

The tables above approximately follow the IPA layout for the sounds of Terzemian. The correct orders of the writing systems of Terzemian are:

* Latin: Aa Ää Åå Bb Cc Čč Dd Ee Ff Gg Ǧǧ Ġġ Ǧ̇ǧ̇ Hh Ii Kk Ll Łł Mm Nn Ňň Oo Öö Pp Rr Ṛṛ Ss Šš Tt Uu Üü Vv Ww Xx X̣x̣ Yy Zz Žž ˚ ʼ
* Cyrillic: Аа Әә Бб Вв Гг Ғғ Ӷ̵ӷ̵ Дд Ее Жж Зз Һһ Ии Йй Кк Лл Ӆӆ Ԓԓ Мм Нн Ңң Оо Өө Пп Рр Rʀ Сс Тт Уу Ўў Үү Фф Хх Ҳҳ Цц Чч Шш Щщ Ъъ Ыы Ьь Ээ Ɔɔ Юю Яя ӏ
* UTA: Aa Əə Bb Cc Çç Dd Ee Ff Gg Ƣƣ Hh Ii Jj Kk Ll Mm Nn Ŋŋ Oo Ɵɵ Ɔɔ Pp Rr Ss Şş Tt Uu Vv Ww Xx Yy Zz Ƶƶ Qq Ъъ
* Arabic: ا ب ت پ ح خ څ چ د ر ز ژ س ش غ ف ك گ ل م ن ڽ ه و ۆ ي هِ هَِ هَ اِ اَِ اَ اٍ اً

The following chart shows the other writing systems in the latin order:

{|border="1" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="4" align="center"
|align = "center"|'''Latin'''
|align = "center"|Aa
|align = "center"|Ää
|align = "center"|Åå
|align = "center"|Bb
|align = "center"|Cc
|align = "center"|Čč
|align = "center"|Dd
|align = "center"|Ee
|align = "center"|Ff
|align = "center"|Gg
|align = "center"|Ǧǧ
|align = "center"|Ġġ
|align = "center"|Ǧ̇ǧ̇
|align = "center"|Hh
|align = "center"|Ii
|align = "center"|Kk
|align = "center"|Ll
|align = "center"|Łł
|align = "center"|Mm

|-
|align = "center"|'''Cyrillic'''
|align = "center"|Аа
|align = "center"|Әә
|align = "center"|Ɔɔ
|align = "center"|Бб
|align = "center"|Цц
|align = "center"|Чч
|align = "center"|Дд
|align = "center"|Ээ
|align = "center"|Фф
|align = "center"|Гг
|align = "center"|Ғғ
|align = "center"|Ӷ̵ӷ̵
|align = "center"|''???''
|align = "center"|Һһ
|align = "center"|Ии
|align = "center"|Кк
|align = "center"|Лл
|align = "center"|Ӆӆ / Ԓԓ
|align = "center"|Мм

|-
|align = "center"|''Latin''
|align = "center"|Nn
|align = "center"|Ňň
|align = "center"|Oo
|align = "center"|Öö
|align = "center"|Pp
|align = "center"|Rr
|align = "center"|Ṛṛ
|align = "center"|Ss
|align = "center"|Šš
|align = "center"|Tt
|align = "center"|Uu
|align = "center"|Üü
|align = "center"|Vv
|align = "center"|Ww
|align = "center"|Xx
|align = "center"|X̣x̣
|align = "center"|Yy
|align = "center"|Zz
|align = "center"|Žž
|align = "center"|˚
|align = "center"|ʼ
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 

|-
|align = "center"|''Cyrillic''
|align = "center"|Нн
|align = "center"|Ңң
|align = "center"|Оо
|align = "center"|Өө
|align = "center"|Пп
|align = "center"|Rʀ
|align = "center"|Рр
|align = "center"|Сс
|align = "center"|Шш
|align = "center"|Тт
|align = "center"|Уу
|align = "center"|Үү
|align = "center"|Вв
|align = "center"|Ўў
|align = "center"|Хх
|align = "center"|Ҳҳ
|align = "center"|Йй
|align = "center"|Зз
|align = "center"|Жж
|align = "center"|Ъъ
|align = "center"|ӏ
|align = "center"|Щщ
|align = "center"|Ыы
|align = "center"|Ьь
|align = "center"|Юю
|align = "center"|Яя
|align = "center"|Ее

|} 

Notes:

* The Cyrillic letters ''Щ'', ''Ъ'', and ''Ь'' are not used in native words.
* The Cyrillic letters ''Е'', ''Ю'', and ''Я'' are occasionally used in native words.
* The Arabic characters هِ هَِ هَ use the letter ه as a base character for illustration. The actual vowels are written as just the diactrics, attached to the preceeding consonant.

=Sound Changes=

''See the [[Terzemian/Sound_Changes|Sound Changes]] subarticle.

=Morphosyntax=

==Harmony==

===Vowels===

{|border="1" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="4" align="center"
|align = "center" rowspan = "2"|'''Root Vowel'''
|align = "center" colspan = "3"|'''Prefix Vowel'''
|align = "center" colspan = "6"|'''Suffix Vowel'''

|-

|align = "center"|'''i'''
|align = "center"|'''u'''
|align = "center"|'''a'''

|align = "center"|'''i'''
|align = "center"|'''ü'''
|align = "center"|'''e'''
|align = "center"|'''ö'''
|align = "center"|'''ä'''
|align = "center"|'''a'''

|-
|align = "center"|'''i'''

|align = "center"|i
|align = "center"|ü
|align = "center"|e

|align = "center"|i
|align = "center"|ü
|align = "center"|e
|align = "center"|ö
|align = "center"|ä
|align = "center"|a

|-
|align = "center"|'''ü'''

|align = "center"|i
|align = "center"|ü
|align = "center"|e

|align = "center"|ü
|align = "center"|u
|align = "center"|ö
|align = "center"|o
|align = "center"|ä
|align = "center"|a

|-
|align = "center"|'''u'''

|align = "center"|ü
|align = "center"|u
|align = "center"|o

|align = "center"|ü
|align = "center"|u
|align = "center"|ö
|align = "center"|o
|align = "center"|a
|align = "center"|å

|-
|align = "center"|'''e'''

|align = "center"|i
|align = "center"|ö
|align = "center"|ä

|align = "center"|i
|align = "center"|ü
|align = "center"|e
|align = "center"|ö
|align = "center"|ä
|align = "center"|a

|-
|align = "center"|'''ö'''

|align = "center"|ü
|align = "center"|o
|align = "center"|å

|align = "center"|ü
|align = "center"|u
|align = "center"|ö
|align = "center"|o
|align = "center"|ä
|align = "center"|a

|-
|align = "center"|'''o'''

|align = "center"|ö
|align = "center"|å
|align = "center"|a

|align = "center"|ü
|align = "center"|u
|align = "center"|ö
|align = "center"|o
|align = "center"|a
|align = "center"|å

|-
|align = "center"|'''ä'''

|align = "center"|e
|align = "center"|å
|align = "center"|a

|align = "center"|e
|align = "center"|ö
|align = "center"|ä
|align = "center"|å
|align = "center"|ä
|align = "center"|a

|-
|align = "center"|'''a'''

|align = "center"|e
|align = "center"|o
|align = "center"|a

|align = "center"|e
|align = "center"|ö
|align = "center"|ä
|align = "center"|å
|align = "center"|ä
|align = "center"|a

|-
|align = "center"|'''å'''

|align = "center"|ä
|align = "center"|åɧ
|align = "center"|aɧ

|align = "center"|e
|align = "center"|ö
|align = "center"|ä
|align = "center"|å
|align = "center"|ä
|align = "center"|a

|} 

===Fricative===

The metasymbol ''ɧ'' represents an assimilatory fricative, as follows:

{|border="1" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="4" align="center"
! Next Consonant || p,b,m,f,v,w || t,d,n,s,z,l,r || č,š,ž,y || k,g,x,ǧ || h
|-
| '''Outcome''' || f || s || š || x || ∅
|}

If there is no next consonant in the root, ''ɧ'' assimilates to the previous consonant.

If there is no next consonant and no previous consonant in the root, ''ɧ'' becomes ''h''.

==Verbs==

===Agreement===

Terzemain nouns mark two or less of three core cases, notionally representing the semantic roles INITIATOR, UNDERGOER, and TARGET. For ease of reference, these will be marked with the traditional A, P, and O labels used in discussing Ergative/Accusative marking.

Terzemian is Split-S, with Ergative or Accusative style marking determined lexically by the conjugation of the verb.

The conjugations are as follows:

{|border="1" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="4" align="center"
! Conj. || Required || Optional || Description
|-
| '''1 a''' || A ||   || Intransitive Active verbs
|-
| '''1 b''' || P || A ''(causitive)'' || Intransitive Stative verbs
|-
| '''2''' || AP ||   || Transitive Active verbs
|}

====Ablaut Patterns====

{|border="1" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="4" align="center"
|align = "center"|'''Conj.'''
|align = "center"|'''Root Vowel'''
|align = "center"|'''Non-P R'''
|align = "center"|'''Past R'''
|align = "center"|'''Non-P Ir'''
|align = "center"|'''Past Ir'''

|-
|align = "center" rowspan = "9"|'''1 a/b'''
|align = "center"|'''i'''
|align = "center"|i
|align = "center"|e
|align = "center"|ü
|align = "center"|iy

|-
|align = "center"|'''ü'''
|align = "center"|ü
|align = "center"|ö
|align = "center"|u
|align = "center"|üy

|-
|align = "center"|'''u'''
|align = "center"|u
|align = "center"|o
|align = "center"|uw
|align = "center"|wo

|-
|align = "center"|'''e'''
|align = "center"|e
|align = "center"|ä
|align = "center"|ö
|align = "center"|ye

|-
|align = "center"|'''ö'''
|align = "center"|ö
|align = "center"|a
|align = "center"|o
|align = "center"|yo

|-
|align = "center"|'''o'''
|align = "center"|o
|align = "center"|å
|align = "center"|ow
|align = "center"|öü

|-
|align = "center"|'''ä'''
|align = "center"|ä
|align = "center"|äh
|align = "center"|a
|align = "center"|e

|-
|align = "center"|'''a'''
|align = "center"|a
|align = "center"|ah
|align = "center"|ay
|align = "center"|ey

|-
|align = "center"|'''å'''
|align = "center"|å
|align = "center"|åh
|align = "center"|åw
|align = "center"|ow

|-
|align = "center" rowspan = "9"|'''2'''
|align = "center"|'''i'''
|align = "center"|i
|align = "center"|ü
|align = "center"|e
|align = "center"|ö

|-
|align = "center"|'''ü'''
|align = "center"|ü
|align = "center"|u
|align = "center"|ö
|align = "center"|o

|-
|align = "center"|'''u'''
|align = "center"|u
|align = "center"|uw
|align = "center"|o
|align = "center"|ow

|-
|align = "center"|'''e'''
|align = "center"|e
|align = "center"|ö
|align = "center"|ä
|align = "center"|å

|-
|align = "center"|'''ö'''
|align = "center"|ö
|align = "center"|o
|align = "center"|å
|align = "center"|a

|-
|align = "center"|'''o'''
|align = "center"|o
|align = "center"|ow
|align = "center"|å
|align = "center"|a

|-
|align = "center"|'''ä'''
|align = "center"|ä
|align = "center"|a
|align = "center"|äɧ
|align = "center"|aɧ

|-
|align = "center"|'''a'''
|align = "center"|a
|align = "center"|å
|align = "center"|aɧ
|align = "center"|åɧ

|-
|align = "center"|'''å'''
|align = "center"|å
|align = "center"|åw
|align = "center"|åɧ
|align = "center"|åwɧ

|} 

====Agreement prefixes====

{|border="1" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="4" align="center"
! Conj. || Argument || 1st Person || 2nd || 3rd
|-
| 1 || A || ǧ- || z- || i-
|-
| 1 || P || - || yu- || c-
|-
| 2 || A || - || smu- || s-
|-
| 2 || P || m- || yu- || -
|}

===Tense and Evidentiality===

There are two verb tenses, the past and non-past.

*In the past tense, there are three evidentiality/reality markings:
**''direct'' realis, indicating first-hand observational (e.g. "eye witness") knowledge. This is marked by the prefix ''e-'', in addition to ablaut.
**''indirect'' realis, indicating knowledge that is informed, inferred, supposed, or otherwise not personal. This is marked by ablaut alone.
**irrealis, making no overt statement about the reality of the VP, but inferring a lesser degree of certainty than either realis marking.
*In the non-past, only the realis and irrealis are distinguished.

===Aspect, Mood, Intensity, and Attitude===

Additional verb characteristics are expressed in suffixes, including the following.

*'''Aspect
**'''Inceptive'''
**'''Abortive'''
**'''Completitive''' ''-åǧ''
**'''Participle''' ''-önz''
**'''Perfect''' ''-gäv''
*'''Mood'''
**'''Imperative''' (use bare root)
**'''Negative''' ''-nä''
**'''Optative/Hortative/Jussive''' ''-zün''
**'''Causative/Volition''' (A -> P, Cause -> A)
*'''Intensity'''
**'''More Intense''' ''-siz''
**'''Less Intense''' ''-(d)e'' (NB: same as nominal diminutive)

Suffixes may be chained in a head-modifier (right-branching) manner.

Example: '''ävåwsezzönnä''' - ''I certainly did not want to soundly beat him.''

==Nouns==

===Gender===

There is pragmatic gender marking -- Nouns are marked for a gender system that combines traditional gender and pragmatic roles.

Genders, with examples, are:

{|border="1" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="4" align="center"
|align = "left"|1st Person
|align = "center"|-αm
|align = "left"|rižem
|align = "left"|I, the king
|align = "left"| 
|align = "left"| 

|-
|align = "left"|2nd Person
|align = "center"|-αs
|align = "left"|rižes
|align = "left"|You, the king
|align = "left"| 
|align = "left"| 

|-
|align = "left"|3rd Animate
|align = "center"|-αt
|align = "left"|rižet
|align = "left"|He, the king
|align = "left"| 
|align = "left"| 

|-
|align = "left"|3rd Inanimate
|align = "center"|-∅
|align = "left"|riž
|align = "left"|It, the kingdom
|align = "left"|čom
|align = "left"|The land

|-
|align = "left"|Negative Animate
|align = "center"|-nα
|align = "left"|rižne
|align = "left"|No king
|align = "left"| 
|align = "left"| 

|-
|align = "left"|Negative Inanimate
|align = "center"|α-
|align = "left"|eriž
|align = "left"|No kingdom
|align = "left"|očom
|align = "left"|No land

|} 

===Cases===

Case marking is ergative for Inanimate and Negative subjects, and accusative in all other cases.

Cases are:

{|border="1" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="4" align="center"
|align = "left"|Erg
|align = "center"|-εr
|align = "left"|--
|align = "left"|čomyr

|-
|align = "left"|Nom/Abs
|align = "center"|-∅
|align = "left"|rižet
|align = "left"|čom

|-
|align = "left"|Acc
|align = "center"|-αn
|align = "left"|rižeten
|align = "left"|--

|-
|align = "left"|Dat
|align = "center"|-εm
|align = "left"|rižetim
|align = "left"|čomym

|-
|align = "left"|Gen
|align = "center"|-εs
|align = "left"|rižetis
|align = "left"|čomys

|-
|align = "left"|Ins/Loc
|align = "center"|-ω
|align = "left"|rižety
|align = "left"|čomu

|-
|align = "left"|Com
|align = "center"|-bα
|align = "left"|rižetbe
|align = "left"|čombo

|} 

[[Category: Conlangs]]

Terzemian

2013-05-04T17:41:55Z

Paul.w.bennett: /* Cases */ Typography

{{IPA|}}

{{Infobox|name=Terzemian|pronounce=tɜ˞ˈzɛj.mjən|tu=Possible [[League of Lost Languages|LLL]] candidate|script=Latin, Cyrillic, Arabic, UTA|tree=Unique PIE, influences from Kartvelian, Turkic, Persian, Uralic and Slavic|morph=Mixed|ms=Lexically Split-S|wo=VSO|creator=[[User:Paul.w.bennett|Paul.w.bennett]]|date=}}

=Overview=

Terzemian is an [[Wikipedia:Indo-European|IE-derived]] conlang located along the west coast of the Caspian Sea. It is a [[Wikipedia:Centum-Satem_isogloss|satem]] language (the word for ''hundred'' is šündo (шүндо, şyndo, شَِنداَ /ʃyndo/) that uses the ''ruki'' rule, Grassman's law, Slavic-type depalatalization, z/r alternation, r/n alternation, a three-group vowel harmony system, and two phases of lenition (the first word-final, and the second approximately intervocalic).

=Phonology=

==Consonants==

{|border="1" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="4" align="center"
|align = "center"|p b
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"|t d
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"|k g
|align = "center"|kʷ gʷ
|align = "center"|q ɢ
|align = "center"|ʔ

|-
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"|f v
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"|s z
|align = "center"|ʃ ʒ
|align = "center"|ɬ ɮ
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"|x ɣ
|align = "center"|xʷ ɣʷ
|align = "center"|χ ʁ
|align = "center"|h

|-
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"|ts
|align = "center"|tʃ
|align = "center"|tɬ
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 

|-
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"|w
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"|l
|align = "center"|j
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 

|-
|align = "center"|m
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"|n
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"|ŋ
|align = "center"|ŋʷ
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 

|-
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"|ɾ ɹ
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 

|} 

==Vowels==

Depending on your viewpoint, there are either 17, 14, 9, 7, 6, or 3 vowels. To be more specific, there are 3 vowel harmony groups, with 3 vowels in each group (making up the "Nine" vowel system), plus four ''metavocalic'' symbols: ''я'', ''ю'', ''ə'', and ''←''.

===Seventeen / Fourteen Vowel System===

In external analysis, there seem to be three suprasegmental (word-length) vowel-harmony phonemes, and five segmental vowels (forming a grid of fifteen phonetic vowels), plus two metavocalic symbols. By this count, there are seventeen distinct phonetic vowels.

In practical terms, any word may have any of the seven historical surface vowels as it's "Root" vowel (the first vowel of the lexical root), and belongs to one of one of three harmony groups. Other vowels in a word are then given by one of seven metavocalic symbols. Thus, we find in the first root syllable of a word one of (''a'', ''e'', ''i'', ''o'', ''u'', ''ɨ'', ''ɯ''), in prefixes one of (''α'', ''ε'', ''ω'', ''я'', ''ю'', ''ə''), and all other places any of (''α'', ''ε'', ''ω'', ''я'', ''ю'', ''ə'', ''←''). By this count, there are two sets of seven vowels in complementary distribution, though this is usually called the "Fourteen" vowel system to avoid confusion with the "Seven" vowel system used in the UTA and Arabic scripts.

====Root Vowel Compatibility====

{|border="1" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="4" align="center"
|align = "center"|'''Harmony'''
|align = "center"|''a''
|align = "center"|''e''
|align = "center"|''i''
|align = "center"|''o''
|align = "center"|''u''
|align = "center"|''y''
|align = "center"|''ɯ''

|-
|align = "center"|'''i'''
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"|e
|align = "center"|i
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"|ɯ

|-
|align = "center"|'''a'''
|align = "center"|a
|align = "center"|e
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"|o
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 

|-
|align = "center"|'''u'''
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"|o
|align = "center"|u
|align = "center"|y
|align = "center"| 

|} 

====Metavocalic Symbols====

{|border="1" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="4" align="center"
|align = "center"|'''Harmony'''
|align = "center"|''ε''
|align = "center"|''α''
|align = "center"|''ω''
|align = "center"|''я''
|align = "center"|''ю''

|-
|align = "center"|'''i'''
|align = "center"|i
|align = "center"|e
|align = "center"|ɯ
|align = "center"|iː
|align = "center"|ɯw

|-
|align = "center"|'''a'''
|align = "center"|e
|align = "center"|a
|align = "center"|o
|align = "center"|ja
|align = "center"|aː

|-
|align = "center"|'''u'''
|align = "center"|y
|align = "center"|o
|align = "center"|u
|align = "center"|ju
|align = "center"|uː

|} 

In addition, the metavowels ''ə'' and ''←'' respectively stand for "the root vowel" and "the vowel immediately to the left".

===Seven Vowel System===

The Seven Vowel system is retained in writing in the UTA and Arabic scripts, but in modern times, /y/ and /ɯ/ have merged under Soviet influence (being in complementary distribution, and not found in Russian), and the Six Vowel system has replaced it for the Latin and Cyrillic scripts, and in modern pronunciation (in all but the most careful / formal contexts).

{|border="1" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="4" align="center"
|align = "center"|i y
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"|ɯ u

|-
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"|e
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"|o
|align = "center"| 

|-
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"|ɑ
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 

|} 

===Six Vowel System===

{|border="1" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="4" align="center"
|align = "center"|i
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"|ɨ
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"|u

|-
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"|e
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"|o
|align = "center"| 

|-
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"|ɑ
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 

|} 

=Writing System=

Terzemian has been written in a variety of scripts. In the modern era, a modified Latin alphabet is used. During the Soviet era, Cyrillic was used, and can still be found. Before the Soviet era, a form of the [[Wikipedia:Uniform Turkic Alphabet|UTA]] was used alongside Arabic. The Arabic script can still be found in general use in certain areas, as well as among the Muslim population throughout the region. Despite (or perhaps because) the fact that the move to the Latin script was a deliberate process to reflect post-Soviet independence, there is also a small folkish movement to return to the UTA script. In short, the learner of Terzemian should concentrate on learning the Latin script, but should be prepared to encounter Cyrillic, UTA, and Arabic on a more or less daily basis.

==Logical Layout==

The following tables illustrate the writing systems with a layout that is in accordance with the Phonology tables above.

===Modern Latin===

{|border="1" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="4" align="center"
|align = "center"|p b
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"|t d
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"|k g
|align = "center"|k˚ g˚
|align = "center"|ḳ ġ
|align = "center"|ʼ

|-
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"|f v
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"|s z
|align = "center"|š ž
|align = "center"|ł ł̣
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"|x ǧ
|align = "center"|x˚ ǧ˚
|align = "center"|x̣ ǧ̇
|align = "center"|h

|-
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"|c
|align = "center"|č
|align = "center"|tł
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 

|-
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"|w
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"|l
|align = "center"|j
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 

|-
|align = "center"|m
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"|n
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"|ň
|align = "center"|ň˚
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 

|-
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"|ṛ r
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 

|} 

{|border="1" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="4" align="center"
|align = "center"|i
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"|y
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"|u

|-
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"|e
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"|o
|align = "center"| 

|-
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"|a
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 

|} 

===UTA===

{|border="1" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="4" align="center"
|align = "center"|p b
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"|t d
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"|k g
|align = "center"|kъ gъ
|align = "center"|ķ g̓
|align = "center"|q

|-
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"|f v
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"|s z
|align = "center"|ş ƶ
|align = "center"|ł ľ
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"|x ƣ
|align = "center"|xъ ƣъ
|align = "center"|x̧ ƣ̓
|align = "center"|h

|-
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"|c
|align = "center"|ç
|align = "center"|tł
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 

|-
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"|w
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"|l
|align = "center"|j
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 

|-
|align = "center"|m
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"|n
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"|ŋ
|align = "center"|ŋъ

|-
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"|r ř
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 

|} 

{|border="1" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="4" align="center"
|align = "center"|i y
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"|ı u

|-
|align = "center"|e
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"|o

|-
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"|a
|align = "center"| 

|} 

===Cyrillic===

{|border="1" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="4" align="center"
|align = "center"|п б
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"|т д
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"|к г
|align = "center"|къ гъ къ
|align = "center"|қ ӷ
|align = "center"|Ӏ

|-
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"|ф в
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"|с з
|align = "center"|ш ж
|align = "center"|ӆ ԓ
|align = "center"|х ғ
|align = "center"|хъ ғъ
|align = "center"|ҳ ӷ̵
|align = "center"|һ

|-
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"|ц
|align = "center"|ч
|align = "center"|тӆ
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 

|-
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"|ў
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"|й
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 

|-
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"|л
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 

|-
|align = "center"|м
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"|н
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"|ң
|align = "center"|ңъ
|align = "center"| 

|-
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"|р ʀ
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 

|} 

{|border="1" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="4" align="center"
|align = "center"|и
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"|ы
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"|у

|-
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"|э
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"|о
|align = "center"| 

|-
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"|а
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 

|} 

===Arabic===

{|border="1" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="4" align="center"
|align = "center"|پ ب
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"|ت د
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"|ك گ
|align = "center"| 

|-
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"|ف ڒ
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"|س ز
|align = "center"|ژ ش
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"|خ غ
|align = "center"|ه

|-
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| څ
|align = "center"| چ
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 

|-
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| و
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| ي
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 

|-
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| ل
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 

|-
|align = "center"| م
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| ن
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| ڽ
|align = "center"| 

|-
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"|ر
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 

|} 

{|border="1" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="4" align="center"
|align = "center"|هِ
|align = "center"| هَِ
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| هَ

|-
|align = "center"| اِ
|align = "center"| اَِ
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| اَ

|-
|align = "center"| اٍ
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"|ا
|align = "center"|اً

|} 

==Alphabetical Orders==

The tables above approximately follow the IPA layout for the sounds of Terzemian. The correct orders of the writing systems of Terzemian are:

* Latin: Aa Ää Åå Bb Cc Čč Dd Ee Ff Gg Ǧǧ Ġġ Ǧ̇ǧ̇ Hh Ii Kk Ll Łł Mm Nn Ňň Oo Öö Pp Rr Ṛṛ Ss Šš Tt Uu Üü Vv Ww Xx X̣x̣ Yy Zz Žž ˚ ʼ
* Cyrillic: Аа Әә Бб Вв Гг Ғғ Ӷ̵ӷ̵ Дд Ее Жж Зз Һһ Ии Йй Кк Лл Ӆӆ Ԓԓ Мм Нн Ңң Оо Өө Пп Рр Rʀ Сс Тт Уу Ўў Үү Фф Хх Ҳҳ Цц Чч Шш Щщ Ъъ Ыы Ьь Ээ Ɔɔ Юю Яя ӏ
* UTA: Aa Əə Bb Cc Çç Dd Ee Ff Gg Ƣƣ Hh Ii Jj Kk Ll Mm Nn Ŋŋ Oo Ɵɵ Ɔɔ Pp Rr Ss Şş Tt Uu Vv Ww Xx Yy Zz Ƶƶ Qq Ъъ
* Arabic: ا ب ت پ ح خ څ چ د ر ز ژ س ش غ ف ك گ ل م ن ڽ ه و ۆ ي هِ هَِ هَ اِ اَِ اَ اٍ اً

The following chart shows the other writing systems in the latin order:

{|border="1" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="4" align="center"
|align = "center"|'''Latin'''
|align = "center"|Aa
|align = "center"|Ää
|align = "center"|Åå
|align = "center"|Bb
|align = "center"|Cc
|align = "center"|Čč
|align = "center"|Dd
|align = "center"|Ee
|align = "center"|Ff
|align = "center"|Gg
|align = "center"|Ǧǧ
|align = "center"|Ġġ
|align = "center"|Ǧ̇ǧ̇
|align = "center"|Hh
|align = "center"|Ii
|align = "center"|Kk
|align = "center"|Ll
|align = "center"|Łł
|align = "center"|Mm

|-
|align = "center"|'''Cyrillic'''
|align = "center"|Аа
|align = "center"|Әә
|align = "center"|Ɔɔ
|align = "center"|Бб
|align = "center"|Цц
|align = "center"|Чч
|align = "center"|Дд
|align = "center"|Ээ
|align = "center"|Фф
|align = "center"|Гг
|align = "center"|Ғғ
|align = "center"|Ӷ̵ӷ̵
|align = "center"|''???''
|align = "center"|Һһ
|align = "center"|Ии
|align = "center"|Кк
|align = "center"|Лл
|align = "center"|Ӆӆ / Ԓԓ
|align = "center"|Мм

|-
|align = "center"|''Latin''
|align = "center"|Nn
|align = "center"|Ňň
|align = "center"|Oo
|align = "center"|Öö
|align = "center"|Pp
|align = "center"|Rr
|align = "center"|Ṛṛ
|align = "center"|Ss
|align = "center"|Šš
|align = "center"|Tt
|align = "center"|Uu
|align = "center"|Üü
|align = "center"|Vv
|align = "center"|Ww
|align = "center"|Xx
|align = "center"|X̣x̣
|align = "center"|Yy
|align = "center"|Zz
|align = "center"|Žž
|align = "center"|˚
|align = "center"|ʼ
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 

|-
|align = "center"|''Cyrillic''
|align = "center"|Нн
|align = "center"|Ңң
|align = "center"|Оо
|align = "center"|Өө
|align = "center"|Пп
|align = "center"|Rʀ
|align = "center"|Рр
|align = "center"|Сс
|align = "center"|Шш
|align = "center"|Тт
|align = "center"|Уу
|align = "center"|Үү
|align = "center"|Вв
|align = "center"|Ўў
|align = "center"|Хх
|align = "center"|Ҳҳ
|align = "center"|Йй
|align = "center"|Зз
|align = "center"|Жж
|align = "center"|Ъъ
|align = "center"|ӏ
|align = "center"|Щщ
|align = "center"|Ыы
|align = "center"|Ьь
|align = "center"|Юю
|align = "center"|Яя
|align = "center"|Ее

|} 

Notes:

* The Cyrillic letters ''Щ'', ''Ъ'', and ''Ь'' are not used in native words.
* The Cyrillic letters ''Е'', ''Ю'', and ''Я'' are occasionally used in native words.
* The Arabic characters هِ هَِ هَ use the letter ه as a base character for illustration. The actual vowels are written as just the diactrics, attached to the preceeding consonant.

=Sound Changes=

''See the [[Terzemian/Sound_Changes|Sound Changes]] subarticle.

=Morphosyntax=

==Harmony==

===Vowels===

{|border="1" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="4" align="center"
|align = "center" rowspan = "2"|'''Root Vowel'''
|align = "center" colspan = "3"|'''Prefix Vowel'''
|align = "center" colspan = "6"|'''Suffix Vowel'''

|-

|align = "center"|'''i'''
|align = "center"|'''u'''
|align = "center"|'''a'''

|align = "center"|'''i'''
|align = "center"|'''ü'''
|align = "center"|'''e'''
|align = "center"|'''ö'''
|align = "center"|'''ä'''
|align = "center"|'''a'''

|-
|align = "center"|'''i'''

|align = "center"|i
|align = "center"|ü
|align = "center"|e

|align = "center"|i
|align = "center"|ü
|align = "center"|e
|align = "center"|ö
|align = "center"|ä
|align = "center"|a

|-
|align = "center"|'''ü'''

|align = "center"|i
|align = "center"|ü
|align = "center"|e

|align = "center"|ü
|align = "center"|u
|align = "center"|ö
|align = "center"|o
|align = "center"|ä
|align = "center"|a

|-
|align = "center"|'''u'''

|align = "center"|ü
|align = "center"|u
|align = "center"|o

|align = "center"|ü
|align = "center"|u
|align = "center"|ö
|align = "center"|o
|align = "center"|a
|align = "center"|å

|-
|align = "center"|'''e'''

|align = "center"|i
|align = "center"|ö
|align = "center"|ä

|align = "center"|i
|align = "center"|ü
|align = "center"|e
|align = "center"|ö
|align = "center"|ä
|align = "center"|a

|-
|align = "center"|'''ö'''

|align = "center"|ü
|align = "center"|o
|align = "center"|å

|align = "center"|ü
|align = "center"|u
|align = "center"|ö
|align = "center"|o
|align = "center"|ä
|align = "center"|a

|-
|align = "center"|'''o'''

|align = "center"|ö
|align = "center"|å
|align = "center"|a

|align = "center"|ü
|align = "center"|u
|align = "center"|ö
|align = "center"|o
|align = "center"|a
|align = "center"|å

|-
|align = "center"|'''ä'''

|align = "center"|e
|align = "center"|å
|align = "center"|a

|align = "center"|e
|align = "center"|ö
|align = "center"|ä
|align = "center"|å
|align = "center"|ä
|align = "center"|a

|-
|align = "center"|'''a'''

|align = "center"|e
|align = "center"|o
|align = "center"|a

|align = "center"|e
|align = "center"|ö
|align = "center"|ä
|align = "center"|å
|align = "center"|ä
|align = "center"|a

|-
|align = "center"|'''å'''

|align = "center"|ä
|align = "center"|åɧ
|align = "center"|aɧ

|align = "center"|e
|align = "center"|ö
|align = "center"|ä
|align = "center"|å
|align = "center"|ä
|align = "center"|a

|} 

===Fricative===

The metasymbol ''ɧ'' represents an assimilatory fricative, as follows:

{|border="1" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="4" align="center"
! Next Consonant || p,b,m,f,v,w || t,d,n,s,z,l,r || č,š,ž,y || k,g,x,ǧ || h
|-
| '''Outcome''' || f || s || š || x || ∅
|}

If there is no next consonant in the root, ''ɧ'' assimilates to the previous consonant.

If there is no next consonant and no previous consonant in the root, ''ɧ'' becomes ''h''.

==Verbs==

===Agreement===

Terzemain nouns mark two or less of three core cases, notionally representing the semantic roles INITIATOR, UNDERGOER, and TARGET. For ease of reference, these will be marked with the traditional A, P, and O labels used in discussing Ergative/Accusative marking.

Terzemian is Split-S, with Ergative or Accusative style marking determined lexically by the conjugation of the verb.

The conjugations are as follows:

{|border="1" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="4" align="center"
! Conj. || Required || Optional || Description
|-
| '''1 a''' || A ||   || Intransitive Active verbs
|-
| '''1 b''' || P || A ''(causitive)'' || Intransitive Stative verbs
|-
| '''2''' || AP ||   || Transitive Active verbs
|}

====Ablaut Patterns====

{|border="1" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="4" align="center"
|align = "center"|'''Conj.'''
|align = "center"|'''Root Vowel'''
|align = "center"|'''Non-P R'''
|align = "center"|'''Past R'''
|align = "center"|'''Non-P Ir'''
|align = "center"|'''Past Ir'''

|-
|align = "center" rowspan = "9"|'''1 a/b'''
|align = "center"|'''i'''
|align = "center"|i
|align = "center"|e
|align = "center"|ü
|align = "center"|iy

|-
|align = "center"|'''ü'''
|align = "center"|ü
|align = "center"|ö
|align = "center"|u
|align = "center"|üy

|-
|align = "center"|'''u'''
|align = "center"|u
|align = "center"|o
|align = "center"|uw
|align = "center"|wo

|-
|align = "center"|'''e'''
|align = "center"|e
|align = "center"|ä
|align = "center"|ö
|align = "center"|ye

|-
|align = "center"|'''ö'''
|align = "center"|ö
|align = "center"|a
|align = "center"|o
|align = "center"|yo

|-
|align = "center"|'''o'''
|align = "center"|o
|align = "center"|å
|align = "center"|ow
|align = "center"|öü

|-
|align = "center"|'''ä'''
|align = "center"|ä
|align = "center"|äh
|align = "center"|a
|align = "center"|e

|-
|align = "center"|'''a'''
|align = "center"|a
|align = "center"|ah
|align = "center"|ay
|align = "center"|ey

|-
|align = "center"|'''å'''
|align = "center"|å
|align = "center"|åh
|align = "center"|åw
|align = "center"|ow

|-
|align = "center" rowspan = "9"|'''2'''
|align = "center"|'''i'''
|align = "center"|i
|align = "center"|ü
|align = "center"|e
|align = "center"|ö

|-
|align = "center"|'''ü'''
|align = "center"|ü
|align = "center"|u
|align = "center"|ö
|align = "center"|o

|-
|align = "center"|'''u'''
|align = "center"|u
|align = "center"|uw
|align = "center"|o
|align = "center"|ow

|-
|align = "center"|'''e'''
|align = "center"|e
|align = "center"|ö
|align = "center"|ä
|align = "center"|å

|-
|align = "center"|'''ö'''
|align = "center"|ö
|align = "center"|o
|align = "center"|å
|align = "center"|a

|-
|align = "center"|'''o'''
|align = "center"|o
|align = "center"|ow
|align = "center"|å
|align = "center"|a

|-
|align = "center"|'''ä'''
|align = "center"|ä
|align = "center"|a
|align = "center"|äɧ
|align = "center"|aɧ

|-
|align = "center"|'''a'''
|align = "center"|a
|align = "center"|å
|align = "center"|aɧ
|align = "center"|åɧ

|-
|align = "center"|'''å'''
|align = "center"|å
|align = "center"|åw
|align = "center"|åɧ
|align = "center"|åwɧ

|} 

====Agreement prefixes====

{|border="1" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="4" align="center"
! Conj. || Argument || 1st Person || 2nd || 3rd
|-
| 1 || A || ǧ- || z- || i-
|-
| 1 || P || - || yu- || c-
|-
| 2 || A || - || smu- || s-
|-
| 2 || P || m- || yu- || -
|}

===Tense and Evidentiality===

There are two verb tenses, the past and non-past.

*In the past tense, there are three evidentiality/reality markings:
**''direct'' realis, indicating first-hand observational (e.g. "eye witness") knowledge. This is marked by the prefix ''e-'', in addition to ablaut.
**''indirect'' realis, indicating knowledge that is informed, inferred, supposed, or otherwise not personal. This is marked by ablaut alone.
**irrealis, making no overt statement about the reality of the VP, but inferring a lesser degree of certainty than either realis marking.
*In the non-past, only the realis and irrealis are distinguished.

===Aspect, Mood, Intensity, and Attitude===

Additional verb characteristics are expressed in suffixes, including the following.

*'''Aspect
**'''Inceptive'''
**'''Abortive'''
**'''Completitive''' ''-åǧ''
**'''Participle''' ''-önz''
**'''Perfect''' ''-gäv''
*'''Mood'''
**'''Imperative''' (use bare root)
**'''Negative''' ''-nä''
**'''Optative/Hortative/Jussive''' ''-zün''
**'''Causative/Volition''' (A -> P, Cause -> A)
*'''Intensity'''
**'''More Intense''' ''-siz''
**'''Less Intense''' ''-(d)e'' (NB: same as nominal diminutive)

Suffixes may be chained in a head-modifier (right-branching) manner.

Example: '''ävåwsezzönnä''' - ''I certainly did not want to soundly beat him.''

==Nouns==

===Gender===

There is pragmatic gender marking -- Nouns are marked for a gender system that combines traditional gender and pragmatic roles.

Genders, with examples, are:

{|border="1" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="4" align="center"
|align = "left"|1st Person
|align = "center"|-Am
|align = "left"|rižem
|align = "left"|I, the king
|align = "left"| 
|align = "left"| 

|-
|align = "left"|2nd Person
|align = "center"|-As
|align = "left"|rižes
|align = "left"|You, the king
|align = "left"| 
|align = "left"| 

|-
|align = "left"|3rd Animate
|align = "center"|-At
|align = "left"|rižet
|align = "left"|He, the king
|align = "left"| 
|align = "left"| 

|-
|align = "left"|3rd Inanimate
|align = "center"|-∅
|align = "left"|riž
|align = "left"|It, the kingdom
|align = "left"|čom
|align = "left"|The land

|-
|align = "left"|Negative Animate
|align = "center"|-nA
|align = "left"|rižne
|align = "left"|No king
|align = "left"| 
|align = "left"| 

|-
|align = "left"|Negative Inanimate
|align = "center"|A-
|align = "left"|eriž
|align = "left"|No kingdom
|align = "left"|očom
|align = "left"|No land

|} 

===Cases===

Case marking is ergative for Inanimate and Negative subjects, and accusative in all other cases.

Cases are:

{|border="1" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="4" align="center"
|align = "left"|Erg
|align = "center"|-εr
|align = "left"|--
|align = "left"|čomyr

|-
|align = "left"|Nom/Abs
|align = "center"|-∅
|align = "left"|rižet
|align = "left"|čom

|-
|align = "left"|Acc
|align = "center"|-αn
|align = "left"|rižeten
|align = "left"|--

|-
|align = "left"|Dat
|align = "center"|-εm
|align = "left"|rižetim
|align = "left"|čomym

|-
|align = "left"|Gen
|align = "center"|-εs
|align = "left"|rižetis
|align = "left"|čomys

|-
|align = "left"|Ins/Loc
|align = "center"|-ω
|align = "left"|rižety
|align = "left"|čomu

|-
|align = "left"|Com
|align = "center"|-bα
|align = "left"|rižetbe
|align = "left"|čombo

|} 

[[Category: Conlangs]]

Terzemian

2013-04-30T10:43:55Z

Paul.w.bennett: /* Seventeen / Fourteen Vowel System */

{{IPA|}}

{{Infobox|name=Terzemian|pronounce=tɜ˞ˈzɛj.mjən|tu=Possible [[League of Lost Languages|LLL]] candidate|script=Latin, Cyrillic, Arabic, UTA|tree=Unique PIE, influences from Kartvelian, Turkic, Persian, Uralic and Slavic|morph=Mixed|ms=Lexically Split-S|wo=VSO|creator=[[User:Paul.w.bennett|Paul.w.bennett]]|date=}}

=Overview=

Terzemian is an [[Wikipedia:Indo-European|IE-derived]] conlang located along the west coast of the Caspian Sea. It is a [[Wikipedia:Centum-Satem_isogloss|satem]] language (the word for ''hundred'' is šündo (шүндо, şyndo, شَِنداَ /ʃyndo/) that uses the ''ruki'' rule, Grassman's law, Slavic-type depalatalization, z/r alternation, r/n alternation, a three-group vowel harmony system, and two phases of lenition (the first word-final, and the second approximately intervocalic).

=Phonology=

==Consonants==

{|border="1" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="4" align="center"
|align = "center"|p b
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"|t d
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"|k g
|align = "center"|kʷ gʷ
|align = "center"|q ɢ
|align = "center"|ʔ

|-
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"|f v
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"|s z
|align = "center"|ʃ ʒ
|align = "center"|ɬ ɮ
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"|x ɣ
|align = "center"|xʷ ɣʷ
|align = "center"|χ ʁ
|align = "center"|h

|-
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"|ts
|align = "center"|tʃ
|align = "center"|tɬ
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 

|-
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"|w
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"|l
|align = "center"|j
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 

|-
|align = "center"|m
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"|n
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"|ŋ
|align = "center"|ŋʷ
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 

|-
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"|ɾ ɹ
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 

|} 

==Vowels==

Depending on your viewpoint, there are either 17, 14, 9, 7, 6, or 3 vowels. To be more specific, there are 3 vowel harmony groups, with 3 vowels in each group (making up the "Nine" vowel system), plus four ''metavocalic'' symbols: ''я'', ''ю'', ''ə'', and ''←''.

===Seventeen / Fourteen Vowel System===

In external analysis, there seem to be three suprasegmental (word-length) vowel-harmony phonemes, and five segmental vowels (forming a grid of fifteen phonetic vowels), plus two metavocalic symbols. By this count, there are seventeen distinct phonetic vowels.

In practical terms, any word may have any of the seven historical surface vowels as it's "Root" vowel (the first vowel of the lexical root), and belongs to one of one of three harmony groups. Other vowels in a word are then given by one of seven metavocalic symbols. Thus, we find in the first root syllable of a word one of (''a'', ''e'', ''i'', ''o'', ''u'', ''ɨ'', ''ɯ''), in prefixes one of (''α'', ''ε'', ''ω'', ''я'', ''ю'', ''ə''), and all other places any of (''α'', ''ε'', ''ω'', ''я'', ''ю'', ''ə'', ''←''). By this count, there are two sets of seven vowels in complementary distribution, though this is usually called the "Fourteen" vowel system to avoid confusion with the "Seven" vowel system used in the UTA and Arabic scripts.

====Root Vowel Compatibility====

{|border="1" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="4" align="center"
|align = "center"|'''Harmony'''
|align = "center"|''a''
|align = "center"|''e''
|align = "center"|''i''
|align = "center"|''o''
|align = "center"|''u''
|align = "center"|''y''
|align = "center"|''ɯ''

|-
|align = "center"|'''i'''
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"|e
|align = "center"|i
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"|ɯ

|-
|align = "center"|'''a'''
|align = "center"|a
|align = "center"|e
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"|o
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 

|-
|align = "center"|'''u'''
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"|o
|align = "center"|u
|align = "center"|y
|align = "center"| 

|} 

====Metavocalic Symbols====

{|border="1" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="4" align="center"
|align = "center"|'''Harmony'''
|align = "center"|''ε''
|align = "center"|''α''
|align = "center"|''ω''
|align = "center"|''я''
|align = "center"|''ю''

|-
|align = "center"|'''i'''
|align = "center"|i
|align = "center"|e
|align = "center"|ɯ
|align = "center"|iː
|align = "center"|ɯw

|-
|align = "center"|'''a'''
|align = "center"|e
|align = "center"|a
|align = "center"|o
|align = "center"|ja
|align = "center"|aː

|-
|align = "center"|'''u'''
|align = "center"|y
|align = "center"|o
|align = "center"|u
|align = "center"|ju
|align = "center"|uː

|} 

In addition, the metavowels ''ə'' and ''←'' respectively stand for "the root vowel" and "the vowel immediately to the left".

===Seven Vowel System===

The Seven Vowel system is retained in writing in the UTA and Arabic scripts, but in modern times, /y/ and /ɯ/ have merged under Soviet influence (being in complementary distribution, and not found in Russian), and the Six Vowel system has replaced it for the Latin and Cyrillic scripts, and in modern pronunciation (in all but the most careful / formal contexts).

{|border="1" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="4" align="center"
|align = "center"|i y
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"|ɯ u

|-
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"|e
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"|o
|align = "center"| 

|-
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"|ɑ
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 

|} 

===Six Vowel System===

{|border="1" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="4" align="center"
|align = "center"|i
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"|ɨ
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"|u

|-
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"|e
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"|o
|align = "center"| 

|-
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"|ɑ
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 

|} 

=Writing System=

Terzemian has been written in a variety of scripts. In the modern era, a modified Latin alphabet is used. During the Soviet era, Cyrillic was used, and can still be found. Before the Soviet era, a form of the [[Wikipedia:Uniform Turkic Alphabet|UTA]] was used alongside Arabic. The Arabic script can still be found in general use in certain areas, as well as among the Muslim population throughout the region. Despite (or perhaps because) the fact that the move to the Latin script was a deliberate process to reflect post-Soviet independence, there is also a small folkish movement to return to the UTA script. In short, the learner of Terzemian should concentrate on learning the Latin script, but should be prepared to encounter Cyrillic, UTA, and Arabic on a more or less daily basis.

==Logical Layout==

The following tables illustrate the writing systems with a layout that is in accordance with the Phonology tables above.

===Modern Latin===

{|border="1" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="4" align="center"
|align = "center"|p b
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"|t d
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"|k g
|align = "center"|k˚ g˚
|align = "center"|ḳ ġ
|align = "center"|ʼ

|-
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"|f v
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"|s z
|align = "center"|š ž
|align = "center"|ł ł̣
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"|x ǧ
|align = "center"|x˚ ǧ˚
|align = "center"|x̣ ǧ̇
|align = "center"|h

|-
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"|c
|align = "center"|č
|align = "center"|tł
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 

|-
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"|w
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"|l
|align = "center"|j
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 

|-
|align = "center"|m
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"|n
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"|ň
|align = "center"|ň˚
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 

|-
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"|ṛ r
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 

|} 

{|border="1" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="4" align="center"
|align = "center"|i
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"|y
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"|u

|-
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"|e
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"|o
|align = "center"| 

|-
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"|a
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 

|} 

===UTA===

{|border="1" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="4" align="center"
|align = "center"|p b
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"|t d
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"|k g
|align = "center"|kъ gъ
|align = "center"|ķ g̓
|align = "center"|q

|-
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"|f v
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"|s z
|align = "center"|ş ƶ
|align = "center"|ł ľ
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"|x ƣ
|align = "center"|xъ ƣъ
|align = "center"|x̧ ƣ̓
|align = "center"|h

|-
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"|c
|align = "center"|ç
|align = "center"|tł
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 

|-
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"|w
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"|l
|align = "center"|j
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 

|-
|align = "center"|m
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"|n
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"|ŋ
|align = "center"|ŋъ

|-
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"|r ř
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 

|} 

{|border="1" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="4" align="center"
|align = "center"|i y
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"|ı u

|-
|align = "center"|e
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"|o

|-
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"|a
|align = "center"| 

|} 

===Cyrillic===

{|border="1" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="4" align="center"
|align = "center"|п б
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"|т д
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"|к г
|align = "center"|къ гъ къ
|align = "center"|қ ӷ
|align = "center"|Ӏ

|-
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"|ф в
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"|с з
|align = "center"|ш ж
|align = "center"|ӆ ԓ
|align = "center"|х ғ
|align = "center"|хъ ғъ
|align = "center"|ҳ ӷ̵
|align = "center"|һ

|-
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"|ц
|align = "center"|ч
|align = "center"|тӆ
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 

|-
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"|ў
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"|й
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 

|-
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"|л
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 

|-
|align = "center"|м
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"|н
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"|ң
|align = "center"|ңъ
|align = "center"| 

|-
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"|р ʀ
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 

|} 

{|border="1" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="4" align="center"
|align = "center"|и
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"|ы
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"|у

|-
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"|э
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"|о
|align = "center"| 

|-
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"|а
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 

|} 

===Arabic===

{|border="1" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="4" align="center"
|align = "center"|پ ب
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"|ت د
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"|ك گ
|align = "center"| 

|-
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"|ف ڒ
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"|س ز
|align = "center"|ژ ش
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"|خ غ
|align = "center"|ه

|-
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| څ
|align = "center"| چ
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 

|-
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| و
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| ي
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 

|-
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| ل
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 

|-
|align = "center"| م
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| ن
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| ڽ
|align = "center"| 

|-
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"|ر
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 

|} 

{|border="1" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="4" align="center"
|align = "center"|هِ
|align = "center"| هَِ
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| هَ

|-
|align = "center"| اِ
|align = "center"| اَِ
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| اَ

|-
|align = "center"| اٍ
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"|ا
|align = "center"|اً

|} 

==Alphabetical Orders==

The tables above approximately follow the IPA layout for the sounds of Terzemian. The correct orders of the writing systems of Terzemian are:

* Latin: Aa Ää Åå Bb Cc Čč Dd Ee Ff Gg Ǧǧ Ġġ Ǧ̇ǧ̇ Hh Ii Kk Ll Łł Mm Nn Ňň Oo Öö Pp Rr Ṛṛ Ss Šš Tt Uu Üü Vv Ww Xx X̣x̣ Yy Zz Žž ˚ ʼ
* Cyrillic: Аа Әә Бб Вв Гг Ғғ Ӷ̵ӷ̵ Дд Ее Жж Зз Һһ Ии Йй Кк Лл Ӆӆ Ԓԓ Мм Нн Ңң Оо Өө Пп Рр Rʀ Сс Тт Уу Ўў Үү Фф Хх Ҳҳ Цц Чч Шш Щщ Ъъ Ыы Ьь Ээ Ɔɔ Юю Яя ӏ
* UTA: Aa Əə Bb Cc Çç Dd Ee Ff Gg Ƣƣ Hh Ii Jj Kk Ll Mm Nn Ŋŋ Oo Ɵɵ Ɔɔ Pp Rr Ss Şş Tt Uu Vv Ww Xx Yy Zz Ƶƶ Qq Ъъ
* Arabic: ا ب ت پ ح خ څ چ د ر ز ژ س ش غ ف ك گ ل م ن ڽ ه و ۆ ي هِ هَِ هَ اِ اَِ اَ اٍ اً

The following chart shows the other writing systems in the latin order:

{|border="1" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="4" align="center"
|align = "center"|'''Latin'''
|align = "center"|Aa
|align = "center"|Ää
|align = "center"|Åå
|align = "center"|Bb
|align = "center"|Cc
|align = "center"|Čč
|align = "center"|Dd
|align = "center"|Ee
|align = "center"|Ff
|align = "center"|Gg
|align = "center"|Ǧǧ
|align = "center"|Ġġ
|align = "center"|Ǧ̇ǧ̇
|align = "center"|Hh
|align = "center"|Ii
|align = "center"|Kk
|align = "center"|Ll
|align = "center"|Łł
|align = "center"|Mm

|-
|align = "center"|'''Cyrillic'''
|align = "center"|Аа
|align = "center"|Әә
|align = "center"|Ɔɔ
|align = "center"|Бб
|align = "center"|Цц
|align = "center"|Чч
|align = "center"|Дд
|align = "center"|Ээ
|align = "center"|Фф
|align = "center"|Гг
|align = "center"|Ғғ
|align = "center"|Ӷ̵ӷ̵
|align = "center"|''???''
|align = "center"|Һһ
|align = "center"|Ии
|align = "center"|Кк
|align = "center"|Лл
|align = "center"|Ӆӆ / Ԓԓ
|align = "center"|Мм

|-
|align = "center"|''Latin''
|align = "center"|Nn
|align = "center"|Ňň
|align = "center"|Oo
|align = "center"|Öö
|align = "center"|Pp
|align = "center"|Rr
|align = "center"|Ṛṛ
|align = "center"|Ss
|align = "center"|Šš
|align = "center"|Tt
|align = "center"|Uu
|align = "center"|Üü
|align = "center"|Vv
|align = "center"|Ww
|align = "center"|Xx
|align = "center"|X̣x̣
|align = "center"|Yy
|align = "center"|Zz
|align = "center"|Žž
|align = "center"|˚
|align = "center"|ʼ
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 

|-
|align = "center"|''Cyrillic''
|align = "center"|Нн
|align = "center"|Ңң
|align = "center"|Оо
|align = "center"|Өө
|align = "center"|Пп
|align = "center"|Rʀ
|align = "center"|Рр
|align = "center"|Сс
|align = "center"|Шш
|align = "center"|Тт
|align = "center"|Уу
|align = "center"|Үү
|align = "center"|Вв
|align = "center"|Ўў
|align = "center"|Хх
|align = "center"|Ҳҳ
|align = "center"|Йй
|align = "center"|Зз
|align = "center"|Жж
|align = "center"|Ъъ
|align = "center"|ӏ
|align = "center"|Щщ
|align = "center"|Ыы
|align = "center"|Ьь
|align = "center"|Юю
|align = "center"|Яя
|align = "center"|Ее

|} 

Notes:

* The Cyrillic letters ''Щ'', ''Ъ'', and ''Ь'' are not used in native words.
* The Cyrillic letters ''Е'', ''Ю'', and ''Я'' are occasionally used in native words.
* The Arabic characters هِ هَِ هَ use the letter ه as a base character for illustration. The actual vowels are written as just the diactrics, attached to the preceeding consonant.

=Sound Changes=

''See the [[Terzemian/Sound_Changes|Sound Changes]] subarticle.

=Morphosyntax=

==Harmony==

===Vowels===

{|border="1" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="4" align="center"
|align = "center" rowspan = "2"|'''Root Vowel'''
|align = "center" colspan = "3"|'''Prefix Vowel'''
|align = "center" colspan = "6"|'''Suffix Vowel'''

|-

|align = "center"|'''i'''
|align = "center"|'''u'''
|align = "center"|'''a'''

|align = "center"|'''i'''
|align = "center"|'''ü'''
|align = "center"|'''e'''
|align = "center"|'''ö'''
|align = "center"|'''ä'''
|align = "center"|'''a'''

|-
|align = "center"|'''i'''

|align = "center"|i
|align = "center"|ü
|align = "center"|e

|align = "center"|i
|align = "center"|ü
|align = "center"|e
|align = "center"|ö
|align = "center"|ä
|align = "center"|a

|-
|align = "center"|'''ü'''

|align = "center"|i
|align = "center"|ü
|align = "center"|e

|align = "center"|ü
|align = "center"|u
|align = "center"|ö
|align = "center"|o
|align = "center"|ä
|align = "center"|a

|-
|align = "center"|'''u'''

|align = "center"|ü
|align = "center"|u
|align = "center"|o

|align = "center"|ü
|align = "center"|u
|align = "center"|ö
|align = "center"|o
|align = "center"|a
|align = "center"|å

|-
|align = "center"|'''e'''

|align = "center"|i
|align = "center"|ö
|align = "center"|ä

|align = "center"|i
|align = "center"|ü
|align = "center"|e
|align = "center"|ö
|align = "center"|ä
|align = "center"|a

|-
|align = "center"|'''ö'''

|align = "center"|ü
|align = "center"|o
|align = "center"|å

|align = "center"|ü
|align = "center"|u
|align = "center"|ö
|align = "center"|o
|align = "center"|ä
|align = "center"|a

|-
|align = "center"|'''o'''

|align = "center"|ö
|align = "center"|å
|align = "center"|a

|align = "center"|ü
|align = "center"|u
|align = "center"|ö
|align = "center"|o
|align = "center"|a
|align = "center"|å

|-
|align = "center"|'''ä'''

|align = "center"|e
|align = "center"|å
|align = "center"|a

|align = "center"|e
|align = "center"|ö
|align = "center"|ä
|align = "center"|å
|align = "center"|ä
|align = "center"|a

|-
|align = "center"|'''a'''

|align = "center"|e
|align = "center"|o
|align = "center"|a

|align = "center"|e
|align = "center"|ö
|align = "center"|ä
|align = "center"|å
|align = "center"|ä
|align = "center"|a

|-
|align = "center"|'''å'''

|align = "center"|ä
|align = "center"|åɧ
|align = "center"|aɧ

|align = "center"|e
|align = "center"|ö
|align = "center"|ä
|align = "center"|å
|align = "center"|ä
|align = "center"|a

|} 

===Fricative===

The metasymbol ''ɧ'' represents an assimilatory fricative, as follows:

{|border="1" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="4" align="center"
! Next Consonant || p,b,m,f,v,w || t,d,n,s,z,l,r || č,š,ž,y || k,g,x,ǧ || h
|-
| '''Outcome''' || f || s || š || x || ∅
|}

If there is no next consonant in the root, ''ɧ'' assimilates to the previous consonant.

If there is no next consonant and no previous consonant in the root, ''ɧ'' becomes ''h''.

==Verbs==

===Agreement===

Terzemain nouns mark two or less of three core cases, notionally representing the semantic roles INITIATOR, UNDERGOER, and TARGET. For ease of reference, these will be marked with the traditional A, P, and O labels used in discussing Ergative/Accusative marking.

Terzemian is Split-S, with Ergative or Accusative style marking determined lexically by the conjugation of the verb.

The conjugations are as follows:

{|border="1" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="4" align="center"
! Conj. || Required || Optional || Description
|-
| '''1 a''' || A ||   || Intransitive Active verbs
|-
| '''1 b''' || P || A ''(causitive)'' || Intransitive Stative verbs
|-
| '''2''' || AP ||   || Transitive Active verbs
|}

====Ablaut Patterns====

{|border="1" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="4" align="center"
|align = "center"|'''Conj.'''
|align = "center"|'''Root Vowel'''
|align = "center"|'''Non-P R'''
|align = "center"|'''Past R'''
|align = "center"|'''Non-P Ir'''
|align = "center"|'''Past Ir'''

|-
|align = "center" rowspan = "9"|'''1 a/b'''
|align = "center"|'''i'''
|align = "center"|i
|align = "center"|e
|align = "center"|ü
|align = "center"|iy

|-
|align = "center"|'''ü'''
|align = "center"|ü
|align = "center"|ö
|align = "center"|u
|align = "center"|üy

|-
|align = "center"|'''u'''
|align = "center"|u
|align = "center"|o
|align = "center"|uw
|align = "center"|wo

|-
|align = "center"|'''e'''
|align = "center"|e
|align = "center"|ä
|align = "center"|ö
|align = "center"|ye

|-
|align = "center"|'''ö'''
|align = "center"|ö
|align = "center"|a
|align = "center"|o
|align = "center"|yo

|-
|align = "center"|'''o'''
|align = "center"|o
|align = "center"|å
|align = "center"|ow
|align = "center"|öü

|-
|align = "center"|'''ä'''
|align = "center"|ä
|align = "center"|äh
|align = "center"|a
|align = "center"|e

|-
|align = "center"|'''a'''
|align = "center"|a
|align = "center"|ah
|align = "center"|ay
|align = "center"|ey

|-
|align = "center"|'''å'''
|align = "center"|å
|align = "center"|åh
|align = "center"|åw
|align = "center"|ow

|-
|align = "center" rowspan = "9"|'''2'''
|align = "center"|'''i'''
|align = "center"|i
|align = "center"|ü
|align = "center"|e
|align = "center"|ö

|-
|align = "center"|'''ü'''
|align = "center"|ü
|align = "center"|u
|align = "center"|ö
|align = "center"|o

|-
|align = "center"|'''u'''
|align = "center"|u
|align = "center"|uw
|align = "center"|o
|align = "center"|ow

|-
|align = "center"|'''e'''
|align = "center"|e
|align = "center"|ö
|align = "center"|ä
|align = "center"|å

|-
|align = "center"|'''ö'''
|align = "center"|ö
|align = "center"|o
|align = "center"|å
|align = "center"|a

|-
|align = "center"|'''o'''
|align = "center"|o
|align = "center"|ow
|align = "center"|å
|align = "center"|a

|-
|align = "center"|'''ä'''
|align = "center"|ä
|align = "center"|a
|align = "center"|äɧ
|align = "center"|aɧ

|-
|align = "center"|'''a'''
|align = "center"|a
|align = "center"|å
|align = "center"|aɧ
|align = "center"|åɧ

|-
|align = "center"|'''å'''
|align = "center"|å
|align = "center"|åw
|align = "center"|åɧ
|align = "center"|åwɧ

|} 

====Agreement prefixes====

{|border="1" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="4" align="center"
! Conj. || Argument || 1st Person || 2nd || 3rd
|-
| 1 || A || ǧ- || z- || i-
|-
| 1 || P || - || yu- || c-
|-
| 2 || A || - || smu- || s-
|-
| 2 || P || m- || yu- || -
|}

===Tense and Evidentiality===

There are two verb tenses, the past and non-past.

*In the past tense, there are three evidentiality/reality markings:
**''direct'' realis, indicating first-hand observational (e.g. "eye witness") knowledge. This is marked by the prefix ''e-'', in addition to ablaut.
**''indirect'' realis, indicating knowledge that is informed, inferred, supposed, or otherwise not personal. This is marked by ablaut alone.
**irrealis, making no overt statement about the reality of the VP, but inferring a lesser degree of certainty than either realis marking.
*In the non-past, only the realis and irrealis are distinguished.

===Aspect, Mood, Intensity, and Attitude===

Additional verb characteristics are expressed in suffixes, including the following.

*'''Aspect
**'''Inceptive'''
**'''Abortive'''
**'''Completitive''' ''-åǧ''
**'''Participle''' ''-önz''
**'''Perfect''' ''-gäv''
*'''Mood'''
**'''Imperative''' (use bare root)
**'''Negative''' ''-nä''
**'''Optative/Hortative/Jussive''' ''-zün''
**'''Causative/Volition''' (A -> P, Cause -> A)
*'''Intensity'''
**'''More Intense''' ''-siz''
**'''Less Intense''' ''-(d)e'' (NB: same as nominal diminutive)

Suffixes may be chained in a head-modifier (right-branching) manner.

Example: '''ävåwsezzönnä''' - ''I certainly did not want to soundly beat him.''

==Nouns==

===Gender===

There is pragmatic gender marking -- Nouns are marked for a gender system that combines traditional gender and pragmatic roles.

Genders, with examples, are:

{|border="1" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="4" align="center"
|align = "left"|1st Person
|align = "center"|-Am
|align = "left"|rižem
|align = "left"|I, the king
|align = "left"| 
|align = "left"| 

|-
|align = "left"|2nd Person
|align = "center"|-As
|align = "left"|rižes
|align = "left"|You, the king
|align = "left"| 
|align = "left"| 

|-
|align = "left"|3rd Animate
|align = "center"|-At
|align = "left"|rižet
|align = "left"|He, the king
|align = "left"| 
|align = "left"| 

|-
|align = "left"|3rd Inanimate
|align = "center"|-∅
|align = "left"|riž
|align = "left"|It, the kingdom
|align = "left"|čom
|align = "left"|The land

|-
|align = "left"|Negative Animate
|align = "center"|-nA
|align = "left"|rižne
|align = "left"|No king
|align = "left"| 
|align = "left"| 

|-
|align = "left"|Negative Inanimate
|align = "center"|A-
|align = "left"|eriž
|align = "left"|No kingdom
|align = "left"|očom
|align = "left"|No land

|} 

===Cases===

Case marking is ergative for Inanimate and Negative subjects, and accusative in all other cases.

Cases are:

{|border="1" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="4" align="center"
|align = "left"|Erg
|align = "center"|-Er
|align = "left"|--
|align = "left"|čomır

|-
|align = "left"|Nom/Abs
|align = "center"|-∅
|align = "left"|rižet
|align = "left"|čom

|-
|align = "left"|Acc
|align = "center"|-An
|align = "left"|rižeten
|align = "left"|--

|-
|align = "left"|Dat
|align = "center"|-Em
|align = "left"|rižetim
|align = "left"|čomım

|-
|align = "left"|Gen
|align = "center"|-Es
|align = "left"|rižetis
|align = "left"|čomıs

|-
|align = "left"|Ins/Loc
|align = "center"|-O
|align = "left"|rižetü
|align = "left"|čomu

|-
|align = "left"|Com
|align = "center"|-bA
|align = "left"|rižetbe
|align = "left"|čombo

|} 

[[Category: Conlangs]]

Terzemian

2013-04-29T10:11:31Z

Paul.w.bennett: /* Seventeen / Fourteen Vowel System */

{{IPA|}}

{{Infobox|name=Terzemian|pronounce=tɜ˞ˈzɛj.mjən|tu=Possible [[League of Lost Languages|LLL]] candidate|script=Latin, Cyrillic, Arabic, UTA|tree=Unique PIE, influences from Kartvelian, Turkic, Persian, Uralic and Slavic|morph=Mixed|ms=Lexically Split-S|wo=VSO|creator=[[User:Paul.w.bennett|Paul.w.bennett]]|date=}}

=Overview=

Terzemian is an [[Wikipedia:Indo-European|IE-derived]] conlang located along the west coast of the Caspian Sea. It is a [[Wikipedia:Centum-Satem_isogloss|satem]] language (the word for ''hundred'' is šündo (шүндо, şyndo, شَِنداَ /ʃyndo/) that uses the ''ruki'' rule, Grassman's law, Slavic-type depalatalization, z/r alternation, r/n alternation, a three-group vowel harmony system, and two phases of lenition (the first word-final, and the second approximately intervocalic).

=Phonology=

==Consonants==

{|border="1" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="4" align="center"
|align = "center"|p b
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"|t d
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"|k g
|align = "center"|kʷ gʷ
|align = "center"|q ɢ
|align = "center"|ʔ

|-
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"|f v
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"|s z
|align = "center"|ʃ ʒ
|align = "center"|ɬ ɮ
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"|x ɣ
|align = "center"|xʷ ɣʷ
|align = "center"|χ ʁ
|align = "center"|h

|-
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"|ts
|align = "center"|tʃ
|align = "center"|tɬ
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 

|-
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"|w
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"|l
|align = "center"|j
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 

|-
|align = "center"|m
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"|n
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"|ŋ
|align = "center"|ŋʷ
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 

|-
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"|ɾ ɹ
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 

|} 

==Vowels==

Depending on your viewpoint, there are either 17, 14, 9, 7, 6, or 3 vowels. To be more specific, there are 3 vowel harmony groups, with 3 vowels in each group (making up the "Nine" vowel system), plus four ''metavocalic'' symbols: ''я'', ''ю'', ''ə'', and ''←''.

===Seventeen / Fourteen Vowel System===

In external analysis, there seem to be three suprasegmental (word-length) vowel-harmony phonemes, and five segmental vowels (forming a grid of fifteen phonetic vowels), plus two metavocalic symbols. By this count, there are seventeen distinct phonetic vowels.

In practical terms, any word may have any of the seven historical surface vowels as it's "Root" vowel (the first vowel of the lexical root), and belongs to one of one of three harmony groups. Other vowels in a word are then given by one of seven metavocalic symbols. Thus, we find in the first root syllable of a word one of (''a'', ''e'', ''i'', ''o'', ''u'', ''ɨ'', ''ɯ''), in prefixes one of (''α'', ''ε'', ''ω'', ''я'', ''ю'', ''ə''), and suffixes any of (''α'', ''ε'', ''ω'', ''я'', ''ю'', ''ə'', ''←''). By this count, there are two sets of seven vowels in complementary distribution, though this is usually called the "Fourteen" vowel system to avoid confusion with the "Seven" vowel system used in the UTA and Arabic scripts.

====Root Vowel Compatibility====

{|border="1" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="4" align="center"
|align = "center"|'''Harmony'''
|align = "center"|''a''
|align = "center"|''e''
|align = "center"|''i''
|align = "center"|''o''
|align = "center"|''u''
|align = "center"|''y''
|align = "center"|''ɯ''

|-
|align = "center"|'''i'''
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"|e
|align = "center"|i
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"|ɯ

|-
|align = "center"|'''a'''
|align = "center"|a
|align = "center"|e
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"|o
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 

|-
|align = "center"|'''u'''
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"|o
|align = "center"|u
|align = "center"|y
|align = "center"| 

|} 

====Metavocalic Symbols====

{|border="1" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="4" align="center"
|align = "center"|'''Harmony'''
|align = "center"|''ε''
|align = "center"|''α''
|align = "center"|''ω''
|align = "center"|''я''
|align = "center"|''ю''

|-
|align = "center"|'''i'''
|align = "center"|i
|align = "center"|e
|align = "center"|ɯ
|align = "center"|iː
|align = "center"|ɯw

|-
|align = "center"|'''a'''
|align = "center"|e
|align = "center"|a
|align = "center"|o
|align = "center"|ja
|align = "center"|aː

|-
|align = "center"|'''u'''
|align = "center"|y
|align = "center"|o
|align = "center"|u
|align = "center"|ju
|align = "center"|uː

|} 

In addition, the metavowels ''ə'' and ''←'' respectively stand for "the root vowel" and "the vowel immediately to the left".

===Seven Vowel System===

The Seven Vowel system is retained in writing in the UTA and Arabic scripts, but in modern times, /y/ and /ɯ/ have merged under Soviet influence (being in complementary distribution, and not found in Russian), and the Six Vowel system has replaced it for the Latin and Cyrillic scripts, and in modern pronunciation (in all but the most careful / formal contexts).

{|border="1" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="4" align="center"
|align = "center"|i y
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"|ɯ u

|-
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"|e
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"|o
|align = "center"| 

|-
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"|ɑ
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 

|} 

===Six Vowel System===

{|border="1" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="4" align="center"
|align = "center"|i
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"|ɨ
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"|u

|-
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"|e
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"|o
|align = "center"| 

|-
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"|ɑ
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 

|} 

=Writing System=

Terzemian has been written in a variety of scripts. In the modern era, a modified Latin alphabet is used. During the Soviet era, Cyrillic was used, and can still be found. Before the Soviet era, a form of the [[Wikipedia:Uniform Turkic Alphabet|UTA]] was used alongside Arabic. The Arabic script can still be found in general use in certain areas, as well as among the Muslim population throughout the region. Despite (or perhaps because) the fact that the move to the Latin script was a deliberate process to reflect post-Soviet independence, there is also a small folkish movement to return to the UTA script. In short, the learner of Terzemian should concentrate on learning the Latin script, but should be prepared to encounter Cyrillic, UTA, and Arabic on a more or less daily basis.

==Logical Layout==

The following tables illustrate the writing systems with a layout that is in accordance with the Phonology tables above.

===Modern Latin===

{|border="1" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="4" align="center"
|align = "center"|p b
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"|t d
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"|k g
|align = "center"|k˚ g˚
|align = "center"|ḳ ġ
|align = "center"|ʼ

|-
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"|f v
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"|s z
|align = "center"|š ž
|align = "center"|ł ł̣
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"|x ǧ
|align = "center"|x˚ ǧ˚
|align = "center"|x̣ ǧ̇
|align = "center"|h

|-
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"|c
|align = "center"|č
|align = "center"|tł
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 

|-
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"|w
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"|l
|align = "center"|j
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 

|-
|align = "center"|m
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"|n
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"|ň
|align = "center"|ň˚
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 

|-
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"|ṛ r
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 

|} 

{|border="1" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="4" align="center"
|align = "center"|i
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"|y
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"|u

|-
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"|e
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"|o
|align = "center"| 

|-
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"|a
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 

|} 

===UTA===

{|border="1" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="4" align="center"
|align = "center"|p b
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"|t d
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"|k g
|align = "center"|kъ gъ
|align = "center"|ķ g̓
|align = "center"|q

|-
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"|f v
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"|s z
|align = "center"|ş ƶ
|align = "center"|ł ľ
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"|x ƣ
|align = "center"|xъ ƣъ
|align = "center"|x̧ ƣ̓
|align = "center"|h

|-
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"|c
|align = "center"|ç
|align = "center"|tł
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 

|-
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"|w
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"|l
|align = "center"|j
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 

|-
|align = "center"|m
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"|n
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"|ŋ
|align = "center"|ŋъ

|-
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"|r ř
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 

|} 

{|border="1" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="4" align="center"
|align = "center"|i y
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"|ı u

|-
|align = "center"|e
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"|o

|-
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"|a
|align = "center"| 

|} 

===Cyrillic===

{|border="1" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="4" align="center"
|align = "center"|п б
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"|т д
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"|к г
|align = "center"|къ гъ къ
|align = "center"|қ ӷ
|align = "center"|Ӏ

|-
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"|ф в
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"|с з
|align = "center"|ш ж
|align = "center"|ӆ ԓ
|align = "center"|х ғ
|align = "center"|хъ ғъ
|align = "center"|ҳ ӷ̵
|align = "center"|һ

|-
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"|ц
|align = "center"|ч
|align = "center"|тӆ
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 

|-
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"|ў
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"|й
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 

|-
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"|л
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 

|-
|align = "center"|м
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"|н
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"|ң
|align = "center"|ңъ
|align = "center"| 

|-
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"|р ʀ
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 

|} 

{|border="1" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="4" align="center"
|align = "center"|и
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"|ы
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"|у

|-
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"|э
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"|о
|align = "center"| 

|-
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"|а
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 

|} 

===Arabic===

{|border="1" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="4" align="center"
|align = "center"|پ ب
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"|ت د
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"|ك گ
|align = "center"| 

|-
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"|ف ڒ
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"|س ز
|align = "center"|ژ ش
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"|خ غ
|align = "center"|ه

|-
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| څ
|align = "center"| چ
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 

|-
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| و
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| ي
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 

|-
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| ل
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 

|-
|align = "center"| م
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| ن
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| ڽ
|align = "center"| 

|-
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"|ر
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 

|} 

{|border="1" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="4" align="center"
|align = "center"|هِ
|align = "center"| هَِ
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| هَ

|-
|align = "center"| اِ
|align = "center"| اَِ
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| اَ

|-
|align = "center"| اٍ
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"|ا
|align = "center"|اً

|} 

==Alphabetical Orders==

The tables above approximately follow the IPA layout for the sounds of Terzemian. The correct orders of the writing systems of Terzemian are:

* Latin: Aa Ää Åå Bb Cc Čč Dd Ee Ff Gg Ǧǧ Ġġ Ǧ̇ǧ̇ Hh Ii Kk Ll Łł Mm Nn Ňň Oo Öö Pp Rr Ṛṛ Ss Šš Tt Uu Üü Vv Ww Xx X̣x̣ Yy Zz Žž ˚ ʼ
* Cyrillic: Аа Әә Бб Вв Гг Ғғ Ӷ̵ӷ̵ Дд Ее Жж Зз Һһ Ии Йй Кк Лл Ӆӆ Ԓԓ Мм Нн Ңң Оо Өө Пп Рр Rʀ Сс Тт Уу Ўў Үү Фф Хх Ҳҳ Цц Чч Шш Щщ Ъъ Ыы Ьь Ээ Ɔɔ Юю Яя ӏ
* UTA: Aa Əə Bb Cc Çç Dd Ee Ff Gg Ƣƣ Hh Ii Jj Kk Ll Mm Nn Ŋŋ Oo Ɵɵ Ɔɔ Pp Rr Ss Şş Tt Uu Vv Ww Xx Yy Zz Ƶƶ Qq Ъъ
* Arabic: ا ب ت پ ح خ څ چ د ر ز ژ س ش غ ف ك گ ل م ن ڽ ه و ۆ ي هِ هَِ هَ اِ اَِ اَ اٍ اً

The following chart shows the other writing systems in the latin order:

{|border="1" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="4" align="center"
|align = "center"|'''Latin'''
|align = "center"|Aa
|align = "center"|Ää
|align = "center"|Åå
|align = "center"|Bb
|align = "center"|Cc
|align = "center"|Čč
|align = "center"|Dd
|align = "center"|Ee
|align = "center"|Ff
|align = "center"|Gg
|align = "center"|Ǧǧ
|align = "center"|Ġġ
|align = "center"|Ǧ̇ǧ̇
|align = "center"|Hh
|align = "center"|Ii
|align = "center"|Kk
|align = "center"|Ll
|align = "center"|Łł
|align = "center"|Mm

|-
|align = "center"|'''Cyrillic'''
|align = "center"|Аа
|align = "center"|Әә
|align = "center"|Ɔɔ
|align = "center"|Бб
|align = "center"|Цц
|align = "center"|Чч
|align = "center"|Дд
|align = "center"|Ээ
|align = "center"|Фф
|align = "center"|Гг
|align = "center"|Ғғ
|align = "center"|Ӷ̵ӷ̵
|align = "center"|''???''
|align = "center"|Һһ
|align = "center"|Ии
|align = "center"|Кк
|align = "center"|Лл
|align = "center"|Ӆӆ / Ԓԓ
|align = "center"|Мм

|-
|align = "center"|''Latin''
|align = "center"|Nn
|align = "center"|Ňň
|align = "center"|Oo
|align = "center"|Öö
|align = "center"|Pp
|align = "center"|Rr
|align = "center"|Ṛṛ
|align = "center"|Ss
|align = "center"|Šš
|align = "center"|Tt
|align = "center"|Uu
|align = "center"|Üü
|align = "center"|Vv
|align = "center"|Ww
|align = "center"|Xx
|align = "center"|X̣x̣
|align = "center"|Yy
|align = "center"|Zz
|align = "center"|Žž
|align = "center"|˚
|align = "center"|ʼ
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 

|-
|align = "center"|''Cyrillic''
|align = "center"|Нн
|align = "center"|Ңң
|align = "center"|Оо
|align = "center"|Өө
|align = "center"|Пп
|align = "center"|Rʀ
|align = "center"|Рр
|align = "center"|Сс
|align = "center"|Шш
|align = "center"|Тт
|align = "center"|Уу
|align = "center"|Үү
|align = "center"|Вв
|align = "center"|Ўў
|align = "center"|Хх
|align = "center"|Ҳҳ
|align = "center"|Йй
|align = "center"|Зз
|align = "center"|Жж
|align = "center"|Ъъ
|align = "center"|ӏ
|align = "center"|Щщ
|align = "center"|Ыы
|align = "center"|Ьь
|align = "center"|Юю
|align = "center"|Яя
|align = "center"|Ее

|} 

Notes:

* The Cyrillic letters ''Щ'', ''Ъ'', and ''Ь'' are not used in native words.
* The Cyrillic letters ''Е'', ''Ю'', and ''Я'' are occasionally used in native words.
* The Arabic characters هِ هَِ هَ use the letter ه as a base character for illustration. The actual vowels are written as just the diactrics, attached to the preceeding consonant.

=Sound Changes=

''See the [[Terzemian/Sound_Changes|Sound Changes]] subarticle.

=Morphosyntax=

==Harmony==

===Vowels===

{|border="1" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="4" align="center"
|align = "center" rowspan = "2"|'''Root Vowel'''
|align = "center" colspan = "3"|'''Prefix Vowel'''
|align = "center" colspan = "6"|'''Suffix Vowel'''

|-

|align = "center"|'''i'''
|align = "center"|'''u'''
|align = "center"|'''a'''

|align = "center"|'''i'''
|align = "center"|'''ü'''
|align = "center"|'''e'''
|align = "center"|'''ö'''
|align = "center"|'''ä'''
|align = "center"|'''a'''

|-
|align = "center"|'''i'''

|align = "center"|i
|align = "center"|ü
|align = "center"|e

|align = "center"|i
|align = "center"|ü
|align = "center"|e
|align = "center"|ö
|align = "center"|ä
|align = "center"|a

|-
|align = "center"|'''ü'''

|align = "center"|i
|align = "center"|ü
|align = "center"|e

|align = "center"|ü
|align = "center"|u
|align = "center"|ö
|align = "center"|o
|align = "center"|ä
|align = "center"|a

|-
|align = "center"|'''u'''

|align = "center"|ü
|align = "center"|u
|align = "center"|o

|align = "center"|ü
|align = "center"|u
|align = "center"|ö
|align = "center"|o
|align = "center"|a
|align = "center"|å

|-
|align = "center"|'''e'''

|align = "center"|i
|align = "center"|ö
|align = "center"|ä

|align = "center"|i
|align = "center"|ü
|align = "center"|e
|align = "center"|ö
|align = "center"|ä
|align = "center"|a

|-
|align = "center"|'''ö'''

|align = "center"|ü
|align = "center"|o
|align = "center"|å

|align = "center"|ü
|align = "center"|u
|align = "center"|ö
|align = "center"|o
|align = "center"|ä
|align = "center"|a

|-
|align = "center"|'''o'''

|align = "center"|ö
|align = "center"|å
|align = "center"|a

|align = "center"|ü
|align = "center"|u
|align = "center"|ö
|align = "center"|o
|align = "center"|a
|align = "center"|å

|-
|align = "center"|'''ä'''

|align = "center"|e
|align = "center"|å
|align = "center"|a

|align = "center"|e
|align = "center"|ö
|align = "center"|ä
|align = "center"|å
|align = "center"|ä
|align = "center"|a

|-
|align = "center"|'''a'''

|align = "center"|e
|align = "center"|o
|align = "center"|a

|align = "center"|e
|align = "center"|ö
|align = "center"|ä
|align = "center"|å
|align = "center"|ä
|align = "center"|a

|-
|align = "center"|'''å'''

|align = "center"|ä
|align = "center"|åɧ
|align = "center"|aɧ

|align = "center"|e
|align = "center"|ö
|align = "center"|ä
|align = "center"|å
|align = "center"|ä
|align = "center"|a

|} 

===Fricative===

The metasymbol ''ɧ'' represents an assimilatory fricative, as follows:

{|border="1" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="4" align="center"
! Next Consonant || p,b,m,f,v,w || t,d,n,s,z,l,r || č,š,ž,y || k,g,x,ǧ || h
|-
| '''Outcome''' || f || s || š || x || ∅
|}

If there is no next consonant in the root, ''ɧ'' assimilates to the previous consonant.

If there is no next consonant and no previous consonant in the root, ''ɧ'' becomes ''h''.

==Verbs==

===Agreement===

Terzemain nouns mark two or less of three core cases, notionally representing the semantic roles INITIATOR, UNDERGOER, and TARGET. For ease of reference, these will be marked with the traditional A, P, and O labels used in discussing Ergative/Accusative marking.

Terzemian is Split-S, with Ergative or Accusative style marking determined lexically by the conjugation of the verb.

The conjugations are as follows:

{|border="1" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="4" align="center"
! Conj. || Required || Optional || Description
|-
| '''1 a''' || A ||   || Intransitive Active verbs
|-
| '''1 b''' || P || A ''(causitive)'' || Intransitive Stative verbs
|-
| '''2''' || AP ||   || Transitive Active verbs
|}

====Ablaut Patterns====

{|border="1" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="4" align="center"
|align = "center"|'''Conj.'''
|align = "center"|'''Root Vowel'''
|align = "center"|'''Non-P R'''
|align = "center"|'''Past R'''
|align = "center"|'''Non-P Ir'''
|align = "center"|'''Past Ir'''

|-
|align = "center" rowspan = "9"|'''1 a/b'''
|align = "center"|'''i'''
|align = "center"|i
|align = "center"|e
|align = "center"|ü
|align = "center"|iy

|-
|align = "center"|'''ü'''
|align = "center"|ü
|align = "center"|ö
|align = "center"|u
|align = "center"|üy

|-
|align = "center"|'''u'''
|align = "center"|u
|align = "center"|o
|align = "center"|uw
|align = "center"|wo

|-
|align = "center"|'''e'''
|align = "center"|e
|align = "center"|ä
|align = "center"|ö
|align = "center"|ye

|-
|align = "center"|'''ö'''
|align = "center"|ö
|align = "center"|a
|align = "center"|o
|align = "center"|yo

|-
|align = "center"|'''o'''
|align = "center"|o
|align = "center"|å
|align = "center"|ow
|align = "center"|öü

|-
|align = "center"|'''ä'''
|align = "center"|ä
|align = "center"|äh
|align = "center"|a
|align = "center"|e

|-
|align = "center"|'''a'''
|align = "center"|a
|align = "center"|ah
|align = "center"|ay
|align = "center"|ey

|-
|align = "center"|'''å'''
|align = "center"|å
|align = "center"|åh
|align = "center"|åw
|align = "center"|ow

|-
|align = "center" rowspan = "9"|'''2'''
|align = "center"|'''i'''
|align = "center"|i
|align = "center"|ü
|align = "center"|e
|align = "center"|ö

|-
|align = "center"|'''ü'''
|align = "center"|ü
|align = "center"|u
|align = "center"|ö
|align = "center"|o

|-
|align = "center"|'''u'''
|align = "center"|u
|align = "center"|uw
|align = "center"|o
|align = "center"|ow

|-
|align = "center"|'''e'''
|align = "center"|e
|align = "center"|ö
|align = "center"|ä
|align = "center"|å

|-
|align = "center"|'''ö'''
|align = "center"|ö
|align = "center"|o
|align = "center"|å
|align = "center"|a

|-
|align = "center"|'''o'''
|align = "center"|o
|align = "center"|ow
|align = "center"|å
|align = "center"|a

|-
|align = "center"|'''ä'''
|align = "center"|ä
|align = "center"|a
|align = "center"|äɧ
|align = "center"|aɧ

|-
|align = "center"|'''a'''
|align = "center"|a
|align = "center"|å
|align = "center"|aɧ
|align = "center"|åɧ

|-
|align = "center"|'''å'''
|align = "center"|å
|align = "center"|åw
|align = "center"|åɧ
|align = "center"|åwɧ

|} 

====Agreement prefixes====

{|border="1" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="4" align="center"
! Conj. || Argument || 1st Person || 2nd || 3rd
|-
| 1 || A || ǧ- || z- || i-
|-
| 1 || P || - || yu- || c-
|-
| 2 || A || - || smu- || s-
|-
| 2 || P || m- || yu- || -
|}

===Tense and Evidentiality===

There are two verb tenses, the past and non-past.

*In the past tense, there are three evidentiality/reality markings:
**''direct'' realis, indicating first-hand observational (e.g. "eye witness") knowledge. This is marked by the prefix ''e-'', in addition to ablaut.
**''indirect'' realis, indicating knowledge that is informed, inferred, supposed, or otherwise not personal. This is marked by ablaut alone.
**irrealis, making no overt statement about the reality of the VP, but inferring a lesser degree of certainty than either realis marking.
*In the non-past, only the realis and irrealis are distinguished.

===Aspect, Mood, Intensity, and Attitude===

Additional verb characteristics are expressed in suffixes, including the following.

*'''Aspect
**'''Inceptive'''
**'''Abortive'''
**'''Completitive''' ''-åǧ''
**'''Participle''' ''-önz''
**'''Perfect''' ''-gäv''
*'''Mood'''
**'''Imperative''' (use bare root)
**'''Negative''' ''-nä''
**'''Optative/Hortative/Jussive''' ''-zün''
**'''Causative/Volition''' (A -> P, Cause -> A)
*'''Intensity'''
**'''More Intense''' ''-siz''
**'''Less Intense''' ''-(d)e'' (NB: same as nominal diminutive)

Suffixes may be chained in a head-modifier (right-branching) manner.

Example: '''ävåwsezzönnä''' - ''I certainly did not want to soundly beat him.''

==Nouns==

===Gender===

There is pragmatic gender marking -- Nouns are marked for a gender system that combines traditional gender and pragmatic roles.

Genders, with examples, are:

{|border="1" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="4" align="center"
|align = "left"|1st Person
|align = "center"|-Am
|align = "left"|rižem
|align = "left"|I, the king
|align = "left"| 
|align = "left"| 

|-
|align = "left"|2nd Person
|align = "center"|-As
|align = "left"|rižes
|align = "left"|You, the king
|align = "left"| 
|align = "left"| 

|-
|align = "left"|3rd Animate
|align = "center"|-At
|align = "left"|rižet
|align = "left"|He, the king
|align = "left"| 
|align = "left"| 

|-
|align = "left"|3rd Inanimate
|align = "center"|-∅
|align = "left"|riž
|align = "left"|It, the kingdom
|align = "left"|čom
|align = "left"|The land

|-
|align = "left"|Negative Animate
|align = "center"|-nA
|align = "left"|rižne
|align = "left"|No king
|align = "left"| 
|align = "left"| 

|-
|align = "left"|Negative Inanimate
|align = "center"|A-
|align = "left"|eriž
|align = "left"|No kingdom
|align = "left"|očom
|align = "left"|No land

|} 

===Cases===

Case marking is ergative for Inanimate and Negative subjects, and accusative in all other cases.

Cases are:

{|border="1" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="4" align="center"
|align = "left"|Erg
|align = "center"|-Er
|align = "left"|--
|align = "left"|čomır

|-
|align = "left"|Nom/Abs
|align = "center"|-∅
|align = "left"|rižet
|align = "left"|čom

|-
|align = "left"|Acc
|align = "center"|-An
|align = "left"|rižeten
|align = "left"|--

|-
|align = "left"|Dat
|align = "center"|-Em
|align = "left"|rižetim
|align = "left"|čomım

|-
|align = "left"|Gen
|align = "center"|-Es
|align = "left"|rižetis
|align = "left"|čomıs

|-
|align = "left"|Ins/Loc
|align = "center"|-O
|align = "left"|rižetü
|align = "left"|čomu

|-
|align = "left"|Com
|align = "center"|-bA
|align = "left"|rižetbe
|align = "left"|čombo

|} 

[[Category: Conlangs]]

Terzemian

2013-04-29T10:05:45Z

Paul.w.bennett: /* Seventeen / Fourteen Vowel System */

{{IPA|}}

{{Infobox|name=Terzemian|pronounce=tɜ˞ˈzɛj.mjən|tu=Possible [[League of Lost Languages|LLL]] candidate|script=Latin, Cyrillic, Arabic, UTA|tree=Unique PIE, influences from Kartvelian, Turkic, Persian, Uralic and Slavic|morph=Mixed|ms=Lexically Split-S|wo=VSO|creator=[[User:Paul.w.bennett|Paul.w.bennett]]|date=}}

=Overview=

Terzemian is an [[Wikipedia:Indo-European|IE-derived]] conlang located along the west coast of the Caspian Sea. It is a [[Wikipedia:Centum-Satem_isogloss|satem]] language (the word for ''hundred'' is šündo (шүндо, şyndo, شَِنداَ /ʃyndo/) that uses the ''ruki'' rule, Grassman's law, Slavic-type depalatalization, z/r alternation, r/n alternation, a three-group vowel harmony system, and two phases of lenition (the first word-final, and the second approximately intervocalic).

=Phonology=

==Consonants==

{|border="1" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="4" align="center"
|align = "center"|p b
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"|t d
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"|k g
|align = "center"|kʷ gʷ
|align = "center"|q ɢ
|align = "center"|ʔ

|-
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"|f v
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"|s z
|align = "center"|ʃ ʒ
|align = "center"|ɬ ɮ
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"|x ɣ
|align = "center"|xʷ ɣʷ
|align = "center"|χ ʁ
|align = "center"|h

|-
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"|ts
|align = "center"|tʃ
|align = "center"|tɬ
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 

|-
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"|w
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"|l
|align = "center"|j
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 

|-
|align = "center"|m
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"|n
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"|ŋ
|align = "center"|ŋʷ
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 

|-
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"|ɾ ɹ
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 

|} 

==Vowels==

Depending on your viewpoint, there are either 17, 14, 9, 7, 6, or 3 vowels. To be more specific, there are 3 vowel harmony groups, with 3 vowels in each group (making up the "Nine" vowel system), plus four ''metavocalic'' symbols: ''я'', ''ю'', ''ə'', and ''←''.

===Seventeen / Fourteen Vowel System===

In external analysis, there seem to be three suprasegmental (word-length) vowel-harmony phonemes, and five segmental vowels (forming a grid of fifteen phonetic vowels), plus two metavocalic symbols. By this count, there are seventeen distinct phonetic vowels.

In practical terms, any word may have any of the seven historical surface vowels as it's "Root" vowel (the first vowel of the lexical root), and belongs to one of one of three harmony groups. Other vowels in a word are then given by one of seven metavocalic symbols. Thus, we find in the first root syllable of a word one of (''a'', ''e'', ''i'', ''o'', ''u'', ''ɨ'', ''ɯ''), in prefixes one of (''α'', ''ε'', ''ω'', ''я'', ''ю'', ''ə''), and suffixes any of (''α'', ''ε'', ''ω'', ''я'', ''ю'', ''ə'', ''←''). By this count, there are two sets of seven vowels in complementary distribution, though this is usually called the "Fourteen" vowel system to avoid confusion with the "Seven" vowel system used in the UTA and Arabic scripts.

{|border="1" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="4" align="center"
|align = "center"|'''Root'''
|align = "center"|''ε''
|align = "center"|''α''
|align = "center"|''ω''
|align = "center"|''я''
|align = "center"|''ю''

|-
|align = "center"|'''i'''
|align = "center"|i
|align = "center"|e
|align = "center"|ɯ
|align = "center"|iː
|align = "center"|ɯw

|-
|align = "center"|'''a'''
|align = "center"|e
|align = "center"|a
|align = "center"|o
|align = "center"|ja
|align = "center"|aː

|-
|align = "center"|'''u'''
|align = "center"|y
|align = "center"|o
|align = "center"|u
|align = "center"|ju
|align = "center"|uː

|} 

In addition, the metavowels ''ə'' and ''←'' respectively stand for "the root vowel" and "the vowel immediately to the left".

===Seven Vowel System===

The Seven Vowel system is retained in writing in the UTA and Arabic scripts, but in modern times, /y/ and /ɯ/ have merged under Soviet influence (being in complementary distribution, and not found in Russian), and the Six Vowel system has replaced it for the Latin and Cyrillic scripts, and in modern pronunciation (in all but the most careful / formal contexts).

{|border="1" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="4" align="center"
|align = "center"|i y
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"|ɯ u

|-
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"|e
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"|o
|align = "center"| 

|-
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"|ɑ
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 

|} 

===Six Vowel System===

{|border="1" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="4" align="center"
|align = "center"|i
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"|ɨ
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"|u

|-
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"|e
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"|o
|align = "center"| 

|-
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"|ɑ
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 

|} 

=Writing System=

Terzemian has been written in a variety of scripts. In the modern era, a modified Latin alphabet is used. During the Soviet era, Cyrillic was used, and can still be found. Before the Soviet era, a form of the [[Wikipedia:Uniform Turkic Alphabet|UTA]] was used alongside Arabic. The Arabic script can still be found in general use in certain areas, as well as among the Muslim population throughout the region. Despite (or perhaps because) the fact that the move to the Latin script was a deliberate process to reflect post-Soviet independence, there is also a small folkish movement to return to the UTA script. In short, the learner of Terzemian should concentrate on learning the Latin script, but should be prepared to encounter Cyrillic, UTA, and Arabic on a more or less daily basis.

==Logical Layout==

The following tables illustrate the writing systems with a layout that is in accordance with the Phonology tables above.

===Modern Latin===

{|border="1" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="4" align="center"
|align = "center"|p b
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"|t d
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"|k g
|align = "center"|k˚ g˚
|align = "center"|ḳ ġ
|align = "center"|ʼ

|-
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"|f v
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"|s z
|align = "center"|š ž
|align = "center"|ł ł̣
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"|x ǧ
|align = "center"|x˚ ǧ˚
|align = "center"|x̣ ǧ̇
|align = "center"|h

|-
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"|c
|align = "center"|č
|align = "center"|tł
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 

|-
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"|w
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"|l
|align = "center"|j
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 

|-
|align = "center"|m
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"|n
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"|ň
|align = "center"|ň˚
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 

|-
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"|ṛ r
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 

|} 

{|border="1" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="4" align="center"
|align = "center"|i
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"|y
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"|u

|-
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"|e
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"|o
|align = "center"| 

|-
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"|a
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 

|} 

===UTA===

{|border="1" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="4" align="center"
|align = "center"|p b
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"|t d
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"|k g
|align = "center"|kъ gъ
|align = "center"|ķ g̓
|align = "center"|q

|-
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"|f v
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"|s z
|align = "center"|ş ƶ
|align = "center"|ł ľ
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"|x ƣ
|align = "center"|xъ ƣъ
|align = "center"|x̧ ƣ̓
|align = "center"|h

|-
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"|c
|align = "center"|ç
|align = "center"|tł
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 

|-
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"|w
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"|l
|align = "center"|j
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 

|-
|align = "center"|m
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"|n
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"|ŋ
|align = "center"|ŋъ

|-
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"|r ř
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 

|} 

{|border="1" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="4" align="center"
|align = "center"|i y
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"|ı u

|-
|align = "center"|e
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"|o

|-
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"|a
|align = "center"| 

|} 

===Cyrillic===

{|border="1" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="4" align="center"
|align = "center"|п б
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"|т д
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"|к г
|align = "center"|къ гъ къ
|align = "center"|қ ӷ
|align = "center"|Ӏ

|-
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"|ф в
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"|с з
|align = "center"|ш ж
|align = "center"|ӆ ԓ
|align = "center"|х ғ
|align = "center"|хъ ғъ
|align = "center"|ҳ ӷ̵
|align = "center"|һ

|-
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"|ц
|align = "center"|ч
|align = "center"|тӆ
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 

|-
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"|ў
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"|й
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 

|-
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"|л
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 

|-
|align = "center"|м
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"|н
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"|ң
|align = "center"|ңъ
|align = "center"| 

|-
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"|р ʀ
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 

|} 

{|border="1" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="4" align="center"
|align = "center"|и
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"|ы
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"|у

|-
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"|э
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"|о
|align = "center"| 

|-
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"|а
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 

|} 

===Arabic===

{|border="1" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="4" align="center"
|align = "center"|پ ب
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"|ت د
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"|ك گ
|align = "center"| 

|-
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"|ف ڒ
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"|س ز
|align = "center"|ژ ش
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"|خ غ
|align = "center"|ه

|-
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| څ
|align = "center"| چ
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 

|-
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| و
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| ي
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 

|-
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| ل
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 

|-
|align = "center"| م
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| ن
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| ڽ
|align = "center"| 

|-
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"|ر
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 

|} 

{|border="1" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="4" align="center"
|align = "center"|هِ
|align = "center"| هَِ
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| هَ

|-
|align = "center"| اِ
|align = "center"| اَِ
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| اَ

|-
|align = "center"| اٍ
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"|ا
|align = "center"|اً

|} 

==Alphabetical Orders==

The tables above approximately follow the IPA layout for the sounds of Terzemian. The correct orders of the writing systems of Terzemian are:

* Latin: Aa Ää Åå Bb Cc Čč Dd Ee Ff Gg Ǧǧ Ġġ Ǧ̇ǧ̇ Hh Ii Kk Ll Łł Mm Nn Ňň Oo Öö Pp Rr Ṛṛ Ss Šš Tt Uu Üü Vv Ww Xx X̣x̣ Yy Zz Žž ˚ ʼ
* Cyrillic: Аа Әә Бб Вв Гг Ғғ Ӷ̵ӷ̵ Дд Ее Жж Зз Һһ Ии Йй Кк Лл Ӆӆ Ԓԓ Мм Нн Ңң Оо Өө Пп Рр Rʀ Сс Тт Уу Ўў Үү Фф Хх Ҳҳ Цц Чч Шш Щщ Ъъ Ыы Ьь Ээ Ɔɔ Юю Яя ӏ
* UTA: Aa Əə Bb Cc Çç Dd Ee Ff Gg Ƣƣ Hh Ii Jj Kk Ll Mm Nn Ŋŋ Oo Ɵɵ Ɔɔ Pp Rr Ss Şş Tt Uu Vv Ww Xx Yy Zz Ƶƶ Qq Ъъ
* Arabic: ا ب ت پ ح خ څ چ د ر ز ژ س ش غ ف ك گ ل م ن ڽ ه و ۆ ي هِ هَِ هَ اِ اَِ اَ اٍ اً

The following chart shows the other writing systems in the latin order:

{|border="1" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="4" align="center"
|align = "center"|'''Latin'''
|align = "center"|Aa
|align = "center"|Ää
|align = "center"|Åå
|align = "center"|Bb
|align = "center"|Cc
|align = "center"|Čč
|align = "center"|Dd
|align = "center"|Ee
|align = "center"|Ff
|align = "center"|Gg
|align = "center"|Ǧǧ
|align = "center"|Ġġ
|align = "center"|Ǧ̇ǧ̇
|align = "center"|Hh
|align = "center"|Ii
|align = "center"|Kk
|align = "center"|Ll
|align = "center"|Łł
|align = "center"|Mm

|-
|align = "center"|'''Cyrillic'''
|align = "center"|Аа
|align = "center"|Әә
|align = "center"|Ɔɔ
|align = "center"|Бб
|align = "center"|Цц
|align = "center"|Чч
|align = "center"|Дд
|align = "center"|Ээ
|align = "center"|Фф
|align = "center"|Гг
|align = "center"|Ғғ
|align = "center"|Ӷ̵ӷ̵
|align = "center"|''???''
|align = "center"|Һһ
|align = "center"|Ии
|align = "center"|Кк
|align = "center"|Лл
|align = "center"|Ӆӆ / Ԓԓ
|align = "center"|Мм

|-
|align = "center"|''Latin''
|align = "center"|Nn
|align = "center"|Ňň
|align = "center"|Oo
|align = "center"|Öö
|align = "center"|Pp
|align = "center"|Rr
|align = "center"|Ṛṛ
|align = "center"|Ss
|align = "center"|Šš
|align = "center"|Tt
|align = "center"|Uu
|align = "center"|Üü
|align = "center"|Vv
|align = "center"|Ww
|align = "center"|Xx
|align = "center"|X̣x̣
|align = "center"|Yy
|align = "center"|Zz
|align = "center"|Žž
|align = "center"|˚
|align = "center"|ʼ
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 

|-
|align = "center"|''Cyrillic''
|align = "center"|Нн
|align = "center"|Ңң
|align = "center"|Оо
|align = "center"|Өө
|align = "center"|Пп
|align = "center"|Rʀ
|align = "center"|Рр
|align = "center"|Сс
|align = "center"|Шш
|align = "center"|Тт
|align = "center"|Уу
|align = "center"|Үү
|align = "center"|Вв
|align = "center"|Ўў
|align = "center"|Хх
|align = "center"|Ҳҳ
|align = "center"|Йй
|align = "center"|Зз
|align = "center"|Жж
|align = "center"|Ъъ
|align = "center"|ӏ
|align = "center"|Щщ
|align = "center"|Ыы
|align = "center"|Ьь
|align = "center"|Юю
|align = "center"|Яя
|align = "center"|Ее

|} 

Notes:

* The Cyrillic letters ''Щ'', ''Ъ'', and ''Ь'' are not used in native words.
* The Cyrillic letters ''Е'', ''Ю'', and ''Я'' are occasionally used in native words.
* The Arabic characters هِ هَِ هَ use the letter ه as a base character for illustration. The actual vowels are written as just the diactrics, attached to the preceeding consonant.

=Sound Changes=

''See the [[Terzemian/Sound_Changes|Sound Changes]] subarticle.

=Morphosyntax=

==Harmony==

===Vowels===

{|border="1" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="4" align="center"
|align = "center" rowspan = "2"|'''Root Vowel'''
|align = "center" colspan = "3"|'''Prefix Vowel'''
|align = "center" colspan = "6"|'''Suffix Vowel'''

|-

|align = "center"|'''i'''
|align = "center"|'''u'''
|align = "center"|'''a'''

|align = "center"|'''i'''
|align = "center"|'''ü'''
|align = "center"|'''e'''
|align = "center"|'''ö'''
|align = "center"|'''ä'''
|align = "center"|'''a'''

|-
|align = "center"|'''i'''

|align = "center"|i
|align = "center"|ü
|align = "center"|e

|align = "center"|i
|align = "center"|ü
|align = "center"|e
|align = "center"|ö
|align = "center"|ä
|align = "center"|a

|-
|align = "center"|'''ü'''

|align = "center"|i
|align = "center"|ü
|align = "center"|e

|align = "center"|ü
|align = "center"|u
|align = "center"|ö
|align = "center"|o
|align = "center"|ä
|align = "center"|a

|-
|align = "center"|'''u'''

|align = "center"|ü
|align = "center"|u
|align = "center"|o

|align = "center"|ü
|align = "center"|u
|align = "center"|ö
|align = "center"|o
|align = "center"|a
|align = "center"|å

|-
|align = "center"|'''e'''

|align = "center"|i
|align = "center"|ö
|align = "center"|ä

|align = "center"|i
|align = "center"|ü
|align = "center"|e
|align = "center"|ö
|align = "center"|ä
|align = "center"|a

|-
|align = "center"|'''ö'''

|align = "center"|ü
|align = "center"|o
|align = "center"|å

|align = "center"|ü
|align = "center"|u
|align = "center"|ö
|align = "center"|o
|align = "center"|ä
|align = "center"|a

|-
|align = "center"|'''o'''

|align = "center"|ö
|align = "center"|å
|align = "center"|a

|align = "center"|ü
|align = "center"|u
|align = "center"|ö
|align = "center"|o
|align = "center"|a
|align = "center"|å

|-
|align = "center"|'''ä'''

|align = "center"|e
|align = "center"|å
|align = "center"|a

|align = "center"|e
|align = "center"|ö
|align = "center"|ä
|align = "center"|å
|align = "center"|ä
|align = "center"|a

|-
|align = "center"|'''a'''

|align = "center"|e
|align = "center"|o
|align = "center"|a

|align = "center"|e
|align = "center"|ö
|align = "center"|ä
|align = "center"|å
|align = "center"|ä
|align = "center"|a

|-
|align = "center"|'''å'''

|align = "center"|ä
|align = "center"|åɧ
|align = "center"|aɧ

|align = "center"|e
|align = "center"|ö
|align = "center"|ä
|align = "center"|å
|align = "center"|ä
|align = "center"|a

|} 

===Fricative===

The metasymbol ''ɧ'' represents an assimilatory fricative, as follows:

{|border="1" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="4" align="center"
! Next Consonant || p,b,m,f,v,w || t,d,n,s,z,l,r || č,š,ž,y || k,g,x,ǧ || h
|-
| '''Outcome''' || f || s || š || x || ∅
|}

If there is no next consonant in the root, ''ɧ'' assimilates to the previous consonant.

If there is no next consonant and no previous consonant in the root, ''ɧ'' becomes ''h''.

==Verbs==

===Agreement===

Terzemain nouns mark two or less of three core cases, notionally representing the semantic roles INITIATOR, UNDERGOER, and TARGET. For ease of reference, these will be marked with the traditional A, P, and O labels used in discussing Ergative/Accusative marking.

Terzemian is Split-S, with Ergative or Accusative style marking determined lexically by the conjugation of the verb.

The conjugations are as follows:

{|border="1" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="4" align="center"
! Conj. || Required || Optional || Description
|-
| '''1 a''' || A ||   || Intransitive Active verbs
|-
| '''1 b''' || P || A ''(causitive)'' || Intransitive Stative verbs
|-
| '''2''' || AP ||   || Transitive Active verbs
|}

====Ablaut Patterns====

{|border="1" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="4" align="center"
|align = "center"|'''Conj.'''
|align = "center"|'''Root Vowel'''
|align = "center"|'''Non-P R'''
|align = "center"|'''Past R'''
|align = "center"|'''Non-P Ir'''
|align = "center"|'''Past Ir'''

|-
|align = "center" rowspan = "9"|'''1 a/b'''
|align = "center"|'''i'''
|align = "center"|i
|align = "center"|e
|align = "center"|ü
|align = "center"|iy

|-
|align = "center"|'''ü'''
|align = "center"|ü
|align = "center"|ö
|align = "center"|u
|align = "center"|üy

|-
|align = "center"|'''u'''
|align = "center"|u
|align = "center"|o
|align = "center"|uw
|align = "center"|wo

|-
|align = "center"|'''e'''
|align = "center"|e
|align = "center"|ä
|align = "center"|ö
|align = "center"|ye

|-
|align = "center"|'''ö'''
|align = "center"|ö
|align = "center"|a
|align = "center"|o
|align = "center"|yo

|-
|align = "center"|'''o'''
|align = "center"|o
|align = "center"|å
|align = "center"|ow
|align = "center"|öü

|-
|align = "center"|'''ä'''
|align = "center"|ä
|align = "center"|äh
|align = "center"|a
|align = "center"|e

|-
|align = "center"|'''a'''
|align = "center"|a
|align = "center"|ah
|align = "center"|ay
|align = "center"|ey

|-
|align = "center"|'''å'''
|align = "center"|å
|align = "center"|åh
|align = "center"|åw
|align = "center"|ow

|-
|align = "center" rowspan = "9"|'''2'''
|align = "center"|'''i'''
|align = "center"|i
|align = "center"|ü
|align = "center"|e
|align = "center"|ö

|-
|align = "center"|'''ü'''
|align = "center"|ü
|align = "center"|u
|align = "center"|ö
|align = "center"|o

|-
|align = "center"|'''u'''
|align = "center"|u
|align = "center"|uw
|align = "center"|o
|align = "center"|ow

|-
|align = "center"|'''e'''
|align = "center"|e
|align = "center"|ö
|align = "center"|ä
|align = "center"|å

|-
|align = "center"|'''ö'''
|align = "center"|ö
|align = "center"|o
|align = "center"|å
|align = "center"|a

|-
|align = "center"|'''o'''
|align = "center"|o
|align = "center"|ow
|align = "center"|å
|align = "center"|a

|-
|align = "center"|'''ä'''
|align = "center"|ä
|align = "center"|a
|align = "center"|äɧ
|align = "center"|aɧ

|-
|align = "center"|'''a'''
|align = "center"|a
|align = "center"|å
|align = "center"|aɧ
|align = "center"|åɧ

|-
|align = "center"|'''å'''
|align = "center"|å
|align = "center"|åw
|align = "center"|åɧ
|align = "center"|åwɧ

|} 

====Agreement prefixes====

{|border="1" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="4" align="center"
! Conj. || Argument || 1st Person || 2nd || 3rd
|-
| 1 || A || ǧ- || z- || i-
|-
| 1 || P || - || yu- || c-
|-
| 2 || A || - || smu- || s-
|-
| 2 || P || m- || yu- || -
|}

===Tense and Evidentiality===

There are two verb tenses, the past and non-past.

*In the past tense, there are three evidentiality/reality markings:
**''direct'' realis, indicating first-hand observational (e.g. "eye witness") knowledge. This is marked by the prefix ''e-'', in addition to ablaut.
**''indirect'' realis, indicating knowledge that is informed, inferred, supposed, or otherwise not personal. This is marked by ablaut alone.
**irrealis, making no overt statement about the reality of the VP, but inferring a lesser degree of certainty than either realis marking.
*In the non-past, only the realis and irrealis are distinguished.

===Aspect, Mood, Intensity, and Attitude===

Additional verb characteristics are expressed in suffixes, including the following.

*'''Aspect
**'''Inceptive'''
**'''Abortive'''
**'''Completitive''' ''-åǧ''
**'''Participle''' ''-önz''
**'''Perfect''' ''-gäv''
*'''Mood'''
**'''Imperative''' (use bare root)
**'''Negative''' ''-nä''
**'''Optative/Hortative/Jussive''' ''-zün''
**'''Causative/Volition''' (A -> P, Cause -> A)
*'''Intensity'''
**'''More Intense''' ''-siz''
**'''Less Intense''' ''-(d)e'' (NB: same as nominal diminutive)

Suffixes may be chained in a head-modifier (right-branching) manner.

Example: '''ävåwsezzönnä''' - ''I certainly did not want to soundly beat him.''

==Nouns==

===Gender===

There is pragmatic gender marking -- Nouns are marked for a gender system that combines traditional gender and pragmatic roles.

Genders, with examples, are:

{|border="1" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="4" align="center"
|align = "left"|1st Person
|align = "center"|-Am
|align = "left"|rižem
|align = "left"|I, the king
|align = "left"| 
|align = "left"| 

|-
|align = "left"|2nd Person
|align = "center"|-As
|align = "left"|rižes
|align = "left"|You, the king
|align = "left"| 
|align = "left"| 

|-
|align = "left"|3rd Animate
|align = "center"|-At
|align = "left"|rižet
|align = "left"|He, the king
|align = "left"| 
|align = "left"| 

|-
|align = "left"|3rd Inanimate
|align = "center"|-∅
|align = "left"|riž
|align = "left"|It, the kingdom
|align = "left"|čom
|align = "left"|The land

|-
|align = "left"|Negative Animate
|align = "center"|-nA
|align = "left"|rižne
|align = "left"|No king
|align = "left"| 
|align = "left"| 

|-
|align = "left"|Negative Inanimate
|align = "center"|A-
|align = "left"|eriž
|align = "left"|No kingdom
|align = "left"|očom
|align = "left"|No land

|} 

===Cases===

Case marking is ergative for Inanimate and Negative subjects, and accusative in all other cases.

Cases are:

{|border="1" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="4" align="center"
|align = "left"|Erg
|align = "center"|-Er
|align = "left"|--
|align = "left"|čomır

|-
|align = "left"|Nom/Abs
|align = "center"|-∅
|align = "left"|rižet
|align = "left"|čom

|-
|align = "left"|Acc
|align = "center"|-An
|align = "left"|rižeten
|align = "left"|--

|-
|align = "left"|Dat
|align = "center"|-Em
|align = "left"|rižetim
|align = "left"|čomım

|-
|align = "left"|Gen
|align = "center"|-Es
|align = "left"|rižetis
|align = "left"|čomıs

|-
|align = "left"|Ins/Loc
|align = "center"|-O
|align = "left"|rižetü
|align = "left"|čomu

|-
|align = "left"|Com
|align = "center"|-bA
|align = "left"|rižetbe
|align = "left"|čombo

|} 

[[Category: Conlangs]]

Terzemian

2013-04-29T10:04:55Z

Paul.w.bennett: /* Vowels */

{{IPA|}}

{{Infobox|name=Terzemian|pronounce=tɜ˞ˈzɛj.mjən|tu=Possible [[League of Lost Languages|LLL]] candidate|script=Latin, Cyrillic, Arabic, UTA|tree=Unique PIE, influences from Kartvelian, Turkic, Persian, Uralic and Slavic|morph=Mixed|ms=Lexically Split-S|wo=VSO|creator=[[User:Paul.w.bennett|Paul.w.bennett]]|date=}}

=Overview=

Terzemian is an [[Wikipedia:Indo-European|IE-derived]] conlang located along the west coast of the Caspian Sea. It is a [[Wikipedia:Centum-Satem_isogloss|satem]] language (the word for ''hundred'' is šündo (шүндо, şyndo, شَِنداَ /ʃyndo/) that uses the ''ruki'' rule, Grassman's law, Slavic-type depalatalization, z/r alternation, r/n alternation, a three-group vowel harmony system, and two phases of lenition (the first word-final, and the second approximately intervocalic).

=Phonology=

==Consonants==

{|border="1" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="4" align="center"
|align = "center"|p b
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"|t d
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"|k g
|align = "center"|kʷ gʷ
|align = "center"|q ɢ
|align = "center"|ʔ

|-
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"|f v
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"|s z
|align = "center"|ʃ ʒ
|align = "center"|ɬ ɮ
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"|x ɣ
|align = "center"|xʷ ɣʷ
|align = "center"|χ ʁ
|align = "center"|h

|-
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"|ts
|align = "center"|tʃ
|align = "center"|tɬ
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 

|-
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"|w
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"|l
|align = "center"|j
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 

|-
|align = "center"|m
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"|n
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"|ŋ
|align = "center"|ŋʷ
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 

|-
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"|ɾ ɹ
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 

|} 

==Vowels==

Depending on your viewpoint, there are either 17, 14, 9, 7, 6, or 3 vowels. To be more specific, there are 3 vowel harmony groups, with 3 vowels in each group (making up the "Nine" vowel system), plus four ''metavocalic'' symbols: ''я'', ''ю'', ''ə'', and ''←''.

===Seventeen / Fourteen Vowel System===

In external analysis, there seem to be three suprasegmental (word-length) vowel-harmony phonemes, and five segmental vowels (forming a grid of fifteen phonetic vowels), plus two metavocalic symbols. By this count, there are seventeen distinct phonetic vowels.

In practical terms, any word may have any of the seven historical surface vowels as it's "Root" vowel (the first vowel of the lexical root), and belongs to one of one of three harmony groups. Other vowels in a word are then given by one of seven metavocalic symbols. Thus, we find in the first root syllable of a word one of (''a'', ''e'', ''i'', ''o'', ''u'', ''ɨ'', ''ɯ''), in the leftmost prefix one of (''α'', ''ε'', ''ω'', ''я'', ''ю'', ''ə''), and in all other affixes any of (''α'', ''ε'', ''ω'', ''я'', ''ю'', ''ə'', ''←''). By this count, there are two sets of seven vowels in complementary distribution, though this is usually called the "Fourteen" vowel system to avoid confusion with the "Seven" vowel system used in the UTA and Arabic scripts.

{|border="1" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="4" align="center"
|align = "center"|'''Root'''
|align = "center"|''ε''
|align = "center"|''α''
|align = "center"|''ω''
|align = "center"|''я''
|align = "center"|''ю''

|-
|align = "center"|'''i'''
|align = "center"|i
|align = "center"|e
|align = "center"|ɯ
|align = "center"|iː
|align = "center"|ɯw

|-
|align = "center"|'''a'''
|align = "center"|e
|align = "center"|a
|align = "center"|o
|align = "center"|ja
|align = "center"|aː

|-
|align = "center"|'''u'''
|align = "center"|y
|align = "center"|o
|align = "center"|u
|align = "center"|ju
|align = "center"|uː

|} 

In addition, the metavowels ''ə'' and ''←'' respectively stand for "the root vowel" and "the vowel immediately to the left".

===Seven Vowel System===

The Seven Vowel system is retained in writing in the UTA and Arabic scripts, but in modern times, /y/ and /ɯ/ have merged under Soviet influence (being in complementary distribution, and not found in Russian), and the Six Vowel system has replaced it for the Latin and Cyrillic scripts, and in modern pronunciation (in all but the most careful / formal contexts).

{|border="1" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="4" align="center"
|align = "center"|i y
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"|ɯ u

|-
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"|e
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"|o
|align = "center"| 

|-
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"|ɑ
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 

|} 

===Six Vowel System===

{|border="1" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="4" align="center"
|align = "center"|i
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"|ɨ
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"|u

|-
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"|e
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"|o
|align = "center"| 

|-
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"|ɑ
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 

|} 

=Writing System=

Terzemian has been written in a variety of scripts. In the modern era, a modified Latin alphabet is used. During the Soviet era, Cyrillic was used, and can still be found. Before the Soviet era, a form of the [[Wikipedia:Uniform Turkic Alphabet|UTA]] was used alongside Arabic. The Arabic script can still be found in general use in certain areas, as well as among the Muslim population throughout the region. Despite (or perhaps because) the fact that the move to the Latin script was a deliberate process to reflect post-Soviet independence, there is also a small folkish movement to return to the UTA script. In short, the learner of Terzemian should concentrate on learning the Latin script, but should be prepared to encounter Cyrillic, UTA, and Arabic on a more or less daily basis.

==Logical Layout==

The following tables illustrate the writing systems with a layout that is in accordance with the Phonology tables above.

===Modern Latin===

{|border="1" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="4" align="center"
|align = "center"|p b
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"|t d
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"|k g
|align = "center"|k˚ g˚
|align = "center"|ḳ ġ
|align = "center"|ʼ

|-
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"|f v
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"|s z
|align = "center"|š ž
|align = "center"|ł ł̣
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"|x ǧ
|align = "center"|x˚ ǧ˚
|align = "center"|x̣ ǧ̇
|align = "center"|h

|-
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"|c
|align = "center"|č
|align = "center"|tł
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 

|-
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"|w
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"|l
|align = "center"|j
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 

|-
|align = "center"|m
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"|n
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"|ň
|align = "center"|ň˚
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 

|-
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"|ṛ r
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 

|} 

{|border="1" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="4" align="center"
|align = "center"|i
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"|y
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"|u

|-
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"|e
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"|o
|align = "center"| 

|-
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"|a
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 

|} 

===UTA===

{|border="1" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="4" align="center"
|align = "center"|p b
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"|t d
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"|k g
|align = "center"|kъ gъ
|align = "center"|ķ g̓
|align = "center"|q

|-
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"|f v
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"|s z
|align = "center"|ş ƶ
|align = "center"|ł ľ
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"|x ƣ
|align = "center"|xъ ƣъ
|align = "center"|x̧ ƣ̓
|align = "center"|h

|-
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"|c
|align = "center"|ç
|align = "center"|tł
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 

|-
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"|w
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"|l
|align = "center"|j
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 

|-
|align = "center"|m
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"|n
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"|ŋ
|align = "center"|ŋъ

|-
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"|r ř
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 

|} 

{|border="1" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="4" align="center"
|align = "center"|i y
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"|ı u

|-
|align = "center"|e
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"|o

|-
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"|a
|align = "center"| 

|} 

===Cyrillic===

{|border="1" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="4" align="center"
|align = "center"|п б
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"|т д
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"|к г
|align = "center"|къ гъ къ
|align = "center"|қ ӷ
|align = "center"|Ӏ

|-
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"|ф в
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"|с з
|align = "center"|ш ж
|align = "center"|ӆ ԓ
|align = "center"|х ғ
|align = "center"|хъ ғъ
|align = "center"|ҳ ӷ̵
|align = "center"|һ

|-
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"|ц
|align = "center"|ч
|align = "center"|тӆ
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 

|-
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"|ў
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"|й
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 

|-
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"|л
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 

|-
|align = "center"|м
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"|н
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"|ң
|align = "center"|ңъ
|align = "center"| 

|-
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"|р ʀ
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 

|} 

{|border="1" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="4" align="center"
|align = "center"|и
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"|ы
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"|у

|-
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"|э
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"|о
|align = "center"| 

|-
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"|а
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 

|} 

===Arabic===

{|border="1" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="4" align="center"
|align = "center"|پ ب
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"|ت د
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"|ك گ
|align = "center"| 

|-
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"|ف ڒ
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"|س ز
|align = "center"|ژ ش
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"|خ غ
|align = "center"|ه

|-
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| څ
|align = "center"| چ
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 

|-
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| و
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| ي
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 

|-
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| ل
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 

|-
|align = "center"| م
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| ن
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| ڽ
|align = "center"| 

|-
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"|ر
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 

|} 

{|border="1" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="4" align="center"
|align = "center"|هِ
|align = "center"| هَِ
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| هَ

|-
|align = "center"| اِ
|align = "center"| اَِ
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| اَ

|-
|align = "center"| اٍ
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"|ا
|align = "center"|اً

|} 

==Alphabetical Orders==

The tables above approximately follow the IPA layout for the sounds of Terzemian. The correct orders of the writing systems of Terzemian are:

* Latin: Aa Ää Åå Bb Cc Čč Dd Ee Ff Gg Ǧǧ Ġġ Ǧ̇ǧ̇ Hh Ii Kk Ll Łł Mm Nn Ňň Oo Öö Pp Rr Ṛṛ Ss Šš Tt Uu Üü Vv Ww Xx X̣x̣ Yy Zz Žž ˚ ʼ
* Cyrillic: Аа Әә Бб Вв Гг Ғғ Ӷ̵ӷ̵ Дд Ее Жж Зз Һһ Ии Йй Кк Лл Ӆӆ Ԓԓ Мм Нн Ңң Оо Өө Пп Рр Rʀ Сс Тт Уу Ўў Үү Фф Хх Ҳҳ Цц Чч Шш Щщ Ъъ Ыы Ьь Ээ Ɔɔ Юю Яя ӏ
* UTA: Aa Əə Bb Cc Çç Dd Ee Ff Gg Ƣƣ Hh Ii Jj Kk Ll Mm Nn Ŋŋ Oo Ɵɵ Ɔɔ Pp Rr Ss Şş Tt Uu Vv Ww Xx Yy Zz Ƶƶ Qq Ъъ
* Arabic: ا ب ت پ ح خ څ چ د ر ز ژ س ش غ ف ك گ ل م ن ڽ ه و ۆ ي هِ هَِ هَ اِ اَِ اَ اٍ اً

The following chart shows the other writing systems in the latin order:

{|border="1" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="4" align="center"
|align = "center"|'''Latin'''
|align = "center"|Aa
|align = "center"|Ää
|align = "center"|Åå
|align = "center"|Bb
|align = "center"|Cc
|align = "center"|Čč
|align = "center"|Dd
|align = "center"|Ee
|align = "center"|Ff
|align = "center"|Gg
|align = "center"|Ǧǧ
|align = "center"|Ġġ
|align = "center"|Ǧ̇ǧ̇
|align = "center"|Hh
|align = "center"|Ii
|align = "center"|Kk
|align = "center"|Ll
|align = "center"|Łł
|align = "center"|Mm

|-
|align = "center"|'''Cyrillic'''
|align = "center"|Аа
|align = "center"|Әә
|align = "center"|Ɔɔ
|align = "center"|Бб
|align = "center"|Цц
|align = "center"|Чч
|align = "center"|Дд
|align = "center"|Ээ
|align = "center"|Фф
|align = "center"|Гг
|align = "center"|Ғғ
|align = "center"|Ӷ̵ӷ̵
|align = "center"|''???''
|align = "center"|Һһ
|align = "center"|Ии
|align = "center"|Кк
|align = "center"|Лл
|align = "center"|Ӆӆ / Ԓԓ
|align = "center"|Мм

|-
|align = "center"|''Latin''
|align = "center"|Nn
|align = "center"|Ňň
|align = "center"|Oo
|align = "center"|Öö
|align = "center"|Pp
|align = "center"|Rr
|align = "center"|Ṛṛ
|align = "center"|Ss
|align = "center"|Šš
|align = "center"|Tt
|align = "center"|Uu
|align = "center"|Üü
|align = "center"|Vv
|align = "center"|Ww
|align = "center"|Xx
|align = "center"|X̣x̣
|align = "center"|Yy
|align = "center"|Zz
|align = "center"|Žž
|align = "center"|˚
|align = "center"|ʼ
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 

|-
|align = "center"|''Cyrillic''
|align = "center"|Нн
|align = "center"|Ңң
|align = "center"|Оо
|align = "center"|Өө
|align = "center"|Пп
|align = "center"|Rʀ
|align = "center"|Рр
|align = "center"|Сс
|align = "center"|Шш
|align = "center"|Тт
|align = "center"|Уу
|align = "center"|Үү
|align = "center"|Вв
|align = "center"|Ўў
|align = "center"|Хх
|align = "center"|Ҳҳ
|align = "center"|Йй
|align = "center"|Зз
|align = "center"|Жж
|align = "center"|Ъъ
|align = "center"|ӏ
|align = "center"|Щщ
|align = "center"|Ыы
|align = "center"|Ьь
|align = "center"|Юю
|align = "center"|Яя
|align = "center"|Ее

|} 

Notes:

* The Cyrillic letters ''Щ'', ''Ъ'', and ''Ь'' are not used in native words.
* The Cyrillic letters ''Е'', ''Ю'', and ''Я'' are occasionally used in native words.
* The Arabic characters هِ هَِ هَ use the letter ه as a base character for illustration. The actual vowels are written as just the diactrics, attached to the preceeding consonant.

=Sound Changes=

''See the [[Terzemian/Sound_Changes|Sound Changes]] subarticle.

=Morphosyntax=

==Harmony==

===Vowels===

{|border="1" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="4" align="center"
|align = "center" rowspan = "2"|'''Root Vowel'''
|align = "center" colspan = "3"|'''Prefix Vowel'''
|align = "center" colspan = "6"|'''Suffix Vowel'''

|-

|align = "center"|'''i'''
|align = "center"|'''u'''
|align = "center"|'''a'''

|align = "center"|'''i'''
|align = "center"|'''ü'''
|align = "center"|'''e'''
|align = "center"|'''ö'''
|align = "center"|'''ä'''
|align = "center"|'''a'''

|-
|align = "center"|'''i'''

|align = "center"|i
|align = "center"|ü
|align = "center"|e

|align = "center"|i
|align = "center"|ü
|align = "center"|e
|align = "center"|ö
|align = "center"|ä
|align = "center"|a

|-
|align = "center"|'''ü'''

|align = "center"|i
|align = "center"|ü
|align = "center"|e

|align = "center"|ü
|align = "center"|u
|align = "center"|ö
|align = "center"|o
|align = "center"|ä
|align = "center"|a

|-
|align = "center"|'''u'''

|align = "center"|ü
|align = "center"|u
|align = "center"|o

|align = "center"|ü
|align = "center"|u
|align = "center"|ö
|align = "center"|o
|align = "center"|a
|align = "center"|å

|-
|align = "center"|'''e'''

|align = "center"|i
|align = "center"|ö
|align = "center"|ä

|align = "center"|i
|align = "center"|ü
|align = "center"|e
|align = "center"|ö
|align = "center"|ä
|align = "center"|a

|-
|align = "center"|'''ö'''

|align = "center"|ü
|align = "center"|o
|align = "center"|å

|align = "center"|ü
|align = "center"|u
|align = "center"|ö
|align = "center"|o
|align = "center"|ä
|align = "center"|a

|-
|align = "center"|'''o'''

|align = "center"|ö
|align = "center"|å
|align = "center"|a

|align = "center"|ü
|align = "center"|u
|align = "center"|ö
|align = "center"|o
|align = "center"|a
|align = "center"|å

|-
|align = "center"|'''ä'''

|align = "center"|e
|align = "center"|å
|align = "center"|a

|align = "center"|e
|align = "center"|ö
|align = "center"|ä
|align = "center"|å
|align = "center"|ä
|align = "center"|a

|-
|align = "center"|'''a'''

|align = "center"|e
|align = "center"|o
|align = "center"|a

|align = "center"|e
|align = "center"|ö
|align = "center"|ä
|align = "center"|å
|align = "center"|ä
|align = "center"|a

|-
|align = "center"|'''å'''

|align = "center"|ä
|align = "center"|åɧ
|align = "center"|aɧ

|align = "center"|e
|align = "center"|ö
|align = "center"|ä
|align = "center"|å
|align = "center"|ä
|align = "center"|a

|} 

===Fricative===

The metasymbol ''ɧ'' represents an assimilatory fricative, as follows:

{|border="1" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="4" align="center"
! Next Consonant || p,b,m,f,v,w || t,d,n,s,z,l,r || č,š,ž,y || k,g,x,ǧ || h
|-
| '''Outcome''' || f || s || š || x || ∅
|}

If there is no next consonant in the root, ''ɧ'' assimilates to the previous consonant.

If there is no next consonant and no previous consonant in the root, ''ɧ'' becomes ''h''.

==Verbs==

===Agreement===

Terzemain nouns mark two or less of three core cases, notionally representing the semantic roles INITIATOR, UNDERGOER, and TARGET. For ease of reference, these will be marked with the traditional A, P, and O labels used in discussing Ergative/Accusative marking.

Terzemian is Split-S, with Ergative or Accusative style marking determined lexically by the conjugation of the verb.

The conjugations are as follows:

{|border="1" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="4" align="center"
! Conj. || Required || Optional || Description
|-
| '''1 a''' || A ||   || Intransitive Active verbs
|-
| '''1 b''' || P || A ''(causitive)'' || Intransitive Stative verbs
|-
| '''2''' || AP ||   || Transitive Active verbs
|}

====Ablaut Patterns====

{|border="1" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="4" align="center"
|align = "center"|'''Conj.'''
|align = "center"|'''Root Vowel'''
|align = "center"|'''Non-P R'''
|align = "center"|'''Past R'''
|align = "center"|'''Non-P Ir'''
|align = "center"|'''Past Ir'''

|-
|align = "center" rowspan = "9"|'''1 a/b'''
|align = "center"|'''i'''
|align = "center"|i
|align = "center"|e
|align = "center"|ü
|align = "center"|iy

|-
|align = "center"|'''ü'''
|align = "center"|ü
|align = "center"|ö
|align = "center"|u
|align = "center"|üy

|-
|align = "center"|'''u'''
|align = "center"|u
|align = "center"|o
|align = "center"|uw
|align = "center"|wo

|-
|align = "center"|'''e'''
|align = "center"|e
|align = "center"|ä
|align = "center"|ö
|align = "center"|ye

|-
|align = "center"|'''ö'''
|align = "center"|ö
|align = "center"|a
|align = "center"|o
|align = "center"|yo

|-
|align = "center"|'''o'''
|align = "center"|o
|align = "center"|å
|align = "center"|ow
|align = "center"|öü

|-
|align = "center"|'''ä'''
|align = "center"|ä
|align = "center"|äh
|align = "center"|a
|align = "center"|e

|-
|align = "center"|'''a'''
|align = "center"|a
|align = "center"|ah
|align = "center"|ay
|align = "center"|ey

|-
|align = "center"|'''å'''
|align = "center"|å
|align = "center"|åh
|align = "center"|åw
|align = "center"|ow

|-
|align = "center" rowspan = "9"|'''2'''
|align = "center"|'''i'''
|align = "center"|i
|align = "center"|ü
|align = "center"|e
|align = "center"|ö

|-
|align = "center"|'''ü'''
|align = "center"|ü
|align = "center"|u
|align = "center"|ö
|align = "center"|o

|-
|align = "center"|'''u'''
|align = "center"|u
|align = "center"|uw
|align = "center"|o
|align = "center"|ow

|-
|align = "center"|'''e'''
|align = "center"|e
|align = "center"|ö
|align = "center"|ä
|align = "center"|å

|-
|align = "center"|'''ö'''
|align = "center"|ö
|align = "center"|o
|align = "center"|å
|align = "center"|a

|-
|align = "center"|'''o'''
|align = "center"|o
|align = "center"|ow
|align = "center"|å
|align = "center"|a

|-
|align = "center"|'''ä'''
|align = "center"|ä
|align = "center"|a
|align = "center"|äɧ
|align = "center"|aɧ

|-
|align = "center"|'''a'''
|align = "center"|a
|align = "center"|å
|align = "center"|aɧ
|align = "center"|åɧ

|-
|align = "center"|'''å'''
|align = "center"|å
|align = "center"|åw
|align = "center"|åɧ
|align = "center"|åwɧ

|} 

====Agreement prefixes====

{|border="1" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="4" align="center"
! Conj. || Argument || 1st Person || 2nd || 3rd
|-
| 1 || A || ǧ- || z- || i-
|-
| 1 || P || - || yu- || c-
|-
| 2 || A || - || smu- || s-
|-
| 2 || P || m- || yu- || -
|}

===Tense and Evidentiality===

There are two verb tenses, the past and non-past.

*In the past tense, there are three evidentiality/reality markings:
**''direct'' realis, indicating first-hand observational (e.g. "eye witness") knowledge. This is marked by the prefix ''e-'', in addition to ablaut.
**''indirect'' realis, indicating knowledge that is informed, inferred, supposed, or otherwise not personal. This is marked by ablaut alone.
**irrealis, making no overt statement about the reality of the VP, but inferring a lesser degree of certainty than either realis marking.
*In the non-past, only the realis and irrealis are distinguished.

===Aspect, Mood, Intensity, and Attitude===

Additional verb characteristics are expressed in suffixes, including the following.

*'''Aspect
**'''Inceptive'''
**'''Abortive'''
**'''Completitive''' ''-åǧ''
**'''Participle''' ''-önz''
**'''Perfect''' ''-gäv''
*'''Mood'''
**'''Imperative''' (use bare root)
**'''Negative''' ''-nä''
**'''Optative/Hortative/Jussive''' ''-zün''
**'''Causative/Volition''' (A -> P, Cause -> A)
*'''Intensity'''
**'''More Intense''' ''-siz''
**'''Less Intense''' ''-(d)e'' (NB: same as nominal diminutive)

Suffixes may be chained in a head-modifier (right-branching) manner.

Example: '''ävåwsezzönnä''' - ''I certainly did not want to soundly beat him.''

==Nouns==

===Gender===

There is pragmatic gender marking -- Nouns are marked for a gender system that combines traditional gender and pragmatic roles.

Genders, with examples, are:

{|border="1" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="4" align="center"
|align = "left"|1st Person
|align = "center"|-Am
|align = "left"|rižem
|align = "left"|I, the king
|align = "left"| 
|align = "left"| 

|-
|align = "left"|2nd Person
|align = "center"|-As
|align = "left"|rižes
|align = "left"|You, the king
|align = "left"| 
|align = "left"| 

|-
|align = "left"|3rd Animate
|align = "center"|-At
|align = "left"|rižet
|align = "left"|He, the king
|align = "left"| 
|align = "left"| 

|-
|align = "left"|3rd Inanimate
|align = "center"|-∅
|align = "left"|riž
|align = "left"|It, the kingdom
|align = "left"|čom
|align = "left"|The land

|-
|align = "left"|Negative Animate
|align = "center"|-nA
|align = "left"|rižne
|align = "left"|No king
|align = "left"| 
|align = "left"| 

|-
|align = "left"|Negative Inanimate
|align = "center"|A-
|align = "left"|eriž
|align = "left"|No kingdom
|align = "left"|očom
|align = "left"|No land

|} 

===Cases===

Case marking is ergative for Inanimate and Negative subjects, and accusative in all other cases.

Cases are:

{|border="1" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="4" align="center"
|align = "left"|Erg
|align = "center"|-Er
|align = "left"|--
|align = "left"|čomır

|-
|align = "left"|Nom/Abs
|align = "center"|-∅
|align = "left"|rižet
|align = "left"|čom

|-
|align = "left"|Acc
|align = "center"|-An
|align = "left"|rižeten
|align = "left"|--

|-
|align = "left"|Dat
|align = "center"|-Em
|align = "left"|rižetim
|align = "left"|čomım

|-
|align = "left"|Gen
|align = "center"|-Es
|align = "left"|rižetis
|align = "left"|čomıs

|-
|align = "left"|Ins/Loc
|align = "center"|-O
|align = "left"|rižetü
|align = "left"|čomu

|-
|align = "left"|Com
|align = "center"|-bA
|align = "left"|rižetbe
|align = "left"|čombo

|} 

[[Category: Conlangs]]

Terzemian

2013-04-29T09:51:52Z

Paul.w.bennett: /* Twelve Vowel System */

{{IPA|}}

{{Infobox|name=Terzemian|pronounce=tɜ˞ˈzɛj.mjən|tu=Possible [[League of Lost Languages|LLL]] candidate|script=Latin, Cyrillic, Arabic, UTA|tree=Unique PIE, influences from Kartvelian, Turkic, Persian, Uralic and Slavic|morph=Mixed|ms=Lexically Split-S|wo=VSO|creator=[[User:Paul.w.bennett|Paul.w.bennett]]|date=}}

=Overview=

Terzemian is an [[Wikipedia:Indo-European|IE-derived]] conlang located along the west coast of the Caspian Sea. It is a [[Wikipedia:Centum-Satem_isogloss|satem]] language (the word for ''hundred'' is šündo (шүндо, şyndo, شَِنداَ /ʃyndo/) that uses the ''ruki'' rule, Grassman's law, Slavic-type depalatalization, z/r alternation, r/n alternation, a three-group vowel harmony system, and two phases of lenition (the first word-final, and the second approximately intervocalic).

=Phonology=

==Consonants==

{|border="1" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="4" align="center"
|align = "center"|p b
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"|t d
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"|k g
|align = "center"|kʷ gʷ
|align = "center"|q ɢ
|align = "center"|ʔ

|-
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"|f v
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"|s z
|align = "center"|ʃ ʒ
|align = "center"|ɬ ɮ
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"|x ɣ
|align = "center"|xʷ ɣʷ
|align = "center"|χ ʁ
|align = "center"|h

|-
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"|ts
|align = "center"|tʃ
|align = "center"|tɬ
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 

|-
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"|w
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"|l
|align = "center"|j
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 

|-
|align = "center"|m
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"|n
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"|ŋ
|align = "center"|ŋʷ
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 

|-
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"|ɾ ɹ
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 

|} 

==Vowels==

Depending on your viewpoint, there are either 13, 9, 7, 6, or 3 vowels. To be more specific, there are 3 vowel harmony groups, with 3 vowels in each group (plus an additional four metavocalic symbols), but there is some overlap.

===Seventeen / Fourteen Vowel System===

In external analysis, there seem to be three suprasegmental (word-length) vowel-harmony phonemes, and five segmental vowels (forming a grid of fifteen phonetic vowels), plus two metavocalic symbols. By this count, there are seventeen distinct phonetic vowels.

In practical terms, any word may have any of the seven historical surface vowels as it's "Root" vowel (the first vowel of the lexical root), and belongs to one of one of three harmony groups. Other vowels in a word are then given by one of seven metavocalic symbols. Thus, we find in the first root syllable of a word one of (''a'', ''e'', ''i'', ''o'', ''u'', ''ɨ'', ''ɯ''), in the leftmost prefix one of (''α'', ''ε'', ''ω'', ''я'', ''ю'', ''ə''), and in all other affixes any of (''α'', ''ε'', ''ω'', ''я'', ''ю'', ''ə'', ''←''). By this count, there are two sets of seven vowels in complementary distribution, though this is usually called the "Fourteen" vowel system to avoid confusion with the "Seven" vowel system used in the UTA and Arabic scripts.

{|border="1" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="4" align="center"
|align = "center"|'''Root'''
|align = "center"|''ε''
|align = "center"|''α''
|align = "center"|''ω''
|align = "center"|''я''
|align = "center"|''ю''

|-
|align = "center"|'''i'''
|align = "center"|i
|align = "center"|e
|align = "center"|ɯ
|align = "center"|iː
|align = "center"|ɯw

|-
|align = "center"|'''a'''
|align = "center"|e
|align = "center"|a
|align = "center"|o
|align = "center"|ja
|align = "center"|aː

|-
|align = "center"|'''u'''
|align = "center"|y
|align = "center"|o
|align = "center"|u
|align = "center"|ju
|align = "center"|uː

|} 

In addition, the metavowels ''ə'' and ''←'' respectively stand for "the root vowel" and "the vowel immediately to the left".

===Seven Vowel System===

The Seven Vowel system is retained in writing in the UTA and Arabic scripts, but in modern times, /y/ and /ɯ/ have merged under Soviet influence (being in complementary distribution, and not found in Russian), and the Six Vowel system has replaced it for the Latin and Cyrillic scripts, and in modern pronunciation (in all but the most careful / formal contexts).

{|border="1" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="4" align="center"
|align = "center"|i y
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"|ɯ u

|-
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"|e
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"|o
|align = "center"| 

|-
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"|ɑ
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 

|} 

===Six Vowel System===

{|border="1" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="4" align="center"
|align = "center"|i
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"|ɨ
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"|u

|-
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"|e
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"|o
|align = "center"| 

|-
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"|ɑ
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 

|} 

=Writing System=

Terzemian has been written in a variety of scripts. In the modern era, a modified Latin alphabet is used. During the Soviet era, Cyrillic was used, and can still be found. Before the Soviet era, a form of the [[Wikipedia:Uniform Turkic Alphabet|UTA]] was used alongside Arabic. The Arabic script can still be found in general use in certain areas, as well as among the Muslim population throughout the region. Despite (or perhaps because) the fact that the move to the Latin script was a deliberate process to reflect post-Soviet independence, there is also a small folkish movement to return to the UTA script. In short, the learner of Terzemian should concentrate on learning the Latin script, but should be prepared to encounter Cyrillic, UTA, and Arabic on a more or less daily basis.

==Logical Layout==

The following tables illustrate the writing systems with a layout that is in accordance with the Phonology tables above.

===Modern Latin===

{|border="1" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="4" align="center"
|align = "center"|p b
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"|t d
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"|k g
|align = "center"|k˚ g˚
|align = "center"|ḳ ġ
|align = "center"|ʼ

|-
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"|f v
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"|s z
|align = "center"|š ž
|align = "center"|ł ł̣
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"|x ǧ
|align = "center"|x˚ ǧ˚
|align = "center"|x̣ ǧ̇
|align = "center"|h

|-
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"|c
|align = "center"|č
|align = "center"|tł
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 

|-
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"|w
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"|l
|align = "center"|j
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 

|-
|align = "center"|m
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"|n
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"|ň
|align = "center"|ň˚
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 

|-
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"|ṛ r
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 

|} 

{|border="1" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="4" align="center"
|align = "center"|i
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"|y
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"|u

|-
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"|e
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"|o
|align = "center"| 

|-
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"|a
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 

|} 

===UTA===

{|border="1" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="4" align="center"
|align = "center"|p b
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"|t d
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"|k g
|align = "center"|kъ gъ
|align = "center"|ķ g̓
|align = "center"|q

|-
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"|f v
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"|s z
|align = "center"|ş ƶ
|align = "center"|ł ľ
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"|x ƣ
|align = "center"|xъ ƣъ
|align = "center"|x̧ ƣ̓
|align = "center"|h

|-
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"|c
|align = "center"|ç
|align = "center"|tł
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 

|-
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"|w
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"|l
|align = "center"|j
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 

|-
|align = "center"|m
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"|n
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"|ŋ
|align = "center"|ŋъ

|-
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"|r ř
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 

|} 

{|border="1" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="4" align="center"
|align = "center"|i y
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"|ı u

|-
|align = "center"|e
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"|o

|-
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"|a
|align = "center"| 

|} 

===Cyrillic===

{|border="1" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="4" align="center"
|align = "center"|п б
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"|т д
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"|к г
|align = "center"|къ гъ къ
|align = "center"|қ ӷ
|align = "center"|Ӏ

|-
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"|ф в
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"|с з
|align = "center"|ш ж
|align = "center"|ӆ ԓ
|align = "center"|х ғ
|align = "center"|хъ ғъ
|align = "center"|ҳ ӷ̵
|align = "center"|һ

|-
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"|ц
|align = "center"|ч
|align = "center"|тӆ
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 

|-
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"|ў
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"|й
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 

|-
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"|л
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 

|-
|align = "center"|м
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"|н
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"|ң
|align = "center"|ңъ
|align = "center"| 

|-
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"|р ʀ
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 

|} 

{|border="1" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="4" align="center"
|align = "center"|и
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"|ы
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"|у

|-
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"|э
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"|о
|align = "center"| 

|-
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"|а
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 

|} 

===Arabic===

{|border="1" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="4" align="center"
|align = "center"|پ ب
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"|ت د
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"|ك گ
|align = "center"| 

|-
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"|ف ڒ
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"|س ز
|align = "center"|ژ ش
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"|خ غ
|align = "center"|ه

|-
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| څ
|align = "center"| چ
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 

|-
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| و
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| ي
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 

|-
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| ل
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 

|-
|align = "center"| م
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| ن
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| ڽ
|align = "center"| 

|-
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"|ر
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 

|} 

{|border="1" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="4" align="center"
|align = "center"|هِ
|align = "center"| هَِ
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| هَ

|-
|align = "center"| اِ
|align = "center"| اَِ
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| اَ

|-
|align = "center"| اٍ
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"|ا
|align = "center"|اً

|} 

==Alphabetical Orders==

The tables above approximately follow the IPA layout for the sounds of Terzemian. The correct orders of the writing systems of Terzemian are:

* Latin: Aa Ää Åå Bb Cc Čč Dd Ee Ff Gg Ǧǧ Ġġ Ǧ̇ǧ̇ Hh Ii Kk Ll Łł Mm Nn Ňň Oo Öö Pp Rr Ṛṛ Ss Šš Tt Uu Üü Vv Ww Xx X̣x̣ Yy Zz Žž ˚ ʼ
* Cyrillic: Аа Әә Бб Вв Гг Ғғ Ӷ̵ӷ̵ Дд Ее Жж Зз Һһ Ии Йй Кк Лл Ӆӆ Ԓԓ Мм Нн Ңң Оо Өө Пп Рр Rʀ Сс Тт Уу Ўў Үү Фф Хх Ҳҳ Цц Чч Шш Щщ Ъъ Ыы Ьь Ээ Ɔɔ Юю Яя ӏ
* UTA: Aa Əə Bb Cc Çç Dd Ee Ff Gg Ƣƣ Hh Ii Jj Kk Ll Mm Nn Ŋŋ Oo Ɵɵ Ɔɔ Pp Rr Ss Şş Tt Uu Vv Ww Xx Yy Zz Ƶƶ Qq Ъъ
* Arabic: ا ب ت پ ح خ څ چ د ر ز ژ س ش غ ف ك گ ل م ن ڽ ه و ۆ ي هِ هَِ هَ اِ اَِ اَ اٍ اً

The following chart shows the other writing systems in the latin order:

{|border="1" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="4" align="center"
|align = "center"|'''Latin'''
|align = "center"|Aa
|align = "center"|Ää
|align = "center"|Åå
|align = "center"|Bb
|align = "center"|Cc
|align = "center"|Čč
|align = "center"|Dd
|align = "center"|Ee
|align = "center"|Ff
|align = "center"|Gg
|align = "center"|Ǧǧ
|align = "center"|Ġġ
|align = "center"|Ǧ̇ǧ̇
|align = "center"|Hh
|align = "center"|Ii
|align = "center"|Kk
|align = "center"|Ll
|align = "center"|Łł
|align = "center"|Mm

|-
|align = "center"|'''Cyrillic'''
|align = "center"|Аа
|align = "center"|Әә
|align = "center"|Ɔɔ
|align = "center"|Бб
|align = "center"|Цц
|align = "center"|Чч
|align = "center"|Дд
|align = "center"|Ээ
|align = "center"|Фф
|align = "center"|Гг
|align = "center"|Ғғ
|align = "center"|Ӷ̵ӷ̵
|align = "center"|''???''
|align = "center"|Һһ
|align = "center"|Ии
|align = "center"|Кк
|align = "center"|Лл
|align = "center"|Ӆӆ / Ԓԓ
|align = "center"|Мм

|-
|align = "center"|''Latin''
|align = "center"|Nn
|align = "center"|Ňň
|align = "center"|Oo
|align = "center"|Öö
|align = "center"|Pp
|align = "center"|Rr
|align = "center"|Ṛṛ
|align = "center"|Ss
|align = "center"|Šš
|align = "center"|Tt
|align = "center"|Uu
|align = "center"|Üü
|align = "center"|Vv
|align = "center"|Ww
|align = "center"|Xx
|align = "center"|X̣x̣
|align = "center"|Yy
|align = "center"|Zz
|align = "center"|Žž
|align = "center"|˚
|align = "center"|ʼ
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 

|-
|align = "center"|''Cyrillic''
|align = "center"|Нн
|align = "center"|Ңң
|align = "center"|Оо
|align = "center"|Өө
|align = "center"|Пп
|align = "center"|Rʀ
|align = "center"|Рр
|align = "center"|Сс
|align = "center"|Шш
|align = "center"|Тт
|align = "center"|Уу
|align = "center"|Үү
|align = "center"|Вв
|align = "center"|Ўў
|align = "center"|Хх
|align = "center"|Ҳҳ
|align = "center"|Йй
|align = "center"|Зз
|align = "center"|Жж
|align = "center"|Ъъ
|align = "center"|ӏ
|align = "center"|Щщ
|align = "center"|Ыы
|align = "center"|Ьь
|align = "center"|Юю
|align = "center"|Яя
|align = "center"|Ее

|} 

Notes:

* The Cyrillic letters ''Щ'', ''Ъ'', and ''Ь'' are not used in native words.
* The Cyrillic letters ''Е'', ''Ю'', and ''Я'' are occasionally used in native words.
* The Arabic characters هِ هَِ هَ use the letter ه as a base character for illustration. The actual vowels are written as just the diactrics, attached to the preceeding consonant.

=Sound Changes=

''See the [[Terzemian/Sound_Changes|Sound Changes]] subarticle.

=Morphosyntax=

==Harmony==

===Vowels===

{|border="1" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="4" align="center"
|align = "center" rowspan = "2"|'''Root Vowel'''
|align = "center" colspan = "3"|'''Prefix Vowel'''
|align = "center" colspan = "6"|'''Suffix Vowel'''

|-

|align = "center"|'''i'''
|align = "center"|'''u'''
|align = "center"|'''a'''

|align = "center"|'''i'''
|align = "center"|'''ü'''
|align = "center"|'''e'''
|align = "center"|'''ö'''
|align = "center"|'''ä'''
|align = "center"|'''a'''

|-
|align = "center"|'''i'''

|align = "center"|i
|align = "center"|ü
|align = "center"|e

|align = "center"|i
|align = "center"|ü
|align = "center"|e
|align = "center"|ö
|align = "center"|ä
|align = "center"|a

|-
|align = "center"|'''ü'''

|align = "center"|i
|align = "center"|ü
|align = "center"|e

|align = "center"|ü
|align = "center"|u
|align = "center"|ö
|align = "center"|o
|align = "center"|ä
|align = "center"|a

|-
|align = "center"|'''u'''

|align = "center"|ü
|align = "center"|u
|align = "center"|o

|align = "center"|ü
|align = "center"|u
|align = "center"|ö
|align = "center"|o
|align = "center"|a
|align = "center"|å

|-
|align = "center"|'''e'''

|align = "center"|i
|align = "center"|ö
|align = "center"|ä

|align = "center"|i
|align = "center"|ü
|align = "center"|e
|align = "center"|ö
|align = "center"|ä
|align = "center"|a

|-
|align = "center"|'''ö'''

|align = "center"|ü
|align = "center"|o
|align = "center"|å

|align = "center"|ü
|align = "center"|u
|align = "center"|ö
|align = "center"|o
|align = "center"|ä
|align = "center"|a

|-
|align = "center"|'''o'''

|align = "center"|ö
|align = "center"|å
|align = "center"|a

|align = "center"|ü
|align = "center"|u
|align = "center"|ö
|align = "center"|o
|align = "center"|a
|align = "center"|å

|-
|align = "center"|'''ä'''

|align = "center"|e
|align = "center"|å
|align = "center"|a

|align = "center"|e
|align = "center"|ö
|align = "center"|ä
|align = "center"|å
|align = "center"|ä
|align = "center"|a

|-
|align = "center"|'''a'''

|align = "center"|e
|align = "center"|o
|align = "center"|a

|align = "center"|e
|align = "center"|ö
|align = "center"|ä
|align = "center"|å
|align = "center"|ä
|align = "center"|a

|-
|align = "center"|'''å'''

|align = "center"|ä
|align = "center"|åɧ
|align = "center"|aɧ

|align = "center"|e
|align = "center"|ö
|align = "center"|ä
|align = "center"|å
|align = "center"|ä
|align = "center"|a

|} 

===Fricative===

The metasymbol ''ɧ'' represents an assimilatory fricative, as follows:

{|border="1" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="4" align="center"
! Next Consonant || p,b,m,f,v,w || t,d,n,s,z,l,r || č,š,ž,y || k,g,x,ǧ || h
|-
| '''Outcome''' || f || s || š || x || ∅
|}

If there is no next consonant in the root, ''ɧ'' assimilates to the previous consonant.

If there is no next consonant and no previous consonant in the root, ''ɧ'' becomes ''h''.

==Verbs==

===Agreement===

Terzemain nouns mark two or less of three core cases, notionally representing the semantic roles INITIATOR, UNDERGOER, and TARGET. For ease of reference, these will be marked with the traditional A, P, and O labels used in discussing Ergative/Accusative marking.

Terzemian is Split-S, with Ergative or Accusative style marking determined lexically by the conjugation of the verb.

The conjugations are as follows:

{|border="1" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="4" align="center"
! Conj. || Required || Optional || Description
|-
| '''1 a''' || A ||   || Intransitive Active verbs
|-
| '''1 b''' || P || A ''(causitive)'' || Intransitive Stative verbs
|-
| '''2''' || AP ||   || Transitive Active verbs
|}

====Ablaut Patterns====

{|border="1" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="4" align="center"
|align = "center"|'''Conj.'''
|align = "center"|'''Root Vowel'''
|align = "center"|'''Non-P R'''
|align = "center"|'''Past R'''
|align = "center"|'''Non-P Ir'''
|align = "center"|'''Past Ir'''

|-
|align = "center" rowspan = "9"|'''1 a/b'''
|align = "center"|'''i'''
|align = "center"|i
|align = "center"|e
|align = "center"|ü
|align = "center"|iy

|-
|align = "center"|'''ü'''
|align = "center"|ü
|align = "center"|ö
|align = "center"|u
|align = "center"|üy

|-
|align = "center"|'''u'''
|align = "center"|u
|align = "center"|o
|align = "center"|uw
|align = "center"|wo

|-
|align = "center"|'''e'''
|align = "center"|e
|align = "center"|ä
|align = "center"|ö
|align = "center"|ye

|-
|align = "center"|'''ö'''
|align = "center"|ö
|align = "center"|a
|align = "center"|o
|align = "center"|yo

|-
|align = "center"|'''o'''
|align = "center"|o
|align = "center"|å
|align = "center"|ow
|align = "center"|öü

|-
|align = "center"|'''ä'''
|align = "center"|ä
|align = "center"|äh
|align = "center"|a
|align = "center"|e

|-
|align = "center"|'''a'''
|align = "center"|a
|align = "center"|ah
|align = "center"|ay
|align = "center"|ey

|-
|align = "center"|'''å'''
|align = "center"|å
|align = "center"|åh
|align = "center"|åw
|align = "center"|ow

|-
|align = "center" rowspan = "9"|'''2'''
|align = "center"|'''i'''
|align = "center"|i
|align = "center"|ü
|align = "center"|e
|align = "center"|ö

|-
|align = "center"|'''ü'''
|align = "center"|ü
|align = "center"|u
|align = "center"|ö
|align = "center"|o

|-
|align = "center"|'''u'''
|align = "center"|u
|align = "center"|uw
|align = "center"|o
|align = "center"|ow

|-
|align = "center"|'''e'''
|align = "center"|e
|align = "center"|ö
|align = "center"|ä
|align = "center"|å

|-
|align = "center"|'''ö'''
|align = "center"|ö
|align = "center"|o
|align = "center"|å
|align = "center"|a

|-
|align = "center"|'''o'''
|align = "center"|o
|align = "center"|ow
|align = "center"|å
|align = "center"|a

|-
|align = "center"|'''ä'''
|align = "center"|ä
|align = "center"|a
|align = "center"|äɧ
|align = "center"|aɧ

|-
|align = "center"|'''a'''
|align = "center"|a
|align = "center"|å
|align = "center"|aɧ
|align = "center"|åɧ

|-
|align = "center"|'''å'''
|align = "center"|å
|align = "center"|åw
|align = "center"|åɧ
|align = "center"|åwɧ

|} 

====Agreement prefixes====

{|border="1" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="4" align="center"
! Conj. || Argument || 1st Person || 2nd || 3rd
|-
| 1 || A || ǧ- || z- || i-
|-
| 1 || P || - || yu- || c-
|-
| 2 || A || - || smu- || s-
|-
| 2 || P || m- || yu- || -
|}

===Tense and Evidentiality===

There are two verb tenses, the past and non-past.

*In the past tense, there are three evidentiality/reality markings:
**''direct'' realis, indicating first-hand observational (e.g. "eye witness") knowledge. This is marked by the prefix ''e-'', in addition to ablaut.
**''indirect'' realis, indicating knowledge that is informed, inferred, supposed, or otherwise not personal. This is marked by ablaut alone.
**irrealis, making no overt statement about the reality of the VP, but inferring a lesser degree of certainty than either realis marking.
*In the non-past, only the realis and irrealis are distinguished.

===Aspect, Mood, Intensity, and Attitude===

Additional verb characteristics are expressed in suffixes, including the following.

*'''Aspect
**'''Inceptive'''
**'''Abortive'''
**'''Completitive''' ''-åǧ''
**'''Participle''' ''-önz''
**'''Perfect''' ''-gäv''
*'''Mood'''
**'''Imperative''' (use bare root)
**'''Negative''' ''-nä''
**'''Optative/Hortative/Jussive''' ''-zün''
**'''Causative/Volition''' (A -> P, Cause -> A)
*'''Intensity'''
**'''More Intense''' ''-siz''
**'''Less Intense''' ''-(d)e'' (NB: same as nominal diminutive)

Suffixes may be chained in a head-modifier (right-branching) manner.

Example: '''ävåwsezzönnä''' - ''I certainly did not want to soundly beat him.''

==Nouns==

===Gender===

There is pragmatic gender marking -- Nouns are marked for a gender system that combines traditional gender and pragmatic roles.

Genders, with examples, are:

{|border="1" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="4" align="center"
|align = "left"|1st Person
|align = "center"|-Am
|align = "left"|rižem
|align = "left"|I, the king
|align = "left"| 
|align = "left"| 

|-
|align = "left"|2nd Person
|align = "center"|-As
|align = "left"|rižes
|align = "left"|You, the king
|align = "left"| 
|align = "left"| 

|-
|align = "left"|3rd Animate
|align = "center"|-At
|align = "left"|rižet
|align = "left"|He, the king
|align = "left"| 
|align = "left"| 

|-
|align = "left"|3rd Inanimate
|align = "center"|-∅
|align = "left"|riž
|align = "left"|It, the kingdom
|align = "left"|čom
|align = "left"|The land

|-
|align = "left"|Negative Animate
|align = "center"|-nA
|align = "left"|rižne
|align = "left"|No king
|align = "left"| 
|align = "left"| 

|-
|align = "left"|Negative Inanimate
|align = "center"|A-
|align = "left"|eriž
|align = "left"|No kingdom
|align = "left"|očom
|align = "left"|No land

|} 

===Cases===

Case marking is ergative for Inanimate and Negative subjects, and accusative in all other cases.

Cases are:

{|border="1" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="4" align="center"
|align = "left"|Erg
|align = "center"|-Er
|align = "left"|--
|align = "left"|čomır

|-
|align = "left"|Nom/Abs
|align = "center"|-∅
|align = "left"|rižet
|align = "left"|čom

|-
|align = "left"|Acc
|align = "center"|-An
|align = "left"|rižeten
|align = "left"|--

|-
|align = "left"|Dat
|align = "center"|-Em
|align = "left"|rižetim
|align = "left"|čomım

|-
|align = "left"|Gen
|align = "center"|-Es
|align = "left"|rižetis
|align = "left"|čomıs

|-
|align = "left"|Ins/Loc
|align = "center"|-O
|align = "left"|rižetü
|align = "left"|čomu

|-
|align = "left"|Com
|align = "center"|-bA
|align = "left"|rižetbe
|align = "left"|čombo

|} 

[[Category: Conlangs]]

Terzemian

2013-04-29T09:35:49Z

Paul.w.bennett: /* Nine and 13 Vowel Systems */

{{IPA|}}

{{Infobox|name=Terzemian|pronounce=tɜ˞ˈzɛj.mjən|tu=Possible [[League of Lost Languages|LLL]] candidate|script=Latin, Cyrillic, Arabic, UTA|tree=Unique PIE, influences from Kartvelian, Turkic, Persian, Uralic and Slavic|morph=Mixed|ms=Lexically Split-S|wo=VSO|creator=[[User:Paul.w.bennett|Paul.w.bennett]]|date=}}

=Overview=

Terzemian is an [[Wikipedia:Indo-European|IE-derived]] conlang located along the west coast of the Caspian Sea. It is a [[Wikipedia:Centum-Satem_isogloss|satem]] language (the word for ''hundred'' is šündo (шүндо, şyndo, شَِنداَ /ʃyndo/) that uses the ''ruki'' rule, Grassman's law, Slavic-type depalatalization, z/r alternation, r/n alternation, a three-group vowel harmony system, and two phases of lenition (the first word-final, and the second approximately intervocalic).

=Phonology=

==Consonants==

{|border="1" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="4" align="center"
|align = "center"|p b
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"|t d
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"|k g
|align = "center"|kʷ gʷ
|align = "center"|q ɢ
|align = "center"|ʔ

|-
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"|f v
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"|s z
|align = "center"|ʃ ʒ
|align = "center"|ɬ ɮ
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"|x ɣ
|align = "center"|xʷ ɣʷ
|align = "center"|χ ʁ
|align = "center"|h

|-
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"|ts
|align = "center"|tʃ
|align = "center"|tɬ
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 

|-
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"|w
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"|l
|align = "center"|j
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 

|-
|align = "center"|m
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"|n
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"|ŋ
|align = "center"|ŋʷ
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 

|-
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"|ɾ ɹ
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 

|} 

==Vowels==

Depending on your viewpoint, there are either 13, 9, 7, 6, or 3 vowels. To be more specific, there are 3 vowel harmony groups, with 3 vowels in each group (plus an additional four metavocalic symbols), but there is some overlap.

===Twelve Vowel System===

{|border="1" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="4" align="center"
|align = "center"|'''Root'''
|align = "center"|''ε''
|align = "center"|''α''
|align = "center"|''ω''
|align = "center"|''я''
|align = "center"|''ю''

|-
|align = "center"|'''i'''
|align = "center"|i
|align = "center"|e
|align = "center"|y
|align = "center"|iː
|align = "center"|iw

|-
|align = "center"|'''a'''
|align = "center"|e
|align = "center"|a
|align = "center"|o
|align = "center"|ja
|align = "center"|aː

|-
|align = "center"|'''u'''
|align = "center"|y
|align = "center"|o
|align = "center"|u
|align = "center"|ju
|align = "center"|uː

|} 

In addition, the metavowels ''ə'' and ''←'' respectively stand for "the root vowel" and "the vowel immediately to the left".

===Seven Vowel System===

The Seven Vowel system is retained in writing in the UTA and Arabic scripts, but in modern times, /y/ and /ɯ/ have merged under Soviet influence (being in complementary distribution, and not found in Russian), and the Six Vowel system has replaced it for the Latin and Cyrillic scripts, and in modern pronunciation (in all but the most careful / formal contexts).

{|border="1" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="4" align="center"
|align = "center"|i y
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"|ɯ u

|-
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"|e
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"|o
|align = "center"| 

|-
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"|ɑ
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 

|} 

===Six Vowel System===

{|border="1" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="4" align="center"
|align = "center"|i
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"|ɨ
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"|u

|-
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"|e
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"|o
|align = "center"| 

|-
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"|ɑ
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 

|} 

=Writing System=

Terzemian has been written in a variety of scripts. In the modern era, a modified Latin alphabet is used. During the Soviet era, Cyrillic was used, and can still be found. Before the Soviet era, a form of the [[Wikipedia:Uniform Turkic Alphabet|UTA]] was used alongside Arabic. The Arabic script can still be found in general use in certain areas, as well as among the Muslim population throughout the region. Despite (or perhaps because) the fact that the move to the Latin script was a deliberate process to reflect post-Soviet independence, there is also a small folkish movement to return to the UTA script. In short, the learner of Terzemian should concentrate on learning the Latin script, but should be prepared to encounter Cyrillic, UTA, and Arabic on a more or less daily basis.

==Logical Layout==

The following tables illustrate the writing systems with a layout that is in accordance with the Phonology tables above.

===Modern Latin===

{|border="1" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="4" align="center"
|align = "center"|p b
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"|t d
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"|k g
|align = "center"|k˚ g˚
|align = "center"|ḳ ġ
|align = "center"|ʼ

|-
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"|f v
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"|s z
|align = "center"|š ž
|align = "center"|ł ł̣
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"|x ǧ
|align = "center"|x˚ ǧ˚
|align = "center"|x̣ ǧ̇
|align = "center"|h

|-
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"|c
|align = "center"|č
|align = "center"|tł
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 

|-
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"|w
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"|l
|align = "center"|j
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 

|-
|align = "center"|m
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"|n
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"|ň
|align = "center"|ň˚
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 

|-
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"|ṛ r
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 

|} 

{|border="1" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="4" align="center"
|align = "center"|i
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"|y
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"|u

|-
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"|e
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"|o
|align = "center"| 

|-
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"|a
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 

|} 

===UTA===

{|border="1" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="4" align="center"
|align = "center"|p b
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"|t d
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"|k g
|align = "center"|kъ gъ
|align = "center"|ķ g̓
|align = "center"|q

|-
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"|f v
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"|s z
|align = "center"|ş ƶ
|align = "center"|ł ľ
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"|x ƣ
|align = "center"|xъ ƣъ
|align = "center"|x̧ ƣ̓
|align = "center"|h

|-
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"|c
|align = "center"|ç
|align = "center"|tł
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 

|-
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"|w
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"|l
|align = "center"|j
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 

|-
|align = "center"|m
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"|n
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"|ŋ
|align = "center"|ŋъ

|-
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"|r ř
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 

|} 

{|border="1" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="4" align="center"
|align = "center"|i y
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"|ı u

|-
|align = "center"|e
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"|o

|-
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"|a
|align = "center"| 

|} 

===Cyrillic===

{|border="1" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="4" align="center"
|align = "center"|п б
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"|т д
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"|к г
|align = "center"|къ гъ къ
|align = "center"|қ ӷ
|align = "center"|Ӏ

|-
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"|ф в
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"|с з
|align = "center"|ш ж
|align = "center"|ӆ ԓ
|align = "center"|х ғ
|align = "center"|хъ ғъ
|align = "center"|ҳ ӷ̵
|align = "center"|һ

|-
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"|ц
|align = "center"|ч
|align = "center"|тӆ
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 

|-
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"|ў
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"|й
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 

|-
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"|л
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 

|-
|align = "center"|м
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"|н
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"|ң
|align = "center"|ңъ
|align = "center"| 

|-
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"|р ʀ
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 

|} 

{|border="1" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="4" align="center"
|align = "center"|и
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"|ы
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"|у

|-
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"|э
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"|о
|align = "center"| 

|-
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"|а
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 

|} 

===Arabic===

{|border="1" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="4" align="center"
|align = "center"|پ ب
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"|ت د
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"|ك گ
|align = "center"| 

|-
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"|ف ڒ
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"|س ز
|align = "center"|ژ ش
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"|خ غ
|align = "center"|ه

|-
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| څ
|align = "center"| چ
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 

|-
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| و
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| ي
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 

|-
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| ل
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 

|-
|align = "center"| م
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| ن
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| ڽ
|align = "center"| 

|-
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"|ر
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 

|} 

{|border="1" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="4" align="center"
|align = "center"|هِ
|align = "center"| هَِ
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| هَ

|-
|align = "center"| اِ
|align = "center"| اَِ
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| اَ

|-
|align = "center"| اٍ
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"|ا
|align = "center"|اً

|} 

==Alphabetical Orders==

The tables above approximately follow the IPA layout for the sounds of Terzemian. The correct orders of the writing systems of Terzemian are:

* Latin: Aa Ää Åå Bb Cc Čč Dd Ee Ff Gg Ǧǧ Ġġ Ǧ̇ǧ̇ Hh Ii Kk Ll Łł Mm Nn Ňň Oo Öö Pp Rr Ṛṛ Ss Šš Tt Uu Üü Vv Ww Xx X̣x̣ Yy Zz Žž ˚ ʼ
* Cyrillic: Аа Әә Бб Вв Гг Ғғ Ӷ̵ӷ̵ Дд Ее Жж Зз Һһ Ии Йй Кк Лл Ӆӆ Ԓԓ Мм Нн Ңң Оо Өө Пп Рр Rʀ Сс Тт Уу Ўў Үү Фф Хх Ҳҳ Цц Чч Шш Щщ Ъъ Ыы Ьь Ээ Ɔɔ Юю Яя ӏ
* UTA: Aa Əə Bb Cc Çç Dd Ee Ff Gg Ƣƣ Hh Ii Jj Kk Ll Mm Nn Ŋŋ Oo Ɵɵ Ɔɔ Pp Rr Ss Şş Tt Uu Vv Ww Xx Yy Zz Ƶƶ Qq Ъъ
* Arabic: ا ب ت پ ح خ څ چ د ر ز ژ س ش غ ف ك گ ل م ن ڽ ه و ۆ ي هِ هَِ هَ اِ اَِ اَ اٍ اً

The following chart shows the other writing systems in the latin order:

{|border="1" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="4" align="center"
|align = "center"|'''Latin'''
|align = "center"|Aa
|align = "center"|Ää
|align = "center"|Åå
|align = "center"|Bb
|align = "center"|Cc
|align = "center"|Čč
|align = "center"|Dd
|align = "center"|Ee
|align = "center"|Ff
|align = "center"|Gg
|align = "center"|Ǧǧ
|align = "center"|Ġġ
|align = "center"|Ǧ̇ǧ̇
|align = "center"|Hh
|align = "center"|Ii
|align = "center"|Kk
|align = "center"|Ll
|align = "center"|Łł
|align = "center"|Mm

|-
|align = "center"|'''Cyrillic'''
|align = "center"|Аа
|align = "center"|Әә
|align = "center"|Ɔɔ
|align = "center"|Бб
|align = "center"|Цц
|align = "center"|Чч
|align = "center"|Дд
|align = "center"|Ээ
|align = "center"|Фф
|align = "center"|Гг
|align = "center"|Ғғ
|align = "center"|Ӷ̵ӷ̵
|align = "center"|''???''
|align = "center"|Һһ
|align = "center"|Ии
|align = "center"|Кк
|align = "center"|Лл
|align = "center"|Ӆӆ / Ԓԓ
|align = "center"|Мм

|-
|align = "center"|''Latin''
|align = "center"|Nn
|align = "center"|Ňň
|align = "center"|Oo
|align = "center"|Öö
|align = "center"|Pp
|align = "center"|Rr
|align = "center"|Ṛṛ
|align = "center"|Ss
|align = "center"|Šš
|align = "center"|Tt
|align = "center"|Uu
|align = "center"|Üü
|align = "center"|Vv
|align = "center"|Ww
|align = "center"|Xx
|align = "center"|X̣x̣
|align = "center"|Yy
|align = "center"|Zz
|align = "center"|Žž
|align = "center"|˚
|align = "center"|ʼ
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 

|-
|align = "center"|''Cyrillic''
|align = "center"|Нн
|align = "center"|Ңң
|align = "center"|Оо
|align = "center"|Өө
|align = "center"|Пп
|align = "center"|Rʀ
|align = "center"|Рр
|align = "center"|Сс
|align = "center"|Шш
|align = "center"|Тт
|align = "center"|Уу
|align = "center"|Үү
|align = "center"|Вв
|align = "center"|Ўў
|align = "center"|Хх
|align = "center"|Ҳҳ
|align = "center"|Йй
|align = "center"|Зз
|align = "center"|Жж
|align = "center"|Ъъ
|align = "center"|ӏ
|align = "center"|Щщ
|align = "center"|Ыы
|align = "center"|Ьь
|align = "center"|Юю
|align = "center"|Яя
|align = "center"|Ее

|} 

Notes:

* The Cyrillic letters ''Щ'', ''Ъ'', and ''Ь'' are not used in native words.
* The Cyrillic letters ''Е'', ''Ю'', and ''Я'' are occasionally used in native words.
* The Arabic characters هِ هَِ هَ use the letter ه as a base character for illustration. The actual vowels are written as just the diactrics, attached to the preceeding consonant.

=Sound Changes=

''See the [[Terzemian/Sound_Changes|Sound Changes]] subarticle.

=Morphosyntax=

==Harmony==

===Vowels===

{|border="1" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="4" align="center"
|align = "center" rowspan = "2"|'''Root Vowel'''
|align = "center" colspan = "3"|'''Prefix Vowel'''
|align = "center" colspan = "6"|'''Suffix Vowel'''

|-

|align = "center"|'''i'''
|align = "center"|'''u'''
|align = "center"|'''a'''

|align = "center"|'''i'''
|align = "center"|'''ü'''
|align = "center"|'''e'''
|align = "center"|'''ö'''
|align = "center"|'''ä'''
|align = "center"|'''a'''

|-
|align = "center"|'''i'''

|align = "center"|i
|align = "center"|ü
|align = "center"|e

|align = "center"|i
|align = "center"|ü
|align = "center"|e
|align = "center"|ö
|align = "center"|ä
|align = "center"|a

|-
|align = "center"|'''ü'''

|align = "center"|i
|align = "center"|ü
|align = "center"|e

|align = "center"|ü
|align = "center"|u
|align = "center"|ö
|align = "center"|o
|align = "center"|ä
|align = "center"|a

|-
|align = "center"|'''u'''

|align = "center"|ü
|align = "center"|u
|align = "center"|o

|align = "center"|ü
|align = "center"|u
|align = "center"|ö
|align = "center"|o
|align = "center"|a
|align = "center"|å

|-
|align = "center"|'''e'''

|align = "center"|i
|align = "center"|ö
|align = "center"|ä

|align = "center"|i
|align = "center"|ü
|align = "center"|e
|align = "center"|ö
|align = "center"|ä
|align = "center"|a

|-
|align = "center"|'''ö'''

|align = "center"|ü
|align = "center"|o
|align = "center"|å

|align = "center"|ü
|align = "center"|u
|align = "center"|ö
|align = "center"|o
|align = "center"|ä
|align = "center"|a

|-
|align = "center"|'''o'''

|align = "center"|ö
|align = "center"|å
|align = "center"|a

|align = "center"|ü
|align = "center"|u
|align = "center"|ö
|align = "center"|o
|align = "center"|a
|align = "center"|å

|-
|align = "center"|'''ä'''

|align = "center"|e
|align = "center"|å
|align = "center"|a

|align = "center"|e
|align = "center"|ö
|align = "center"|ä
|align = "center"|å
|align = "center"|ä
|align = "center"|a

|-
|align = "center"|'''a'''

|align = "center"|e
|align = "center"|o
|align = "center"|a

|align = "center"|e
|align = "center"|ö
|align = "center"|ä
|align = "center"|å
|align = "center"|ä
|align = "center"|a

|-
|align = "center"|'''å'''

|align = "center"|ä
|align = "center"|åɧ
|align = "center"|aɧ

|align = "center"|e
|align = "center"|ö
|align = "center"|ä
|align = "center"|å
|align = "center"|ä
|align = "center"|a

|} 

===Fricative===

The metasymbol ''ɧ'' represents an assimilatory fricative, as follows:

{|border="1" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="4" align="center"
! Next Consonant || p,b,m,f,v,w || t,d,n,s,z,l,r || č,š,ž,y || k,g,x,ǧ || h
|-
| '''Outcome''' || f || s || š || x || ∅
|}

If there is no next consonant in the root, ''ɧ'' assimilates to the previous consonant.

If there is no next consonant and no previous consonant in the root, ''ɧ'' becomes ''h''.

==Verbs==

===Agreement===

Terzemain nouns mark two or less of three core cases, notionally representing the semantic roles INITIATOR, UNDERGOER, and TARGET. For ease of reference, these will be marked with the traditional A, P, and O labels used in discussing Ergative/Accusative marking.

Terzemian is Split-S, with Ergative or Accusative style marking determined lexically by the conjugation of the verb.

The conjugations are as follows:

{|border="1" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="4" align="center"
! Conj. || Required || Optional || Description
|-
| '''1 a''' || A ||   || Intransitive Active verbs
|-
| '''1 b''' || P || A ''(causitive)'' || Intransitive Stative verbs
|-
| '''2''' || AP ||   || Transitive Active verbs
|}

====Ablaut Patterns====

{|border="1" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="4" align="center"
|align = "center"|'''Conj.'''
|align = "center"|'''Root Vowel'''
|align = "center"|'''Non-P R'''
|align = "center"|'''Past R'''
|align = "center"|'''Non-P Ir'''
|align = "center"|'''Past Ir'''

|-
|align = "center" rowspan = "9"|'''1 a/b'''
|align = "center"|'''i'''
|align = "center"|i
|align = "center"|e
|align = "center"|ü
|align = "center"|iy

|-
|align = "center"|'''ü'''
|align = "center"|ü
|align = "center"|ö
|align = "center"|u
|align = "center"|üy

|-
|align = "center"|'''u'''
|align = "center"|u
|align = "center"|o
|align = "center"|uw
|align = "center"|wo

|-
|align = "center"|'''e'''
|align = "center"|e
|align = "center"|ä
|align = "center"|ö
|align = "center"|ye

|-
|align = "center"|'''ö'''
|align = "center"|ö
|align = "center"|a
|align = "center"|o
|align = "center"|yo

|-
|align = "center"|'''o'''
|align = "center"|o
|align = "center"|å
|align = "center"|ow
|align = "center"|öü

|-
|align = "center"|'''ä'''
|align = "center"|ä
|align = "center"|äh
|align = "center"|a
|align = "center"|e

|-
|align = "center"|'''a'''
|align = "center"|a
|align = "center"|ah
|align = "center"|ay
|align = "center"|ey

|-
|align = "center"|'''å'''
|align = "center"|å
|align = "center"|åh
|align = "center"|åw
|align = "center"|ow

|-
|align = "center" rowspan = "9"|'''2'''
|align = "center"|'''i'''
|align = "center"|i
|align = "center"|ü
|align = "center"|e
|align = "center"|ö

|-
|align = "center"|'''ü'''
|align = "center"|ü
|align = "center"|u
|align = "center"|ö
|align = "center"|o

|-
|align = "center"|'''u'''
|align = "center"|u
|align = "center"|uw
|align = "center"|o
|align = "center"|ow

|-
|align = "center"|'''e'''
|align = "center"|e
|align = "center"|ö
|align = "center"|ä
|align = "center"|å

|-
|align = "center"|'''ö'''
|align = "center"|ö
|align = "center"|o
|align = "center"|å
|align = "center"|a

|-
|align = "center"|'''o'''
|align = "center"|o
|align = "center"|ow
|align = "center"|å
|align = "center"|a

|-
|align = "center"|'''ä'''
|align = "center"|ä
|align = "center"|a
|align = "center"|äɧ
|align = "center"|aɧ

|-
|align = "center"|'''a'''
|align = "center"|a
|align = "center"|å
|align = "center"|aɧ
|align = "center"|åɧ

|-
|align = "center"|'''å'''
|align = "center"|å
|align = "center"|åw
|align = "center"|åɧ
|align = "center"|åwɧ

|} 

====Agreement prefixes====

{|border="1" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="4" align="center"
! Conj. || Argument || 1st Person || 2nd || 3rd
|-
| 1 || A || ǧ- || z- || i-
|-
| 1 || P || - || yu- || c-
|-
| 2 || A || - || smu- || s-
|-
| 2 || P || m- || yu- || -
|}

===Tense and Evidentiality===

There are two verb tenses, the past and non-past.

*In the past tense, there are three evidentiality/reality markings:
**''direct'' realis, indicating first-hand observational (e.g. "eye witness") knowledge. This is marked by the prefix ''e-'', in addition to ablaut.
**''indirect'' realis, indicating knowledge that is informed, inferred, supposed, or otherwise not personal. This is marked by ablaut alone.
**irrealis, making no overt statement about the reality of the VP, but inferring a lesser degree of certainty than either realis marking.
*In the non-past, only the realis and irrealis are distinguished.

===Aspect, Mood, Intensity, and Attitude===

Additional verb characteristics are expressed in suffixes, including the following.

*'''Aspect
**'''Inceptive'''
**'''Abortive'''
**'''Completitive''' ''-åǧ''
**'''Participle''' ''-önz''
**'''Perfect''' ''-gäv''
*'''Mood'''
**'''Imperative''' (use bare root)
**'''Negative''' ''-nä''
**'''Optative/Hortative/Jussive''' ''-zün''
**'''Causative/Volition''' (A -> P, Cause -> A)
*'''Intensity'''
**'''More Intense''' ''-siz''
**'''Less Intense''' ''-(d)e'' (NB: same as nominal diminutive)

Suffixes may be chained in a head-modifier (right-branching) manner.

Example: '''ävåwsezzönnä''' - ''I certainly did not want to soundly beat him.''

==Nouns==

===Gender===

There is pragmatic gender marking -- Nouns are marked for a gender system that combines traditional gender and pragmatic roles.

Genders, with examples, are:

{|border="1" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="4" align="center"
|align = "left"|1st Person
|align = "center"|-Am
|align = "left"|rižem
|align = "left"|I, the king
|align = "left"| 
|align = "left"| 

|-
|align = "left"|2nd Person
|align = "center"|-As
|align = "left"|rižes
|align = "left"|You, the king
|align = "left"| 
|align = "left"| 

|-
|align = "left"|3rd Animate
|align = "center"|-At
|align = "left"|rižet
|align = "left"|He, the king
|align = "left"| 
|align = "left"| 

|-
|align = "left"|3rd Inanimate
|align = "center"|-∅
|align = "left"|riž
|align = "left"|It, the kingdom
|align = "left"|čom
|align = "left"|The land

|-
|align = "left"|Negative Animate
|align = "center"|-nA
|align = "left"|rižne
|align = "left"|No king
|align = "left"| 
|align = "left"| 

|-
|align = "left"|Negative Inanimate
|align = "center"|A-
|align = "left"|eriž
|align = "left"|No kingdom
|align = "left"|očom
|align = "left"|No land

|} 

===Cases===

Case marking is ergative for Inanimate and Negative subjects, and accusative in all other cases.

Cases are:

{|border="1" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="4" align="center"
|align = "left"|Erg
|align = "center"|-Er
|align = "left"|--
|align = "left"|čomır

|-
|align = "left"|Nom/Abs
|align = "center"|-∅
|align = "left"|rižet
|align = "left"|čom

|-
|align = "left"|Acc
|align = "center"|-An
|align = "left"|rižeten
|align = "left"|--

|-
|align = "left"|Dat
|align = "center"|-Em
|align = "left"|rižetim
|align = "left"|čomım

|-
|align = "left"|Gen
|align = "center"|-Es
|align = "left"|rižetis
|align = "left"|čomıs

|-
|align = "left"|Ins/Loc
|align = "center"|-O
|align = "left"|rižetü
|align = "left"|čomu

|-
|align = "left"|Com
|align = "center"|-bA
|align = "left"|rižetbe
|align = "left"|čombo

|} 

[[Category: Conlangs]]

Terzemian

2013-04-29T09:32:21Z

Paul.w.bennett: /* Nine and 13 Vowel Systems */

{{IPA|}}

{{Infobox|name=Terzemian|pronounce=tɜ˞ˈzɛj.mjən|tu=Possible [[League of Lost Languages|LLL]] candidate|script=Latin, Cyrillic, Arabic, UTA|tree=Unique PIE, influences from Kartvelian, Turkic, Persian, Uralic and Slavic|morph=Mixed|ms=Lexically Split-S|wo=VSO|creator=[[User:Paul.w.bennett|Paul.w.bennett]]|date=}}

=Overview=

Terzemian is an [[Wikipedia:Indo-European|IE-derived]] conlang located along the west coast of the Caspian Sea. It is a [[Wikipedia:Centum-Satem_isogloss|satem]] language (the word for ''hundred'' is šündo (шүндо, şyndo, شَِنداَ /ʃyndo/) that uses the ''ruki'' rule, Grassman's law, Slavic-type depalatalization, z/r alternation, r/n alternation, a three-group vowel harmony system, and two phases of lenition (the first word-final, and the second approximately intervocalic).

=Phonology=

==Consonants==

{|border="1" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="4" align="center"
|align = "center"|p b
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"|t d
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"|k g
|align = "center"|kʷ gʷ
|align = "center"|q ɢ
|align = "center"|ʔ

|-
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"|f v
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"|s z
|align = "center"|ʃ ʒ
|align = "center"|ɬ ɮ
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"|x ɣ
|align = "center"|xʷ ɣʷ
|align = "center"|χ ʁ
|align = "center"|h

|-
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"|ts
|align = "center"|tʃ
|align = "center"|tɬ
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 

|-
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"|w
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"|l
|align = "center"|j
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 

|-
|align = "center"|m
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"|n
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"|ŋ
|align = "center"|ŋʷ
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 

|-
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"|ɾ ɹ
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 

|} 

==Vowels==

Depending on your viewpoint, there are either 13, 9, 7, 6, or 3 vowels. To be more specific, there are 3 vowel harmony groups, with 3 vowels in each group (plus an additional four metavocalic symbols), but there is some overlap.

===Nine and 13 Vowel Systems===

{|border="1" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="4" align="center"
|align = "center"|'''Root'''
|align = "center"|''ε''
|align = "center"|''α''
|align = "center"|''ω''
|align = "center"|''я''
|align = "center"|''ю''

|-
|align = "center"|'''i'''
|align = "center"|i
|align = "center"|e
|align = "center"|y
|align = "center"|iː
|align = "center"|iw

|-
|align = "center"|'''a'''
|align = "center"|e
|align = "center"|a
|align = "center"|o
|align = "center"|ja
|align = "center"|aː

|-
|align = "center"|'''u'''
|align = "center"|y
|align = "center"|o
|align = "center"|u
|align = "center"|ju
|align = "center"|uː

|} 

In addition, the metavowels ''ə'' and ''←'' respectively stand for "the root vowel" and "the vowel immediately to the left".

===Seven Vowel System===

The Seven Vowel system is retained in writing in the UTA and Arabic scripts, but in modern times, /y/ and /ɯ/ have merged under Soviet influence (being in complementary distribution, and not found in Russian), and the Six Vowel system has replaced it for the Latin and Cyrillic scripts, and in modern pronunciation (in all but the most careful / formal contexts).

{|border="1" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="4" align="center"
|align = "center"|i y
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"|ɯ u

|-
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"|e
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"|o
|align = "center"| 

|-
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"|ɑ
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 

|} 

===Six Vowel System===

{|border="1" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="4" align="center"
|align = "center"|i
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"|ɨ
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"|u

|-
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"|e
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"|o
|align = "center"| 

|-
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"|ɑ
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 

|} 

=Writing System=

Terzemian has been written in a variety of scripts. In the modern era, a modified Latin alphabet is used. During the Soviet era, Cyrillic was used, and can still be found. Before the Soviet era, a form of the [[Wikipedia:Uniform Turkic Alphabet|UTA]] was used alongside Arabic. The Arabic script can still be found in general use in certain areas, as well as among the Muslim population throughout the region. Despite (or perhaps because) the fact that the move to the Latin script was a deliberate process to reflect post-Soviet independence, there is also a small folkish movement to return to the UTA script. In short, the learner of Terzemian should concentrate on learning the Latin script, but should be prepared to encounter Cyrillic, UTA, and Arabic on a more or less daily basis.

==Logical Layout==

The following tables illustrate the writing systems with a layout that is in accordance with the Phonology tables above.

===Modern Latin===

{|border="1" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="4" align="center"
|align = "center"|p b
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"|t d
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"|k g
|align = "center"|k˚ g˚
|align = "center"|ḳ ġ
|align = "center"|ʼ

|-
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"|f v
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"|s z
|align = "center"|š ž
|align = "center"|ł ł̣
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"|x ǧ
|align = "center"|x˚ ǧ˚
|align = "center"|x̣ ǧ̇
|align = "center"|h

|-
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"|c
|align = "center"|č
|align = "center"|tł
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 

|-
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"|w
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"|l
|align = "center"|j
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 

|-
|align = "center"|m
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"|n
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"|ň
|align = "center"|ň˚
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 

|-
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"|ṛ r
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 

|} 

{|border="1" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="4" align="center"
|align = "center"|i
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"|y
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"|u

|-
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"|e
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"|o
|align = "center"| 

|-
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"|a
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 

|} 

===UTA===

{|border="1" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="4" align="center"
|align = "center"|p b
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"|t d
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"|k g
|align = "center"|kъ gъ
|align = "center"|ķ g̓
|align = "center"|q

|-
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"|f v
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"|s z
|align = "center"|ş ƶ
|align = "center"|ł ľ
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"|x ƣ
|align = "center"|xъ ƣъ
|align = "center"|x̧ ƣ̓
|align = "center"|h

|-
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"|c
|align = "center"|ç
|align = "center"|tł
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 

|-
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"|w
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"|l
|align = "center"|j
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 

|-
|align = "center"|m
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"|n
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"|ŋ
|align = "center"|ŋъ

|-
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"|r ř
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 

|} 

{|border="1" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="4" align="center"
|align = "center"|i y
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"|ı u

|-
|align = "center"|e
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"|o

|-
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"|a
|align = "center"| 

|} 

===Cyrillic===

{|border="1" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="4" align="center"
|align = "center"|п б
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"|т д
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"|к г
|align = "center"|къ гъ къ
|align = "center"|қ ӷ
|align = "center"|Ӏ

|-
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"|ф в
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"|с з
|align = "center"|ш ж
|align = "center"|ӆ ԓ
|align = "center"|х ғ
|align = "center"|хъ ғъ
|align = "center"|ҳ ӷ̵
|align = "center"|һ

|-
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"|ц
|align = "center"|ч
|align = "center"|тӆ
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 

|-
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"|ў
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"|й
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 

|-
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"|л
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 

|-
|align = "center"|м
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"|н
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"|ң
|align = "center"|ңъ
|align = "center"| 

|-
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"|р ʀ
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 

|} 

{|border="1" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="4" align="center"
|align = "center"|и
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"|ы
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"|у

|-
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"|э
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"|о
|align = "center"| 

|-
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"|а
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 

|} 

===Arabic===

{|border="1" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="4" align="center"
|align = "center"|پ ب
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"|ت د
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"|ك گ
|align = "center"| 

|-
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"|ف ڒ
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"|س ز
|align = "center"|ژ ش
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"|خ غ
|align = "center"|ه

|-
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| څ
|align = "center"| چ
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 

|-
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| و
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| ي
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 

|-
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| ل
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 

|-
|align = "center"| م
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| ن
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| ڽ
|align = "center"| 

|-
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"|ر
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 

|} 

{|border="1" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="4" align="center"
|align = "center"|هِ
|align = "center"| هَِ
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| هَ

|-
|align = "center"| اِ
|align = "center"| اَِ
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| اَ

|-
|align = "center"| اٍ
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"|ا
|align = "center"|اً

|} 

==Alphabetical Orders==

The tables above approximately follow the IPA layout for the sounds of Terzemian. The correct orders of the writing systems of Terzemian are:

* Latin: Aa Ää Åå Bb Cc Čč Dd Ee Ff Gg Ǧǧ Ġġ Ǧ̇ǧ̇ Hh Ii Kk Ll Łł Mm Nn Ňň Oo Öö Pp Rr Ṛṛ Ss Šš Tt Uu Üü Vv Ww Xx X̣x̣ Yy Zz Žž ˚ ʼ
* Cyrillic: Аа Әә Бб Вв Гг Ғғ Ӷ̵ӷ̵ Дд Ее Жж Зз Һһ Ии Йй Кк Лл Ӆӆ Ԓԓ Мм Нн Ңң Оо Өө Пп Рр Rʀ Сс Тт Уу Ўў Үү Фф Хх Ҳҳ Цц Чч Шш Щщ Ъъ Ыы Ьь Ээ Ɔɔ Юю Яя ӏ
* UTA: Aa Əə Bb Cc Çç Dd Ee Ff Gg Ƣƣ Hh Ii Jj Kk Ll Mm Nn Ŋŋ Oo Ɵɵ Ɔɔ Pp Rr Ss Şş Tt Uu Vv Ww Xx Yy Zz Ƶƶ Qq Ъъ
* Arabic: ا ب ت پ ح خ څ چ د ر ز ژ س ش غ ف ك گ ل م ن ڽ ه و ۆ ي هِ هَِ هَ اِ اَِ اَ اٍ اً

The following chart shows the other writing systems in the latin order:

{|border="1" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="4" align="center"
|align = "center"|'''Latin'''
|align = "center"|Aa
|align = "center"|Ää
|align = "center"|Åå
|align = "center"|Bb
|align = "center"|Cc
|align = "center"|Čč
|align = "center"|Dd
|align = "center"|Ee
|align = "center"|Ff
|align = "center"|Gg
|align = "center"|Ǧǧ
|align = "center"|Ġġ
|align = "center"|Ǧ̇ǧ̇
|align = "center"|Hh
|align = "center"|Ii
|align = "center"|Kk
|align = "center"|Ll
|align = "center"|Łł
|align = "center"|Mm

|-
|align = "center"|'''Cyrillic'''
|align = "center"|Аа
|align = "center"|Әә
|align = "center"|Ɔɔ
|align = "center"|Бб
|align = "center"|Цц
|align = "center"|Чч
|align = "center"|Дд
|align = "center"|Ээ
|align = "center"|Фф
|align = "center"|Гг
|align = "center"|Ғғ
|align = "center"|Ӷ̵ӷ̵
|align = "center"|''???''
|align = "center"|Һһ
|align = "center"|Ии
|align = "center"|Кк
|align = "center"|Лл
|align = "center"|Ӆӆ / Ԓԓ
|align = "center"|Мм

|-
|align = "center"|''Latin''
|align = "center"|Nn
|align = "center"|Ňň
|align = "center"|Oo
|align = "center"|Öö
|align = "center"|Pp
|align = "center"|Rr
|align = "center"|Ṛṛ
|align = "center"|Ss
|align = "center"|Šš
|align = "center"|Tt
|align = "center"|Uu
|align = "center"|Üü
|align = "center"|Vv
|align = "center"|Ww
|align = "center"|Xx
|align = "center"|X̣x̣
|align = "center"|Yy
|align = "center"|Zz
|align = "center"|Žž
|align = "center"|˚
|align = "center"|ʼ
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 

|-
|align = "center"|''Cyrillic''
|align = "center"|Нн
|align = "center"|Ңң
|align = "center"|Оо
|align = "center"|Өө
|align = "center"|Пп
|align = "center"|Rʀ
|align = "center"|Рр
|align = "center"|Сс
|align = "center"|Шш
|align = "center"|Тт
|align = "center"|Уу
|align = "center"|Үү
|align = "center"|Вв
|align = "center"|Ўў
|align = "center"|Хх
|align = "center"|Ҳҳ
|align = "center"|Йй
|align = "center"|Зз
|align = "center"|Жж
|align = "center"|Ъъ
|align = "center"|ӏ
|align = "center"|Щщ
|align = "center"|Ыы
|align = "center"|Ьь
|align = "center"|Юю
|align = "center"|Яя
|align = "center"|Ее

|} 

Notes:

* The Cyrillic letters ''Щ'', ''Ъ'', and ''Ь'' are not used in native words.
* The Cyrillic letters ''Е'', ''Ю'', and ''Я'' are occasionally used in native words.
* The Arabic characters هِ هَِ هَ use the letter ه as a base character for illustration. The actual vowels are written as just the diactrics, attached to the preceeding consonant.

=Sound Changes=

''See the [[Terzemian/Sound_Changes|Sound Changes]] subarticle.

=Morphosyntax=

==Harmony==

===Vowels===

{|border="1" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="4" align="center"
|align = "center" rowspan = "2"|'''Root Vowel'''
|align = "center" colspan = "3"|'''Prefix Vowel'''
|align = "center" colspan = "6"|'''Suffix Vowel'''

|-

|align = "center"|'''i'''
|align = "center"|'''u'''
|align = "center"|'''a'''

|align = "center"|'''i'''
|align = "center"|'''ü'''
|align = "center"|'''e'''
|align = "center"|'''ö'''
|align = "center"|'''ä'''
|align = "center"|'''a'''

|-
|align = "center"|'''i'''

|align = "center"|i
|align = "center"|ü
|align = "center"|e

|align = "center"|i
|align = "center"|ü
|align = "center"|e
|align = "center"|ö
|align = "center"|ä
|align = "center"|a

|-
|align = "center"|'''ü'''

|align = "center"|i
|align = "center"|ü
|align = "center"|e

|align = "center"|ü
|align = "center"|u
|align = "center"|ö
|align = "center"|o
|align = "center"|ä
|align = "center"|a

|-
|align = "center"|'''u'''

|align = "center"|ü
|align = "center"|u
|align = "center"|o

|align = "center"|ü
|align = "center"|u
|align = "center"|ö
|align = "center"|o
|align = "center"|a
|align = "center"|å

|-
|align = "center"|'''e'''

|align = "center"|i
|align = "center"|ö
|align = "center"|ä

|align = "center"|i
|align = "center"|ü
|align = "center"|e
|align = "center"|ö
|align = "center"|ä
|align = "center"|a

|-
|align = "center"|'''ö'''

|align = "center"|ü
|align = "center"|o
|align = "center"|å

|align = "center"|ü
|align = "center"|u
|align = "center"|ö
|align = "center"|o
|align = "center"|ä
|align = "center"|a

|-
|align = "center"|'''o'''

|align = "center"|ö
|align = "center"|å
|align = "center"|a

|align = "center"|ü
|align = "center"|u
|align = "center"|ö
|align = "center"|o
|align = "center"|a
|align = "center"|å

|-
|align = "center"|'''ä'''

|align = "center"|e
|align = "center"|å
|align = "center"|a

|align = "center"|e
|align = "center"|ö
|align = "center"|ä
|align = "center"|å
|align = "center"|ä
|align = "center"|a

|-
|align = "center"|'''a'''

|align = "center"|e
|align = "center"|o
|align = "center"|a

|align = "center"|e
|align = "center"|ö
|align = "center"|ä
|align = "center"|å
|align = "center"|ä
|align = "center"|a

|-
|align = "center"|'''å'''

|align = "center"|ä
|align = "center"|åɧ
|align = "center"|aɧ

|align = "center"|e
|align = "center"|ö
|align = "center"|ä
|align = "center"|å
|align = "center"|ä
|align = "center"|a

|} 

===Fricative===

The metasymbol ''ɧ'' represents an assimilatory fricative, as follows:

{|border="1" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="4" align="center"
! Next Consonant || p,b,m,f,v,w || t,d,n,s,z,l,r || č,š,ž,y || k,g,x,ǧ || h
|-
| '''Outcome''' || f || s || š || x || ∅
|}

If there is no next consonant in the root, ''ɧ'' assimilates to the previous consonant.

If there is no next consonant and no previous consonant in the root, ''ɧ'' becomes ''h''.

==Verbs==

===Agreement===

Terzemain nouns mark two or less of three core cases, notionally representing the semantic roles INITIATOR, UNDERGOER, and TARGET. For ease of reference, these will be marked with the traditional A, P, and O labels used in discussing Ergative/Accusative marking.

Terzemian is Split-S, with Ergative or Accusative style marking determined lexically by the conjugation of the verb.

The conjugations are as follows:

{|border="1" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="4" align="center"
! Conj. || Required || Optional || Description
|-
| '''1 a''' || A ||   || Intransitive Active verbs
|-
| '''1 b''' || P || A ''(causitive)'' || Intransitive Stative verbs
|-
| '''2''' || AP ||   || Transitive Active verbs
|}

====Ablaut Patterns====

{|border="1" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="4" align="center"
|align = "center"|'''Conj.'''
|align = "center"|'''Root Vowel'''
|align = "center"|'''Non-P R'''
|align = "center"|'''Past R'''
|align = "center"|'''Non-P Ir'''
|align = "center"|'''Past Ir'''

|-
|align = "center" rowspan = "9"|'''1 a/b'''
|align = "center"|'''i'''
|align = "center"|i
|align = "center"|e
|align = "center"|ü
|align = "center"|iy

|-
|align = "center"|'''ü'''
|align = "center"|ü
|align = "center"|ö
|align = "center"|u
|align = "center"|üy

|-
|align = "center"|'''u'''
|align = "center"|u
|align = "center"|o
|align = "center"|uw
|align = "center"|wo

|-
|align = "center"|'''e'''
|align = "center"|e
|align = "center"|ä
|align = "center"|ö
|align = "center"|ye

|-
|align = "center"|'''ö'''
|align = "center"|ö
|align = "center"|a
|align = "center"|o
|align = "center"|yo

|-
|align = "center"|'''o'''
|align = "center"|o
|align = "center"|å
|align = "center"|ow
|align = "center"|öü

|-
|align = "center"|'''ä'''
|align = "center"|ä
|align = "center"|äh
|align = "center"|a
|align = "center"|e

|-
|align = "center"|'''a'''
|align = "center"|a
|align = "center"|ah
|align = "center"|ay
|align = "center"|ey

|-
|align = "center"|'''å'''
|align = "center"|å
|align = "center"|åh
|align = "center"|åw
|align = "center"|ow

|-
|align = "center" rowspan = "9"|'''2'''
|align = "center"|'''i'''
|align = "center"|i
|align = "center"|ü
|align = "center"|e
|align = "center"|ö

|-
|align = "center"|'''ü'''
|align = "center"|ü
|align = "center"|u
|align = "center"|ö
|align = "center"|o

|-
|align = "center"|'''u'''
|align = "center"|u
|align = "center"|uw
|align = "center"|o
|align = "center"|ow

|-
|align = "center"|'''e'''
|align = "center"|e
|align = "center"|ö
|align = "center"|ä
|align = "center"|å

|-
|align = "center"|'''ö'''
|align = "center"|ö
|align = "center"|o
|align = "center"|å
|align = "center"|a

|-
|align = "center"|'''o'''
|align = "center"|o
|align = "center"|ow
|align = "center"|å
|align = "center"|a

|-
|align = "center"|'''ä'''
|align = "center"|ä
|align = "center"|a
|align = "center"|äɧ
|align = "center"|aɧ

|-
|align = "center"|'''a'''
|align = "center"|a
|align = "center"|å
|align = "center"|aɧ
|align = "center"|åɧ

|-
|align = "center"|'''å'''
|align = "center"|å
|align = "center"|åw
|align = "center"|åɧ
|align = "center"|åwɧ

|} 

====Agreement prefixes====

{|border="1" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="4" align="center"
! Conj. || Argument || 1st Person || 2nd || 3rd
|-
| 1 || A || ǧ- || z- || i-
|-
| 1 || P || - || yu- || c-
|-
| 2 || A || - || smu- || s-
|-
| 2 || P || m- || yu- || -
|}

===Tense and Evidentiality===

There are two verb tenses, the past and non-past.

*In the past tense, there are three evidentiality/reality markings:
**''direct'' realis, indicating first-hand observational (e.g. "eye witness") knowledge. This is marked by the prefix ''e-'', in addition to ablaut.
**''indirect'' realis, indicating knowledge that is informed, inferred, supposed, or otherwise not personal. This is marked by ablaut alone.
**irrealis, making no overt statement about the reality of the VP, but inferring a lesser degree of certainty than either realis marking.
*In the non-past, only the realis and irrealis are distinguished.

===Aspect, Mood, Intensity, and Attitude===

Additional verb characteristics are expressed in suffixes, including the following.

*'''Aspect
**'''Inceptive'''
**'''Abortive'''
**'''Completitive''' ''-åǧ''
**'''Participle''' ''-önz''
**'''Perfect''' ''-gäv''
*'''Mood'''
**'''Imperative''' (use bare root)
**'''Negative''' ''-nä''
**'''Optative/Hortative/Jussive''' ''-zün''
**'''Causative/Volition''' (A -> P, Cause -> A)
*'''Intensity'''
**'''More Intense''' ''-siz''
**'''Less Intense''' ''-(d)e'' (NB: same as nominal diminutive)

Suffixes may be chained in a head-modifier (right-branching) manner.

Example: '''ävåwsezzönnä''' - ''I certainly did not want to soundly beat him.''

==Nouns==

===Gender===

There is pragmatic gender marking -- Nouns are marked for a gender system that combines traditional gender and pragmatic roles.

Genders, with examples, are:

{|border="1" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="4" align="center"
|align = "left"|1st Person
|align = "center"|-Am
|align = "left"|rižem
|align = "left"|I, the king
|align = "left"| 
|align = "left"| 

|-
|align = "left"|2nd Person
|align = "center"|-As
|align = "left"|rižes
|align = "left"|You, the king
|align = "left"| 
|align = "left"| 

|-
|align = "left"|3rd Animate
|align = "center"|-At
|align = "left"|rižet
|align = "left"|He, the king
|align = "left"| 
|align = "left"| 

|-
|align = "left"|3rd Inanimate
|align = "center"|-∅
|align = "left"|riž
|align = "left"|It, the kingdom
|align = "left"|čom
|align = "left"|The land

|-
|align = "left"|Negative Animate
|align = "center"|-nA
|align = "left"|rižne
|align = "left"|No king
|align = "left"| 
|align = "left"| 

|-
|align = "left"|Negative Inanimate
|align = "center"|A-
|align = "left"|eriž
|align = "left"|No kingdom
|align = "left"|očom
|align = "left"|No land

|} 

===Cases===

Case marking is ergative for Inanimate and Negative subjects, and accusative in all other cases.

Cases are:

{|border="1" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="4" align="center"
|align = "left"|Erg
|align = "center"|-Er
|align = "left"|--
|align = "left"|čomır

|-
|align = "left"|Nom/Abs
|align = "center"|-∅
|align = "left"|rižet
|align = "left"|čom

|-
|align = "left"|Acc
|align = "center"|-An
|align = "left"|rižeten
|align = "left"|--

|-
|align = "left"|Dat
|align = "center"|-Em
|align = "left"|rižetim
|align = "left"|čomım

|-
|align = "left"|Gen
|align = "center"|-Es
|align = "left"|rižetis
|align = "left"|čomıs

|-
|align = "left"|Ins/Loc
|align = "center"|-O
|align = "left"|rižetü
|align = "left"|čomu

|-
|align = "left"|Com
|align = "center"|-bA
|align = "left"|rižetbe
|align = "left"|čombo

|} 

[[Category: Conlangs]]

Terzemian

2013-04-29T09:30:41Z

Paul.w.bennett:

{{IPA|}}

{{Infobox|name=Terzemian|pronounce=tɜ˞ˈzɛj.mjən|tu=Possible [[League of Lost Languages|LLL]] candidate|script=Latin, Cyrillic, Arabic, UTA|tree=Unique PIE, influences from Kartvelian, Turkic, Persian, Uralic and Slavic|morph=Mixed|ms=Lexically Split-S|wo=VSO|creator=[[User:Paul.w.bennett|Paul.w.bennett]]|date=}}

=Overview=

Terzemian is an [[Wikipedia:Indo-European|IE-derived]] conlang located along the west coast of the Caspian Sea. It is a [[Wikipedia:Centum-Satem_isogloss|satem]] language (the word for ''hundred'' is šündo (шүндо, şyndo, شَِنداَ /ʃyndo/) that uses the ''ruki'' rule, Grassman's law, Slavic-type depalatalization, z/r alternation, r/n alternation, a three-group vowel harmony system, and two phases of lenition (the first word-final, and the second approximately intervocalic).

=Phonology=

==Consonants==

{|border="1" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="4" align="center"
|align = "center"|p b
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"|t d
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"|k g
|align = "center"|kʷ gʷ
|align = "center"|q ɢ
|align = "center"|ʔ

|-
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"|f v
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"|s z
|align = "center"|ʃ ʒ
|align = "center"|ɬ ɮ
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"|x ɣ
|align = "center"|xʷ ɣʷ
|align = "center"|χ ʁ
|align = "center"|h

|-
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"|ts
|align = "center"|tʃ
|align = "center"|tɬ
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 

|-
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"|w
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"|l
|align = "center"|j
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 

|-
|align = "center"|m
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"|n
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"|ŋ
|align = "center"|ŋʷ
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 

|-
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"|ɾ ɹ
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 

|} 

==Vowels==

Depending on your viewpoint, there are either 13, 9, 7, 6, or 3 vowels. To be more specific, there are 3 vowel harmony groups, with 3 vowels in each group (plus an additional four metavocalic symbols), but there is some overlap.

===Nine and 13 Vowel Systems===

{|border="1" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="4" align="center"
|align = "center"|'''Root'''
|align = "center"|''ε''
|align = "center"|''α''
|align = "center"|''ω''
|align = "center"|''я''
|align = "center"|''ю''

|-
|align = "center"|'''i'''
|align = "center"|i
|align = "center"|e
|align = "center"|y
|align = "center"|i:
|align = "center"|ju

|-
|align = "center"|'''a'''
|align = "center"|e
|align = "center"|a
|align = "center"|o
|align = "center"|ja
|align = "center"|aw

|-
|align = "center"|'''u'''
|align = "center"|y
|align = "center"|o
|align = "center"|u
|align = "center"|ju
|align = "center"|u:

|} 

In addition, the metavowels ''ə'' and ''←'' respectively stand for "the root vowel" and "the vowel immediately to the left".

===Seven Vowel System===

The Seven Vowel system is retained in writing in the UTA and Arabic scripts, but in modern times, /y/ and /ɯ/ have merged under Soviet influence (being in complementary distribution, and not found in Russian), and the Six Vowel system has replaced it for the Latin and Cyrillic scripts, and in modern pronunciation (in all but the most careful / formal contexts).

{|border="1" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="4" align="center"
|align = "center"|i y
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"|ɯ u

|-
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"|e
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"|o
|align = "center"| 

|-
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"|ɑ
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 

|} 

===Six Vowel System===

{|border="1" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="4" align="center"
|align = "center"|i
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"|ɨ
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"|u

|-
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"|e
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"|o
|align = "center"| 

|-
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"|ɑ
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 

|} 

=Writing System=

Terzemian has been written in a variety of scripts. In the modern era, a modified Latin alphabet is used. During the Soviet era, Cyrillic was used, and can still be found. Before the Soviet era, a form of the [[Wikipedia:Uniform Turkic Alphabet|UTA]] was used alongside Arabic. The Arabic script can still be found in general use in certain areas, as well as among the Muslim population throughout the region. Despite (or perhaps because) the fact that the move to the Latin script was a deliberate process to reflect post-Soviet independence, there is also a small folkish movement to return to the UTA script. In short, the learner of Terzemian should concentrate on learning the Latin script, but should be prepared to encounter Cyrillic, UTA, and Arabic on a more or less daily basis.

==Logical Layout==

The following tables illustrate the writing systems with a layout that is in accordance with the Phonology tables above.

===Modern Latin===

{|border="1" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="4" align="center"
|align = "center"|p b
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"|t d
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"|k g
|align = "center"|k˚ g˚
|align = "center"|ḳ ġ
|align = "center"|ʼ

|-
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"|f v
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"|s z
|align = "center"|š ž
|align = "center"|ł ł̣
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"|x ǧ
|align = "center"|x˚ ǧ˚
|align = "center"|x̣ ǧ̇
|align = "center"|h

|-
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"|c
|align = "center"|č
|align = "center"|tł
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 

|-
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"|w
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"|l
|align = "center"|j
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 

|-
|align = "center"|m
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"|n
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"|ň
|align = "center"|ň˚
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 

|-
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"|ṛ r
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 

|} 

{|border="1" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="4" align="center"
|align = "center"|i
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"|y
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"|u

|-
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"|e
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"|o
|align = "center"| 

|-
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"|a
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 

|} 

===UTA===

{|border="1" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="4" align="center"
|align = "center"|p b
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"|t d
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"|k g
|align = "center"|kъ gъ
|align = "center"|ķ g̓
|align = "center"|q

|-
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"|f v
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"|s z
|align = "center"|ş ƶ
|align = "center"|ł ľ
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"|x ƣ
|align = "center"|xъ ƣъ
|align = "center"|x̧ ƣ̓
|align = "center"|h

|-
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"|c
|align = "center"|ç
|align = "center"|tł
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 

|-
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"|w
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"|l
|align = "center"|j
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 

|-
|align = "center"|m
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"|n
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"|ŋ
|align = "center"|ŋъ

|-
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"|r ř
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 

|} 

{|border="1" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="4" align="center"
|align = "center"|i y
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"|ı u

|-
|align = "center"|e
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"|o

|-
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"|a
|align = "center"| 

|} 

===Cyrillic===

{|border="1" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="4" align="center"
|align = "center"|п б
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"|т д
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"|к г
|align = "center"|къ гъ къ
|align = "center"|қ ӷ
|align = "center"|Ӏ

|-
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"|ф в
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"|с з
|align = "center"|ш ж
|align = "center"|ӆ ԓ
|align = "center"|х ғ
|align = "center"|хъ ғъ
|align = "center"|ҳ ӷ̵
|align = "center"|һ

|-
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"|ц
|align = "center"|ч
|align = "center"|тӆ
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 

|-
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"|ў
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"|й
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 

|-
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"|л
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 

|-
|align = "center"|м
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"|н
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"|ң
|align = "center"|ңъ
|align = "center"| 

|-
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"|р ʀ
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 

|} 

{|border="1" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="4" align="center"
|align = "center"|и
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"|ы
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"|у

|-
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"|э
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"|о
|align = "center"| 

|-
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"|а
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 

|} 

===Arabic===

{|border="1" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="4" align="center"
|align = "center"|پ ب
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"|ت د
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"|ك گ
|align = "center"| 

|-
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"|ف ڒ
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"|س ز
|align = "center"|ژ ش
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"|خ غ
|align = "center"|ه

|-
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| څ
|align = "center"| چ
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 

|-
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| و
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| ي
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 

|-
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| ل
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 

|-
|align = "center"| م
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| ن
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| ڽ
|align = "center"| 

|-
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"|ر
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 

|} 

{|border="1" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="4" align="center"
|align = "center"|هِ
|align = "center"| هَِ
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| هَ

|-
|align = "center"| اِ
|align = "center"| اَِ
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| اَ

|-
|align = "center"| اٍ
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"|ا
|align = "center"|اً

|} 

==Alphabetical Orders==

The tables above approximately follow the IPA layout for the sounds of Terzemian. The correct orders of the writing systems of Terzemian are:

* Latin: Aa Ää Åå Bb Cc Čč Dd Ee Ff Gg Ǧǧ Ġġ Ǧ̇ǧ̇ Hh Ii Kk Ll Łł Mm Nn Ňň Oo Öö Pp Rr Ṛṛ Ss Šš Tt Uu Üü Vv Ww Xx X̣x̣ Yy Zz Žž ˚ ʼ
* Cyrillic: Аа Әә Бб Вв Гг Ғғ Ӷ̵ӷ̵ Дд Ее Жж Зз Һһ Ии Йй Кк Лл Ӆӆ Ԓԓ Мм Нн Ңң Оо Өө Пп Рр Rʀ Сс Тт Уу Ўў Үү Фф Хх Ҳҳ Цц Чч Шш Щщ Ъъ Ыы Ьь Ээ Ɔɔ Юю Яя ӏ
* UTA: Aa Əə Bb Cc Çç Dd Ee Ff Gg Ƣƣ Hh Ii Jj Kk Ll Mm Nn Ŋŋ Oo Ɵɵ Ɔɔ Pp Rr Ss Şş Tt Uu Vv Ww Xx Yy Zz Ƶƶ Qq Ъъ
* Arabic: ا ب ت پ ح خ څ چ د ر ز ژ س ش غ ف ك گ ل م ن ڽ ه و ۆ ي هِ هَِ هَ اِ اَِ اَ اٍ اً

The following chart shows the other writing systems in the latin order:

{|border="1" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="4" align="center"
|align = "center"|'''Latin'''
|align = "center"|Aa
|align = "center"|Ää
|align = "center"|Åå
|align = "center"|Bb
|align = "center"|Cc
|align = "center"|Čč
|align = "center"|Dd
|align = "center"|Ee
|align = "center"|Ff
|align = "center"|Gg
|align = "center"|Ǧǧ
|align = "center"|Ġġ
|align = "center"|Ǧ̇ǧ̇
|align = "center"|Hh
|align = "center"|Ii
|align = "center"|Kk
|align = "center"|Ll
|align = "center"|Łł
|align = "center"|Mm

|-
|align = "center"|'''Cyrillic'''
|align = "center"|Аа
|align = "center"|Әә
|align = "center"|Ɔɔ
|align = "center"|Бб
|align = "center"|Цц
|align = "center"|Чч
|align = "center"|Дд
|align = "center"|Ээ
|align = "center"|Фф
|align = "center"|Гг
|align = "center"|Ғғ
|align = "center"|Ӷ̵ӷ̵
|align = "center"|''???''
|align = "center"|Һһ
|align = "center"|Ии
|align = "center"|Кк
|align = "center"|Лл
|align = "center"|Ӆӆ / Ԓԓ
|align = "center"|Мм

|-
|align = "center"|''Latin''
|align = "center"|Nn
|align = "center"|Ňň
|align = "center"|Oo
|align = "center"|Öö
|align = "center"|Pp
|align = "center"|Rr
|align = "center"|Ṛṛ
|align = "center"|Ss
|align = "center"|Šš
|align = "center"|Tt
|align = "center"|Uu
|align = "center"|Üü
|align = "center"|Vv
|align = "center"|Ww
|align = "center"|Xx
|align = "center"|X̣x̣
|align = "center"|Yy
|align = "center"|Zz
|align = "center"|Žž
|align = "center"|˚
|align = "center"|ʼ
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 

|-
|align = "center"|''Cyrillic''
|align = "center"|Нн
|align = "center"|Ңң
|align = "center"|Оо
|align = "center"|Өө
|align = "center"|Пп
|align = "center"|Rʀ
|align = "center"|Рр
|align = "center"|Сс
|align = "center"|Шш
|align = "center"|Тт
|align = "center"|Уу
|align = "center"|Үү
|align = "center"|Вв
|align = "center"|Ўў
|align = "center"|Хх
|align = "center"|Ҳҳ
|align = "center"|Йй
|align = "center"|Зз
|align = "center"|Жж
|align = "center"|Ъъ
|align = "center"|ӏ
|align = "center"|Щщ
|align = "center"|Ыы
|align = "center"|Ьь
|align = "center"|Юю
|align = "center"|Яя
|align = "center"|Ее

|} 

Notes:

* The Cyrillic letters ''Щ'', ''Ъ'', and ''Ь'' are not used in native words.
* The Cyrillic letters ''Е'', ''Ю'', and ''Я'' are occasionally used in native words.
* The Arabic characters هِ هَِ هَ use the letter ه as a base character for illustration. The actual vowels are written as just the diactrics, attached to the preceeding consonant.

=Sound Changes=

''See the [[Terzemian/Sound_Changes|Sound Changes]] subarticle.

=Morphosyntax=

==Harmony==

===Vowels===

{|border="1" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="4" align="center"
|align = "center" rowspan = "2"|'''Root Vowel'''
|align = "center" colspan = "3"|'''Prefix Vowel'''
|align = "center" colspan = "6"|'''Suffix Vowel'''

|-

|align = "center"|'''i'''
|align = "center"|'''u'''
|align = "center"|'''a'''

|align = "center"|'''i'''
|align = "center"|'''ü'''
|align = "center"|'''e'''
|align = "center"|'''ö'''
|align = "center"|'''ä'''
|align = "center"|'''a'''

|-
|align = "center"|'''i'''

|align = "center"|i
|align = "center"|ü
|align = "center"|e

|align = "center"|i
|align = "center"|ü
|align = "center"|e
|align = "center"|ö
|align = "center"|ä
|align = "center"|a

|-
|align = "center"|'''ü'''

|align = "center"|i
|align = "center"|ü
|align = "center"|e

|align = "center"|ü
|align = "center"|u
|align = "center"|ö
|align = "center"|o
|align = "center"|ä
|align = "center"|a

|-
|align = "center"|'''u'''

|align = "center"|ü
|align = "center"|u
|align = "center"|o

|align = "center"|ü
|align = "center"|u
|align = "center"|ö
|align = "center"|o
|align = "center"|a
|align = "center"|å

|-
|align = "center"|'''e'''

|align = "center"|i
|align = "center"|ö
|align = "center"|ä

|align = "center"|i
|align = "center"|ü
|align = "center"|e
|align = "center"|ö
|align = "center"|ä
|align = "center"|a

|-
|align = "center"|'''ö'''

|align = "center"|ü
|align = "center"|o
|align = "center"|å

|align = "center"|ü
|align = "center"|u
|align = "center"|ö
|align = "center"|o
|align = "center"|ä
|align = "center"|a

|-
|align = "center"|'''o'''

|align = "center"|ö
|align = "center"|å
|align = "center"|a

|align = "center"|ü
|align = "center"|u
|align = "center"|ö
|align = "center"|o
|align = "center"|a
|align = "center"|å

|-
|align = "center"|'''ä'''

|align = "center"|e
|align = "center"|å
|align = "center"|a

|align = "center"|e
|align = "center"|ö
|align = "center"|ä
|align = "center"|å
|align = "center"|ä
|align = "center"|a

|-
|align = "center"|'''a'''

|align = "center"|e
|align = "center"|o
|align = "center"|a

|align = "center"|e
|align = "center"|ö
|align = "center"|ä
|align = "center"|å
|align = "center"|ä
|align = "center"|a

|-
|align = "center"|'''å'''

|align = "center"|ä
|align = "center"|åɧ
|align = "center"|aɧ

|align = "center"|e
|align = "center"|ö
|align = "center"|ä
|align = "center"|å
|align = "center"|ä
|align = "center"|a

|} 

===Fricative===

The metasymbol ''ɧ'' represents an assimilatory fricative, as follows:

{|border="1" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="4" align="center"
! Next Consonant || p,b,m,f,v,w || t,d,n,s,z,l,r || č,š,ž,y || k,g,x,ǧ || h
|-
| '''Outcome''' || f || s || š || x || ∅
|}

If there is no next consonant in the root, ''ɧ'' assimilates to the previous consonant.

If there is no next consonant and no previous consonant in the root, ''ɧ'' becomes ''h''.

==Verbs==

===Agreement===

Terzemain nouns mark two or less of three core cases, notionally representing the semantic roles INITIATOR, UNDERGOER, and TARGET. For ease of reference, these will be marked with the traditional A, P, and O labels used in discussing Ergative/Accusative marking.

Terzemian is Split-S, with Ergative or Accusative style marking determined lexically by the conjugation of the verb.

The conjugations are as follows:

{|border="1" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="4" align="center"
! Conj. || Required || Optional || Description
|-
| '''1 a''' || A ||   || Intransitive Active verbs
|-
| '''1 b''' || P || A ''(causitive)'' || Intransitive Stative verbs
|-
| '''2''' || AP ||   || Transitive Active verbs
|}

====Ablaut Patterns====

{|border="1" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="4" align="center"
|align = "center"|'''Conj.'''
|align = "center"|'''Root Vowel'''
|align = "center"|'''Non-P R'''
|align = "center"|'''Past R'''
|align = "center"|'''Non-P Ir'''
|align = "center"|'''Past Ir'''

|-
|align = "center" rowspan = "9"|'''1 a/b'''
|align = "center"|'''i'''
|align = "center"|i
|align = "center"|e
|align = "center"|ü
|align = "center"|iy

|-
|align = "center"|'''ü'''
|align = "center"|ü
|align = "center"|ö
|align = "center"|u
|align = "center"|üy

|-
|align = "center"|'''u'''
|align = "center"|u
|align = "center"|o
|align = "center"|uw
|align = "center"|wo

|-
|align = "center"|'''e'''
|align = "center"|e
|align = "center"|ä
|align = "center"|ö
|align = "center"|ye

|-
|align = "center"|'''ö'''
|align = "center"|ö
|align = "center"|a
|align = "center"|o
|align = "center"|yo

|-
|align = "center"|'''o'''
|align = "center"|o
|align = "center"|å
|align = "center"|ow
|align = "center"|öü

|-
|align = "center"|'''ä'''
|align = "center"|ä
|align = "center"|äh
|align = "center"|a
|align = "center"|e

|-
|align = "center"|'''a'''
|align = "center"|a
|align = "center"|ah
|align = "center"|ay
|align = "center"|ey

|-
|align = "center"|'''å'''
|align = "center"|å
|align = "center"|åh
|align = "center"|åw
|align = "center"|ow

|-
|align = "center" rowspan = "9"|'''2'''
|align = "center"|'''i'''
|align = "center"|i
|align = "center"|ü
|align = "center"|e
|align = "center"|ö

|-
|align = "center"|'''ü'''
|align = "center"|ü
|align = "center"|u
|align = "center"|ö
|align = "center"|o

|-
|align = "center"|'''u'''
|align = "center"|u
|align = "center"|uw
|align = "center"|o
|align = "center"|ow

|-
|align = "center"|'''e'''
|align = "center"|e
|align = "center"|ö
|align = "center"|ä
|align = "center"|å

|-
|align = "center"|'''ö'''
|align = "center"|ö
|align = "center"|o
|align = "center"|å
|align = "center"|a

|-
|align = "center"|'''o'''
|align = "center"|o
|align = "center"|ow
|align = "center"|å
|align = "center"|a

|-
|align = "center"|'''ä'''
|align = "center"|ä
|align = "center"|a
|align = "center"|äɧ
|align = "center"|aɧ

|-
|align = "center"|'''a'''
|align = "center"|a
|align = "center"|å
|align = "center"|aɧ
|align = "center"|åɧ

|-
|align = "center"|'''å'''
|align = "center"|å
|align = "center"|åw
|align = "center"|åɧ
|align = "center"|åwɧ

|} 

====Agreement prefixes====

{|border="1" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="4" align="center"
! Conj. || Argument || 1st Person || 2nd || 3rd
|-
| 1 || A || ǧ- || z- || i-
|-
| 1 || P || - || yu- || c-
|-
| 2 || A || - || smu- || s-
|-
| 2 || P || m- || yu- || -
|}

===Tense and Evidentiality===

There are two verb tenses, the past and non-past.

*In the past tense, there are three evidentiality/reality markings:
**''direct'' realis, indicating first-hand observational (e.g. "eye witness") knowledge. This is marked by the prefix ''e-'', in addition to ablaut.
**''indirect'' realis, indicating knowledge that is informed, inferred, supposed, or otherwise not personal. This is marked by ablaut alone.
**irrealis, making no overt statement about the reality of the VP, but inferring a lesser degree of certainty than either realis marking.
*In the non-past, only the realis and irrealis are distinguished.

===Aspect, Mood, Intensity, and Attitude===

Additional verb characteristics are expressed in suffixes, including the following.

*'''Aspect
**'''Inceptive'''
**'''Abortive'''
**'''Completitive''' ''-åǧ''
**'''Participle''' ''-önz''
**'''Perfect''' ''-gäv''
*'''Mood'''
**'''Imperative''' (use bare root)
**'''Negative''' ''-nä''
**'''Optative/Hortative/Jussive''' ''-zün''
**'''Causative/Volition''' (A -> P, Cause -> A)
*'''Intensity'''
**'''More Intense''' ''-siz''
**'''Less Intense''' ''-(d)e'' (NB: same as nominal diminutive)

Suffixes may be chained in a head-modifier (right-branching) manner.

Example: '''ävåwsezzönnä''' - ''I certainly did not want to soundly beat him.''

==Nouns==

===Gender===

There is pragmatic gender marking -- Nouns are marked for a gender system that combines traditional gender and pragmatic roles.

Genders, with examples, are:

{|border="1" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="4" align="center"
|align = "left"|1st Person
|align = "center"|-Am
|align = "left"|rižem
|align = "left"|I, the king
|align = "left"| 
|align = "left"| 

|-
|align = "left"|2nd Person
|align = "center"|-As
|align = "left"|rižes
|align = "left"|You, the king
|align = "left"| 
|align = "left"| 

|-
|align = "left"|3rd Animate
|align = "center"|-At
|align = "left"|rižet
|align = "left"|He, the king
|align = "left"| 
|align = "left"| 

|-
|align = "left"|3rd Inanimate
|align = "center"|-∅
|align = "left"|riž
|align = "left"|It, the kingdom
|align = "left"|čom
|align = "left"|The land

|-
|align = "left"|Negative Animate
|align = "center"|-nA
|align = "left"|rižne
|align = "left"|No king
|align = "left"| 
|align = "left"| 

|-
|align = "left"|Negative Inanimate
|align = "center"|A-
|align = "left"|eriž
|align = "left"|No kingdom
|align = "left"|očom
|align = "left"|No land

|} 

===Cases===

Case marking is ergative for Inanimate and Negative subjects, and accusative in all other cases.

Cases are:

{|border="1" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="4" align="center"
|align = "left"|Erg
|align = "center"|-Er
|align = "left"|--
|align = "left"|čomır

|-
|align = "left"|Nom/Abs
|align = "center"|-∅
|align = "left"|rižet
|align = "left"|čom

|-
|align = "left"|Acc
|align = "center"|-An
|align = "left"|rižeten
|align = "left"|--

|-
|align = "left"|Dat
|align = "center"|-Em
|align = "left"|rižetim
|align = "left"|čomım

|-
|align = "left"|Gen
|align = "center"|-Es
|align = "left"|rižetis
|align = "left"|čomıs

|-
|align = "left"|Ins/Loc
|align = "center"|-O
|align = "left"|rižetü
|align = "left"|čomu

|-
|align = "left"|Com
|align = "center"|-bA
|align = "left"|rižetbe
|align = "left"|čombo

|} 

[[Category: Conlangs]]

Terzemian

2013-04-21T12:29:45Z

Paul.w.bennett: /* Cyrillic */

{{IPA|}}

{{Infobox|name=Terzemian|pronounce=tɜ˞ˈzɛj.mjən|tu=Possible [[League of Lost Languages|LLL]] candidate|script=Latin, Cyrillic, Arabic, UTA|tree=Unique PIE, influences from Kartvelian, Turkic, Persian, Uralic and Slavic|morph=Mixed|ms=Lexically Split-S|wo=VSO|creator=[[User:Paul.w.bennett|Paul.w.bennett]]|date=}}

=Overview=

Terzemian is an [[Wikipedia:Indo-European|IE-derived]] conlang located along the west coast of the Caspian Sea. It is a [[Wikipedia:Centum-Satem_isogloss|satem]] language (the word for ''hundred'' is šündo (шүндо, şyndo, شَِنداَ /ʃyndo/) that uses the ''ruki'' rule, Grassman's law, Slavic-type depalatalization, z/r alternation, r/n alternation, a three-group vowel harmony system, and two phases of lenition (the first word-final, and the second approximately intervocalic).

=Phonology=

==Consonants==

{|border="1" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="4" align="center"
|align = "center"|p b
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"|t d
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"|k g
|align = "center"|kʷ gʷ
|align = "center"|q ɢ
|align = "center"|ʔ

|-
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"|f v
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"|s z
|align = "center"|ʃ ʒ
|align = "center"|ɬ ɮ
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"|x ɣ
|align = "center"|xʷ ɣʷ
|align = "center"|χ ʁ
|align = "center"|h

|-
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"|ts
|align = "center"|tʃ
|align = "center"|tɬ
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 

|-
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"|w
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"|l
|align = "center"|j
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 

|-
|align = "center"|m
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"|n
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"|ŋ
|align = "center"|ŋʷ
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 

|-
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"|ɾ ɹ
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 

|} 

==Vowels==

Depending on your viewpoint, there are either 9, 7, 6, or 3 vowels. To be more specific, there are 3 vowel harmony groups, with 3 vowels in each group, but there is some overlap.

===Seven Vowel System===

The Seven Vowel system is retained in writing in the UTA and Arabic scripts, but in modern times, /y/ and /ɯ/ have merged under Soviet influence (being in complementary distribution, and not found in Russian), and the Six Vowel system has replaced it for the Latin and Cyrillic scripts, and in modern pronunciation (in all but the most careful / formal contexts).

{|border="1" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="4" align="center"
|align = "center"|i y
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"|ɯ u

|-
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"|e
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"|o
|align = "center"| 

|-
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"|ɑ
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 

|} 

===Six Vowel System===

{|border="1" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="4" align="center"
|align = "center"|i
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"|ɨ
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"|u

|-
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"|e
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"|o
|align = "center"| 

|-
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"|ɑ
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 

|} 

=Writing System=

Terzemian has been written in a variety of scripts. In the modern era, a modified Latin alphabet is used. During the Soviet era, Cyrillic was used, and can still be found. Before the Soviet era, a form of the [[Wikipedia:Uniform Turkic Alphabet|UTA]] was used alongside Arabic. The Arabic script can still be found in general use in certain areas, as well as among the Muslim population throughout the region. Despite (or perhaps because) the fact that the move to the Latin script was a deliberate process to reflect post-Soviet independence, there is also a small folkish movement to return to the UTA script. In short, the learner of Terzemian should concentrate on learning the Latin script, but should be prepared to encounter Cyrillic, UTA, and Arabic on a more or less daily basis.

==Logical Layout==

The following tables illustrate the writing systems with a layout that is in accordance with the Phonology tables above.

===Modern Latin===

{|border="1" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="4" align="center"
|align = "center"|p b
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"|t d
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"|k g
|align = "center"|k˚ g˚
|align = "center"|ḳ ġ
|align = "center"|ʼ

|-
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"|f v
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"|s z
|align = "center"|š ž
|align = "center"|ł ł̣
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"|x ǧ
|align = "center"|x˚ ǧ˚
|align = "center"|x̣ ǧ̇
|align = "center"|h

|-
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"|c
|align = "center"|č
|align = "center"|tł
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 

|-
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"|w
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"|l
|align = "center"|j
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 

|-
|align = "center"|m
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"|n
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"|ň
|align = "center"|ň˚
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 

|-
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"|ṛ r
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 

|} 

{|border="1" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="4" align="center"
|align = "center"|i
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"|y
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"|u

|-
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"|e
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"|o
|align = "center"| 

|-
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"|a
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 

|} 

===UTA===

{|border="1" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="4" align="center"
|align = "center"|p b
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"|t d
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"|k g
|align = "center"|kъ gъ
|align = "center"|ķ g̓
|align = "center"|q

|-
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"|f v
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"|s z
|align = "center"|ş ƶ
|align = "center"|ł ľ
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"|x ƣ
|align = "center"|xъ ƣъ
|align = "center"|x̧ ƣ̓
|align = "center"|h

|-
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"|c
|align = "center"|ç
|align = "center"|tł
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 

|-
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"|w
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"|l
|align = "center"|j
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 

|-
|align = "center"|m
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"|n
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"|ŋ
|align = "center"|ŋъ

|-
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"|r ř
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 

|} 

{|border="1" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="4" align="center"
|align = "center"|i y
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"|ı u

|-
|align = "center"|e
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"|o

|-
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"|a
|align = "center"| 

|} 

===Cyrillic===

{|border="1" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="4" align="center"
|align = "center"|п б
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"|т д
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"|к г
|align = "center"|къ гъ къ
|align = "center"|қ ӷ
|align = "center"|Ӏ

|-
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"|ф в
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"|с з
|align = "center"|ш ж
|align = "center"|ӆ ԓ
|align = "center"|х ғ
|align = "center"|хъ ғъ
|align = "center"|ҳ ӷ̵
|align = "center"|һ

|-
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"|ц
|align = "center"|ч
|align = "center"|тӆ
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 

|-
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"|ў
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"|й
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 

|-
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"|л
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 

|-
|align = "center"|м
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"|н
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"|ң
|align = "center"|ңъ
|align = "center"| 

|-
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"|р ʀ
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 

|} 

{|border="1" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="4" align="center"
|align = "center"|и
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"|ы
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"|у

|-
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"|э
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"|о
|align = "center"| 

|-
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"|а
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 

|} 

===Arabic===

{|border="1" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="4" align="center"
|align = "center"|پ ب
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"|ت د
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"|ك گ
|align = "center"| 

|-
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"|ف ڒ
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"|س ز
|align = "center"|ژ ش
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"|خ غ
|align = "center"|ه

|-
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| څ
|align = "center"| چ
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 

|-
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| و
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| ي
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 

|-
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| ل
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 

|-
|align = "center"| م
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| ن
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| ڽ
|align = "center"| 

|-
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"|ر
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 

|} 

{|border="1" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="4" align="center"
|align = "center"|هِ
|align = "center"| هَِ
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| هَ

|-
|align = "center"| اِ
|align = "center"| اَِ
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| اَ

|-
|align = "center"| اٍ
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"|ا
|align = "center"|اً

|} 

==Alphabetical Orders==

The tables above approximately follow the IPA layout for the sounds of Terzemian. The correct orders of the writing systems of Terzemian are:

* Latin: Aa Ää Åå Bb Cc Čč Dd Ee Ff Gg Ǧǧ Ġġ Ǧ̇ǧ̇ Hh Ii Kk Ll Łł Mm Nn Ňň Oo Öö Pp Rr Ṛṛ Ss Šš Tt Uu Üü Vv Ww Xx X̣x̣ Yy Zz Žž ˚ ʼ
* Cyrillic: Аа Әә Бб Вв Гг Ғғ Ӷ̵ӷ̵ Дд Ее Жж Зз Һһ Ии Йй Кк Лл Ӆӆ Ԓԓ Мм Нн Ңң Оо Өө Пп Рр Rʀ Сс Тт Уу Ўў Үү Фф Хх Ҳҳ Цц Чч Шш Щщ Ъъ Ыы Ьь Ээ Ɔɔ Юю Яя ӏ
* UTA: Aa Əə Bb Cc Çç Dd Ee Ff Gg Ƣƣ Hh Ii Jj Kk Ll Mm Nn Ŋŋ Oo Ɵɵ Ɔɔ Pp Rr Ss Şş Tt Uu Vv Ww Xx Yy Zz Ƶƶ Qq Ъъ
* Arabic: ا ب ت پ ح خ څ چ د ر ز ژ س ش غ ف ك گ ل م ن ڽ ه و ۆ ي هِ هَِ هَ اِ اَِ اَ اٍ اً

The following chart shows the other writing systems in the latin order:

{|border="1" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="4" align="center"
|align = "center"|'''Latin'''
|align = "center"|Aa
|align = "center"|Ää
|align = "center"|Åå
|align = "center"|Bb
|align = "center"|Cc
|align = "center"|Čč
|align = "center"|Dd
|align = "center"|Ee
|align = "center"|Ff
|align = "center"|Gg
|align = "center"|Ǧǧ
|align = "center"|Ġġ
|align = "center"|Ǧ̇ǧ̇
|align = "center"|Hh
|align = "center"|Ii
|align = "center"|Kk
|align = "center"|Ll
|align = "center"|Łł
|align = "center"|Mm

|-
|align = "center"|'''Cyrillic'''
|align = "center"|Аа
|align = "center"|Әә
|align = "center"|Ɔɔ
|align = "center"|Бб
|align = "center"|Цц
|align = "center"|Чч
|align = "center"|Дд
|align = "center"|Ээ
|align = "center"|Фф
|align = "center"|Гг
|align = "center"|Ғғ
|align = "center"|Ӷ̵ӷ̵
|align = "center"|''???''
|align = "center"|Һһ
|align = "center"|Ии
|align = "center"|Кк
|align = "center"|Лл
|align = "center"|Ӆӆ / Ԓԓ
|align = "center"|Мм

|-
|align = "center"|''Latin''
|align = "center"|Nn
|align = "center"|Ňň
|align = "center"|Oo
|align = "center"|Öö
|align = "center"|Pp
|align = "center"|Rr
|align = "center"|Ṛṛ
|align = "center"|Ss
|align = "center"|Šš
|align = "center"|Tt
|align = "center"|Uu
|align = "center"|Üü
|align = "center"|Vv
|align = "center"|Ww
|align = "center"|Xx
|align = "center"|X̣x̣
|align = "center"|Yy
|align = "center"|Zz
|align = "center"|Žž
|align = "center"|˚
|align = "center"|ʼ
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 

|-
|align = "center"|''Cyrillic''
|align = "center"|Нн
|align = "center"|Ңң
|align = "center"|Оо
|align = "center"|Өө
|align = "center"|Пп
|align = "center"|Rʀ
|align = "center"|Рр
|align = "center"|Сс
|align = "center"|Шш
|align = "center"|Тт
|align = "center"|Уу
|align = "center"|Үү
|align = "center"|Вв
|align = "center"|Ўў
|align = "center"|Хх
|align = "center"|Ҳҳ
|align = "center"|Йй
|align = "center"|Зз
|align = "center"|Жж
|align = "center"|Ъъ
|align = "center"|ӏ
|align = "center"|Щщ
|align = "center"|Ыы
|align = "center"|Ьь
|align = "center"|Юю
|align = "center"|Яя
|align = "center"|Ее

|} 

Notes:

* The Cyrillic letters ''Щ'', ''Ъ'', and ''Ь'' are not used in native words.
* The Cyrillic letters ''Е'', ''Ю'', and ''Я'' are occasionally used in native words.
* The Arabic characters هِ هَِ هَ use the letter ه as a base character for illustration. The actual vowels are written as just the diactrics, attached to the preceeding consonant.

=Sound Changes=

''See the [[Terzemian/Sound_Changes|Sound Changes]] subarticle.

=Morphosyntax=

==Harmony==

===Vowels===

{|border="1" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="4" align="center"
|align = "center" rowspan = "2"|'''Root Vowel'''
|align = "center" colspan = "3"|'''Prefix Vowel'''
|align = "center" colspan = "6"|'''Suffix Vowel'''

|-

|align = "center"|'''i'''
|align = "center"|'''u'''
|align = "center"|'''a'''

|align = "center"|'''i'''
|align = "center"|'''ü'''
|align = "center"|'''e'''
|align = "center"|'''ö'''
|align = "center"|'''ä'''
|align = "center"|'''a'''

|-
|align = "center"|'''i'''

|align = "center"|i
|align = "center"|ü
|align = "center"|e

|align = "center"|i
|align = "center"|ü
|align = "center"|e
|align = "center"|ö
|align = "center"|ä
|align = "center"|a

|-
|align = "center"|'''ü'''

|align = "center"|i
|align = "center"|ü
|align = "center"|e

|align = "center"|ü
|align = "center"|u
|align = "center"|ö
|align = "center"|o
|align = "center"|ä
|align = "center"|a

|-
|align = "center"|'''u'''

|align = "center"|ü
|align = "center"|u
|align = "center"|o

|align = "center"|ü
|align = "center"|u
|align = "center"|ö
|align = "center"|o
|align = "center"|a
|align = "center"|å

|-
|align = "center"|'''e'''

|align = "center"|i
|align = "center"|ö
|align = "center"|ä

|align = "center"|i
|align = "center"|ü
|align = "center"|e
|align = "center"|ö
|align = "center"|ä
|align = "center"|a

|-
|align = "center"|'''ö'''

|align = "center"|ü
|align = "center"|o
|align = "center"|å

|align = "center"|ü
|align = "center"|u
|align = "center"|ö
|align = "center"|o
|align = "center"|ä
|align = "center"|a

|-
|align = "center"|'''o'''

|align = "center"|ö
|align = "center"|å
|align = "center"|a

|align = "center"|ü
|align = "center"|u
|align = "center"|ö
|align = "center"|o
|align = "center"|a
|align = "center"|å

|-
|align = "center"|'''ä'''

|align = "center"|e
|align = "center"|å
|align = "center"|a

|align = "center"|e
|align = "center"|ö
|align = "center"|ä
|align = "center"|å
|align = "center"|ä
|align = "center"|a

|-
|align = "center"|'''a'''

|align = "center"|e
|align = "center"|o
|align = "center"|a

|align = "center"|e
|align = "center"|ö
|align = "center"|ä
|align = "center"|å
|align = "center"|ä
|align = "center"|a

|-
|align = "center"|'''å'''

|align = "center"|ä
|align = "center"|åɧ
|align = "center"|aɧ

|align = "center"|e
|align = "center"|ö
|align = "center"|ä
|align = "center"|å
|align = "center"|ä
|align = "center"|a

|} 

===Fricative===

The metasymbol ''ɧ'' represents an assimilatory fricative, as follows:

{|border="1" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="4" align="center"
! Next Consonant || p,b,m,f,v,w || t,d,n,s,z,l,r || č,š,ž,y || k,g,x,ǧ || h
|-
| '''Outcome''' || f || s || š || x || ∅
|}

If there is no next consonant in the root, ''ɧ'' assimilates to the previous consonant.

If there is no next consonant and no previous consonant in the root, ''ɧ'' becomes ''h''.

==Verbs==

===Agreement===

Terzemain nouns mark two or less of three core cases, notionally representing the semantic roles INITIATOR, UNDERGOER, and TARGET. For ease of reference, these will be marked with the traditional A, P, and O labels used in discussing Ergative/Accusative marking.

Terzemian is Split-S, with Ergative or Accusative style marking determined lexically by the conjugation of the verb.

The conjugations are as follows:

{|border="1" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="4" align="center"
! Conj. || Required || Optional || Description
|-
| '''1 a''' || A ||   || Intransitive Active verbs
|-
| '''1 b''' || P || A ''(causitive)'' || Intransitive Stative verbs
|-
| '''2''' || AP ||   || Transitive Active verbs
|}

====Ablaut Patterns====

{|border="1" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="4" align="center"
|align = "center"|'''Conj.'''
|align = "center"|'''Root Vowel'''
|align = "center"|'''Non-P R'''
|align = "center"|'''Past R'''
|align = "center"|'''Non-P Ir'''
|align = "center"|'''Past Ir'''

|-
|align = "center" rowspan = "9"|'''1 a/b'''
|align = "center"|'''i'''
|align = "center"|i
|align = "center"|e
|align = "center"|ü
|align = "center"|iy

|-
|align = "center"|'''ü'''
|align = "center"|ü
|align = "center"|ö
|align = "center"|u
|align = "center"|üy

|-
|align = "center"|'''u'''
|align = "center"|u
|align = "center"|o
|align = "center"|uw
|align = "center"|wo

|-
|align = "center"|'''e'''
|align = "center"|e
|align = "center"|ä
|align = "center"|ö
|align = "center"|ye

|-
|align = "center"|'''ö'''
|align = "center"|ö
|align = "center"|a
|align = "center"|o
|align = "center"|yo

|-
|align = "center"|'''o'''
|align = "center"|o
|align = "center"|å
|align = "center"|ow
|align = "center"|öü

|-
|align = "center"|'''ä'''
|align = "center"|ä
|align = "center"|äh
|align = "center"|a
|align = "center"|e

|-
|align = "center"|'''a'''
|align = "center"|a
|align = "center"|ah
|align = "center"|ay
|align = "center"|ey

|-
|align = "center"|'''å'''
|align = "center"|å
|align = "center"|åh
|align = "center"|åw
|align = "center"|ow

|-
|align = "center" rowspan = "9"|'''2'''
|align = "center"|'''i'''
|align = "center"|i
|align = "center"|ü
|align = "center"|e
|align = "center"|ö

|-
|align = "center"|'''ü'''
|align = "center"|ü
|align = "center"|u
|align = "center"|ö
|align = "center"|o

|-
|align = "center"|'''u'''
|align = "center"|u
|align = "center"|uw
|align = "center"|o
|align = "center"|ow

|-
|align = "center"|'''e'''
|align = "center"|e
|align = "center"|ö
|align = "center"|ä
|align = "center"|å

|-
|align = "center"|'''ö'''
|align = "center"|ö
|align = "center"|o
|align = "center"|å
|align = "center"|a

|-
|align = "center"|'''o'''
|align = "center"|o
|align = "center"|ow
|align = "center"|å
|align = "center"|a

|-
|align = "center"|'''ä'''
|align = "center"|ä
|align = "center"|a
|align = "center"|äɧ
|align = "center"|aɧ

|-
|align = "center"|'''a'''
|align = "center"|a
|align = "center"|å
|align = "center"|aɧ
|align = "center"|åɧ

|-
|align = "center"|'''å'''
|align = "center"|å
|align = "center"|åw
|align = "center"|åɧ
|align = "center"|åwɧ

|} 

====Agreement prefixes====

{|border="1" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="4" align="center"
! Conj. || Argument || 1st Person || 2nd || 3rd
|-
| 1 || A || ǧ- || z- || i-
|-
| 1 || P || - || yu- || c-
|-
| 2 || A || - || smu- || s-
|-
| 2 || P || m- || yu- || -
|}

===Tense and Evidentiality===

There are two verb tenses, the past and non-past.

*In the past tense, there are three evidentiality/reality markings:
**''direct'' realis, indicating first-hand observational (e.g. "eye witness") knowledge. This is marked by the prefix ''e-'', in addition to ablaut.
**''indirect'' realis, indicating knowledge that is informed, inferred, supposed, or otherwise not personal. This is marked by ablaut alone.
**irrealis, making no overt statement about the reality of the VP, but inferring a lesser degree of certainty than either realis marking.
*In the non-past, only the realis and irrealis are distinguished.

===Aspect, Mood, Intensity, and Attitude===

Additional verb characteristics are expressed in suffixes, including the following.

*'''Aspect
**'''Inceptive'''
**'''Abortive'''
**'''Completitive''' ''-åǧ''
**'''Participle''' ''-önz''
**'''Perfect''' ''-gäv''
*'''Mood'''
**'''Imperative''' (use bare root)
**'''Negative''' ''-nä''
**'''Optative/Hortative/Jussive''' ''-zün''
**'''Causative/Volition''' (A -> P, Cause -> A)
*'''Intensity'''
**'''More Intense''' ''-siz''
**'''Less Intense''' ''-(d)e'' (NB: same as nominal diminutive)

Suffixes may be chained in a head-modifier (right-branching) manner.

Example: '''ävåwsezzönnä''' - ''I certainly did not want to soundly beat him.''

==Nouns==

===Gender===

There is pragmatic gender marking -- Nouns are marked for a gender system that combines traditional gender and pragmatic roles.

Genders, with examples, are:

{|border="1" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="4" align="center"
|align = "left"|1st Person
|align = "center"|-Am
|align = "left"|rižem
|align = "left"|I, the king
|align = "left"| 
|align = "left"| 

|-
|align = "left"|2nd Person
|align = "center"|-As
|align = "left"|rižes
|align = "left"|You, the king
|align = "left"| 
|align = "left"| 

|-
|align = "left"|3rd Animate
|align = "center"|-At
|align = "left"|rižet
|align = "left"|He, the king
|align = "left"| 
|align = "left"| 

|-
|align = "left"|3rd Inanimate
|align = "center"|-∅
|align = "left"|riž
|align = "left"|It, the kingdom
|align = "left"|čom
|align = "left"|The land

|-
|align = "left"|Negative Animate
|align = "center"|-nA
|align = "left"|rižne
|align = "left"|No king
|align = "left"| 
|align = "left"| 

|-
|align = "left"|Negative Inanimate
|align = "center"|A-
|align = "left"|eriž
|align = "left"|No kingdom
|align = "left"|očom
|align = "left"|No land

|} 

===Cases===

Case marking is ergative for Inanimate and Negative subjects, and accusative in all other cases.

Cases are:

{|border="1" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="4" align="center"
|align = "left"|Erg
|align = "center"|-Er
|align = "left"|--
|align = "left"|čomır

|-
|align = "left"|Nom/Abs
|align = "center"|-∅
|align = "left"|rižet
|align = "left"|čom

|-
|align = "left"|Acc
|align = "center"|-An
|align = "left"|rižeten
|align = "left"|--

|-
|align = "left"|Dat
|align = "center"|-Em
|align = "left"|rižetim
|align = "left"|čomım

|-
|align = "left"|Gen
|align = "center"|-Es
|align = "left"|rižetis
|align = "left"|čomıs

|-
|align = "left"|Ins/Loc
|align = "center"|-O
|align = "left"|rižetü
|align = "left"|čomu

|-
|align = "left"|Com
|align = "center"|-bA
|align = "left"|rižetbe
|align = "left"|čombo

|} 

[[Category: Conlangs]]

Terzemian

2013-04-21T12:29:18Z

Paul.w.bennett: /* UTA */

{{IPA|}}

{{Infobox|name=Terzemian|pronounce=tɜ˞ˈzɛj.mjən|tu=Possible [[League of Lost Languages|LLL]] candidate|script=Latin, Cyrillic, Arabic, UTA|tree=Unique PIE, influences from Kartvelian, Turkic, Persian, Uralic and Slavic|morph=Mixed|ms=Lexically Split-S|wo=VSO|creator=[[User:Paul.w.bennett|Paul.w.bennett]]|date=}}

=Overview=

Terzemian is an [[Wikipedia:Indo-European|IE-derived]] conlang located along the west coast of the Caspian Sea. It is a [[Wikipedia:Centum-Satem_isogloss|satem]] language (the word for ''hundred'' is šündo (шүндо, şyndo, شَِنداَ /ʃyndo/) that uses the ''ruki'' rule, Grassman's law, Slavic-type depalatalization, z/r alternation, r/n alternation, a three-group vowel harmony system, and two phases of lenition (the first word-final, and the second approximately intervocalic).

=Phonology=

==Consonants==

{|border="1" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="4" align="center"
|align = "center"|p b
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"|t d
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"|k g
|align = "center"|kʷ gʷ
|align = "center"|q ɢ
|align = "center"|ʔ

|-
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"|f v
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"|s z
|align = "center"|ʃ ʒ
|align = "center"|ɬ ɮ
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"|x ɣ
|align = "center"|xʷ ɣʷ
|align = "center"|χ ʁ
|align = "center"|h

|-
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"|ts
|align = "center"|tʃ
|align = "center"|tɬ
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 

|-
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"|w
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"|l
|align = "center"|j
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 

|-
|align = "center"|m
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"|n
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"|ŋ
|align = "center"|ŋʷ
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 

|-
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"|ɾ ɹ
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 

|} 

==Vowels==

Depending on your viewpoint, there are either 9, 7, 6, or 3 vowels. To be more specific, there are 3 vowel harmony groups, with 3 vowels in each group, but there is some overlap.

===Seven Vowel System===

The Seven Vowel system is retained in writing in the UTA and Arabic scripts, but in modern times, /y/ and /ɯ/ have merged under Soviet influence (being in complementary distribution, and not found in Russian), and the Six Vowel system has replaced it for the Latin and Cyrillic scripts, and in modern pronunciation (in all but the most careful / formal contexts).

{|border="1" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="4" align="center"
|align = "center"|i y
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"|ɯ u

|-
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"|e
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"|o
|align = "center"| 

|-
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"|ɑ
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 

|} 

===Six Vowel System===

{|border="1" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="4" align="center"
|align = "center"|i
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"|ɨ
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"|u

|-
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"|e
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"|o
|align = "center"| 

|-
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"|ɑ
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 

|} 

=Writing System=

Terzemian has been written in a variety of scripts. In the modern era, a modified Latin alphabet is used. During the Soviet era, Cyrillic was used, and can still be found. Before the Soviet era, a form of the [[Wikipedia:Uniform Turkic Alphabet|UTA]] was used alongside Arabic. The Arabic script can still be found in general use in certain areas, as well as among the Muslim population throughout the region. Despite (or perhaps because) the fact that the move to the Latin script was a deliberate process to reflect post-Soviet independence, there is also a small folkish movement to return to the UTA script. In short, the learner of Terzemian should concentrate on learning the Latin script, but should be prepared to encounter Cyrillic, UTA, and Arabic on a more or less daily basis.

==Logical Layout==

The following tables illustrate the writing systems with a layout that is in accordance with the Phonology tables above.

===Modern Latin===

{|border="1" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="4" align="center"
|align = "center"|p b
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"|t d
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"|k g
|align = "center"|k˚ g˚
|align = "center"|ḳ ġ
|align = "center"|ʼ

|-
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"|f v
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"|s z
|align = "center"|š ž
|align = "center"|ł ł̣
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"|x ǧ
|align = "center"|x˚ ǧ˚
|align = "center"|x̣ ǧ̇
|align = "center"|h

|-
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"|c
|align = "center"|č
|align = "center"|tł
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 

|-
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"|w
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"|l
|align = "center"|j
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 

|-
|align = "center"|m
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"|n
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"|ň
|align = "center"|ň˚
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 

|-
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"|ṛ r
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 

|} 

{|border="1" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="4" align="center"
|align = "center"|i
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"|y
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"|u

|-
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"|e
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"|o
|align = "center"| 

|-
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"|a
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 

|} 

===UTA===

{|border="1" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="4" align="center"
|align = "center"|p b
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"|t d
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"|k g
|align = "center"|kъ gъ
|align = "center"|ķ g̓
|align = "center"|q

|-
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"|f v
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"|s z
|align = "center"|ş ƶ
|align = "center"|ł ľ
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"|x ƣ
|align = "center"|xъ ƣъ
|align = "center"|x̧ ƣ̓
|align = "center"|h

|-
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"|c
|align = "center"|ç
|align = "center"|tł
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 

|-
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"|w
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"|l
|align = "center"|j
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 

|-
|align = "center"|m
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"|n
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"|ŋ
|align = "center"|ŋъ

|-
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"|r ř
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 

|} 

{|border="1" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="4" align="center"
|align = "center"|i y
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"|ı u

|-
|align = "center"|e
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"|o

|-
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"|a
|align = "center"| 

|} 

===Cyrillic===

{|border="1" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="4" align="center"
|align = "center"|п б
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"|т д
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"|к г
|align = "center"|къ гъ къ
|align = "center"|қ ӷ
|align = "center"|Ӏ

|-
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"|ф в
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"|с з
|align = "center"|ш ж
|align = "center"|ӆ ԓ
|align = "center"|х ғ
|align = "center"|хъ ғъ
|align = "center"|ҳ ӷ̵
|align = "center"|һ

|-
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"|ц
|align = "center"|ч
|align = "center"|тӆ дԓ
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 

|-
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"|ў
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"|й
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 

|-
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"|л
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 

|-
|align = "center"|м
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"|н
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"|ң
|align = "center"|ңъ
|align = "center"| 

|-
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"|р ʀ
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 

|} 

{|border="1" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="4" align="center"
|align = "center"|и
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"|ы
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"|у

|-
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"|э
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"|о
|align = "center"| 

|-
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"|а
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 

|} 

===Arabic===

{|border="1" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="4" align="center"
|align = "center"|پ ب
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"|ت د
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"|ك گ
|align = "center"| 

|-
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"|ف ڒ
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"|س ز
|align = "center"|ژ ش
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"|خ غ
|align = "center"|ه

|-
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| څ
|align = "center"| چ
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 

|-
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| و
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| ي
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 

|-
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| ل
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 

|-
|align = "center"| م
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| ن
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| ڽ
|align = "center"| 

|-
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"|ر
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 

|} 

{|border="1" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="4" align="center"
|align = "center"|هِ
|align = "center"| هَِ
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| هَ

|-
|align = "center"| اِ
|align = "center"| اَِ
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| اَ

|-
|align = "center"| اٍ
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"|ا
|align = "center"|اً

|} 

==Alphabetical Orders==

The tables above approximately follow the IPA layout for the sounds of Terzemian. The correct orders of the writing systems of Terzemian are:

* Latin: Aa Ää Åå Bb Cc Čč Dd Ee Ff Gg Ǧǧ Ġġ Ǧ̇ǧ̇ Hh Ii Kk Ll Łł Mm Nn Ňň Oo Öö Pp Rr Ṛṛ Ss Šš Tt Uu Üü Vv Ww Xx X̣x̣ Yy Zz Žž ˚ ʼ
* Cyrillic: Аа Әә Бб Вв Гг Ғғ Ӷ̵ӷ̵ Дд Ее Жж Зз Һһ Ии Йй Кк Лл Ӆӆ Ԓԓ Мм Нн Ңң Оо Өө Пп Рр Rʀ Сс Тт Уу Ўў Үү Фф Хх Ҳҳ Цц Чч Шш Щщ Ъъ Ыы Ьь Ээ Ɔɔ Юю Яя ӏ
* UTA: Aa Əə Bb Cc Çç Dd Ee Ff Gg Ƣƣ Hh Ii Jj Kk Ll Mm Nn Ŋŋ Oo Ɵɵ Ɔɔ Pp Rr Ss Şş Tt Uu Vv Ww Xx Yy Zz Ƶƶ Qq Ъъ
* Arabic: ا ب ت پ ح خ څ چ د ر ز ژ س ش غ ف ك گ ل م ن ڽ ه و ۆ ي هِ هَِ هَ اِ اَِ اَ اٍ اً

The following chart shows the other writing systems in the latin order:

{|border="1" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="4" align="center"
|align = "center"|'''Latin'''
|align = "center"|Aa
|align = "center"|Ää
|align = "center"|Åå
|align = "center"|Bb
|align = "center"|Cc
|align = "center"|Čč
|align = "center"|Dd
|align = "center"|Ee
|align = "center"|Ff
|align = "center"|Gg
|align = "center"|Ǧǧ
|align = "center"|Ġġ
|align = "center"|Ǧ̇ǧ̇
|align = "center"|Hh
|align = "center"|Ii
|align = "center"|Kk
|align = "center"|Ll
|align = "center"|Łł
|align = "center"|Mm

|-
|align = "center"|'''Cyrillic'''
|align = "center"|Аа
|align = "center"|Әә
|align = "center"|Ɔɔ
|align = "center"|Бб
|align = "center"|Цц
|align = "center"|Чч
|align = "center"|Дд
|align = "center"|Ээ
|align = "center"|Фф
|align = "center"|Гг
|align = "center"|Ғғ
|align = "center"|Ӷ̵ӷ̵
|align = "center"|''???''
|align = "center"|Һһ
|align = "center"|Ии
|align = "center"|Кк
|align = "center"|Лл
|align = "center"|Ӆӆ / Ԓԓ
|align = "center"|Мм

|-
|align = "center"|''Latin''
|align = "center"|Nn
|align = "center"|Ňň
|align = "center"|Oo
|align = "center"|Öö
|align = "center"|Pp
|align = "center"|Rr
|align = "center"|Ṛṛ
|align = "center"|Ss
|align = "center"|Šš
|align = "center"|Tt
|align = "center"|Uu
|align = "center"|Üü
|align = "center"|Vv
|align = "center"|Ww
|align = "center"|Xx
|align = "center"|X̣x̣
|align = "center"|Yy
|align = "center"|Zz
|align = "center"|Žž
|align = "center"|˚
|align = "center"|ʼ
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 

|-
|align = "center"|''Cyrillic''
|align = "center"|Нн
|align = "center"|Ңң
|align = "center"|Оо
|align = "center"|Өө
|align = "center"|Пп
|align = "center"|Rʀ
|align = "center"|Рр
|align = "center"|Сс
|align = "center"|Шш
|align = "center"|Тт
|align = "center"|Уу
|align = "center"|Үү
|align = "center"|Вв
|align = "center"|Ўў
|align = "center"|Хх
|align = "center"|Ҳҳ
|align = "center"|Йй
|align = "center"|Зз
|align = "center"|Жж
|align = "center"|Ъъ
|align = "center"|ӏ
|align = "center"|Щщ
|align = "center"|Ыы
|align = "center"|Ьь
|align = "center"|Юю
|align = "center"|Яя
|align = "center"|Ее

|} 

Notes:

* The Cyrillic letters ''Щ'', ''Ъ'', and ''Ь'' are not used in native words.
* The Cyrillic letters ''Е'', ''Ю'', and ''Я'' are occasionally used in native words.
* The Arabic characters هِ هَِ هَ use the letter ه as a base character for illustration. The actual vowels are written as just the diactrics, attached to the preceeding consonant.

=Sound Changes=

''See the [[Terzemian/Sound_Changes|Sound Changes]] subarticle.

=Morphosyntax=

==Harmony==

===Vowels===

{|border="1" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="4" align="center"
|align = "center" rowspan = "2"|'''Root Vowel'''
|align = "center" colspan = "3"|'''Prefix Vowel'''
|align = "center" colspan = "6"|'''Suffix Vowel'''

|-

|align = "center"|'''i'''
|align = "center"|'''u'''
|align = "center"|'''a'''

|align = "center"|'''i'''
|align = "center"|'''ü'''
|align = "center"|'''e'''
|align = "center"|'''ö'''
|align = "center"|'''ä'''
|align = "center"|'''a'''

|-
|align = "center"|'''i'''

|align = "center"|i
|align = "center"|ü
|align = "center"|e

|align = "center"|i
|align = "center"|ü
|align = "center"|e
|align = "center"|ö
|align = "center"|ä
|align = "center"|a

|-
|align = "center"|'''ü'''

|align = "center"|i
|align = "center"|ü
|align = "center"|e

|align = "center"|ü
|align = "center"|u
|align = "center"|ö
|align = "center"|o
|align = "center"|ä
|align = "center"|a

|-
|align = "center"|'''u'''

|align = "center"|ü
|align = "center"|u
|align = "center"|o

|align = "center"|ü
|align = "center"|u
|align = "center"|ö
|align = "center"|o
|align = "center"|a
|align = "center"|å

|-
|align = "center"|'''e'''

|align = "center"|i
|align = "center"|ö
|align = "center"|ä

|align = "center"|i
|align = "center"|ü
|align = "center"|e
|align = "center"|ö
|align = "center"|ä
|align = "center"|a

|-
|align = "center"|'''ö'''

|align = "center"|ü
|align = "center"|o
|align = "center"|å

|align = "center"|ü
|align = "center"|u
|align = "center"|ö
|align = "center"|o
|align = "center"|ä
|align = "center"|a

|-
|align = "center"|'''o'''

|align = "center"|ö
|align = "center"|å
|align = "center"|a

|align = "center"|ü
|align = "center"|u
|align = "center"|ö
|align = "center"|o
|align = "center"|a
|align = "center"|å

|-
|align = "center"|'''ä'''

|align = "center"|e
|align = "center"|å
|align = "center"|a

|align = "center"|e
|align = "center"|ö
|align = "center"|ä
|align = "center"|å
|align = "center"|ä
|align = "center"|a

|-
|align = "center"|'''a'''

|align = "center"|e
|align = "center"|o
|align = "center"|a

|align = "center"|e
|align = "center"|ö
|align = "center"|ä
|align = "center"|å
|align = "center"|ä
|align = "center"|a

|-
|align = "center"|'''å'''

|align = "center"|ä
|align = "center"|åɧ
|align = "center"|aɧ

|align = "center"|e
|align = "center"|ö
|align = "center"|ä
|align = "center"|å
|align = "center"|ä
|align = "center"|a

|} 

===Fricative===

The metasymbol ''ɧ'' represents an assimilatory fricative, as follows:

{|border="1" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="4" align="center"
! Next Consonant || p,b,m,f,v,w || t,d,n,s,z,l,r || č,š,ž,y || k,g,x,ǧ || h
|-
| '''Outcome''' || f || s || š || x || ∅
|}

If there is no next consonant in the root, ''ɧ'' assimilates to the previous consonant.

If there is no next consonant and no previous consonant in the root, ''ɧ'' becomes ''h''.

==Verbs==

===Agreement===

Terzemain nouns mark two or less of three core cases, notionally representing the semantic roles INITIATOR, UNDERGOER, and TARGET. For ease of reference, these will be marked with the traditional A, P, and O labels used in discussing Ergative/Accusative marking.

Terzemian is Split-S, with Ergative or Accusative style marking determined lexically by the conjugation of the verb.

The conjugations are as follows:

{|border="1" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="4" align="center"
! Conj. || Required || Optional || Description
|-
| '''1 a''' || A ||   || Intransitive Active verbs
|-
| '''1 b''' || P || A ''(causitive)'' || Intransitive Stative verbs
|-
| '''2''' || AP ||   || Transitive Active verbs
|}

====Ablaut Patterns====

{|border="1" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="4" align="center"
|align = "center"|'''Conj.'''
|align = "center"|'''Root Vowel'''
|align = "center"|'''Non-P R'''
|align = "center"|'''Past R'''
|align = "center"|'''Non-P Ir'''
|align = "center"|'''Past Ir'''

|-
|align = "center" rowspan = "9"|'''1 a/b'''
|align = "center"|'''i'''
|align = "center"|i
|align = "center"|e
|align = "center"|ü
|align = "center"|iy

|-
|align = "center"|'''ü'''
|align = "center"|ü
|align = "center"|ö
|align = "center"|u
|align = "center"|üy

|-
|align = "center"|'''u'''
|align = "center"|u
|align = "center"|o
|align = "center"|uw
|align = "center"|wo

|-
|align = "center"|'''e'''
|align = "center"|e
|align = "center"|ä
|align = "center"|ö
|align = "center"|ye

|-
|align = "center"|'''ö'''
|align = "center"|ö
|align = "center"|a
|align = "center"|o
|align = "center"|yo

|-
|align = "center"|'''o'''
|align = "center"|o
|align = "center"|å
|align = "center"|ow
|align = "center"|öü

|-
|align = "center"|'''ä'''
|align = "center"|ä
|align = "center"|äh
|align = "center"|a
|align = "center"|e

|-
|align = "center"|'''a'''
|align = "center"|a
|align = "center"|ah
|align = "center"|ay
|align = "center"|ey

|-
|align = "center"|'''å'''
|align = "center"|å
|align = "center"|åh
|align = "center"|åw
|align = "center"|ow

|-
|align = "center" rowspan = "9"|'''2'''
|align = "center"|'''i'''
|align = "center"|i
|align = "center"|ü
|align = "center"|e
|align = "center"|ö

|-
|align = "center"|'''ü'''
|align = "center"|ü
|align = "center"|u
|align = "center"|ö
|align = "center"|o

|-
|align = "center"|'''u'''
|align = "center"|u
|align = "center"|uw
|align = "center"|o
|align = "center"|ow

|-
|align = "center"|'''e'''
|align = "center"|e
|align = "center"|ö
|align = "center"|ä
|align = "center"|å

|-
|align = "center"|'''ö'''
|align = "center"|ö
|align = "center"|o
|align = "center"|å
|align = "center"|a

|-
|align = "center"|'''o'''
|align = "center"|o
|align = "center"|ow
|align = "center"|å
|align = "center"|a

|-
|align = "center"|'''ä'''
|align = "center"|ä
|align = "center"|a
|align = "center"|äɧ
|align = "center"|aɧ

|-
|align = "center"|'''a'''
|align = "center"|a
|align = "center"|å
|align = "center"|aɧ
|align = "center"|åɧ

|-
|align = "center"|'''å'''
|align = "center"|å
|align = "center"|åw
|align = "center"|åɧ
|align = "center"|åwɧ

|} 

====Agreement prefixes====

{|border="1" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="4" align="center"
! Conj. || Argument || 1st Person || 2nd || 3rd
|-
| 1 || A || ǧ- || z- || i-
|-
| 1 || P || - || yu- || c-
|-
| 2 || A || - || smu- || s-
|-
| 2 || P || m- || yu- || -
|}

===Tense and Evidentiality===

There are two verb tenses, the past and non-past.

*In the past tense, there are three evidentiality/reality markings:
**''direct'' realis, indicating first-hand observational (e.g. "eye witness") knowledge. This is marked by the prefix ''e-'', in addition to ablaut.
**''indirect'' realis, indicating knowledge that is informed, inferred, supposed, or otherwise not personal. This is marked by ablaut alone.
**irrealis, making no overt statement about the reality of the VP, but inferring a lesser degree of certainty than either realis marking.
*In the non-past, only the realis and irrealis are distinguished.

===Aspect, Mood, Intensity, and Attitude===

Additional verb characteristics are expressed in suffixes, including the following.

*'''Aspect
**'''Inceptive'''
**'''Abortive'''
**'''Completitive''' ''-åǧ''
**'''Participle''' ''-önz''
**'''Perfect''' ''-gäv''
*'''Mood'''
**'''Imperative''' (use bare root)
**'''Negative''' ''-nä''
**'''Optative/Hortative/Jussive''' ''-zün''
**'''Causative/Volition''' (A -> P, Cause -> A)
*'''Intensity'''
**'''More Intense''' ''-siz''
**'''Less Intense''' ''-(d)e'' (NB: same as nominal diminutive)

Suffixes may be chained in a head-modifier (right-branching) manner.

Example: '''ävåwsezzönnä''' - ''I certainly did not want to soundly beat him.''

==Nouns==

===Gender===

There is pragmatic gender marking -- Nouns are marked for a gender system that combines traditional gender and pragmatic roles.

Genders, with examples, are:

{|border="1" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="4" align="center"
|align = "left"|1st Person
|align = "center"|-Am
|align = "left"|rižem
|align = "left"|I, the king
|align = "left"| 
|align = "left"| 

|-
|align = "left"|2nd Person
|align = "center"|-As
|align = "left"|rižes
|align = "left"|You, the king
|align = "left"| 
|align = "left"| 

|-
|align = "left"|3rd Animate
|align = "center"|-At
|align = "left"|rižet
|align = "left"|He, the king
|align = "left"| 
|align = "left"| 

|-
|align = "left"|3rd Inanimate
|align = "center"|-∅
|align = "left"|riž
|align = "left"|It, the kingdom
|align = "left"|čom
|align = "left"|The land

|-
|align = "left"|Negative Animate
|align = "center"|-nA
|align = "left"|rižne
|align = "left"|No king
|align = "left"| 
|align = "left"| 

|-
|align = "left"|Negative Inanimate
|align = "center"|A-
|align = "left"|eriž
|align = "left"|No kingdom
|align = "left"|očom
|align = "left"|No land

|} 

===Cases===

Case marking is ergative for Inanimate and Negative subjects, and accusative in all other cases.

Cases are:

{|border="1" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="4" align="center"
|align = "left"|Erg
|align = "center"|-Er
|align = "left"|--
|align = "left"|čomır

|-
|align = "left"|Nom/Abs
|align = "center"|-∅
|align = "left"|rižet
|align = "left"|čom

|-
|align = "left"|Acc
|align = "center"|-An
|align = "left"|rižeten
|align = "left"|--

|-
|align = "left"|Dat
|align = "center"|-Em
|align = "left"|rižetim
|align = "left"|čomım

|-
|align = "left"|Gen
|align = "center"|-Es
|align = "left"|rižetis
|align = "left"|čomıs

|-
|align = "left"|Ins/Loc
|align = "center"|-O
|align = "left"|rižetü
|align = "left"|čomu

|-
|align = "left"|Com
|align = "center"|-bA
|align = "left"|rižetbe
|align = "left"|čombo

|} 

[[Category: Conlangs]]

Terzemian

2013-04-21T12:28:56Z

Paul.w.bennett: /* Modern Latin */

{{IPA|}}

{{Infobox|name=Terzemian|pronounce=tɜ˞ˈzɛj.mjən|tu=Possible [[League of Lost Languages|LLL]] candidate|script=Latin, Cyrillic, Arabic, UTA|tree=Unique PIE, influences from Kartvelian, Turkic, Persian, Uralic and Slavic|morph=Mixed|ms=Lexically Split-S|wo=VSO|creator=[[User:Paul.w.bennett|Paul.w.bennett]]|date=}}

=Overview=

Terzemian is an [[Wikipedia:Indo-European|IE-derived]] conlang located along the west coast of the Caspian Sea. It is a [[Wikipedia:Centum-Satem_isogloss|satem]] language (the word for ''hundred'' is šündo (шүндо, şyndo, شَِنداَ /ʃyndo/) that uses the ''ruki'' rule, Grassman's law, Slavic-type depalatalization, z/r alternation, r/n alternation, a three-group vowel harmony system, and two phases of lenition (the first word-final, and the second approximately intervocalic).

=Phonology=

==Consonants==

{|border="1" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="4" align="center"
|align = "center"|p b
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"|t d
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"|k g
|align = "center"|kʷ gʷ
|align = "center"|q ɢ
|align = "center"|ʔ

|-
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"|f v
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"|s z
|align = "center"|ʃ ʒ
|align = "center"|ɬ ɮ
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"|x ɣ
|align = "center"|xʷ ɣʷ
|align = "center"|χ ʁ
|align = "center"|h

|-
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"|ts
|align = "center"|tʃ
|align = "center"|tɬ
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 

|-
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"|w
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"|l
|align = "center"|j
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 

|-
|align = "center"|m
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"|n
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"|ŋ
|align = "center"|ŋʷ
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 

|-
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"|ɾ ɹ
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 

|} 

==Vowels==

Depending on your viewpoint, there are either 9, 7, 6, or 3 vowels. To be more specific, there are 3 vowel harmony groups, with 3 vowels in each group, but there is some overlap.

===Seven Vowel System===

The Seven Vowel system is retained in writing in the UTA and Arabic scripts, but in modern times, /y/ and /ɯ/ have merged under Soviet influence (being in complementary distribution, and not found in Russian), and the Six Vowel system has replaced it for the Latin and Cyrillic scripts, and in modern pronunciation (in all but the most careful / formal contexts).

{|border="1" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="4" align="center"
|align = "center"|i y
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"|ɯ u

|-
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"|e
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"|o
|align = "center"| 

|-
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"|ɑ
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 

|} 

===Six Vowel System===

{|border="1" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="4" align="center"
|align = "center"|i
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"|ɨ
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"|u

|-
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"|e
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"|o
|align = "center"| 

|-
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"|ɑ
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 

|} 

=Writing System=

Terzemian has been written in a variety of scripts. In the modern era, a modified Latin alphabet is used. During the Soviet era, Cyrillic was used, and can still be found. Before the Soviet era, a form of the [[Wikipedia:Uniform Turkic Alphabet|UTA]] was used alongside Arabic. The Arabic script can still be found in general use in certain areas, as well as among the Muslim population throughout the region. Despite (or perhaps because) the fact that the move to the Latin script was a deliberate process to reflect post-Soviet independence, there is also a small folkish movement to return to the UTA script. In short, the learner of Terzemian should concentrate on learning the Latin script, but should be prepared to encounter Cyrillic, UTA, and Arabic on a more or less daily basis.

==Logical Layout==

The following tables illustrate the writing systems with a layout that is in accordance with the Phonology tables above.

===Modern Latin===

{|border="1" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="4" align="center"
|align = "center"|p b
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"|t d
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"|k g
|align = "center"|k˚ g˚
|align = "center"|ḳ ġ
|align = "center"|ʼ

|-
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"|f v
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"|s z
|align = "center"|š ž
|align = "center"|ł ł̣
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"|x ǧ
|align = "center"|x˚ ǧ˚
|align = "center"|x̣ ǧ̇
|align = "center"|h

|-
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"|c
|align = "center"|č
|align = "center"|tł
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 

|-
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"|w
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"|l
|align = "center"|j
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 

|-
|align = "center"|m
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"|n
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"|ň
|align = "center"|ň˚
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 

|-
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"|ṛ r
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 

|} 

{|border="1" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="4" align="center"
|align = "center"|i
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"|y
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"|u

|-
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"|e
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"|o
|align = "center"| 

|-
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"|a
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 

|} 

===UTA===

{|border="1" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="4" align="center"
|align = "center"|p b
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"|t d
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"|k g
|align = "center"|kъ gъ
|align = "center"|ķ g̓
|align = "center"|q

|-
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"|f v
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"|s z
|align = "center"|ş ƶ
|align = "center"|ł ľ
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"|x ƣ
|align = "center"|xъ ƣъ
|align = "center"|x̧ ƣ̓
|align = "center"|h

|-
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"|c
|align = "center"|ç
|align = "center"|tł dľ
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 

|-
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"|w
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"|l
|align = "center"|j
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 

|-
|align = "center"|m
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"|n
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"|ŋ
|align = "center"|ŋъ

|-
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"|r ř
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 

|} 

{|border="1" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="4" align="center"
|align = "center"|i y
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"|ı u

|-
|align = "center"|e
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"|o

|-
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"|a
|align = "center"| 

|} 

===Cyrillic===

{|border="1" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="4" align="center"
|align = "center"|п б
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"|т д
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"|к г
|align = "center"|къ гъ къ
|align = "center"|қ ӷ
|align = "center"|Ӏ

|-
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"|ф в
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"|с з
|align = "center"|ш ж
|align = "center"|ӆ ԓ
|align = "center"|х ғ
|align = "center"|хъ ғъ
|align = "center"|ҳ ӷ̵
|align = "center"|һ

|-
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"|ц
|align = "center"|ч
|align = "center"|тӆ дԓ
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 

|-
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"|ў
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"|й
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 

|-
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"|л
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 

|-
|align = "center"|м
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"|н
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"|ң
|align = "center"|ңъ
|align = "center"| 

|-
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"|р ʀ
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 

|} 

{|border="1" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="4" align="center"
|align = "center"|и
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"|ы
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"|у

|-
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"|э
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"|о
|align = "center"| 

|-
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"|а
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 

|} 

===Arabic===

{|border="1" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="4" align="center"
|align = "center"|پ ب
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"|ت د
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"|ك گ
|align = "center"| 

|-
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"|ف ڒ
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"|س ز
|align = "center"|ژ ش
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"|خ غ
|align = "center"|ه

|-
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| څ
|align = "center"| چ
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 

|-
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| و
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| ي
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 

|-
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| ل
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 

|-
|align = "center"| م
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| ن
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| ڽ
|align = "center"| 

|-
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"|ر
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 

|} 

{|border="1" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="4" align="center"
|align = "center"|هِ
|align = "center"| هَِ
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| هَ

|-
|align = "center"| اِ
|align = "center"| اَِ
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| اَ

|-
|align = "center"| اٍ
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"|ا
|align = "center"|اً

|} 

==Alphabetical Orders==

The tables above approximately follow the IPA layout for the sounds of Terzemian. The correct orders of the writing systems of Terzemian are:

* Latin: Aa Ää Åå Bb Cc Čč Dd Ee Ff Gg Ǧǧ Ġġ Ǧ̇ǧ̇ Hh Ii Kk Ll Łł Mm Nn Ňň Oo Öö Pp Rr Ṛṛ Ss Šš Tt Uu Üü Vv Ww Xx X̣x̣ Yy Zz Žž ˚ ʼ
* Cyrillic: Аа Әә Бб Вв Гг Ғғ Ӷ̵ӷ̵ Дд Ее Жж Зз Һһ Ии Йй Кк Лл Ӆӆ Ԓԓ Мм Нн Ңң Оо Өө Пп Рр Rʀ Сс Тт Уу Ўў Үү Фф Хх Ҳҳ Цц Чч Шш Щщ Ъъ Ыы Ьь Ээ Ɔɔ Юю Яя ӏ
* UTA: Aa Əə Bb Cc Çç Dd Ee Ff Gg Ƣƣ Hh Ii Jj Kk Ll Mm Nn Ŋŋ Oo Ɵɵ Ɔɔ Pp Rr Ss Şş Tt Uu Vv Ww Xx Yy Zz Ƶƶ Qq Ъъ
* Arabic: ا ب ت پ ح خ څ چ د ر ز ژ س ش غ ف ك گ ل م ن ڽ ه و ۆ ي هِ هَِ هَ اِ اَِ اَ اٍ اً

The following chart shows the other writing systems in the latin order:

{|border="1" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="4" align="center"
|align = "center"|'''Latin'''
|align = "center"|Aa
|align = "center"|Ää
|align = "center"|Åå
|align = "center"|Bb
|align = "center"|Cc
|align = "center"|Čč
|align = "center"|Dd
|align = "center"|Ee
|align = "center"|Ff
|align = "center"|Gg
|align = "center"|Ǧǧ
|align = "center"|Ġġ
|align = "center"|Ǧ̇ǧ̇
|align = "center"|Hh
|align = "center"|Ii
|align = "center"|Kk
|align = "center"|Ll
|align = "center"|Łł
|align = "center"|Mm

|-
|align = "center"|'''Cyrillic'''
|align = "center"|Аа
|align = "center"|Әә
|align = "center"|Ɔɔ
|align = "center"|Бб
|align = "center"|Цц
|align = "center"|Чч
|align = "center"|Дд
|align = "center"|Ээ
|align = "center"|Фф
|align = "center"|Гг
|align = "center"|Ғғ
|align = "center"|Ӷ̵ӷ̵
|align = "center"|''???''
|align = "center"|Һһ
|align = "center"|Ии
|align = "center"|Кк
|align = "center"|Лл
|align = "center"|Ӆӆ / Ԓԓ
|align = "center"|Мм

|-
|align = "center"|''Latin''
|align = "center"|Nn
|align = "center"|Ňň
|align = "center"|Oo
|align = "center"|Öö
|align = "center"|Pp
|align = "center"|Rr
|align = "center"|Ṛṛ
|align = "center"|Ss
|align = "center"|Šš
|align = "center"|Tt
|align = "center"|Uu
|align = "center"|Üü
|align = "center"|Vv
|align = "center"|Ww
|align = "center"|Xx
|align = "center"|X̣x̣
|align = "center"|Yy
|align = "center"|Zz
|align = "center"|Žž
|align = "center"|˚
|align = "center"|ʼ
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 

|-
|align = "center"|''Cyrillic''
|align = "center"|Нн
|align = "center"|Ңң
|align = "center"|Оо
|align = "center"|Өө
|align = "center"|Пп
|align = "center"|Rʀ
|align = "center"|Рр
|align = "center"|Сс
|align = "center"|Шш
|align = "center"|Тт
|align = "center"|Уу
|align = "center"|Үү
|align = "center"|Вв
|align = "center"|Ўў
|align = "center"|Хх
|align = "center"|Ҳҳ
|align = "center"|Йй
|align = "center"|Зз
|align = "center"|Жж
|align = "center"|Ъъ
|align = "center"|ӏ
|align = "center"|Щщ
|align = "center"|Ыы
|align = "center"|Ьь
|align = "center"|Юю
|align = "center"|Яя
|align = "center"|Ее

|} 

Notes:

* The Cyrillic letters ''Щ'', ''Ъ'', and ''Ь'' are not used in native words.
* The Cyrillic letters ''Е'', ''Ю'', and ''Я'' are occasionally used in native words.
* The Arabic characters هِ هَِ هَ use the letter ه as a base character for illustration. The actual vowels are written as just the diactrics, attached to the preceeding consonant.

=Sound Changes=

''See the [[Terzemian/Sound_Changes|Sound Changes]] subarticle.

=Morphosyntax=

==Harmony==

===Vowels===

{|border="1" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="4" align="center"
|align = "center" rowspan = "2"|'''Root Vowel'''
|align = "center" colspan = "3"|'''Prefix Vowel'''
|align = "center" colspan = "6"|'''Suffix Vowel'''

|-

|align = "center"|'''i'''
|align = "center"|'''u'''
|align = "center"|'''a'''

|align = "center"|'''i'''
|align = "center"|'''ü'''
|align = "center"|'''e'''
|align = "center"|'''ö'''
|align = "center"|'''ä'''
|align = "center"|'''a'''

|-
|align = "center"|'''i'''

|align = "center"|i
|align = "center"|ü
|align = "center"|e

|align = "center"|i
|align = "center"|ü
|align = "center"|e
|align = "center"|ö
|align = "center"|ä
|align = "center"|a

|-
|align = "center"|'''ü'''

|align = "center"|i
|align = "center"|ü
|align = "center"|e

|align = "center"|ü
|align = "center"|u
|align = "center"|ö
|align = "center"|o
|align = "center"|ä
|align = "center"|a

|-
|align = "center"|'''u'''

|align = "center"|ü
|align = "center"|u
|align = "center"|o

|align = "center"|ü
|align = "center"|u
|align = "center"|ö
|align = "center"|o
|align = "center"|a
|align = "center"|å

|-
|align = "center"|'''e'''

|align = "center"|i
|align = "center"|ö
|align = "center"|ä

|align = "center"|i
|align = "center"|ü
|align = "center"|e
|align = "center"|ö
|align = "center"|ä
|align = "center"|a

|-
|align = "center"|'''ö'''

|align = "center"|ü
|align = "center"|o
|align = "center"|å

|align = "center"|ü
|align = "center"|u
|align = "center"|ö
|align = "center"|o
|align = "center"|ä
|align = "center"|a

|-
|align = "center"|'''o'''

|align = "center"|ö
|align = "center"|å
|align = "center"|a

|align = "center"|ü
|align = "center"|u
|align = "center"|ö
|align = "center"|o
|align = "center"|a
|align = "center"|å

|-
|align = "center"|'''ä'''

|align = "center"|e
|align = "center"|å
|align = "center"|a

|align = "center"|e
|align = "center"|ö
|align = "center"|ä
|align = "center"|å
|align = "center"|ä
|align = "center"|a

|-
|align = "center"|'''a'''

|align = "center"|e
|align = "center"|o
|align = "center"|a

|align = "center"|e
|align = "center"|ö
|align = "center"|ä
|align = "center"|å
|align = "center"|ä
|align = "center"|a

|-
|align = "center"|'''å'''

|align = "center"|ä
|align = "center"|åɧ
|align = "center"|aɧ

|align = "center"|e
|align = "center"|ö
|align = "center"|ä
|align = "center"|å
|align = "center"|ä
|align = "center"|a

|} 

===Fricative===

The metasymbol ''ɧ'' represents an assimilatory fricative, as follows:

{|border="1" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="4" align="center"
! Next Consonant || p,b,m,f,v,w || t,d,n,s,z,l,r || č,š,ž,y || k,g,x,ǧ || h
|-
| '''Outcome''' || f || s || š || x || ∅
|}

If there is no next consonant in the root, ''ɧ'' assimilates to the previous consonant.

If there is no next consonant and no previous consonant in the root, ''ɧ'' becomes ''h''.

==Verbs==

===Agreement===

Terzemain nouns mark two or less of three core cases, notionally representing the semantic roles INITIATOR, UNDERGOER, and TARGET. For ease of reference, these will be marked with the traditional A, P, and O labels used in discussing Ergative/Accusative marking.

Terzemian is Split-S, with Ergative or Accusative style marking determined lexically by the conjugation of the verb.

The conjugations are as follows:

{|border="1" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="4" align="center"
! Conj. || Required || Optional || Description
|-
| '''1 a''' || A ||   || Intransitive Active verbs
|-
| '''1 b''' || P || A ''(causitive)'' || Intransitive Stative verbs
|-
| '''2''' || AP ||   || Transitive Active verbs
|}

====Ablaut Patterns====

{|border="1" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="4" align="center"
|align = "center"|'''Conj.'''
|align = "center"|'''Root Vowel'''
|align = "center"|'''Non-P R'''
|align = "center"|'''Past R'''
|align = "center"|'''Non-P Ir'''
|align = "center"|'''Past Ir'''

|-
|align = "center" rowspan = "9"|'''1 a/b'''
|align = "center"|'''i'''
|align = "center"|i
|align = "center"|e
|align = "center"|ü
|align = "center"|iy

|-
|align = "center"|'''ü'''
|align = "center"|ü
|align = "center"|ö
|align = "center"|u
|align = "center"|üy

|-
|align = "center"|'''u'''
|align = "center"|u
|align = "center"|o
|align = "center"|uw
|align = "center"|wo

|-
|align = "center"|'''e'''
|align = "center"|e
|align = "center"|ä
|align = "center"|ö
|align = "center"|ye

|-
|align = "center"|'''ö'''
|align = "center"|ö
|align = "center"|a
|align = "center"|o
|align = "center"|yo

|-
|align = "center"|'''o'''
|align = "center"|o
|align = "center"|å
|align = "center"|ow
|align = "center"|öü

|-
|align = "center"|'''ä'''
|align = "center"|ä
|align = "center"|äh
|align = "center"|a
|align = "center"|e

|-
|align = "center"|'''a'''
|align = "center"|a
|align = "center"|ah
|align = "center"|ay
|align = "center"|ey

|-
|align = "center"|'''å'''
|align = "center"|å
|align = "center"|åh
|align = "center"|åw
|align = "center"|ow

|-
|align = "center" rowspan = "9"|'''2'''
|align = "center"|'''i'''
|align = "center"|i
|align = "center"|ü
|align = "center"|e
|align = "center"|ö

|-
|align = "center"|'''ü'''
|align = "center"|ü
|align = "center"|u
|align = "center"|ö
|align = "center"|o

|-
|align = "center"|'''u'''
|align = "center"|u
|align = "center"|uw
|align = "center"|o
|align = "center"|ow

|-
|align = "center"|'''e'''
|align = "center"|e
|align = "center"|ö
|align = "center"|ä
|align = "center"|å

|-
|align = "center"|'''ö'''
|align = "center"|ö
|align = "center"|o
|align = "center"|å
|align = "center"|a

|-
|align = "center"|'''o'''
|align = "center"|o
|align = "center"|ow
|align = "center"|å
|align = "center"|a

|-
|align = "center"|'''ä'''
|align = "center"|ä
|align = "center"|a
|align = "center"|äɧ
|align = "center"|aɧ

|-
|align = "center"|'''a'''
|align = "center"|a
|align = "center"|å
|align = "center"|aɧ
|align = "center"|åɧ

|-
|align = "center"|'''å'''
|align = "center"|å
|align = "center"|åw
|align = "center"|åɧ
|align = "center"|åwɧ

|} 

====Agreement prefixes====

{|border="1" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="4" align="center"
! Conj. || Argument || 1st Person || 2nd || 3rd
|-
| 1 || A || ǧ- || z- || i-
|-
| 1 || P || - || yu- || c-
|-
| 2 || A || - || smu- || s-
|-
| 2 || P || m- || yu- || -
|}

===Tense and Evidentiality===

There are two verb tenses, the past and non-past.

*In the past tense, there are three evidentiality/reality markings:
**''direct'' realis, indicating first-hand observational (e.g. "eye witness") knowledge. This is marked by the prefix ''e-'', in addition to ablaut.
**''indirect'' realis, indicating knowledge that is informed, inferred, supposed, or otherwise not personal. This is marked by ablaut alone.
**irrealis, making no overt statement about the reality of the VP, but inferring a lesser degree of certainty than either realis marking.
*In the non-past, only the realis and irrealis are distinguished.

===Aspect, Mood, Intensity, and Attitude===

Additional verb characteristics are expressed in suffixes, including the following.

*'''Aspect
**'''Inceptive'''
**'''Abortive'''
**'''Completitive''' ''-åǧ''
**'''Participle''' ''-önz''
**'''Perfect''' ''-gäv''
*'''Mood'''
**'''Imperative''' (use bare root)
**'''Negative''' ''-nä''
**'''Optative/Hortative/Jussive''' ''-zün''
**'''Causative/Volition''' (A -> P, Cause -> A)
*'''Intensity'''
**'''More Intense''' ''-siz''
**'''Less Intense''' ''-(d)e'' (NB: same as nominal diminutive)

Suffixes may be chained in a head-modifier (right-branching) manner.

Example: '''ävåwsezzönnä''' - ''I certainly did not want to soundly beat him.''

==Nouns==

===Gender===

There is pragmatic gender marking -- Nouns are marked for a gender system that combines traditional gender and pragmatic roles.

Genders, with examples, are:

{|border="1" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="4" align="center"
|align = "left"|1st Person
|align = "center"|-Am
|align = "left"|rižem
|align = "left"|I, the king
|align = "left"| 
|align = "left"| 

|-
|align = "left"|2nd Person
|align = "center"|-As
|align = "left"|rižes
|align = "left"|You, the king
|align = "left"| 
|align = "left"| 

|-
|align = "left"|3rd Animate
|align = "center"|-At
|align = "left"|rižet
|align = "left"|He, the king
|align = "left"| 
|align = "left"| 

|-
|align = "left"|3rd Inanimate
|align = "center"|-∅
|align = "left"|riž
|align = "left"|It, the kingdom
|align = "left"|čom
|align = "left"|The land

|-
|align = "left"|Negative Animate
|align = "center"|-nA
|align = "left"|rižne
|align = "left"|No king
|align = "left"| 
|align = "left"| 

|-
|align = "left"|Negative Inanimate
|align = "center"|A-
|align = "left"|eriž
|align = "left"|No kingdom
|align = "left"|očom
|align = "left"|No land

|} 

===Cases===

Case marking is ergative for Inanimate and Negative subjects, and accusative in all other cases.

Cases are:

{|border="1" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="4" align="center"
|align = "left"|Erg
|align = "center"|-Er
|align = "left"|--
|align = "left"|čomır

|-
|align = "left"|Nom/Abs
|align = "center"|-∅
|align = "left"|rižet
|align = "left"|čom

|-
|align = "left"|Acc
|align = "center"|-An
|align = "left"|rižeten
|align = "left"|--

|-
|align = "left"|Dat
|align = "center"|-Em
|align = "left"|rižetim
|align = "left"|čomım

|-
|align = "left"|Gen
|align = "center"|-Es
|align = "left"|rižetis
|align = "left"|čomıs

|-
|align = "left"|Ins/Loc
|align = "center"|-O
|align = "left"|rižetü
|align = "left"|čomu

|-
|align = "left"|Com
|align = "center"|-bA
|align = "left"|rižetbe
|align = "left"|čombo

|} 

[[Category: Conlangs]]

Terzemian

2013-04-21T12:28:26Z

Paul.w.bennett: /* Consonants */

{{IPA|}}

{{Infobox|name=Terzemian|pronounce=tɜ˞ˈzɛj.mjən|tu=Possible [[League of Lost Languages|LLL]] candidate|script=Latin, Cyrillic, Arabic, UTA|tree=Unique PIE, influences from Kartvelian, Turkic, Persian, Uralic and Slavic|morph=Mixed|ms=Lexically Split-S|wo=VSO|creator=[[User:Paul.w.bennett|Paul.w.bennett]]|date=}}

=Overview=

Terzemian is an [[Wikipedia:Indo-European|IE-derived]] conlang located along the west coast of the Caspian Sea. It is a [[Wikipedia:Centum-Satem_isogloss|satem]] language (the word for ''hundred'' is šündo (шүндо, şyndo, شَِنداَ /ʃyndo/) that uses the ''ruki'' rule, Grassman's law, Slavic-type depalatalization, z/r alternation, r/n alternation, a three-group vowel harmony system, and two phases of lenition (the first word-final, and the second approximately intervocalic).

=Phonology=

==Consonants==

{|border="1" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="4" align="center"
|align = "center"|p b
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"|t d
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"|k g
|align = "center"|kʷ gʷ
|align = "center"|q ɢ
|align = "center"|ʔ

|-
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"|f v
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"|s z
|align = "center"|ʃ ʒ
|align = "center"|ɬ ɮ
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"|x ɣ
|align = "center"|xʷ ɣʷ
|align = "center"|χ ʁ
|align = "center"|h

|-
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"|ts
|align = "center"|tʃ
|align = "center"|tɬ
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 

|-
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"|w
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"|l
|align = "center"|j
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 

|-
|align = "center"|m
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"|n
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"|ŋ
|align = "center"|ŋʷ
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 

|-
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"|ɾ ɹ
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 

|} 

==Vowels==

Depending on your viewpoint, there are either 9, 7, 6, or 3 vowels. To be more specific, there are 3 vowel harmony groups, with 3 vowels in each group, but there is some overlap.

===Seven Vowel System===

The Seven Vowel system is retained in writing in the UTA and Arabic scripts, but in modern times, /y/ and /ɯ/ have merged under Soviet influence (being in complementary distribution, and not found in Russian), and the Six Vowel system has replaced it for the Latin and Cyrillic scripts, and in modern pronunciation (in all but the most careful / formal contexts).

{|border="1" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="4" align="center"
|align = "center"|i y
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"|ɯ u

|-
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"|e
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"|o
|align = "center"| 

|-
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"|ɑ
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 

|} 

===Six Vowel System===

{|border="1" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="4" align="center"
|align = "center"|i
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"|ɨ
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"|u

|-
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"|e
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"|o
|align = "center"| 

|-
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"|ɑ
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 

|} 

=Writing System=

Terzemian has been written in a variety of scripts. In the modern era, a modified Latin alphabet is used. During the Soviet era, Cyrillic was used, and can still be found. Before the Soviet era, a form of the [[Wikipedia:Uniform Turkic Alphabet|UTA]] was used alongside Arabic. The Arabic script can still be found in general use in certain areas, as well as among the Muslim population throughout the region. Despite (or perhaps because) the fact that the move to the Latin script was a deliberate process to reflect post-Soviet independence, there is also a small folkish movement to return to the UTA script. In short, the learner of Terzemian should concentrate on learning the Latin script, but should be prepared to encounter Cyrillic, UTA, and Arabic on a more or less daily basis.

==Logical Layout==

The following tables illustrate the writing systems with a layout that is in accordance with the Phonology tables above.

===Modern Latin===

{|border="1" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="4" align="center"
|align = "center"|p b
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"|t d
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"|k g
|align = "center"|k˚ g˚
|align = "center"|ḳ ġ
|align = "center"|ʼ

|-
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"|f v
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"|s z
|align = "center"|š ž
|align = "center"|ł ł̣
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"|x ǧ
|align = "center"|x˚ ǧ˚
|align = "center"|x̣ ǧ̇
|align = "center"|h

|-
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"|c
|align = "center"|č
|align = "center"|tł dł̣
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 

|-
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"|w
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"|l
|align = "center"|j
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 

|-
|align = "center"|m
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"|n
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"|ň
|align = "center"|ň˚
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 

|-
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"|ṛ r
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 

|} 

{|border="1" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="4" align="center"
|align = "center"|i
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"|y
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"|u

|-
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"|e
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"|o
|align = "center"| 

|-
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"|a
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 

|} 

===UTA===

{|border="1" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="4" align="center"
|align = "center"|p b
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"|t d
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"|k g
|align = "center"|kъ gъ
|align = "center"|ķ g̓
|align = "center"|q

|-
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"|f v
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"|s z
|align = "center"|ş ƶ
|align = "center"|ł ľ
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"|x ƣ
|align = "center"|xъ ƣъ
|align = "center"|x̧ ƣ̓
|align = "center"|h

|-
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"|c
|align = "center"|ç
|align = "center"|tł dľ
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 

|-
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"|w
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"|l
|align = "center"|j
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 

|-
|align = "center"|m
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"|n
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"|ŋ
|align = "center"|ŋъ

|-
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"|r ř
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 

|} 

{|border="1" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="4" align="center"
|align = "center"|i y
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"|ı u

|-
|align = "center"|e
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"|o

|-
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"|a
|align = "center"| 

|} 

===Cyrillic===

{|border="1" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="4" align="center"
|align = "center"|п б
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"|т д
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"|к г
|align = "center"|къ гъ къ
|align = "center"|қ ӷ
|align = "center"|Ӏ

|-
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"|ф в
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"|с з
|align = "center"|ш ж
|align = "center"|ӆ ԓ
|align = "center"|х ғ
|align = "center"|хъ ғъ
|align = "center"|ҳ ӷ̵
|align = "center"|һ

|-
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"|ц
|align = "center"|ч
|align = "center"|тӆ дԓ
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 

|-
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"|ў
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"|й
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 

|-
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"|л
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 

|-
|align = "center"|м
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"|н
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"|ң
|align = "center"|ңъ
|align = "center"| 

|-
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"|р ʀ
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 

|} 

{|border="1" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="4" align="center"
|align = "center"|и
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"|ы
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"|у

|-
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"|э
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"|о
|align = "center"| 

|-
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"|а
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 

|} 

===Arabic===

{|border="1" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="4" align="center"
|align = "center"|پ ب
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"|ت د
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"|ك گ
|align = "center"| 

|-
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"|ف ڒ
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"|س ز
|align = "center"|ژ ش
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"|خ غ
|align = "center"|ه

|-
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| څ
|align = "center"| چ
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 

|-
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| و
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| ي
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 

|-
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| ل
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 

|-
|align = "center"| م
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| ن
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| ڽ
|align = "center"| 

|-
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"|ر
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 

|} 

{|border="1" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="4" align="center"
|align = "center"|هِ
|align = "center"| هَِ
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| هَ

|-
|align = "center"| اِ
|align = "center"| اَِ
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| اَ

|-
|align = "center"| اٍ
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"|ا
|align = "center"|اً

|} 

==Alphabetical Orders==

The tables above approximately follow the IPA layout for the sounds of Terzemian. The correct orders of the writing systems of Terzemian are:

* Latin: Aa Ää Åå Bb Cc Čč Dd Ee Ff Gg Ǧǧ Ġġ Ǧ̇ǧ̇ Hh Ii Kk Ll Łł Mm Nn Ňň Oo Öö Pp Rr Ṛṛ Ss Šš Tt Uu Üü Vv Ww Xx X̣x̣ Yy Zz Žž ˚ ʼ
* Cyrillic: Аа Әә Бб Вв Гг Ғғ Ӷ̵ӷ̵ Дд Ее Жж Зз Һһ Ии Йй Кк Лл Ӆӆ Ԓԓ Мм Нн Ңң Оо Өө Пп Рр Rʀ Сс Тт Уу Ўў Үү Фф Хх Ҳҳ Цц Чч Шш Щщ Ъъ Ыы Ьь Ээ Ɔɔ Юю Яя ӏ
* UTA: Aa Əə Bb Cc Çç Dd Ee Ff Gg Ƣƣ Hh Ii Jj Kk Ll Mm Nn Ŋŋ Oo Ɵɵ Ɔɔ Pp Rr Ss Şş Tt Uu Vv Ww Xx Yy Zz Ƶƶ Qq Ъъ
* Arabic: ا ب ت پ ح خ څ چ د ر ز ژ س ش غ ف ك گ ل م ن ڽ ه و ۆ ي هِ هَِ هَ اِ اَِ اَ اٍ اً

The following chart shows the other writing systems in the latin order:

{|border="1" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="4" align="center"
|align = "center"|'''Latin'''
|align = "center"|Aa
|align = "center"|Ää
|align = "center"|Åå
|align = "center"|Bb
|align = "center"|Cc
|align = "center"|Čč
|align = "center"|Dd
|align = "center"|Ee
|align = "center"|Ff
|align = "center"|Gg
|align = "center"|Ǧǧ
|align = "center"|Ġġ
|align = "center"|Ǧ̇ǧ̇
|align = "center"|Hh
|align = "center"|Ii
|align = "center"|Kk
|align = "center"|Ll
|align = "center"|Łł
|align = "center"|Mm

|-
|align = "center"|'''Cyrillic'''
|align = "center"|Аа
|align = "center"|Әә
|align = "center"|Ɔɔ
|align = "center"|Бб
|align = "center"|Цц
|align = "center"|Чч
|align = "center"|Дд
|align = "center"|Ээ
|align = "center"|Фф
|align = "center"|Гг
|align = "center"|Ғғ
|align = "center"|Ӷ̵ӷ̵
|align = "center"|''???''
|align = "center"|Һһ
|align = "center"|Ии
|align = "center"|Кк
|align = "center"|Лл
|align = "center"|Ӆӆ / Ԓԓ
|align = "center"|Мм

|-
|align = "center"|''Latin''
|align = "center"|Nn
|align = "center"|Ňň
|align = "center"|Oo
|align = "center"|Öö
|align = "center"|Pp
|align = "center"|Rr
|align = "center"|Ṛṛ
|align = "center"|Ss
|align = "center"|Šš
|align = "center"|Tt
|align = "center"|Uu
|align = "center"|Üü
|align = "center"|Vv
|align = "center"|Ww
|align = "center"|Xx
|align = "center"|X̣x̣
|align = "center"|Yy
|align = "center"|Zz
|align = "center"|Žž
|align = "center"|˚
|align = "center"|ʼ
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 

|-
|align = "center"|''Cyrillic''
|align = "center"|Нн
|align = "center"|Ңң
|align = "center"|Оо
|align = "center"|Өө
|align = "center"|Пп
|align = "center"|Rʀ
|align = "center"|Рр
|align = "center"|Сс
|align = "center"|Шш
|align = "center"|Тт
|align = "center"|Уу
|align = "center"|Үү
|align = "center"|Вв
|align = "center"|Ўў
|align = "center"|Хх
|align = "center"|Ҳҳ
|align = "center"|Йй
|align = "center"|Зз
|align = "center"|Жж
|align = "center"|Ъъ
|align = "center"|ӏ
|align = "center"|Щщ
|align = "center"|Ыы
|align = "center"|Ьь
|align = "center"|Юю
|align = "center"|Яя
|align = "center"|Ее

|} 

Notes:

* The Cyrillic letters ''Щ'', ''Ъ'', and ''Ь'' are not used in native words.
* The Cyrillic letters ''Е'', ''Ю'', and ''Я'' are occasionally used in native words.
* The Arabic characters هِ هَِ هَ use the letter ه as a base character for illustration. The actual vowels are written as just the diactrics, attached to the preceeding consonant.

=Sound Changes=

''See the [[Terzemian/Sound_Changes|Sound Changes]] subarticle.

=Morphosyntax=

==Harmony==

===Vowels===

{|border="1" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="4" align="center"
|align = "center" rowspan = "2"|'''Root Vowel'''
|align = "center" colspan = "3"|'''Prefix Vowel'''
|align = "center" colspan = "6"|'''Suffix Vowel'''

|-

|align = "center"|'''i'''
|align = "center"|'''u'''
|align = "center"|'''a'''

|align = "center"|'''i'''
|align = "center"|'''ü'''
|align = "center"|'''e'''
|align = "center"|'''ö'''
|align = "center"|'''ä'''
|align = "center"|'''a'''

|-
|align = "center"|'''i'''

|align = "center"|i
|align = "center"|ü
|align = "center"|e

|align = "center"|i
|align = "center"|ü
|align = "center"|e
|align = "center"|ö
|align = "center"|ä
|align = "center"|a

|-
|align = "center"|'''ü'''

|align = "center"|i
|align = "center"|ü
|align = "center"|e

|align = "center"|ü
|align = "center"|u
|align = "center"|ö
|align = "center"|o
|align = "center"|ä
|align = "center"|a

|-
|align = "center"|'''u'''

|align = "center"|ü
|align = "center"|u
|align = "center"|o

|align = "center"|ü
|align = "center"|u
|align = "center"|ö
|align = "center"|o
|align = "center"|a
|align = "center"|å

|-
|align = "center"|'''e'''

|align = "center"|i
|align = "center"|ö
|align = "center"|ä

|align = "center"|i
|align = "center"|ü
|align = "center"|e
|align = "center"|ö
|align = "center"|ä
|align = "center"|a

|-
|align = "center"|'''ö'''

|align = "center"|ü
|align = "center"|o
|align = "center"|å

|align = "center"|ü
|align = "center"|u
|align = "center"|ö
|align = "center"|o
|align = "center"|ä
|align = "center"|a

|-
|align = "center"|'''o'''

|align = "center"|ö
|align = "center"|å
|align = "center"|a

|align = "center"|ü
|align = "center"|u
|align = "center"|ö
|align = "center"|o
|align = "center"|a
|align = "center"|å

|-
|align = "center"|'''ä'''

|align = "center"|e
|align = "center"|å
|align = "center"|a

|align = "center"|e
|align = "center"|ö
|align = "center"|ä
|align = "center"|å
|align = "center"|ä
|align = "center"|a

|-
|align = "center"|'''a'''

|align = "center"|e
|align = "center"|o
|align = "center"|a

|align = "center"|e
|align = "center"|ö
|align = "center"|ä
|align = "center"|å
|align = "center"|ä
|align = "center"|a

|-
|align = "center"|'''å'''

|align = "center"|ä
|align = "center"|åɧ
|align = "center"|aɧ

|align = "center"|e
|align = "center"|ö
|align = "center"|ä
|align = "center"|å
|align = "center"|ä
|align = "center"|a

|} 

===Fricative===

The metasymbol ''ɧ'' represents an assimilatory fricative, as follows:

{|border="1" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="4" align="center"
! Next Consonant || p,b,m,f,v,w || t,d,n,s,z,l,r || č,š,ž,y || k,g,x,ǧ || h
|-
| '''Outcome''' || f || s || š || x || ∅
|}

If there is no next consonant in the root, ''ɧ'' assimilates to the previous consonant.

If there is no next consonant and no previous consonant in the root, ''ɧ'' becomes ''h''.

==Verbs==

===Agreement===

Terzemain nouns mark two or less of three core cases, notionally representing the semantic roles INITIATOR, UNDERGOER, and TARGET. For ease of reference, these will be marked with the traditional A, P, and O labels used in discussing Ergative/Accusative marking.

Terzemian is Split-S, with Ergative or Accusative style marking determined lexically by the conjugation of the verb.

The conjugations are as follows:

{|border="1" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="4" align="center"
! Conj. || Required || Optional || Description
|-
| '''1 a''' || A ||   || Intransitive Active verbs
|-
| '''1 b''' || P || A ''(causitive)'' || Intransitive Stative verbs
|-
| '''2''' || AP ||   || Transitive Active verbs
|}

====Ablaut Patterns====

{|border="1" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="4" align="center"
|align = "center"|'''Conj.'''
|align = "center"|'''Root Vowel'''
|align = "center"|'''Non-P R'''
|align = "center"|'''Past R'''
|align = "center"|'''Non-P Ir'''
|align = "center"|'''Past Ir'''

|-
|align = "center" rowspan = "9"|'''1 a/b'''
|align = "center"|'''i'''
|align = "center"|i
|align = "center"|e
|align = "center"|ü
|align = "center"|iy

|-
|align = "center"|'''ü'''
|align = "center"|ü
|align = "center"|ö
|align = "center"|u
|align = "center"|üy

|-
|align = "center"|'''u'''
|align = "center"|u
|align = "center"|o
|align = "center"|uw
|align = "center"|wo

|-
|align = "center"|'''e'''
|align = "center"|e
|align = "center"|ä
|align = "center"|ö
|align = "center"|ye

|-
|align = "center"|'''ö'''
|align = "center"|ö
|align = "center"|a
|align = "center"|o
|align = "center"|yo

|-
|align = "center"|'''o'''
|align = "center"|o
|align = "center"|å
|align = "center"|ow
|align = "center"|öü

|-
|align = "center"|'''ä'''
|align = "center"|ä
|align = "center"|äh
|align = "center"|a
|align = "center"|e

|-
|align = "center"|'''a'''
|align = "center"|a
|align = "center"|ah
|align = "center"|ay
|align = "center"|ey

|-
|align = "center"|'''å'''
|align = "center"|å
|align = "center"|åh
|align = "center"|åw
|align = "center"|ow

|-
|align = "center" rowspan = "9"|'''2'''
|align = "center"|'''i'''
|align = "center"|i
|align = "center"|ü
|align = "center"|e
|align = "center"|ö

|-
|align = "center"|'''ü'''
|align = "center"|ü
|align = "center"|u
|align = "center"|ö
|align = "center"|o

|-
|align = "center"|'''u'''
|align = "center"|u
|align = "center"|uw
|align = "center"|o
|align = "center"|ow

|-
|align = "center"|'''e'''
|align = "center"|e
|align = "center"|ö
|align = "center"|ä
|align = "center"|å

|-
|align = "center"|'''ö'''
|align = "center"|ö
|align = "center"|o
|align = "center"|å
|align = "center"|a

|-
|align = "center"|'''o'''
|align = "center"|o
|align = "center"|ow
|align = "center"|å
|align = "center"|a

|-
|align = "center"|'''ä'''
|align = "center"|ä
|align = "center"|a
|align = "center"|äɧ
|align = "center"|aɧ

|-
|align = "center"|'''a'''
|align = "center"|a
|align = "center"|å
|align = "center"|aɧ
|align = "center"|åɧ

|-
|align = "center"|'''å'''
|align = "center"|å
|align = "center"|åw
|align = "center"|åɧ
|align = "center"|åwɧ

|} 

====Agreement prefixes====

{|border="1" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="4" align="center"
! Conj. || Argument || 1st Person || 2nd || 3rd
|-
| 1 || A || ǧ- || z- || i-
|-
| 1 || P || - || yu- || c-
|-
| 2 || A || - || smu- || s-
|-
| 2 || P || m- || yu- || -
|}

===Tense and Evidentiality===

There are two verb tenses, the past and non-past.

*In the past tense, there are three evidentiality/reality markings:
**''direct'' realis, indicating first-hand observational (e.g. "eye witness") knowledge. This is marked by the prefix ''e-'', in addition to ablaut.
**''indirect'' realis, indicating knowledge that is informed, inferred, supposed, or otherwise not personal. This is marked by ablaut alone.
**irrealis, making no overt statement about the reality of the VP, but inferring a lesser degree of certainty than either realis marking.
*In the non-past, only the realis and irrealis are distinguished.

===Aspect, Mood, Intensity, and Attitude===

Additional verb characteristics are expressed in suffixes, including the following.

*'''Aspect
**'''Inceptive'''
**'''Abortive'''
**'''Completitive''' ''-åǧ''
**'''Participle''' ''-önz''
**'''Perfect''' ''-gäv''
*'''Mood'''
**'''Imperative''' (use bare root)
**'''Negative''' ''-nä''
**'''Optative/Hortative/Jussive''' ''-zün''
**'''Causative/Volition''' (A -> P, Cause -> A)
*'''Intensity'''
**'''More Intense''' ''-siz''
**'''Less Intense''' ''-(d)e'' (NB: same as nominal diminutive)

Suffixes may be chained in a head-modifier (right-branching) manner.

Example: '''ävåwsezzönnä''' - ''I certainly did not want to soundly beat him.''

==Nouns==

===Gender===

There is pragmatic gender marking -- Nouns are marked for a gender system that combines traditional gender and pragmatic roles.

Genders, with examples, are:

{|border="1" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="4" align="center"
|align = "left"|1st Person
|align = "center"|-Am
|align = "left"|rižem
|align = "left"|I, the king
|align = "left"| 
|align = "left"| 

|-
|align = "left"|2nd Person
|align = "center"|-As
|align = "left"|rižes
|align = "left"|You, the king
|align = "left"| 
|align = "left"| 

|-
|align = "left"|3rd Animate
|align = "center"|-At
|align = "left"|rižet
|align = "left"|He, the king
|align = "left"| 
|align = "left"| 

|-
|align = "left"|3rd Inanimate
|align = "center"|-∅
|align = "left"|riž
|align = "left"|It, the kingdom
|align = "left"|čom
|align = "left"|The land

|-
|align = "left"|Negative Animate
|align = "center"|-nA
|align = "left"|rižne
|align = "left"|No king
|align = "left"| 
|align = "left"| 

|-
|align = "left"|Negative Inanimate
|align = "center"|A-
|align = "left"|eriž
|align = "left"|No kingdom
|align = "left"|očom
|align = "left"|No land

|} 

===Cases===

Case marking is ergative for Inanimate and Negative subjects, and accusative in all other cases.

Cases are:

{|border="1" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="4" align="center"
|align = "left"|Erg
|align = "center"|-Er
|align = "left"|--
|align = "left"|čomır

|-
|align = "left"|Nom/Abs
|align = "center"|-∅
|align = "left"|rižet
|align = "left"|čom

|-
|align = "left"|Acc
|align = "center"|-An
|align = "left"|rižeten
|align = "left"|--

|-
|align = "left"|Dat
|align = "center"|-Em
|align = "left"|rižetim
|align = "left"|čomım

|-
|align = "left"|Gen
|align = "center"|-Es
|align = "left"|rižetis
|align = "left"|čomıs

|-
|align = "left"|Ins/Loc
|align = "center"|-O
|align = "left"|rižetü
|align = "left"|čomu

|-
|align = "left"|Com
|align = "center"|-bA
|align = "left"|rižetbe
|align = "left"|čombo

|} 

[[Category: Conlangs]]

Terzemian

2013-04-21T12:27:39Z

Paul.w.bennett: /* Modern Latin */

{{IPA|}}

{{Infobox|name=Terzemian|pronounce=tɜ˞ˈzɛj.mjən|tu=Possible [[League of Lost Languages|LLL]] candidate|script=Latin, Cyrillic, Arabic, UTA|tree=Unique PIE, influences from Kartvelian, Turkic, Persian, Uralic and Slavic|morph=Mixed|ms=Lexically Split-S|wo=VSO|creator=[[User:Paul.w.bennett|Paul.w.bennett]]|date=}}

=Overview=

Terzemian is an [[Wikipedia:Indo-European|IE-derived]] conlang located along the west coast of the Caspian Sea. It is a [[Wikipedia:Centum-Satem_isogloss|satem]] language (the word for ''hundred'' is šündo (шүндо, şyndo, شَِنداَ /ʃyndo/) that uses the ''ruki'' rule, Grassman's law, Slavic-type depalatalization, z/r alternation, r/n alternation, a three-group vowel harmony system, and two phases of lenition (the first word-final, and the second approximately intervocalic).

=Phonology=

==Consonants==

{|border="1" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="4" align="center"
|align = "center"|p b
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"|t d
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"|k g
|align = "center"|kʷ gʷ
|align = "center"|q ɢ
|align = "center"|ʔ

|-
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"|f v
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"|s z
|align = "center"|ʃ ʒ
|align = "center"|ɬ ɮ
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"|x ɣ
|align = "center"|xʷ ɣʷ
|align = "center"|χ ʁ
|align = "center"|h

|-
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"|ts dz
|align = "center"|tʃ dʒ
|align = "center"|tɬ dɮ
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 

|-
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"|w
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"|l
|align = "center"|j
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 

|-
|align = "center"|m
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"|n
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"|ŋ
|align = "center"|ŋʷ
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 

|-
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"|ɾ ɹ
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 

|} 

==Vowels==

Depending on your viewpoint, there are either 9, 7, 6, or 3 vowels. To be more specific, there are 3 vowel harmony groups, with 3 vowels in each group, but there is some overlap.

===Seven Vowel System===

The Seven Vowel system is retained in writing in the UTA and Arabic scripts, but in modern times, /y/ and /ɯ/ have merged under Soviet influence (being in complementary distribution, and not found in Russian), and the Six Vowel system has replaced it for the Latin and Cyrillic scripts, and in modern pronunciation (in all but the most careful / formal contexts).

{|border="1" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="4" align="center"
|align = "center"|i y
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"|ɯ u

|-
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"|e
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"|o
|align = "center"| 

|-
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"|ɑ
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 

|} 

===Six Vowel System===

{|border="1" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="4" align="center"
|align = "center"|i
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"|ɨ
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"|u

|-
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"|e
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"|o
|align = "center"| 

|-
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"|ɑ
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 

|} 

=Writing System=

Terzemian has been written in a variety of scripts. In the modern era, a modified Latin alphabet is used. During the Soviet era, Cyrillic was used, and can still be found. Before the Soviet era, a form of the [[Wikipedia:Uniform Turkic Alphabet|UTA]] was used alongside Arabic. The Arabic script can still be found in general use in certain areas, as well as among the Muslim population throughout the region. Despite (or perhaps because) the fact that the move to the Latin script was a deliberate process to reflect post-Soviet independence, there is also a small folkish movement to return to the UTA script. In short, the learner of Terzemian should concentrate on learning the Latin script, but should be prepared to encounter Cyrillic, UTA, and Arabic on a more or less daily basis.

==Logical Layout==

The following tables illustrate the writing systems with a layout that is in accordance with the Phonology tables above.

===Modern Latin===

{|border="1" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="4" align="center"
|align = "center"|p b
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"|t d
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"|k g
|align = "center"|k˚ g˚
|align = "center"|ḳ ġ
|align = "center"|ʼ

|-
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"|f v
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"|s z
|align = "center"|š ž
|align = "center"|ł ł̣
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"|x ǧ
|align = "center"|x˚ ǧ˚
|align = "center"|x̣ ǧ̇
|align = "center"|h

|-
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"|c
|align = "center"|č
|align = "center"|tł dł̣
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 

|-
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"|w
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"|l
|align = "center"|j
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 

|-
|align = "center"|m
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"|n
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"|ň
|align = "center"|ň˚
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 

|-
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"|ṛ r
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 

|} 

{|border="1" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="4" align="center"
|align = "center"|i
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"|y
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"|u

|-
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"|e
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"|o
|align = "center"| 

|-
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"|a
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 

|} 

===UTA===

{|border="1" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="4" align="center"
|align = "center"|p b
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"|t d
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"|k g
|align = "center"|kъ gъ
|align = "center"|ķ g̓
|align = "center"|q

|-
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"|f v
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"|s z
|align = "center"|ş ƶ
|align = "center"|ł ľ
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"|x ƣ
|align = "center"|xъ ƣъ
|align = "center"|x̧ ƣ̓
|align = "center"|h

|-
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"|c
|align = "center"|ç
|align = "center"|tł dľ
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 

|-
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"|w
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"|l
|align = "center"|j
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 

|-
|align = "center"|m
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"|n
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"|ŋ
|align = "center"|ŋъ

|-
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"|r ř
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 

|} 

{|border="1" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="4" align="center"
|align = "center"|i y
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"|ı u

|-
|align = "center"|e
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"|o

|-
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"|a
|align = "center"| 

|} 

===Cyrillic===

{|border="1" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="4" align="center"
|align = "center"|п б
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"|т д
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"|к г
|align = "center"|къ гъ къ
|align = "center"|қ ӷ
|align = "center"|Ӏ

|-
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"|ф в
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"|с з
|align = "center"|ш ж
|align = "center"|ӆ ԓ
|align = "center"|х ғ
|align = "center"|хъ ғъ
|align = "center"|ҳ ӷ̵
|align = "center"|һ

|-
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"|ц
|align = "center"|ч
|align = "center"|тӆ дԓ
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 

|-
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"|ў
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"|й
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 

|-
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"|л
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 

|-
|align = "center"|м
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"|н
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"|ң
|align = "center"|ңъ
|align = "center"| 

|-
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"|р ʀ
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 

|} 

{|border="1" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="4" align="center"
|align = "center"|и
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"|ы
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"|у

|-
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"|э
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"|о
|align = "center"| 

|-
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"|а
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 

|} 

===Arabic===

{|border="1" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="4" align="center"
|align = "center"|پ ب
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"|ت د
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"|ك گ
|align = "center"| 

|-
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"|ف ڒ
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"|س ز
|align = "center"|ژ ش
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"|خ غ
|align = "center"|ه

|-
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| څ
|align = "center"| چ
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 

|-
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| و
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| ي
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 

|-
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| ل
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 

|-
|align = "center"| م
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| ن
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| ڽ
|align = "center"| 

|-
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"|ر
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 

|} 

{|border="1" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="4" align="center"
|align = "center"|هِ
|align = "center"| هَِ
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| هَ

|-
|align = "center"| اِ
|align = "center"| اَِ
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| اَ

|-
|align = "center"| اٍ
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"|ا
|align = "center"|اً

|} 

==Alphabetical Orders==

The tables above approximately follow the IPA layout for the sounds of Terzemian. The correct orders of the writing systems of Terzemian are:

* Latin: Aa Ää Åå Bb Cc Čč Dd Ee Ff Gg Ǧǧ Ġġ Ǧ̇ǧ̇ Hh Ii Kk Ll Łł Mm Nn Ňň Oo Öö Pp Rr Ṛṛ Ss Šš Tt Uu Üü Vv Ww Xx X̣x̣ Yy Zz Žž ˚ ʼ
* Cyrillic: Аа Әә Бб Вв Гг Ғғ Ӷ̵ӷ̵ Дд Ее Жж Зз Һһ Ии Йй Кк Лл Ӆӆ Ԓԓ Мм Нн Ңң Оо Өө Пп Рр Rʀ Сс Тт Уу Ўў Үү Фф Хх Ҳҳ Цц Чч Шш Щщ Ъъ Ыы Ьь Ээ Ɔɔ Юю Яя ӏ
* UTA: Aa Əə Bb Cc Çç Dd Ee Ff Gg Ƣƣ Hh Ii Jj Kk Ll Mm Nn Ŋŋ Oo Ɵɵ Ɔɔ Pp Rr Ss Şş Tt Uu Vv Ww Xx Yy Zz Ƶƶ Qq Ъъ
* Arabic: ا ب ت پ ح خ څ چ د ر ز ژ س ش غ ف ك گ ل م ن ڽ ه و ۆ ي هِ هَِ هَ اِ اَِ اَ اٍ اً

The following chart shows the other writing systems in the latin order:

{|border="1" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="4" align="center"
|align = "center"|'''Latin'''
|align = "center"|Aa
|align = "center"|Ää
|align = "center"|Åå
|align = "center"|Bb
|align = "center"|Cc
|align = "center"|Čč
|align = "center"|Dd
|align = "center"|Ee
|align = "center"|Ff
|align = "center"|Gg
|align = "center"|Ǧǧ
|align = "center"|Ġġ
|align = "center"|Ǧ̇ǧ̇
|align = "center"|Hh
|align = "center"|Ii
|align = "center"|Kk
|align = "center"|Ll
|align = "center"|Łł
|align = "center"|Mm

|-
|align = "center"|'''Cyrillic'''
|align = "center"|Аа
|align = "center"|Әә
|align = "center"|Ɔɔ
|align = "center"|Бб
|align = "center"|Цц
|align = "center"|Чч
|align = "center"|Дд
|align = "center"|Ээ
|align = "center"|Фф
|align = "center"|Гг
|align = "center"|Ғғ
|align = "center"|Ӷ̵ӷ̵
|align = "center"|''???''
|align = "center"|Һһ
|align = "center"|Ии
|align = "center"|Кк
|align = "center"|Лл
|align = "center"|Ӆӆ / Ԓԓ
|align = "center"|Мм

|-
|align = "center"|''Latin''
|align = "center"|Nn
|align = "center"|Ňň
|align = "center"|Oo
|align = "center"|Öö
|align = "center"|Pp
|align = "center"|Rr
|align = "center"|Ṛṛ
|align = "center"|Ss
|align = "center"|Šš
|align = "center"|Tt
|align = "center"|Uu
|align = "center"|Üü
|align = "center"|Vv
|align = "center"|Ww
|align = "center"|Xx
|align = "center"|X̣x̣
|align = "center"|Yy
|align = "center"|Zz
|align = "center"|Žž
|align = "center"|˚
|align = "center"|ʼ
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 

|-
|align = "center"|''Cyrillic''
|align = "center"|Нн
|align = "center"|Ңң
|align = "center"|Оо
|align = "center"|Өө
|align = "center"|Пп
|align = "center"|Rʀ
|align = "center"|Рр
|align = "center"|Сс
|align = "center"|Шш
|align = "center"|Тт
|align = "center"|Уу
|align = "center"|Үү
|align = "center"|Вв
|align = "center"|Ўў
|align = "center"|Хх
|align = "center"|Ҳҳ
|align = "center"|Йй
|align = "center"|Зз
|align = "center"|Жж
|align = "center"|Ъъ
|align = "center"|ӏ
|align = "center"|Щщ
|align = "center"|Ыы
|align = "center"|Ьь
|align = "center"|Юю
|align = "center"|Яя
|align = "center"|Ее

|} 

Notes:

* The Cyrillic letters ''Щ'', ''Ъ'', and ''Ь'' are not used in native words.
* The Cyrillic letters ''Е'', ''Ю'', and ''Я'' are occasionally used in native words.
* The Arabic characters هِ هَِ هَ use the letter ه as a base character for illustration. The actual vowels are written as just the diactrics, attached to the preceeding consonant.

=Sound Changes=

''See the [[Terzemian/Sound_Changes|Sound Changes]] subarticle.

=Morphosyntax=

==Harmony==

===Vowels===

{|border="1" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="4" align="center"
|align = "center" rowspan = "2"|'''Root Vowel'''
|align = "center" colspan = "3"|'''Prefix Vowel'''
|align = "center" colspan = "6"|'''Suffix Vowel'''

|-

|align = "center"|'''i'''
|align = "center"|'''u'''
|align = "center"|'''a'''

|align = "center"|'''i'''
|align = "center"|'''ü'''
|align = "center"|'''e'''
|align = "center"|'''ö'''
|align = "center"|'''ä'''
|align = "center"|'''a'''

|-
|align = "center"|'''i'''

|align = "center"|i
|align = "center"|ü
|align = "center"|e

|align = "center"|i
|align = "center"|ü
|align = "center"|e
|align = "center"|ö
|align = "center"|ä
|align = "center"|a

|-
|align = "center"|'''ü'''

|align = "center"|i
|align = "center"|ü
|align = "center"|e

|align = "center"|ü
|align = "center"|u
|align = "center"|ö
|align = "center"|o
|align = "center"|ä
|align = "center"|a

|-
|align = "center"|'''u'''

|align = "center"|ü
|align = "center"|u
|align = "center"|o

|align = "center"|ü
|align = "center"|u
|align = "center"|ö
|align = "center"|o
|align = "center"|a
|align = "center"|å

|-
|align = "center"|'''e'''

|align = "center"|i
|align = "center"|ö
|align = "center"|ä

|align = "center"|i
|align = "center"|ü
|align = "center"|e
|align = "center"|ö
|align = "center"|ä
|align = "center"|a

|-
|align = "center"|'''ö'''

|align = "center"|ü
|align = "center"|o
|align = "center"|å

|align = "center"|ü
|align = "center"|u
|align = "center"|ö
|align = "center"|o
|align = "center"|ä
|align = "center"|a

|-
|align = "center"|'''o'''

|align = "center"|ö
|align = "center"|å
|align = "center"|a

|align = "center"|ü
|align = "center"|u
|align = "center"|ö
|align = "center"|o
|align = "center"|a
|align = "center"|å

|-
|align = "center"|'''ä'''

|align = "center"|e
|align = "center"|å
|align = "center"|a

|align = "center"|e
|align = "center"|ö
|align = "center"|ä
|align = "center"|å
|align = "center"|ä
|align = "center"|a

|-
|align = "center"|'''a'''

|align = "center"|e
|align = "center"|o
|align = "center"|a

|align = "center"|e
|align = "center"|ö
|align = "center"|ä
|align = "center"|å
|align = "center"|ä
|align = "center"|a

|-
|align = "center"|'''å'''

|align = "center"|ä
|align = "center"|åɧ
|align = "center"|aɧ

|align = "center"|e
|align = "center"|ö
|align = "center"|ä
|align = "center"|å
|align = "center"|ä
|align = "center"|a

|} 

===Fricative===

The metasymbol ''ɧ'' represents an assimilatory fricative, as follows:

{|border="1" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="4" align="center"
! Next Consonant || p,b,m,f,v,w || t,d,n,s,z,l,r || č,š,ž,y || k,g,x,ǧ || h
|-
| '''Outcome''' || f || s || š || x || ∅
|}

If there is no next consonant in the root, ''ɧ'' assimilates to the previous consonant.

If there is no next consonant and no previous consonant in the root, ''ɧ'' becomes ''h''.

==Verbs==

===Agreement===

Terzemain nouns mark two or less of three core cases, notionally representing the semantic roles INITIATOR, UNDERGOER, and TARGET. For ease of reference, these will be marked with the traditional A, P, and O labels used in discussing Ergative/Accusative marking.

Terzemian is Split-S, with Ergative or Accusative style marking determined lexically by the conjugation of the verb.

The conjugations are as follows:

{|border="1" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="4" align="center"
! Conj. || Required || Optional || Description
|-
| '''1 a''' || A ||   || Intransitive Active verbs
|-
| '''1 b''' || P || A ''(causitive)'' || Intransitive Stative verbs
|-
| '''2''' || AP ||   || Transitive Active verbs
|}

====Ablaut Patterns====

{|border="1" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="4" align="center"
|align = "center"|'''Conj.'''
|align = "center"|'''Root Vowel'''
|align = "center"|'''Non-P R'''
|align = "center"|'''Past R'''
|align = "center"|'''Non-P Ir'''
|align = "center"|'''Past Ir'''

|-
|align = "center" rowspan = "9"|'''1 a/b'''
|align = "center"|'''i'''
|align = "center"|i
|align = "center"|e
|align = "center"|ü
|align = "center"|iy

|-
|align = "center"|'''ü'''
|align = "center"|ü
|align = "center"|ö
|align = "center"|u
|align = "center"|üy

|-
|align = "center"|'''u'''
|align = "center"|u
|align = "center"|o
|align = "center"|uw
|align = "center"|wo

|-
|align = "center"|'''e'''
|align = "center"|e
|align = "center"|ä
|align = "center"|ö
|align = "center"|ye

|-
|align = "center"|'''ö'''
|align = "center"|ö
|align = "center"|a
|align = "center"|o
|align = "center"|yo

|-
|align = "center"|'''o'''
|align = "center"|o
|align = "center"|å
|align = "center"|ow
|align = "center"|öü

|-
|align = "center"|'''ä'''
|align = "center"|ä
|align = "center"|äh
|align = "center"|a
|align = "center"|e

|-
|align = "center"|'''a'''
|align = "center"|a
|align = "center"|ah
|align = "center"|ay
|align = "center"|ey

|-
|align = "center"|'''å'''
|align = "center"|å
|align = "center"|åh
|align = "center"|åw
|align = "center"|ow

|-
|align = "center" rowspan = "9"|'''2'''
|align = "center"|'''i'''
|align = "center"|i
|align = "center"|ü
|align = "center"|e
|align = "center"|ö

|-
|align = "center"|'''ü'''
|align = "center"|ü
|align = "center"|u
|align = "center"|ö
|align = "center"|o

|-
|align = "center"|'''u'''
|align = "center"|u
|align = "center"|uw
|align = "center"|o
|align = "center"|ow

|-
|align = "center"|'''e'''
|align = "center"|e
|align = "center"|ö
|align = "center"|ä
|align = "center"|å

|-
|align = "center"|'''ö'''
|align = "center"|ö
|align = "center"|o
|align = "center"|å
|align = "center"|a

|-
|align = "center"|'''o'''
|align = "center"|o
|align = "center"|ow
|align = "center"|å
|align = "center"|a

|-
|align = "center"|'''ä'''
|align = "center"|ä
|align = "center"|a
|align = "center"|äɧ
|align = "center"|aɧ

|-
|align = "center"|'''a'''
|align = "center"|a
|align = "center"|å
|align = "center"|aɧ
|align = "center"|åɧ

|-
|align = "center"|'''å'''
|align = "center"|å
|align = "center"|åw
|align = "center"|åɧ
|align = "center"|åwɧ

|} 

====Agreement prefixes====

{|border="1" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="4" align="center"
! Conj. || Argument || 1st Person || 2nd || 3rd
|-
| 1 || A || ǧ- || z- || i-
|-
| 1 || P || - || yu- || c-
|-
| 2 || A || - || smu- || s-
|-
| 2 || P || m- || yu- || -
|}

===Tense and Evidentiality===

There are two verb tenses, the past and non-past.

*In the past tense, there are three evidentiality/reality markings:
**''direct'' realis, indicating first-hand observational (e.g. "eye witness") knowledge. This is marked by the prefix ''e-'', in addition to ablaut.
**''indirect'' realis, indicating knowledge that is informed, inferred, supposed, or otherwise not personal. This is marked by ablaut alone.
**irrealis, making no overt statement about the reality of the VP, but inferring a lesser degree of certainty than either realis marking.
*In the non-past, only the realis and irrealis are distinguished.

===Aspect, Mood, Intensity, and Attitude===

Additional verb characteristics are expressed in suffixes, including the following.

*'''Aspect
**'''Inceptive'''
**'''Abortive'''
**'''Completitive''' ''-åǧ''
**'''Participle''' ''-önz''
**'''Perfect''' ''-gäv''
*'''Mood'''
**'''Imperative''' (use bare root)
**'''Negative''' ''-nä''
**'''Optative/Hortative/Jussive''' ''-zün''
**'''Causative/Volition''' (A -> P, Cause -> A)
*'''Intensity'''
**'''More Intense''' ''-siz''
**'''Less Intense''' ''-(d)e'' (NB: same as nominal diminutive)

Suffixes may be chained in a head-modifier (right-branching) manner.

Example: '''ävåwsezzönnä''' - ''I certainly did not want to soundly beat him.''

==Nouns==

===Gender===

There is pragmatic gender marking -- Nouns are marked for a gender system that combines traditional gender and pragmatic roles.

Genders, with examples, are:

{|border="1" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="4" align="center"
|align = "left"|1st Person
|align = "center"|-Am
|align = "left"|rižem
|align = "left"|I, the king
|align = "left"| 
|align = "left"| 

|-
|align = "left"|2nd Person
|align = "center"|-As
|align = "left"|rižes
|align = "left"|You, the king
|align = "left"| 
|align = "left"| 

|-
|align = "left"|3rd Animate
|align = "center"|-At
|align = "left"|rižet
|align = "left"|He, the king
|align = "left"| 
|align = "left"| 

|-
|align = "left"|3rd Inanimate
|align = "center"|-∅
|align = "left"|riž
|align = "left"|It, the kingdom
|align = "left"|čom
|align = "left"|The land

|-
|align = "left"|Negative Animate
|align = "center"|-nA
|align = "left"|rižne
|align = "left"|No king
|align = "left"| 
|align = "left"| 

|-
|align = "left"|Negative Inanimate
|align = "center"|A-
|align = "left"|eriž
|align = "left"|No kingdom
|align = "left"|očom
|align = "left"|No land

|} 

===Cases===

Case marking is ergative for Inanimate and Negative subjects, and accusative in all other cases.

Cases are:

{|border="1" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="4" align="center"
|align = "left"|Erg
|align = "center"|-Er
|align = "left"|--
|align = "left"|čomır

|-
|align = "left"|Nom/Abs
|align = "center"|-∅
|align = "left"|rižet
|align = "left"|čom

|-
|align = "left"|Acc
|align = "center"|-An
|align = "left"|rižeten
|align = "left"|--

|-
|align = "left"|Dat
|align = "center"|-Em
|align = "left"|rižetim
|align = "left"|čomım

|-
|align = "left"|Gen
|align = "center"|-Es
|align = "left"|rižetis
|align = "left"|čomıs

|-
|align = "left"|Ins/Loc
|align = "center"|-O
|align = "left"|rižetü
|align = "left"|čomu

|-
|align = "left"|Com
|align = "center"|-bA
|align = "left"|rižetbe
|align = "left"|čombo

|} 

[[Category: Conlangs]]

Terzemian

2013-04-21T12:25:55Z

Paul.w.bennett: /* Cyrillic */

{{IPA|}}

{{Infobox|name=Terzemian|pronounce=tɜ˞ˈzɛj.mjən|tu=Possible [[League of Lost Languages|LLL]] candidate|script=Latin, Cyrillic, Arabic, UTA|tree=Unique PIE, influences from Kartvelian, Turkic, Persian, Uralic and Slavic|morph=Mixed|ms=Lexically Split-S|wo=VSO|creator=[[User:Paul.w.bennett|Paul.w.bennett]]|date=}}

=Overview=

Terzemian is an [[Wikipedia:Indo-European|IE-derived]] conlang located along the west coast of the Caspian Sea. It is a [[Wikipedia:Centum-Satem_isogloss|satem]] language (the word for ''hundred'' is šündo (шүндо, şyndo, شَِنداَ /ʃyndo/) that uses the ''ruki'' rule, Grassman's law, Slavic-type depalatalization, z/r alternation, r/n alternation, a three-group vowel harmony system, and two phases of lenition (the first word-final, and the second approximately intervocalic).

=Phonology=

==Consonants==

{|border="1" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="4" align="center"
|align = "center"|p b
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"|t d
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"|k g
|align = "center"|kʷ gʷ
|align = "center"|q ɢ
|align = "center"|ʔ

|-
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"|f v
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"|s z
|align = "center"|ʃ ʒ
|align = "center"|ɬ ɮ
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"|x ɣ
|align = "center"|xʷ ɣʷ
|align = "center"|χ ʁ
|align = "center"|h

|-
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"|ts dz
|align = "center"|tʃ dʒ
|align = "center"|tɬ dɮ
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 

|-
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"|w
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"|l
|align = "center"|j
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 

|-
|align = "center"|m
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"|n
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"|ŋ
|align = "center"|ŋʷ
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 

|-
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"|ɾ ɹ
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 

|} 

==Vowels==

Depending on your viewpoint, there are either 9, 7, 6, or 3 vowels. To be more specific, there are 3 vowel harmony groups, with 3 vowels in each group, but there is some overlap.

===Seven Vowel System===

The Seven Vowel system is retained in writing in the UTA and Arabic scripts, but in modern times, /y/ and /ɯ/ have merged under Soviet influence (being in complementary distribution, and not found in Russian), and the Six Vowel system has replaced it for the Latin and Cyrillic scripts, and in modern pronunciation (in all but the most careful / formal contexts).

{|border="1" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="4" align="center"
|align = "center"|i y
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"|ɯ u

|-
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"|e
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"|o
|align = "center"| 

|-
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"|ɑ
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 

|} 

===Six Vowel System===

{|border="1" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="4" align="center"
|align = "center"|i
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"|ɨ
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"|u

|-
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"|e
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"|o
|align = "center"| 

|-
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"|ɑ
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 

|} 

=Writing System=

Terzemian has been written in a variety of scripts. In the modern era, a modified Latin alphabet is used. During the Soviet era, Cyrillic was used, and can still be found. Before the Soviet era, a form of the [[Wikipedia:Uniform Turkic Alphabet|UTA]] was used alongside Arabic. The Arabic script can still be found in general use in certain areas, as well as among the Muslim population throughout the region. Despite (or perhaps because) the fact that the move to the Latin script was a deliberate process to reflect post-Soviet independence, there is also a small folkish movement to return to the UTA script. In short, the learner of Terzemian should concentrate on learning the Latin script, but should be prepared to encounter Cyrillic, UTA, and Arabic on a more or less daily basis.

==Logical Layout==

The following tables illustrate the writing systems with a layout that is in accordance with the Phonology tables above.

===Modern Latin===

{|border="1" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="4" align="center"
|align = "center"|p b
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"|t d
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"|k g
|align = "center"|k˚ g˚
|align = "center"|ḳ ġ
|align = "center"|ʼ

|-
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"|f v
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"|s z
|align = "center"|š ž
|align = "center"|ł ł̣
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"|x ǧ
|align = "center"|x˚ ǧ˚
|align = "center"|x̣ ǧ̇
|align = "center"|h

|-
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"|c
|align = "center"|č
|align = "center"|tł dł̣
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 

|-
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"|w
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"|l
|align = "center"|y
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 

|-
|align = "center"|m
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"|n
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"|ň
|align = "center"|ň˚
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 

|-
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"|ṛ r
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 

|} 

{|border="1" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="4" align="center"
|align = "center"|i
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"|ı
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"|u

|-
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"|e
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"|o
|align = "center"| 

|-
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"|a
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 

|} 

===UTA===

{|border="1" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="4" align="center"
|align = "center"|p b
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"|t d
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"|k g
|align = "center"|kъ gъ
|align = "center"|ķ g̓
|align = "center"|q

|-
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"|f v
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"|s z
|align = "center"|ş ƶ
|align = "center"|ł ľ
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"|x ƣ
|align = "center"|xъ ƣъ
|align = "center"|x̧ ƣ̓
|align = "center"|h

|-
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"|c
|align = "center"|ç
|align = "center"|tł dľ
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 

|-
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"|w
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"|l
|align = "center"|j
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 

|-
|align = "center"|m
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"|n
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"|ŋ
|align = "center"|ŋъ

|-
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"|r ř
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 

|} 

{|border="1" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="4" align="center"
|align = "center"|i y
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"|ı u

|-
|align = "center"|e
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"|o

|-
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"|a
|align = "center"| 

|} 

===Cyrillic===

{|border="1" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="4" align="center"
|align = "center"|п б
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"|т д
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"|к г
|align = "center"|къ гъ къ
|align = "center"|қ ӷ
|align = "center"|Ӏ

|-
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"|ф в
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"|с з
|align = "center"|ш ж
|align = "center"|ӆ ԓ
|align = "center"|х ғ
|align = "center"|хъ ғъ
|align = "center"|ҳ ӷ̵
|align = "center"|һ

|-
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"|ц
|align = "center"|ч
|align = "center"|тӆ дԓ
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 

|-
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"|ў
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"|й
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 

|-
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"|л
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 

|-
|align = "center"|м
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"|н
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"|ң
|align = "center"|ңъ
|align = "center"| 

|-
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"|р ʀ
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 

|} 

{|border="1" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="4" align="center"
|align = "center"|и
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"|ы
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"|у

|-
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"|э
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"|о
|align = "center"| 

|-
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"|а
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 

|} 

===Arabic===

{|border="1" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="4" align="center"
|align = "center"|پ ب
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"|ت د
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"|ك گ
|align = "center"| 

|-
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"|ف ڒ
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"|س ز
|align = "center"|ژ ش
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"|خ غ
|align = "center"|ه

|-
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| څ
|align = "center"| چ
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 

|-
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| و
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| ي
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 

|-
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| ل
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 

|-
|align = "center"| م
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| ن
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| ڽ
|align = "center"| 

|-
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"|ر
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 

|} 

{|border="1" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="4" align="center"
|align = "center"|هِ
|align = "center"| هَِ
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| هَ

|-
|align = "center"| اِ
|align = "center"| اَِ
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| اَ

|-
|align = "center"| اٍ
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"|ا
|align = "center"|اً

|} 

==Alphabetical Orders==

The tables above approximately follow the IPA layout for the sounds of Terzemian. The correct orders of the writing systems of Terzemian are:

* Latin: Aa Ää Åå Bb Cc Čč Dd Ee Ff Gg Ǧǧ Ġġ Ǧ̇ǧ̇ Hh Ii Kk Ll Łł Mm Nn Ňň Oo Öö Pp Rr Ṛṛ Ss Šš Tt Uu Üü Vv Ww Xx X̣x̣ Yy Zz Žž ˚ ʼ
* Cyrillic: Аа Әә Бб Вв Гг Ғғ Ӷ̵ӷ̵ Дд Ее Жж Зз Һһ Ии Йй Кк Лл Ӆӆ Ԓԓ Мм Нн Ңң Оо Өө Пп Рр Rʀ Сс Тт Уу Ўў Үү Фф Хх Ҳҳ Цц Чч Шш Щщ Ъъ Ыы Ьь Ээ Ɔɔ Юю Яя ӏ
* UTA: Aa Əə Bb Cc Çç Dd Ee Ff Gg Ƣƣ Hh Ii Jj Kk Ll Mm Nn Ŋŋ Oo Ɵɵ Ɔɔ Pp Rr Ss Şş Tt Uu Vv Ww Xx Yy Zz Ƶƶ Qq Ъъ
* Arabic: ا ب ت پ ح خ څ چ د ر ز ژ س ش غ ف ك گ ل م ن ڽ ه و ۆ ي هِ هَِ هَ اِ اَِ اَ اٍ اً

The following chart shows the other writing systems in the latin order:

{|border="1" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="4" align="center"
|align = "center"|'''Latin'''
|align = "center"|Aa
|align = "center"|Ää
|align = "center"|Åå
|align = "center"|Bb
|align = "center"|Cc
|align = "center"|Čč
|align = "center"|Dd
|align = "center"|Ee
|align = "center"|Ff
|align = "center"|Gg
|align = "center"|Ǧǧ
|align = "center"|Ġġ
|align = "center"|Ǧ̇ǧ̇
|align = "center"|Hh
|align = "center"|Ii
|align = "center"|Kk
|align = "center"|Ll
|align = "center"|Łł
|align = "center"|Mm

|-
|align = "center"|'''Cyrillic'''
|align = "center"|Аа
|align = "center"|Әә
|align = "center"|Ɔɔ
|align = "center"|Бб
|align = "center"|Цц
|align = "center"|Чч
|align = "center"|Дд
|align = "center"|Ээ
|align = "center"|Фф
|align = "center"|Гг
|align = "center"|Ғғ
|align = "center"|Ӷ̵ӷ̵
|align = "center"|''???''
|align = "center"|Һһ
|align = "center"|Ии
|align = "center"|Кк
|align = "center"|Лл
|align = "center"|Ӆӆ / Ԓԓ
|align = "center"|Мм

|-
|align = "center"|''Latin''
|align = "center"|Nn
|align = "center"|Ňň
|align = "center"|Oo
|align = "center"|Öö
|align = "center"|Pp
|align = "center"|Rr
|align = "center"|Ṛṛ
|align = "center"|Ss
|align = "center"|Šš
|align = "center"|Tt
|align = "center"|Uu
|align = "center"|Üü
|align = "center"|Vv
|align = "center"|Ww
|align = "center"|Xx
|align = "center"|X̣x̣
|align = "center"|Yy
|align = "center"|Zz
|align = "center"|Žž
|align = "center"|˚
|align = "center"|ʼ
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 

|-
|align = "center"|''Cyrillic''
|align = "center"|Нн
|align = "center"|Ңң
|align = "center"|Оо
|align = "center"|Өө
|align = "center"|Пп
|align = "center"|Rʀ
|align = "center"|Рр
|align = "center"|Сс
|align = "center"|Шш
|align = "center"|Тт
|align = "center"|Уу
|align = "center"|Үү
|align = "center"|Вв
|align = "center"|Ўў
|align = "center"|Хх
|align = "center"|Ҳҳ
|align = "center"|Йй
|align = "center"|Зз
|align = "center"|Жж
|align = "center"|Ъъ
|align = "center"|ӏ
|align = "center"|Щщ
|align = "center"|Ыы
|align = "center"|Ьь
|align = "center"|Юю
|align = "center"|Яя
|align = "center"|Ее

|} 

Notes:

* The Cyrillic letters ''Щ'', ''Ъ'', and ''Ь'' are not used in native words.
* The Cyrillic letters ''Е'', ''Ю'', and ''Я'' are occasionally used in native words.
* The Arabic characters هِ هَِ هَ use the letter ه as a base character for illustration. The actual vowels are written as just the diactrics, attached to the preceeding consonant.

=Sound Changes=

''See the [[Terzemian/Sound_Changes|Sound Changes]] subarticle.

=Morphosyntax=

==Harmony==

===Vowels===

{|border="1" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="4" align="center"
|align = "center" rowspan = "2"|'''Root Vowel'''
|align = "center" colspan = "3"|'''Prefix Vowel'''
|align = "center" colspan = "6"|'''Suffix Vowel'''

|-

|align = "center"|'''i'''
|align = "center"|'''u'''
|align = "center"|'''a'''

|align = "center"|'''i'''
|align = "center"|'''ü'''
|align = "center"|'''e'''
|align = "center"|'''ö'''
|align = "center"|'''ä'''
|align = "center"|'''a'''

|-
|align = "center"|'''i'''

|align = "center"|i
|align = "center"|ü
|align = "center"|e

|align = "center"|i
|align = "center"|ü
|align = "center"|e
|align = "center"|ö
|align = "center"|ä
|align = "center"|a

|-
|align = "center"|'''ü'''

|align = "center"|i
|align = "center"|ü
|align = "center"|e

|align = "center"|ü
|align = "center"|u
|align = "center"|ö
|align = "center"|o
|align = "center"|ä
|align = "center"|a

|-
|align = "center"|'''u'''

|align = "center"|ü
|align = "center"|u
|align = "center"|o

|align = "center"|ü
|align = "center"|u
|align = "center"|ö
|align = "center"|o
|align = "center"|a
|align = "center"|å

|-
|align = "center"|'''e'''

|align = "center"|i
|align = "center"|ö
|align = "center"|ä

|align = "center"|i
|align = "center"|ü
|align = "center"|e
|align = "center"|ö
|align = "center"|ä
|align = "center"|a

|-
|align = "center"|'''ö'''

|align = "center"|ü
|align = "center"|o
|align = "center"|å

|align = "center"|ü
|align = "center"|u
|align = "center"|ö
|align = "center"|o
|align = "center"|ä
|align = "center"|a

|-
|align = "center"|'''o'''

|align = "center"|ö
|align = "center"|å
|align = "center"|a

|align = "center"|ü
|align = "center"|u
|align = "center"|ö
|align = "center"|o
|align = "center"|a
|align = "center"|å

|-
|align = "center"|'''ä'''

|align = "center"|e
|align = "center"|å
|align = "center"|a

|align = "center"|e
|align = "center"|ö
|align = "center"|ä
|align = "center"|å
|align = "center"|ä
|align = "center"|a

|-
|align = "center"|'''a'''

|align = "center"|e
|align = "center"|o
|align = "center"|a

|align = "center"|e
|align = "center"|ö
|align = "center"|ä
|align = "center"|å
|align = "center"|ä
|align = "center"|a

|-
|align = "center"|'''å'''

|align = "center"|ä
|align = "center"|åɧ
|align = "center"|aɧ

|align = "center"|e
|align = "center"|ö
|align = "center"|ä
|align = "center"|å
|align = "center"|ä
|align = "center"|a

|} 

===Fricative===

The metasymbol ''ɧ'' represents an assimilatory fricative, as follows:

{|border="1" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="4" align="center"
! Next Consonant || p,b,m,f,v,w || t,d,n,s,z,l,r || č,š,ž,y || k,g,x,ǧ || h
|-
| '''Outcome''' || f || s || š || x || ∅
|}

If there is no next consonant in the root, ''ɧ'' assimilates to the previous consonant.

If there is no next consonant and no previous consonant in the root, ''ɧ'' becomes ''h''.

==Verbs==

===Agreement===

Terzemain nouns mark two or less of three core cases, notionally representing the semantic roles INITIATOR, UNDERGOER, and TARGET. For ease of reference, these will be marked with the traditional A, P, and O labels used in discussing Ergative/Accusative marking.

Terzemian is Split-S, with Ergative or Accusative style marking determined lexically by the conjugation of the verb.

The conjugations are as follows:

{|border="1" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="4" align="center"
! Conj. || Required || Optional || Description
|-
| '''1 a''' || A ||   || Intransitive Active verbs
|-
| '''1 b''' || P || A ''(causitive)'' || Intransitive Stative verbs
|-
| '''2''' || AP ||   || Transitive Active verbs
|}

====Ablaut Patterns====

{|border="1" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="4" align="center"
|align = "center"|'''Conj.'''
|align = "center"|'''Root Vowel'''
|align = "center"|'''Non-P R'''
|align = "center"|'''Past R'''
|align = "center"|'''Non-P Ir'''
|align = "center"|'''Past Ir'''

|-
|align = "center" rowspan = "9"|'''1 a/b'''
|align = "center"|'''i'''
|align = "center"|i
|align = "center"|e
|align = "center"|ü
|align = "center"|iy

|-
|align = "center"|'''ü'''
|align = "center"|ü
|align = "center"|ö
|align = "center"|u
|align = "center"|üy

|-
|align = "center"|'''u'''
|align = "center"|u
|align = "center"|o
|align = "center"|uw
|align = "center"|wo

|-
|align = "center"|'''e'''
|align = "center"|e
|align = "center"|ä
|align = "center"|ö
|align = "center"|ye

|-
|align = "center"|'''ö'''
|align = "center"|ö
|align = "center"|a
|align = "center"|o
|align = "center"|yo

|-
|align = "center"|'''o'''
|align = "center"|o
|align = "center"|å
|align = "center"|ow
|align = "center"|öü

|-
|align = "center"|'''ä'''
|align = "center"|ä
|align = "center"|äh
|align = "center"|a
|align = "center"|e

|-
|align = "center"|'''a'''
|align = "center"|a
|align = "center"|ah
|align = "center"|ay
|align = "center"|ey

|-
|align = "center"|'''å'''
|align = "center"|å
|align = "center"|åh
|align = "center"|åw
|align = "center"|ow

|-
|align = "center" rowspan = "9"|'''2'''
|align = "center"|'''i'''
|align = "center"|i
|align = "center"|ü
|align = "center"|e
|align = "center"|ö

|-
|align = "center"|'''ü'''
|align = "center"|ü
|align = "center"|u
|align = "center"|ö
|align = "center"|o

|-
|align = "center"|'''u'''
|align = "center"|u
|align = "center"|uw
|align = "center"|o
|align = "center"|ow

|-
|align = "center"|'''e'''
|align = "center"|e
|align = "center"|ö
|align = "center"|ä
|align = "center"|å

|-
|align = "center"|'''ö'''
|align = "center"|ö
|align = "center"|o
|align = "center"|å
|align = "center"|a

|-
|align = "center"|'''o'''
|align = "center"|o
|align = "center"|ow
|align = "center"|å
|align = "center"|a

|-
|align = "center"|'''ä'''
|align = "center"|ä
|align = "center"|a
|align = "center"|äɧ
|align = "center"|aɧ

|-
|align = "center"|'''a'''
|align = "center"|a
|align = "center"|å
|align = "center"|aɧ
|align = "center"|åɧ

|-
|align = "center"|'''å'''
|align = "center"|å
|align = "center"|åw
|align = "center"|åɧ
|align = "center"|åwɧ

|} 

====Agreement prefixes====

{|border="1" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="4" align="center"
! Conj. || Argument || 1st Person || 2nd || 3rd
|-
| 1 || A || ǧ- || z- || i-
|-
| 1 || P || - || yu- || c-
|-
| 2 || A || - || smu- || s-
|-
| 2 || P || m- || yu- || -
|}

===Tense and Evidentiality===

There are two verb tenses, the past and non-past.

*In the past tense, there are three evidentiality/reality markings:
**''direct'' realis, indicating first-hand observational (e.g. "eye witness") knowledge. This is marked by the prefix ''e-'', in addition to ablaut.
**''indirect'' realis, indicating knowledge that is informed, inferred, supposed, or otherwise not personal. This is marked by ablaut alone.
**irrealis, making no overt statement about the reality of the VP, but inferring a lesser degree of certainty than either realis marking.
*In the non-past, only the realis and irrealis are distinguished.

===Aspect, Mood, Intensity, and Attitude===

Additional verb characteristics are expressed in suffixes, including the following.

*'''Aspect
**'''Inceptive'''
**'''Abortive'''
**'''Completitive''' ''-åǧ''
**'''Participle''' ''-önz''
**'''Perfect''' ''-gäv''
*'''Mood'''
**'''Imperative''' (use bare root)
**'''Negative''' ''-nä''
**'''Optative/Hortative/Jussive''' ''-zün''
**'''Causative/Volition''' (A -> P, Cause -> A)
*'''Intensity'''
**'''More Intense''' ''-siz''
**'''Less Intense''' ''-(d)e'' (NB: same as nominal diminutive)

Suffixes may be chained in a head-modifier (right-branching) manner.

Example: '''ävåwsezzönnä''' - ''I certainly did not want to soundly beat him.''

==Nouns==

===Gender===

There is pragmatic gender marking -- Nouns are marked for a gender system that combines traditional gender and pragmatic roles.

Genders, with examples, are:

{|border="1" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="4" align="center"
|align = "left"|1st Person
|align = "center"|-Am
|align = "left"|rižem
|align = "left"|I, the king
|align = "left"| 
|align = "left"| 

|-
|align = "left"|2nd Person
|align = "center"|-As
|align = "left"|rižes
|align = "left"|You, the king
|align = "left"| 
|align = "left"| 

|-
|align = "left"|3rd Animate
|align = "center"|-At
|align = "left"|rižet
|align = "left"|He, the king
|align = "left"| 
|align = "left"| 

|-
|align = "left"|3rd Inanimate
|align = "center"|-∅
|align = "left"|riž
|align = "left"|It, the kingdom
|align = "left"|čom
|align = "left"|The land

|-
|align = "left"|Negative Animate
|align = "center"|-nA
|align = "left"|rižne
|align = "left"|No king
|align = "left"| 
|align = "left"| 

|-
|align = "left"|Negative Inanimate
|align = "center"|A-
|align = "left"|eriž
|align = "left"|No kingdom
|align = "left"|očom
|align = "left"|No land

|} 

===Cases===

Case marking is ergative for Inanimate and Negative subjects, and accusative in all other cases.

Cases are:

{|border="1" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="4" align="center"
|align = "left"|Erg
|align = "center"|-Er
|align = "left"|--
|align = "left"|čomır

|-
|align = "left"|Nom/Abs
|align = "center"|-∅
|align = "left"|rižet
|align = "left"|čom

|-
|align = "left"|Acc
|align = "center"|-An
|align = "left"|rižeten
|align = "left"|--

|-
|align = "left"|Dat
|align = "center"|-Em
|align = "left"|rižetim
|align = "left"|čomım

|-
|align = "left"|Gen
|align = "center"|-Es
|align = "left"|rižetis
|align = "left"|čomıs

|-
|align = "left"|Ins/Loc
|align = "center"|-O
|align = "left"|rižetü
|align = "left"|čomu

|-
|align = "left"|Com
|align = "center"|-bA
|align = "left"|rižetbe
|align = "left"|čombo

|} 

[[Category: Conlangs]]

Terzemian

2013-04-21T12:25:12Z

Paul.w.bennett: /* Modern Latin */

{{IPA|}}

{{Infobox|name=Terzemian|pronounce=tɜ˞ˈzɛj.mjən|tu=Possible [[League of Lost Languages|LLL]] candidate|script=Latin, Cyrillic, Arabic, UTA|tree=Unique PIE, influences from Kartvelian, Turkic, Persian, Uralic and Slavic|morph=Mixed|ms=Lexically Split-S|wo=VSO|creator=[[User:Paul.w.bennett|Paul.w.bennett]]|date=}}

=Overview=

Terzemian is an [[Wikipedia:Indo-European|IE-derived]] conlang located along the west coast of the Caspian Sea. It is a [[Wikipedia:Centum-Satem_isogloss|satem]] language (the word for ''hundred'' is šündo (шүндо, şyndo, شَِنداَ /ʃyndo/) that uses the ''ruki'' rule, Grassman's law, Slavic-type depalatalization, z/r alternation, r/n alternation, a three-group vowel harmony system, and two phases of lenition (the first word-final, and the second approximately intervocalic).

=Phonology=

==Consonants==

{|border="1" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="4" align="center"
|align = "center"|p b
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"|t d
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"|k g
|align = "center"|kʷ gʷ
|align = "center"|q ɢ
|align = "center"|ʔ

|-
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"|f v
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"|s z
|align = "center"|ʃ ʒ
|align = "center"|ɬ ɮ
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"|x ɣ
|align = "center"|xʷ ɣʷ
|align = "center"|χ ʁ
|align = "center"|h

|-
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"|ts dz
|align = "center"|tʃ dʒ
|align = "center"|tɬ dɮ
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 

|-
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"|w
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"|l
|align = "center"|j
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 

|-
|align = "center"|m
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"|n
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"|ŋ
|align = "center"|ŋʷ
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 

|-
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"|ɾ ɹ
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 

|} 

==Vowels==

Depending on your viewpoint, there are either 9, 7, 6, or 3 vowels. To be more specific, there are 3 vowel harmony groups, with 3 vowels in each group, but there is some overlap.

===Seven Vowel System===

The Seven Vowel system is retained in writing in the UTA and Arabic scripts, but in modern times, /y/ and /ɯ/ have merged under Soviet influence (being in complementary distribution, and not found in Russian), and the Six Vowel system has replaced it for the Latin and Cyrillic scripts, and in modern pronunciation (in all but the most careful / formal contexts).

{|border="1" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="4" align="center"
|align = "center"|i y
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"|ɯ u

|-
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"|e
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"|o
|align = "center"| 

|-
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"|ɑ
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 

|} 

===Six Vowel System===

{|border="1" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="4" align="center"
|align = "center"|i
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"|ɨ
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"|u

|-
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"|e
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"|o
|align = "center"| 

|-
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"|ɑ
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 

|} 

=Writing System=

Terzemian has been written in a variety of scripts. In the modern era, a modified Latin alphabet is used. During the Soviet era, Cyrillic was used, and can still be found. Before the Soviet era, a form of the [[Wikipedia:Uniform Turkic Alphabet|UTA]] was used alongside Arabic. The Arabic script can still be found in general use in certain areas, as well as among the Muslim population throughout the region. Despite (or perhaps because) the fact that the move to the Latin script was a deliberate process to reflect post-Soviet independence, there is also a small folkish movement to return to the UTA script. In short, the learner of Terzemian should concentrate on learning the Latin script, but should be prepared to encounter Cyrillic, UTA, and Arabic on a more or less daily basis.

==Logical Layout==

The following tables illustrate the writing systems with a layout that is in accordance with the Phonology tables above.

===Modern Latin===

{|border="1" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="4" align="center"
|align = "center"|p b
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"|t d
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"|k g
|align = "center"|k˚ g˚
|align = "center"|ḳ ġ
|align = "center"|ʼ

|-
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"|f v
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"|s z
|align = "center"|š ž
|align = "center"|ł ł̣
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"|x ǧ
|align = "center"|x˚ ǧ˚
|align = "center"|x̣ ǧ̇
|align = "center"|h

|-
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"|c
|align = "center"|č
|align = "center"|tł dł̣
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 

|-
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"|w
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"|l
|align = "center"|y
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 

|-
|align = "center"|m
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"|n
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"|ň
|align = "center"|ň˚
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 

|-
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"|ṛ r
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 

|} 

{|border="1" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="4" align="center"
|align = "center"|i
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"|ı
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"|u

|-
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"|e
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"|o
|align = "center"| 

|-
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"|a
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 

|} 

===UTA===

{|border="1" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="4" align="center"
|align = "center"|p b
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"|t d
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"|k g
|align = "center"|kъ gъ
|align = "center"|ķ g̓
|align = "center"|q

|-
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"|f v
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"|s z
|align = "center"|ş ƶ
|align = "center"|ł ľ
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"|x ƣ
|align = "center"|xъ ƣъ
|align = "center"|x̧ ƣ̓
|align = "center"|h

|-
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"|c
|align = "center"|ç
|align = "center"|tł dľ
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 

|-
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"|w
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"|l
|align = "center"|j
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 

|-
|align = "center"|m
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"|n
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"|ŋ
|align = "center"|ŋъ

|-
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"|r ř
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 

|} 

{|border="1" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="4" align="center"
|align = "center"|i y
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"|ı u

|-
|align = "center"|e
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"|o

|-
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"|a
|align = "center"| 

|} 

===Cyrillic===

{|border="1" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="4" align="center"
|align = "center"|п б
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"|т д
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"|к г
|align = "center"|къ гъ къ
|align = "center"|қ ӷ
|align = "center"|Ӏ

|-
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"|ф в
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"|с з
|align = "center"|ш ж
|align = "center"|ӆ ԓ
|align = "center"|х ғ
|align = "center"|хъ ғъ
|align = "center"|ҳ ӷ̵
|align = "center"|һ

|-
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"|ц
|align = "center"|ч
|align = "center"|тӆ дԓ
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 

|-
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"|ў
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"|й
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 

|-
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"|л
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 

|-
|align = "center"|м
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"|н
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"|ң
|align = "center"|ңъ
|align = "center"| 

|-
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"|р ʀ
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 

|} 

{|border="1" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="4" align="center"
|align = "center"|и ү
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"|ы у

|-
|align = "center"|э
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"|о

|-
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"|а
|align = "center"| 

|} 

===Arabic===

{|border="1" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="4" align="center"
|align = "center"|پ ب
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"|ت د
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"|ك گ
|align = "center"| 

|-
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"|ف ڒ
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"|س ز
|align = "center"|ژ ش
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"|خ غ
|align = "center"|ه

|-
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| څ
|align = "center"| چ
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 

|-
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| و
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| ي
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 

|-
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| ل
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 

|-
|align = "center"| م
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| ن
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| ڽ
|align = "center"| 

|-
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"|ر
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 

|} 

{|border="1" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="4" align="center"
|align = "center"|هِ
|align = "center"| هَِ
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| هَ

|-
|align = "center"| اِ
|align = "center"| اَِ
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| اَ

|-
|align = "center"| اٍ
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"|ا
|align = "center"|اً

|} 

==Alphabetical Orders==

The tables above approximately follow the IPA layout for the sounds of Terzemian. The correct orders of the writing systems of Terzemian are:

* Latin: Aa Ää Åå Bb Cc Čč Dd Ee Ff Gg Ǧǧ Ġġ Ǧ̇ǧ̇ Hh Ii Kk Ll Łł Mm Nn Ňň Oo Öö Pp Rr Ṛṛ Ss Šš Tt Uu Üü Vv Ww Xx X̣x̣ Yy Zz Žž ˚ ʼ
* Cyrillic: Аа Әә Бб Вв Гг Ғғ Ӷ̵ӷ̵ Дд Ее Жж Зз Һһ Ии Йй Кк Лл Ӆӆ Ԓԓ Мм Нн Ңң Оо Өө Пп Рр Rʀ Сс Тт Уу Ўў Үү Фф Хх Ҳҳ Цц Чч Шш Щщ Ъъ Ыы Ьь Ээ Ɔɔ Юю Яя ӏ
* UTA: Aa Əə Bb Cc Çç Dd Ee Ff Gg Ƣƣ Hh Ii Jj Kk Ll Mm Nn Ŋŋ Oo Ɵɵ Ɔɔ Pp Rr Ss Şş Tt Uu Vv Ww Xx Yy Zz Ƶƶ Qq Ъъ
* Arabic: ا ب ت پ ح خ څ چ د ر ز ژ س ش غ ف ك گ ل م ن ڽ ه و ۆ ي هِ هَِ هَ اِ اَِ اَ اٍ اً

The following chart shows the other writing systems in the latin order:

{|border="1" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="4" align="center"
|align = "center"|'''Latin'''
|align = "center"|Aa
|align = "center"|Ää
|align = "center"|Åå
|align = "center"|Bb
|align = "center"|Cc
|align = "center"|Čč
|align = "center"|Dd
|align = "center"|Ee
|align = "center"|Ff
|align = "center"|Gg
|align = "center"|Ǧǧ
|align = "center"|Ġġ
|align = "center"|Ǧ̇ǧ̇
|align = "center"|Hh
|align = "center"|Ii
|align = "center"|Kk
|align = "center"|Ll
|align = "center"|Łł
|align = "center"|Mm

|-
|align = "center"|'''Cyrillic'''
|align = "center"|Аа
|align = "center"|Әә
|align = "center"|Ɔɔ
|align = "center"|Бб
|align = "center"|Цц
|align = "center"|Чч
|align = "center"|Дд
|align = "center"|Ээ
|align = "center"|Фф
|align = "center"|Гг
|align = "center"|Ғғ
|align = "center"|Ӷ̵ӷ̵
|align = "center"|''???''
|align = "center"|Һһ
|align = "center"|Ии
|align = "center"|Кк
|align = "center"|Лл
|align = "center"|Ӆӆ / Ԓԓ
|align = "center"|Мм

|-
|align = "center"|''Latin''
|align = "center"|Nn
|align = "center"|Ňň
|align = "center"|Oo
|align = "center"|Öö
|align = "center"|Pp
|align = "center"|Rr
|align = "center"|Ṛṛ
|align = "center"|Ss
|align = "center"|Šš
|align = "center"|Tt
|align = "center"|Uu
|align = "center"|Üü
|align = "center"|Vv
|align = "center"|Ww
|align = "center"|Xx
|align = "center"|X̣x̣
|align = "center"|Yy
|align = "center"|Zz
|align = "center"|Žž
|align = "center"|˚
|align = "center"|ʼ
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 

|-
|align = "center"|''Cyrillic''
|align = "center"|Нн
|align = "center"|Ңң
|align = "center"|Оо
|align = "center"|Өө
|align = "center"|Пп
|align = "center"|Rʀ
|align = "center"|Рр
|align = "center"|Сс
|align = "center"|Шш
|align = "center"|Тт
|align = "center"|Уу
|align = "center"|Үү
|align = "center"|Вв
|align = "center"|Ўў
|align = "center"|Хх
|align = "center"|Ҳҳ
|align = "center"|Йй
|align = "center"|Зз
|align = "center"|Жж
|align = "center"|Ъъ
|align = "center"|ӏ
|align = "center"|Щщ
|align = "center"|Ыы
|align = "center"|Ьь
|align = "center"|Юю
|align = "center"|Яя
|align = "center"|Ее

|} 

Notes:

* The Cyrillic letters ''Щ'', ''Ъ'', and ''Ь'' are not used in native words.
* The Cyrillic letters ''Е'', ''Ю'', and ''Я'' are occasionally used in native words.
* The Arabic characters هِ هَِ هَ use the letter ه as a base character for illustration. The actual vowels are written as just the diactrics, attached to the preceeding consonant.

=Sound Changes=

''See the [[Terzemian/Sound_Changes|Sound Changes]] subarticle.

=Morphosyntax=

==Harmony==

===Vowels===

{|border="1" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="4" align="center"
|align = "center" rowspan = "2"|'''Root Vowel'''
|align = "center" colspan = "3"|'''Prefix Vowel'''
|align = "center" colspan = "6"|'''Suffix Vowel'''

|-

|align = "center"|'''i'''
|align = "center"|'''u'''
|align = "center"|'''a'''

|align = "center"|'''i'''
|align = "center"|'''ü'''
|align = "center"|'''e'''
|align = "center"|'''ö'''
|align = "center"|'''ä'''
|align = "center"|'''a'''

|-
|align = "center"|'''i'''

|align = "center"|i
|align = "center"|ü
|align = "center"|e

|align = "center"|i
|align = "center"|ü
|align = "center"|e
|align = "center"|ö
|align = "center"|ä
|align = "center"|a

|-
|align = "center"|'''ü'''

|align = "center"|i
|align = "center"|ü
|align = "center"|e

|align = "center"|ü
|align = "center"|u
|align = "center"|ö
|align = "center"|o
|align = "center"|ä
|align = "center"|a

|-
|align = "center"|'''u'''

|align = "center"|ü
|align = "center"|u
|align = "center"|o

|align = "center"|ü
|align = "center"|u
|align = "center"|ö
|align = "center"|o
|align = "center"|a
|align = "center"|å

|-
|align = "center"|'''e'''

|align = "center"|i
|align = "center"|ö
|align = "center"|ä

|align = "center"|i
|align = "center"|ü
|align = "center"|e
|align = "center"|ö
|align = "center"|ä
|align = "center"|a

|-
|align = "center"|'''ö'''

|align = "center"|ü
|align = "center"|o
|align = "center"|å

|align = "center"|ü
|align = "center"|u
|align = "center"|ö
|align = "center"|o
|align = "center"|ä
|align = "center"|a

|-
|align = "center"|'''o'''

|align = "center"|ö
|align = "center"|å
|align = "center"|a

|align = "center"|ü
|align = "center"|u
|align = "center"|ö
|align = "center"|o
|align = "center"|a
|align = "center"|å

|-
|align = "center"|'''ä'''

|align = "center"|e
|align = "center"|å
|align = "center"|a

|align = "center"|e
|align = "center"|ö
|align = "center"|ä
|align = "center"|å
|align = "center"|ä
|align = "center"|a

|-
|align = "center"|'''a'''

|align = "center"|e
|align = "center"|o
|align = "center"|a

|align = "center"|e
|align = "center"|ö
|align = "center"|ä
|align = "center"|å
|align = "center"|ä
|align = "center"|a

|-
|align = "center"|'''å'''

|align = "center"|ä
|align = "center"|åɧ
|align = "center"|aɧ

|align = "center"|e
|align = "center"|ö
|align = "center"|ä
|align = "center"|å
|align = "center"|ä
|align = "center"|a

|} 

===Fricative===

The metasymbol ''ɧ'' represents an assimilatory fricative, as follows:

{|border="1" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="4" align="center"
! Next Consonant || p,b,m,f,v,w || t,d,n,s,z,l,r || č,š,ž,y || k,g,x,ǧ || h
|-
| '''Outcome''' || f || s || š || x || ∅
|}

If there is no next consonant in the root, ''ɧ'' assimilates to the previous consonant.

If there is no next consonant and no previous consonant in the root, ''ɧ'' becomes ''h''.

==Verbs==

===Agreement===

Terzemain nouns mark two or less of three core cases, notionally representing the semantic roles INITIATOR, UNDERGOER, and TARGET. For ease of reference, these will be marked with the traditional A, P, and O labels used in discussing Ergative/Accusative marking.

Terzemian is Split-S, with Ergative or Accusative style marking determined lexically by the conjugation of the verb.

The conjugations are as follows:

{|border="1" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="4" align="center"
! Conj. || Required || Optional || Description
|-
| '''1 a''' || A ||   || Intransitive Active verbs
|-
| '''1 b''' || P || A ''(causitive)'' || Intransitive Stative verbs
|-
| '''2''' || AP ||   || Transitive Active verbs
|}

====Ablaut Patterns====

{|border="1" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="4" align="center"
|align = "center"|'''Conj.'''
|align = "center"|'''Root Vowel'''
|align = "center"|'''Non-P R'''
|align = "center"|'''Past R'''
|align = "center"|'''Non-P Ir'''
|align = "center"|'''Past Ir'''

|-
|align = "center" rowspan = "9"|'''1 a/b'''
|align = "center"|'''i'''
|align = "center"|i
|align = "center"|e
|align = "center"|ü
|align = "center"|iy

|-
|align = "center"|'''ü'''
|align = "center"|ü
|align = "center"|ö
|align = "center"|u
|align = "center"|üy

|-
|align = "center"|'''u'''
|align = "center"|u
|align = "center"|o
|align = "center"|uw
|align = "center"|wo

|-
|align = "center"|'''e'''
|align = "center"|e
|align = "center"|ä
|align = "center"|ö
|align = "center"|ye

|-
|align = "center"|'''ö'''
|align = "center"|ö
|align = "center"|a
|align = "center"|o
|align = "center"|yo

|-
|align = "center"|'''o'''
|align = "center"|o
|align = "center"|å
|align = "center"|ow
|align = "center"|öü

|-
|align = "center"|'''ä'''
|align = "center"|ä
|align = "center"|äh
|align = "center"|a
|align = "center"|e

|-
|align = "center"|'''a'''
|align = "center"|a
|align = "center"|ah
|align = "center"|ay
|align = "center"|ey

|-
|align = "center"|'''å'''
|align = "center"|å
|align = "center"|åh
|align = "center"|åw
|align = "center"|ow

|-
|align = "center" rowspan = "9"|'''2'''
|align = "center"|'''i'''
|align = "center"|i
|align = "center"|ü
|align = "center"|e
|align = "center"|ö

|-
|align = "center"|'''ü'''
|align = "center"|ü
|align = "center"|u
|align = "center"|ö
|align = "center"|o

|-
|align = "center"|'''u'''
|align = "center"|u
|align = "center"|uw
|align = "center"|o
|align = "center"|ow

|-
|align = "center"|'''e'''
|align = "center"|e
|align = "center"|ö
|align = "center"|ä
|align = "center"|å

|-
|align = "center"|'''ö'''
|align = "center"|ö
|align = "center"|o
|align = "center"|å
|align = "center"|a

|-
|align = "center"|'''o'''
|align = "center"|o
|align = "center"|ow
|align = "center"|å
|align = "center"|a

|-
|align = "center"|'''ä'''
|align = "center"|ä
|align = "center"|a
|align = "center"|äɧ
|align = "center"|aɧ

|-
|align = "center"|'''a'''
|align = "center"|a
|align = "center"|å
|align = "center"|aɧ
|align = "center"|åɧ

|-
|align = "center"|'''å'''
|align = "center"|å
|align = "center"|åw
|align = "center"|åɧ
|align = "center"|åwɧ

|} 

====Agreement prefixes====

{|border="1" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="4" align="center"
! Conj. || Argument || 1st Person || 2nd || 3rd
|-
| 1 || A || ǧ- || z- || i-
|-
| 1 || P || - || yu- || c-
|-
| 2 || A || - || smu- || s-
|-
| 2 || P || m- || yu- || -
|}

===Tense and Evidentiality===

There are two verb tenses, the past and non-past.

*In the past tense, there are three evidentiality/reality markings:
**''direct'' realis, indicating first-hand observational (e.g. "eye witness") knowledge. This is marked by the prefix ''e-'', in addition to ablaut.
**''indirect'' realis, indicating knowledge that is informed, inferred, supposed, or otherwise not personal. This is marked by ablaut alone.
**irrealis, making no overt statement about the reality of the VP, but inferring a lesser degree of certainty than either realis marking.
*In the non-past, only the realis and irrealis are distinguished.

===Aspect, Mood, Intensity, and Attitude===

Additional verb characteristics are expressed in suffixes, including the following.

*'''Aspect
**'''Inceptive'''
**'''Abortive'''
**'''Completitive''' ''-åǧ''
**'''Participle''' ''-önz''
**'''Perfect''' ''-gäv''
*'''Mood'''
**'''Imperative''' (use bare root)
**'''Negative''' ''-nä''
**'''Optative/Hortative/Jussive''' ''-zün''
**'''Causative/Volition''' (A -> P, Cause -> A)
*'''Intensity'''
**'''More Intense''' ''-siz''
**'''Less Intense''' ''-(d)e'' (NB: same as nominal diminutive)

Suffixes may be chained in a head-modifier (right-branching) manner.

Example: '''ävåwsezzönnä''' - ''I certainly did not want to soundly beat him.''

==Nouns==

===Gender===

There is pragmatic gender marking -- Nouns are marked for a gender system that combines traditional gender and pragmatic roles.

Genders, with examples, are:

{|border="1" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="4" align="center"
|align = "left"|1st Person
|align = "center"|-Am
|align = "left"|rižem
|align = "left"|I, the king
|align = "left"| 
|align = "left"| 

|-
|align = "left"|2nd Person
|align = "center"|-As
|align = "left"|rižes
|align = "left"|You, the king
|align = "left"| 
|align = "left"| 

|-
|align = "left"|3rd Animate
|align = "center"|-At
|align = "left"|rižet
|align = "left"|He, the king
|align = "left"| 
|align = "left"| 

|-
|align = "left"|3rd Inanimate
|align = "center"|-∅
|align = "left"|riž
|align = "left"|It, the kingdom
|align = "left"|čom
|align = "left"|The land

|-
|align = "left"|Negative Animate
|align = "center"|-nA
|align = "left"|rižne
|align = "left"|No king
|align = "left"| 
|align = "left"| 

|-
|align = "left"|Negative Inanimate
|align = "center"|A-
|align = "left"|eriž
|align = "left"|No kingdom
|align = "left"|očom
|align = "left"|No land

|} 

===Cases===

Case marking is ergative for Inanimate and Negative subjects, and accusative in all other cases.

Cases are:

{|border="1" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="4" align="center"
|align = "left"|Erg
|align = "center"|-Er
|align = "left"|--
|align = "left"|čomır

|-
|align = "left"|Nom/Abs
|align = "center"|-∅
|align = "left"|rižet
|align = "left"|čom

|-
|align = "left"|Acc
|align = "center"|-An
|align = "left"|rižeten
|align = "left"|--

|-
|align = "left"|Dat
|align = "center"|-Em
|align = "left"|rižetim
|align = "left"|čomım

|-
|align = "left"|Gen
|align = "center"|-Es
|align = "left"|rižetis
|align = "left"|čomıs

|-
|align = "left"|Ins/Loc
|align = "center"|-O
|align = "left"|rižetü
|align = "left"|čomu

|-
|align = "left"|Com
|align = "center"|-bA
|align = "left"|rižetbe
|align = "left"|čombo

|} 

[[Category: Conlangs]]

Terzemian

2013-04-21T12:23:59Z

Paul.w.bennett: /* Seven Vowel System */

{{IPA|}}

{{Infobox|name=Terzemian|pronounce=tɜ˞ˈzɛj.mjən|tu=Possible [[League of Lost Languages|LLL]] candidate|script=Latin, Cyrillic, Arabic, UTA|tree=Unique PIE, influences from Kartvelian, Turkic, Persian, Uralic and Slavic|morph=Mixed|ms=Lexically Split-S|wo=VSO|creator=[[User:Paul.w.bennett|Paul.w.bennett]]|date=}}

=Overview=

Terzemian is an [[Wikipedia:Indo-European|IE-derived]] conlang located along the west coast of the Caspian Sea. It is a [[Wikipedia:Centum-Satem_isogloss|satem]] language (the word for ''hundred'' is šündo (шүндо, şyndo, شَِنداَ /ʃyndo/) that uses the ''ruki'' rule, Grassman's law, Slavic-type depalatalization, z/r alternation, r/n alternation, a three-group vowel harmony system, and two phases of lenition (the first word-final, and the second approximately intervocalic).

=Phonology=

==Consonants==

{|border="1" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="4" align="center"
|align = "center"|p b
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"|t d
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"|k g
|align = "center"|kʷ gʷ
|align = "center"|q ɢ
|align = "center"|ʔ

|-
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"|f v
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"|s z
|align = "center"|ʃ ʒ
|align = "center"|ɬ ɮ
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"|x ɣ
|align = "center"|xʷ ɣʷ
|align = "center"|χ ʁ
|align = "center"|h

|-
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"|ts dz
|align = "center"|tʃ dʒ
|align = "center"|tɬ dɮ
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 

|-
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"|w
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"|l
|align = "center"|j
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 

|-
|align = "center"|m
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"|n
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"|ŋ
|align = "center"|ŋʷ
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 

|-
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"|ɾ ɹ
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 

|} 

==Vowels==

Depending on your viewpoint, there are either 9, 7, 6, or 3 vowels. To be more specific, there are 3 vowel harmony groups, with 3 vowels in each group, but there is some overlap.

===Seven Vowel System===

The Seven Vowel system is retained in writing in the UTA and Arabic scripts, but in modern times, /y/ and /ɯ/ have merged under Soviet influence (being in complementary distribution, and not found in Russian), and the Six Vowel system has replaced it for the Latin and Cyrillic scripts, and in modern pronunciation (in all but the most careful / formal contexts).

{|border="1" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="4" align="center"
|align = "center"|i y
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"|ɯ u

|-
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"|e
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"|o
|align = "center"| 

|-
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"|ɑ
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 

|} 

===Six Vowel System===

{|border="1" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="4" align="center"
|align = "center"|i
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"|ɨ
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"|u

|-
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"|e
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"|o
|align = "center"| 

|-
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"|ɑ
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 

|} 

=Writing System=

Terzemian has been written in a variety of scripts. In the modern era, a modified Latin alphabet is used. During the Soviet era, Cyrillic was used, and can still be found. Before the Soviet era, a form of the [[Wikipedia:Uniform Turkic Alphabet|UTA]] was used alongside Arabic. The Arabic script can still be found in general use in certain areas, as well as among the Muslim population throughout the region. Despite (or perhaps because) the fact that the move to the Latin script was a deliberate process to reflect post-Soviet independence, there is also a small folkish movement to return to the UTA script. In short, the learner of Terzemian should concentrate on learning the Latin script, but should be prepared to encounter Cyrillic, UTA, and Arabic on a more or less daily basis.

==Logical Layout==

The following tables illustrate the writing systems with a layout that is in accordance with the Phonology tables above.

===Modern Latin===

{|border="1" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="4" align="center"
|align = "center"|p b
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"|t d
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"|k g
|align = "center"|k˚ g˚
|align = "center"|ḳ ġ
|align = "center"|ʼ

|-
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"|f v
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"|s z
|align = "center"|š ž
|align = "center"|ł ł̣
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"|x ǧ
|align = "center"|x˚ ǧ˚
|align = "center"|x̣ ǧ̇
|align = "center"|h

|-
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"|c
|align = "center"|č
|align = "center"|tł dł̣
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 

|-
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"|w
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"|l
|align = "center"|y
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 

|-
|align = "center"|m
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"|n
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"|ň
|align = "center"|ň˚
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 

|-
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"|ṛ r
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 

|} 

{|border="1" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="4" align="center"
|align = "center"|i ü
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"|ı u

|-
|align = "center"|e
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"|o

|-
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"|a
|align = "center"| 

|} 

===UTA===

{|border="1" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="4" align="center"
|align = "center"|p b
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"|t d
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"|k g
|align = "center"|kъ gъ
|align = "center"|ķ g̓
|align = "center"|q

|-
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"|f v
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"|s z
|align = "center"|ş ƶ
|align = "center"|ł ľ
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"|x ƣ
|align = "center"|xъ ƣъ
|align = "center"|x̧ ƣ̓
|align = "center"|h

|-
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"|c
|align = "center"|ç
|align = "center"|tł dľ
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 

|-
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"|w
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"|l
|align = "center"|j
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 

|-
|align = "center"|m
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"|n
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"|ŋ
|align = "center"|ŋъ

|-
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"|r ř
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 

|} 

{|border="1" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="4" align="center"
|align = "center"|i y
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"|ı u

|-
|align = "center"|e
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"|o

|-
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"|a
|align = "center"| 

|} 

===Cyrillic===

{|border="1" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="4" align="center"
|align = "center"|п б
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"|т д
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"|к г
|align = "center"|къ гъ къ
|align = "center"|қ ӷ
|align = "center"|Ӏ

|-
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"|ф в
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"|с з
|align = "center"|ш ж
|align = "center"|ӆ ԓ
|align = "center"|х ғ
|align = "center"|хъ ғъ
|align = "center"|ҳ ӷ̵
|align = "center"|һ

|-
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"|ц
|align = "center"|ч
|align = "center"|тӆ дԓ
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 

|-
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"|ў
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"|й
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 

|-
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"|л
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 

|-
|align = "center"|м
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"|н
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"|ң
|align = "center"|ңъ
|align = "center"| 

|-
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"|р ʀ
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 

|} 

{|border="1" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="4" align="center"
|align = "center"|и ү
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"|ы у

|-
|align = "center"|э
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"|о

|-
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"|а
|align = "center"| 

|} 

===Arabic===

{|border="1" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="4" align="center"
|align = "center"|پ ب
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"|ت د
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"|ك گ
|align = "center"| 

|-
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"|ف ڒ
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"|س ز
|align = "center"|ژ ش
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"|خ غ
|align = "center"|ه

|-
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| څ
|align = "center"| چ
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 

|-
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| و
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| ي
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 

|-
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| ل
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 

|-
|align = "center"| م
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| ن
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| ڽ
|align = "center"| 

|-
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"|ر
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 

|} 

{|border="1" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="4" align="center"
|align = "center"|هِ
|align = "center"| هَِ
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| هَ

|-
|align = "center"| اِ
|align = "center"| اَِ
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| اَ

|-
|align = "center"| اٍ
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"|ا
|align = "center"|اً

|} 

==Alphabetical Orders==

The tables above approximately follow the IPA layout for the sounds of Terzemian. The correct orders of the writing systems of Terzemian are:

* Latin: Aa Ää Åå Bb Cc Čč Dd Ee Ff Gg Ǧǧ Ġġ Ǧ̇ǧ̇ Hh Ii Kk Ll Łł Mm Nn Ňň Oo Öö Pp Rr Ṛṛ Ss Šš Tt Uu Üü Vv Ww Xx X̣x̣ Yy Zz Žž ˚ ʼ
* Cyrillic: Аа Әә Бб Вв Гг Ғғ Ӷ̵ӷ̵ Дд Ее Жж Зз Һһ Ии Йй Кк Лл Ӆӆ Ԓԓ Мм Нн Ңң Оо Өө Пп Рр Rʀ Сс Тт Уу Ўў Үү Фф Хх Ҳҳ Цц Чч Шш Щщ Ъъ Ыы Ьь Ээ Ɔɔ Юю Яя ӏ
* UTA: Aa Əə Bb Cc Çç Dd Ee Ff Gg Ƣƣ Hh Ii Jj Kk Ll Mm Nn Ŋŋ Oo Ɵɵ Ɔɔ Pp Rr Ss Şş Tt Uu Vv Ww Xx Yy Zz Ƶƶ Qq Ъъ
* Arabic: ا ب ت پ ح خ څ چ د ر ز ژ س ش غ ف ك گ ل م ن ڽ ه و ۆ ي هِ هَِ هَ اِ اَِ اَ اٍ اً

The following chart shows the other writing systems in the latin order:

{|border="1" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="4" align="center"
|align = "center"|'''Latin'''
|align = "center"|Aa
|align = "center"|Ää
|align = "center"|Åå
|align = "center"|Bb
|align = "center"|Cc
|align = "center"|Čč
|align = "center"|Dd
|align = "center"|Ee
|align = "center"|Ff
|align = "center"|Gg
|align = "center"|Ǧǧ
|align = "center"|Ġġ
|align = "center"|Ǧ̇ǧ̇
|align = "center"|Hh
|align = "center"|Ii
|align = "center"|Kk
|align = "center"|Ll
|align = "center"|Łł
|align = "center"|Mm

|-
|align = "center"|'''Cyrillic'''
|align = "center"|Аа
|align = "center"|Әә
|align = "center"|Ɔɔ
|align = "center"|Бб
|align = "center"|Цц
|align = "center"|Чч
|align = "center"|Дд
|align = "center"|Ээ
|align = "center"|Фф
|align = "center"|Гг
|align = "center"|Ғғ
|align = "center"|Ӷ̵ӷ̵
|align = "center"|''???''
|align = "center"|Һһ
|align = "center"|Ии
|align = "center"|Кк
|align = "center"|Лл
|align = "center"|Ӆӆ / Ԓԓ
|align = "center"|Мм

|-
|align = "center"|''Latin''
|align = "center"|Nn
|align = "center"|Ňň
|align = "center"|Oo
|align = "center"|Öö
|align = "center"|Pp
|align = "center"|Rr
|align = "center"|Ṛṛ
|align = "center"|Ss
|align = "center"|Šš
|align = "center"|Tt
|align = "center"|Uu
|align = "center"|Üü
|align = "center"|Vv
|align = "center"|Ww
|align = "center"|Xx
|align = "center"|X̣x̣
|align = "center"|Yy
|align = "center"|Zz
|align = "center"|Žž
|align = "center"|˚
|align = "center"|ʼ
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 

|-
|align = "center"|''Cyrillic''
|align = "center"|Нн
|align = "center"|Ңң
|align = "center"|Оо
|align = "center"|Өө
|align = "center"|Пп
|align = "center"|Rʀ
|align = "center"|Рр
|align = "center"|Сс
|align = "center"|Шш
|align = "center"|Тт
|align = "center"|Уу
|align = "center"|Үү
|align = "center"|Вв
|align = "center"|Ўў
|align = "center"|Хх
|align = "center"|Ҳҳ
|align = "center"|Йй
|align = "center"|Зз
|align = "center"|Жж
|align = "center"|Ъъ
|align = "center"|ӏ
|align = "center"|Щщ
|align = "center"|Ыы
|align = "center"|Ьь
|align = "center"|Юю
|align = "center"|Яя
|align = "center"|Ее

|} 

Notes:

* The Cyrillic letters ''Щ'', ''Ъ'', and ''Ь'' are not used in native words.
* The Cyrillic letters ''Е'', ''Ю'', and ''Я'' are occasionally used in native words.
* The Arabic characters هِ هَِ هَ use the letter ه as a base character for illustration. The actual vowels are written as just the diactrics, attached to the preceeding consonant.

=Sound Changes=

''See the [[Terzemian/Sound_Changes|Sound Changes]] subarticle.

=Morphosyntax=

==Harmony==

===Vowels===

{|border="1" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="4" align="center"
|align = "center" rowspan = "2"|'''Root Vowel'''
|align = "center" colspan = "3"|'''Prefix Vowel'''
|align = "center" colspan = "6"|'''Suffix Vowel'''

|-

|align = "center"|'''i'''
|align = "center"|'''u'''
|align = "center"|'''a'''

|align = "center"|'''i'''
|align = "center"|'''ü'''
|align = "center"|'''e'''
|align = "center"|'''ö'''
|align = "center"|'''ä'''
|align = "center"|'''a'''

|-
|align = "center"|'''i'''

|align = "center"|i
|align = "center"|ü
|align = "center"|e

|align = "center"|i
|align = "center"|ü
|align = "center"|e
|align = "center"|ö
|align = "center"|ä
|align = "center"|a

|-
|align = "center"|'''ü'''

|align = "center"|i
|align = "center"|ü
|align = "center"|e

|align = "center"|ü
|align = "center"|u
|align = "center"|ö
|align = "center"|o
|align = "center"|ä
|align = "center"|a

|-
|align = "center"|'''u'''

|align = "center"|ü
|align = "center"|u
|align = "center"|o

|align = "center"|ü
|align = "center"|u
|align = "center"|ö
|align = "center"|o
|align = "center"|a
|align = "center"|å

|-
|align = "center"|'''e'''

|align = "center"|i
|align = "center"|ö
|align = "center"|ä

|align = "center"|i
|align = "center"|ü
|align = "center"|e
|align = "center"|ö
|align = "center"|ä
|align = "center"|a

|-
|align = "center"|'''ö'''

|align = "center"|ü
|align = "center"|o
|align = "center"|å

|align = "center"|ü
|align = "center"|u
|align = "center"|ö
|align = "center"|o
|align = "center"|ä
|align = "center"|a

|-
|align = "center"|'''o'''

|align = "center"|ö
|align = "center"|å
|align = "center"|a

|align = "center"|ü
|align = "center"|u
|align = "center"|ö
|align = "center"|o
|align = "center"|a
|align = "center"|å

|-
|align = "center"|'''ä'''

|align = "center"|e
|align = "center"|å
|align = "center"|a

|align = "center"|e
|align = "center"|ö
|align = "center"|ä
|align = "center"|å
|align = "center"|ä
|align = "center"|a

|-
|align = "center"|'''a'''

|align = "center"|e
|align = "center"|o
|align = "center"|a

|align = "center"|e
|align = "center"|ö
|align = "center"|ä
|align = "center"|å
|align = "center"|ä
|align = "center"|a

|-
|align = "center"|'''å'''

|align = "center"|ä
|align = "center"|åɧ
|align = "center"|aɧ

|align = "center"|e
|align = "center"|ö
|align = "center"|ä
|align = "center"|å
|align = "center"|ä
|align = "center"|a

|} 

===Fricative===

The metasymbol ''ɧ'' represents an assimilatory fricative, as follows:

{|border="1" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="4" align="center"
! Next Consonant || p,b,m,f,v,w || t,d,n,s,z,l,r || č,š,ž,y || k,g,x,ǧ || h
|-
| '''Outcome''' || f || s || š || x || ∅
|}

If there is no next consonant in the root, ''ɧ'' assimilates to the previous consonant.

If there is no next consonant and no previous consonant in the root, ''ɧ'' becomes ''h''.

==Verbs==

===Agreement===

Terzemain nouns mark two or less of three core cases, notionally representing the semantic roles INITIATOR, UNDERGOER, and TARGET. For ease of reference, these will be marked with the traditional A, P, and O labels used in discussing Ergative/Accusative marking.

Terzemian is Split-S, with Ergative or Accusative style marking determined lexically by the conjugation of the verb.

The conjugations are as follows:

{|border="1" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="4" align="center"
! Conj. || Required || Optional || Description
|-
| '''1 a''' || A ||   || Intransitive Active verbs
|-
| '''1 b''' || P || A ''(causitive)'' || Intransitive Stative verbs
|-
| '''2''' || AP ||   || Transitive Active verbs
|}

====Ablaut Patterns====

{|border="1" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="4" align="center"
|align = "center"|'''Conj.'''
|align = "center"|'''Root Vowel'''
|align = "center"|'''Non-P R'''
|align = "center"|'''Past R'''
|align = "center"|'''Non-P Ir'''
|align = "center"|'''Past Ir'''

|-
|align = "center" rowspan = "9"|'''1 a/b'''
|align = "center"|'''i'''
|align = "center"|i
|align = "center"|e
|align = "center"|ü
|align = "center"|iy

|-
|align = "center"|'''ü'''
|align = "center"|ü
|align = "center"|ö
|align = "center"|u
|align = "center"|üy

|-
|align = "center"|'''u'''
|align = "center"|u
|align = "center"|o
|align = "center"|uw
|align = "center"|wo

|-
|align = "center"|'''e'''
|align = "center"|e
|align = "center"|ä
|align = "center"|ö
|align = "center"|ye

|-
|align = "center"|'''ö'''
|align = "center"|ö
|align = "center"|a
|align = "center"|o
|align = "center"|yo

|-
|align = "center"|'''o'''
|align = "center"|o
|align = "center"|å
|align = "center"|ow
|align = "center"|öü

|-
|align = "center"|'''ä'''
|align = "center"|ä
|align = "center"|äh
|align = "center"|a
|align = "center"|e

|-
|align = "center"|'''a'''
|align = "center"|a
|align = "center"|ah
|align = "center"|ay
|align = "center"|ey

|-
|align = "center"|'''å'''
|align = "center"|å
|align = "center"|åh
|align = "center"|åw
|align = "center"|ow

|-
|align = "center" rowspan = "9"|'''2'''
|align = "center"|'''i'''
|align = "center"|i
|align = "center"|ü
|align = "center"|e
|align = "center"|ö

|-
|align = "center"|'''ü'''
|align = "center"|ü
|align = "center"|u
|align = "center"|ö
|align = "center"|o

|-
|align = "center"|'''u'''
|align = "center"|u
|align = "center"|uw
|align = "center"|o
|align = "center"|ow

|-
|align = "center"|'''e'''
|align = "center"|e
|align = "center"|ö
|align = "center"|ä
|align = "center"|å

|-
|align = "center"|'''ö'''
|align = "center"|ö
|align = "center"|o
|align = "center"|å
|align = "center"|a

|-
|align = "center"|'''o'''
|align = "center"|o
|align = "center"|ow
|align = "center"|å
|align = "center"|a

|-
|align = "center"|'''ä'''
|align = "center"|ä
|align = "center"|a
|align = "center"|äɧ
|align = "center"|aɧ

|-
|align = "center"|'''a'''
|align = "center"|a
|align = "center"|å
|align = "center"|aɧ
|align = "center"|åɧ

|-
|align = "center"|'''å'''
|align = "center"|å
|align = "center"|åw
|align = "center"|åɧ
|align = "center"|åwɧ

|} 

====Agreement prefixes====

{|border="1" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="4" align="center"
! Conj. || Argument || 1st Person || 2nd || 3rd
|-
| 1 || A || ǧ- || z- || i-
|-
| 1 || P || - || yu- || c-
|-
| 2 || A || - || smu- || s-
|-
| 2 || P || m- || yu- || -
|}

===Tense and Evidentiality===

There are two verb tenses, the past and non-past.

*In the past tense, there are three evidentiality/reality markings:
**''direct'' realis, indicating first-hand observational (e.g. "eye witness") knowledge. This is marked by the prefix ''e-'', in addition to ablaut.
**''indirect'' realis, indicating knowledge that is informed, inferred, supposed, or otherwise not personal. This is marked by ablaut alone.
**irrealis, making no overt statement about the reality of the VP, but inferring a lesser degree of certainty than either realis marking.
*In the non-past, only the realis and irrealis are distinguished.

===Aspect, Mood, Intensity, and Attitude===

Additional verb characteristics are expressed in suffixes, including the following.

*'''Aspect
**'''Inceptive'''
**'''Abortive'''
**'''Completitive''' ''-åǧ''
**'''Participle''' ''-önz''
**'''Perfect''' ''-gäv''
*'''Mood'''
**'''Imperative''' (use bare root)
**'''Negative''' ''-nä''
**'''Optative/Hortative/Jussive''' ''-zün''
**'''Causative/Volition''' (A -> P, Cause -> A)
*'''Intensity'''
**'''More Intense''' ''-siz''
**'''Less Intense''' ''-(d)e'' (NB: same as nominal diminutive)

Suffixes may be chained in a head-modifier (right-branching) manner.

Example: '''ävåwsezzönnä''' - ''I certainly did not want to soundly beat him.''

==Nouns==

===Gender===

There is pragmatic gender marking -- Nouns are marked for a gender system that combines traditional gender and pragmatic roles.

Genders, with examples, are:

{|border="1" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="4" align="center"
|align = "left"|1st Person
|align = "center"|-Am
|align = "left"|rižem
|align = "left"|I, the king
|align = "left"| 
|align = "left"| 

|-
|align = "left"|2nd Person
|align = "center"|-As
|align = "left"|rižes
|align = "left"|You, the king
|align = "left"| 
|align = "left"| 

|-
|align = "left"|3rd Animate
|align = "center"|-At
|align = "left"|rižet
|align = "left"|He, the king
|align = "left"| 
|align = "left"| 

|-
|align = "left"|3rd Inanimate
|align = "center"|-∅
|align = "left"|riž
|align = "left"|It, the kingdom
|align = "left"|čom
|align = "left"|The land

|-
|align = "left"|Negative Animate
|align = "center"|-nA
|align = "left"|rižne
|align = "left"|No king
|align = "left"| 
|align = "left"| 

|-
|align = "left"|Negative Inanimate
|align = "center"|A-
|align = "left"|eriž
|align = "left"|No kingdom
|align = "left"|očom
|align = "left"|No land

|} 

===Cases===

Case marking is ergative for Inanimate and Negative subjects, and accusative in all other cases.

Cases are:

{|border="1" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="4" align="center"
|align = "left"|Erg
|align = "center"|-Er
|align = "left"|--
|align = "left"|čomır

|-
|align = "left"|Nom/Abs
|align = "center"|-∅
|align = "left"|rižet
|align = "left"|čom

|-
|align = "left"|Acc
|align = "center"|-An
|align = "left"|rižeten
|align = "left"|--

|-
|align = "left"|Dat
|align = "center"|-Em
|align = "left"|rižetim
|align = "left"|čomım

|-
|align = "left"|Gen
|align = "center"|-Es
|align = "left"|rižetis
|align = "left"|čomıs

|-
|align = "left"|Ins/Loc
|align = "center"|-O
|align = "left"|rižetü
|align = "left"|čomu

|-
|align = "left"|Com
|align = "center"|-bA
|align = "left"|rižetbe
|align = "left"|čombo

|} 

[[Category: Conlangs]]

Terzemian

2013-04-21T12:20:48Z

Paul.w.bennett: /* Vowels */

{{IPA|}}

{{Infobox|name=Terzemian|pronounce=tɜ˞ˈzɛj.mjən|tu=Possible [[League of Lost Languages|LLL]] candidate|script=Latin, Cyrillic, Arabic, UTA|tree=Unique PIE, influences from Kartvelian, Turkic, Persian, Uralic and Slavic|morph=Mixed|ms=Lexically Split-S|wo=VSO|creator=[[User:Paul.w.bennett|Paul.w.bennett]]|date=}}

=Overview=

Terzemian is an [[Wikipedia:Indo-European|IE-derived]] conlang located along the west coast of the Caspian Sea. It is a [[Wikipedia:Centum-Satem_isogloss|satem]] language (the word for ''hundred'' is šündo (шүндо, şyndo, شَِنداَ /ʃyndo/) that uses the ''ruki'' rule, Grassman's law, Slavic-type depalatalization, z/r alternation, r/n alternation, a three-group vowel harmony system, and two phases of lenition (the first word-final, and the second approximately intervocalic).

=Phonology=

==Consonants==

{|border="1" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="4" align="center"
|align = "center"|p b
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"|t d
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"|k g
|align = "center"|kʷ gʷ
|align = "center"|q ɢ
|align = "center"|ʔ

|-
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"|f v
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"|s z
|align = "center"|ʃ ʒ
|align = "center"|ɬ ɮ
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"|x ɣ
|align = "center"|xʷ ɣʷ
|align = "center"|χ ʁ
|align = "center"|h

|-
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"|ts dz
|align = "center"|tʃ dʒ
|align = "center"|tɬ dɮ
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 

|-
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"|w
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"|l
|align = "center"|j
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 

|-
|align = "center"|m
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"|n
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"|ŋ
|align = "center"|ŋʷ
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 

|-
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"|ɾ ɹ
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 

|} 

==Vowels==

Depending on your viewpoint, there are either 9, 7, 6, or 3 vowels. To be more specific, there are 3 vowel harmony groups, with 3 vowels in each group, but there is some overlap.

===Seven Vowel System===

{|border="1" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="4" align="center"
|align = "center"|i y
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"|ɯ u

|-
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"|e
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"|o
|align = "center"| 

|-
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"|ɑ
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 

|} 

===Six Vowel System===

{|border="1" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="4" align="center"
|align = "center"|i
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"|ɨ
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"|u

|-
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"|e
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"|o
|align = "center"| 

|-
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"|ɑ
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 

|} 

=Writing System=

Terzemian has been written in a variety of scripts. In the modern era, a modified Latin alphabet is used. During the Soviet era, Cyrillic was used, and can still be found. Before the Soviet era, a form of the [[Wikipedia:Uniform Turkic Alphabet|UTA]] was used alongside Arabic. The Arabic script can still be found in general use in certain areas, as well as among the Muslim population throughout the region. Despite (or perhaps because) the fact that the move to the Latin script was a deliberate process to reflect post-Soviet independence, there is also a small folkish movement to return to the UTA script. In short, the learner of Terzemian should concentrate on learning the Latin script, but should be prepared to encounter Cyrillic, UTA, and Arabic on a more or less daily basis.

==Logical Layout==

The following tables illustrate the writing systems with a layout that is in accordance with the Phonology tables above.

===Modern Latin===

{|border="1" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="4" align="center"
|align = "center"|p b
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"|t d
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"|k g
|align = "center"|k˚ g˚
|align = "center"|ḳ ġ
|align = "center"|ʼ

|-
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"|f v
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"|s z
|align = "center"|š ž
|align = "center"|ł ł̣
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"|x ǧ
|align = "center"|x˚ ǧ˚
|align = "center"|x̣ ǧ̇
|align = "center"|h

|-
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"|c
|align = "center"|č
|align = "center"|tł dł̣
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 

|-
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"|w
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"|l
|align = "center"|y
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 

|-
|align = "center"|m
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"|n
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"|ň
|align = "center"|ň˚
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 

|-
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"|ṛ r
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 

|} 

{|border="1" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="4" align="center"
|align = "center"|i ü
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"|ı u

|-
|align = "center"|e
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"|o

|-
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"|a
|align = "center"| 

|} 

===UTA===

{|border="1" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="4" align="center"
|align = "center"|p b
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"|t d
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"|k g
|align = "center"|kъ gъ
|align = "center"|ķ g̓
|align = "center"|q

|-
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"|f v
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"|s z
|align = "center"|ş ƶ
|align = "center"|ł ľ
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"|x ƣ
|align = "center"|xъ ƣъ
|align = "center"|x̧ ƣ̓
|align = "center"|h

|-
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"|c
|align = "center"|ç
|align = "center"|tł dľ
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 

|-
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"|w
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"|l
|align = "center"|j
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 

|-
|align = "center"|m
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"|n
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"|ŋ
|align = "center"|ŋъ

|-
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"|r ř
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 

|} 

{|border="1" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="4" align="center"
|align = "center"|i y
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"|ı u

|-
|align = "center"|e
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"|o

|-
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"|a
|align = "center"| 

|} 

===Cyrillic===

{|border="1" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="4" align="center"
|align = "center"|п б
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"|т д
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"|к г
|align = "center"|къ гъ къ
|align = "center"|қ ӷ
|align = "center"|Ӏ

|-
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"|ф в
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"|с з
|align = "center"|ш ж
|align = "center"|ӆ ԓ
|align = "center"|х ғ
|align = "center"|хъ ғъ
|align = "center"|ҳ ӷ̵
|align = "center"|һ

|-
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"|ц
|align = "center"|ч
|align = "center"|тӆ дԓ
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 

|-
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"|ў
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"|й
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 

|-
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"|л
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 

|-
|align = "center"|м
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"|н
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"|ң
|align = "center"|ңъ
|align = "center"| 

|-
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"|р ʀ
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 

|} 

{|border="1" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="4" align="center"
|align = "center"|и ү
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"|ы у

|-
|align = "center"|э
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"|о

|-
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"|а
|align = "center"| 

|} 

===Arabic===

{|border="1" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="4" align="center"
|align = "center"|پ ب
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"|ت د
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"|ك گ
|align = "center"| 

|-
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"|ف ڒ
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"|س ز
|align = "center"|ژ ش
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"|خ غ
|align = "center"|ه

|-
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| څ
|align = "center"| چ
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 

|-
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| و
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| ي
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 

|-
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| ل
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 

|-
|align = "center"| م
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| ن
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| ڽ
|align = "center"| 

|-
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"|ر
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 

|} 

{|border="1" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="4" align="center"
|align = "center"|هِ
|align = "center"| هَِ
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| هَ

|-
|align = "center"| اِ
|align = "center"| اَِ
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| اَ

|-
|align = "center"| اٍ
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"|ا
|align = "center"|اً

|} 

==Alphabetical Orders==

The tables above approximately follow the IPA layout for the sounds of Terzemian. The correct orders of the writing systems of Terzemian are:

* Latin: Aa Ää Åå Bb Cc Čč Dd Ee Ff Gg Ǧǧ Ġġ Ǧ̇ǧ̇ Hh Ii Kk Ll Łł Mm Nn Ňň Oo Öö Pp Rr Ṛṛ Ss Šš Tt Uu Üü Vv Ww Xx X̣x̣ Yy Zz Žž ˚ ʼ
* Cyrillic: Аа Әә Бб Вв Гг Ғғ Ӷ̵ӷ̵ Дд Ее Жж Зз Һһ Ии Йй Кк Лл Ӆӆ Ԓԓ Мм Нн Ңң Оо Өө Пп Рр Rʀ Сс Тт Уу Ўў Үү Фф Хх Ҳҳ Цц Чч Шш Щщ Ъъ Ыы Ьь Ээ Ɔɔ Юю Яя ӏ
* UTA: Aa Əə Bb Cc Çç Dd Ee Ff Gg Ƣƣ Hh Ii Jj Kk Ll Mm Nn Ŋŋ Oo Ɵɵ Ɔɔ Pp Rr Ss Şş Tt Uu Vv Ww Xx Yy Zz Ƶƶ Qq Ъъ
* Arabic: ا ب ت پ ح خ څ چ د ر ز ژ س ش غ ف ك گ ل م ن ڽ ه و ۆ ي هِ هَِ هَ اِ اَِ اَ اٍ اً

The following chart shows the other writing systems in the latin order:

{|border="1" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="4" align="center"
|align = "center"|'''Latin'''
|align = "center"|Aa
|align = "center"|Ää
|align = "center"|Åå
|align = "center"|Bb
|align = "center"|Cc
|align = "center"|Čč
|align = "center"|Dd
|align = "center"|Ee
|align = "center"|Ff
|align = "center"|Gg
|align = "center"|Ǧǧ
|align = "center"|Ġġ
|align = "center"|Ǧ̇ǧ̇
|align = "center"|Hh
|align = "center"|Ii
|align = "center"|Kk
|align = "center"|Ll
|align = "center"|Łł
|align = "center"|Mm

|-
|align = "center"|'''Cyrillic'''
|align = "center"|Аа
|align = "center"|Әә
|align = "center"|Ɔɔ
|align = "center"|Бб
|align = "center"|Цц
|align = "center"|Чч
|align = "center"|Дд
|align = "center"|Ээ
|align = "center"|Фф
|align = "center"|Гг
|align = "center"|Ғғ
|align = "center"|Ӷ̵ӷ̵
|align = "center"|''???''
|align = "center"|Һһ
|align = "center"|Ии
|align = "center"|Кк
|align = "center"|Лл
|align = "center"|Ӆӆ / Ԓԓ
|align = "center"|Мм

|-
|align = "center"|''Latin''
|align = "center"|Nn
|align = "center"|Ňň
|align = "center"|Oo
|align = "center"|Öö
|align = "center"|Pp
|align = "center"|Rr
|align = "center"|Ṛṛ
|align = "center"|Ss
|align = "center"|Šš
|align = "center"|Tt
|align = "center"|Uu
|align = "center"|Üü
|align = "center"|Vv
|align = "center"|Ww
|align = "center"|Xx
|align = "center"|X̣x̣
|align = "center"|Yy
|align = "center"|Zz
|align = "center"|Žž
|align = "center"|˚
|align = "center"|ʼ
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 

|-
|align = "center"|''Cyrillic''
|align = "center"|Нн
|align = "center"|Ңң
|align = "center"|Оо
|align = "center"|Өө
|align = "center"|Пп
|align = "center"|Rʀ
|align = "center"|Рр
|align = "center"|Сс
|align = "center"|Шш
|align = "center"|Тт
|align = "center"|Уу
|align = "center"|Үү
|align = "center"|Вв
|align = "center"|Ўў
|align = "center"|Хх
|align = "center"|Ҳҳ
|align = "center"|Йй
|align = "center"|Зз
|align = "center"|Жж
|align = "center"|Ъъ
|align = "center"|ӏ
|align = "center"|Щщ
|align = "center"|Ыы
|align = "center"|Ьь
|align = "center"|Юю
|align = "center"|Яя
|align = "center"|Ее

|} 

Notes:

* The Cyrillic letters ''Щ'', ''Ъ'', and ''Ь'' are not used in native words.
* The Cyrillic letters ''Е'', ''Ю'', and ''Я'' are occasionally used in native words.
* The Arabic characters هِ هَِ هَ use the letter ه as a base character for illustration. The actual vowels are written as just the diactrics, attached to the preceeding consonant.

=Sound Changes=

''See the [[Terzemian/Sound_Changes|Sound Changes]] subarticle.

=Morphosyntax=

==Harmony==

===Vowels===

{|border="1" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="4" align="center"
|align = "center" rowspan = "2"|'''Root Vowel'''
|align = "center" colspan = "3"|'''Prefix Vowel'''
|align = "center" colspan = "6"|'''Suffix Vowel'''

|-

|align = "center"|'''i'''
|align = "center"|'''u'''
|align = "center"|'''a'''

|align = "center"|'''i'''
|align = "center"|'''ü'''
|align = "center"|'''e'''
|align = "center"|'''ö'''
|align = "center"|'''ä'''
|align = "center"|'''a'''

|-
|align = "center"|'''i'''

|align = "center"|i
|align = "center"|ü
|align = "center"|e

|align = "center"|i
|align = "center"|ü
|align = "center"|e
|align = "center"|ö
|align = "center"|ä
|align = "center"|a

|-
|align = "center"|'''ü'''

|align = "center"|i
|align = "center"|ü
|align = "center"|e

|align = "center"|ü
|align = "center"|u
|align = "center"|ö
|align = "center"|o
|align = "center"|ä
|align = "center"|a

|-
|align = "center"|'''u'''

|align = "center"|ü
|align = "center"|u
|align = "center"|o

|align = "center"|ü
|align = "center"|u
|align = "center"|ö
|align = "center"|o
|align = "center"|a
|align = "center"|å

|-
|align = "center"|'''e'''

|align = "center"|i
|align = "center"|ö
|align = "center"|ä

|align = "center"|i
|align = "center"|ü
|align = "center"|e
|align = "center"|ö
|align = "center"|ä
|align = "center"|a

|-
|align = "center"|'''ö'''

|align = "center"|ü
|align = "center"|o
|align = "center"|å

|align = "center"|ü
|align = "center"|u
|align = "center"|ö
|align = "center"|o
|align = "center"|ä
|align = "center"|a

|-
|align = "center"|'''o'''

|align = "center"|ö
|align = "center"|å
|align = "center"|a

|align = "center"|ü
|align = "center"|u
|align = "center"|ö
|align = "center"|o
|align = "center"|a
|align = "center"|å

|-
|align = "center"|'''ä'''

|align = "center"|e
|align = "center"|å
|align = "center"|a

|align = "center"|e
|align = "center"|ö
|align = "center"|ä
|align = "center"|å
|align = "center"|ä
|align = "center"|a

|-
|align = "center"|'''a'''

|align = "center"|e
|align = "center"|o
|align = "center"|a

|align = "center"|e
|align = "center"|ö
|align = "center"|ä
|align = "center"|å
|align = "center"|ä
|align = "center"|a

|-
|align = "center"|'''å'''

|align = "center"|ä
|align = "center"|åɧ
|align = "center"|aɧ

|align = "center"|e
|align = "center"|ö
|align = "center"|ä
|align = "center"|å
|align = "center"|ä
|align = "center"|a

|} 

===Fricative===

The metasymbol ''ɧ'' represents an assimilatory fricative, as follows:

{|border="1" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="4" align="center"
! Next Consonant || p,b,m,f,v,w || t,d,n,s,z,l,r || č,š,ž,y || k,g,x,ǧ || h
|-
| '''Outcome''' || f || s || š || x || ∅
|}

If there is no next consonant in the root, ''ɧ'' assimilates to the previous consonant.

If there is no next consonant and no previous consonant in the root, ''ɧ'' becomes ''h''.

==Verbs==

===Agreement===

Terzemain nouns mark two or less of three core cases, notionally representing the semantic roles INITIATOR, UNDERGOER, and TARGET. For ease of reference, these will be marked with the traditional A, P, and O labels used in discussing Ergative/Accusative marking.

Terzemian is Split-S, with Ergative or Accusative style marking determined lexically by the conjugation of the verb.

The conjugations are as follows:

{|border="1" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="4" align="center"
! Conj. || Required || Optional || Description
|-
| '''1 a''' || A ||   || Intransitive Active verbs
|-
| '''1 b''' || P || A ''(causitive)'' || Intransitive Stative verbs
|-
| '''2''' || AP ||   || Transitive Active verbs
|}

====Ablaut Patterns====

{|border="1" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="4" align="center"
|align = "center"|'''Conj.'''
|align = "center"|'''Root Vowel'''
|align = "center"|'''Non-P R'''
|align = "center"|'''Past R'''
|align = "center"|'''Non-P Ir'''
|align = "center"|'''Past Ir'''

|-
|align = "center" rowspan = "9"|'''1 a/b'''
|align = "center"|'''i'''
|align = "center"|i
|align = "center"|e
|align = "center"|ü
|align = "center"|iy

|-
|align = "center"|'''ü'''
|align = "center"|ü
|align = "center"|ö
|align = "center"|u
|align = "center"|üy

|-
|align = "center"|'''u'''
|align = "center"|u
|align = "center"|o
|align = "center"|uw
|align = "center"|wo

|-
|align = "center"|'''e'''
|align = "center"|e
|align = "center"|ä
|align = "center"|ö
|align = "center"|ye

|-
|align = "center"|'''ö'''
|align = "center"|ö
|align = "center"|a
|align = "center"|o
|align = "center"|yo

|-
|align = "center"|'''o'''
|align = "center"|o
|align = "center"|å
|align = "center"|ow
|align = "center"|öü

|-
|align = "center"|'''ä'''
|align = "center"|ä
|align = "center"|äh
|align = "center"|a
|align = "center"|e

|-
|align = "center"|'''a'''
|align = "center"|a
|align = "center"|ah
|align = "center"|ay
|align = "center"|ey

|-
|align = "center"|'''å'''
|align = "center"|å
|align = "center"|åh
|align = "center"|åw
|align = "center"|ow

|-
|align = "center" rowspan = "9"|'''2'''
|align = "center"|'''i'''
|align = "center"|i
|align = "center"|ü
|align = "center"|e
|align = "center"|ö

|-
|align = "center"|'''ü'''
|align = "center"|ü
|align = "center"|u
|align = "center"|ö
|align = "center"|o

|-
|align = "center"|'''u'''
|align = "center"|u
|align = "center"|uw
|align = "center"|o
|align = "center"|ow

|-
|align = "center"|'''e'''
|align = "center"|e
|align = "center"|ö
|align = "center"|ä
|align = "center"|å

|-
|align = "center"|'''ö'''
|align = "center"|ö
|align = "center"|o
|align = "center"|å
|align = "center"|a

|-
|align = "center"|'''o'''
|align = "center"|o
|align = "center"|ow
|align = "center"|å
|align = "center"|a

|-
|align = "center"|'''ä'''
|align = "center"|ä
|align = "center"|a
|align = "center"|äɧ
|align = "center"|aɧ

|-
|align = "center"|'''a'''
|align = "center"|a
|align = "center"|å
|align = "center"|aɧ
|align = "center"|åɧ

|-
|align = "center"|'''å'''
|align = "center"|å
|align = "center"|åw
|align = "center"|åɧ
|align = "center"|åwɧ

|} 

====Agreement prefixes====

{|border="1" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="4" align="center"
! Conj. || Argument || 1st Person || 2nd || 3rd
|-
| 1 || A || ǧ- || z- || i-
|-
| 1 || P || - || yu- || c-
|-
| 2 || A || - || smu- || s-
|-
| 2 || P || m- || yu- || -
|}

===Tense and Evidentiality===

There are two verb tenses, the past and non-past.

*In the past tense, there are three evidentiality/reality markings:
**''direct'' realis, indicating first-hand observational (e.g. "eye witness") knowledge. This is marked by the prefix ''e-'', in addition to ablaut.
**''indirect'' realis, indicating knowledge that is informed, inferred, supposed, or otherwise not personal. This is marked by ablaut alone.
**irrealis, making no overt statement about the reality of the VP, but inferring a lesser degree of certainty than either realis marking.
*In the non-past, only the realis and irrealis are distinguished.

===Aspect, Mood, Intensity, and Attitude===

Additional verb characteristics are expressed in suffixes, including the following.

*'''Aspect
**'''Inceptive'''
**'''Abortive'''
**'''Completitive''' ''-åǧ''
**'''Participle''' ''-önz''
**'''Perfect''' ''-gäv''
*'''Mood'''
**'''Imperative''' (use bare root)
**'''Negative''' ''-nä''
**'''Optative/Hortative/Jussive''' ''-zün''
**'''Causative/Volition''' (A -> P, Cause -> A)
*'''Intensity'''
**'''More Intense''' ''-siz''
**'''Less Intense''' ''-(d)e'' (NB: same as nominal diminutive)

Suffixes may be chained in a head-modifier (right-branching) manner.

Example: '''ävåwsezzönnä''' - ''I certainly did not want to soundly beat him.''

==Nouns==

===Gender===

There is pragmatic gender marking -- Nouns are marked for a gender system that combines traditional gender and pragmatic roles.

Genders, with examples, are:

{|border="1" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="4" align="center"
|align = "left"|1st Person
|align = "center"|-Am
|align = "left"|rižem
|align = "left"|I, the king
|align = "left"| 
|align = "left"| 

|-
|align = "left"|2nd Person
|align = "center"|-As
|align = "left"|rižes
|align = "left"|You, the king
|align = "left"| 
|align = "left"| 

|-
|align = "left"|3rd Animate
|align = "center"|-At
|align = "left"|rižet
|align = "left"|He, the king
|align = "left"| 
|align = "left"| 

|-
|align = "left"|3rd Inanimate
|align = "center"|-∅
|align = "left"|riž
|align = "left"|It, the kingdom
|align = "left"|čom
|align = "left"|The land

|-
|align = "left"|Negative Animate
|align = "center"|-nA
|align = "left"|rižne
|align = "left"|No king
|align = "left"| 
|align = "left"| 

|-
|align = "left"|Negative Inanimate
|align = "center"|A-
|align = "left"|eriž
|align = "left"|No kingdom
|align = "left"|očom
|align = "left"|No land

|} 

===Cases===

Case marking is ergative for Inanimate and Negative subjects, and accusative in all other cases.

Cases are:

{|border="1" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="4" align="center"
|align = "left"|Erg
|align = "center"|-Er
|align = "left"|--
|align = "left"|čomır

|-
|align = "left"|Nom/Abs
|align = "center"|-∅
|align = "left"|rižet
|align = "left"|čom

|-
|align = "left"|Acc
|align = "center"|-An
|align = "left"|rižeten
|align = "left"|--

|-
|align = "left"|Dat
|align = "center"|-Em
|align = "left"|rižetim
|align = "left"|čomım

|-
|align = "left"|Gen
|align = "center"|-Es
|align = "left"|rižetis
|align = "left"|čomıs

|-
|align = "left"|Ins/Loc
|align = "center"|-O
|align = "left"|rižetü
|align = "left"|čomu

|-
|align = "left"|Com
|align = "center"|-bA
|align = "left"|rižetbe
|align = "left"|čombo

|} 

[[Category: Conlangs]]

Terzemian

2013-04-21T12:19:53Z

Paul.w.bennett: /* Vowels */

{{IPA|}}

{{Infobox|name=Terzemian|pronounce=tɜ˞ˈzɛj.mjən|tu=Possible [[League of Lost Languages|LLL]] candidate|script=Latin, Cyrillic, Arabic, UTA|tree=Unique PIE, influences from Kartvelian, Turkic, Persian, Uralic and Slavic|morph=Mixed|ms=Lexically Split-S|wo=VSO|creator=[[User:Paul.w.bennett|Paul.w.bennett]]|date=}}

=Overview=

Terzemian is an [[Wikipedia:Indo-European|IE-derived]] conlang located along the west coast of the Caspian Sea. It is a [[Wikipedia:Centum-Satem_isogloss|satem]] language (the word for ''hundred'' is šündo (шүндо, şyndo, شَِنداَ /ʃyndo/) that uses the ''ruki'' rule, Grassman's law, Slavic-type depalatalization, z/r alternation, r/n alternation, a three-group vowel harmony system, and two phases of lenition (the first word-final, and the second approximately intervocalic).

=Phonology=

==Consonants==

{|border="1" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="4" align="center"
|align = "center"|p b
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"|t d
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"|k g
|align = "center"|kʷ gʷ
|align = "center"|q ɢ
|align = "center"|ʔ

|-
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"|f v
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"|s z
|align = "center"|ʃ ʒ
|align = "center"|ɬ ɮ
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"|x ɣ
|align = "center"|xʷ ɣʷ
|align = "center"|χ ʁ
|align = "center"|h

|-
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"|ts dz
|align = "center"|tʃ dʒ
|align = "center"|tɬ dɮ
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 

|-
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"|w
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"|l
|align = "center"|j
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 

|-
|align = "center"|m
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"|n
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"|ŋ
|align = "center"|ŋʷ
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 

|-
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"|ɾ ɹ
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 

|} 

==Vowels==

Depending on your viewpoint, there are either 9, 7, 6, or 3 vowels. To be more specific, there are 3 vowel harmony groups, with 3 vowels in each group, but there is some overlap.

===Seven Vowel System===

{|border="1" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="4" align="center"
|align = "center"|i y
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"|ɯ u

|-
|align = "center"|e
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"|o

|-
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"|ɑ
|align = "center"| 

|} 

===Six Vowel System===

{|border="1" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="4" align="center"
|align = "center"|i
|align = "center"|ɨ
|align = "center"|u

|-
|align = "center"|e
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"|o

|-
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"|ɑ
|align = "center"| 

|} 

=Writing System=

Terzemian has been written in a variety of scripts. In the modern era, a modified Latin alphabet is used. During the Soviet era, Cyrillic was used, and can still be found. Before the Soviet era, a form of the [[Wikipedia:Uniform Turkic Alphabet|UTA]] was used alongside Arabic. The Arabic script can still be found in general use in certain areas, as well as among the Muslim population throughout the region. Despite (or perhaps because) the fact that the move to the Latin script was a deliberate process to reflect post-Soviet independence, there is also a small folkish movement to return to the UTA script. In short, the learner of Terzemian should concentrate on learning the Latin script, but should be prepared to encounter Cyrillic, UTA, and Arabic on a more or less daily basis.

==Logical Layout==

The following tables illustrate the writing systems with a layout that is in accordance with the Phonology tables above.

===Modern Latin===

{|border="1" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="4" align="center"
|align = "center"|p b
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"|t d
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"|k g
|align = "center"|k˚ g˚
|align = "center"|ḳ ġ
|align = "center"|ʼ

|-
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"|f v
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"|s z
|align = "center"|š ž
|align = "center"|ł ł̣
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"|x ǧ
|align = "center"|x˚ ǧ˚
|align = "center"|x̣ ǧ̇
|align = "center"|h

|-
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"|c
|align = "center"|č
|align = "center"|tł dł̣
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 

|-
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"|w
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"|l
|align = "center"|y
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 

|-
|align = "center"|m
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"|n
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"|ň
|align = "center"|ň˚
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 

|-
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"|ṛ r
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 

|} 

{|border="1" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="4" align="center"
|align = "center"|i ü
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"|ı u

|-
|align = "center"|e
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"|o

|-
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"|a
|align = "center"| 

|} 

===UTA===

{|border="1" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="4" align="center"
|align = "center"|p b
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"|t d
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"|k g
|align = "center"|kъ gъ
|align = "center"|ķ g̓
|align = "center"|q

|-
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"|f v
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"|s z
|align = "center"|ş ƶ
|align = "center"|ł ľ
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"|x ƣ
|align = "center"|xъ ƣъ
|align = "center"|x̧ ƣ̓
|align = "center"|h

|-
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"|c
|align = "center"|ç
|align = "center"|tł dľ
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 

|-
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"|w
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"|l
|align = "center"|j
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 

|-
|align = "center"|m
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"|n
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"|ŋ
|align = "center"|ŋъ

|-
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"|r ř
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 

|} 

{|border="1" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="4" align="center"
|align = "center"|i y
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"|ı u

|-
|align = "center"|e
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"|o

|-
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"|a
|align = "center"| 

|} 

===Cyrillic===

{|border="1" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="4" align="center"
|align = "center"|п б
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"|т д
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"|к г
|align = "center"|къ гъ къ
|align = "center"|қ ӷ
|align = "center"|Ӏ

|-
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"|ф в
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"|с з
|align = "center"|ш ж
|align = "center"|ӆ ԓ
|align = "center"|х ғ
|align = "center"|хъ ғъ
|align = "center"|ҳ ӷ̵
|align = "center"|һ

|-
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"|ц
|align = "center"|ч
|align = "center"|тӆ дԓ
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 

|-
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"|ў
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"|й
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 

|-
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"|л
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 

|-
|align = "center"|м
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"|н
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"|ң
|align = "center"|ңъ
|align = "center"| 

|-
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"|р ʀ
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 

|} 

{|border="1" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="4" align="center"
|align = "center"|и ү
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"|ы у

|-
|align = "center"|э
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"|о

|-
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"|а
|align = "center"| 

|} 

===Arabic===

{|border="1" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="4" align="center"
|align = "center"|پ ب
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"|ت د
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"|ك گ
|align = "center"| 

|-
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"|ف ڒ
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"|س ز
|align = "center"|ژ ش
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"|خ غ
|align = "center"|ه

|-
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| څ
|align = "center"| چ
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 

|-
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| و
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| ي
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 

|-
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| ل
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 

|-
|align = "center"| م
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| ن
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| ڽ
|align = "center"| 

|-
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"|ر
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 

|} 

{|border="1" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="4" align="center"
|align = "center"|هِ
|align = "center"| هَِ
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| هَ

|-
|align = "center"| اِ
|align = "center"| اَِ
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| اَ

|-
|align = "center"| اٍ
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"|ا
|align = "center"|اً

|} 

==Alphabetical Orders==

The tables above approximately follow the IPA layout for the sounds of Terzemian. The correct orders of the writing systems of Terzemian are:

* Latin: Aa Ää Åå Bb Cc Čč Dd Ee Ff Gg Ǧǧ Ġġ Ǧ̇ǧ̇ Hh Ii Kk Ll Łł Mm Nn Ňň Oo Öö Pp Rr Ṛṛ Ss Šš Tt Uu Üü Vv Ww Xx X̣x̣ Yy Zz Žž ˚ ʼ
* Cyrillic: Аа Әә Бб Вв Гг Ғғ Ӷ̵ӷ̵ Дд Ее Жж Зз Һһ Ии Йй Кк Лл Ӆӆ Ԓԓ Мм Нн Ңң Оо Өө Пп Рр Rʀ Сс Тт Уу Ўў Үү Фф Хх Ҳҳ Цц Чч Шш Щщ Ъъ Ыы Ьь Ээ Ɔɔ Юю Яя ӏ
* UTA: Aa Əə Bb Cc Çç Dd Ee Ff Gg Ƣƣ Hh Ii Jj Kk Ll Mm Nn Ŋŋ Oo Ɵɵ Ɔɔ Pp Rr Ss Şş Tt Uu Vv Ww Xx Yy Zz Ƶƶ Qq Ъъ
* Arabic: ا ب ت پ ح خ څ چ د ر ز ژ س ش غ ف ك گ ل م ن ڽ ه و ۆ ي هِ هَِ هَ اِ اَِ اَ اٍ اً

The following chart shows the other writing systems in the latin order:

{|border="1" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="4" align="center"
|align = "center"|'''Latin'''
|align = "center"|Aa
|align = "center"|Ää
|align = "center"|Åå
|align = "center"|Bb
|align = "center"|Cc
|align = "center"|Čč
|align = "center"|Dd
|align = "center"|Ee
|align = "center"|Ff
|align = "center"|Gg
|align = "center"|Ǧǧ
|align = "center"|Ġġ
|align = "center"|Ǧ̇ǧ̇
|align = "center"|Hh
|align = "center"|Ii
|align = "center"|Kk
|align = "center"|Ll
|align = "center"|Łł
|align = "center"|Mm

|-
|align = "center"|'''Cyrillic'''
|align = "center"|Аа
|align = "center"|Әә
|align = "center"|Ɔɔ
|align = "center"|Бб
|align = "center"|Цц
|align = "center"|Чч
|align = "center"|Дд
|align = "center"|Ээ
|align = "center"|Фф
|align = "center"|Гг
|align = "center"|Ғғ
|align = "center"|Ӷ̵ӷ̵
|align = "center"|''???''
|align = "center"|Һһ
|align = "center"|Ии
|align = "center"|Кк
|align = "center"|Лл
|align = "center"|Ӆӆ / Ԓԓ
|align = "center"|Мм

|-
|align = "center"|''Latin''
|align = "center"|Nn
|align = "center"|Ňň
|align = "center"|Oo
|align = "center"|Öö
|align = "center"|Pp
|align = "center"|Rr
|align = "center"|Ṛṛ
|align = "center"|Ss
|align = "center"|Šš
|align = "center"|Tt
|align = "center"|Uu
|align = "center"|Üü
|align = "center"|Vv
|align = "center"|Ww
|align = "center"|Xx
|align = "center"|X̣x̣
|align = "center"|Yy
|align = "center"|Zz
|align = "center"|Žž
|align = "center"|˚
|align = "center"|ʼ
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 

|-
|align = "center"|''Cyrillic''
|align = "center"|Нн
|align = "center"|Ңң
|align = "center"|Оо
|align = "center"|Өө
|align = "center"|Пп
|align = "center"|Rʀ
|align = "center"|Рр
|align = "center"|Сс
|align = "center"|Шш
|align = "center"|Тт
|align = "center"|Уу
|align = "center"|Үү
|align = "center"|Вв
|align = "center"|Ўў
|align = "center"|Хх
|align = "center"|Ҳҳ
|align = "center"|Йй
|align = "center"|Зз
|align = "center"|Жж
|align = "center"|Ъъ
|align = "center"|ӏ
|align = "center"|Щщ
|align = "center"|Ыы
|align = "center"|Ьь
|align = "center"|Юю
|align = "center"|Яя
|align = "center"|Ее

|} 

Notes:

* The Cyrillic letters ''Щ'', ''Ъ'', and ''Ь'' are not used in native words.
* The Cyrillic letters ''Е'', ''Ю'', and ''Я'' are occasionally used in native words.
* The Arabic characters هِ هَِ هَ use the letter ه as a base character for illustration. The actual vowels are written as just the diactrics, attached to the preceeding consonant.

=Sound Changes=

''See the [[Terzemian/Sound_Changes|Sound Changes]] subarticle.

=Morphosyntax=

==Harmony==

===Vowels===

{|border="1" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="4" align="center"
|align = "center" rowspan = "2"|'''Root Vowel'''
|align = "center" colspan = "3"|'''Prefix Vowel'''
|align = "center" colspan = "6"|'''Suffix Vowel'''

|-

|align = "center"|'''i'''
|align = "center"|'''u'''
|align = "center"|'''a'''

|align = "center"|'''i'''
|align = "center"|'''ü'''
|align = "center"|'''e'''
|align = "center"|'''ö'''
|align = "center"|'''ä'''
|align = "center"|'''a'''

|-
|align = "center"|'''i'''

|align = "center"|i
|align = "center"|ü
|align = "center"|e

|align = "center"|i
|align = "center"|ü
|align = "center"|e
|align = "center"|ö
|align = "center"|ä
|align = "center"|a

|-
|align = "center"|'''ü'''

|align = "center"|i
|align = "center"|ü
|align = "center"|e

|align = "center"|ü
|align = "center"|u
|align = "center"|ö
|align = "center"|o
|align = "center"|ä
|align = "center"|a

|-
|align = "center"|'''u'''

|align = "center"|ü
|align = "center"|u
|align = "center"|o

|align = "center"|ü
|align = "center"|u
|align = "center"|ö
|align = "center"|o
|align = "center"|a
|align = "center"|å

|-
|align = "center"|'''e'''

|align = "center"|i
|align = "center"|ö
|align = "center"|ä

|align = "center"|i
|align = "center"|ü
|align = "center"|e
|align = "center"|ö
|align = "center"|ä
|align = "center"|a

|-
|align = "center"|'''ö'''

|align = "center"|ü
|align = "center"|o
|align = "center"|å

|align = "center"|ü
|align = "center"|u
|align = "center"|ö
|align = "center"|o
|align = "center"|ä
|align = "center"|a

|-
|align = "center"|'''o'''

|align = "center"|ö
|align = "center"|å
|align = "center"|a

|align = "center"|ü
|align = "center"|u
|align = "center"|ö
|align = "center"|o
|align = "center"|a
|align = "center"|å

|-
|align = "center"|'''ä'''

|align = "center"|e
|align = "center"|å
|align = "center"|a

|align = "center"|e
|align = "center"|ö
|align = "center"|ä
|align = "center"|å
|align = "center"|ä
|align = "center"|a

|-
|align = "center"|'''a'''

|align = "center"|e
|align = "center"|o
|align = "center"|a

|align = "center"|e
|align = "center"|ö
|align = "center"|ä
|align = "center"|å
|align = "center"|ä
|align = "center"|a

|-
|align = "center"|'''å'''

|align = "center"|ä
|align = "center"|åɧ
|align = "center"|aɧ

|align = "center"|e
|align = "center"|ö
|align = "center"|ä
|align = "center"|å
|align = "center"|ä
|align = "center"|a

|} 

===Fricative===

The metasymbol ''ɧ'' represents an assimilatory fricative, as follows:

{|border="1" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="4" align="center"
! Next Consonant || p,b,m,f,v,w || t,d,n,s,z,l,r || č,š,ž,y || k,g,x,ǧ || h
|-
| '''Outcome''' || f || s || š || x || ∅
|}

If there is no next consonant in the root, ''ɧ'' assimilates to the previous consonant.

If there is no next consonant and no previous consonant in the root, ''ɧ'' becomes ''h''.

==Verbs==

===Agreement===

Terzemain nouns mark two or less of three core cases, notionally representing the semantic roles INITIATOR, UNDERGOER, and TARGET. For ease of reference, these will be marked with the traditional A, P, and O labels used in discussing Ergative/Accusative marking.

Terzemian is Split-S, with Ergative or Accusative style marking determined lexically by the conjugation of the verb.

The conjugations are as follows:

{|border="1" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="4" align="center"
! Conj. || Required || Optional || Description
|-
| '''1 a''' || A ||   || Intransitive Active verbs
|-
| '''1 b''' || P || A ''(causitive)'' || Intransitive Stative verbs
|-
| '''2''' || AP ||   || Transitive Active verbs
|}

====Ablaut Patterns====

{|border="1" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="4" align="center"
|align = "center"|'''Conj.'''
|align = "center"|'''Root Vowel'''
|align = "center"|'''Non-P R'''
|align = "center"|'''Past R'''
|align = "center"|'''Non-P Ir'''
|align = "center"|'''Past Ir'''

|-
|align = "center" rowspan = "9"|'''1 a/b'''
|align = "center"|'''i'''
|align = "center"|i
|align = "center"|e
|align = "center"|ü
|align = "center"|iy

|-
|align = "center"|'''ü'''
|align = "center"|ü
|align = "center"|ö
|align = "center"|u
|align = "center"|üy

|-
|align = "center"|'''u'''
|align = "center"|u
|align = "center"|o
|align = "center"|uw
|align = "center"|wo

|-
|align = "center"|'''e'''
|align = "center"|e
|align = "center"|ä
|align = "center"|ö
|align = "center"|ye

|-
|align = "center"|'''ö'''
|align = "center"|ö
|align = "center"|a
|align = "center"|o
|align = "center"|yo

|-
|align = "center"|'''o'''
|align = "center"|o
|align = "center"|å
|align = "center"|ow
|align = "center"|öü

|-
|align = "center"|'''ä'''
|align = "center"|ä
|align = "center"|äh
|align = "center"|a
|align = "center"|e

|-
|align = "center"|'''a'''
|align = "center"|a
|align = "center"|ah
|align = "center"|ay
|align = "center"|ey

|-
|align = "center"|'''å'''
|align = "center"|å
|align = "center"|åh
|align = "center"|åw
|align = "center"|ow

|-
|align = "center" rowspan = "9"|'''2'''
|align = "center"|'''i'''
|align = "center"|i
|align = "center"|ü
|align = "center"|e
|align = "center"|ö

|-
|align = "center"|'''ü'''
|align = "center"|ü
|align = "center"|u
|align = "center"|ö
|align = "center"|o

|-
|align = "center"|'''u'''
|align = "center"|u
|align = "center"|uw
|align = "center"|o
|align = "center"|ow

|-
|align = "center"|'''e'''
|align = "center"|e
|align = "center"|ö
|align = "center"|ä
|align = "center"|å

|-
|align = "center"|'''ö'''
|align = "center"|ö
|align = "center"|o
|align = "center"|å
|align = "center"|a

|-
|align = "center"|'''o'''
|align = "center"|o
|align = "center"|ow
|align = "center"|å
|align = "center"|a

|-
|align = "center"|'''ä'''
|align = "center"|ä
|align = "center"|a
|align = "center"|äɧ
|align = "center"|aɧ

|-
|align = "center"|'''a'''
|align = "center"|a
|align = "center"|å
|align = "center"|aɧ
|align = "center"|åɧ

|-
|align = "center"|'''å'''
|align = "center"|å
|align = "center"|åw
|align = "center"|åɧ
|align = "center"|åwɧ

|} 

====Agreement prefixes====

{|border="1" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="4" align="center"
! Conj. || Argument || 1st Person || 2nd || 3rd
|-
| 1 || A || ǧ- || z- || i-
|-
| 1 || P || - || yu- || c-
|-
| 2 || A || - || smu- || s-
|-
| 2 || P || m- || yu- || -
|}

===Tense and Evidentiality===

There are two verb tenses, the past and non-past.

*In the past tense, there are three evidentiality/reality markings:
**''direct'' realis, indicating first-hand observational (e.g. "eye witness") knowledge. This is marked by the prefix ''e-'', in addition to ablaut.
**''indirect'' realis, indicating knowledge that is informed, inferred, supposed, or otherwise not personal. This is marked by ablaut alone.
**irrealis, making no overt statement about the reality of the VP, but inferring a lesser degree of certainty than either realis marking.
*In the non-past, only the realis and irrealis are distinguished.

===Aspect, Mood, Intensity, and Attitude===

Additional verb characteristics are expressed in suffixes, including the following.

*'''Aspect
**'''Inceptive'''
**'''Abortive'''
**'''Completitive''' ''-åǧ''
**'''Participle''' ''-önz''
**'''Perfect''' ''-gäv''
*'''Mood'''
**'''Imperative''' (use bare root)
**'''Negative''' ''-nä''
**'''Optative/Hortative/Jussive''' ''-zün''
**'''Causative/Volition''' (A -> P, Cause -> A)
*'''Intensity'''
**'''More Intense''' ''-siz''
**'''Less Intense''' ''-(d)e'' (NB: same as nominal diminutive)

Suffixes may be chained in a head-modifier (right-branching) manner.

Example: '''ävåwsezzönnä''' - ''I certainly did not want to soundly beat him.''

==Nouns==

===Gender===

There is pragmatic gender marking -- Nouns are marked for a gender system that combines traditional gender and pragmatic roles.

Genders, with examples, are:

{|border="1" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="4" align="center"
|align = "left"|1st Person
|align = "center"|-Am
|align = "left"|rižem
|align = "left"|I, the king
|align = "left"| 
|align = "left"| 

|-
|align = "left"|2nd Person
|align = "center"|-As
|align = "left"|rižes
|align = "left"|You, the king
|align = "left"| 
|align = "left"| 

|-
|align = "left"|3rd Animate
|align = "center"|-At
|align = "left"|rižet
|align = "left"|He, the king
|align = "left"| 
|align = "left"| 

|-
|align = "left"|3rd Inanimate
|align = "center"|-∅
|align = "left"|riž
|align = "left"|It, the kingdom
|align = "left"|čom
|align = "left"|The land

|-
|align = "left"|Negative Animate
|align = "center"|-nA
|align = "left"|rižne
|align = "left"|No king
|align = "left"| 
|align = "left"| 

|-
|align = "left"|Negative Inanimate
|align = "center"|A-
|align = "left"|eriž
|align = "left"|No kingdom
|align = "left"|očom
|align = "left"|No land

|} 

===Cases===

Case marking is ergative for Inanimate and Negative subjects, and accusative in all other cases.

Cases are:

{|border="1" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="4" align="center"
|align = "left"|Erg
|align = "center"|-Er
|align = "left"|--
|align = "left"|čomır

|-
|align = "left"|Nom/Abs
|align = "center"|-∅
|align = "left"|rižet
|align = "left"|čom

|-
|align = "left"|Acc
|align = "center"|-An
|align = "left"|rižeten
|align = "left"|--

|-
|align = "left"|Dat
|align = "center"|-Em
|align = "left"|rižetim
|align = "left"|čomım

|-
|align = "left"|Gen
|align = "center"|-Es
|align = "left"|rižetis
|align = "left"|čomıs

|-
|align = "left"|Ins/Loc
|align = "center"|-O
|align = "left"|rižetü
|align = "left"|čomu

|-
|align = "left"|Com
|align = "center"|-bA
|align = "left"|rižetbe
|align = "left"|čombo

|} 

[[Category: Conlangs]]

Terzemian

2010-03-02T13:23:57Z

Paul.w.bennett: /* Cases */ typo

{{IPA|}}

{{Infobox|name=Terzemian|pronounce=tɜ˞ˈzɛj.mjən|tu=Possible [[League of Lost Languages|LLL]] candidate|script=Latin, Cyrillic, Arabic, UTA|tree=Unique PIE, influences from Kartvelian, Turkic, Persian, Uralic and Slavic|morph=Mixed|ms=Lexically Split-S|wo=VSO|creator=[[User:Paul.w.bennett|Paul.w.bennett]]|date=}}

=Overview=

Terzemian is an [[Wikipedia:Indo-European|IE-derived]] conlang located along the west coast of the Caspian Sea. It is a [[Wikipedia:Centum-Satem_isogloss|satem]] language (the word for ''hundred'' is šündo (шүндо, şyndo, شَِنداَ /ʃyndo/) that uses the ''ruki'' rule, Grassman's law, Slavic-type depalatalization, z/r alternation, r/n alternation, a three-group vowel harmony system, and two phases of lenition (the first word-final, and the second approximately intervocalic).

=Phonology=

==Consonants==

{|border="1" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="4" align="center"
|align = "center"|p b
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"|t d
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"|k g
|align = "center"|kʷ gʷ
|align = "center"|q ɢ
|align = "center"|ʔ

|-
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"|f v
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"|s z
|align = "center"|ʃ ʒ
|align = "center"|ɬ ɮ
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"|x ɣ
|align = "center"|xʷ ɣʷ
|align = "center"|χ ʁ
|align = "center"|h

|-
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"|ts dz
|align = "center"|tʃ dʒ
|align = "center"|tɬ dɮ
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 

|-
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"|w
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"|l
|align = "center"|j
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 

|-
|align = "center"|m
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"|n
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"|ŋ
|align = "center"|ŋʷ
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 

|-
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"|ɾ ɹ
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 

|} 

==Vowels==

{|border="1" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="4" align="center"
|align = "center"|i y
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"|ɯ u

|-
|align = "center"|e
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"|o

|-
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"|ɑ
|align = "center"| 

|} 

=Writing System=

Terzemian has been written in a variety of scripts. In the modern era, a modified Latin alphabet is used. During the Soviet era, Cyrillic was used, and can still be found. Before the Soviet era, a form of the [[Wikipedia:Uniform Turkic Alphabet|UTA]] was used alongside Arabic. The Arabic script can still be found in general use in certain areas, as well as among the Muslim population throughout the region. Despite (or perhaps because) the fact that the move to the Latin script was a deliberate process to reflect post-Soviet independence, there is also a small folkish movement to return to the UTA script. In short, the learner of Terzemian should concentrate on learning the Latin script, but should be prepared to encounter Cyrillic, UTA, and Arabic on a more or less daily basis.

==Logical Layout==

The following tables illustrate the writing systems with a layout that is in accordance with the Phonology tables above.

===Modern Latin===

{|border="1" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="4" align="center"
|align = "center"|p b
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"|t d
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"|k g
|align = "center"|k˚ g˚
|align = "center"|ḳ ġ
|align = "center"|ʼ

|-
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"|f v
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"|s z
|align = "center"|š ž
|align = "center"|ł ł̣
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"|x ǧ
|align = "center"|x˚ ǧ˚
|align = "center"|x̣ ǧ̇
|align = "center"|h

|-
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"|c
|align = "center"|č
|align = "center"|tł dł̣
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 

|-
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"|w
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"|l
|align = "center"|y
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 

|-
|align = "center"|m
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"|n
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"|ň
|align = "center"|ň˚
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 

|-
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"|ṛ r
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 

|} 

{|border="1" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="4" align="center"
|align = "center"|i ü
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"|ı u

|-
|align = "center"|e
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"|o

|-
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"|a
|align = "center"| 

|} 

===UTA===

{|border="1" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="4" align="center"
|align = "center"|p b
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"|t d
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"|k g
|align = "center"|kъ gъ
|align = "center"|ķ g̓
|align = "center"|q

|-
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"|f v
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"|s z
|align = "center"|ş ƶ
|align = "center"|ł ľ
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"|x ƣ
|align = "center"|xъ ƣъ
|align = "center"|x̧ ƣ̓
|align = "center"|h

|-
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"|c
|align = "center"|ç
|align = "center"|tł dľ
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 

|-
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"|w
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"|l
|align = "center"|j
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 

|-
|align = "center"|m
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"|n
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"|ŋ
|align = "center"|ŋъ

|-
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"|r ř
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 

|} 

{|border="1" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="4" align="center"
|align = "center"|i y
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"|ı u

|-
|align = "center"|e
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"|o

|-
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"|a
|align = "center"| 

|} 

===Cyrillic===

{|border="1" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="4" align="center"
|align = "center"|п б
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"|т д
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"|к г
|align = "center"|къ гъ къ
|align = "center"|қ ӷ
|align = "center"|Ӏ

|-
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"|ф в
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"|с з
|align = "center"|ш ж
|align = "center"|ӆ ԓ
|align = "center"|х ғ
|align = "center"|хъ ғъ
|align = "center"|ҳ ӷ̵
|align = "center"|һ

|-
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"|ц
|align = "center"|ч
|align = "center"|тӆ дԓ
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 

|-
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"|ў
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"|й
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 

|-
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"|л
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 

|-
|align = "center"|м
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"|н
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"|ң
|align = "center"|ңъ
|align = "center"| 

|-
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"|р ʀ
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 

|} 

{|border="1" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="4" align="center"
|align = "center"|и ү
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"|ы у

|-
|align = "center"|э
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"|о

|-
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"|а
|align = "center"| 

|} 

===Arabic===

{|border="1" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="4" align="center"
|align = "center"|پ ب
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"|ت د
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"|ك گ
|align = "center"| 

|-
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"|ف ڒ
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"|س ز
|align = "center"|ژ ش
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"|خ غ
|align = "center"|ه

|-
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| څ
|align = "center"| چ
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 

|-
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| و
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| ي
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 

|-
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| ل
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 

|-
|align = "center"| م
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| ن
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| ڽ
|align = "center"| 

|-
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"|ر
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 

|} 

{|border="1" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="4" align="center"
|align = "center"|هِ
|align = "center"| هَِ
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| هَ

|-
|align = "center"| اِ
|align = "center"| اَِ
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| اَ

|-
|align = "center"| اٍ
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"|ا
|align = "center"|اً

|} 

==Alphabetical Orders==

The tables above approximately follow the IPA layout for the sounds of Terzemian. The correct orders of the writing systems of Terzemian are:

* Latin: Aa Ää Åå Bb Cc Čč Dd Ee Ff Gg Ǧǧ Ġġ Ǧ̇ǧ̇ Hh Ii Kk Ll Łł Mm Nn Ňň Oo Öö Pp Rr Ṛṛ Ss Šš Tt Uu Üü Vv Ww Xx X̣x̣ Yy Zz Žž ˚ ʼ
* Cyrillic: Аа Әә Бб Вв Гг Ғғ Ӷ̵ӷ̵ Дд Ее Жж Зз Һһ Ии Йй Кк Лл Ӆӆ Ԓԓ Мм Нн Ңң Оо Өө Пп Рр Rʀ Сс Тт Уу Ўў Үү Фф Хх Ҳҳ Цц Чч Шш Щщ Ъъ Ыы Ьь Ээ Ɔɔ Юю Яя ӏ
* UTA: Aa Əə Bb Cc Çç Dd Ee Ff Gg Ƣƣ Hh Ii Jj Kk Ll Mm Nn Ŋŋ Oo Ɵɵ Ɔɔ Pp Rr Ss Şş Tt Uu Vv Ww Xx Yy Zz Ƶƶ Qq Ъъ
* Arabic: ا ب ت پ ح خ څ چ د ر ز ژ س ش غ ف ك گ ل م ن ڽ ه و ۆ ي هِ هَِ هَ اِ اَِ اَ اٍ اً

The following chart shows the other writing systems in the latin order:

{|border="1" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="4" align="center"
|align = "center"|'''Latin'''
|align = "center"|Aa
|align = "center"|Ää
|align = "center"|Åå
|align = "center"|Bb
|align = "center"|Cc
|align = "center"|Čč
|align = "center"|Dd
|align = "center"|Ee
|align = "center"|Ff
|align = "center"|Gg
|align = "center"|Ǧǧ
|align = "center"|Ġġ
|align = "center"|Ǧ̇ǧ̇
|align = "center"|Hh
|align = "center"|Ii
|align = "center"|Kk
|align = "center"|Ll
|align = "center"|Łł
|align = "center"|Mm

|-
|align = "center"|'''Cyrillic'''
|align = "center"|Аа
|align = "center"|Әә
|align = "center"|Ɔɔ
|align = "center"|Бб
|align = "center"|Цц
|align = "center"|Чч
|align = "center"|Дд
|align = "center"|Ээ
|align = "center"|Фф
|align = "center"|Гг
|align = "center"|Ғғ
|align = "center"|Ӷ̵ӷ̵
|align = "center"|''???''
|align = "center"|Һһ
|align = "center"|Ии
|align = "center"|Кк
|align = "center"|Лл
|align = "center"|Ӆӆ / Ԓԓ
|align = "center"|Мм

|-
|align = "center"|''Latin''
|align = "center"|Nn
|align = "center"|Ňň
|align = "center"|Oo
|align = "center"|Öö
|align = "center"|Pp
|align = "center"|Rr
|align = "center"|Ṛṛ
|align = "center"|Ss
|align = "center"|Šš
|align = "center"|Tt
|align = "center"|Uu
|align = "center"|Üü
|align = "center"|Vv
|align = "center"|Ww
|align = "center"|Xx
|align = "center"|X̣x̣
|align = "center"|Yy
|align = "center"|Zz
|align = "center"|Žž
|align = "center"|˚
|align = "center"|ʼ
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 

|-
|align = "center"|''Cyrillic''
|align = "center"|Нн
|align = "center"|Ңң
|align = "center"|Оо
|align = "center"|Өө
|align = "center"|Пп
|align = "center"|Rʀ
|align = "center"|Рр
|align = "center"|Сс
|align = "center"|Шш
|align = "center"|Тт
|align = "center"|Уу
|align = "center"|Үү
|align = "center"|Вв
|align = "center"|Ўў
|align = "center"|Хх
|align = "center"|Ҳҳ
|align = "center"|Йй
|align = "center"|Зз
|align = "center"|Жж
|align = "center"|Ъъ
|align = "center"|ӏ
|align = "center"|Щщ
|align = "center"|Ыы
|align = "center"|Ьь
|align = "center"|Юю
|align = "center"|Яя
|align = "center"|Ее

|} 

Notes:

* The Cyrillic letters ''Щ'', ''Ъ'', and ''Ь'' are not used in native words.
* The Cyrillic letters ''Е'', ''Ю'', and ''Я'' are occasionally used in native words.
* The Arabic characters هِ هَِ هَ use the letter ه as a base character for illustration. The actual vowels are written as just the diactrics, attached to the preceeding consonant.

=Sound Changes=

''See the [[Terzemian/Sound_Changes|Sound Changes]] subarticle.

=Morphosyntax=

==Harmony==

===Vowels===

{|border="1" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="4" align="center"
|align = "center" rowspan = "2"|'''Root Vowel'''
|align = "center" colspan = "3"|'''Prefix Vowel'''
|align = "center" colspan = "6"|'''Suffix Vowel'''

|-

|align = "center"|'''i'''
|align = "center"|'''u'''
|align = "center"|'''a'''

|align = "center"|'''i'''
|align = "center"|'''ü'''
|align = "center"|'''e'''
|align = "center"|'''ö'''
|align = "center"|'''ä'''
|align = "center"|'''a'''

|-
|align = "center"|'''i'''

|align = "center"|i
|align = "center"|ü
|align = "center"|e

|align = "center"|i
|align = "center"|ü
|align = "center"|e
|align = "center"|ö
|align = "center"|ä
|align = "center"|a

|-
|align = "center"|'''ü'''

|align = "center"|i
|align = "center"|ü
|align = "center"|e

|align = "center"|ü
|align = "center"|u
|align = "center"|ö
|align = "center"|o
|align = "center"|ä
|align = "center"|a

|-
|align = "center"|'''u'''

|align = "center"|ü
|align = "center"|u
|align = "center"|o

|align = "center"|ü
|align = "center"|u
|align = "center"|ö
|align = "center"|o
|align = "center"|a
|align = "center"|å

|-
|align = "center"|'''e'''

|align = "center"|i
|align = "center"|ö
|align = "center"|ä

|align = "center"|i
|align = "center"|ü
|align = "center"|e
|align = "center"|ö
|align = "center"|ä
|align = "center"|a

|-
|align = "center"|'''ö'''

|align = "center"|ü
|align = "center"|o
|align = "center"|å

|align = "center"|ü
|align = "center"|u
|align = "center"|ö
|align = "center"|o
|align = "center"|ä
|align = "center"|a

|-
|align = "center"|'''o'''

|align = "center"|ö
|align = "center"|å
|align = "center"|a

|align = "center"|ü
|align = "center"|u
|align = "center"|ö
|align = "center"|o
|align = "center"|a
|align = "center"|å

|-
|align = "center"|'''ä'''

|align = "center"|e
|align = "center"|å
|align = "center"|a

|align = "center"|e
|align = "center"|ö
|align = "center"|ä
|align = "center"|å
|align = "center"|ä
|align = "center"|a

|-
|align = "center"|'''a'''

|align = "center"|e
|align = "center"|o
|align = "center"|a

|align = "center"|e
|align = "center"|ö
|align = "center"|ä
|align = "center"|å
|align = "center"|ä
|align = "center"|a

|-
|align = "center"|'''å'''

|align = "center"|ä
|align = "center"|åɧ
|align = "center"|aɧ

|align = "center"|e
|align = "center"|ö
|align = "center"|ä
|align = "center"|å
|align = "center"|ä
|align = "center"|a

|} 

===Fricative===

The metasymbol ''ɧ'' represents an assimilatory fricative, as follows:

{|border="1" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="4" align="center"
! Next Consonant || p,b,m,f,v,w || t,d,n,s,z,l,r || č,š,ž,y || k,g,x,ǧ || h
|-
| '''Outcome''' || f || s || š || x || ∅
|}

If there is no next consonant in the root, ''ɧ'' assimilates to the previous consonant.

If there is no next consonant and no previous consonant in the root, ''ɧ'' becomes ''h''.

==Verbs==

===Agreement===

Terzemain nouns mark two or less of three core cases, notionally representing the semantic roles INITIATOR, UNDERGOER, and TARGET. For ease of reference, these will be marked with the traditional A, P, and O labels used in discussing Ergative/Accusative marking.

Terzemian is Split-S, with Ergative or Accusative style marking determined lexically by the conjugation of the verb.

The conjugations are as follows:

{|border="1" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="4" align="center"
! Conj. || Required || Optional || Description
|-
| '''1 a''' || A ||   || Intransitive Active verbs
|-
| '''1 b''' || P || A ''(causitive)'' || Intransitive Stative verbs
|-
| '''2''' || AP ||   || Transitive Active verbs
|}

====Ablaut Patterns====

{|border="1" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="4" align="center"
|align = "center"|'''Conj.'''
|align = "center"|'''Root Vowel'''
|align = "center"|'''Non-P R'''
|align = "center"|'''Past R'''
|align = "center"|'''Non-P Ir'''
|align = "center"|'''Past Ir'''

|-
|align = "center" rowspan = "9"|'''1 a/b'''
|align = "center"|'''i'''
|align = "center"|i
|align = "center"|e
|align = "center"|ü
|align = "center"|iy

|-
|align = "center"|'''ü'''
|align = "center"|ü
|align = "center"|ö
|align = "center"|u
|align = "center"|üy

|-
|align = "center"|'''u'''
|align = "center"|u
|align = "center"|o
|align = "center"|uw
|align = "center"|wo

|-
|align = "center"|'''e'''
|align = "center"|e
|align = "center"|ä
|align = "center"|ö
|align = "center"|ye

|-
|align = "center"|'''ö'''
|align = "center"|ö
|align = "center"|a
|align = "center"|o
|align = "center"|yo

|-
|align = "center"|'''o'''
|align = "center"|o
|align = "center"|å
|align = "center"|ow
|align = "center"|öü

|-
|align = "center"|'''ä'''
|align = "center"|ä
|align = "center"|äh
|align = "center"|a
|align = "center"|e

|-
|align = "center"|'''a'''
|align = "center"|a
|align = "center"|ah
|align = "center"|ay
|align = "center"|ey

|-
|align = "center"|'''å'''
|align = "center"|å
|align = "center"|åh
|align = "center"|åw
|align = "center"|ow

|-
|align = "center" rowspan = "9"|'''2'''
|align = "center"|'''i'''
|align = "center"|i
|align = "center"|ü
|align = "center"|e
|align = "center"|ö

|-
|align = "center"|'''ü'''
|align = "center"|ü
|align = "center"|u
|align = "center"|ö
|align = "center"|o

|-
|align = "center"|'''u'''
|align = "center"|u
|align = "center"|uw
|align = "center"|o
|align = "center"|ow

|-
|align = "center"|'''e'''
|align = "center"|e
|align = "center"|ö
|align = "center"|ä
|align = "center"|å

|-
|align = "center"|'''ö'''
|align = "center"|ö
|align = "center"|o
|align = "center"|å
|align = "center"|a

|-
|align = "center"|'''o'''
|align = "center"|o
|align = "center"|ow
|align = "center"|å
|align = "center"|a

|-
|align = "center"|'''ä'''
|align = "center"|ä
|align = "center"|a
|align = "center"|äɧ
|align = "center"|aɧ

|-
|align = "center"|'''a'''
|align = "center"|a
|align = "center"|å
|align = "center"|aɧ
|align = "center"|åɧ

|-
|align = "center"|'''å'''
|align = "center"|å
|align = "center"|åw
|align = "center"|åɧ
|align = "center"|åwɧ

|} 

====Agreement prefixes====

{|border="1" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="4" align="center"
! Conj. || Argument || 1st Person || 2nd || 3rd
|-
| 1 || A || ǧ- || z- || i-
|-
| 1 || P || - || yu- || c-
|-
| 2 || A || - || smu- || s-
|-
| 2 || P || m- || yu- || -
|}

===Tense and Evidentiality===

There are two verb tenses, the past and non-past.

*In the past tense, there are three evidentiality/reality markings:
**''direct'' realis, indicating first-hand observational (e.g. "eye witness") knowledge. This is marked by the prefix ''e-'', in addition to ablaut.
**''indirect'' realis, indicating knowledge that is informed, inferred, supposed, or otherwise not personal. This is marked by ablaut alone.
**irrealis, making no overt statement about the reality of the VP, but inferring a lesser degree of certainty than either realis marking.
*In the non-past, only the realis and irrealis are distinguished.

===Aspect, Mood, Intensity, and Attitude===

Additional verb characteristics are expressed in suffixes, including the following.

*'''Aspect
**'''Inceptive'''
**'''Abortive'''
**'''Completitive''' ''-åǧ''
**'''Participle''' ''-önz''
**'''Perfect''' ''-gäv''
*'''Mood'''
**'''Imperative''' (use bare root)
**'''Negative''' ''-nä''
**'''Optative/Hortative/Jussive''' ''-zün''
**'''Causative/Volition''' (A -> P, Cause -> A)
*'''Intensity'''
**'''More Intense''' ''-siz''
**'''Less Intense''' ''-(d)e'' (NB: same as nominal diminutive)

Suffixes may be chained in a head-modifier (right-branching) manner.

Example: '''ävåwsezzönnä''' - ''I certainly did not want to soundly beat him.''

==Nouns==

===Gender===

There is pragmatic gender marking -- Nouns are marked for a gender system that combines traditional gender and pragmatic roles.

Genders, with examples, are:

{|border="1" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="4" align="center"
|align = "left"|1st Person
|align = "center"|-Am
|align = "left"|rižem
|align = "left"|I, the king
|align = "left"| 
|align = "left"| 

|-
|align = "left"|2nd Person
|align = "center"|-As
|align = "left"|rižes
|align = "left"|You, the king
|align = "left"| 
|align = "left"| 

|-
|align = "left"|3rd Animate
|align = "center"|-At
|align = "left"|rižet
|align = "left"|He, the king
|align = "left"| 
|align = "left"| 

|-
|align = "left"|3rd Inanimate
|align = "center"|-∅
|align = "left"|riž
|align = "left"|It, the kingdom
|align = "left"|čom
|align = "left"|The land

|-
|align = "left"|Negative Animate
|align = "center"|-nA
|align = "left"|rižne
|align = "left"|No king
|align = "left"| 
|align = "left"| 

|-
|align = "left"|Negative Inanimate
|align = "center"|A-
|align = "left"|eriž
|align = "left"|No kingdom
|align = "left"|očom
|align = "left"|No land

|} 

===Cases===

Case marking is ergative for Inanimate and Negative subjects, and accusative in all other cases.

Cases are:

{|border="1" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="4" align="center"
|align = "left"|Erg
|align = "center"|-Er
|align = "left"|--
|align = "left"|čomır

|-
|align = "left"|Nom/Abs
|align = "center"|-∅
|align = "left"|rižet
|align = "left"|čom

|-
|align = "left"|Acc
|align = "center"|-An
|align = "left"|rižeten
|align = "left"|--

|-
|align = "left"|Dat
|align = "center"|-Em
|align = "left"|rižetim
|align = "left"|čomım

|-
|align = "left"|Gen
|align = "center"|-Es
|align = "left"|rižetis
|align = "left"|čomıs

|-
|align = "left"|Ins/Loc
|align = "center"|-O
|align = "left"|rižetü
|align = "left"|čomu

|-
|align = "left"|Com
|align = "center"|-bA
|align = "left"|rižetbe
|align = "left"|čombo

|}

Terzemian

2010-03-02T12:29:21Z

Paul.w.bennett: /* Nouns */ Major overhaul to match current sketch

{{IPA|}}

{{Infobox|name=Terzemian|pronounce=tɜ˞ˈzɛj.mjən|tu=Possible [[League of Lost Languages|LLL]] candidate|script=Latin, Cyrillic, Arabic, UTA|tree=Unique PIE, influences from Kartvelian, Turkic, Persian, Uralic and Slavic|morph=Mixed|ms=Lexically Split-S|wo=VSO|creator=[[User:Paul.w.bennett|Paul.w.bennett]]|date=}}

=Overview=

Terzemian is an [[Wikipedia:Indo-European|IE-derived]] conlang located along the west coast of the Caspian Sea. It is a [[Wikipedia:Centum-Satem_isogloss|satem]] language (the word for ''hundred'' is šündo (шүндо, şyndo, شَِنداَ /ʃyndo/) that uses the ''ruki'' rule, Grassman's law, Slavic-type depalatalization, z/r alternation, r/n alternation, a three-group vowel harmony system, and two phases of lenition (the first word-final, and the second approximately intervocalic).

=Phonology=

==Consonants==

{|border="1" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="4" align="center"
|align = "center"|p b
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"|t d
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"|k g
|align = "center"|kʷ gʷ
|align = "center"|q ɢ
|align = "center"|ʔ

|-
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"|f v
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"|s z
|align = "center"|ʃ ʒ
|align = "center"|ɬ ɮ
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"|x ɣ
|align = "center"|xʷ ɣʷ
|align = "center"|χ ʁ
|align = "center"|h

|-
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"|ts dz
|align = "center"|tʃ dʒ
|align = "center"|tɬ dɮ
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 

|-
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"|w
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"|l
|align = "center"|j
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 

|-
|align = "center"|m
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"|n
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"|ŋ
|align = "center"|ŋʷ
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 

|-
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"|ɾ ɹ
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 

|} 

==Vowels==

{|border="1" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="4" align="center"
|align = "center"|i y
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"|ɯ u

|-
|align = "center"|e
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"|o

|-
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"|ɑ
|align = "center"| 

|} 

=Writing System=

Terzemian has been written in a variety of scripts. In the modern era, a modified Latin alphabet is used. During the Soviet era, Cyrillic was used, and can still be found. Before the Soviet era, a form of the [[Wikipedia:Uniform Turkic Alphabet|UTA]] was used alongside Arabic. The Arabic script can still be found in general use in certain areas, as well as among the Muslim population throughout the region. Despite (or perhaps because) the fact that the move to the Latin script was a deliberate process to reflect post-Soviet independence, there is also a small folkish movement to return to the UTA script. In short, the learner of Terzemian should concentrate on learning the Latin script, but should be prepared to encounter Cyrillic, UTA, and Arabic on a more or less daily basis.

==Logical Layout==

The following tables illustrate the writing systems with a layout that is in accordance with the Phonology tables above.

===Modern Latin===

{|border="1" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="4" align="center"
|align = "center"|p b
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"|t d
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"|k g
|align = "center"|k˚ g˚
|align = "center"|ḳ ġ
|align = "center"|ʼ

|-
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"|f v
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"|s z
|align = "center"|š ž
|align = "center"|ł ł̣
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"|x ǧ
|align = "center"|x˚ ǧ˚
|align = "center"|x̣ ǧ̇
|align = "center"|h

|-
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"|c
|align = "center"|č
|align = "center"|tł dł̣
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 

|-
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"|w
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"|l
|align = "center"|y
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 

|-
|align = "center"|m
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"|n
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"|ň
|align = "center"|ň˚
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 

|-
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"|ṛ r
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 

|} 

{|border="1" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="4" align="center"
|align = "center"|i ü
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"|ı u

|-
|align = "center"|e
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"|o

|-
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"|a
|align = "center"| 

|} 

===UTA===

{|border="1" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="4" align="center"
|align = "center"|p b
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"|t d
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"|k g
|align = "center"|kъ gъ
|align = "center"|ķ g̓
|align = "center"|q

|-
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"|f v
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"|s z
|align = "center"|ş ƶ
|align = "center"|ł ľ
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"|x ƣ
|align = "center"|xъ ƣъ
|align = "center"|x̧ ƣ̓
|align = "center"|h

|-
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"|c
|align = "center"|ç
|align = "center"|tł dľ
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 

|-
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"|w
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"|l
|align = "center"|j
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 

|-
|align = "center"|m
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"|n
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"|ŋ
|align = "center"|ŋъ

|-
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"|r ř
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 

|} 

{|border="1" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="4" align="center"
|align = "center"|i y
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"|ı u

|-
|align = "center"|e
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"|o

|-
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"|a
|align = "center"| 

|} 

===Cyrillic===

{|border="1" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="4" align="center"
|align = "center"|п б
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"|т д
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"|к г
|align = "center"|къ гъ къ
|align = "center"|қ ӷ
|align = "center"|Ӏ

|-
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"|ф в
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"|с з
|align = "center"|ш ж
|align = "center"|ӆ ԓ
|align = "center"|х ғ
|align = "center"|хъ ғъ
|align = "center"|ҳ ӷ̵
|align = "center"|һ

|-
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"|ц
|align = "center"|ч
|align = "center"|тӆ дԓ
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 

|-
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"|ў
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"|й
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 

|-
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"|л
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 

|-
|align = "center"|м
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"|н
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"|ң
|align = "center"|ңъ
|align = "center"| 

|-
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"|р ʀ
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 

|} 

{|border="1" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="4" align="center"
|align = "center"|и ү
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"|ы у

|-
|align = "center"|э
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"|о

|-
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"|а
|align = "center"| 

|} 

===Arabic===

{|border="1" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="4" align="center"
|align = "center"|پ ب
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"|ت د
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"|ك گ
|align = "center"| 

|-
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"|ف ڒ
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"|س ز
|align = "center"|ژ ش
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"|خ غ
|align = "center"|ه

|-
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| څ
|align = "center"| چ
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 

|-
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| و
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| ي
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 

|-
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| ل
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 

|-
|align = "center"| م
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| ن
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| ڽ
|align = "center"| 

|-
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"|ر
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 

|} 

{|border="1" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="4" align="center"
|align = "center"|هِ
|align = "center"| هَِ
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| هَ

|-
|align = "center"| اِ
|align = "center"| اَِ
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| اَ

|-
|align = "center"| اٍ
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"|ا
|align = "center"|اً

|} 

==Alphabetical Orders==

The tables above approximately follow the IPA layout for the sounds of Terzemian. The correct orders of the writing systems of Terzemian are:

* Latin: Aa Ää Åå Bb Cc Čč Dd Ee Ff Gg Ǧǧ Ġġ Ǧ̇ǧ̇ Hh Ii Kk Ll Łł Mm Nn Ňň Oo Öö Pp Rr Ṛṛ Ss Šš Tt Uu Üü Vv Ww Xx X̣x̣ Yy Zz Žž ˚ ʼ
* Cyrillic: Аа Әә Бб Вв Гг Ғғ Ӷ̵ӷ̵ Дд Ее Жж Зз Һһ Ии Йй Кк Лл Ӆӆ Ԓԓ Мм Нн Ңң Оо Өө Пп Рр Rʀ Сс Тт Уу Ўў Үү Фф Хх Ҳҳ Цц Чч Шш Щщ Ъъ Ыы Ьь Ээ Ɔɔ Юю Яя ӏ
* UTA: Aa Əə Bb Cc Çç Dd Ee Ff Gg Ƣƣ Hh Ii Jj Kk Ll Mm Nn Ŋŋ Oo Ɵɵ Ɔɔ Pp Rr Ss Şş Tt Uu Vv Ww Xx Yy Zz Ƶƶ Qq Ъъ
* Arabic: ا ب ت پ ح خ څ چ د ر ز ژ س ش غ ف ك گ ل م ن ڽ ه و ۆ ي هِ هَِ هَ اِ اَِ اَ اٍ اً

The following chart shows the other writing systems in the latin order:

{|border="1" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="4" align="center"
|align = "center"|'''Latin'''
|align = "center"|Aa
|align = "center"|Ää
|align = "center"|Åå
|align = "center"|Bb
|align = "center"|Cc
|align = "center"|Čč
|align = "center"|Dd
|align = "center"|Ee
|align = "center"|Ff
|align = "center"|Gg
|align = "center"|Ǧǧ
|align = "center"|Ġġ
|align = "center"|Ǧ̇ǧ̇
|align = "center"|Hh
|align = "center"|Ii
|align = "center"|Kk
|align = "center"|Ll
|align = "center"|Łł
|align = "center"|Mm

|-
|align = "center"|'''Cyrillic'''
|align = "center"|Аа
|align = "center"|Әә
|align = "center"|Ɔɔ
|align = "center"|Бб
|align = "center"|Цц
|align = "center"|Чч
|align = "center"|Дд
|align = "center"|Ээ
|align = "center"|Фф
|align = "center"|Гг
|align = "center"|Ғғ
|align = "center"|Ӷ̵ӷ̵
|align = "center"|''???''
|align = "center"|Һһ
|align = "center"|Ии
|align = "center"|Кк
|align = "center"|Лл
|align = "center"|Ӆӆ / Ԓԓ
|align = "center"|Мм

|-
|align = "center"|''Latin''
|align = "center"|Nn
|align = "center"|Ňň
|align = "center"|Oo
|align = "center"|Öö
|align = "center"|Pp
|align = "center"|Rr
|align = "center"|Ṛṛ
|align = "center"|Ss
|align = "center"|Šš
|align = "center"|Tt
|align = "center"|Uu
|align = "center"|Üü
|align = "center"|Vv
|align = "center"|Ww
|align = "center"|Xx
|align = "center"|X̣x̣
|align = "center"|Yy
|align = "center"|Zz
|align = "center"|Žž
|align = "center"|˚
|align = "center"|ʼ
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 

|-
|align = "center"|''Cyrillic''
|align = "center"|Нн
|align = "center"|Ңң
|align = "center"|Оо
|align = "center"|Өө
|align = "center"|Пп
|align = "center"|Rʀ
|align = "center"|Рр
|align = "center"|Сс
|align = "center"|Шш
|align = "center"|Тт
|align = "center"|Уу
|align = "center"|Үү
|align = "center"|Вв
|align = "center"|Ўў
|align = "center"|Хх
|align = "center"|Ҳҳ
|align = "center"|Йй
|align = "center"|Зз
|align = "center"|Жж
|align = "center"|Ъъ
|align = "center"|ӏ
|align = "center"|Щщ
|align = "center"|Ыы
|align = "center"|Ьь
|align = "center"|Юю
|align = "center"|Яя
|align = "center"|Ее

|} 

Notes:

* The Cyrillic letters ''Щ'', ''Ъ'', and ''Ь'' are not used in native words.
* The Cyrillic letters ''Е'', ''Ю'', and ''Я'' are occasionally used in native words.
* The Arabic characters هِ هَِ هَ use the letter ه as a base character for illustration. The actual vowels are written as just the diactrics, attached to the preceeding consonant.

=Sound Changes=

''See the [[Terzemian/Sound_Changes|Sound Changes]] subarticle.

=Morphosyntax=

==Harmony==

===Vowels===

{|border="1" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="4" align="center"
|align = "center" rowspan = "2"|'''Root Vowel'''
|align = "center" colspan = "3"|'''Prefix Vowel'''
|align = "center" colspan = "6"|'''Suffix Vowel'''

|-

|align = "center"|'''i'''
|align = "center"|'''u'''
|align = "center"|'''a'''

|align = "center"|'''i'''
|align = "center"|'''ü'''
|align = "center"|'''e'''
|align = "center"|'''ö'''
|align = "center"|'''ä'''
|align = "center"|'''a'''

|-
|align = "center"|'''i'''

|align = "center"|i
|align = "center"|ü
|align = "center"|e

|align = "center"|i
|align = "center"|ü
|align = "center"|e
|align = "center"|ö
|align = "center"|ä
|align = "center"|a

|-
|align = "center"|'''ü'''

|align = "center"|i
|align = "center"|ü
|align = "center"|e

|align = "center"|ü
|align = "center"|u
|align = "center"|ö
|align = "center"|o
|align = "center"|ä
|align = "center"|a

|-
|align = "center"|'''u'''

|align = "center"|ü
|align = "center"|u
|align = "center"|o

|align = "center"|ü
|align = "center"|u
|align = "center"|ö
|align = "center"|o
|align = "center"|a
|align = "center"|å

|-
|align = "center"|'''e'''

|align = "center"|i
|align = "center"|ö
|align = "center"|ä

|align = "center"|i
|align = "center"|ü
|align = "center"|e
|align = "center"|ö
|align = "center"|ä
|align = "center"|a

|-
|align = "center"|'''ö'''

|align = "center"|ü
|align = "center"|o
|align = "center"|å

|align = "center"|ü
|align = "center"|u
|align = "center"|ö
|align = "center"|o
|align = "center"|ä
|align = "center"|a

|-
|align = "center"|'''o'''

|align = "center"|ö
|align = "center"|å
|align = "center"|a

|align = "center"|ü
|align = "center"|u
|align = "center"|ö
|align = "center"|o
|align = "center"|a
|align = "center"|å

|-
|align = "center"|'''ä'''

|align = "center"|e
|align = "center"|å
|align = "center"|a

|align = "center"|e
|align = "center"|ö
|align = "center"|ä
|align = "center"|å
|align = "center"|ä
|align = "center"|a

|-
|align = "center"|'''a'''

|align = "center"|e
|align = "center"|o
|align = "center"|a

|align = "center"|e
|align = "center"|ö
|align = "center"|ä
|align = "center"|å
|align = "center"|ä
|align = "center"|a

|-
|align = "center"|'''å'''

|align = "center"|ä
|align = "center"|åɧ
|align = "center"|aɧ

|align = "center"|e
|align = "center"|ö
|align = "center"|ä
|align = "center"|å
|align = "center"|ä
|align = "center"|a

|} 

===Fricative===

The metasymbol ''ɧ'' represents an assimilatory fricative, as follows:

{|border="1" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="4" align="center"
! Next Consonant || p,b,m,f,v,w || t,d,n,s,z,l,r || č,š,ž,y || k,g,x,ǧ || h
|-
| '''Outcome''' || f || s || š || x || ∅
|}

If there is no next consonant in the root, ''ɧ'' assimilates to the previous consonant.

If there is no next consonant and no previous consonant in the root, ''ɧ'' becomes ''h''.

==Verbs==

===Agreement===

Terzemain nouns mark two or less of three core cases, notionally representing the semantic roles INITIATOR, UNDERGOER, and TARGET. For ease of reference, these will be marked with the traditional A, P, and O labels used in discussing Ergative/Accusative marking.

Terzemian is Split-S, with Ergative or Accusative style marking determined lexically by the conjugation of the verb.

The conjugations are as follows:

{|border="1" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="4" align="center"
! Conj. || Required || Optional || Description
|-
| '''1 a''' || A ||   || Intransitive Active verbs
|-
| '''1 b''' || P || A ''(causitive)'' || Intransitive Stative verbs
|-
| '''2''' || AP ||   || Transitive Active verbs
|}

====Ablaut Patterns====

{|border="1" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="4" align="center"
|align = "center"|'''Conj.'''
|align = "center"|'''Root Vowel'''
|align = "center"|'''Non-P R'''
|align = "center"|'''Past R'''
|align = "center"|'''Non-P Ir'''
|align = "center"|'''Past Ir'''

|-
|align = "center" rowspan = "9"|'''1 a/b'''
|align = "center"|'''i'''
|align = "center"|i
|align = "center"|e
|align = "center"|ü
|align = "center"|iy

|-
|align = "center"|'''ü'''
|align = "center"|ü
|align = "center"|ö
|align = "center"|u
|align = "center"|üy

|-
|align = "center"|'''u'''
|align = "center"|u
|align = "center"|o
|align = "center"|uw
|align = "center"|wo

|-
|align = "center"|'''e'''
|align = "center"|e
|align = "center"|ä
|align = "center"|ö
|align = "center"|ye

|-
|align = "center"|'''ö'''
|align = "center"|ö
|align = "center"|a
|align = "center"|o
|align = "center"|yo

|-
|align = "center"|'''o'''
|align = "center"|o
|align = "center"|å
|align = "center"|ow
|align = "center"|öü

|-
|align = "center"|'''ä'''
|align = "center"|ä
|align = "center"|äh
|align = "center"|a
|align = "center"|e

|-
|align = "center"|'''a'''
|align = "center"|a
|align = "center"|ah
|align = "center"|ay
|align = "center"|ey

|-
|align = "center"|'''å'''
|align = "center"|å
|align = "center"|åh
|align = "center"|åw
|align = "center"|ow

|-
|align = "center" rowspan = "9"|'''2'''
|align = "center"|'''i'''
|align = "center"|i
|align = "center"|ü
|align = "center"|e
|align = "center"|ö

|-
|align = "center"|'''ü'''
|align = "center"|ü
|align = "center"|u
|align = "center"|ö
|align = "center"|o

|-
|align = "center"|'''u'''
|align = "center"|u
|align = "center"|uw
|align = "center"|o
|align = "center"|ow

|-
|align = "center"|'''e'''
|align = "center"|e
|align = "center"|ö
|align = "center"|ä
|align = "center"|å

|-
|align = "center"|'''ö'''
|align = "center"|ö
|align = "center"|o
|align = "center"|å
|align = "center"|a

|-
|align = "center"|'''o'''
|align = "center"|o
|align = "center"|ow
|align = "center"|å
|align = "center"|a

|-
|align = "center"|'''ä'''
|align = "center"|ä
|align = "center"|a
|align = "center"|äɧ
|align = "center"|aɧ

|-
|align = "center"|'''a'''
|align = "center"|a
|align = "center"|å
|align = "center"|aɧ
|align = "center"|åɧ

|-
|align = "center"|'''å'''
|align = "center"|å
|align = "center"|åw
|align = "center"|åɧ
|align = "center"|åwɧ

|} 

====Agreement prefixes====

{|border="1" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="4" align="center"
! Conj. || Argument || 1st Person || 2nd || 3rd
|-
| 1 || A || ǧ- || z- || i-
|-
| 1 || P || - || yu- || c-
|-
| 2 || A || - || smu- || s-
|-
| 2 || P || m- || yu- || -
|}

===Tense and Evidentiality===

There are two verb tenses, the past and non-past.

*In the past tense, there are three evidentiality/reality markings:
**''direct'' realis, indicating first-hand observational (e.g. "eye witness") knowledge. This is marked by the prefix ''e-'', in addition to ablaut.
**''indirect'' realis, indicating knowledge that is informed, inferred, supposed, or otherwise not personal. This is marked by ablaut alone.
**irrealis, making no overt statement about the reality of the VP, but inferring a lesser degree of certainty than either realis marking.
*In the non-past, only the realis and irrealis are distinguished.

===Aspect, Mood, Intensity, and Attitude===

Additional verb characteristics are expressed in suffixes, including the following.

*'''Aspect
**'''Inceptive'''
**'''Abortive'''
**'''Completitive''' ''-åǧ''
**'''Participle''' ''-önz''
**'''Perfect''' ''-gäv''
*'''Mood'''
**'''Imperative''' (use bare root)
**'''Negative''' ''-nä''
**'''Optative/Hortative/Jussive''' ''-zün''
**'''Causative/Volition''' (A -> P, Cause -> A)
*'''Intensity'''
**'''More Intense''' ''-siz''
**'''Less Intense''' ''-(d)e'' (NB: same as nominal diminutive)

Suffixes may be chained in a head-modifier (right-branching) manner.

Example: '''ävåwsezzönnä''' - ''I certainly did not want to soundly beat him.''

==Nouns==

===Gender===

There is pragmatic gender marking -- Nouns are marked for a gender system that combines traditional gender and pragmatic roles.

Genders, with examples, are:

{|border="1" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="4" align="center"
|align = "left"|1st Person
|align = "center"|-Am
|align = "left"|rižem
|align = "left"|I, the king
|align = "left"| 
|align = "left"| 

|-
|align = "left"|2nd Person
|align = "center"|-As
|align = "left"|rižes
|align = "left"|You, the king
|align = "left"| 
|align = "left"| 

|-
|align = "left"|3rd Animate
|align = "center"|-At
|align = "left"|rižet
|align = "left"|He, the king
|align = "left"| 
|align = "left"| 

|-
|align = "left"|3rd Inanimate
|align = "center"|-∅
|align = "left"|riž
|align = "left"|It, the kingdom
|align = "left"|čom
|align = "left"|The land

|-
|align = "left"|Negative Animate
|align = "center"|-nA
|align = "left"|rižne
|align = "left"|No king
|align = "left"| 
|align = "left"| 

|-
|align = "left"|Negative Inanimate
|align = "center"|A-
|align = "left"|eriž
|align = "left"|No kingdom
|align = "left"|očom
|align = "left"|No land

|} 

===Cases===

Case marking is ergative for Inanimate and Negative subjects, and accusative in all other cases.

Cases are:

{|border="1" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="4" align="center"
|align = "left"|Erg
|align = "center"|-Er
|align = "left"|--
|align = "left"|čomır

|-
|align = "left"|Nom/Abs
|align = "center"|-∅
|align = "left"|rižet
|align = "left"|čom

|-
|align = "left"|Acc
|align = "center"|-An
|align = "left"|rižeten
|align = "left"|--

|-
|align = "left"|Dat
|align = "center"|-Em
|align = "left"|rižetim
|align = "left"|čomım

|-
|align = "left"|Gen
|align = "center"|-Es
|align = "left"|rižetis
|align = "left"|čomıs

|-
|align = "left"|Ins/Loc
|align = "center"|-O
|align = "left"|rižetü
|align = "left"|čomu

|-
|align = "left"|Com
|align = "center"|-bE
|align = "left"|rižetbe
|align = "left"|čombı

|}

Terzemian

2010-03-02T12:11:31Z

Paul.w.bennett: /* Logical Layout */ vowels to modern schema, except Arabic -- more research required

{{IPA|}}

{{Infobox|name=Terzemian|pronounce=tɜ˞ˈzɛj.mjən|tu=Possible [[League of Lost Languages|LLL]] candidate|script=Latin, Cyrillic, Arabic, UTA|tree=Unique PIE, influences from Kartvelian, Turkic, Persian, Uralic and Slavic|morph=Mixed|ms=Lexically Split-S|wo=VSO|creator=[[User:Paul.w.bennett|Paul.w.bennett]]|date=}}

=Overview=

Terzemian is an [[Wikipedia:Indo-European|IE-derived]] conlang located along the west coast of the Caspian Sea. It is a [[Wikipedia:Centum-Satem_isogloss|satem]] language (the word for ''hundred'' is šündo (шүндо, şyndo, شَِنداَ /ʃyndo/) that uses the ''ruki'' rule, Grassman's law, Slavic-type depalatalization, z/r alternation, r/n alternation, a three-group vowel harmony system, and two phases of lenition (the first word-final, and the second approximately intervocalic).

=Phonology=

==Consonants==

{|border="1" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="4" align="center"
|align = "center"|p b
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"|t d
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"|k g
|align = "center"|kʷ gʷ
|align = "center"|q ɢ
|align = "center"|ʔ

|-
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"|f v
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"|s z
|align = "center"|ʃ ʒ
|align = "center"|ɬ ɮ
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"|x ɣ
|align = "center"|xʷ ɣʷ
|align = "center"|χ ʁ
|align = "center"|h

|-
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"|ts dz
|align = "center"|tʃ dʒ
|align = "center"|tɬ dɮ
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 

|-
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"|w
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"|l
|align = "center"|j
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 

|-
|align = "center"|m
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"|n
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"|ŋ
|align = "center"|ŋʷ
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 

|-
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"|ɾ ɹ
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 

|} 

==Vowels==

{|border="1" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="4" align="center"
|align = "center"|i y
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"|ɯ u

|-
|align = "center"|e
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"|o

|-
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"|ɑ
|align = "center"| 

|} 

=Writing System=

Terzemian has been written in a variety of scripts. In the modern era, a modified Latin alphabet is used. During the Soviet era, Cyrillic was used, and can still be found. Before the Soviet era, a form of the [[Wikipedia:Uniform Turkic Alphabet|UTA]] was used alongside Arabic. The Arabic script can still be found in general use in certain areas, as well as among the Muslim population throughout the region. Despite (or perhaps because) the fact that the move to the Latin script was a deliberate process to reflect post-Soviet independence, there is also a small folkish movement to return to the UTA script. In short, the learner of Terzemian should concentrate on learning the Latin script, but should be prepared to encounter Cyrillic, UTA, and Arabic on a more or less daily basis.

==Logical Layout==

The following tables illustrate the writing systems with a layout that is in accordance with the Phonology tables above.

===Modern Latin===

{|border="1" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="4" align="center"
|align = "center"|p b
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"|t d
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"|k g
|align = "center"|k˚ g˚
|align = "center"|ḳ ġ
|align = "center"|ʼ

|-
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"|f v
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"|s z
|align = "center"|š ž
|align = "center"|ł ł̣
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"|x ǧ
|align = "center"|x˚ ǧ˚
|align = "center"|x̣ ǧ̇
|align = "center"|h

|-
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"|c
|align = "center"|č
|align = "center"|tł dł̣
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 

|-
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"|w
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"|l
|align = "center"|y
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 

|-
|align = "center"|m
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"|n
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"|ň
|align = "center"|ň˚
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 

|-
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"|ṛ r
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 

|} 

{|border="1" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="4" align="center"
|align = "center"|i ü
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"|ı u

|-
|align = "center"|e
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"|o

|-
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"|a
|align = "center"| 

|} 

===UTA===

{|border="1" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="4" align="center"
|align = "center"|p b
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"|t d
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"|k g
|align = "center"|kъ gъ
|align = "center"|ķ g̓
|align = "center"|q

|-
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"|f v
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"|s z
|align = "center"|ş ƶ
|align = "center"|ł ľ
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"|x ƣ
|align = "center"|xъ ƣъ
|align = "center"|x̧ ƣ̓
|align = "center"|h

|-
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"|c
|align = "center"|ç
|align = "center"|tł dľ
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 

|-
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"|w
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"|l
|align = "center"|j
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 

|-
|align = "center"|m
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"|n
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"|ŋ
|align = "center"|ŋъ

|-
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"|r ř
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 

|} 

{|border="1" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="4" align="center"
|align = "center"|i y
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"|ı u

|-
|align = "center"|e
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"|o

|-
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"|a
|align = "center"| 

|} 

===Cyrillic===

{|border="1" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="4" align="center"
|align = "center"|п б
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"|т д
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"|к г
|align = "center"|къ гъ къ
|align = "center"|қ ӷ
|align = "center"|Ӏ

|-
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"|ф в
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"|с з
|align = "center"|ш ж
|align = "center"|ӆ ԓ
|align = "center"|х ғ
|align = "center"|хъ ғъ
|align = "center"|ҳ ӷ̵
|align = "center"|һ

|-
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"|ц
|align = "center"|ч
|align = "center"|тӆ дԓ
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 

|-
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"|ў
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"|й
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 

|-
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"|л
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 

|-
|align = "center"|м
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"|н
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"|ң
|align = "center"|ңъ
|align = "center"| 

|-
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"|р ʀ
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 

|} 

{|border="1" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="4" align="center"
|align = "center"|и ү
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"|ы у

|-
|align = "center"|э
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"|о

|-
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"|а
|align = "center"| 

|} 

===Arabic===

{|border="1" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="4" align="center"
|align = "center"|پ ب
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"|ت د
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"|ك گ
|align = "center"| 

|-
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"|ف ڒ
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"|س ز
|align = "center"|ژ ش
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"|خ غ
|align = "center"|ه

|-
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| څ
|align = "center"| چ
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 

|-
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| و
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| ي
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 

|-
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| ل
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 

|-
|align = "center"| م
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| ن
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| ڽ
|align = "center"| 

|-
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"|ر
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 

|} 

{|border="1" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="4" align="center"
|align = "center"|هِ
|align = "center"| هَِ
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| هَ

|-
|align = "center"| اِ
|align = "center"| اَِ
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| اَ

|-
|align = "center"| اٍ
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"|ا
|align = "center"|اً

|} 

==Alphabetical Orders==

The tables above approximately follow the IPA layout for the sounds of Terzemian. The correct orders of the writing systems of Terzemian are:

* Latin: Aa Ää Åå Bb Cc Čč Dd Ee Ff Gg Ǧǧ Ġġ Ǧ̇ǧ̇ Hh Ii Kk Ll Łł Mm Nn Ňň Oo Öö Pp Rr Ṛṛ Ss Šš Tt Uu Üü Vv Ww Xx X̣x̣ Yy Zz Žž ˚ ʼ
* Cyrillic: Аа Әә Бб Вв Гг Ғғ Ӷ̵ӷ̵ Дд Ее Жж Зз Һһ Ии Йй Кк Лл Ӆӆ Ԓԓ Мм Нн Ңң Оо Өө Пп Рр Rʀ Сс Тт Уу Ўў Үү Фф Хх Ҳҳ Цц Чч Шш Щщ Ъъ Ыы Ьь Ээ Ɔɔ Юю Яя ӏ
* UTA: Aa Əə Bb Cc Çç Dd Ee Ff Gg Ƣƣ Hh Ii Jj Kk Ll Mm Nn Ŋŋ Oo Ɵɵ Ɔɔ Pp Rr Ss Şş Tt Uu Vv Ww Xx Yy Zz Ƶƶ Qq Ъъ
* Arabic: ا ب ت پ ح خ څ چ د ر ز ژ س ش غ ف ك گ ل م ن ڽ ه و ۆ ي هِ هَِ هَ اِ اَِ اَ اٍ اً

The following chart shows the other writing systems in the latin order:

{|border="1" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="4" align="center"
|align = "center"|'''Latin'''
|align = "center"|Aa
|align = "center"|Ää
|align = "center"|Åå
|align = "center"|Bb
|align = "center"|Cc
|align = "center"|Čč
|align = "center"|Dd
|align = "center"|Ee
|align = "center"|Ff
|align = "center"|Gg
|align = "center"|Ǧǧ
|align = "center"|Ġġ
|align = "center"|Ǧ̇ǧ̇
|align = "center"|Hh
|align = "center"|Ii
|align = "center"|Kk
|align = "center"|Ll
|align = "center"|Łł
|align = "center"|Mm

|-
|align = "center"|'''Cyrillic'''
|align = "center"|Аа
|align = "center"|Әә
|align = "center"|Ɔɔ
|align = "center"|Бб
|align = "center"|Цц
|align = "center"|Чч
|align = "center"|Дд
|align = "center"|Ээ
|align = "center"|Фф
|align = "center"|Гг
|align = "center"|Ғғ
|align = "center"|Ӷ̵ӷ̵
|align = "center"|''???''
|align = "center"|Һһ
|align = "center"|Ии
|align = "center"|Кк
|align = "center"|Лл
|align = "center"|Ӆӆ / Ԓԓ
|align = "center"|Мм

|-
|align = "center"|''Latin''
|align = "center"|Nn
|align = "center"|Ňň
|align = "center"|Oo
|align = "center"|Öö
|align = "center"|Pp
|align = "center"|Rr
|align = "center"|Ṛṛ
|align = "center"|Ss
|align = "center"|Šš
|align = "center"|Tt
|align = "center"|Uu
|align = "center"|Üü
|align = "center"|Vv
|align = "center"|Ww
|align = "center"|Xx
|align = "center"|X̣x̣
|align = "center"|Yy
|align = "center"|Zz
|align = "center"|Žž
|align = "center"|˚
|align = "center"|ʼ
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 

|-
|align = "center"|''Cyrillic''
|align = "center"|Нн
|align = "center"|Ңң
|align = "center"|Оо
|align = "center"|Өө
|align = "center"|Пп
|align = "center"|Rʀ
|align = "center"|Рр
|align = "center"|Сс
|align = "center"|Шш
|align = "center"|Тт
|align = "center"|Уу
|align = "center"|Үү
|align = "center"|Вв
|align = "center"|Ўў
|align = "center"|Хх
|align = "center"|Ҳҳ
|align = "center"|Йй
|align = "center"|Зз
|align = "center"|Жж
|align = "center"|Ъъ
|align = "center"|ӏ
|align = "center"|Щщ
|align = "center"|Ыы
|align = "center"|Ьь
|align = "center"|Юю
|align = "center"|Яя
|align = "center"|Ее

|} 

Notes:

* The Cyrillic letters ''Щ'', ''Ъ'', and ''Ь'' are not used in native words.
* The Cyrillic letters ''Е'', ''Ю'', and ''Я'' are occasionally used in native words.
* The Arabic characters هِ هَِ هَ use the letter ه as a base character for illustration. The actual vowels are written as just the diactrics, attached to the preceeding consonant.

=Sound Changes=

''See the [[Terzemian/Sound_Changes|Sound Changes]] subarticle.

=Morphosyntax=

==Harmony==

===Vowels===

{|border="1" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="4" align="center"
|align = "center" rowspan = "2"|'''Root Vowel'''
|align = "center" colspan = "3"|'''Prefix Vowel'''
|align = "center" colspan = "6"|'''Suffix Vowel'''

|-

|align = "center"|'''i'''
|align = "center"|'''u'''
|align = "center"|'''a'''

|align = "center"|'''i'''
|align = "center"|'''ü'''
|align = "center"|'''e'''
|align = "center"|'''ö'''
|align = "center"|'''ä'''
|align = "center"|'''a'''

|-
|align = "center"|'''i'''

|align = "center"|i
|align = "center"|ü
|align = "center"|e

|align = "center"|i
|align = "center"|ü
|align = "center"|e
|align = "center"|ö
|align = "center"|ä
|align = "center"|a

|-
|align = "center"|'''ü'''

|align = "center"|i
|align = "center"|ü
|align = "center"|e

|align = "center"|ü
|align = "center"|u
|align = "center"|ö
|align = "center"|o
|align = "center"|ä
|align = "center"|a

|-
|align = "center"|'''u'''

|align = "center"|ü
|align = "center"|u
|align = "center"|o

|align = "center"|ü
|align = "center"|u
|align = "center"|ö
|align = "center"|o
|align = "center"|a
|align = "center"|å

|-
|align = "center"|'''e'''

|align = "center"|i
|align = "center"|ö
|align = "center"|ä

|align = "center"|i
|align = "center"|ü
|align = "center"|e
|align = "center"|ö
|align = "center"|ä
|align = "center"|a

|-
|align = "center"|'''ö'''

|align = "center"|ü
|align = "center"|o
|align = "center"|å

|align = "center"|ü
|align = "center"|u
|align = "center"|ö
|align = "center"|o
|align = "center"|ä
|align = "center"|a

|-
|align = "center"|'''o'''

|align = "center"|ö
|align = "center"|å
|align = "center"|a

|align = "center"|ü
|align = "center"|u
|align = "center"|ö
|align = "center"|o
|align = "center"|a
|align = "center"|å

|-
|align = "center"|'''ä'''

|align = "center"|e
|align = "center"|å
|align = "center"|a

|align = "center"|e
|align = "center"|ö
|align = "center"|ä
|align = "center"|å
|align = "center"|ä
|align = "center"|a

|-
|align = "center"|'''a'''

|align = "center"|e
|align = "center"|o
|align = "center"|a

|align = "center"|e
|align = "center"|ö
|align = "center"|ä
|align = "center"|å
|align = "center"|ä
|align = "center"|a

|-
|align = "center"|'''å'''

|align = "center"|ä
|align = "center"|åɧ
|align = "center"|aɧ

|align = "center"|e
|align = "center"|ö
|align = "center"|ä
|align = "center"|å
|align = "center"|ä
|align = "center"|a

|} 

===Fricative===

The metasymbol ''ɧ'' represents an assimilatory fricative, as follows:

{|border="1" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="4" align="center"
! Next Consonant || p,b,m,f,v,w || t,d,n,s,z,l,r || č,š,ž,y || k,g,x,ǧ || h
|-
| '''Outcome''' || f || s || š || x || ∅
|}

If there is no next consonant in the root, ''ɧ'' assimilates to the previous consonant.

If there is no next consonant and no previous consonant in the root, ''ɧ'' becomes ''h''.

==Verbs==

===Agreement===

Terzemain nouns mark two or less of three core cases, notionally representing the semantic roles INITIATOR, UNDERGOER, and TARGET. For ease of reference, these will be marked with the traditional A, P, and O labels used in discussing Ergative/Accusative marking.

Terzemian is Split-S, with Ergative or Accusative style marking determined lexically by the conjugation of the verb.

The conjugations are as follows:

{|border="1" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="4" align="center"
! Conj. || Required || Optional || Description
|-
| '''1 a''' || A ||   || Intransitive Active verbs
|-
| '''1 b''' || P || A ''(causitive)'' || Intransitive Stative verbs
|-
| '''2''' || AP ||   || Transitive Active verbs
|}

====Ablaut Patterns====

{|border="1" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="4" align="center"
|align = "center"|'''Conj.'''
|align = "center"|'''Root Vowel'''
|align = "center"|'''Non-P R'''
|align = "center"|'''Past R'''
|align = "center"|'''Non-P Ir'''
|align = "center"|'''Past Ir'''

|-
|align = "center" rowspan = "9"|'''1 a/b'''
|align = "center"|'''i'''
|align = "center"|i
|align = "center"|e
|align = "center"|ü
|align = "center"|iy

|-
|align = "center"|'''ü'''
|align = "center"|ü
|align = "center"|ö
|align = "center"|u
|align = "center"|üy

|-
|align = "center"|'''u'''
|align = "center"|u
|align = "center"|o
|align = "center"|uw
|align = "center"|wo

|-
|align = "center"|'''e'''
|align = "center"|e
|align = "center"|ä
|align = "center"|ö
|align = "center"|ye

|-
|align = "center"|'''ö'''
|align = "center"|ö
|align = "center"|a
|align = "center"|o
|align = "center"|yo

|-
|align = "center"|'''o'''
|align = "center"|o
|align = "center"|å
|align = "center"|ow
|align = "center"|öü

|-
|align = "center"|'''ä'''
|align = "center"|ä
|align = "center"|äh
|align = "center"|a
|align = "center"|e

|-
|align = "center"|'''a'''
|align = "center"|a
|align = "center"|ah
|align = "center"|ay
|align = "center"|ey

|-
|align = "center"|'''å'''
|align = "center"|å
|align = "center"|åh
|align = "center"|åw
|align = "center"|ow

|-
|align = "center" rowspan = "9"|'''2'''
|align = "center"|'''i'''
|align = "center"|i
|align = "center"|ü
|align = "center"|e
|align = "center"|ö

|-
|align = "center"|'''ü'''
|align = "center"|ü
|align = "center"|u
|align = "center"|ö
|align = "center"|o

|-
|align = "center"|'''u'''
|align = "center"|u
|align = "center"|uw
|align = "center"|o
|align = "center"|ow

|-
|align = "center"|'''e'''
|align = "center"|e
|align = "center"|ö
|align = "center"|ä
|align = "center"|å

|-
|align = "center"|'''ö'''
|align = "center"|ö
|align = "center"|o
|align = "center"|å
|align = "center"|a

|-
|align = "center"|'''o'''
|align = "center"|o
|align = "center"|ow
|align = "center"|å
|align = "center"|a

|-
|align = "center"|'''ä'''
|align = "center"|ä
|align = "center"|a
|align = "center"|äɧ
|align = "center"|aɧ

|-
|align = "center"|'''a'''
|align = "center"|a
|align = "center"|å
|align = "center"|aɧ
|align = "center"|åɧ

|-
|align = "center"|'''å'''
|align = "center"|å
|align = "center"|åw
|align = "center"|åɧ
|align = "center"|åwɧ

|} 

====Agreement prefixes====

{|border="1" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="4" align="center"
! Conj. || Argument || 1st Person || 2nd || 3rd
|-
| 1 || A || ǧ- || z- || i-
|-
| 1 || P || - || yu- || c-
|-
| 2 || A || - || smu- || s-
|-
| 2 || P || m- || yu- || -
|}

===Tense and Evidentiality===

There are two verb tenses, the past and non-past.

*In the past tense, there are three evidentiality/reality markings:
**''direct'' realis, indicating first-hand observational (e.g. "eye witness") knowledge. This is marked by the prefix ''e-'', in addition to ablaut.
**''indirect'' realis, indicating knowledge that is informed, inferred, supposed, or otherwise not personal. This is marked by ablaut alone.
**irrealis, making no overt statement about the reality of the VP, but inferring a lesser degree of certainty than either realis marking.
*In the non-past, only the realis and irrealis are distinguished.

===Aspect, Mood, Intensity, and Attitude===

Additional verb characteristics are expressed in suffixes, including the following.

*'''Aspect
**'''Inceptive'''
**'''Abortive'''
**'''Completitive''' ''-åǧ''
**'''Participle''' ''-önz''
**'''Perfect''' ''-gäv''
*'''Mood'''
**'''Imperative''' (use bare root)
**'''Negative''' ''-nä''
**'''Optative/Hortative/Jussive''' ''-zün''
**'''Causative/Volition''' (A -> P, Cause -> A)
*'''Intensity'''
**'''More Intense''' ''-siz''
**'''Less Intense''' ''-(d)e'' (NB: same as nominal diminutive)

Suffixes may be chained in a head-modifier (right-branching) manner.

Example: '''ävåwsezzönnä''' - ''I certainly did not want to soundly beat him.''

==Nouns==

All nominal morphology is accomplished via suffixes, except

*the prefix ''ay-'', indicating possession by the subject of the sentence
*pluralization, which uses ablaut and/or schwebeablaut and/or suffixing, based on the declension of the noun in question.

===Suffixes===

*'''Spatial Cases'''
**'''Commitative''' ''-be''
**'''Locative'''
**'''Dative''' ''-(h)äz''
**'''Ablative''' ''-ben''
**'''Perlative'''
**'''Circumlocative''' ''-invi''
**'''Pertingent'''
**'''Orientative'''
*'''Relational Cases'''
**'''Benefactive/Malefactive'''
**'''Instrumental'''
**'''Genitive'''
*'''Modificational Cases'''
**'''Diminutive''' ''-de''
*'''Derivational Cases'''
**'''X-posessing''' ''-önz'' (N -> Adj derivation)
**'''X-inhabiting/X-using''' ''-änž'' (N -> Adj derivation)

Suffixes may be chained in a head-modifier (right-branching) manner.

===Ablaut===

{|border="1" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="4" align="center"
|align = "center"|'''Decl.'''
|align = "center"|'''Gender'''
|align = "center"|'''Root Vowel'''
|align = "center"|'''Singular'''
|align = "center"|'''Plural'''
|align = "center"|'''Collective'''

|-
|align = "center" rowspan = "9"|'''1'''
|align = "center" rowspan = "9"|'''Animate'''
|align = "center"|'''i'''
|align = "center"|i
|align = "center"|wi
|align = "center"|iɧ

|-
|align = "center"|'''ü'''
|align = "center"|ü
|align = "center"|yu
|align = "center"|üɧ

|-
|align = "center"|'''u'''
|align = "center"|u
|align = "center"|yo
|align = "center"|uɧ

|-
|align = "center"|'''e'''
|align = "center"|e
|align = "center"|ey
|align = "center"|ö

|-
|align = "center"|'''ö'''
|align = "center"|ö
|align = "center"|yo
|align = "center"|oɧ

|-
|align = "center"|'''o'''
|align = "center"|o
|align = "center"|ya
|align = "center"|oɧ

|-
|align = "center"|'''ä'''
|align = "center"|ä
|align = "center"|ew
|align = "center"|a

|-
|align = "center"|'''a'''
|align = "center"|a
|align = "center"|yå
|align = "center"|aɧ

|-
|align = "center"|'''å'''
|align = "center"|å
|align = "center"|åɧ
|align = "center"|wo

|}

Terzemian

2010-03-01T15:30:13Z

Paul.w.bennett: /* Logical Layout */ Fix consonants

{{IPA|}}

{{Infobox|name=Terzemian|pronounce=tɜ˞ˈzɛj.mjən|tu=Possible [[League of Lost Languages|LLL]] candidate|script=Latin, Cyrillic, Arabic, UTA|tree=Unique PIE, influences from Kartvelian, Turkic, Persian, Uralic and Slavic|morph=Mixed|ms=Lexically Split-S|wo=VSO|creator=[[User:Paul.w.bennett|Paul.w.bennett]]|date=}}

=Overview=

Terzemian is an [[Wikipedia:Indo-European|IE-derived]] conlang located along the west coast of the Caspian Sea. It is a [[Wikipedia:Centum-Satem_isogloss|satem]] language (the word for ''hundred'' is šündo (шүндо, şyndo, شَِنداَ /ʃyndo/) that uses the ''ruki'' rule, Grassman's law, Slavic-type depalatalization, z/r alternation, r/n alternation, a three-group vowel harmony system, and two phases of lenition (the first word-final, and the second approximately intervocalic).

=Phonology=

==Consonants==

{|border="1" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="4" align="center"
|align = "center"|p b
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"|t d
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"|k g
|align = "center"|kʷ gʷ
|align = "center"|q ɢ
|align = "center"|ʔ

|-
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"|f v
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"|s z
|align = "center"|ʃ ʒ
|align = "center"|ɬ ɮ
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"|x ɣ
|align = "center"|xʷ ɣʷ
|align = "center"|χ ʁ
|align = "center"|h

|-
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"|ts dz
|align = "center"|tʃ dʒ
|align = "center"|tɬ dɮ
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 

|-
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"|w
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"|l
|align = "center"|j
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 

|-
|align = "center"|m
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"|n
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"|ŋ
|align = "center"|ŋʷ
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 

|-
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"|ɾ ɹ
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 

|} 

==Vowels==

{|border="1" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="4" align="center"
|align = "center"|i y
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"|ɯ u

|-
|align = "center"|e
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"|o

|-
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"|ɑ
|align = "center"| 

|} 

=Writing System=

Terzemian has been written in a variety of scripts. In the modern era, a modified Latin alphabet is used. During the Soviet era, Cyrillic was used, and can still be found. Before the Soviet era, a form of the [[Wikipedia:Uniform Turkic Alphabet|UTA]] was used alongside Arabic. The Arabic script can still be found in general use in certain areas, as well as among the Muslim population throughout the region. Despite (or perhaps because) the fact that the move to the Latin script was a deliberate process to reflect post-Soviet independence, there is also a small folkish movement to return to the UTA script. In short, the learner of Terzemian should concentrate on learning the Latin script, but should be prepared to encounter Cyrillic, UTA, and Arabic on a more or less daily basis.

==Logical Layout==

The following tables illustrate the writing systems with a layout that is in accordance with the Phonology tables above.

===Modern Latin===

{|border="1" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="4" align="center"
|align = "center"|p b
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"|t d
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"|k g
|align = "center"|k˚ g˚
|align = "center"|ḳ ġ
|align = "center"|ʼ

|-
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"|f v
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"|s z
|align = "center"|š ž
|align = "center"|ł ł̣
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"|x ǧ
|align = "center"|x˚ ǧ˚
|align = "center"|x̣ ǧ̇
|align = "center"|h

|-
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"|c
|align = "center"|č
|align = "center"|tł dł̣
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 

|-
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"|w
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"|l
|align = "center"|y
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 

|-
|align = "center"|m
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"|n
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"|ň
|align = "center"|ň˚
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 

|-
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"|ṛ r
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 

|} 

{|border="1" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="4" align="center"
|align = "center"|i
|align = "center"|ü
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"|u

|-
|align = "center"|e
|align = "center"|ö
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"|o

|-
|align = "center"|ä
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"|a
|align = "center"|å

|} 

===UTA===

{|border="1" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="4" align="center"
|align = "center"|p b
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"|t d
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"|k g
|align = "center"|kъ gъ
|align = "center"|ķ g̓
|align = "center"|q

|-
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"|f v
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"|s z
|align = "center"|ş ƶ
|align = "center"|ł ľ
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"|x ƣ
|align = "center"|xъ ƣъ
|align = "center"|x̧ ƣ̓
|align = "center"|h

|-
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"|c
|align = "center"|ç
|align = "center"|tł dľ
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 

|-
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"|w
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"|l
|align = "center"|j
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 

|-
|align = "center"|m
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"|n
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"|ŋ
|align = "center"|ŋъ

|-
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"|r ř
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 

|} 

{|border="1" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="4" align="center"
|align = "center"|i
|align = "center"|y
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"|u

|-
|align = "center"|e
|align = "center"|ɵ
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"|o

|-
|align = "center"|ə
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"|a
|align = "center"|ɔ

|} 

===Cyrillic===

{|border="1" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="4" align="center"
|align = "center"|п б
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"|т д
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"|к г
|align = "center"|къ гъ къ
|align = "center"|қ ӷ
|align = "center"|Ӏ

|-
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"|ф в
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"|с з
|align = "center"|ш ж
|align = "center"|ӆ ԓ
|align = "center"|х ғ
|align = "center"|хъ ғъ
|align = "center"|ҳ ӷ̵
|align = "center"|һ

|-
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"|ц
|align = "center"|ч
|align = "center"|тӆ дԓ
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 

|-
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"|ў
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"|й
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 

|-
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"|л
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 

|-
|align = "center"|м
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"|н
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"|ң
|align = "center"|ңъ
|align = "center"| 

|-
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"|р ʀ
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 

|} 

{|border="1" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="4" align="center"
|align = "center"|и
|align = "center"|ү
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"|у

|-
|align = "center"|э
|align = "center"|ө
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"|о

|-
|align = "center"|ә
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"|а
|align = "center"|ɔ

|} 

===Arabic===

{|border="1" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="4" align="center"
|align = "center"|پ ب
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"|ت د
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"|ك گ
|align = "center"| 

|-
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"|ف ڒ
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"|س ز
|align = "center"|ژ ش
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"|خ غ
|align = "center"|ه

|-
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| څ
|align = "center"| چ
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 

|-
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| و
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| ي
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 

|-
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| ل
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 

|-
|align = "center"| م
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| ن
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| ڽ
|align = "center"| 

|-
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"|ر
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 

|} 

{|border="1" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="4" align="center"
|align = "center"|هِ
|align = "center"| هَِ
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| هَ

|-
|align = "center"| اِ
|align = "center"| اَِ
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| اَ

|-
|align = "center"| اٍ
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"|ا
|align = "center"|اً

|} 

==Alphabetical Orders==

The tables above approximately follow the IPA layout for the sounds of Terzemian. The correct orders of the writing systems of Terzemian are:

* Latin: Aa Ää Åå Bb Cc Čč Dd Ee Ff Gg Ǧǧ Ġġ Ǧ̇ǧ̇ Hh Ii Kk Ll Łł Mm Nn Ňň Oo Öö Pp Rr Ṛṛ Ss Šš Tt Uu Üü Vv Ww Xx X̣x̣ Yy Zz Žž ˚ ʼ
* Cyrillic: Аа Әә Бб Вв Гг Ғғ Ӷ̵ӷ̵ Дд Ее Жж Зз Һһ Ии Йй Кк Лл Ӆӆ Ԓԓ Мм Нн Ңң Оо Өө Пп Рр Rʀ Сс Тт Уу Ўў Үү Фф Хх Ҳҳ Цц Чч Шш Щщ Ъъ Ыы Ьь Ээ Ɔɔ Юю Яя ӏ
* UTA: Aa Əə Bb Cc Çç Dd Ee Ff Gg Ƣƣ Hh Ii Jj Kk Ll Mm Nn Ŋŋ Oo Ɵɵ Ɔɔ Pp Rr Ss Şş Tt Uu Vv Ww Xx Yy Zz Ƶƶ Qq Ъъ
* Arabic: ا ب ت پ ح خ څ چ د ر ز ژ س ش غ ف ك گ ل م ن ڽ ه و ۆ ي هِ هَِ هَ اِ اَِ اَ اٍ اً

The following chart shows the other writing systems in the latin order:

{|border="1" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="4" align="center"
|align = "center"|'''Latin'''
|align = "center"|Aa
|align = "center"|Ää
|align = "center"|Åå
|align = "center"|Bb
|align = "center"|Cc
|align = "center"|Čč
|align = "center"|Dd
|align = "center"|Ee
|align = "center"|Ff
|align = "center"|Gg
|align = "center"|Ǧǧ
|align = "center"|Ġġ
|align = "center"|Ǧ̇ǧ̇
|align = "center"|Hh
|align = "center"|Ii
|align = "center"|Kk
|align = "center"|Ll
|align = "center"|Łł
|align = "center"|Mm

|-
|align = "center"|'''Cyrillic'''
|align = "center"|Аа
|align = "center"|Әә
|align = "center"|Ɔɔ
|align = "center"|Бб
|align = "center"|Цц
|align = "center"|Чч
|align = "center"|Дд
|align = "center"|Ээ
|align = "center"|Фф
|align = "center"|Гг
|align = "center"|Ғғ
|align = "center"|Ӷ̵ӷ̵
|align = "center"|''???''
|align = "center"|Һһ
|align = "center"|Ии
|align = "center"|Кк
|align = "center"|Лл
|align = "center"|Ӆӆ / Ԓԓ
|align = "center"|Мм

|-
|align = "center"|''Latin''
|align = "center"|Nn
|align = "center"|Ňň
|align = "center"|Oo
|align = "center"|Öö
|align = "center"|Pp
|align = "center"|Rr
|align = "center"|Ṛṛ
|align = "center"|Ss
|align = "center"|Šš
|align = "center"|Tt
|align = "center"|Uu
|align = "center"|Üü
|align = "center"|Vv
|align = "center"|Ww
|align = "center"|Xx
|align = "center"|X̣x̣
|align = "center"|Yy
|align = "center"|Zz
|align = "center"|Žž
|align = "center"|˚
|align = "center"|ʼ
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 

|-
|align = "center"|''Cyrillic''
|align = "center"|Нн
|align = "center"|Ңң
|align = "center"|Оо
|align = "center"|Өө
|align = "center"|Пп
|align = "center"|Rʀ
|align = "center"|Рр
|align = "center"|Сс
|align = "center"|Шш
|align = "center"|Тт
|align = "center"|Уу
|align = "center"|Үү
|align = "center"|Вв
|align = "center"|Ўў
|align = "center"|Хх
|align = "center"|Ҳҳ
|align = "center"|Йй
|align = "center"|Зз
|align = "center"|Жж
|align = "center"|Ъъ
|align = "center"|ӏ
|align = "center"|Щщ
|align = "center"|Ыы
|align = "center"|Ьь
|align = "center"|Юю
|align = "center"|Яя
|align = "center"|Ее

|} 

Notes:

* The Cyrillic letters ''Щ'', ''Ъ'', and ''Ь'' are not used in native words.
* The Cyrillic letters ''Е'', ''Ю'', and ''Я'' are occasionally used in native words.
* The Arabic characters هِ هَِ هَ use the letter ه as a base character for illustration. The actual vowels are written as just the diactrics, attached to the preceeding consonant.

=Sound Changes=

''See the [[Terzemian/Sound_Changes|Sound Changes]] subarticle.

=Morphosyntax=

==Harmony==

===Vowels===

{|border="1" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="4" align="center"
|align = "center" rowspan = "2"|'''Root Vowel'''
|align = "center" colspan = "3"|'''Prefix Vowel'''
|align = "center" colspan = "6"|'''Suffix Vowel'''

|-

|align = "center"|'''i'''
|align = "center"|'''u'''
|align = "center"|'''a'''

|align = "center"|'''i'''
|align = "center"|'''ü'''
|align = "center"|'''e'''
|align = "center"|'''ö'''
|align = "center"|'''ä'''
|align = "center"|'''a'''

|-
|align = "center"|'''i'''

|align = "center"|i
|align = "center"|ü
|align = "center"|e

|align = "center"|i
|align = "center"|ü
|align = "center"|e
|align = "center"|ö
|align = "center"|ä
|align = "center"|a

|-
|align = "center"|'''ü'''

|align = "center"|i
|align = "center"|ü
|align = "center"|e

|align = "center"|ü
|align = "center"|u
|align = "center"|ö
|align = "center"|o
|align = "center"|ä
|align = "center"|a

|-
|align = "center"|'''u'''

|align = "center"|ü
|align = "center"|u
|align = "center"|o

|align = "center"|ü
|align = "center"|u
|align = "center"|ö
|align = "center"|o
|align = "center"|a
|align = "center"|å

|-
|align = "center"|'''e'''

|align = "center"|i
|align = "center"|ö
|align = "center"|ä

|align = "center"|i
|align = "center"|ü
|align = "center"|e
|align = "center"|ö
|align = "center"|ä
|align = "center"|a

|-
|align = "center"|'''ö'''

|align = "center"|ü
|align = "center"|o
|align = "center"|å

|align = "center"|ü
|align = "center"|u
|align = "center"|ö
|align = "center"|o
|align = "center"|ä
|align = "center"|a

|-
|align = "center"|'''o'''

|align = "center"|ö
|align = "center"|å
|align = "center"|a

|align = "center"|ü
|align = "center"|u
|align = "center"|ö
|align = "center"|o
|align = "center"|a
|align = "center"|å

|-
|align = "center"|'''ä'''

|align = "center"|e
|align = "center"|å
|align = "center"|a

|align = "center"|e
|align = "center"|ö
|align = "center"|ä
|align = "center"|å
|align = "center"|ä
|align = "center"|a

|-
|align = "center"|'''a'''

|align = "center"|e
|align = "center"|o
|align = "center"|a

|align = "center"|e
|align = "center"|ö
|align = "center"|ä
|align = "center"|å
|align = "center"|ä
|align = "center"|a

|-
|align = "center"|'''å'''

|align = "center"|ä
|align = "center"|åɧ
|align = "center"|aɧ

|align = "center"|e
|align = "center"|ö
|align = "center"|ä
|align = "center"|å
|align = "center"|ä
|align = "center"|a

|} 

===Fricative===

The metasymbol ''ɧ'' represents an assimilatory fricative, as follows:

{|border="1" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="4" align="center"
! Next Consonant || p,b,m,f,v,w || t,d,n,s,z,l,r || č,š,ž,y || k,g,x,ǧ || h
|-
| '''Outcome''' || f || s || š || x || ∅
|}

If there is no next consonant in the root, ''ɧ'' assimilates to the previous consonant.

If there is no next consonant and no previous consonant in the root, ''ɧ'' becomes ''h''.

==Verbs==

===Agreement===

Terzemain nouns mark two or less of three core cases, notionally representing the semantic roles INITIATOR, UNDERGOER, and TARGET. For ease of reference, these will be marked with the traditional A, P, and O labels used in discussing Ergative/Accusative marking.

Terzemian is Split-S, with Ergative or Accusative style marking determined lexically by the conjugation of the verb.

The conjugations are as follows:

{|border="1" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="4" align="center"
! Conj. || Required || Optional || Description
|-
| '''1 a''' || A ||   || Intransitive Active verbs
|-
| '''1 b''' || P || A ''(causitive)'' || Intransitive Stative verbs
|-
| '''2''' || AP ||   || Transitive Active verbs
|}

====Ablaut Patterns====

{|border="1" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="4" align="center"
|align = "center"|'''Conj.'''
|align = "center"|'''Root Vowel'''
|align = "center"|'''Non-P R'''
|align = "center"|'''Past R'''
|align = "center"|'''Non-P Ir'''
|align = "center"|'''Past Ir'''

|-
|align = "center" rowspan = "9"|'''1 a/b'''
|align = "center"|'''i'''
|align = "center"|i
|align = "center"|e
|align = "center"|ü
|align = "center"|iy

|-
|align = "center"|'''ü'''
|align = "center"|ü
|align = "center"|ö
|align = "center"|u
|align = "center"|üy

|-
|align = "center"|'''u'''
|align = "center"|u
|align = "center"|o
|align = "center"|uw
|align = "center"|wo

|-
|align = "center"|'''e'''
|align = "center"|e
|align = "center"|ä
|align = "center"|ö
|align = "center"|ye

|-
|align = "center"|'''ö'''
|align = "center"|ö
|align = "center"|a
|align = "center"|o
|align = "center"|yo

|-
|align = "center"|'''o'''
|align = "center"|o
|align = "center"|å
|align = "center"|ow
|align = "center"|öü

|-
|align = "center"|'''ä'''
|align = "center"|ä
|align = "center"|äh
|align = "center"|a
|align = "center"|e

|-
|align = "center"|'''a'''
|align = "center"|a
|align = "center"|ah
|align = "center"|ay
|align = "center"|ey

|-
|align = "center"|'''å'''
|align = "center"|å
|align = "center"|åh
|align = "center"|åw
|align = "center"|ow

|-
|align = "center" rowspan = "9"|'''2'''
|align = "center"|'''i'''
|align = "center"|i
|align = "center"|ü
|align = "center"|e
|align = "center"|ö

|-
|align = "center"|'''ü'''
|align = "center"|ü
|align = "center"|u
|align = "center"|ö
|align = "center"|o

|-
|align = "center"|'''u'''
|align = "center"|u
|align = "center"|uw
|align = "center"|o
|align = "center"|ow

|-
|align = "center"|'''e'''
|align = "center"|e
|align = "center"|ö
|align = "center"|ä
|align = "center"|å

|-
|align = "center"|'''ö'''
|align = "center"|ö
|align = "center"|o
|align = "center"|å
|align = "center"|a

|-
|align = "center"|'''o'''
|align = "center"|o
|align = "center"|ow
|align = "center"|å
|align = "center"|a

|-
|align = "center"|'''ä'''
|align = "center"|ä
|align = "center"|a
|align = "center"|äɧ
|align = "center"|aɧ

|-
|align = "center"|'''a'''
|align = "center"|a
|align = "center"|å
|align = "center"|aɧ
|align = "center"|åɧ

|-
|align = "center"|'''å'''
|align = "center"|å
|align = "center"|åw
|align = "center"|åɧ
|align = "center"|åwɧ

|} 

====Agreement prefixes====

{|border="1" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="4" align="center"
! Conj. || Argument || 1st Person || 2nd || 3rd
|-
| 1 || A || ǧ- || z- || i-
|-
| 1 || P || - || yu- || c-
|-
| 2 || A || - || smu- || s-
|-
| 2 || P || m- || yu- || -
|}

===Tense and Evidentiality===

There are two verb tenses, the past and non-past.

*In the past tense, there are three evidentiality/reality markings:
**''direct'' realis, indicating first-hand observational (e.g. "eye witness") knowledge. This is marked by the prefix ''e-'', in addition to ablaut.
**''indirect'' realis, indicating knowledge that is informed, inferred, supposed, or otherwise not personal. This is marked by ablaut alone.
**irrealis, making no overt statement about the reality of the VP, but inferring a lesser degree of certainty than either realis marking.
*In the non-past, only the realis and irrealis are distinguished.

===Aspect, Mood, Intensity, and Attitude===

Additional verb characteristics are expressed in suffixes, including the following.

*'''Aspect
**'''Inceptive'''
**'''Abortive'''
**'''Completitive''' ''-åǧ''
**'''Participle''' ''-önz''
**'''Perfect''' ''-gäv''
*'''Mood'''
**'''Imperative''' (use bare root)
**'''Negative''' ''-nä''
**'''Optative/Hortative/Jussive''' ''-zün''
**'''Causative/Volition''' (A -> P, Cause -> A)
*'''Intensity'''
**'''More Intense''' ''-siz''
**'''Less Intense''' ''-(d)e'' (NB: same as nominal diminutive)

Suffixes may be chained in a head-modifier (right-branching) manner.

Example: '''ävåwsezzönnä''' - ''I certainly did not want to soundly beat him.''

==Nouns==

All nominal morphology is accomplished via suffixes, except

*the prefix ''ay-'', indicating possession by the subject of the sentence
*pluralization, which uses ablaut and/or schwebeablaut and/or suffixing, based on the declension of the noun in question.

===Suffixes===

*'''Spatial Cases'''
**'''Commitative''' ''-be''
**'''Locative'''
**'''Dative''' ''-(h)äz''
**'''Ablative''' ''-ben''
**'''Perlative'''
**'''Circumlocative''' ''-invi''
**'''Pertingent'''
**'''Orientative'''
*'''Relational Cases'''
**'''Benefactive/Malefactive'''
**'''Instrumental'''
**'''Genitive'''
*'''Modificational Cases'''
**'''Diminutive''' ''-de''
*'''Derivational Cases'''
**'''X-posessing''' ''-önz'' (N -> Adj derivation)
**'''X-inhabiting/X-using''' ''-änž'' (N -> Adj derivation)

Suffixes may be chained in a head-modifier (right-branching) manner.

===Ablaut===

{|border="1" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="4" align="center"
|align = "center"|'''Decl.'''
|align = "center"|'''Gender'''
|align = "center"|'''Root Vowel'''
|align = "center"|'''Singular'''
|align = "center"|'''Plural'''
|align = "center"|'''Collective'''

|-
|align = "center" rowspan = "9"|'''1'''
|align = "center" rowspan = "9"|'''Animate'''
|align = "center"|'''i'''
|align = "center"|i
|align = "center"|wi
|align = "center"|iɧ

|-
|align = "center"|'''ü'''
|align = "center"|ü
|align = "center"|yu
|align = "center"|üɧ

|-
|align = "center"|'''u'''
|align = "center"|u
|align = "center"|yo
|align = "center"|uɧ

|-
|align = "center"|'''e'''
|align = "center"|e
|align = "center"|ey
|align = "center"|ö

|-
|align = "center"|'''ö'''
|align = "center"|ö
|align = "center"|yo
|align = "center"|oɧ

|-
|align = "center"|'''o'''
|align = "center"|o
|align = "center"|ya
|align = "center"|oɧ

|-
|align = "center"|'''ä'''
|align = "center"|ä
|align = "center"|ew
|align = "center"|a

|-
|align = "center"|'''a'''
|align = "center"|a
|align = "center"|yå
|align = "center"|aɧ

|-
|align = "center"|'''å'''
|align = "center"|å
|align = "center"|åɧ
|align = "center"|wo

|}

Terzemian

2010-03-01T15:26:19Z

Paul.w.bennett: /* Vowels */

{{IPA|}}

{{Infobox|name=Terzemian|pronounce=tɜ˞ˈzɛj.mjən|tu=Possible [[League of Lost Languages|LLL]] candidate|script=Latin, Cyrillic, Arabic, UTA|tree=Unique PIE, influences from Kartvelian, Turkic, Persian, Uralic and Slavic|morph=Mixed|ms=Lexically Split-S|wo=VSO|creator=[[User:Paul.w.bennett|Paul.w.bennett]]|date=}}

=Overview=

Terzemian is an [[Wikipedia:Indo-European|IE-derived]] conlang located along the west coast of the Caspian Sea. It is a [[Wikipedia:Centum-Satem_isogloss|satem]] language (the word for ''hundred'' is šündo (шүндо, şyndo, شَِنداَ /ʃyndo/) that uses the ''ruki'' rule, Grassman's law, Slavic-type depalatalization, z/r alternation, r/n alternation, a three-group vowel harmony system, and two phases of lenition (the first word-final, and the second approximately intervocalic).

=Phonology=

==Consonants==

{|border="1" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="4" align="center"
|align = "center"|p b
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"|t d
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"|k g
|align = "center"|kʷ gʷ
|align = "center"|q ɢ
|align = "center"|ʔ

|-
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"|f v
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"|s z
|align = "center"|ʃ ʒ
|align = "center"|ɬ ɮ
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"|x ɣ
|align = "center"|xʷ ɣʷ
|align = "center"|χ ʁ
|align = "center"|h

|-
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"|ts dz
|align = "center"|tʃ dʒ
|align = "center"|tɬ dɮ
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 

|-
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"|w
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"|l
|align = "center"|j
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 

|-
|align = "center"|m
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"|n
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"|ŋ
|align = "center"|ŋʷ
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 

|-
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"|ɾ ɹ
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 

|} 

==Vowels==

{|border="1" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="4" align="center"
|align = "center"|i y
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"|ɯ u

|-
|align = "center"|e
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"|o

|-
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"|ɑ
|align = "center"| 

|} 

=Writing System=

Terzemian has been written in a variety of scripts. In the modern era, a modified Latin alphabet is used. During the Soviet era, Cyrillic was used, and can still be found. Before the Soviet era, a form of the [[Wikipedia:Uniform Turkic Alphabet|UTA]] was used alongside Arabic. The Arabic script can still be found in general use in certain areas, as well as among the Muslim population throughout the region. Despite (or perhaps because) the fact that the move to the Latin script was a deliberate process to reflect post-Soviet independence, there is also a small folkish movement to return to the UTA script. In short, the learner of Terzemian should concentrate on learning the Latin script, but should be prepared to encounter Cyrillic, UTA, and Arabic on a more or less daily basis.

==Logical Layout==

The following tables illustrate the writing systems with a layout that is in accordance with the Phonology tables above.

===Modern Latin===

{|border="1" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="4" align="center"
|align = "center"|p b pʼ
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"|t d tʼ
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"|k g kʼ
|align = "center"|k˚ g˚ k˚ʼ
|align = "center"|ḳ ġ ḳʼ
|align = "center"|ʼ

|-
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"|f v fʼ
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"|s z sʼ
|align = "center"|š ž šʼ
|align = "center"|ł ł̣ łʼ
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"|x ǧ xʼ
|align = "center"|x˚ ǧ˚ gx˚ʼ
|align = "center"|x̣ ǧ̇ x̣ʼ
|align = "center"|h

|-
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"|c cʼ
|align = "center"|č čʼ
|align = "center"|tł dł̣ tłʼ
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 

|-
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"|w wʼ
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"|l lʼ
|align = "center"|y yʼ
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 

|-
|align = "center"|m mʼ
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"|n nʼ
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"|ň ňʼ
|align = "center"|ň˚ ň˚ʼ
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 

|-
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"|ṛ r rʼ
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 

|} 

{|border="1" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="4" align="center"
|align = "center"|i
|align = "center"|ü
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"|u

|-
|align = "center"|e
|align = "center"|ö
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"|o

|-
|align = "center"|ä
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"|a
|align = "center"|å

|} 

===UTA===

{|border="1" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="4" align="center"
|align = "center"|p b pʼ
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"|t d tʼ
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"|k g kʼ
|align = "center"|kъ gъ kъʼ
|align = "center"|ķ g̓ ķʼ
|align = "center"|q

|-
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"|f v fʼ
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"|s z sʼ
|align = "center"|ş ƶ şʼ
|align = "center"|ł ľ łʼ
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"|x ƣ xʼ
|align = "center"|xъ ƣъ xъʼ
|align = "center"|x̧ ƣ̓ x̧ʼ
|align = "center"|h

|-
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"|c cʼ
|align = "center"|ç çʼ
|align = "center"|tł dľ tłʼ
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 

|-
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"|w wʼ
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"|l lʼ
|align = "center"|j jʼ
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 

|-
|align = "center"|m mʼ
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"|n nʼ
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"|ŋ ŋʼ
|align = "center"|ŋъ ŋъʼ

|-
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"|r ř řʼ
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 

|} 

{|border="1" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="4" align="center"
|align = "center"|i
|align = "center"|y
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"|u

|-
|align = "center"|e
|align = "center"|ɵ
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"|o

|-
|align = "center"|ə
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"|a
|align = "center"|ɔ

|} 

===Cyrillic===

{|border="1" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="4" align="center"
|align = "center"|п б пӀ
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"|т д тӀ
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"|к г кӀ
|align = "center"|къ гъ кӀъ
|align = "center"|қ ӷ қӏ
|align = "center"|ӏ

|-
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"|ф в фӀ
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"|с з сӀ
|align = "center"|ш ж шӀ
|align = "center"|ӆ ԓ ӆӏ
|align = "center"|х ғ хӀ
|align = "center"|хъ ғъ хӀъ
|align = "center"|ҳ ӷ̵ ҳӏ
|align = "center"|һ

|-
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"|ц цӀ
|align = "center"|ч чӀ
|align = "center"|тӆ дԓ тӆӏ
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 

|-
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"|ў ўӏ
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"|й йӏ
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 

|-
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"|л лӏ
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 

|-
|align = "center"|м мӏ
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"|н нӏ
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"|ң ңӏ
|align = "center"|ңъ ңӏъ
|align = "center"| 

|-
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"|р ʀ ʀӏ
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 

|} 

{|border="1" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="4" align="center"
|align = "center"|и
|align = "center"|ү
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"|у

|-
|align = "center"|э
|align = "center"|ө
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"|о

|-
|align = "center"|ә
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"|а
|align = "center"|ɔ

|} 

===Arabic===

{|border="1" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="4" align="center"
|align = "center"|پ ب
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"|ت د
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"|ك گ
|align = "center"| 

|-
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"|ف ڒ
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"|س ز
|align = "center"|ژ ش
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"|خ غ
|align = "center"|ه

|-
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| څ
|align = "center"| چ
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 

|-
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| و
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| ي
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 

|-
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| ل
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 

|-
|align = "center"| م
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| ن
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| ڽ
|align = "center"| 

|-
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"|ر
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 

|} 

{|border="1" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="4" align="center"
|align = "center"|هِ
|align = "center"| هَِ
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| هَ

|-
|align = "center"| اِ
|align = "center"| اَِ
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| اَ

|-
|align = "center"| اٍ
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"|ا
|align = "center"|اً

|} 

==Alphabetical Orders==

The tables above approximately follow the IPA layout for the sounds of Terzemian. The correct orders of the writing systems of Terzemian are:

* Latin: Aa Ää Åå Bb Cc Čč Dd Ee Ff Gg Ǧǧ Ġġ Ǧ̇ǧ̇ Hh Ii Kk Ll Łł Mm Nn Ňň Oo Öö Pp Rr Ṛṛ Ss Šš Tt Uu Üü Vv Ww Xx X̣x̣ Yy Zz Žž ˚ ʼ
* Cyrillic: Аа Әә Бб Вв Гг Ғғ Ӷ̵ӷ̵ Дд Ее Жж Зз Һһ Ии Йй Кк Лл Ӆӆ Ԓԓ Мм Нн Ңң Оо Өө Пп Рр Rʀ Сс Тт Уу Ўў Үү Фф Хх Ҳҳ Цц Чч Шш Щщ Ъъ Ыы Ьь Ээ Ɔɔ Юю Яя ӏ
* UTA: Aa Əə Bb Cc Çç Dd Ee Ff Gg Ƣƣ Hh Ii Jj Kk Ll Mm Nn Ŋŋ Oo Ɵɵ Ɔɔ Pp Rr Ss Şş Tt Uu Vv Ww Xx Yy Zz Ƶƶ Qq Ъъ
* Arabic: ا ب ت پ ح خ څ چ د ر ز ژ س ش غ ف ك گ ل م ن ڽ ه و ۆ ي هِ هَِ هَ اِ اَِ اَ اٍ اً

The following chart shows the other writing systems in the latin order:

{|border="1" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="4" align="center"
|align = "center"|'''Latin'''
|align = "center"|Aa
|align = "center"|Ää
|align = "center"|Åå
|align = "center"|Bb
|align = "center"|Cc
|align = "center"|Čč
|align = "center"|Dd
|align = "center"|Ee
|align = "center"|Ff
|align = "center"|Gg
|align = "center"|Ǧǧ
|align = "center"|Ġġ
|align = "center"|Ǧ̇ǧ̇
|align = "center"|Hh
|align = "center"|Ii
|align = "center"|Kk
|align = "center"|Ll
|align = "center"|Łł
|align = "center"|Mm

|-
|align = "center"|'''Cyrillic'''
|align = "center"|Аа
|align = "center"|Әә
|align = "center"|Ɔɔ
|align = "center"|Бб
|align = "center"|Цц
|align = "center"|Чч
|align = "center"|Дд
|align = "center"|Ээ
|align = "center"|Фф
|align = "center"|Гг
|align = "center"|Ғғ
|align = "center"|Ӷ̵ӷ̵
|align = "center"|''???''
|align = "center"|Һһ
|align = "center"|Ии
|align = "center"|Кк
|align = "center"|Лл
|align = "center"|Ӆӆ / Ԓԓ
|align = "center"|Мм

|-
|align = "center"|''Latin''
|align = "center"|Nn
|align = "center"|Ňň
|align = "center"|Oo
|align = "center"|Öö
|align = "center"|Pp
|align = "center"|Rr
|align = "center"|Ṛṛ
|align = "center"|Ss
|align = "center"|Šš
|align = "center"|Tt
|align = "center"|Uu
|align = "center"|Üü
|align = "center"|Vv
|align = "center"|Ww
|align = "center"|Xx
|align = "center"|X̣x̣
|align = "center"|Yy
|align = "center"|Zz
|align = "center"|Žž
|align = "center"|˚
|align = "center"|ʼ
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 

|-
|align = "center"|''Cyrillic''
|align = "center"|Нн
|align = "center"|Ңң
|align = "center"|Оо
|align = "center"|Өө
|align = "center"|Пп
|align = "center"|Rʀ
|align = "center"|Рр
|align = "center"|Сс
|align = "center"|Шш
|align = "center"|Тт
|align = "center"|Уу
|align = "center"|Үү
|align = "center"|Вв
|align = "center"|Ўў
|align = "center"|Хх
|align = "center"|Ҳҳ
|align = "center"|Йй
|align = "center"|Зз
|align = "center"|Жж
|align = "center"|Ъъ
|align = "center"|ӏ
|align = "center"|Щщ
|align = "center"|Ыы
|align = "center"|Ьь
|align = "center"|Юю
|align = "center"|Яя
|align = "center"|Ее

|} 

Notes:

* The Cyrillic letters ''Щ'', ''Ъ'', and ''Ь'' are not used in native words.
* The Cyrillic letters ''Е'', ''Ю'', and ''Я'' are occasionally used in native words.
* The Arabic characters هِ هَِ هَ use the letter ه as a base character for illustration. The actual vowels are written as just the diactrics, attached to the preceeding consonant.

=Sound Changes=

''See the [[Terzemian/Sound_Changes|Sound Changes]] subarticle.

=Morphosyntax=

==Harmony==

===Vowels===

{|border="1" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="4" align="center"
|align = "center" rowspan = "2"|'''Root Vowel'''
|align = "center" colspan = "3"|'''Prefix Vowel'''
|align = "center" colspan = "6"|'''Suffix Vowel'''

|-

|align = "center"|'''i'''
|align = "center"|'''u'''
|align = "center"|'''a'''

|align = "center"|'''i'''
|align = "center"|'''ü'''
|align = "center"|'''e'''
|align = "center"|'''ö'''
|align = "center"|'''ä'''
|align = "center"|'''a'''

|-
|align = "center"|'''i'''

|align = "center"|i
|align = "center"|ü
|align = "center"|e

|align = "center"|i
|align = "center"|ü
|align = "center"|e
|align = "center"|ö
|align = "center"|ä
|align = "center"|a

|-
|align = "center"|'''ü'''

|align = "center"|i
|align = "center"|ü
|align = "center"|e

|align = "center"|ü
|align = "center"|u
|align = "center"|ö
|align = "center"|o
|align = "center"|ä
|align = "center"|a

|-
|align = "center"|'''u'''

|align = "center"|ü
|align = "center"|u
|align = "center"|o

|align = "center"|ü
|align = "center"|u
|align = "center"|ö
|align = "center"|o
|align = "center"|a
|align = "center"|å

|-
|align = "center"|'''e'''

|align = "center"|i
|align = "center"|ö
|align = "center"|ä

|align = "center"|i
|align = "center"|ü
|align = "center"|e
|align = "center"|ö
|align = "center"|ä
|align = "center"|a

|-
|align = "center"|'''ö'''

|align = "center"|ü
|align = "center"|o
|align = "center"|å

|align = "center"|ü
|align = "center"|u
|align = "center"|ö
|align = "center"|o
|align = "center"|ä
|align = "center"|a

|-
|align = "center"|'''o'''

|align = "center"|ö
|align = "center"|å
|align = "center"|a

|align = "center"|ü
|align = "center"|u
|align = "center"|ö
|align = "center"|o
|align = "center"|a
|align = "center"|å

|-
|align = "center"|'''ä'''

|align = "center"|e
|align = "center"|å
|align = "center"|a

|align = "center"|e
|align = "center"|ö
|align = "center"|ä
|align = "center"|å
|align = "center"|ä
|align = "center"|a

|-
|align = "center"|'''a'''

|align = "center"|e
|align = "center"|o
|align = "center"|a

|align = "center"|e
|align = "center"|ö
|align = "center"|ä
|align = "center"|å
|align = "center"|ä
|align = "center"|a

|-
|align = "center"|'''å'''

|align = "center"|ä
|align = "center"|åɧ
|align = "center"|aɧ

|align = "center"|e
|align = "center"|ö
|align = "center"|ä
|align = "center"|å
|align = "center"|ä
|align = "center"|a

|} 

===Fricative===

The metasymbol ''ɧ'' represents an assimilatory fricative, as follows:

{|border="1" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="4" align="center"
! Next Consonant || p,b,m,f,v,w || t,d,n,s,z,l,r || č,š,ž,y || k,g,x,ǧ || h
|-
| '''Outcome''' || f || s || š || x || ∅
|}

If there is no next consonant in the root, ''ɧ'' assimilates to the previous consonant.

If there is no next consonant and no previous consonant in the root, ''ɧ'' becomes ''h''.

==Verbs==

===Agreement===

Terzemain nouns mark two or less of three core cases, notionally representing the semantic roles INITIATOR, UNDERGOER, and TARGET. For ease of reference, these will be marked with the traditional A, P, and O labels used in discussing Ergative/Accusative marking.

Terzemian is Split-S, with Ergative or Accusative style marking determined lexically by the conjugation of the verb.

The conjugations are as follows:

{|border="1" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="4" align="center"
! Conj. || Required || Optional || Description
|-
| '''1 a''' || A ||   || Intransitive Active verbs
|-
| '''1 b''' || P || A ''(causitive)'' || Intransitive Stative verbs
|-
| '''2''' || AP ||   || Transitive Active verbs
|}

====Ablaut Patterns====

{|border="1" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="4" align="center"
|align = "center"|'''Conj.'''
|align = "center"|'''Root Vowel'''
|align = "center"|'''Non-P R'''
|align = "center"|'''Past R'''
|align = "center"|'''Non-P Ir'''
|align = "center"|'''Past Ir'''

|-
|align = "center" rowspan = "9"|'''1 a/b'''
|align = "center"|'''i'''
|align = "center"|i
|align = "center"|e
|align = "center"|ü
|align = "center"|iy

|-
|align = "center"|'''ü'''
|align = "center"|ü
|align = "center"|ö
|align = "center"|u
|align = "center"|üy

|-
|align = "center"|'''u'''
|align = "center"|u
|align = "center"|o
|align = "center"|uw
|align = "center"|wo

|-
|align = "center"|'''e'''
|align = "center"|e
|align = "center"|ä
|align = "center"|ö
|align = "center"|ye

|-
|align = "center"|'''ö'''
|align = "center"|ö
|align = "center"|a
|align = "center"|o
|align = "center"|yo

|-
|align = "center"|'''o'''
|align = "center"|o
|align = "center"|å
|align = "center"|ow
|align = "center"|öü

|-
|align = "center"|'''ä'''
|align = "center"|ä
|align = "center"|äh
|align = "center"|a
|align = "center"|e

|-
|align = "center"|'''a'''
|align = "center"|a
|align = "center"|ah
|align = "center"|ay
|align = "center"|ey

|-
|align = "center"|'''å'''
|align = "center"|å
|align = "center"|åh
|align = "center"|åw
|align = "center"|ow

|-
|align = "center" rowspan = "9"|'''2'''
|align = "center"|'''i'''
|align = "center"|i
|align = "center"|ü
|align = "center"|e
|align = "center"|ö

|-
|align = "center"|'''ü'''
|align = "center"|ü
|align = "center"|u
|align = "center"|ö
|align = "center"|o

|-
|align = "center"|'''u'''
|align = "center"|u
|align = "center"|uw
|align = "center"|o
|align = "center"|ow

|-
|align = "center"|'''e'''
|align = "center"|e
|align = "center"|ö
|align = "center"|ä
|align = "center"|å

|-
|align = "center"|'''ö'''
|align = "center"|ö
|align = "center"|o
|align = "center"|å
|align = "center"|a

|-
|align = "center"|'''o'''
|align = "center"|o
|align = "center"|ow
|align = "center"|å
|align = "center"|a

|-
|align = "center"|'''ä'''
|align = "center"|ä
|align = "center"|a
|align = "center"|äɧ
|align = "center"|aɧ

|-
|align = "center"|'''a'''
|align = "center"|a
|align = "center"|å
|align = "center"|aɧ
|align = "center"|åɧ

|-
|align = "center"|'''å'''
|align = "center"|å
|align = "center"|åw
|align = "center"|åɧ
|align = "center"|åwɧ

|} 

====Agreement prefixes====

{|border="1" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="4" align="center"
! Conj. || Argument || 1st Person || 2nd || 3rd
|-
| 1 || A || ǧ- || z- || i-
|-
| 1 || P || - || yu- || c-
|-
| 2 || A || - || smu- || s-
|-
| 2 || P || m- || yu- || -
|}

===Tense and Evidentiality===

There are two verb tenses, the past and non-past.

*In the past tense, there are three evidentiality/reality markings:
**''direct'' realis, indicating first-hand observational (e.g. "eye witness") knowledge. This is marked by the prefix ''e-'', in addition to ablaut.
**''indirect'' realis, indicating knowledge that is informed, inferred, supposed, or otherwise not personal. This is marked by ablaut alone.
**irrealis, making no overt statement about the reality of the VP, but inferring a lesser degree of certainty than either realis marking.
*In the non-past, only the realis and irrealis are distinguished.

===Aspect, Mood, Intensity, and Attitude===

Additional verb characteristics are expressed in suffixes, including the following.

*'''Aspect
**'''Inceptive'''
**'''Abortive'''
**'''Completitive''' ''-åǧ''
**'''Participle''' ''-önz''
**'''Perfect''' ''-gäv''
*'''Mood'''
**'''Imperative''' (use bare root)
**'''Negative''' ''-nä''
**'''Optative/Hortative/Jussive''' ''-zün''
**'''Causative/Volition''' (A -> P, Cause -> A)
*'''Intensity'''
**'''More Intense''' ''-siz''
**'''Less Intense''' ''-(d)e'' (NB: same as nominal diminutive)

Suffixes may be chained in a head-modifier (right-branching) manner.

Example: '''ävåwsezzönnä''' - ''I certainly did not want to soundly beat him.''

==Nouns==

All nominal morphology is accomplished via suffixes, except

*the prefix ''ay-'', indicating possession by the subject of the sentence
*pluralization, which uses ablaut and/or schwebeablaut and/or suffixing, based on the declension of the noun in question.

===Suffixes===

*'''Spatial Cases'''
**'''Commitative''' ''-be''
**'''Locative'''
**'''Dative''' ''-(h)äz''
**'''Ablative''' ''-ben''
**'''Perlative'''
**'''Circumlocative''' ''-invi''
**'''Pertingent'''
**'''Orientative'''
*'''Relational Cases'''
**'''Benefactive/Malefactive'''
**'''Instrumental'''
**'''Genitive'''
*'''Modificational Cases'''
**'''Diminutive''' ''-de''
*'''Derivational Cases'''
**'''X-posessing''' ''-önz'' (N -> Adj derivation)
**'''X-inhabiting/X-using''' ''-änž'' (N -> Adj derivation)

Suffixes may be chained in a head-modifier (right-branching) manner.

===Ablaut===

{|border="1" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="4" align="center"
|align = "center"|'''Decl.'''
|align = "center"|'''Gender'''
|align = "center"|'''Root Vowel'''
|align = "center"|'''Singular'''
|align = "center"|'''Plural'''
|align = "center"|'''Collective'''

|-
|align = "center" rowspan = "9"|'''1'''
|align = "center" rowspan = "9"|'''Animate'''
|align = "center"|'''i'''
|align = "center"|i
|align = "center"|wi
|align = "center"|iɧ

|-
|align = "center"|'''ü'''
|align = "center"|ü
|align = "center"|yu
|align = "center"|üɧ

|-
|align = "center"|'''u'''
|align = "center"|u
|align = "center"|yo
|align = "center"|uɧ

|-
|align = "center"|'''e'''
|align = "center"|e
|align = "center"|ey
|align = "center"|ö

|-
|align = "center"|'''ö'''
|align = "center"|ö
|align = "center"|yo
|align = "center"|oɧ

|-
|align = "center"|'''o'''
|align = "center"|o
|align = "center"|ya
|align = "center"|oɧ

|-
|align = "center"|'''ä'''
|align = "center"|ä
|align = "center"|ew
|align = "center"|a

|-
|align = "center"|'''a'''
|align = "center"|a
|align = "center"|yå
|align = "center"|aɧ

|-
|align = "center"|'''å'''
|align = "center"|å
|align = "center"|åɧ
|align = "center"|wo

|}

Terzemian

2010-03-01T15:25:24Z

Paul.w.bennett: /* Vowels */

{{IPA|}}

{{Infobox|name=Terzemian|pronounce=tɜ˞ˈzɛj.mjən|tu=Possible [[League of Lost Languages|LLL]] candidate|script=Latin, Cyrillic, Arabic, UTA|tree=Unique PIE, influences from Kartvelian, Turkic, Persian, Uralic and Slavic|morph=Mixed|ms=Lexically Split-S|wo=VSO|creator=[[User:Paul.w.bennett|Paul.w.bennett]]|date=}}

=Overview=

Terzemian is an [[Wikipedia:Indo-European|IE-derived]] conlang located along the west coast of the Caspian Sea. It is a [[Wikipedia:Centum-Satem_isogloss|satem]] language (the word for ''hundred'' is šündo (шүндо, şyndo, شَِنداَ /ʃyndo/) that uses the ''ruki'' rule, Grassman's law, Slavic-type depalatalization, z/r alternation, r/n alternation, a three-group vowel harmony system, and two phases of lenition (the first word-final, and the second approximately intervocalic).

=Phonology=

==Consonants==

{|border="1" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="4" align="center"
|align = "center"|p b
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"|t d
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"|k g
|align = "center"|kʷ gʷ
|align = "center"|q ɢ
|align = "center"|ʔ

|-
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"|f v
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"|s z
|align = "center"|ʃ ʒ
|align = "center"|ɬ ɮ
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"|x ɣ
|align = "center"|xʷ ɣʷ
|align = "center"|χ ʁ
|align = "center"|h

|-
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"|ts dz
|align = "center"|tʃ dʒ
|align = "center"|tɬ dɮ
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 

|-
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"|w
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"|l
|align = "center"|j
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 

|-
|align = "center"|m
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"|n
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"|ŋ
|align = "center"|ŋʷ
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 

|-
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"|ɾ ɹ
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 

|} 

==Vowels==

{|border="1" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="4" align="center"
|align = "center"|i
|align = "center"|y
|align = "center"|ɯ
|align = "center"|u

|-
|align = "center"|e
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"|o

|-
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"|ɑ
|align = "center"| 

|} 

=Writing System=

Terzemian has been written in a variety of scripts. In the modern era, a modified Latin alphabet is used. During the Soviet era, Cyrillic was used, and can still be found. Before the Soviet era, a form of the [[Wikipedia:Uniform Turkic Alphabet|UTA]] was used alongside Arabic. The Arabic script can still be found in general use in certain areas, as well as among the Muslim population throughout the region. Despite (or perhaps because) the fact that the move to the Latin script was a deliberate process to reflect post-Soviet independence, there is also a small folkish movement to return to the UTA script. In short, the learner of Terzemian should concentrate on learning the Latin script, but should be prepared to encounter Cyrillic, UTA, and Arabic on a more or less daily basis.

==Logical Layout==

The following tables illustrate the writing systems with a layout that is in accordance with the Phonology tables above.

===Modern Latin===

{|border="1" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="4" align="center"
|align = "center"|p b pʼ
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"|t d tʼ
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"|k g kʼ
|align = "center"|k˚ g˚ k˚ʼ
|align = "center"|ḳ ġ ḳʼ
|align = "center"|ʼ

|-
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"|f v fʼ
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"|s z sʼ
|align = "center"|š ž šʼ
|align = "center"|ł ł̣ łʼ
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"|x ǧ xʼ
|align = "center"|x˚ ǧ˚ gx˚ʼ
|align = "center"|x̣ ǧ̇ x̣ʼ
|align = "center"|h

|-
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"|c cʼ
|align = "center"|č čʼ
|align = "center"|tł dł̣ tłʼ
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 

|-
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"|w wʼ
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"|l lʼ
|align = "center"|y yʼ
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 

|-
|align = "center"|m mʼ
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"|n nʼ
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"|ň ňʼ
|align = "center"|ň˚ ň˚ʼ
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 

|-
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"|ṛ r rʼ
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 

|} 

{|border="1" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="4" align="center"
|align = "center"|i
|align = "center"|ü
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"|u

|-
|align = "center"|e
|align = "center"|ö
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"|o

|-
|align = "center"|ä
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"|a
|align = "center"|å

|} 

===UTA===

{|border="1" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="4" align="center"
|align = "center"|p b pʼ
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"|t d tʼ
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"|k g kʼ
|align = "center"|kъ gъ kъʼ
|align = "center"|ķ g̓ ķʼ
|align = "center"|q

|-
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"|f v fʼ
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"|s z sʼ
|align = "center"|ş ƶ şʼ
|align = "center"|ł ľ łʼ
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"|x ƣ xʼ
|align = "center"|xъ ƣъ xъʼ
|align = "center"|x̧ ƣ̓ x̧ʼ
|align = "center"|h

|-
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"|c cʼ
|align = "center"|ç çʼ
|align = "center"|tł dľ tłʼ
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 

|-
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"|w wʼ
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"|l lʼ
|align = "center"|j jʼ
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 

|-
|align = "center"|m mʼ
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"|n nʼ
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"|ŋ ŋʼ
|align = "center"|ŋъ ŋъʼ

|-
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"|r ř řʼ
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 

|} 

{|border="1" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="4" align="center"
|align = "center"|i
|align = "center"|y
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"|u

|-
|align = "center"|e
|align = "center"|ɵ
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"|o

|-
|align = "center"|ə
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"|a
|align = "center"|ɔ

|} 

===Cyrillic===

{|border="1" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="4" align="center"
|align = "center"|п б пӀ
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"|т д тӀ
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"|к г кӀ
|align = "center"|къ гъ кӀъ
|align = "center"|қ ӷ қӏ
|align = "center"|ӏ

|-
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"|ф в фӀ
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"|с з сӀ
|align = "center"|ш ж шӀ
|align = "center"|ӆ ԓ ӆӏ
|align = "center"|х ғ хӀ
|align = "center"|хъ ғъ хӀъ
|align = "center"|ҳ ӷ̵ ҳӏ
|align = "center"|һ

|-
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"|ц цӀ
|align = "center"|ч чӀ
|align = "center"|тӆ дԓ тӆӏ
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 

|-
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"|ў ўӏ
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"|й йӏ
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 

|-
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"|л лӏ
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 

|-
|align = "center"|м мӏ
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"|н нӏ
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"|ң ңӏ
|align = "center"|ңъ ңӏъ
|align = "center"| 

|-
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"|р ʀ ʀӏ
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 

|} 

{|border="1" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="4" align="center"
|align = "center"|и
|align = "center"|ү
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"|у

|-
|align = "center"|э
|align = "center"|ө
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"|о

|-
|align = "center"|ә
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"|а
|align = "center"|ɔ

|} 

===Arabic===

{|border="1" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="4" align="center"
|align = "center"|پ ب
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"|ت د
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"|ك گ
|align = "center"| 

|-
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"|ف ڒ
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"|س ز
|align = "center"|ژ ش
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"|خ غ
|align = "center"|ه

|-
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| څ
|align = "center"| چ
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 

|-
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| و
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| ي
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 

|-
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| ل
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 

|-
|align = "center"| م
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| ن
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| ڽ
|align = "center"| 

|-
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"|ر
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 

|} 

{|border="1" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="4" align="center"
|align = "center"|هِ
|align = "center"| هَِ
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| هَ

|-
|align = "center"| اِ
|align = "center"| اَِ
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| اَ

|-
|align = "center"| اٍ
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"|ا
|align = "center"|اً

|} 

==Alphabetical Orders==

The tables above approximately follow the IPA layout for the sounds of Terzemian. The correct orders of the writing systems of Terzemian are:

* Latin: Aa Ää Åå Bb Cc Čč Dd Ee Ff Gg Ǧǧ Ġġ Ǧ̇ǧ̇ Hh Ii Kk Ll Łł Mm Nn Ňň Oo Öö Pp Rr Ṛṛ Ss Šš Tt Uu Üü Vv Ww Xx X̣x̣ Yy Zz Žž ˚ ʼ
* Cyrillic: Аа Әә Бб Вв Гг Ғғ Ӷ̵ӷ̵ Дд Ее Жж Зз Һһ Ии Йй Кк Лл Ӆӆ Ԓԓ Мм Нн Ңң Оо Өө Пп Рр Rʀ Сс Тт Уу Ўў Үү Фф Хх Ҳҳ Цц Чч Шш Щщ Ъъ Ыы Ьь Ээ Ɔɔ Юю Яя ӏ
* UTA: Aa Əə Bb Cc Çç Dd Ee Ff Gg Ƣƣ Hh Ii Jj Kk Ll Mm Nn Ŋŋ Oo Ɵɵ Ɔɔ Pp Rr Ss Şş Tt Uu Vv Ww Xx Yy Zz Ƶƶ Qq Ъъ
* Arabic: ا ب ت پ ح خ څ چ د ر ز ژ س ش غ ف ك گ ل م ن ڽ ه و ۆ ي هِ هَِ هَ اِ اَِ اَ اٍ اً

The following chart shows the other writing systems in the latin order:

{|border="1" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="4" align="center"
|align = "center"|'''Latin'''
|align = "center"|Aa
|align = "center"|Ää
|align = "center"|Åå
|align = "center"|Bb
|align = "center"|Cc
|align = "center"|Čč
|align = "center"|Dd
|align = "center"|Ee
|align = "center"|Ff
|align = "center"|Gg
|align = "center"|Ǧǧ
|align = "center"|Ġġ
|align = "center"|Ǧ̇ǧ̇
|align = "center"|Hh
|align = "center"|Ii
|align = "center"|Kk
|align = "center"|Ll
|align = "center"|Łł
|align = "center"|Mm

|-
|align = "center"|'''Cyrillic'''
|align = "center"|Аа
|align = "center"|Әә
|align = "center"|Ɔɔ
|align = "center"|Бб
|align = "center"|Цц
|align = "center"|Чч
|align = "center"|Дд
|align = "center"|Ээ
|align = "center"|Фф
|align = "center"|Гг
|align = "center"|Ғғ
|align = "center"|Ӷ̵ӷ̵
|align = "center"|''???''
|align = "center"|Һһ
|align = "center"|Ии
|align = "center"|Кк
|align = "center"|Лл
|align = "center"|Ӆӆ / Ԓԓ
|align = "center"|Мм

|-
|align = "center"|''Latin''
|align = "center"|Nn
|align = "center"|Ňň
|align = "center"|Oo
|align = "center"|Öö
|align = "center"|Pp
|align = "center"|Rr
|align = "center"|Ṛṛ
|align = "center"|Ss
|align = "center"|Šš
|align = "center"|Tt
|align = "center"|Uu
|align = "center"|Üü
|align = "center"|Vv
|align = "center"|Ww
|align = "center"|Xx
|align = "center"|X̣x̣
|align = "center"|Yy
|align = "center"|Zz
|align = "center"|Žž
|align = "center"|˚
|align = "center"|ʼ
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 

|-
|align = "center"|''Cyrillic''
|align = "center"|Нн
|align = "center"|Ңң
|align = "center"|Оо
|align = "center"|Өө
|align = "center"|Пп
|align = "center"|Rʀ
|align = "center"|Рр
|align = "center"|Сс
|align = "center"|Шш
|align = "center"|Тт
|align = "center"|Уу
|align = "center"|Үү
|align = "center"|Вв
|align = "center"|Ўў
|align = "center"|Хх
|align = "center"|Ҳҳ
|align = "center"|Йй
|align = "center"|Зз
|align = "center"|Жж
|align = "center"|Ъъ
|align = "center"|ӏ
|align = "center"|Щщ
|align = "center"|Ыы
|align = "center"|Ьь
|align = "center"|Юю
|align = "center"|Яя
|align = "center"|Ее

|} 

Notes:

* The Cyrillic letters ''Щ'', ''Ъ'', and ''Ь'' are not used in native words.
* The Cyrillic letters ''Е'', ''Ю'', and ''Я'' are occasionally used in native words.
* The Arabic characters هِ هَِ هَ use the letter ه as a base character for illustration. The actual vowels are written as just the diactrics, attached to the preceeding consonant.

=Sound Changes=

''See the [[Terzemian/Sound_Changes|Sound Changes]] subarticle.

=Morphosyntax=

==Harmony==

===Vowels===

{|border="1" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="4" align="center"
|align = "center" rowspan = "2"|'''Root Vowel'''
|align = "center" colspan = "3"|'''Prefix Vowel'''
|align = "center" colspan = "6"|'''Suffix Vowel'''

|-

|align = "center"|'''i'''
|align = "center"|'''u'''
|align = "center"|'''a'''

|align = "center"|'''i'''
|align = "center"|'''ü'''
|align = "center"|'''e'''
|align = "center"|'''ö'''
|align = "center"|'''ä'''
|align = "center"|'''a'''

|-
|align = "center"|'''i'''

|align = "center"|i
|align = "center"|ü
|align = "center"|e

|align = "center"|i
|align = "center"|ü
|align = "center"|e
|align = "center"|ö
|align = "center"|ä
|align = "center"|a

|-
|align = "center"|'''ü'''

|align = "center"|i
|align = "center"|ü
|align = "center"|e

|align = "center"|ü
|align = "center"|u
|align = "center"|ö
|align = "center"|o
|align = "center"|ä
|align = "center"|a

|-
|align = "center"|'''u'''

|align = "center"|ü
|align = "center"|u
|align = "center"|o

|align = "center"|ü
|align = "center"|u
|align = "center"|ö
|align = "center"|o
|align = "center"|a
|align = "center"|å

|-
|align = "center"|'''e'''

|align = "center"|i
|align = "center"|ö
|align = "center"|ä

|align = "center"|i
|align = "center"|ü
|align = "center"|e
|align = "center"|ö
|align = "center"|ä
|align = "center"|a

|-
|align = "center"|'''ö'''

|align = "center"|ü
|align = "center"|o
|align = "center"|å

|align = "center"|ü
|align = "center"|u
|align = "center"|ö
|align = "center"|o
|align = "center"|ä
|align = "center"|a

|-
|align = "center"|'''o'''

|align = "center"|ö
|align = "center"|å
|align = "center"|a

|align = "center"|ü
|align = "center"|u
|align = "center"|ö
|align = "center"|o
|align = "center"|a
|align = "center"|å

|-
|align = "center"|'''ä'''

|align = "center"|e
|align = "center"|å
|align = "center"|a

|align = "center"|e
|align = "center"|ö
|align = "center"|ä
|align = "center"|å
|align = "center"|ä
|align = "center"|a

|-
|align = "center"|'''a'''

|align = "center"|e
|align = "center"|o
|align = "center"|a

|align = "center"|e
|align = "center"|ö
|align = "center"|ä
|align = "center"|å
|align = "center"|ä
|align = "center"|a

|-
|align = "center"|'''å'''

|align = "center"|ä
|align = "center"|åɧ
|align = "center"|aɧ

|align = "center"|e
|align = "center"|ö
|align = "center"|ä
|align = "center"|å
|align = "center"|ä
|align = "center"|a

|} 

===Fricative===

The metasymbol ''ɧ'' represents an assimilatory fricative, as follows:

{|border="1" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="4" align="center"
! Next Consonant || p,b,m,f,v,w || t,d,n,s,z,l,r || č,š,ž,y || k,g,x,ǧ || h
|-
| '''Outcome''' || f || s || š || x || ∅
|}

If there is no next consonant in the root, ''ɧ'' assimilates to the previous consonant.

If there is no next consonant and no previous consonant in the root, ''ɧ'' becomes ''h''.

==Verbs==

===Agreement===

Terzemain nouns mark two or less of three core cases, notionally representing the semantic roles INITIATOR, UNDERGOER, and TARGET. For ease of reference, these will be marked with the traditional A, P, and O labels used in discussing Ergative/Accusative marking.

Terzemian is Split-S, with Ergative or Accusative style marking determined lexically by the conjugation of the verb.

The conjugations are as follows:

{|border="1" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="4" align="center"
! Conj. || Required || Optional || Description
|-
| '''1 a''' || A ||   || Intransitive Active verbs
|-
| '''1 b''' || P || A ''(causitive)'' || Intransitive Stative verbs
|-
| '''2''' || AP ||   || Transitive Active verbs
|}

====Ablaut Patterns====

{|border="1" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="4" align="center"
|align = "center"|'''Conj.'''
|align = "center"|'''Root Vowel'''
|align = "center"|'''Non-P R'''
|align = "center"|'''Past R'''
|align = "center"|'''Non-P Ir'''
|align = "center"|'''Past Ir'''

|-
|align = "center" rowspan = "9"|'''1 a/b'''
|align = "center"|'''i'''
|align = "center"|i
|align = "center"|e
|align = "center"|ü
|align = "center"|iy

|-
|align = "center"|'''ü'''
|align = "center"|ü
|align = "center"|ö
|align = "center"|u
|align = "center"|üy

|-
|align = "center"|'''u'''
|align = "center"|u
|align = "center"|o
|align = "center"|uw
|align = "center"|wo

|-
|align = "center"|'''e'''
|align = "center"|e
|align = "center"|ä
|align = "center"|ö
|align = "center"|ye

|-
|align = "center"|'''ö'''
|align = "center"|ö
|align = "center"|a
|align = "center"|o
|align = "center"|yo

|-
|align = "center"|'''o'''
|align = "center"|o
|align = "center"|å
|align = "center"|ow
|align = "center"|öü

|-
|align = "center"|'''ä'''
|align = "center"|ä
|align = "center"|äh
|align = "center"|a
|align = "center"|e

|-
|align = "center"|'''a'''
|align = "center"|a
|align = "center"|ah
|align = "center"|ay
|align = "center"|ey

|-
|align = "center"|'''å'''
|align = "center"|å
|align = "center"|åh
|align = "center"|åw
|align = "center"|ow

|-
|align = "center" rowspan = "9"|'''2'''
|align = "center"|'''i'''
|align = "center"|i
|align = "center"|ü
|align = "center"|e
|align = "center"|ö

|-
|align = "center"|'''ü'''
|align = "center"|ü
|align = "center"|u
|align = "center"|ö
|align = "center"|o

|-
|align = "center"|'''u'''
|align = "center"|u
|align = "center"|uw
|align = "center"|o
|align = "center"|ow

|-
|align = "center"|'''e'''
|align = "center"|e
|align = "center"|ö
|align = "center"|ä
|align = "center"|å

|-
|align = "center"|'''ö'''
|align = "center"|ö
|align = "center"|o
|align = "center"|å
|align = "center"|a

|-
|align = "center"|'''o'''
|align = "center"|o
|align = "center"|ow
|align = "center"|å
|align = "center"|a

|-
|align = "center"|'''ä'''
|align = "center"|ä
|align = "center"|a
|align = "center"|äɧ
|align = "center"|aɧ

|-
|align = "center"|'''a'''
|align = "center"|a
|align = "center"|å
|align = "center"|aɧ
|align = "center"|åɧ

|-
|align = "center"|'''å'''
|align = "center"|å
|align = "center"|åw
|align = "center"|åɧ
|align = "center"|åwɧ

|} 

====Agreement prefixes====

{|border="1" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="4" align="center"
! Conj. || Argument || 1st Person || 2nd || 3rd
|-
| 1 || A || ǧ- || z- || i-
|-
| 1 || P || - || yu- || c-
|-
| 2 || A || - || smu- || s-
|-
| 2 || P || m- || yu- || -
|}

===Tense and Evidentiality===

There are two verb tenses, the past and non-past.

*In the past tense, there are three evidentiality/reality markings:
**''direct'' realis, indicating first-hand observational (e.g. "eye witness") knowledge. This is marked by the prefix ''e-'', in addition to ablaut.
**''indirect'' realis, indicating knowledge that is informed, inferred, supposed, or otherwise not personal. This is marked by ablaut alone.
**irrealis, making no overt statement about the reality of the VP, but inferring a lesser degree of certainty than either realis marking.
*In the non-past, only the realis and irrealis are distinguished.

===Aspect, Mood, Intensity, and Attitude===

Additional verb characteristics are expressed in suffixes, including the following.

*'''Aspect
**'''Inceptive'''
**'''Abortive'''
**'''Completitive''' ''-åǧ''
**'''Participle''' ''-önz''
**'''Perfect''' ''-gäv''
*'''Mood'''
**'''Imperative''' (use bare root)
**'''Negative''' ''-nä''
**'''Optative/Hortative/Jussive''' ''-zün''
**'''Causative/Volition''' (A -> P, Cause -> A)
*'''Intensity'''
**'''More Intense''' ''-siz''
**'''Less Intense''' ''-(d)e'' (NB: same as nominal diminutive)

Suffixes may be chained in a head-modifier (right-branching) manner.

Example: '''ävåwsezzönnä''' - ''I certainly did not want to soundly beat him.''

==Nouns==

All nominal morphology is accomplished via suffixes, except

*the prefix ''ay-'', indicating possession by the subject of the sentence
*pluralization, which uses ablaut and/or schwebeablaut and/or suffixing, based on the declension of the noun in question.

===Suffixes===

*'''Spatial Cases'''
**'''Commitative''' ''-be''
**'''Locative'''
**'''Dative''' ''-(h)äz''
**'''Ablative''' ''-ben''
**'''Perlative'''
**'''Circumlocative''' ''-invi''
**'''Pertingent'''
**'''Orientative'''
*'''Relational Cases'''
**'''Benefactive/Malefactive'''
**'''Instrumental'''
**'''Genitive'''
*'''Modificational Cases'''
**'''Diminutive''' ''-de''
*'''Derivational Cases'''
**'''X-posessing''' ''-önz'' (N -> Adj derivation)
**'''X-inhabiting/X-using''' ''-änž'' (N -> Adj derivation)

Suffixes may be chained in a head-modifier (right-branching) manner.

===Ablaut===

{|border="1" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="4" align="center"
|align = "center"|'''Decl.'''
|align = "center"|'''Gender'''
|align = "center"|'''Root Vowel'''
|align = "center"|'''Singular'''
|align = "center"|'''Plural'''
|align = "center"|'''Collective'''

|-
|align = "center" rowspan = "9"|'''1'''
|align = "center" rowspan = "9"|'''Animate'''
|align = "center"|'''i'''
|align = "center"|i
|align = "center"|wi
|align = "center"|iɧ

|-
|align = "center"|'''ü'''
|align = "center"|ü
|align = "center"|yu
|align = "center"|üɧ

|-
|align = "center"|'''u'''
|align = "center"|u
|align = "center"|yo
|align = "center"|uɧ

|-
|align = "center"|'''e'''
|align = "center"|e
|align = "center"|ey
|align = "center"|ö

|-
|align = "center"|'''ö'''
|align = "center"|ö
|align = "center"|yo
|align = "center"|oɧ

|-
|align = "center"|'''o'''
|align = "center"|o
|align = "center"|ya
|align = "center"|oɧ

|-
|align = "center"|'''ä'''
|align = "center"|ä
|align = "center"|ew
|align = "center"|a

|-
|align = "center"|'''a'''
|align = "center"|a
|align = "center"|yå
|align = "center"|aɧ

|-
|align = "center"|'''å'''
|align = "center"|å
|align = "center"|åɧ
|align = "center"|wo

|}

Terzemian

2010-03-01T15:25:11Z

Paul.w.bennett: /* Vowels */ Simpler, more in line with latest sketch

{{IPA|}}

{{Infobox|name=Terzemian|pronounce=tɜ˞ˈzɛj.mjən|tu=Possible [[League of Lost Languages|LLL]] candidate|script=Latin, Cyrillic, Arabic, UTA|tree=Unique PIE, influences from Kartvelian, Turkic, Persian, Uralic and Slavic|morph=Mixed|ms=Lexically Split-S|wo=VSO|creator=[[User:Paul.w.bennett|Paul.w.bennett]]|date=}}

=Overview=

Terzemian is an [[Wikipedia:Indo-European|IE-derived]] conlang located along the west coast of the Caspian Sea. It is a [[Wikipedia:Centum-Satem_isogloss|satem]] language (the word for ''hundred'' is šündo (шүндо, şyndo, شَِنداَ /ʃyndo/) that uses the ''ruki'' rule, Grassman's law, Slavic-type depalatalization, z/r alternation, r/n alternation, a three-group vowel harmony system, and two phases of lenition (the first word-final, and the second approximately intervocalic).

=Phonology=

==Consonants==

{|border="1" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="4" align="center"
|align = "center"|p b
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"|t d
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"|k g
|align = "center"|kʷ gʷ
|align = "center"|q ɢ
|align = "center"|ʔ

|-
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"|f v
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"|s z
|align = "center"|ʃ ʒ
|align = "center"|ɬ ɮ
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"|x ɣ
|align = "center"|xʷ ɣʷ
|align = "center"|χ ʁ
|align = "center"|h

|-
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"|ts dz
|align = "center"|tʃ dʒ
|align = "center"|tɬ dɮ
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 

|-
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"|w
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"|l
|align = "center"|j
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 

|-
|align = "center"|m
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"|n
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"|ŋ
|align = "center"|ŋʷ
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 

|-
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"|ɾ ɹ
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 

|} 

==Vowels==

{|border="1" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="4" align="center"
|align = "center"|i
|align = "center"|y
|align = "center"|ɯ
|align = "center"|u

|-
|align = "center"|e
|align = "center"|&nbsp
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"|o

|-
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"|ɑ
|align = "center"| 

|} 

=Writing System=

Terzemian has been written in a variety of scripts. In the modern era, a modified Latin alphabet is used. During the Soviet era, Cyrillic was used, and can still be found. Before the Soviet era, a form of the [[Wikipedia:Uniform Turkic Alphabet|UTA]] was used alongside Arabic. The Arabic script can still be found in general use in certain areas, as well as among the Muslim population throughout the region. Despite (or perhaps because) the fact that the move to the Latin script was a deliberate process to reflect post-Soviet independence, there is also a small folkish movement to return to the UTA script. In short, the learner of Terzemian should concentrate on learning the Latin script, but should be prepared to encounter Cyrillic, UTA, and Arabic on a more or less daily basis.

==Logical Layout==

The following tables illustrate the writing systems with a layout that is in accordance with the Phonology tables above.

===Modern Latin===

{|border="1" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="4" align="center"
|align = "center"|p b pʼ
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"|t d tʼ
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"|k g kʼ
|align = "center"|k˚ g˚ k˚ʼ
|align = "center"|ḳ ġ ḳʼ
|align = "center"|ʼ

|-
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"|f v fʼ
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"|s z sʼ
|align = "center"|š ž šʼ
|align = "center"|ł ł̣ łʼ
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"|x ǧ xʼ
|align = "center"|x˚ ǧ˚ gx˚ʼ
|align = "center"|x̣ ǧ̇ x̣ʼ
|align = "center"|h

|-
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"|c cʼ
|align = "center"|č čʼ
|align = "center"|tł dł̣ tłʼ
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 

|-
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"|w wʼ
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"|l lʼ
|align = "center"|y yʼ
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 

|-
|align = "center"|m mʼ
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"|n nʼ
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"|ň ňʼ
|align = "center"|ň˚ ň˚ʼ
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 

|-
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"|ṛ r rʼ
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 

|} 

{|border="1" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="4" align="center"
|align = "center"|i
|align = "center"|ü
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"|u

|-
|align = "center"|e
|align = "center"|ö
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"|o

|-
|align = "center"|ä
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"|a
|align = "center"|å

|} 

===UTA===

{|border="1" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="4" align="center"
|align = "center"|p b pʼ
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"|t d tʼ
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"|k g kʼ
|align = "center"|kъ gъ kъʼ
|align = "center"|ķ g̓ ķʼ
|align = "center"|q

|-
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"|f v fʼ
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"|s z sʼ
|align = "center"|ş ƶ şʼ
|align = "center"|ł ľ łʼ
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"|x ƣ xʼ
|align = "center"|xъ ƣъ xъʼ
|align = "center"|x̧ ƣ̓ x̧ʼ
|align = "center"|h

|-
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"|c cʼ
|align = "center"|ç çʼ
|align = "center"|tł dľ tłʼ
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 

|-
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"|w wʼ
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"|l lʼ
|align = "center"|j jʼ
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 

|-
|align = "center"|m mʼ
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"|n nʼ
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"|ŋ ŋʼ
|align = "center"|ŋъ ŋъʼ

|-
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"|r ř řʼ
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 

|} 

{|border="1" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="4" align="center"
|align = "center"|i
|align = "center"|y
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"|u

|-
|align = "center"|e
|align = "center"|ɵ
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"|o

|-
|align = "center"|ə
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"|a
|align = "center"|ɔ

|} 

===Cyrillic===

{|border="1" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="4" align="center"
|align = "center"|п б пӀ
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"|т д тӀ
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"|к г кӀ
|align = "center"|къ гъ кӀъ
|align = "center"|қ ӷ қӏ
|align = "center"|ӏ

|-
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"|ф в фӀ
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"|с з сӀ
|align = "center"|ш ж шӀ
|align = "center"|ӆ ԓ ӆӏ
|align = "center"|х ғ хӀ
|align = "center"|хъ ғъ хӀъ
|align = "center"|ҳ ӷ̵ ҳӏ
|align = "center"|һ

|-
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"|ц цӀ
|align = "center"|ч чӀ
|align = "center"|тӆ дԓ тӆӏ
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 

|-
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"|ў ўӏ
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"|й йӏ
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 

|-
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"|л лӏ
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 

|-
|align = "center"|м мӏ
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"|н нӏ
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"|ң ңӏ
|align = "center"|ңъ ңӏъ
|align = "center"| 

|-
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"|р ʀ ʀӏ
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 

|} 

{|border="1" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="4" align="center"
|align = "center"|и
|align = "center"|ү
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"|у

|-
|align = "center"|э
|align = "center"|ө
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"|о

|-
|align = "center"|ә
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"|а
|align = "center"|ɔ

|} 

===Arabic===

{|border="1" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="4" align="center"
|align = "center"|پ ب
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"|ت د
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"|ك گ
|align = "center"| 

|-
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"|ف ڒ
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"|س ز
|align = "center"|ژ ش
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"|خ غ
|align = "center"|ه

|-
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| څ
|align = "center"| چ
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 

|-
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| و
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| ي
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 

|-
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| ل
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 

|-
|align = "center"| م
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| ن
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| ڽ
|align = "center"| 

|-
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"|ر
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 

|} 

{|border="1" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="4" align="center"
|align = "center"|هِ
|align = "center"| هَِ
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| هَ

|-
|align = "center"| اِ
|align = "center"| اَِ
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| اَ

|-
|align = "center"| اٍ
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"|ا
|align = "center"|اً

|} 

==Alphabetical Orders==

The tables above approximately follow the IPA layout for the sounds of Terzemian. The correct orders of the writing systems of Terzemian are:

* Latin: Aa Ää Åå Bb Cc Čč Dd Ee Ff Gg Ǧǧ Ġġ Ǧ̇ǧ̇ Hh Ii Kk Ll Łł Mm Nn Ňň Oo Öö Pp Rr Ṛṛ Ss Šš Tt Uu Üü Vv Ww Xx X̣x̣ Yy Zz Žž ˚ ʼ
* Cyrillic: Аа Әә Бб Вв Гг Ғғ Ӷ̵ӷ̵ Дд Ее Жж Зз Һһ Ии Йй Кк Лл Ӆӆ Ԓԓ Мм Нн Ңң Оо Өө Пп Рр Rʀ Сс Тт Уу Ўў Үү Фф Хх Ҳҳ Цц Чч Шш Щщ Ъъ Ыы Ьь Ээ Ɔɔ Юю Яя ӏ
* UTA: Aa Əə Bb Cc Çç Dd Ee Ff Gg Ƣƣ Hh Ii Jj Kk Ll Mm Nn Ŋŋ Oo Ɵɵ Ɔɔ Pp Rr Ss Şş Tt Uu Vv Ww Xx Yy Zz Ƶƶ Qq Ъъ
* Arabic: ا ب ت پ ح خ څ چ د ر ز ژ س ش غ ف ك گ ل م ن ڽ ه و ۆ ي هِ هَِ هَ اِ اَِ اَ اٍ اً

The following chart shows the other writing systems in the latin order:

{|border="1" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="4" align="center"
|align = "center"|'''Latin'''
|align = "center"|Aa
|align = "center"|Ää
|align = "center"|Åå
|align = "center"|Bb
|align = "center"|Cc
|align = "center"|Čč
|align = "center"|Dd
|align = "center"|Ee
|align = "center"|Ff
|align = "center"|Gg
|align = "center"|Ǧǧ
|align = "center"|Ġġ
|align = "center"|Ǧ̇ǧ̇
|align = "center"|Hh
|align = "center"|Ii
|align = "center"|Kk
|align = "center"|Ll
|align = "center"|Łł
|align = "center"|Mm

|-
|align = "center"|'''Cyrillic'''
|align = "center"|Аа
|align = "center"|Әә
|align = "center"|Ɔɔ
|align = "center"|Бб
|align = "center"|Цц
|align = "center"|Чч
|align = "center"|Дд
|align = "center"|Ээ
|align = "center"|Фф
|align = "center"|Гг
|align = "center"|Ғғ
|align = "center"|Ӷ̵ӷ̵
|align = "center"|''???''
|align = "center"|Һһ
|align = "center"|Ии
|align = "center"|Кк
|align = "center"|Лл
|align = "center"|Ӆӆ / Ԓԓ
|align = "center"|Мм

|-
|align = "center"|''Latin''
|align = "center"|Nn
|align = "center"|Ňň
|align = "center"|Oo
|align = "center"|Öö
|align = "center"|Pp
|align = "center"|Rr
|align = "center"|Ṛṛ
|align = "center"|Ss
|align = "center"|Šš
|align = "center"|Tt
|align = "center"|Uu
|align = "center"|Üü
|align = "center"|Vv
|align = "center"|Ww
|align = "center"|Xx
|align = "center"|X̣x̣
|align = "center"|Yy
|align = "center"|Zz
|align = "center"|Žž
|align = "center"|˚
|align = "center"|ʼ
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 

|-
|align = "center"|''Cyrillic''
|align = "center"|Нн
|align = "center"|Ңң
|align = "center"|Оо
|align = "center"|Өө
|align = "center"|Пп
|align = "center"|Rʀ
|align = "center"|Рр
|align = "center"|Сс
|align = "center"|Шш
|align = "center"|Тт
|align = "center"|Уу
|align = "center"|Үү
|align = "center"|Вв
|align = "center"|Ўў
|align = "center"|Хх
|align = "center"|Ҳҳ
|align = "center"|Йй
|align = "center"|Зз
|align = "center"|Жж
|align = "center"|Ъъ
|align = "center"|ӏ
|align = "center"|Щщ
|align = "center"|Ыы
|align = "center"|Ьь
|align = "center"|Юю
|align = "center"|Яя
|align = "center"|Ее

|} 

Notes:

* The Cyrillic letters ''Щ'', ''Ъ'', and ''Ь'' are not used in native words.
* The Cyrillic letters ''Е'', ''Ю'', and ''Я'' are occasionally used in native words.
* The Arabic characters هِ هَِ هَ use the letter ه as a base character for illustration. The actual vowels are written as just the diactrics, attached to the preceeding consonant.

=Sound Changes=

''See the [[Terzemian/Sound_Changes|Sound Changes]] subarticle.

=Morphosyntax=

==Harmony==

===Vowels===

{|border="1" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="4" align="center"
|align = "center" rowspan = "2"|'''Root Vowel'''
|align = "center" colspan = "3"|'''Prefix Vowel'''
|align = "center" colspan = "6"|'''Suffix Vowel'''

|-

|align = "center"|'''i'''
|align = "center"|'''u'''
|align = "center"|'''a'''

|align = "center"|'''i'''
|align = "center"|'''ü'''
|align = "center"|'''e'''
|align = "center"|'''ö'''
|align = "center"|'''ä'''
|align = "center"|'''a'''

|-
|align = "center"|'''i'''

|align = "center"|i
|align = "center"|ü
|align = "center"|e

|align = "center"|i
|align = "center"|ü
|align = "center"|e
|align = "center"|ö
|align = "center"|ä
|align = "center"|a

|-
|align = "center"|'''ü'''

|align = "center"|i
|align = "center"|ü
|align = "center"|e

|align = "center"|ü
|align = "center"|u
|align = "center"|ö
|align = "center"|o
|align = "center"|ä
|align = "center"|a

|-
|align = "center"|'''u'''

|align = "center"|ü
|align = "center"|u
|align = "center"|o

|align = "center"|ü
|align = "center"|u
|align = "center"|ö
|align = "center"|o
|align = "center"|a
|align = "center"|å

|-
|align = "center"|'''e'''

|align = "center"|i
|align = "center"|ö
|align = "center"|ä

|align = "center"|i
|align = "center"|ü
|align = "center"|e
|align = "center"|ö
|align = "center"|ä
|align = "center"|a

|-
|align = "center"|'''ö'''

|align = "center"|ü
|align = "center"|o
|align = "center"|å

|align = "center"|ü
|align = "center"|u
|align = "center"|ö
|align = "center"|o
|align = "center"|ä
|align = "center"|a

|-
|align = "center"|'''o'''

|align = "center"|ö
|align = "center"|å
|align = "center"|a

|align = "center"|ü
|align = "center"|u
|align = "center"|ö
|align = "center"|o
|align = "center"|a
|align = "center"|å

|-
|align = "center"|'''ä'''

|align = "center"|e
|align = "center"|å
|align = "center"|a

|align = "center"|e
|align = "center"|ö
|align = "center"|ä
|align = "center"|å
|align = "center"|ä
|align = "center"|a

|-
|align = "center"|'''a'''

|align = "center"|e
|align = "center"|o
|align = "center"|a

|align = "center"|e
|align = "center"|ö
|align = "center"|ä
|align = "center"|å
|align = "center"|ä
|align = "center"|a

|-
|align = "center"|'''å'''

|align = "center"|ä
|align = "center"|åɧ
|align = "center"|aɧ

|align = "center"|e
|align = "center"|ö
|align = "center"|ä
|align = "center"|å
|align = "center"|ä
|align = "center"|a

|} 

===Fricative===

The metasymbol ''ɧ'' represents an assimilatory fricative, as follows:

{|border="1" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="4" align="center"
! Next Consonant || p,b,m,f,v,w || t,d,n,s,z,l,r || č,š,ž,y || k,g,x,ǧ || h
|-
| '''Outcome''' || f || s || š || x || ∅
|}

If there is no next consonant in the root, ''ɧ'' assimilates to the previous consonant.

If there is no next consonant and no previous consonant in the root, ''ɧ'' becomes ''h''.

==Verbs==

===Agreement===

Terzemain nouns mark two or less of three core cases, notionally representing the semantic roles INITIATOR, UNDERGOER, and TARGET. For ease of reference, these will be marked with the traditional A, P, and O labels used in discussing Ergative/Accusative marking.

Terzemian is Split-S, with Ergative or Accusative style marking determined lexically by the conjugation of the verb.

The conjugations are as follows:

{|border="1" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="4" align="center"
! Conj. || Required || Optional || Description
|-
| '''1 a''' || A ||   || Intransitive Active verbs
|-
| '''1 b''' || P || A ''(causitive)'' || Intransitive Stative verbs
|-
| '''2''' || AP ||   || Transitive Active verbs
|}

====Ablaut Patterns====

{|border="1" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="4" align="center"
|align = "center"|'''Conj.'''
|align = "center"|'''Root Vowel'''
|align = "center"|'''Non-P R'''
|align = "center"|'''Past R'''
|align = "center"|'''Non-P Ir'''
|align = "center"|'''Past Ir'''

|-
|align = "center" rowspan = "9"|'''1 a/b'''
|align = "center"|'''i'''
|align = "center"|i
|align = "center"|e
|align = "center"|ü
|align = "center"|iy

|-
|align = "center"|'''ü'''
|align = "center"|ü
|align = "center"|ö
|align = "center"|u
|align = "center"|üy

|-
|align = "center"|'''u'''
|align = "center"|u
|align = "center"|o
|align = "center"|uw
|align = "center"|wo

|-
|align = "center"|'''e'''
|align = "center"|e
|align = "center"|ä
|align = "center"|ö
|align = "center"|ye

|-
|align = "center"|'''ö'''
|align = "center"|ö
|align = "center"|a
|align = "center"|o
|align = "center"|yo

|-
|align = "center"|'''o'''
|align = "center"|o
|align = "center"|å
|align = "center"|ow
|align = "center"|öü

|-
|align = "center"|'''ä'''
|align = "center"|ä
|align = "center"|äh
|align = "center"|a
|align = "center"|e

|-
|align = "center"|'''a'''
|align = "center"|a
|align = "center"|ah
|align = "center"|ay
|align = "center"|ey

|-
|align = "center"|'''å'''
|align = "center"|å
|align = "center"|åh
|align = "center"|åw
|align = "center"|ow

|-
|align = "center" rowspan = "9"|'''2'''
|align = "center"|'''i'''
|align = "center"|i
|align = "center"|ü
|align = "center"|e
|align = "center"|ö

|-
|align = "center"|'''ü'''
|align = "center"|ü
|align = "center"|u
|align = "center"|ö
|align = "center"|o

|-
|align = "center"|'''u'''
|align = "center"|u
|align = "center"|uw
|align = "center"|o
|align = "center"|ow

|-
|align = "center"|'''e'''
|align = "center"|e
|align = "center"|ö
|align = "center"|ä
|align = "center"|å

|-
|align = "center"|'''ö'''
|align = "center"|ö
|align = "center"|o
|align = "center"|å
|align = "center"|a

|-
|align = "center"|'''o'''
|align = "center"|o
|align = "center"|ow
|align = "center"|å
|align = "center"|a

|-
|align = "center"|'''ä'''
|align = "center"|ä
|align = "center"|a
|align = "center"|äɧ
|align = "center"|aɧ

|-
|align = "center"|'''a'''
|align = "center"|a
|align = "center"|å
|align = "center"|aɧ
|align = "center"|åɧ

|-
|align = "center"|'''å'''
|align = "center"|å
|align = "center"|åw
|align = "center"|åɧ
|align = "center"|åwɧ

|} 

====Agreement prefixes====

{|border="1" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="4" align="center"
! Conj. || Argument || 1st Person || 2nd || 3rd
|-
| 1 || A || ǧ- || z- || i-
|-
| 1 || P || - || yu- || c-
|-
| 2 || A || - || smu- || s-
|-
| 2 || P || m- || yu- || -
|}

===Tense and Evidentiality===

There are two verb tenses, the past and non-past.

*In the past tense, there are three evidentiality/reality markings:
**''direct'' realis, indicating first-hand observational (e.g. "eye witness") knowledge. This is marked by the prefix ''e-'', in addition to ablaut.
**''indirect'' realis, indicating knowledge that is informed, inferred, supposed, or otherwise not personal. This is marked by ablaut alone.
**irrealis, making no overt statement about the reality of the VP, but inferring a lesser degree of certainty than either realis marking.
*In the non-past, only the realis and irrealis are distinguished.

===Aspect, Mood, Intensity, and Attitude===

Additional verb characteristics are expressed in suffixes, including the following.

*'''Aspect
**'''Inceptive'''
**'''Abortive'''
**'''Completitive''' ''-åǧ''
**'''Participle''' ''-önz''
**'''Perfect''' ''-gäv''
*'''Mood'''
**'''Imperative''' (use bare root)
**'''Negative''' ''-nä''
**'''Optative/Hortative/Jussive''' ''-zün''
**'''Causative/Volition''' (A -> P, Cause -> A)
*'''Intensity'''
**'''More Intense''' ''-siz''
**'''Less Intense''' ''-(d)e'' (NB: same as nominal diminutive)

Suffixes may be chained in a head-modifier (right-branching) manner.

Example: '''ävåwsezzönnä''' - ''I certainly did not want to soundly beat him.''

==Nouns==

All nominal morphology is accomplished via suffixes, except

*the prefix ''ay-'', indicating possession by the subject of the sentence
*pluralization, which uses ablaut and/or schwebeablaut and/or suffixing, based on the declension of the noun in question.

===Suffixes===

*'''Spatial Cases'''
**'''Commitative''' ''-be''
**'''Locative'''
**'''Dative''' ''-(h)äz''
**'''Ablative''' ''-ben''
**'''Perlative'''
**'''Circumlocative''' ''-invi''
**'''Pertingent'''
**'''Orientative'''
*'''Relational Cases'''
**'''Benefactive/Malefactive'''
**'''Instrumental'''
**'''Genitive'''
*'''Modificational Cases'''
**'''Diminutive''' ''-de''
*'''Derivational Cases'''
**'''X-posessing''' ''-önz'' (N -> Adj derivation)
**'''X-inhabiting/X-using''' ''-änž'' (N -> Adj derivation)

Suffixes may be chained in a head-modifier (right-branching) manner.

===Ablaut===

{|border="1" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="4" align="center"
|align = "center"|'''Decl.'''
|align = "center"|'''Gender'''
|align = "center"|'''Root Vowel'''
|align = "center"|'''Singular'''
|align = "center"|'''Plural'''
|align = "center"|'''Collective'''

|-
|align = "center" rowspan = "9"|'''1'''
|align = "center" rowspan = "9"|'''Animate'''
|align = "center"|'''i'''
|align = "center"|i
|align = "center"|wi
|align = "center"|iɧ

|-
|align = "center"|'''ü'''
|align = "center"|ü
|align = "center"|yu
|align = "center"|üɧ

|-
|align = "center"|'''u'''
|align = "center"|u
|align = "center"|yo
|align = "center"|uɧ

|-
|align = "center"|'''e'''
|align = "center"|e
|align = "center"|ey
|align = "center"|ö

|-
|align = "center"|'''ö'''
|align = "center"|ö
|align = "center"|yo
|align = "center"|oɧ

|-
|align = "center"|'''o'''
|align = "center"|o
|align = "center"|ya
|align = "center"|oɧ

|-
|align = "center"|'''ä'''
|align = "center"|ä
|align = "center"|ew
|align = "center"|a

|-
|align = "center"|'''a'''
|align = "center"|a
|align = "center"|yå
|align = "center"|aɧ

|-
|align = "center"|'''å'''
|align = "center"|å
|align = "center"|åɧ
|align = "center"|wo

|}

Terzemian

2010-03-01T15:24:18Z

Paul.w.bennett: /* Consonants */

{{IPA|}}

{{Infobox|name=Terzemian|pronounce=tɜ˞ˈzɛj.mjən|tu=Possible [[League of Lost Languages|LLL]] candidate|script=Latin, Cyrillic, Arabic, UTA|tree=Unique PIE, influences from Kartvelian, Turkic, Persian, Uralic and Slavic|morph=Mixed|ms=Lexically Split-S|wo=VSO|creator=[[User:Paul.w.bennett|Paul.w.bennett]]|date=}}

=Overview=

Terzemian is an [[Wikipedia:Indo-European|IE-derived]] conlang located along the west coast of the Caspian Sea. It is a [[Wikipedia:Centum-Satem_isogloss|satem]] language (the word for ''hundred'' is šündo (шүндо, şyndo, شَِنداَ /ʃyndo/) that uses the ''ruki'' rule, Grassman's law, Slavic-type depalatalization, z/r alternation, r/n alternation, a three-group vowel harmony system, and two phases of lenition (the first word-final, and the second approximately intervocalic).

=Phonology=

==Consonants==

{|border="1" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="4" align="center"
|align = "center"|p b
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"|t d
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"|k g
|align = "center"|kʷ gʷ
|align = "center"|q ɢ
|align = "center"|ʔ

|-
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"|f v
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"|s z
|align = "center"|ʃ ʒ
|align = "center"|ɬ ɮ
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"|x ɣ
|align = "center"|xʷ ɣʷ
|align = "center"|χ ʁ
|align = "center"|h

|-
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"|ts dz
|align = "center"|tʃ dʒ
|align = "center"|tɬ dɮ
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 

|-
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"|w
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"|l
|align = "center"|j
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 

|-
|align = "center"|m
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"|n
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"|ŋ
|align = "center"|ŋʷ
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 

|-
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"|ɾ ɹ
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 

|} 

==Vowels==

{|border="1" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="4" align="center"
|align = "center"|i
|align = "center"|y
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"|u

|-
|align = "center"|e
|align = "center"|ø
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"|o

|-
|align = "center"|a
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"|ɑ
|align = "center"|ɒ

|} 

=Writing System=

Terzemian has been written in a variety of scripts. In the modern era, a modified Latin alphabet is used. During the Soviet era, Cyrillic was used, and can still be found. Before the Soviet era, a form of the [[Wikipedia:Uniform Turkic Alphabet|UTA]] was used alongside Arabic. The Arabic script can still be found in general use in certain areas, as well as among the Muslim population throughout the region. Despite (or perhaps because) the fact that the move to the Latin script was a deliberate process to reflect post-Soviet independence, there is also a small folkish movement to return to the UTA script. In short, the learner of Terzemian should concentrate on learning the Latin script, but should be prepared to encounter Cyrillic, UTA, and Arabic on a more or less daily basis.

==Logical Layout==

The following tables illustrate the writing systems with a layout that is in accordance with the Phonology tables above.

===Modern Latin===

{|border="1" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="4" align="center"
|align = "center"|p b pʼ
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"|t d tʼ
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"|k g kʼ
|align = "center"|k˚ g˚ k˚ʼ
|align = "center"|ḳ ġ ḳʼ
|align = "center"|ʼ

|-
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"|f v fʼ
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"|s z sʼ
|align = "center"|š ž šʼ
|align = "center"|ł ł̣ łʼ
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"|x ǧ xʼ
|align = "center"|x˚ ǧ˚ gx˚ʼ
|align = "center"|x̣ ǧ̇ x̣ʼ
|align = "center"|h

|-
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"|c cʼ
|align = "center"|č čʼ
|align = "center"|tł dł̣ tłʼ
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 

|-
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"|w wʼ
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"|l lʼ
|align = "center"|y yʼ
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 

|-
|align = "center"|m mʼ
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"|n nʼ
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"|ň ňʼ
|align = "center"|ň˚ ň˚ʼ
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 

|-
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"|ṛ r rʼ
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 

|} 

{|border="1" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="4" align="center"
|align = "center"|i
|align = "center"|ü
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"|u

|-
|align = "center"|e
|align = "center"|ö
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"|o

|-
|align = "center"|ä
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"|a
|align = "center"|å

|} 

===UTA===

{|border="1" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="4" align="center"
|align = "center"|p b pʼ
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"|t d tʼ
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"|k g kʼ
|align = "center"|kъ gъ kъʼ
|align = "center"|ķ g̓ ķʼ
|align = "center"|q

|-
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"|f v fʼ
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"|s z sʼ
|align = "center"|ş ƶ şʼ
|align = "center"|ł ľ łʼ
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"|x ƣ xʼ
|align = "center"|xъ ƣъ xъʼ
|align = "center"|x̧ ƣ̓ x̧ʼ
|align = "center"|h

|-
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"|c cʼ
|align = "center"|ç çʼ
|align = "center"|tł dľ tłʼ
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 

|-
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"|w wʼ
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"|l lʼ
|align = "center"|j jʼ
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 

|-
|align = "center"|m mʼ
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"|n nʼ
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"|ŋ ŋʼ
|align = "center"|ŋъ ŋъʼ

|-
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"|r ř řʼ
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 

|} 

{|border="1" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="4" align="center"
|align = "center"|i
|align = "center"|y
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"|u

|-
|align = "center"|e
|align = "center"|ɵ
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"|o

|-
|align = "center"|ə
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"|a
|align = "center"|ɔ

|} 

===Cyrillic===

{|border="1" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="4" align="center"
|align = "center"|п б пӀ
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"|т д тӀ
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"|к г кӀ
|align = "center"|къ гъ кӀъ
|align = "center"|қ ӷ қӏ
|align = "center"|ӏ

|-
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"|ф в фӀ
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"|с з сӀ
|align = "center"|ш ж шӀ
|align = "center"|ӆ ԓ ӆӏ
|align = "center"|х ғ хӀ
|align = "center"|хъ ғъ хӀъ
|align = "center"|ҳ ӷ̵ ҳӏ
|align = "center"|һ

|-
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"|ц цӀ
|align = "center"|ч чӀ
|align = "center"|тӆ дԓ тӆӏ
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 

|-
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"|ў ўӏ
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"|й йӏ
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 

|-
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"|л лӏ
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 

|-
|align = "center"|м мӏ
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"|н нӏ
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"|ң ңӏ
|align = "center"|ңъ ңӏъ
|align = "center"| 

|-
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"|р ʀ ʀӏ
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 

|} 

{|border="1" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="4" align="center"
|align = "center"|и
|align = "center"|ү
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"|у

|-
|align = "center"|э
|align = "center"|ө
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"|о

|-
|align = "center"|ә
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"|а
|align = "center"|ɔ

|} 

===Arabic===

{|border="1" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="4" align="center"
|align = "center"|پ ب
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"|ت د
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"|ك گ
|align = "center"| 

|-
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"|ف ڒ
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"|س ز
|align = "center"|ژ ش
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"|خ غ
|align = "center"|ه

|-
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| څ
|align = "center"| چ
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 

|-
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| و
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| ي
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 

|-
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| ل
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 

|-
|align = "center"| م
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| ن
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| ڽ
|align = "center"| 

|-
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"|ر
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 

|} 

{|border="1" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="4" align="center"
|align = "center"|هِ
|align = "center"| هَِ
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| هَ

|-
|align = "center"| اِ
|align = "center"| اَِ
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| اَ

|-
|align = "center"| اٍ
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"|ا
|align = "center"|اً

|} 

==Alphabetical Orders==

The tables above approximately follow the IPA layout for the sounds of Terzemian. The correct orders of the writing systems of Terzemian are:

* Latin: Aa Ää Åå Bb Cc Čč Dd Ee Ff Gg Ǧǧ Ġġ Ǧ̇ǧ̇ Hh Ii Kk Ll Łł Mm Nn Ňň Oo Öö Pp Rr Ṛṛ Ss Šš Tt Uu Üü Vv Ww Xx X̣x̣ Yy Zz Žž ˚ ʼ
* Cyrillic: Аа Әә Бб Вв Гг Ғғ Ӷ̵ӷ̵ Дд Ее Жж Зз Һһ Ии Йй Кк Лл Ӆӆ Ԓԓ Мм Нн Ңң Оо Өө Пп Рр Rʀ Сс Тт Уу Ўў Үү Фф Хх Ҳҳ Цц Чч Шш Щщ Ъъ Ыы Ьь Ээ Ɔɔ Юю Яя ӏ
* UTA: Aa Əə Bb Cc Çç Dd Ee Ff Gg Ƣƣ Hh Ii Jj Kk Ll Mm Nn Ŋŋ Oo Ɵɵ Ɔɔ Pp Rr Ss Şş Tt Uu Vv Ww Xx Yy Zz Ƶƶ Qq Ъъ
* Arabic: ا ب ت پ ح خ څ چ د ر ز ژ س ش غ ف ك گ ل م ن ڽ ه و ۆ ي هِ هَِ هَ اِ اَِ اَ اٍ اً

The following chart shows the other writing systems in the latin order:

{|border="1" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="4" align="center"
|align = "center"|'''Latin'''
|align = "center"|Aa
|align = "center"|Ää
|align = "center"|Åå
|align = "center"|Bb
|align = "center"|Cc
|align = "center"|Čč
|align = "center"|Dd
|align = "center"|Ee
|align = "center"|Ff
|align = "center"|Gg
|align = "center"|Ǧǧ
|align = "center"|Ġġ
|align = "center"|Ǧ̇ǧ̇
|align = "center"|Hh
|align = "center"|Ii
|align = "center"|Kk
|align = "center"|Ll
|align = "center"|Łł
|align = "center"|Mm

|-
|align = "center"|'''Cyrillic'''
|align = "center"|Аа
|align = "center"|Әә
|align = "center"|Ɔɔ
|align = "center"|Бб
|align = "center"|Цц
|align = "center"|Чч
|align = "center"|Дд
|align = "center"|Ээ
|align = "center"|Фф
|align = "center"|Гг
|align = "center"|Ғғ
|align = "center"|Ӷ̵ӷ̵
|align = "center"|''???''
|align = "center"|Һһ
|align = "center"|Ии
|align = "center"|Кк
|align = "center"|Лл
|align = "center"|Ӆӆ / Ԓԓ
|align = "center"|Мм

|-
|align = "center"|''Latin''
|align = "center"|Nn
|align = "center"|Ňň
|align = "center"|Oo
|align = "center"|Öö
|align = "center"|Pp
|align = "center"|Rr
|align = "center"|Ṛṛ
|align = "center"|Ss
|align = "center"|Šš
|align = "center"|Tt
|align = "center"|Uu
|align = "center"|Üü
|align = "center"|Vv
|align = "center"|Ww
|align = "center"|Xx
|align = "center"|X̣x̣
|align = "center"|Yy
|align = "center"|Zz
|align = "center"|Žž
|align = "center"|˚
|align = "center"|ʼ
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 

|-
|align = "center"|''Cyrillic''
|align = "center"|Нн
|align = "center"|Ңң
|align = "center"|Оо
|align = "center"|Өө
|align = "center"|Пп
|align = "center"|Rʀ
|align = "center"|Рр
|align = "center"|Сс
|align = "center"|Шш
|align = "center"|Тт
|align = "center"|Уу
|align = "center"|Үү
|align = "center"|Вв
|align = "center"|Ўў
|align = "center"|Хх
|align = "center"|Ҳҳ
|align = "center"|Йй
|align = "center"|Зз
|align = "center"|Жж
|align = "center"|Ъъ
|align = "center"|ӏ
|align = "center"|Щщ
|align = "center"|Ыы
|align = "center"|Ьь
|align = "center"|Юю
|align = "center"|Яя
|align = "center"|Ее

|} 

Notes:

* The Cyrillic letters ''Щ'', ''Ъ'', and ''Ь'' are not used in native words.
* The Cyrillic letters ''Е'', ''Ю'', and ''Я'' are occasionally used in native words.
* The Arabic characters هِ هَِ هَ use the letter ه as a base character for illustration. The actual vowels are written as just the diactrics, attached to the preceeding consonant.

=Sound Changes=

''See the [[Terzemian/Sound_Changes|Sound Changes]] subarticle.

=Morphosyntax=

==Harmony==

===Vowels===

{|border="1" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="4" align="center"
|align = "center" rowspan = "2"|'''Root Vowel'''
|align = "center" colspan = "3"|'''Prefix Vowel'''
|align = "center" colspan = "6"|'''Suffix Vowel'''

|-

|align = "center"|'''i'''
|align = "center"|'''u'''
|align = "center"|'''a'''

|align = "center"|'''i'''
|align = "center"|'''ü'''
|align = "center"|'''e'''
|align = "center"|'''ö'''
|align = "center"|'''ä'''
|align = "center"|'''a'''

|-
|align = "center"|'''i'''

|align = "center"|i
|align = "center"|ü
|align = "center"|e

|align = "center"|i
|align = "center"|ü
|align = "center"|e
|align = "center"|ö
|align = "center"|ä
|align = "center"|a

|-
|align = "center"|'''ü'''

|align = "center"|i
|align = "center"|ü
|align = "center"|e

|align = "center"|ü
|align = "center"|u
|align = "center"|ö
|align = "center"|o
|align = "center"|ä
|align = "center"|a

|-
|align = "center"|'''u'''

|align = "center"|ü
|align = "center"|u
|align = "center"|o

|align = "center"|ü
|align = "center"|u
|align = "center"|ö
|align = "center"|o
|align = "center"|a
|align = "center"|å

|-
|align = "center"|'''e'''

|align = "center"|i
|align = "center"|ö
|align = "center"|ä

|align = "center"|i
|align = "center"|ü
|align = "center"|e
|align = "center"|ö
|align = "center"|ä
|align = "center"|a

|-
|align = "center"|'''ö'''

|align = "center"|ü
|align = "center"|o
|align = "center"|å

|align = "center"|ü
|align = "center"|u
|align = "center"|ö
|align = "center"|o
|align = "center"|ä
|align = "center"|a

|-
|align = "center"|'''o'''

|align = "center"|ö
|align = "center"|å
|align = "center"|a

|align = "center"|ü
|align = "center"|u
|align = "center"|ö
|align = "center"|o
|align = "center"|a
|align = "center"|å

|-
|align = "center"|'''ä'''

|align = "center"|e
|align = "center"|å
|align = "center"|a

|align = "center"|e
|align = "center"|ö
|align = "center"|ä
|align = "center"|å
|align = "center"|ä
|align = "center"|a

|-
|align = "center"|'''a'''

|align = "center"|e
|align = "center"|o
|align = "center"|a

|align = "center"|e
|align = "center"|ö
|align = "center"|ä
|align = "center"|å
|align = "center"|ä
|align = "center"|a

|-
|align = "center"|'''å'''

|align = "center"|ä
|align = "center"|åɧ
|align = "center"|aɧ

|align = "center"|e
|align = "center"|ö
|align = "center"|ä
|align = "center"|å
|align = "center"|ä
|align = "center"|a

|} 

===Fricative===

The metasymbol ''ɧ'' represents an assimilatory fricative, as follows:

{|border="1" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="4" align="center"
! Next Consonant || p,b,m,f,v,w || t,d,n,s,z,l,r || č,š,ž,y || k,g,x,ǧ || h
|-
| '''Outcome''' || f || s || š || x || ∅
|}

If there is no next consonant in the root, ''ɧ'' assimilates to the previous consonant.

If there is no next consonant and no previous consonant in the root, ''ɧ'' becomes ''h''.

==Verbs==

===Agreement===

Terzemain nouns mark two or less of three core cases, notionally representing the semantic roles INITIATOR, UNDERGOER, and TARGET. For ease of reference, these will be marked with the traditional A, P, and O labels used in discussing Ergative/Accusative marking.

Terzemian is Split-S, with Ergative or Accusative style marking determined lexically by the conjugation of the verb.

The conjugations are as follows:

{|border="1" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="4" align="center"
! Conj. || Required || Optional || Description
|-
| '''1 a''' || A ||   || Intransitive Active verbs
|-
| '''1 b''' || P || A ''(causitive)'' || Intransitive Stative verbs
|-
| '''2''' || AP ||   || Transitive Active verbs
|}

====Ablaut Patterns====

{|border="1" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="4" align="center"
|align = "center"|'''Conj.'''
|align = "center"|'''Root Vowel'''
|align = "center"|'''Non-P R'''
|align = "center"|'''Past R'''
|align = "center"|'''Non-P Ir'''
|align = "center"|'''Past Ir'''

|-
|align = "center" rowspan = "9"|'''1 a/b'''
|align = "center"|'''i'''
|align = "center"|i
|align = "center"|e
|align = "center"|ü
|align = "center"|iy

|-
|align = "center"|'''ü'''
|align = "center"|ü
|align = "center"|ö
|align = "center"|u
|align = "center"|üy

|-
|align = "center"|'''u'''
|align = "center"|u
|align = "center"|o
|align = "center"|uw
|align = "center"|wo

|-
|align = "center"|'''e'''
|align = "center"|e
|align = "center"|ä
|align = "center"|ö
|align = "center"|ye

|-
|align = "center"|'''ö'''
|align = "center"|ö
|align = "center"|a
|align = "center"|o
|align = "center"|yo

|-
|align = "center"|'''o'''
|align = "center"|o
|align = "center"|å
|align = "center"|ow
|align = "center"|öü

|-
|align = "center"|'''ä'''
|align = "center"|ä
|align = "center"|äh
|align = "center"|a
|align = "center"|e

|-
|align = "center"|'''a'''
|align = "center"|a
|align = "center"|ah
|align = "center"|ay
|align = "center"|ey

|-
|align = "center"|'''å'''
|align = "center"|å
|align = "center"|åh
|align = "center"|åw
|align = "center"|ow

|-
|align = "center" rowspan = "9"|'''2'''
|align = "center"|'''i'''
|align = "center"|i
|align = "center"|ü
|align = "center"|e
|align = "center"|ö

|-
|align = "center"|'''ü'''
|align = "center"|ü
|align = "center"|u
|align = "center"|ö
|align = "center"|o

|-
|align = "center"|'''u'''
|align = "center"|u
|align = "center"|uw
|align = "center"|o
|align = "center"|ow

|-
|align = "center"|'''e'''
|align = "center"|e
|align = "center"|ö
|align = "center"|ä
|align = "center"|å

|-
|align = "center"|'''ö'''
|align = "center"|ö
|align = "center"|o
|align = "center"|å
|align = "center"|a

|-
|align = "center"|'''o'''
|align = "center"|o
|align = "center"|ow
|align = "center"|å
|align = "center"|a

|-
|align = "center"|'''ä'''
|align = "center"|ä
|align = "center"|a
|align = "center"|äɧ
|align = "center"|aɧ

|-
|align = "center"|'''a'''
|align = "center"|a
|align = "center"|å
|align = "center"|aɧ
|align = "center"|åɧ

|-
|align = "center"|'''å'''
|align = "center"|å
|align = "center"|åw
|align = "center"|åɧ
|align = "center"|åwɧ

|} 

====Agreement prefixes====

{|border="1" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="4" align="center"
! Conj. || Argument || 1st Person || 2nd || 3rd
|-
| 1 || A || ǧ- || z- || i-
|-
| 1 || P || - || yu- || c-
|-
| 2 || A || - || smu- || s-
|-
| 2 || P || m- || yu- || -
|}

===Tense and Evidentiality===

There are two verb tenses, the past and non-past.

*In the past tense, there are three evidentiality/reality markings:
**''direct'' realis, indicating first-hand observational (e.g. "eye witness") knowledge. This is marked by the prefix ''e-'', in addition to ablaut.
**''indirect'' realis, indicating knowledge that is informed, inferred, supposed, or otherwise not personal. This is marked by ablaut alone.
**irrealis, making no overt statement about the reality of the VP, but inferring a lesser degree of certainty than either realis marking.
*In the non-past, only the realis and irrealis are distinguished.

===Aspect, Mood, Intensity, and Attitude===

Additional verb characteristics are expressed in suffixes, including the following.

*'''Aspect
**'''Inceptive'''
**'''Abortive'''
**'''Completitive''' ''-åǧ''
**'''Participle''' ''-önz''
**'''Perfect''' ''-gäv''
*'''Mood'''
**'''Imperative''' (use bare root)
**'''Negative''' ''-nä''
**'''Optative/Hortative/Jussive''' ''-zün''
**'''Causative/Volition''' (A -> P, Cause -> A)
*'''Intensity'''
**'''More Intense''' ''-siz''
**'''Less Intense''' ''-(d)e'' (NB: same as nominal diminutive)

Suffixes may be chained in a head-modifier (right-branching) manner.

Example: '''ävåwsezzönnä''' - ''I certainly did not want to soundly beat him.''

==Nouns==

All nominal morphology is accomplished via suffixes, except

*the prefix ''ay-'', indicating possession by the subject of the sentence
*pluralization, which uses ablaut and/or schwebeablaut and/or suffixing, based on the declension of the noun in question.

===Suffixes===

*'''Spatial Cases'''
**'''Commitative''' ''-be''
**'''Locative'''
**'''Dative''' ''-(h)äz''
**'''Ablative''' ''-ben''
**'''Perlative'''
**'''Circumlocative''' ''-invi''
**'''Pertingent'''
**'''Orientative'''
*'''Relational Cases'''
**'''Benefactive/Malefactive'''
**'''Instrumental'''
**'''Genitive'''
*'''Modificational Cases'''
**'''Diminutive''' ''-de''
*'''Derivational Cases'''
**'''X-posessing''' ''-önz'' (N -> Adj derivation)
**'''X-inhabiting/X-using''' ''-änž'' (N -> Adj derivation)

Suffixes may be chained in a head-modifier (right-branching) manner.

===Ablaut===

{|border="1" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="4" align="center"
|align = "center"|'''Decl.'''
|align = "center"|'''Gender'''
|align = "center"|'''Root Vowel'''
|align = "center"|'''Singular'''
|align = "center"|'''Plural'''
|align = "center"|'''Collective'''

|-
|align = "center" rowspan = "9"|'''1'''
|align = "center" rowspan = "9"|'''Animate'''
|align = "center"|'''i'''
|align = "center"|i
|align = "center"|wi
|align = "center"|iɧ

|-
|align = "center"|'''ü'''
|align = "center"|ü
|align = "center"|yu
|align = "center"|üɧ

|-
|align = "center"|'''u'''
|align = "center"|u
|align = "center"|yo
|align = "center"|uɧ

|-
|align = "center"|'''e'''
|align = "center"|e
|align = "center"|ey
|align = "center"|ö

|-
|align = "center"|'''ö'''
|align = "center"|ö
|align = "center"|yo
|align = "center"|oɧ

|-
|align = "center"|'''o'''
|align = "center"|o
|align = "center"|ya
|align = "center"|oɧ

|-
|align = "center"|'''ä'''
|align = "center"|ä
|align = "center"|ew
|align = "center"|a

|-
|align = "center"|'''a'''
|align = "center"|a
|align = "center"|yå
|align = "center"|aɧ

|-
|align = "center"|'''å'''
|align = "center"|å
|align = "center"|åɧ
|align = "center"|wo

|}

Terzemian

2010-03-01T15:23:52Z

Paul.w.bennett: /* Consonants */ Simpler, more in line with the latest sketch

{{IPA|}}

{{Infobox|name=Terzemian|pronounce=tɜ˞ˈzɛj.mjən|tu=Possible [[League of Lost Languages|LLL]] candidate|script=Latin, Cyrillic, Arabic, UTA|tree=Unique PIE, influences from Kartvelian, Turkic, Persian, Uralic and Slavic|morph=Mixed|ms=Lexically Split-S|wo=VSO|creator=[[User:Paul.w.bennett|Paul.w.bennett]]|date=}}

=Overview=

Terzemian is an [[Wikipedia:Indo-European|IE-derived]] conlang located along the west coast of the Caspian Sea. It is a [[Wikipedia:Centum-Satem_isogloss|satem]] language (the word for ''hundred'' is šündo (шүндо, şyndo, شَِنداَ /ʃyndo/) that uses the ''ruki'' rule, Grassman's law, Slavic-type depalatalization, z/r alternation, r/n alternation, a three-group vowel harmony system, and two phases of lenition (the first word-final, and the second approximately intervocalic).

=Phonology=

==Consonants==

{|border="1" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="4" align="center"
|align = "center"|p b
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"|t d
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"|k g
|align = "center"|kʷ gʷ
|align = "center"|q ɢ
|align = "center"|ʔ

|-
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"|f v
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"|s z
|align = "center"|ʃ ʒ
|align = "center"|ɬ ɮ
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"|x ɣ
|align = "center"|xʷ ɣʷ
|align = "center"|χ ʁ
|align = "center"|h

|-
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"|ts dz
|align = "center"|tʃ dʒ
|align = "center"|tɬ dɮ
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 

|-
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"|w
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"|l
|align = "center"|j
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 

|-
|align = "center"|m
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"|n
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"|ŋ
|align = "center"|ŋʷ
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 

|-
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"|ɾ ɹ
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 

|} 

==Vowels==

{|border="1" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="4" align="center"
|align = "center"|i
|align = "center"|y
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"|u

|-
|align = "center"|e
|align = "center"|ø
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"|o

|-
|align = "center"|a
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"|ɑ
|align = "center"|ɒ

|} 

=Writing System=

Terzemian has been written in a variety of scripts. In the modern era, a modified Latin alphabet is used. During the Soviet era, Cyrillic was used, and can still be found. Before the Soviet era, a form of the [[Wikipedia:Uniform Turkic Alphabet|UTA]] was used alongside Arabic. The Arabic script can still be found in general use in certain areas, as well as among the Muslim population throughout the region. Despite (or perhaps because) the fact that the move to the Latin script was a deliberate process to reflect post-Soviet independence, there is also a small folkish movement to return to the UTA script. In short, the learner of Terzemian should concentrate on learning the Latin script, but should be prepared to encounter Cyrillic, UTA, and Arabic on a more or less daily basis.

==Logical Layout==

The following tables illustrate the writing systems with a layout that is in accordance with the Phonology tables above.

===Modern Latin===

{|border="1" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="4" align="center"
|align = "center"|p b pʼ
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"|t d tʼ
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"|k g kʼ
|align = "center"|k˚ g˚ k˚ʼ
|align = "center"|ḳ ġ ḳʼ
|align = "center"|ʼ

|-
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"|f v fʼ
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"|s z sʼ
|align = "center"|š ž šʼ
|align = "center"|ł ł̣ łʼ
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"|x ǧ xʼ
|align = "center"|x˚ ǧ˚ gx˚ʼ
|align = "center"|x̣ ǧ̇ x̣ʼ
|align = "center"|h

|-
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"|c cʼ
|align = "center"|č čʼ
|align = "center"|tł dł̣ tłʼ
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 

|-
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"|w wʼ
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"|l lʼ
|align = "center"|y yʼ
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 

|-
|align = "center"|m mʼ
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"|n nʼ
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"|ň ňʼ
|align = "center"|ň˚ ň˚ʼ
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 

|-
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"|ṛ r rʼ
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 

|} 

{|border="1" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="4" align="center"
|align = "center"|i
|align = "center"|ü
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"|u

|-
|align = "center"|e
|align = "center"|ö
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"|o

|-
|align = "center"|ä
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"|a
|align = "center"|å

|} 

===UTA===

{|border="1" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="4" align="center"
|align = "center"|p b pʼ
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"|t d tʼ
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"|k g kʼ
|align = "center"|kъ gъ kъʼ
|align = "center"|ķ g̓ ķʼ
|align = "center"|q

|-
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"|f v fʼ
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"|s z sʼ
|align = "center"|ş ƶ şʼ
|align = "center"|ł ľ łʼ
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"|x ƣ xʼ
|align = "center"|xъ ƣъ xъʼ
|align = "center"|x̧ ƣ̓ x̧ʼ
|align = "center"|h

|-
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"|c cʼ
|align = "center"|ç çʼ
|align = "center"|tł dľ tłʼ
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 

|-
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"|w wʼ
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"|l lʼ
|align = "center"|j jʼ
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 

|-
|align = "center"|m mʼ
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"|n nʼ
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"|ŋ ŋʼ
|align = "center"|ŋъ ŋъʼ

|-
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"|r ř řʼ
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 

|} 

{|border="1" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="4" align="center"
|align = "center"|i
|align = "center"|y
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"|u

|-
|align = "center"|e
|align = "center"|ɵ
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"|o

|-
|align = "center"|ə
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"|a
|align = "center"|ɔ

|} 

===Cyrillic===

{|border="1" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="4" align="center"
|align = "center"|п б пӀ
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"|т д тӀ
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"|к г кӀ
|align = "center"|къ гъ кӀъ
|align = "center"|қ ӷ қӏ
|align = "center"|ӏ

|-
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"|ф в фӀ
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"|с з сӀ
|align = "center"|ш ж шӀ
|align = "center"|ӆ ԓ ӆӏ
|align = "center"|х ғ хӀ
|align = "center"|хъ ғъ хӀъ
|align = "center"|ҳ ӷ̵ ҳӏ
|align = "center"|һ

|-
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"|ц цӀ
|align = "center"|ч чӀ
|align = "center"|тӆ дԓ тӆӏ
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 

|-
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"|ў ўӏ
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"|й йӏ
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 

|-
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"|л лӏ
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 

|-
|align = "center"|м мӏ
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"|н нӏ
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"|ң ңӏ
|align = "center"|ңъ ңӏъ
|align = "center"| 

|-
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"|р ʀ ʀӏ
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 

|} 

{|border="1" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="4" align="center"
|align = "center"|и
|align = "center"|ү
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"|у

|-
|align = "center"|э
|align = "center"|ө
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"|о

|-
|align = "center"|ә
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"|а
|align = "center"|ɔ

|} 

===Arabic===

{|border="1" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="4" align="center"
|align = "center"|پ ب
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"|ت د
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"|ك گ
|align = "center"| 

|-
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"|ف ڒ
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"|س ز
|align = "center"|ژ ش
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"|خ غ
|align = "center"|ه

|-
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| څ
|align = "center"| چ
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 

|-
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| و
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| ي
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 

|-
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| ل
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 

|-
|align = "center"| م
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| ن
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| ڽ
|align = "center"| 

|-
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"|ر
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 

|} 

{|border="1" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="4" align="center"
|align = "center"|هِ
|align = "center"| هَِ
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| هَ

|-
|align = "center"| اِ
|align = "center"| اَِ
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| اَ

|-
|align = "center"| اٍ
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"|ا
|align = "center"|اً

|} 

==Alphabetical Orders==

The tables above approximately follow the IPA layout for the sounds of Terzemian. The correct orders of the writing systems of Terzemian are:

* Latin: Aa Ää Åå Bb Cc Čč Dd Ee Ff Gg Ǧǧ Ġġ Ǧ̇ǧ̇ Hh Ii Kk Ll Łł Mm Nn Ňň Oo Öö Pp Rr Ṛṛ Ss Šš Tt Uu Üü Vv Ww Xx X̣x̣ Yy Zz Žž ˚ ʼ
* Cyrillic: Аа Әә Бб Вв Гг Ғғ Ӷ̵ӷ̵ Дд Ее Жж Зз Һһ Ии Йй Кк Лл Ӆӆ Ԓԓ Мм Нн Ңң Оо Өө Пп Рр Rʀ Сс Тт Уу Ўў Үү Фф Хх Ҳҳ Цц Чч Шш Щщ Ъъ Ыы Ьь Ээ Ɔɔ Юю Яя ӏ
* UTA: Aa Əə Bb Cc Çç Dd Ee Ff Gg Ƣƣ Hh Ii Jj Kk Ll Mm Nn Ŋŋ Oo Ɵɵ Ɔɔ Pp Rr Ss Şş Tt Uu Vv Ww Xx Yy Zz Ƶƶ Qq Ъъ
* Arabic: ا ب ت پ ح خ څ چ د ر ز ژ س ش غ ف ك گ ل م ن ڽ ه و ۆ ي هِ هَِ هَ اِ اَِ اَ اٍ اً

The following chart shows the other writing systems in the latin order:

{|border="1" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="4" align="center"
|align = "center"|'''Latin'''
|align = "center"|Aa
|align = "center"|Ää
|align = "center"|Åå
|align = "center"|Bb
|align = "center"|Cc
|align = "center"|Čč
|align = "center"|Dd
|align = "center"|Ee
|align = "center"|Ff
|align = "center"|Gg
|align = "center"|Ǧǧ
|align = "center"|Ġġ
|align = "center"|Ǧ̇ǧ̇
|align = "center"|Hh
|align = "center"|Ii
|align = "center"|Kk
|align = "center"|Ll
|align = "center"|Łł
|align = "center"|Mm

|-
|align = "center"|'''Cyrillic'''
|align = "center"|Аа
|align = "center"|Әә
|align = "center"|Ɔɔ
|align = "center"|Бб
|align = "center"|Цц
|align = "center"|Чч
|align = "center"|Дд
|align = "center"|Ээ
|align = "center"|Фф
|align = "center"|Гг
|align = "center"|Ғғ
|align = "center"|Ӷ̵ӷ̵
|align = "center"|''???''
|align = "center"|Һһ
|align = "center"|Ии
|align = "center"|Кк
|align = "center"|Лл
|align = "center"|Ӆӆ / Ԓԓ
|align = "center"|Мм

|-
|align = "center"|''Latin''
|align = "center"|Nn
|align = "center"|Ňň
|align = "center"|Oo
|align = "center"|Öö
|align = "center"|Pp
|align = "center"|Rr
|align = "center"|Ṛṛ
|align = "center"|Ss
|align = "center"|Šš
|align = "center"|Tt
|align = "center"|Uu
|align = "center"|Üü
|align = "center"|Vv
|align = "center"|Ww
|align = "center"|Xx
|align = "center"|X̣x̣
|align = "center"|Yy
|align = "center"|Zz
|align = "center"|Žž
|align = "center"|˚
|align = "center"|ʼ
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 

|-
|align = "center"|''Cyrillic''
|align = "center"|Нн
|align = "center"|Ңң
|align = "center"|Оо
|align = "center"|Өө
|align = "center"|Пп
|align = "center"|Rʀ
|align = "center"|Рр
|align = "center"|Сс
|align = "center"|Шш
|align = "center"|Тт
|align = "center"|Уу
|align = "center"|Үү
|align = "center"|Вв
|align = "center"|Ўў
|align = "center"|Хх
|align = "center"|Ҳҳ
|align = "center"|Йй
|align = "center"|Зз
|align = "center"|Жж
|align = "center"|Ъъ
|align = "center"|ӏ
|align = "center"|Щщ
|align = "center"|Ыы
|align = "center"|Ьь
|align = "center"|Юю
|align = "center"|Яя
|align = "center"|Ее

|} 

Notes:

* The Cyrillic letters ''Щ'', ''Ъ'', and ''Ь'' are not used in native words.
* The Cyrillic letters ''Е'', ''Ю'', and ''Я'' are occasionally used in native words.
* The Arabic characters هِ هَِ هَ use the letter ه as a base character for illustration. The actual vowels are written as just the diactrics, attached to the preceeding consonant.

=Sound Changes=

''See the [[Terzemian/Sound_Changes|Sound Changes]] subarticle.

=Morphosyntax=

==Harmony==

===Vowels===

{|border="1" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="4" align="center"
|align = "center" rowspan = "2"|'''Root Vowel'''
|align = "center" colspan = "3"|'''Prefix Vowel'''
|align = "center" colspan = "6"|'''Suffix Vowel'''

|-

|align = "center"|'''i'''
|align = "center"|'''u'''
|align = "center"|'''a'''

|align = "center"|'''i'''
|align = "center"|'''ü'''
|align = "center"|'''e'''
|align = "center"|'''ö'''
|align = "center"|'''ä'''
|align = "center"|'''a'''

|-
|align = "center"|'''i'''

|align = "center"|i
|align = "center"|ü
|align = "center"|e

|align = "center"|i
|align = "center"|ü
|align = "center"|e
|align = "center"|ö
|align = "center"|ä
|align = "center"|a

|-
|align = "center"|'''ü'''

|align = "center"|i
|align = "center"|ü
|align = "center"|e

|align = "center"|ü
|align = "center"|u
|align = "center"|ö
|align = "center"|o
|align = "center"|ä
|align = "center"|a

|-
|align = "center"|'''u'''

|align = "center"|ü
|align = "center"|u
|align = "center"|o

|align = "center"|ü
|align = "center"|u
|align = "center"|ö
|align = "center"|o
|align = "center"|a
|align = "center"|å

|-
|align = "center"|'''e'''

|align = "center"|i
|align = "center"|ö
|align = "center"|ä

|align = "center"|i
|align = "center"|ü
|align = "center"|e
|align = "center"|ö
|align = "center"|ä
|align = "center"|a

|-
|align = "center"|'''ö'''

|align = "center"|ü
|align = "center"|o
|align = "center"|å

|align = "center"|ü
|align = "center"|u
|align = "center"|ö
|align = "center"|o
|align = "center"|ä
|align = "center"|a

|-
|align = "center"|'''o'''

|align = "center"|ö
|align = "center"|å
|align = "center"|a

|align = "center"|ü
|align = "center"|u
|align = "center"|ö
|align = "center"|o
|align = "center"|a
|align = "center"|å

|-
|align = "center"|'''ä'''

|align = "center"|e
|align = "center"|å
|align = "center"|a

|align = "center"|e
|align = "center"|ö
|align = "center"|ä
|align = "center"|å
|align = "center"|ä
|align = "center"|a

|-
|align = "center"|'''a'''

|align = "center"|e
|align = "center"|o
|align = "center"|a

|align = "center"|e
|align = "center"|ö
|align = "center"|ä
|align = "center"|å
|align = "center"|ä
|align = "center"|a

|-
|align = "center"|'''å'''

|align = "center"|ä
|align = "center"|åɧ
|align = "center"|aɧ

|align = "center"|e
|align = "center"|ö
|align = "center"|ä
|align = "center"|å
|align = "center"|ä
|align = "center"|a

|} 

===Fricative===

The metasymbol ''ɧ'' represents an assimilatory fricative, as follows:

{|border="1" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="4" align="center"
! Next Consonant || p,b,m,f,v,w || t,d,n,s,z,l,r || č,š,ž,y || k,g,x,ǧ || h
|-
| '''Outcome''' || f || s || š || x || ∅
|}

If there is no next consonant in the root, ''ɧ'' assimilates to the previous consonant.

If there is no next consonant and no previous consonant in the root, ''ɧ'' becomes ''h''.

==Verbs==

===Agreement===

Terzemain nouns mark two or less of three core cases, notionally representing the semantic roles INITIATOR, UNDERGOER, and TARGET. For ease of reference, these will be marked with the traditional A, P, and O labels used in discussing Ergative/Accusative marking.

Terzemian is Split-S, with Ergative or Accusative style marking determined lexically by the conjugation of the verb.

The conjugations are as follows:

{|border="1" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="4" align="center"
! Conj. || Required || Optional || Description
|-
| '''1 a''' || A ||   || Intransitive Active verbs
|-
| '''1 b''' || P || A ''(causitive)'' || Intransitive Stative verbs
|-
| '''2''' || AP ||   || Transitive Active verbs
|}

====Ablaut Patterns====

{|border="1" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="4" align="center"
|align = "center"|'''Conj.'''
|align = "center"|'''Root Vowel'''
|align = "center"|'''Non-P R'''
|align = "center"|'''Past R'''
|align = "center"|'''Non-P Ir'''
|align = "center"|'''Past Ir'''

|-
|align = "center" rowspan = "9"|'''1 a/b'''
|align = "center"|'''i'''
|align = "center"|i
|align = "center"|e
|align = "center"|ü
|align = "center"|iy

|-
|align = "center"|'''ü'''
|align = "center"|ü
|align = "center"|ö
|align = "center"|u
|align = "center"|üy

|-
|align = "center"|'''u'''
|align = "center"|u
|align = "center"|o
|align = "center"|uw
|align = "center"|wo

|-
|align = "center"|'''e'''
|align = "center"|e
|align = "center"|ä
|align = "center"|ö
|align = "center"|ye

|-
|align = "center"|'''ö'''
|align = "center"|ö
|align = "center"|a
|align = "center"|o
|align = "center"|yo

|-
|align = "center"|'''o'''
|align = "center"|o
|align = "center"|å
|align = "center"|ow
|align = "center"|öü

|-
|align = "center"|'''ä'''
|align = "center"|ä
|align = "center"|äh
|align = "center"|a
|align = "center"|e

|-
|align = "center"|'''a'''
|align = "center"|a
|align = "center"|ah
|align = "center"|ay
|align = "center"|ey

|-
|align = "center"|'''å'''
|align = "center"|å
|align = "center"|åh
|align = "center"|åw
|align = "center"|ow

|-
|align = "center" rowspan = "9"|'''2'''
|align = "center"|'''i'''
|align = "center"|i
|align = "center"|ü
|align = "center"|e
|align = "center"|ö

|-
|align = "center"|'''ü'''
|align = "center"|ü
|align = "center"|u
|align = "center"|ö
|align = "center"|o

|-
|align = "center"|'''u'''
|align = "center"|u
|align = "center"|uw
|align = "center"|o
|align = "center"|ow

|-
|align = "center"|'''e'''
|align = "center"|e
|align = "center"|ö
|align = "center"|ä
|align = "center"|å

|-
|align = "center"|'''ö'''
|align = "center"|ö
|align = "center"|o
|align = "center"|å
|align = "center"|a

|-
|align = "center"|'''o'''
|align = "center"|o
|align = "center"|ow
|align = "center"|å
|align = "center"|a

|-
|align = "center"|'''ä'''
|align = "center"|ä
|align = "center"|a
|align = "center"|äɧ
|align = "center"|aɧ

|-
|align = "center"|'''a'''
|align = "center"|a
|align = "center"|å
|align = "center"|aɧ
|align = "center"|åɧ

|-
|align = "center"|'''å'''
|align = "center"|å
|align = "center"|åw
|align = "center"|åɧ
|align = "center"|åwɧ

|} 

====Agreement prefixes====

{|border="1" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="4" align="center"
! Conj. || Argument || 1st Person || 2nd || 3rd
|-
| 1 || A || ǧ- || z- || i-
|-
| 1 || P || - || yu- || c-
|-
| 2 || A || - || smu- || s-
|-
| 2 || P || m- || yu- || -
|}

===Tense and Evidentiality===

There are two verb tenses, the past and non-past.

*In the past tense, there are three evidentiality/reality markings:
**''direct'' realis, indicating first-hand observational (e.g. "eye witness") knowledge. This is marked by the prefix ''e-'', in addition to ablaut.
**''indirect'' realis, indicating knowledge that is informed, inferred, supposed, or otherwise not personal. This is marked by ablaut alone.
**irrealis, making no overt statement about the reality of the VP, but inferring a lesser degree of certainty than either realis marking.
*In the non-past, only the realis and irrealis are distinguished.

===Aspect, Mood, Intensity, and Attitude===

Additional verb characteristics are expressed in suffixes, including the following.

*'''Aspect
**'''Inceptive'''
**'''Abortive'''
**'''Completitive''' ''-åǧ''
**'''Participle''' ''-önz''
**'''Perfect''' ''-gäv''
*'''Mood'''
**'''Imperative''' (use bare root)
**'''Negative''' ''-nä''
**'''Optative/Hortative/Jussive''' ''-zün''
**'''Causative/Volition''' (A -> P, Cause -> A)
*'''Intensity'''
**'''More Intense''' ''-siz''
**'''Less Intense''' ''-(d)e'' (NB: same as nominal diminutive)

Suffixes may be chained in a head-modifier (right-branching) manner.

Example: '''ävåwsezzönnä''' - ''I certainly did not want to soundly beat him.''

==Nouns==

All nominal morphology is accomplished via suffixes, except

*the prefix ''ay-'', indicating possession by the subject of the sentence
*pluralization, which uses ablaut and/or schwebeablaut and/or suffixing, based on the declension of the noun in question.

===Suffixes===

*'''Spatial Cases'''
**'''Commitative''' ''-be''
**'''Locative'''
**'''Dative''' ''-(h)äz''
**'''Ablative''' ''-ben''
**'''Perlative'''
**'''Circumlocative''' ''-invi''
**'''Pertingent'''
**'''Orientative'''
*'''Relational Cases'''
**'''Benefactive/Malefactive'''
**'''Instrumental'''
**'''Genitive'''
*'''Modificational Cases'''
**'''Diminutive''' ''-de''
*'''Derivational Cases'''
**'''X-posessing''' ''-önz'' (N -> Adj derivation)
**'''X-inhabiting/X-using''' ''-änž'' (N -> Adj derivation)

Suffixes may be chained in a head-modifier (right-branching) manner.

===Ablaut===

{|border="1" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="4" align="center"
|align = "center"|'''Decl.'''
|align = "center"|'''Gender'''
|align = "center"|'''Root Vowel'''
|align = "center"|'''Singular'''
|align = "center"|'''Plural'''
|align = "center"|'''Collective'''

|-
|align = "center" rowspan = "9"|'''1'''
|align = "center" rowspan = "9"|'''Animate'''
|align = "center"|'''i'''
|align = "center"|i
|align = "center"|wi
|align = "center"|iɧ

|-
|align = "center"|'''ü'''
|align = "center"|ü
|align = "center"|yu
|align = "center"|üɧ

|-
|align = "center"|'''u'''
|align = "center"|u
|align = "center"|yo
|align = "center"|uɧ

|-
|align = "center"|'''e'''
|align = "center"|e
|align = "center"|ey
|align = "center"|ö

|-
|align = "center"|'''ö'''
|align = "center"|ö
|align = "center"|yo
|align = "center"|oɧ

|-
|align = "center"|'''o'''
|align = "center"|o
|align = "center"|ya
|align = "center"|oɧ

|-
|align = "center"|'''ä'''
|align = "center"|ä
|align = "center"|ew
|align = "center"|a

|-
|align = "center"|'''a'''
|align = "center"|a
|align = "center"|yå
|align = "center"|aɧ

|-
|align = "center"|'''å'''
|align = "center"|å
|align = "center"|åɧ
|align = "center"|wo

|}

User:Paul.w.bennett

2010-02-28T19:40:21Z

Paul.w.bennett:

{| border=1 align=right cellpadding=4 cellspacing=0 width=300 style="margin: 0 0 1em 1em; background: #f9f9f9; border: 1px #aaaaaa solid; border-collapse: collapse; font-size: 95%;"
|+<big>'''Paul Bennett'''</big>
|-
|colspan="2" valign=top| 
[[Image:Paul_w_bennett.jpg]]
|-
|valign=top|'''Birth:'''
|| July 12, 1976; Bletchley, England
|-
|valign=top|'''Profession:'''
|| Software Developer
|-
|valign=top|'''Natural languages:'''
|| English and German. I can read a bit of several others, kinda.
|-
|valign=top|'''More information:'''
|| [http://www.facebook.com/profile.php?id=100000208893772 Paul's Blog-like contraption]
|}

=Who, What, Where, and When?=

Originally from the UK, I have been living in North Carolina since 8/8/2000, first in Smithfield, and then on the Raleigh/Garner border.

=I am differently-sane=

I suffer from a cluster of incompletely-diagnosed mental symptoms, including some attention / focus problems, a set of motor and verbal tics, and some occasional ideas of reference and paranoia. I sometimes have depressive episodes, and very occasionally something that might be mild mania. I used to have incredibly severe anger-management issues, but I'm much better now, though I do still tend to get frustrated at my own failures. I consistently score exceptionally well on standardized IQ tests (including a 200, and an "off the chart", both in professionally-administered tests), and on exams in general, though I am terrible at completing homework / coursework / projects / etc. Most of my schooling was therefore carried out in "Special Education" for kids with problems in their behavior and in getting work done. I suspect it helped tremendously in making me more well-balanced emotionally, but I also suspect it held back my academic achievements significantly -- kids at that school were mainly expected to get just one or two GCSEs, or in American terms to only graduate with a passing grade in one or two subjects.

=I'm a fat, hairy dwarf=

I'm 5'8", with red hair down to my shoulder blades (which almost always stays in a pony tail), and a beard that varies in shape and length, usually seasonally, unless I get bored with it. As of March 2007, I'm sporting a full set, at around 3/4 of an inch long (though I keep the moustache trimmed enough that my mouth isn't obscured), having trimmed off the 3 inch winter growth when the weather started warming up. I am neither Lithuanian nor Left-Handed. I do not wear glasses, contacts, a monocle, or other sight aids.

=Shh. Don't talk about the Cross & Crown. I mentioned it once but I think I got away with it.=

My politics are of the Minarchist persuasion. I'm a middle-of-the-road Protestant, and an ordained minister in the Universal Life Church. I have followed a number of other faiths and philosophies in the past.

=Computing=

I have been a shameless computer geek since about the age of 4. I was typing before I could write, and indeed programming before I started school.

I'm an IT contractor by trade, and I've turned my hand to a fair selection of projects over the years. Right now, I'm on a contract for a major ISP/telco, doing Perl, SQL and Javascript development of a CRM and abuse-tracking application.

I also custom-build workstation-grade high-performance PCs for fun and profit. My personal machine is a Core2 Duo E6300 with 4GB of DDR2-800 and a pair of 320GB SATA hard drives. My next personal project is going to be a media center.

=Correctness is defined by widespread usage=

Linguistically, I'm a prescriptivist whose rulebook consists of statistics from Google for the usage in question.

=My Hovercraft is full of Eels=

I speak English and rusty German, and can read enough Danish, French and Spanish to fix most things that Babelfish breaks. I know enough about how several other languages work (including Russian, Latin, Greek) to be able to just about figure out some texts, provided I have the Internet available. Starting to learn languages is something of a hobby. Finishing learning them? Not so much. In the last year (as of January 2008), I have started learning Russian, Czech, Sumerian, Hittite, Armenian, Japanese, Inuktitut, and Ojibwe -- some of those not for the first time.

My long term goal is to be able to converse adequately in English, French, Spanish, Russian, Hindi, (Eastern) Arabic and Mandarin, plus any others that seem interesting.

=My Projectses=

I'm given to starting many projects and finishing few of them. On deck right now are a PIE reference book (to be published by lulu.com), a set of additional glyphs for SIL Gentium (trying to find the right license to let anyone and everyone edit my source, but allow SIL to incorporate the new glyphs into the main font, which is SIL OFL), the [[Uínlītska]] language, and parts of an MMORPG engine.

My conlang projects, in approximate (and fuzzy) chronological order of being started, are:

* Common - An attempt at a modern Germanic/Romance koine. About as naive and unsophisticated as an auxlang can be, in fact.
* Polyparlisho - Another auxlang. I blame ''The Loom Of Language'' right on top of learning Esperanto for the horrifically stereotypical structure of this language.
* Orkish had four phonemes. Nuff said.
* Trollish existed only as a logographic writing system.
* Bennett was a codelang created by me and my brother. It was almost purely a logographic script for English (with ideographs for case and prepositions), with a mixture of a substitution cypher of the IPA and ideographic determinatives for proper nouns and words for which there were no logograms. Years later, I kept a journal using what I remembered of the script.
* Wenetaic
** The first incarnation was pretty much utterly naive and a priori, and proved to be utterly untranslatable in the two relays it was entered in. I think this was because of the complex and large set of fusional "directionals", which combined aspect, deixis, case, gender and a number of other things, and sometimes had lexical meanings, though it also had two classes of reduplication thrown in. The vocab was pulled from a selection of languages based on essentially whatever struck me when I needed a new word.
** The second incarnation had a stronger a postieriori basis for the vocabulary, and ditched the reduplication. It kept a smaller and more orthogonal set of directionals, though.
* Meynian was a "Nostratic" (actually noodled-around-with IE) a posteriori language. It had ablaut, a more manageable case system, no gender marking on nouns, a huge pronoun set, a small and simple verbal morphology, and my first real derivational system.
* Thagojian
** The first incarnation had IIRC 288 consonants in a nice, orthogonal, 5-dimensional grid. It made extensive use of consonant mutation and Arabic-style vowel frame morphology. It proved unlearnable to the highest degree.
** The second incarnation massively simplified the morphology and phonology, borrowed some concepts from the second version of Wenetaic, and became an IE language located in the Levant, with Coptic, Arabic, Turkish, and Hebrew adstrates, with vowel harmony. For all my efforts, it was essentially stillborn.
** The third incarnation forked into two projects, Thag 3A and Thag 3B. The former is in the spirit of the second incarnation, but is on hiatus, and the latter became Terzemian.
* mQlò was a toylang based on my discovery that I could simultaneously articulate a fully-nasal airstream with tone while producing clicks while producing phonation effects while controlling rounding. I scared *myself* with that one, and shelved it rapidly.
* Lizardman is/was a project that I feel I didn't give a fair shake to. It was designed for a species without a vaulted palatte, and without prehensile lips. With a small, orthogonal phoneme set, and a large set of derivations, it should have gone far. I found it one of the easiest projects to translate into, in fact, but it has floundered.
* [[Tsa'in]] is mostly an experiment, almost but not quite an engelang. I'm playing with phonology, and trying out some things I don't normally dabble in. It has a whiff of the Meso-American about it, as well as a dash of East Asia.
* [[Br'ga]] is conlocated on a small, isolated tropical island. It has a bizarre phoneme set, a nonobvious gender and pronoun system, and very many derivational opperations, working much like Inuit or something. The verbs of motion worked by lexicallizing direction and deriving for manner, unlike European languages that generally lexicalize manner and derive or use adverbs for direction. Think "traverse quickly" instead of "run along". Morphology was via ablaut and suffixes. Some suffixes caused umlaut, and some harmonized. There was a suffix of /ː/...
* [[Terzemian]] is an IE language, related to the Indo-Slavic metabranch, based on the western shore of the Caspian Sea. It has Turkic, Uralic, Kartvelian, Persian, and Russian influences, among others. I am working on Latin, UTA, Cyrillic and Arabic orthographies for it. It was my main project, but Uínlītska caught my eye during a low point.
* [[Uínlītska]] is a Norse language, with influences from European and Native American languages. In theory it's part of a whole series of languages for an AU centered on the ''Norse Territory of [[Uínlīta]]'', a modern continuation of the colonization of Vínland. Work tends to be sporadic, and deliberately so: I'm trying to concentrate on Terzemian, my book, and my [[User:Paul.w.bennett/CSMF|sound change engine]].
* [[Hibernic]] will be situated in the same AU as Uínlītska, being the language of mostly-Celtic settlers who arrived a couple of generations later.
* The [[Uínlīta (AU)|conworld containing Uínlīta]] will be developed over time. Right now, I have a billion ideas, and no structure.
* I'm building a guess at [[User:Paul.w.bennett/piephon|PIE Phonetics]].
* I doodle [[User:Paul.w.bennett/Doodle|here]] from time to time.

=Special Thanks=

Userboxish thing taken from Joerg and BPJ.

Talk:Terzemian

2008-08-28T11:59:58Z

Paul.w.bennett: /* Georgian Verb */

=Georgian Verb=

Preverb-Subject-Preradical-Root-PFSF-TAM-Object-Subject

==Preverb==

{|border="1" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="4" align="center"
|align = "center"|a-
|align = "center"|up
|align = "center"|ča-
|align = "center"|down

|-
|align = "center"|še-
|align = "center"|in
|align = "center"|ga-
|align = "center"|out

|-
|align = "center"|gada-
|align = "center"|across
|align = "center"|c̣a-
|align = "center"|away

|-
|align = "center"|mi-
|align = "center"|away
|align = "center"|mo-
|align = "center"|towards

|-
|align = "center"|da-
|align = "center"|''(various)''
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 

|} 

==Subject==

{|border="1" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="4" align="center"
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"|Sg
|align = "center"|Pl

|-
|align = "center"|1.
|align = "center"|v-
|align = "center"|v-t

|-
|align = "center"|2.
|align = "center"|-
|align = "center"|-t

|-
|align = "center"|3.
|align = "center"|-*
|align = "center"|-*

|} 

The asterisk indicates that the 3rd Person subject marker varies by verb.

==PFSF==

Verbs may be Aorist, Perfect, or Nonpast. Nonpast is marked by a verb-dependant PFSF marker.

==TAM==

Additional TAM distinctions may be provided in a separate suffix.

==Object==

3rd Person Object has a ∅ marker.

Talk:Terzemian

2008-08-28T11:50:41Z

Paul.w.bennett: /* Georgian Verb */

=Georgian Verb=

Preverb-Subject-Preradical-Root-PFSF-TAM-Object-Subject

==Subject==

{|border="1" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="4" align="center"
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"|Sg
|align = "center"|Pl

|-
|align = "center"|1.
|align = "center"|v-
|align = "center"|v-t

|-
|align = "center"|2.
|align = "center"|-
|align = "center"|-t

|-
|align = "center"|3.
|align = "center"|-*
|align = "center"|-*

|} 

The asterisk indicates that the 3rd Person subject marker varies by verb.

==PFSF==

Verbs may be Aorist, Perfect, or Nonpast. Nonpast is marked by a verb-dependant PFSF marker.

==TAM==

Additional TAM distinctions may be provided in a separate suffix.

==Object==

3rd Person Object has a ∅ marker.

Talk:Terzemian

2008-08-28T11:49:56Z

Paul.w.bennett:

=Georgian Verb=

Preverb-Subject-Preradical-Root-PFSF-TAM-Object-Subject-Number

==Subject==

{|border="1" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="4" align="center"
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"|Sg
|align = "center"|Pl

|-
|align = "center"|1.
|align = "center"|v-
|align = "center"|v-t

|-
|align = "center"|2.
|align = "center"|-
|align = "center"|-t

|-
|align = "center"|3.
|align = "center"|-*
|align = "center"|-*

|} 

The asterisk indicates that the 3rd Person subject marker varies by verb.

==PFSF==

Verbs may be Aorist, Perfect, or Nonpast. Nonpast is marked by a verb-dependant PFSF marker.

==TAM==

Additional TAM distinctions may be provided in a separate suffix.

==Object==

3rd Person Object has a ∅ marker.

Talk:Terzemian

2008-08-28T10:41:56Z

Paul.w.bennett: /* PFSF */

Talk:Terzemian

2008-08-28T10:30:11Z

Paul.w.bennett:

=Georgian Verb=

Preverb-Subject-Preradical-Root-PFSF-TAM-Object-Subject-Number

==Subject==

{|border="1" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="4" align="center"
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"|Sg
|align = "center"|Pl

|-
|align = "center"|1.
|align = "center"|v-
|align = "center"|v-t

|-
|align = "center"|2.
|align = "center"|-
|align = "center"|-t

|-
|align = "center"|3.
|align = "center"|-*
|align = "center"|-*

|} 

The asterisk indicates that the 3rd Person subject marker varies by verb.

==PFSF==

Verbs may be Aorist, Perfect, or Nonpast. Nonpast is marked by a verb-dependant PSFS marker.

==TAM==

Additional TAM distinctions may be provided in a separate suffix.

Talk:Terzemian

2008-08-28T10:26:52Z

Paul.w.bennett: /* Subject */

Talk:Terzemian

2008-08-27T01:34:45Z

Paul.w.bennett: /* Subject */

Talk:Terzemian

2008-08-27T01:34:12Z

Paul.w.bennett: New page: =Georgian Verb= Preverb-Subject-Preradical-Root-PFSF-TAM-Object-Subject-Number ==Subject== {|border="1" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="4" align="center" |align = "center"|  |align = ...

Uínlītska

2008-04-19T23:14:46Z

Paul.w.bennett: /* Latin Script */

This majority language of Norse America is derived from Old Norse, with adstrates from Germanic, Celtic, Algonquian, Iroquoian, and Inuit, in particular Scots, Scots Gaelic, English, Nunatsiaviummiutut, Nunavimmiutitut, Míkmak, Ojibwe, Abenaki and Beothuk.

=WARNING! WARNING! WARNING!=

This page, while never stable, has become outstandingly unstable, and is guaranteed to be unstable, and to lack self-consistency. Do not treat anything here as though it is either correct or inviolate.

=Phonology=

''See the [[Uínlītska Phonology]] article for details.''

=Orthography=

==Latin Script==
=Consonants=

{|border="1" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="4" align="center"
|align = "center"|p b
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"|t d
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"|k ȝ
|align = "center"|ku ȝu
|align = "center"|ʔ

|-
|align = "center"|f
|align = "center"|ð
|align = "center"|s
|align = "center"|sj
|align = "center"|h
|align = "center"|hu
|align = "center"| 

|-
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"|tj
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 

|-
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"|þ l
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 

|-
|align = "center"|m
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"|n
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"|γ
|align = "center"|γu
|align = "center"| 

|-
|align = "center"|u
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"|j
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 

|} 

{|border="1" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="4" align="center"
|align = "center"|a
|align = "center"|æ
|align = "center"|sc
|align = "center"|ð
|align = "center"|e
|align = "center"|f
|align = "center"|ȝ
|align = "center"|γ
|align = "center"|h
|align = "center"|i
|align = "center"|j
|align = "center"|k
|align = "center"|kj
|align = "center"|l
|align = "center"|hl
|align = "center"|m
|align = "center"|n
|align = "center"|nk
|align = "center"|o
|align = "center"|p
|align = "center"|s
|align = "center"|sj
|align = "center"|sk
|align = "center"|t
|align = "center"|tj
|align = "center"|þ
|align = "center"|u
|align = "center"|z
|align = "center"|ø

|-
|align = "center"|ɑ
|align = "center"|ɛ
|align = "center"|sk
|align = "center"|θ
|align = "center"|e
|align = "center"|f
|align = "center"|ɡ
|align = "center"|ŋ
|align = "center"|x
|align = "center"|i
|align = "center"|j
|align = "center"|k
|align = "center"|tʃ
|align = "center"|l
|align = "center"|ɬ
|align = "center"|m
|align = "center"|n
|align = "center"|ŋk
|align = "center"|o
|align = "center"|p
|align = "center"|s
|align = "center"|ʃ
|align = "center"|ʃk
|align = "center"|t
|align = "center"|tʃ
|align = "center"|ɬ
|align = "center"|w/o
|align = "center"|z
|align = "center"|ə

|} 

Diacritics are acute for long vowels, macron (the ''linea nasalis'') for nasalized vowels, and hook-below for the 'open' versions of '''e''' and '''o'''. The ''plønna'', the dot written for the glottal stop, is also generally treated as a diactritic. All these are normally ignored completely when sorting.

The orthography is uncial (that is there are no capital letters), and is based on Carolingian. In modern times, increasing use has been made of the normal Latin alphabet for printed works, and but the traditional script still survives in its original form, as well as in a descendant script similar to Rotunda and Schwabacher.

==Runes==

{|border="1" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="4" align="center"
|align = "center"|ᚠ
|align = "center"|ᚢ
|align = "center"|ᚦ
|align = "center"|ᚨ
|align = "center"|ᚲ
|align = "center"|ᚹ
|align = "center"|ᚺ
|align = "center"|ᚾ
|align = "center"|ᛁ
|align = "center"|ᛃ
|align = "center"|ᛇ
|align = "center"|ᛈ
|align = "center"|ᛊ
|align = "center"|ᛋ
|align = "center"|ᛏ
|align = "center"|ᛖ
|align = "center"|ᛗ
|align = "center"|ᛚ
|align = "center"|ᛝ
|align = "center"|ᛟ
|align = "center"|ᛨ

|-
|align = "center"|f
|align = "center"|o
|align = "center"|ɬ
|align = "center"|ɑ
|align = "center"|k
|align = "center"|w
|align = "center"|x
|align = "center"|n
|align = "center"|i
|align = "center"|e
|align = "center"|j
|align = "center"|p
|align = "center"|z
|align = "center"|s
|align = "center"|t
|align = "center"|ɛ
|align = "center"|m
|align = "center"|l
|align = "center"|ŋ
|align = "center"|ɔ
|align = "center"|ə

|} 

=Morphology=

Both verbs and nouns distinguish between single, dual and plural number.

==Morphophonemics==

See the [[Uínlītska Phonology]] article for definitions of the vowel archiphonemes.

The consonant archiphonemes ''ɴ'', ''ʟ'', ''ᴊ'', and ''ᴡ'' have the following realizations:

{|border="1" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="4" align="center"
|align = "center" rowspan = "2" valign = "bottom"|'''Base'''
|align = "center" colspan = "8"|'''Environment'''

|-
|align = "center"|V_V
|align = "center"|V_#
|align = "center"|#_V
|align = "center"|C_V
|align = "center"|V_C
|align = "center"|C_C
|align = "center"|C_#
|align = "center"|#_C

|-
|align = "center"|'''ɴ'''
|align = "center"|n
|align = "center"|n
|align = "center"|n
|align = "center"|ən
|align = "center"|n
|align = "center"|ən
|align = "center"|ə̃
|align = "center"|nə

|-
|align = "center"|'''ʟ'''
|align = "center"|l
|align = "center"|l
|align = "center"|l
|align = "center"|l
|align = "center"|w
|align = "center"|əl
|align = "center"|il
|align = "center"|lə

|-
|align = "center"|'''ᴊ'''
|align = "center"|j
|align = "center"|j
|align = "center"|j
|align = "center"|j
|align = "center"|j
|align = "center"|i
|align = "center"|i
|align = "center"|i

|-
|align = "center"|'''ᴡ'''
|align = "center"|w
|align = "center"|w
|align = "center"|w
|align = "center"|w
|align = "center"|w
|align = "center"|o
|align = "center"|o
|align = "center"|o

|} 

==Nouns==

===Summary===

A fully inflected noun consists of (in order) a stem, inflected for number and case, optional marking for definiteness, and an optional postposition. For instance: ''sōrƿinmeð'' (with the son), ''hámsū'' (about a house).

===Gender===

Nouns are split into Masculine, Feminine and Neuter genders in the singular. In the dual and plural, Masculine and Feminine collapse into identically-formed paradigms, which is often called the Common plural.

===Case===

Nouns have three core cases (used only for core NPs), and four oblique cases (which are used with postpositions for non-core NPs).

Nouns may also be marked with attitudinals (''qv'').

The citation form of a noun includes a hyphen followed by the stem vowel.

See the section on umlaut and sandhi for a description of the notation used below.

====Core Cases====

Erg, Nom/Abs, Acc, based on fluid-S system oriented to intentionality. In certain circumstances, the choice of cases adds morphology to the verb, this is shown in the '''Verb''' row.

{|border="1" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="4" align="center"
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center" colspan = "6"|'''Undergoer'''

|-
|align = "center" rowspan = "2" valign = "bottom"|'''Initiator'''
|align = "center" colspan = "2" |Animate
|align = "center" rowspan = "2" valign = "bottom"|Inanimate
|align = "center" rowspan = "2" valign = "bottom"|Intransitive
|align = "center" rowspan = "2" valign = "bottom"|Not Specified
|align = "center" rowspan = "2" valign = "bottom"|Negative

|-
|align = "center"|Willing
|align = "center"|Unwilling

|-
|align = "center"|Unintentional
|align = "center"|Nom/Acc
|align = "center"|Erg/Acc
|align = "center"|Nom/Acc
|align = "center"|Acc
|align = "center"|Nom
|align = "center"|Erg

|-
|align = "center"|Intentional
|align = "center"|Erg/Nom
|align = "center"|Erg/Acc
|align = "center"|Erg/Nom
|align = "center"|Nom
|align = "center"|Nom
|align = "center"|Erg

|-
|align = "center"|Verb
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"|''Patient''-
|align = "center"|''Agent''-
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"|''ы''k-/''ы''-
|align = "center"|''ɴ''-

|} 

The ''Patient'' and ''Agent'' prefixes are identical to those used for the possessor of obligatorily possessed nouns.

====Oblique Cases====

Gen/Abl, Dat, Loc, Ins

====Declensions====

'''REDO FROM START'''

{|border="1" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="4" align="center"
|align = "center" colspan = "2"| 
|align = "center" colspan = "3"|'''I'''
|align = "center" colspan = "3"|'''II'''
|align = "center" colspan = "3"|'''III'''
|align = "center" colspan = "3"|'''IV'''
|align = "center" colspan = "3"|'''V'''

|-
|colspan = "2" align = "right"|''ON Stem''
|align = "center" colspan = "3"|''-a''
|align = "center" colspan = "3"|''-i/-u''
|align = "center" colspan = "3"|''-o''
|align = "center" colspan = "3"|''-r''
|align = "center" colspan = "3"|''-nd''

|-
|align = "center" colspan = "2"| 
|align = "center"|''Sg''
|align = "center"|''Du''
|align = "center"|''Pl''

|align = "center"|''Sg''
|align = "center"|''Du''
|align = "center"|''Pl''

|align = "center"|''Sg''
|align = "center"|''Du''
|align = "center"|''Pl''

|align = "center"|''Sg''
|align = "center"|''Du''
|align = "center"|''Pl''

|align = "center"|''Sg''
|align = "center"|''Du''
|align = "center"|''Pl''

|-
|align = "left"|'''Nominative'''
|align = "left"|''Initiator''

|align = "center"|-''ʟ''
|align = "center"|-''ʟᴊ''
|align = "center"|-''η''

|align = "center"|-∅
|align = "center"|-''ᴊ''
|align = "center"|-''ω''-∅

|align = "center"|-''ω''-''ʟ''
|align = "center"|-''ω''-''ʟᴊ''
|align = "center"|-''ʟ''

|align = "center"|-''ʟ''
|align = "center"|-''ʟᴊ''
|align = "center"|-''υ''-''ᴊ''

|align = "center"|-''ᴊ''
|align = "center"|-j''ᴊ''
|align = "center"|-''υ''-''ʟ''

|-
|align = "left"|'''Accusative'''
|align = "left"|''Undergoer''

|align = "center"|-∅
|align = "center"|-''ᴊ''
|align = "center"|-∅

|align = "center"|-∅
|align = "center"|-''ᴊ''
|align = "center"|-∅

|align = "center"|-''ᴡ''
|align = "center"|-''ᴡᴊ''
|align = "center"|-''η''

|-
|align = "left"|'''Genitive'''
|align = "left"|''From''

|align = "center"|-s
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"|-ø

|align = "center"|-a
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 

|align = "center"|-a
|align = "center"|-''ω''-a
|align = "center"|-a

|-
|align = "left"|'''Dative'''
|align = "left"|''To''

|align = "center"|-''ᴊ''
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"|-''ω''-''ᴊɴ''

|align = "center"|-''ᴊ''
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 

|align = "center"|-''ᴊ''
|align = "center"|-''ю''-''ᴊ''
|align = "center"|-''ᴊɴ''

|-
|align = "left"|'''Locative'''
|align = "left"|''At''

|align = "center"|-s
|align = "center"|-''ᴊ''s
|align = "center"|-s

|align = "center"|-s
|align = "center"|-''ᴊ''s
|align = "center"|-s

|align = "center"|-øs
|align = "center"|-ø''ᴊ''s
|align = "center"|-''η''s

|-
|align = "left"|'''Oblique'''
|align = "left"|(Everything else)

|align = "center"|-sj
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"|-øs

|align = "center"|-as
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 

|align = "center"|-as
|align = "center"|-''ω''-as
|align = "center"|-as

|} 

Some useful patterns occur in noun declensions:
* The Dual is formed in most cases from the Singular plus -''ᴊ''.
* The Locative and Oblique are formed from the Accusative and Genitive respectively plus ''-s'' (or ''-j'' when the ending is already ''s'').

===Obligatory Possession===

Certain nouns (notably body parts and family members) must bear a possessive prefix showing their referent/"possessor". Other nouns may optionally bear the same prefixes (instead of using a Genitive phrase) if the possessor is animate.

The prefixes used are:

{|border="1" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="4" align="center"
|align = "center"|'''Posessor'''
|align = "center"|'''Marking'''

|-
|align = "center"|'''1'''
|align = "center"|''ɴ''-

|-
|align = "center"|'''2'''
|align = "center"|ki-/k-

|-
|align = "center"|'''3 Px'''
|align = "center"|''ᴡ''-

|-
|align = "center"|'''3 Ob'''
|align = "center"|''ю''-/''ю''s-

|} 

===Article===

Definiteness is marked as follows:

{|border="1" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="4" align="center"
|align = "center" colspan = "2"|'''Definite To'''
|align = "center" colspan = "2"|'''Marking'''

|-
|align = "center"|''Speaker''
|align = "center"|''Listener''
|align = "center"|''Animate''
|align = "center"|''Inanimate''

|-
|align = "center"|No
|align = "center"|No
|align = "center" colspan = "2"|''Not marked''

|-
|align = "center"|Yes
|align = "center"|No
|align = "center"|-''ᴊ''l
|align = "center"|-''ᴊ''þ

|-
|align = "center"|Yes
|align = "center"|Yes
|align = "center"|-''ᴊ̃''
|align = "center"|-''ᴊ''s

|} 

====Attributive Article====

The particles ''hī'', ''his'' precede adjectives and adverbs used attributively as parts of names, as opposed to "ordinary" articles suffixed to adjectives and adverbs to nominalise that quality. For instance ''pję́n hī ǫzih'' is ''Bjarn The Weathly'', and ''pję́n ǫzihī'' is ''the weathly Bjarn (as opposed to the other one)''.

===Postpositions===

Many common postpositions have become enclitics, and a process of their becoming instead enlargements of the case system is imminent, and arguably already underway in various colloquial lects.

''Note: needs moar disambig.''

{|border="1" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="4" align="center"
|align = "center"|'''Postposition'''
|align = "center"|'''Nom'''
|align = "center"|'''Acc'''
|align = "center"|'''Gen'''
|align = "center"|'''Dat'''
|align = "center"|'''Loc'''
|align = "center"|'''Obl'''

|-
|align = "center"|á
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"|by means of
|align = "center"|upon
|align = "center"|on
|align = "center"|in the manner of

|-
|align = "center"|af
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"|from
|align = "center"|out of
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"|because of

|-
|align = "center"|at
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"|to
|align = "center"|near
|align = "center"|towards

|-
|align = "center"|í
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"|among
|align = "center"|into, onto
|align = "center"|in, within
|align = "center"|during

|-
|align = "center"|eftí
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"|along
|align = "center"|in order to obtain
|align = "center"|according to
|align = "center"|behind
|align = "center"|later than

|-
|align = "center"|flá
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"|from
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"|concerning

|-
|align = "center"|hfᵫ́ri
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"|because of
|align = "center"|against
|align = "center"|in front of
|align = "center"|earlier than

|-
|align = "center"|með
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"|by means of
|align = "center"|as well as
|align = "center"|in combination with
|align = "center"| 

|-
|align = "center"|of
|align = "center"|above
|align = "center"|over
|align = "center"|concerning
|align = "center"|because of
|align = "center"|around, about
|align = "center"|for

|-
|align = "center"|ǫ́
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"|of
|align = "center"|out of, from
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"|made from

|-
|align = "center"|sjá
|align = "center" colspan = "6"|beside, at the side of; compared with; close by

|-
|align = "center"|til
|align = "center" colspan = "6"|in; of, concerning; on; as, for, to obtain; until, to, up to the time

|-
|align = "center"|útā
|align = "center" colspan = "6"|outside (of); beyond; without

|-
|align = "center"|ū
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"|about, concerning
|align = "center"|across
|align = "center"|throughout
|align = "center"| 

|-
|align = "center"|ᵫðð
|align = "center" colspan = "6"|reaching to, against, with; towards, at; in exchange for; by; (together) with, close to; because of

|-
|align = "center"|ᵫfí
|align = "center" colspan = "6"|above, over, at; across, upon

|} 

Postpositions show above with a leading hyphen have generally fused as enclitics.

===Adjectives===

==Pronouns==

Pronouns are marked for person, number and case. Additionally, pronouns carry inclusivity/exclusivity information for the first person not encoded elsewhere. See the respective sections above and below for more details on the individual systems.

''Placeholder mostly-pure-ON pronouns''

{|border="1" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="4" align="center"
|align = "center" rowspan = "3"| 
|align = "center" colspan = "5"|1st
|align = "center" colspan = "3" rowspan = "2"|2nd
|align = "center" colspan = "6"|3rd

|-
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center" colspan = "2"|Incl
|align = "center" colspan = "2"|Excl
|align = "center" colspan = "3"|Proximal
|align = "center" colspan = "3"|Distal

|-
|align = "center"|Sg
|align = "center"|Du
|align = "center"|Pl
|align = "center"|Du
|align = "center"|Pl
|align = "center"|Sg
|align = "center"|Du
|align = "center"|Pl
|align = "center"|Sg
|align = "center"|Du
|align = "center"|Pl
|align = "center"|Sg
|align = "center"|Du
|align = "center"|Pl

|-
|align = "center"|'''Nominative'''
|align = "center"|ek
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"|fist
|align = "center"|fé
|align = "center"|hlo
|align = "center"|hlist
|align = "center"|hlé
|align = "center"|an
|align = "center"|ant
|align = "center"|hléj
|align = "center"|hlast
|align = "center"|hlęst
|align = "center"|zǫ

|-
|align = "center"|'''Accusative'''
|align = "center"|mih
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"|øski
|align = "center"|øs
|align = "center"|hlisk
|align = "center"|iski
|align = "center"|ihli
|align = "center"|hán
|align = "center"|hánt
|align = "center"|zá
|align = "center"|zat
|align = "center"|zet
|align = "center"|zǫ

|-
|align = "center"|'''Genitive'''
|align = "center"|mín
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"|oská
|align = "center"|fǫ́
|align = "center"|hlín
|align = "center"|iska
|align = "center"|isa
|align = "center"|ęns
|align = "center"|ęnts
|align = "center"|hléjø
|align = "center"|hles
|align = "center"|hlents
|align = "center"|hléjø

|-
|align = "center"|'''Dative'''
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 

|-
|align = "center"|'''Locative'''
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 

|-
|align = "center"|'''Oblique'''
|align = "center"|ehs
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"|fits
|align = "center"|fés
|align = "center"|hløs
|align = "center"|hlits
|align = "center"|hléls
|align = "center"|ans
|align = "center"|ants
|align = "center"|hléjs
|align = "center"|hlats
|align = "center"|hlęts
|align = "center"|zǫs

|} 

The 3rd Person Prox/Dist forms are used (more or less) to distinguish between an 3rd Person who is the subject of the current sentence/clause (using the Proximal) and a 3rd person who is not the subject (using the Distal).

==Verbs 2.0==

In order to use a verb, you need to know it's Conjugation and Class.

The dictionary form of a verb lists the Present Indicative stem, along with the conjugation number and class letter, for instance the following fictional example:

* '''sing-''' ''v. (2/A)'' - To sing ''(sth)''.

===Personal Marking===

This is the general template for personal distinctions in verb conjugations.

{|border="1" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="4" align="center"
|align = "center" valign="bottom" rowspan = "2" colspan = "2"|'''Person'''
|align = "center" colspan = "2"|'''Number'''

|-
|align = "center" colspan = "1"|''Singular''
|align = "center" colspan = "1"|''Plural''

|-
|align = "center"|Indef.
|align = "center"|''Somebody''
|align = "center" colspan = "2"|X

|-
|align = "center"|Neg.
|align = "center"|''Nobody''
|align = "center" colspan = "2"|X

|-
|align = "center"|1st
|align = "center"|''Me''
|align = "center"|1
|align = "center"|1p

|-
|align = "center"|2nd
|align = "center"|''You''
|align = "center"|2
|align = "center"|2p

|-
|align = "center"|An Px
|align = "center"|''Him (Near)''
|align = "center"|3
|align = "center"|3p

|-
|align = "center"|An Ob
|align = "center"|''Him (Far)''
|align = "center"|3'
|align = "center"|3'p

|-
|align = "center"|Inan
|align = "center"|''It''
|align = "center"|0
|align = "center"|0p

|} 

===Conjugations===

TAM morphology is similar to ON, with ablaut and ablaut-like processes.

There are five main Conjugations, plus a small number of irregular verbs.

====1st Conjugation====

From ON conjugations x, y, and z.

{|border="1" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="4" align="center"
|align = "center" colspan = "12"|'''INDICATIVE'''

|-
|align = "center" colspan = "6"|''Nonpast''
|align = "center" colspan = "6"|''Past''

|-
|align = "center" colspan = "3"|Sing.
|align = "center" colspan = "3"|Plur.
|align = "center" colspan = "3"|Sing.
|align = "center" colspan = "3"|Plur.

|-
|align = "center"|1
|align = "center"|2
|align = "center"|3
|align = "center"|1
|align = "center"|2
|align = "center"|3
|align = "center"|1
|align = "center"|2
|align = "center"|3
|align = "center"|1
|align = "center"|2
|align = "center"|3

|-
|align = "center" valign="bottom"|-a
|align = "center" valign="bottom"|-al
|align = "center" valign="bottom"|-al

|align = "center" valign="bottom"|-ø̄
|align = "center" valign="bottom"|-iz
|align = "center" valign="bottom"|-a

|align = "center" valign="bottom"|-az
|align = "center" valign="bottom"|-az
|align = "center" valign="bottom"|-azi

|align = "center" valign="bottom"|-iz
|align = "center" valign="bottom"|-iziz
|align = "center" valign="bottom"|-∅

|} 

====2nd Conjugation====

From ON conjugations x, y, and z.

{|border="1" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="4" align="center"
|align = "center" colspan = "4"| 
|align = "center"|'''I'''
|align = "center"|'''II'''
|align = "center"|'''III'''
|align = "center"|'''IV'''
|align = "center"|'''V'''
|align = "center"|'''To be'''

|-
|align = "center" rowspan = "12"|INDIC.
|align = "center" rowspan = "6"|''Nonpast''
|align = "center" rowspan = "3"|Sing.
|align = "center"|1.
|align = "center"|-a
|align = "center"|-i

|align = "center"|-∅
|align = "center"|-∅

|align = "center"|-''υ''-∅

|align = "center"|em

|-
|align = "center"|2.
|align = "center"|-al
|align = "center"|-il

|align = "center" rowspan = "2"|-l
|align = "center" rowspan = "2"|-s

|align = "center" rowspan = "2"|-''υ''-l

|align = "center"|és

|-
|align = "center"|3.
|align = "center"|-al
|align = "center"|-il

|align = "center"|é

|-
|align = "center" rowspan = "3"|Plur.
|align = "center"|1.
|align = "center"|-ø̄
|align = "center"|-jø̄

|align = "center"|-ø̄
|align = "center"|-ø̄

|align = "center"|-''υ''-ø̄

|align = "center"|éhø̄

|-
|align = "center"|2.
|align = "center"|-iz
|align = "center"|-iz
|align = "center" colspan = "3"|-iz
|align = "center"|éhøz

|-
|align = "center"|3.
|align = "center"|-a
|align = "center"|-ja
|align = "center" colspan = "3"|-a
|align = "center"|euo

|-
|align = "center" rowspan = "6"|''Past''
|align = "center" rowspan = "3"|Sing.
|align = "center"|1.
|align = "center"|-az
|align = "center"|-ta

|align = "center"|-''ω''-∅
|align = "center"|-''η''j-∅

|align = "center"|-''ω''-∅

|align = "center"|uá

|-
|align = "center"|2.
|align = "center"|-azi
|align = "center"|-til

|align = "center"|-''ω''-s
|align = "center"|-''η''j-t

|align = "center"|-''ω''-s

|align = "center"|uás

|-
|align = "center"|3.
|align = "center"|-azi
|align = "center"|-ti

|align = "center"|-''ω''-∅
|align = "center"|-''η''j-∅

|align = "center"|-''ω''-∅

|align = "center"|uá

|-
|align = "center" rowspan = "3"|Plur.

|align = "center"|1.
|align = "center"|-izø̄
|align = "center"|-tī

|align = "center"|-''ω''-ø̄
|align = "center"|-ø̄

|align = "center"|-''ω''-ø̄

|align = "center"|uálī

|-
|align = "center"|2.
|align = "center"|-iziz
|align = "center"|-tiz

|align = "center"|-''ω''-øz
|align = "center"|-iz

|align = "center"|-''ω''-iz

|align = "center"|uáliz

|-
|align = "center"|3.
|align = "center"|-∅
|align = "center"|-ti

|align = "center"|-i
|align = "center"|-i

|align = "center"|-''ω''-i

|align = "center"|uáli

|-
|align = "center"|IMPERAT.
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 

|align = "center"|-a
|align = "center"|-∅

|align = "center"|-∅
|align = "center"|-∅

|align = "center"|-∅

|align = "center"|ué

|-
|align = "center" rowspan = "12"|SUBJ.
|align = "center" rowspan = "6"|''Pres.''
|align = "center" rowspan = "3"|Sing.
|align = "center"|1.
|align = "center"|-a
|align = "center"|-a

|align = "center" colspan = "3"|-a

|align = "center"|sjá

|-
|align = "center"|2.
|align = "center"|-il
|align = "center"|-il

|align = "center" colspan = "3"|-il

|align = "center"|sél

|-
|align = "center"|3.
|align = "center"|-i
|align = "center"|-i

|align = "center" colspan = "3"|-i

|align = "center"|sé

|-
|align = "center" rowspan = "3"|Plur.
|align = "center"|1.
|align = "center"|-ī
|align = "center"|-ī

|align = "center" colspan = "3"|-ī

|align = "center"|sém

|-
|align = "center"|2.
|align = "center"|-iz
|align = "center"|-iz

|align = "center" colspan = "3"|-iz

|align = "center"|séz

|-
|align = "center"|3.
|align = "center"|-i
|align = "center"|-i

|align = "center" colspan = "3"|-i

|align = "center"|sé

|-
|align = "center" rowspan = "6"|''Pret.''
|align = "center" rowspan = "3"|Sing.
|align = "center"|1.

|-
|align = "center"|2.

|-
|align = "center"|3.

|-
|align = "center" rowspan = "3"|Plur.
|align = "center"|1.

|-
|align = "center"|2.

|-
|align = "center"|3.

|} 

====3rd Conjugation====

From ON conjugations x, y, and z.

{|border="1" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="4" align="center"
|align = "center" colspan = "12"|'''INDICATIVE'''

|-
|align = "center" colspan = "6"|''Nonpast''
|align = "center" colspan = "6"|''Past''

|-
|align = "center" colspan = "3"|Sing.
|align = "center" colspan = "3"|Plur.
|align = "center" colspan = "3"|Sing.
|align = "center" colspan = "3"|Plur.

|-
|align = "center"|1
|align = "center"|2
|align = "center"|3
|align = "center"|1
|align = "center"|2
|align = "center"|3
|align = "center"|1
|align = "center"|2
|align = "center"|3
|align = "center"|1
|align = "center"|2
|align = "center"|3

|-
|align = "center" valign="bottom"|-∅
|align = "center" valign="bottom"|-(i)l
|align = "center" valign="bottom"|-(i)lz

|align = "center" valign="bottom"|-ø̄
|align = "center" valign="bottom"|-iz
|align = "center" valign="bottom"|-(j)a

|align = "center" valign="bottom"|-''ω''-∅
|align = "center" valign="bottom"|-''ω''-s
|align = "center" valign="bottom"|-''ω''-(u)s

|align = "center" valign="bottom"|-''ω''-∅
|align = "center" valign="bottom"|-''ω''-(ʔ)ø̄
|align = "center" valign="bottom"|-''ω''-(ʔ)øs

|} 

====4th Conjugation====

From ON conjugations x, y, and z.

{|border="1" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="4" align="center"
|align = "center" colspan = "4"| 
|align = "center"|'''I'''
|align = "center"|'''II'''
|align = "center"|'''III'''
|align = "center"|'''IV'''
|align = "center"|'''V'''
|align = "center"|'''To be'''

|-
|align = "center" rowspan = "12"|INDIC.
|align = "center" rowspan = "6"|''Nonpast''
|align = "center" rowspan = "3"|Sing.
|align = "center"|1.
|align = "center"|-a
|align = "center"|-i

|align = "center"|-∅
|align = "center"|-∅

|align = "center"|-''υ''-∅

|align = "center"|em

|-
|align = "center"|2.
|align = "center"|-al
|align = "center"|-il

|align = "center" rowspan = "2"|-l
|align = "center" rowspan = "2"|-s

|align = "center" rowspan = "2"|-''υ''-l

|align = "center"|és

|-
|align = "center"|3.
|align = "center"|-al
|align = "center"|-il

|align = "center"|é

|-
|align = "center" rowspan = "3"|Plur.
|align = "center"|1.
|align = "center"|-ø̄
|align = "center"|-jø̄

|align = "center"|-ø̄
|align = "center"|-ø̄

|align = "center"|-''υ''-ø̄

|align = "center"|éhø̄

|-
|align = "center"|2.
|align = "center"|-iz
|align = "center"|-iz
|align = "center" colspan = "3"|-iz
|align = "center"|éhøz

|-
|align = "center"|3.
|align = "center"|-a
|align = "center"|-ja
|align = "center" colspan = "3"|-a
|align = "center"|euo

|-
|align = "center" rowspan = "6"|''Past''
|align = "center" rowspan = "3"|Sing.
|align = "center"|1.
|align = "center"|-az
|align = "center"|-ta

|align = "center"|-''ω''-∅
|align = "center"|-''η''j-∅

|align = "center"|-''ω''-∅

|align = "center"|uá

|-
|align = "center"|2.
|align = "center"|-azi
|align = "center"|-til

|align = "center"|-''ω''-s
|align = "center"|-''η''j-t

|align = "center"|-''ω''-s

|align = "center"|uás

|-
|align = "center"|3.
|align = "center"|-azi
|align = "center"|-ti

|align = "center"|-''ω''-∅
|align = "center"|-''η''j-∅

|align = "center"|-''ω''-∅

|align = "center"|uá

|-
|align = "center" rowspan = "3"|Plur.

|align = "center"|1.
|align = "center"|-izø̄
|align = "center"|-tī

|align = "center"|-''ω''-ø̄
|align = "center"|-ø̄

|align = "center"|-''ω''-ø̄

|align = "center"|uálī

|-
|align = "center"|2.
|align = "center"|-iziz
|align = "center"|-tiz

|align = "center"|-''ω''-øz
|align = "center"|-iz

|align = "center"|-''ω''-iz

|align = "center"|uáliz

|-
|align = "center"|3.
|align = "center"|-∅
|align = "center"|-ti

|align = "center"|-i
|align = "center"|-i

|align = "center"|-''ω''-i

|align = "center"|uáli

|-
|align = "center"|IMPERAT.
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 

|align = "center"|-a
|align = "center"|-∅

|align = "center"|-∅
|align = "center"|-∅

|align = "center"|-∅

|align = "center"|ué

|-
|align = "center" rowspan = "12"|SUBJ.
|align = "center" rowspan = "6"|''Pres.''
|align = "center" rowspan = "3"|Sing.
|align = "center"|1.
|align = "center"|-a
|align = "center"|-a

|align = "center" colspan = "3"|-a

|align = "center"|sjá

|-
|align = "center"|2.
|align = "center"|-il
|align = "center"|-il

|align = "center" colspan = "3"|-il

|align = "center"|sél

|-
|align = "center"|3.
|align = "center"|-i
|align = "center"|-i

|align = "center" colspan = "3"|-i

|align = "center"|sé

|-
|align = "center" rowspan = "3"|Plur.
|align = "center"|1.
|align = "center"|-ī
|align = "center"|-ī

|align = "center" colspan = "3"|-ī

|align = "center"|sém

|-
|align = "center"|2.
|align = "center"|-iz
|align = "center"|-iz

|align = "center" colspan = "3"|-iz

|align = "center"|séz

|-
|align = "center"|3.
|align = "center"|-i
|align = "center"|-i

|align = "center" colspan = "3"|-i

|align = "center"|sé

|-
|align = "center" rowspan = "6"|''Pret.''
|align = "center" rowspan = "3"|Sing.
|align = "center"|1.

|-
|align = "center"|2.

|-
|align = "center"|3.

|-
|align = "center" rowspan = "3"|Plur.
|align = "center"|1.

|-
|align = "center"|2.

|-
|align = "center"|3.

|} 

====5th Conjugation====

From ON conjugations x, y, and z.

{|border="1" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="4" align="center"
|align = "center" colspan = "4"| 
|align = "center"|'''I'''
|align = "center"|'''II'''
|align = "center"|'''III'''
|align = "center"|'''IV'''
|align = "center"|'''V'''
|align = "center"|'''To be'''

|-
|align = "center" rowspan = "12"|INDIC.
|align = "center" rowspan = "6"|''Nonpast''
|align = "center" rowspan = "3"|Sing.
|align = "center"|1.
|align = "center"|-a
|align = "center"|-i

|align = "center"|-∅
|align = "center"|-∅

|align = "center"|-''υ''-∅

|align = "center"|em

|-
|align = "center"|2.
|align = "center"|-al
|align = "center"|-il

|align = "center" rowspan = "2"|-l
|align = "center" rowspan = "2"|-s

|align = "center" rowspan = "2"|-''υ''-l

|align = "center"|és

|-
|align = "center"|3.
|align = "center"|-al
|align = "center"|-il

|align = "center"|é

|-
|align = "center" rowspan = "3"|Plur.
|align = "center"|1.
|align = "center"|-ø̄
|align = "center"|-jø̄

|align = "center"|-ø̄
|align = "center"|-ø̄

|align = "center"|-''υ''-ø̄

|align = "center"|éhø̄

|-
|align = "center"|2.
|align = "center"|-iz
|align = "center"|-iz
|align = "center" colspan = "3"|-iz
|align = "center"|éhøz

|-
|align = "center"|3.
|align = "center"|-a
|align = "center"|-ja
|align = "center" colspan = "3"|-a
|align = "center"|euo

|-
|align = "center" rowspan = "6"|''Past''
|align = "center" rowspan = "3"|Sing.
|align = "center"|1.
|align = "center"|-az
|align = "center"|-ta

|align = "center"|-''ω''-∅
|align = "center"|-''η''j-∅

|align = "center"|-''ω''-∅

|align = "center"|uá

|-
|align = "center"|2.
|align = "center"|-azi
|align = "center"|-til

|align = "center"|-''ω''-s
|align = "center"|-''η''j-t

|align = "center"|-''ω''-s

|align = "center"|uás

|-
|align = "center"|3.
|align = "center"|-azi
|align = "center"|-ti

|align = "center"|-''ω''-∅
|align = "center"|-''η''j-∅

|align = "center"|-''ω''-∅

|align = "center"|uá

|-
|align = "center" rowspan = "3"|Plur.

|align = "center"|1.
|align = "center"|-izø̄
|align = "center"|-tī

|align = "center"|-''ω''-ø̄
|align = "center"|-ø̄

|align = "center"|-''ω''-ø̄

|align = "center"|uálī

|-
|align = "center"|2.
|align = "center"|-iziz
|align = "center"|-tiz

|align = "center"|-''ω''-øz
|align = "center"|-iz

|align = "center"|-''ω''-iz

|align = "center"|uáliz

|-
|align = "center"|3.
|align = "center"|-∅
|align = "center"|-ti

|align = "center"|-i
|align = "center"|-i

|align = "center"|-''ω''-i

|align = "center"|uáli

|-
|align = "center"|IMPERAT.
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 

|align = "center"|-a
|align = "center"|-∅

|align = "center"|-∅
|align = "center"|-∅

|align = "center"|-∅

|align = "center"|ué

|-
|align = "center" rowspan = "12"|SUBJ.
|align = "center" rowspan = "6"|''Pres.''
|align = "center" rowspan = "3"|Sing.
|align = "center"|1.
|align = "center"|-a
|align = "center"|-a

|align = "center" colspan = "3"|-a

|align = "center"|sjá

|-
|align = "center"|2.
|align = "center"|-il
|align = "center"|-il

|align = "center" colspan = "3"|-il

|align = "center"|sél

|-
|align = "center"|3.
|align = "center"|-i
|align = "center"|-i

|align = "center" colspan = "3"|-i

|align = "center"|sé

|-
|align = "center" rowspan = "3"|Plur.
|align = "center"|1.
|align = "center"|-ī
|align = "center"|-ī

|align = "center" colspan = "3"|-ī

|align = "center"|sém

|-
|align = "center"|2.
|align = "center"|-iz
|align = "center"|-iz

|align = "center" colspan = "3"|-iz

|align = "center"|séz

|-
|align = "center"|3.
|align = "center"|-i
|align = "center"|-i

|align = "center" colspan = "3"|-i

|align = "center"|sé

|-
|align = "center" rowspan = "6"|''Pret.''
|align = "center" rowspan = "3"|Sing.
|align = "center"|1.

|-
|align = "center"|2.

|-
|align = "center"|3.

|-
|align = "center" rowspan = "3"|Plur.
|align = "center"|1.

|-
|align = "center"|2.

|-
|align = "center"|3.

|} 

====Common Irregular Verbs====

From ON conjugations x, y, and z.

{|border="1" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="4" align="center"
|align = "center" colspan = "4"| 
|align = "center"|'''I'''
|align = "center"|'''II'''
|align = "center"|'''III'''
|align = "center"|'''IV'''
|align = "center"|'''V'''
|align = "center"|'''To be'''

|-
|align = "center" rowspan = "12"|INDIC.
|align = "center" rowspan = "6"|''Nonpast''
|align = "center" rowspan = "3"|Sing.
|align = "center"|1.
|align = "center"|-a
|align = "center"|-i

|align = "center"|-∅
|align = "center"|-∅

|align = "center"|-''υ''-∅

|align = "center"|em

|-
|align = "center"|2.
|align = "center"|-al
|align = "center"|-il

|align = "center" rowspan = "2"|-l
|align = "center" rowspan = "2"|-s

|align = "center" rowspan = "2"|-''υ''-l

|align = "center"|és

|-
|align = "center"|3.
|align = "center"|-al
|align = "center"|-il

|align = "center"|é

|-
|align = "center" rowspan = "3"|Plur.
|align = "center"|1.
|align = "center"|-ø̄
|align = "center"|-jø̄

|align = "center"|-ø̄
|align = "center"|-ø̄

|align = "center"|-''υ''-ø̄

|align = "center"|éhø̄

|-
|align = "center"|2.
|align = "center"|-iz
|align = "center"|-iz
|align = "center" colspan = "3"|-iz
|align = "center"|éhøz

|-
|align = "center"|3.
|align = "center"|-a
|align = "center"|-ja
|align = "center" colspan = "3"|-a
|align = "center"|euo

|-
|align = "center" rowspan = "6"|''Past''
|align = "center" rowspan = "3"|Sing.
|align = "center"|1.
|align = "center"|-az
|align = "center"|-ta

|align = "center"|-''ω''-∅
|align = "center"|-''η''j-∅

|align = "center"|-''ω''-∅

|align = "center"|uá

|-
|align = "center"|2.
|align = "center"|-azi
|align = "center"|-til

|align = "center"|-''ω''-s
|align = "center"|-''η''j-t

|align = "center"|-''ω''-s

|align = "center"|uás

|-
|align = "center"|3.
|align = "center"|-azi
|align = "center"|-ti

|align = "center"|-''ω''-∅
|align = "center"|-''η''j-∅

|align = "center"|-''ω''-∅

|align = "center"|uá

|-
|align = "center" rowspan = "3"|Plur.

|align = "center"|1.
|align = "center"|-izø̄
|align = "center"|-tī

|align = "center"|-''ω''-ø̄
|align = "center"|-ø̄

|align = "center"|-''ω''-ø̄

|align = "center"|uálī

|-
|align = "center"|2.
|align = "center"|-iziz
|align = "center"|-tiz

|align = "center"|-''ω''-øz
|align = "center"|-iz

|align = "center"|-''ω''-iz

|align = "center"|uáliz

|-
|align = "center"|3.
|align = "center"|-∅
|align = "center"|-ti

|align = "center"|-i
|align = "center"|-i

|align = "center"|-''ω''-i

|align = "center"|uáli

|-
|align = "center"|IMPERAT.
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 

|align = "center"|-a
|align = "center"|-∅

|align = "center"|-∅
|align = "center"|-∅

|align = "center"|-∅

|align = "center"|ué

|-
|align = "center" rowspan = "12"|SUBJ.
|align = "center" rowspan = "6"|''Pres.''
|align = "center" rowspan = "3"|Sing.
|align = "center"|1.
|align = "center"|-a
|align = "center"|-a

|align = "center" colspan = "3"|-a

|align = "center"|sjá

|-
|align = "center"|2.
|align = "center"|-il
|align = "center"|-il

|align = "center" colspan = "3"|-il

|align = "center"|sél

|-
|align = "center"|3.
|align = "center"|-i
|align = "center"|-i

|align = "center" colspan = "3"|-i

|align = "center"|sé

|-
|align = "center" rowspan = "3"|Plur.
|align = "center"|1.
|align = "center"|-ī
|align = "center"|-ī

|align = "center" colspan = "3"|-ī

|align = "center"|sém

|-
|align = "center"|2.
|align = "center"|-iz
|align = "center"|-iz

|align = "center" colspan = "3"|-iz

|align = "center"|séz

|-
|align = "center"|3.
|align = "center"|-i
|align = "center"|-i

|align = "center" colspan = "3"|-i

|align = "center"|sé

|-
|align = "center" rowspan = "6"|''Pret.''
|align = "center" rowspan = "3"|Sing.
|align = "center"|1.

|-
|align = "center"|2.

|-
|align = "center"|3.

|-
|align = "center" rowspan = "3"|Plur.
|align = "center"|1.

|-
|align = "center"|2.

|-
|align = "center"|3.

|} 

===Classes===

Personal morphology is more like the Algonquian model than the ON model.

{|border="1" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="4" align="center"
|align = "center" |'''Class'''
|align = "center" |'''Description'''
|align = "center" |'''Agent'''
|align = "center" |'''Patient'''
|align = "center" |'''Oblique'''

|-
|align = "center"|A
|align = "center"|Transitive Active
|align = "center"|Morph
|align = "center"|''Acc''
|align = "center"|''Obl''

|-
|align = "center"|I
|align = "center"|Intransitive Active
|align = "center"|Morph
|align = "center"|''Obl''
|align = "center"|''Obl''

|-
|align = "center"|R
|align = "center"|Transitive Stative
|align = "center"|''Erg''
|align = "center"|Morph
|align = "center"|''Obl''

|-
|align = "center"|S
|align = "center"|Intransitive Stative
|align = "center"|''Obl''
|align = "center"|Morph
|align = "center"|''Obl''

|-
|align = "center"|U
|align = "center"|Undergoer Incorprating
|align = "center"|Morph
|align = "center"|Inc
|align = "center"|''Obl''

|-
|align = "center"|G
|align = "center"|Goal Incorporating
|align = "center"|Morph
|align = "center"|Inc
|align = "center"|''Obl''

|-
|align = "center"|M
|align = "center"|Modifier Incorporating
|align = "center"|Morph
|align = "center"|''Obl''
|align = "center"|Inc

|-
|align = "center"|C
|align = "center"|Copular / Comparitive
|align = "center"|Morph
|align = "center"|Morph
|align = "center"|''Obl''

|} 

====Class A====

Simple Active/Nominative.

Mainly based on the ON verb, with some borrowings and calques.

{|border="1" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="4" align="center"
|align = "center" |'''Subject'''
|align = "center" |'''Marking'''

|-
|align = "center"|'''1'''
|align = "center"|-ø̄

|-
|align = "center"|'''2'''
|align = "center"|-''ᴊ''

|-
|align = "center"|'''3'''
|align = "center"|-''ы''t

|-
|align = "center"|'''Neg'''
|align = "center"|ne- -n

|-
|align = "center"|'''Indef'''
|align = "center"|u-

|} 

====Class S ====

Simple Stative/Ergative.

====Class T====

Obligatorily Transitive/Tripartite.

{|border="1" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="4" align="center"
|align = "center" rowspan = "2" valign = "bottom"|'''Subject'''
|align = "center" colspan = "7"|'''Object'''

|-
|align = "center"|1
|align = "center"|2
|align = "center"|3 An Px
|align = "center"|3 An Ob
|align = "center"|3 Inan
|align = "center"|Neg
|align = "center"|Indef

|-
|align = "center"|'''1'''
|align = "center"|-ø̄

|-
|align = "center"|'''2'''
|align = "center"|-''ᴊ''

|-
|align = "center"|'''3'''
|align = "center"|-''ы''t

|-
|align = "center"|'''Neg'''
|align = "center"|ne- -n

|} 

====Class U====

Noun-Undergoer Incorporational.

====Class G====

Noun-Goal Incorporational.

====Class M====

Noun-Modifier Incorporational.

These tend to be equivalent to abilitatives, optatives, and other similar verbs and auxilliaries, and are usually short (sometimes monophonemic) and most often suffixes. A classic example is the Class 2A verb ''-m'' ("to be able to use/perform"), which when suffixed to the name of the language ''uínlītska'' forms the derived verb stem ''uínlītskam'' , which forms fully-conjugated forms such as ''intuínlītskam'' /indwiːnlĩtʃkam/, literally "I can speak Uínlītska".

{|border="1" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="4" align="center"
|align = "center" rowspan = "2"|'''Subject'''
|align = "center" colspan = "3"|'''Object'''

|-
|align = "center"|An Px
|align = "center"|An Ob
|align = "center"|Inan

|-
|align = "center"|'''1'''
|align = "center"|u-
|align = "center"|mihtⁱ-
|align = "center"|intᵒ-

|-
|align = "center"|'''2'''
|align = "center"|hᵒ-
|align = "center"|ᵃl-
|align = "center"|kⁱ-

|-
|align = "center"|'''3'''
|align = "center"|-ᵗo
|align = "center"|-ˢᵗo
|align = "center"|-u

|} 

====Class R====

Noun-Referent Stative Hemitransitive. Or something.

Like Class M, usually short or very short, and always immediately follow their (normally non-case-marked) referent.

The example ''-tu'' ("To be one of those / to be a member of that group"), combined with ''uínlītj'' (Uinlander) forms the phrase stem ''uínlītj -tu'', which forms fully-conjugated forms such as ''uínlītj intu'' /wiːnlĩtʃ indo/, literally "I am a Uinlander". Likewise ''uínlītj kitu'' and ''uínlītj tu'' for the 2nd and 3rd person versions.

{|border="1" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="4" align="center"
|align = "center" rowspan = "2"|'''Subject'''
|align = "center" colspan = "3"|'''Object'''

|-
|align = "center"|An Px
|align = "center"|An Ob
|align = "center"|Inan

|-
|align = "center"|'''1'''
|align = "center"|u-
|align = "center"|mihtⁱ-
|align = "center"|inᵗ-

|-
|align = "center"|'''2'''
|align = "center"|hᵒ-
|align = "center"|ᵃl-
|align = "center"|kiᵗ-

|-
|align = "center"|'''3'''
|align = "center"|-ᵗo
|align = "center"|-ˢᵗo
|align = "center"|-ᵘ

|} 

==Verbs 1.0==

The verb is similar in structure to the ON verb. The 3rd and 4th conjugations of weak verbs have disappeared entirely, merging with the 2nd, and several strong conjugations have collapsed together.

''Need to add more personal distinctions, and a variety of object suffixes''

''Per sound changes, verbs are apparently much simpler''

===Conjugations===

{|border="1" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="4" align="center"
|align = "center" colspan = "4"| 
|align = "center"|'''I'''
|align = "center"|'''II'''
|align = "center"|'''III'''
|align = "center"|'''IV'''
|align = "center"|'''V'''
|align = "center"|'''To be'''

|-
|align = "center" rowspan = "12"|INDIC.
|align = "center" rowspan = "6"|''Nonpast''
|align = "center" rowspan = "3"|Sing.
|align = "center"|1.
|align = "center"|-a
|align = "center"|-i

|align = "center"|-∅
|align = "center"|-∅

|align = "center"|-''υ''-∅

|align = "center"|em

|-
|align = "center"|2.
|align = "center"|-al
|align = "center"|-il

|align = "center" rowspan = "2"|-l
|align = "center" rowspan = "2"|-s

|align = "center" rowspan = "2"|-''υ''-l

|align = "center"|és

|-
|align = "center"|3.
|align = "center"|-al
|align = "center"|-il

|align = "center"|é

|-
|align = "center" rowspan = "3"|Plur.
|align = "center"|1.
|align = "center"|-ø̄
|align = "center"|-jø̄

|align = "center"|-ø̄
|align = "center"|-ø̄

|align = "center"|-''υ''-ø̄

|align = "center"|éhø̄

|-
|align = "center"|2.
|align = "center"|-iz
|align = "center"|-iz
|align = "center" colspan = "3"|-iz
|align = "center"|éhøz

|-
|align = "center"|3.
|align = "center"|-a
|align = "center"|-ja
|align = "center" colspan = "3"|-a
|align = "center"|euo

|-
|align = "center" rowspan = "6"|''Past''
|align = "center" rowspan = "3"|Sing.
|align = "center"|1.
|align = "center"|-az
|align = "center"|-ta

|align = "center"|-''ω''-∅
|align = "center"|-''η''j-∅

|align = "center"|-''ω''-∅

|align = "center"|uá

|-
|align = "center"|2.
|align = "center"|-azi
|align = "center"|-til

|align = "center"|-''ω''-s
|align = "center"|-''η''j-t

|align = "center"|-''ω''-s

|align = "center"|uás

|-
|align = "center"|3.
|align = "center"|-azi
|align = "center"|-ti

|align = "center"|-''ω''-∅
|align = "center"|-''η''j-∅

|align = "center"|-''ω''-∅

|align = "center"|uá

|-
|align = "center" rowspan = "3"|Plur.

|align = "center"|1.
|align = "center"|-izø̄
|align = "center"|-tī

|align = "center"|-''ω''-ø̄
|align = "center"|-ø̄

|align = "center"|-''ω''-ø̄

|align = "center"|uálī

|-
|align = "center"|2.
|align = "center"|-iziz
|align = "center"|-tiz

|align = "center"|-''ω''-øz
|align = "center"|-iz

|align = "center"|-''ω''-iz

|align = "center"|uáliz

|-
|align = "center"|3.
|align = "center"|-∅
|align = "center"|-ti

|align = "center"|-i
|align = "center"|-i

|align = "center"|-''ω''-i

|align = "center"|uáli

|-
|align = "center"|IMPERAT.
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 

|align = "center"|-a
|align = "center"|-∅

|align = "center"|-∅
|align = "center"|-∅

|align = "center"|-∅

|align = "center"|ué

|-
|align = "center" rowspan = "12"|SUBJ.
|align = "center" rowspan = "6"|''Pres.''
|align = "center" rowspan = "3"|Sing.
|align = "center"|1.
|align = "center"|-a
|align = "center"|-a

|align = "center" colspan = "3"|-a

|align = "center"|sjá

|-
|align = "center"|2.
|align = "center"|-il
|align = "center"|-il

|align = "center" colspan = "3"|-il

|align = "center"|sél

|-
|align = "center"|3.
|align = "center"|-i
|align = "center"|-i

|align = "center" colspan = "3"|-i

|align = "center"|sé

|-
|align = "center" rowspan = "3"|Plur.
|align = "center"|1.
|align = "center"|-ī
|align = "center"|-ī

|align = "center" colspan = "3"|-ī

|align = "center"|sém

|-
|align = "center"|2.
|align = "center"|-iz
|align = "center"|-iz

|align = "center" colspan = "3"|-iz

|align = "center"|séz

|-
|align = "center"|3.
|align = "center"|-i
|align = "center"|-i

|align = "center" colspan = "3"|-i

|align = "center"|sé

|-
|align = "center" rowspan = "6"|''Pret.''
|align = "center" rowspan = "3"|Sing.
|align = "center"|1.

|-
|align = "center"|2.

|-
|align = "center"|3.

|-
|align = "center" rowspan = "3"|Plur.
|align = "center"|1.

|-
|align = "center"|2.

|-
|align = "center"|3.

|} 

===Example Verbs===

''None yet''

===Voice===

====Active Voice====

Simple bare verb.

====Passive Voice====

The use of the Passive is virtually obligatory when the agent of the verb is of lower percieved animacy than the undergoer.

===Future Tense===

Formed by ''want''/''must''/''should''/''might''/etc. per ItC/WGer style patterns.

===Aspects===

Perfect formed by ''is''/''have''/''become''/''do''/etc. per ItC/WGer style patterns.

==Attitudinal and Evidential modifiers==

Equiv. doch, schon, mal, eben, ja, etc.

==Gerunds, Participles, and their Adjectives and Nouns==
==Incorporation, Compounding, and Derivation==

==Adverbs==

==Particles==

=Other Languages=

Other languages in this AU presume the gradual creation and growth of European colonies in North & Central America starting around 1000CE instead of the rapid colonization of Central America starting around 1500CE and of North America starting around 1600CE.

[[Finla]] was the first major consolidation of power, followed by ''"Nova Scotia"'' (provisional name), consisting mostly of Christian Celtic and Anglo-Saxon missionaries from England and France who established their major centers on the southwest coast of Greenland and to the south of Finla between 1100CE and 1250CE. Their ''[[Hibernic]]'' language is a Celtic koine of Old Gaelic, Old Welsh, Old Breton and Old Cornish with adstrates from Old English and Old French and a significant superstrate from Church Latin.

Uínlītska Phonology

2008-04-19T23:11:17Z

Paul.w.bennett: /* Consonants */

''Back to [[Uínlītska]]''.

=Syllable Structure=

==BNF==

''Not quite right yet''

<pre>WORD ::= SIMPLE | SIMPLE WORD | SIMPLE COMPLEX WORD | WORD SUFFIX
SIMPLE ::= STRONGVOWEL | C STRONGVOWEL | Q STRONGVOWEL
COMPLEX ::= C WEAKVOWEL | Q C WEAKVOWEL | Q WEAKVOWEL
SUFFIX ::= C WEAKVOWEL | C WEAKVOWEL C | C STRONGVOWEL
STRONGVOWEL ::= COREVOWEL | COREVOWEL ':' | EXTVOWEL | EXTVOWEL ':' | EXTVOWEL '*'
WEAKVOWEL ::= COREVOWEL | COREVOWEL '~'
COREVOWEL ::= 'i' | 'ə' | 'ɑ'
EXTVOWEL ::= 'e' | 'o'
C ::= 'ʃk' | 'sk' | 'p' | 't' | 'tʃ' | LIQUID | SIBILANT | NASAL
Q ::= '·' | LIQUID | SIBILANT
LIQUID ::= 'w' | 'j' | 'l'
NASAL ::= 'm' | 'n'
SIBILANT ::= 's' | 'ʃ' | 'f' | 'x' | 'z' | 'ɬ'
</pre>

=Stress=

The first syllable of any root takes primary stress. Secondary stress in words of three or more syllables falls immediately before the last consonant, including suffixes. Prefixes are not stressed.

Thus, stress falls on the bold and italic vowels in '''a''', k'''a''', k'''a'''fta, k'''a'''ft''a''sa, k'''a'''ftas''a''t.

=Consonants=

{|border="1" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="4" align="center"
|align = "center"|p b
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"|t d
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"|k g
|align = "center"|kʷ gʷ
|align = "center"|ʔ

|-
|align = "center"|f
|align = "center"|θ
|align = "center"|s
|align = "center"|ʃ
|align = "center"|x
|align = "center"|xʷ
|align = "center"| 

|-
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"|tʃ
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 

|-
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"|ɬ l
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 

|-
|align = "center"|m
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"|n
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"|ŋ
|align = "center"|ŋʷ
|align = "center"| 

|-
|align = "center"|w
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"|j
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 

|} 

=Vowels=

==Conventional Description==

There are 7 short (oral) vowels, 5 long (oral) vowels, and 3 (short) nasal vowels.

{|border="1" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="4" align="center"
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center" colspan = "7"|'''IPA'''

|-
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"|ɑ
|align = "center"|e
|align = "center"|ɛ
|align = "center"|ə
|align = "center"|i
|align = "center"|o
|align = "center"|ɔ

|-
|align = "center"|'''Short'''
|align = "center"|a
|align = "center"|e
|align = "center"|ę
|align = "center"|ø
|align = "center"|i
|align = "center"|o
|align = "center"|ǫ

|-
|align = "center"|'''Long'''
|align = "center"|á
|align = "center"|é
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"|ǿ
|align = "center"|í
|align = "center"|ó
|align = "center"| 

|-
|align = "center"|'''Nasal'''
|align = "center"|ā
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"|ø̄
|align = "center"|ī
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 

|} 

==IPA-style Tables==

===Stressed===

{|border="1" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="4" align="center"
|align = "center"|i iː
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|-
|align = "center"|e eː
|align = "center" rowspan="2"|ə əː
|align = "center"|o oː
|-
|align = "center"|ɛ
|align = "center"|ɔ
|-
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"|ɑ ɑː
|} 

===Unstressed===

{|border="1" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="4" align="center"
|align = "center"|i ĩ
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 

|-
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"|ə ə̃
|align = "center"|''(o)''

|-
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"|ɑ ɑ̃

|} 

''The vowel /o/ can occur as a vocalic allophone of /w/.''

=Sound adaptation in borrowed words=

Every foreign phoneme (if possible) maps to the identical phoneme in Uínlītska.

The following general rules tend to apply to phonemes from various languages without exact duplicates in Uínlītska:

{|border="1" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="4" align="center"
|align = "center"|'''Foreign'''
|align = "center"|q
|align = "center"|ɢ
|align = "center"|ɴ
|align = "center"|ɟ
|align = "center"|ɰ
|align = "center"|kʷ
|align = "center"|ʌ

|-
|align = "center"|'''Uínlītska'''
|align = "center"|k
|align = "center"|ɡ
|align = "center"|ŋɡ*
|align = "center"|j
|align = "center"|w
|align = "center"|kw
|align = "center"|ɑ

|} 

<nowiki>*</nowiki>Inuktitut /ɴ/ becomes /ɡ/ word-initially.

=Optional Letters=

Almost all affixes (and a noticable number of stems) start and/or end with an "optional letter", and sometimes more than one.

An optional letter is a phoneme or archiphoneme that technically forms part of the morpheme in question, but which may or may not be realised depending on its environment in the whole word.

There are two kinds of optional letter, those that appear unless suppressed, and those that disappear unless invoked.

Within dictionaries and grammars, both kinds are written with superscript letters; the first kind appear unadorned, while the second kind are parenthesized.

In other (i.e. normal) circumstances, isolated morphs do not naturally appear in their underlying forms. If forced to produce the isolated form of a given morph, most native speakers fully pronounce all optional letters.

=Ablaut=

{|border="1" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="4" align="center"
|align = "right"|Base vowel
|align = "center"|''η''
|align = "center"|a
|align = "center"|á
|align = "center"|e
|align = "center"|é
|align = "center"|ę
|align = "center"|i
|align = "center"|í
|align = "center"|o
|align = "center"|ó
|align = "center"|ǫ
|align = "center"|ø
|align = "center"|ǿ

|-
|align = "right"|i-mutation
|align = "center"|''υ''
|align = "center"|e
|align = "center"|é
|align = "center"|i
|align = "center"|í
|align = "center"|e
|align = "center"|i
|align = "center"|í
|align = "center"|i
|align = "center"|í
|align = "center"|e
|align = "center"|e
|align = "center"|é

|-
|align = "right"|u-mutation
|align = "center"|''ω''
|align = "center"|ø
|align = "center"|ǿ
|align = "center"|eu
|align = "center"|éu
|align = "center"|ęu
|align = "center"|i
|align = "center"|í
|align = "center"|o
|align = "center"|ó
|align = "center"|ǫ
|align = "center"|o
|align = "center"|ó

|-
|align = "right"|breaking
|align = "center"|''ю''
|align = "center"|ǫ
|align = "center"|ǫj
|align = "center"|ui
|align = "center"|oui
|align = "center"|ǫui

|-
|align = "right"|weak
|align = "center"|''ы''
|align = "center"|a
|align = "center"|a
|align = "center"|i
|align = "center"|i
|align = "center"|ø
|align = "center"|i
|align = "center"|í
|align = "center"|ø
|align = "center"|ø
|align = "center"|a
|align = "center"|ø
|align = "center"|ø

|} 

=Sandhi=

CCC sequences are phonotactically disallowed, though note that this means ''phonemic'' sequences (things like '''tj''' /tʃ/ are considered single consonants under these rules). The following is a simple summary of the rules, in the order they are applied, along with contrived examples.

* If an orthographic '''j''' occurs anywhere in the CCC sequence, it is moved to the end: '''mantj''' /mɑntʃ/ + '''kun''' /kun/ > '''mantkjun''' /mɑnttʃun/
* Phonemic "double" or "long" consonants lose their first orthographic component: '''mantkjun''' /mɑnttʃun/ > '''mankjun''' /mɑntʃun/.

=Sound Change rules in sc.py format=

<pre># Some shenannigans to workaround multi-char symbols and funky mappings
* ǫ́ ǫː _
* e ɛ _
onlng = áéíóúýœæ
onsht = aeiouyøɛ
* 0 ː <onlng>_
* <onlng> <onsht> _
nonipa = aǫþv
ipa = ɑɒθw
* <nonipa> <ipa> _
blb = pbfvφβmλρ
alv = tdθðsznlr
vlr = kgxɣфвŋля
tv = bdg
tu = ptk
t = tu~tv
sv = vzɣ
su = fsx
spri = fsxvzɣ
ssec = φθфβðв
s = su~sv
cv = tv~sv
cu = tu~su
c = cu~cv~ʔʃ
C = c~λρlrляwjmnŋ
v = eioɛɑɒə
vt = jjwjʔwɣ
fv = eoɛɒ
uv = iəəɑ
r = λρlrля
w = λρlrляwj
rt = bbddgg
ro = lrlrlr
rv = əəiiɑɑ
n = mnŋ
nt = bdg
nr = wlj
na = ɑɑɑ

# Read ON as IPA
* f v _
* v f #_
* 0 s x_
* 0 s z_
* z t _
* r Ω <vlr>_
* <t> <s> _Ω
* Ω 0 _
* g Ω _
* Ω g n_
* Ω g #_
* Ω x _s
* Ω x _t
* Ω ɣ _
* k x _s
* k x _t
* l ɬ #h_
* l ɬ <cu>_#
* l ɬ <cu>_<cu>
* n ŋ _<vlr>
* qu kw _
* q k _
* <C> 0 <C>#1_

#t > s, tt > st, d > t, dd > ʔt (et al)
* <tu> <su> _<^v>
* <tu> <su> #_
* <tu> <su> <^su>_#
* <tu> s _<tu>
* <tv> ʔ _<tu>
* <tv> 0 _<tv>
* <tv> <tu> _

#More fricathivization
* s ʃ #_<c>
* s ʃ _<vlr>
* θ ɬ _
* ð z _
* x c ʃ_
* ʃ s _c
* ʃ s _<c>

#Vowels
* o ə _
* øy oj _
* øː ew _
* ø e _
* yː iw _
* y i _
* ɛi ej _
* ɛ Ω _ː
* ː 0 Ω_
* ɛ e _
* Ω ɛ _
* ɒː ɑw _
* ɒu əw _
* uː iw _
* u o _

#Eliminate 'r'
* r ː <v>_
* r j <alv>_
* r n _<alv>
* r d #_
* r l _
* ɫ l _
* l ɬ s_
* l ɬ s_
* s 0 _ɬ

#Vowel reduction in noninitial syllables
* 0 Ω <v><^v>*<v>_
* 0 Ω Ω<^v>*<v>_
* <fv> <uv> _Ω
* ː 0 Ω_
* <n> ƞ Ω_
* <w><n> ƞ#1 Ω_
* Ω 0 _

#Deal with glide and/or vowel clusters and other mess
* j i <c>_<c>
* j i #_<c>
* j i <c>_#
* w o <c>_<c>
* w o #_<c>
* w o <c>_#
* i j <c>_<v>
* i j <v>_<c>
* o w <c>_<v>
* o w <v>_<c>

#Epenethenetic stuff
* 0 a <c>_x<c>
* 0 i <c>_s<c>
* 0 i <c>_ʃ<c>
* 0 a <c>_f<c>

#Convert IPA to standard Finla orthography
fipa = ɑəɛɒw
fnonipa = aøęǫu
fsht = aeioø
flng = áéíóǿ
fnas = ā‽ī‽ø
* <alv>ʃ #1j _
* <vlr>ʃ #1j _
* ʃ0 sj _
* <r> <ro> _
* ə ø _
* <fipa> <fnonipa> _
* <fsht> <flng> _ː
* ː 0 _
* <fsht> <fnas> _ƞ
* øƞ ø̄ _
* ƞ 0 _
* 0 h _ɬ
* ɬ l _
* x h _
* ɣ g _
</pre>

Uínlītska Phonology

2008-03-21T01:26:23Z

Paul.w.bennett: /* Consonants */

''Back to [[Uínlītska]]''.

=Syllable Structure=

==BNF==

''Not quite right yet''

<pre>WORD ::= SIMPLE | SIMPLE WORD | SIMPLE COMPLEX WORD | WORD SUFFIX
SIMPLE ::= STRONGVOWEL | C STRONGVOWEL | Q STRONGVOWEL
COMPLEX ::= C WEAKVOWEL | Q C WEAKVOWEL | Q WEAKVOWEL
SUFFIX ::= C WEAKVOWEL | C WEAKVOWEL C | C STRONGVOWEL
STRONGVOWEL ::= COREVOWEL | COREVOWEL ':' | EXTVOWEL | EXTVOWEL ':' | EXTVOWEL '*'
WEAKVOWEL ::= COREVOWEL | COREVOWEL '~'
COREVOWEL ::= 'i' | 'ə' | 'ɑ'
EXTVOWEL ::= 'e' | 'o'
C ::= 'ʃk' | 'sk' | 'p' | 't' | 'tʃ' | LIQUID | SIBILANT | NASAL
Q ::= '·' | LIQUID | SIBILANT
LIQUID ::= 'w' | 'j' | 'l'
NASAL ::= 'm' | 'n'
SIBILANT ::= 's' | 'ʃ' | 'f' | 'x' | 'z' | 'ɬ'
</pre>

=Stress=

The first syllable of any root takes primary stress. Secondary stress in words of three or more syllables falls immediately before the last consonant, including suffixes. Prefixes are not stressed.

Thus, stress falls on the bold and italic vowels in '''a''', k'''a''', k'''a'''fta, k'''a'''ft''a''sa, k'''a'''ftas''a''t.

=Consonants=

{|border="1" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="4" align="center"
|align = "center"|p b
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"|t d
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"|k g
|align = "center"|ʔ

|-
|align = "center"|f
|align = "center"|θ
|align = "center"|s z
|align = "center"|ʃ
|align = "center"|x
|align = "center"|h

|-
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"|tʃ
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 

|-
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"|ɬ l
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 

|-
|align = "center"|m
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"|n
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"|ŋ
|align = "center"| 

|-
|align = "center"|w
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"|j
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 

|} 

The phoneme /n/ has the allophone [ŋ] when immediately preceeding a dorsal phoneme.

The phoneme /x/ has the allophone [ç] when immediately preceeding an apical phoneme, or /j/.

The /s/ ~ /z/ distinction is actually fortis ~ lenis rather than voiceless ~ voiced.

=Vowels=

==Conventional Description==

There are 7 short (oral) vowels, 5 long (oral) vowels, and 3 (short) nasal vowels.

{|border="1" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="4" align="center"
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center" colspan = "7"|'''IPA'''

|-
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"|ɑ
|align = "center"|e
|align = "center"|ɛ
|align = "center"|ə
|align = "center"|i
|align = "center"|o
|align = "center"|ɔ

|-
|align = "center"|'''Short'''
|align = "center"|a
|align = "center"|e
|align = "center"|ę
|align = "center"|ø
|align = "center"|i
|align = "center"|o
|align = "center"|ǫ

|-
|align = "center"|'''Long'''
|align = "center"|á
|align = "center"|é
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"|ǿ
|align = "center"|í
|align = "center"|ó
|align = "center"| 

|-
|align = "center"|'''Nasal'''
|align = "center"|ā
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"|ø̄
|align = "center"|ī
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 

|} 

==IPA-style Tables==

===Stressed===

{|border="1" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="4" align="center"
|align = "center"|i iː
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|-
|align = "center"|e eː
|align = "center" rowspan="2"|ə əː
|align = "center"|o oː
|-
|align = "center"|ɛ
|align = "center"|ɔ
|-
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"|ɑ ɑː
|} 

===Unstressed===

{|border="1" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="4" align="center"
|align = "center"|i ĩ
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 

|-
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"|ə ə̃
|align = "center"|''(o)''

|-
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"| 
|align = "center"|ɑ ɑ̃

|} 

''The vowel /o/ can occur as a vocalic allophone of /w/.''

=Sound adaptation in borrowed words=

Every foreign phoneme (if possible) maps to the identical phoneme in Uínlītska.

The following general rules tend to apply to phonemes from various languages without exact duplicates in Uínlītska:

{|border="1" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="4" align="center"
|align = "center"|'''Foreign'''
|align = "center"|q
|align = "center"|ɢ
|align = "center"|ɴ
|align = "center"|ɟ
|align = "center"|ɰ
|align = "center"|kʷ
|align = "center"|ʌ

|-
|align = "center"|'''Uínlītska'''
|align = "center"|k
|align = "center"|ɡ
|align = "center"|ŋɡ*
|align = "center"|j
|align = "center"|w
|align = "center"|kw
|align = "center"|ɑ

|} 

<nowiki>*</nowiki>Inuktitut /ɴ/ becomes /ɡ/ word-initially.

=Optional Letters=

Almost all affixes (and a noticable number of stems) start and/or end with an "optional letter", and sometimes more than one.

An optional letter is a phoneme or archiphoneme that technically forms part of the morpheme in question, but which may or may not be realised depending on its environment in the whole word.

There are two kinds of optional letter, those that appear unless suppressed, and those that disappear unless invoked.

Within dictionaries and grammars, both kinds are written with superscript letters; the first kind appear unadorned, while the second kind are parenthesized.

In other (i.e. normal) circumstances, isolated morphs do not naturally appear in their underlying forms. If forced to produce the isolated form of a given morph, most native speakers fully pronounce all optional letters.

=Ablaut=

{|border="1" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="4" align="center"
|align = "right"|Base vowel
|align = "center"|''η''
|align = "center"|a
|align = "center"|á
|align = "center"|e
|align = "center"|é
|align = "center"|ę
|align = "center"|i
|align = "center"|í
|align = "center"|o
|align = "center"|ó
|align = "center"|ǫ
|align = "center"|ø
|align = "center"|ǿ

|-
|align = "right"|i-mutation
|align = "center"|''υ''
|align = "center"|e
|align = "center"|é
|align = "center"|i
|align = "center"|í
|align = "center"|e
|align = "center"|i
|align = "center"|í
|align = "center"|i
|align = "center"|í
|align = "center"|e
|align = "center"|e
|align = "center"|é

|-
|align = "right"|u-mutation
|align = "center"|''ω''
|align = "center"|ø
|align = "center"|ǿ
|align = "center"|eu
|align = "center"|éu
|align = "center"|ęu
|align = "center"|i
|align = "center"|í
|align = "center"|o
|align = "center"|ó
|align = "center"|ǫ
|align = "center"|o
|align = "center"|ó

|-
|align = "right"|breaking
|align = "center"|''ю''
|align = "center"|ǫ
|align = "center"|ǫj
|align = "center"|ui
|align = "center"|oui
|align = "center"|ǫui

|-
|align = "right"|weak
|align = "center"|''ы''
|align = "center"|a
|align = "center"|a
|align = "center"|i
|align = "center"|i
|align = "center"|ø
|align = "center"|i
|align = "center"|í
|align = "center"|ø
|align = "center"|ø
|align = "center"|a
|align = "center"|ø
|align = "center"|ø

|} 

=Sandhi=

CCC sequences are phonotactically disallowed, though note that this means ''phonemic'' sequences (things like '''tj''' /tʃ/ are considered single consonants under these rules). The following is a simple summary of the rules, in the order they are applied, along with contrived examples.

* If an orthographic '''j''' occurs anywhere in the CCC sequence, it is moved to the end: '''mantj''' /mɑntʃ/ + '''kun''' /kun/ > '''mantkjun''' /mɑnttʃun/
* Phonemic "double" or "long" consonants lose their first orthographic component: '''mantkjun''' /mɑnttʃun/ > '''mankjun''' /mɑntʃun/.

=Sound Change rules in sc.py format=

<pre># Some shenannigans to workaround multi-char symbols and funky mappings
* ǫ́ ǫː _
* e ɛ _
onlng = áéíóúýœæ
onsht = aeiouyøɛ
* 0 ː <onlng>_
* <onlng> <onsht> _
nonipa = aǫþv
ipa = ɑɒθw
* <nonipa> <ipa> _
blb = pbfvφβmλρ
alv = tdθðsznlr
vlr = kgxɣфвŋля
tv = bdg
tu = ptk
t = tu~tv
sv = vzɣ
su = fsx
spri = fsxvzɣ
ssec = φθфβðв
s = su~sv
cv = tv~sv
cu = tu~su
c = cu~cv~ʔʃ
C = c~λρlrляwjmnŋ
v = eioɛɑɒə
vt = jjwjʔwɣ
fv = eoɛɒ
uv = iəəɑ
r = λρlrля
w = λρlrляwj
rt = bbddgg
ro = lrlrlr
rv = əəiiɑɑ
n = mnŋ
nt = bdg
nr = wlj
na = ɑɑɑ

# Read ON as IPA
* f v _
* v f #_
* 0 s x_
* 0 s z_
* z t _
* r Ω <vlr>_
* <t> <s> _Ω
* Ω 0 _
* g Ω _
* Ω g n_
* Ω g #_
* Ω x _s
* Ω x _t
* Ω ɣ _
* k x _s
* k x _t
* l ɬ #h_
* l ɬ <cu>_#
* l ɬ <cu>_<cu>
* n ŋ _<vlr>
* qu kw _
* q k _
* <C> 0 <C>#1_

#t > s, tt > st, d > t, dd > ʔt (et al)
* <tu> <su> _<^v>
* <tu> <su> #_
* <tu> <su> <^su>_#
* <tu> s _<tu>
* <tv> ʔ _<tu>
* <tv> 0 _<tv>
* <tv> <tu> _

#More fricathivization
* s ʃ #_<c>
* s ʃ _<vlr>
* θ ɬ _
* ð z _
* x c ʃ_
* ʃ s _c
* ʃ s _<c>

#Vowels
* o ə _
* øy oj _
* øː ew _
* ø e _
* yː iw _
* y i _
* ɛi ej _
* ɛ Ω _ː
* ː 0 Ω_
* ɛ e _
* Ω ɛ _
* ɒː ɑw _
* ɒu əw _
* uː iw _
* u o _

#Eliminate 'r'
* r ː <v>_
* r j <alv>_
* r n _<alv>
* r d #_
* r l _
* ɫ l _
* l ɬ s_
* l ɬ s_
* s 0 _ɬ

#Vowel reduction in noninitial syllables
* 0 Ω <v><^v>*<v>_
* 0 Ω Ω<^v>*<v>_
* <fv> <uv> _Ω
* ː 0 Ω_
* <n> ƞ Ω_
* <w><n> ƞ#1 Ω_
* Ω 0 _

#Deal with glide and/or vowel clusters and other mess
* j i <c>_<c>
* j i #_<c>
* j i <c>_#
* w o <c>_<c>
* w o #_<c>
* w o <c>_#
* i j <c>_<v>
* i j <v>_<c>
* o w <c>_<v>
* o w <v>_<c>

#Epenethenetic stuff
* 0 a <c>_x<c>
* 0 i <c>_s<c>
* 0 i <c>_ʃ<c>
* 0 a <c>_f<c>

#Convert IPA to standard Finla orthography
fipa = ɑəɛɒw
fnonipa = aøęǫu
fsht = aeioø
flng = áéíóǿ
fnas = ā‽ī‽ø
* <alv>ʃ #1j _
* <vlr>ʃ #1j _
* ʃ0 sj _
* <r> <ro> _
* ə ø _
* <fipa> <fnonipa> _
* <fsht> <flng> _ː
* ː 0 _
* <fsht> <fnas> _ƞ
* øƞ ø̄ _
* ƞ 0 _
* 0 h _ɬ
* ɬ l _
* x h _
* ɣ g _
</pre>