FrathWiki - User contributions [en]

Kerusha

2026-03-18T01:12:50Z

Masako: Replaced content with "n"

Amal

2026-03-15T23:56:39Z

Masako:

<div class="boilerplate metadata" id="inuse" style="background: #fcc; border: 1px solid #aaa; margin: 0 2.5%; padding: 0 10px">
'''This project has been abandoned.''' 
</div>

:''See also'':
*[[Amal/lexicon|lexicon]]
**[[Amal/affixes|affixes]]
**[[Amal/thematic_lexicon|thematic lexicon]]
**[[Amal/verbs|verb charts]]
*[[Amal/phrases|phrases]]
*[[Amal/translations|translations]]

= Phonology =

{| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 600px;"
|+ '''consonants'''
|-

!
!Bilabial
!Alveolar
!Palatal
!Velar
!Labiovelar
!Glottal
|- align="center" 
! Plosives
| {{IPA|p   b}}
| {{IPA|t   d}}
|
| {{IPA|k   g}}
|
| {{IPA|ʔ}} ('''q''')
|- align="center"
! Nasals
| {{IPA|m}}
| {{IPA|n}}
|
|
|
|
|- align="center"
! Fricatives
|
| {{IPA|s}}
| {{IPA|ʃ}} ('''sh''')
|
|
|
|- align="center"
! Approximants
|
| {{IPA|l}}
| {{IPA|j}} ('''y''')
|
| {{IPA|w}}
| {{IPA|h}}
|-
! Trill
|
| align="center"|{{IPA|r}}
|
|
|
|
|}

Note: The glottal stop /ʔ/ '''q''', is used as a "buffer" to keep vowels apart when adding suffixes. /x/ and /h/ are actually allophonic.

{| class="wikitable"
|+vowels
!
!Front
!Central
!Back
|- style="text-align:center;"
!Close
|i~ɪ || || u~ʊ
|- style="text-align:center;"
!Mid
|e~ɛ || || o
|- style="text-align:center;"
!Open
| || a~ə ||
|}

The vowels can be marked with an acute accent — '''á, é, í, ú''' — for two purposes: to mark stress if it does not follow the most common pattern, or to differentiate words that are otherwise spelled identically.

* '''ai''' - /a͡ɪ/ (this is the only diphthong in '''Amal''')
* '''o''' - /o/ is very rare
:

The four vowels /a e i u/ can be divided summarily into "front" and "back". This distinction is used in a type of vowel harmony when deriving new words and influences which affixes are used.

== Phonotactics ==

= Nouns =

== Forming nouns from roots ==

Roots are used to form all parts of speech in Amal. Nouns tend to follow predictable patterns based on phonemic composition, most importantly, the vowel. The typical noun is formed by doubling the stem's vowel before the initial consonant, i.e. '''''CVC''''' = root > '''VCVC''' = noun. Example: '''''yem''''' - eating; food; sustenance > '''eyem''' - food

However, there are exceptions, most of which are immediately recognizable, others require memorization. What follows are a few examples of both regularly and irregularly formed nouns. If the stem final consonant is p, g, q, w, or y, the noun will always be formed irregularly.

{{col-begin}}
{{col-break}}
=== ''a'' stems ===

Regular:

* '''abar''' (''bar'') - n - rain
:: '''barek''' (''bar'') - v - rain
* '''amak''' (''mak'') - n - hand
* '''ashab''' (''ʃab'') - n - knowledge; understanding

Irregular:

* '''arya''' (''raj'') - n - eye; iris
* '''kape''' (''kap'') - n - cage, pen, coop; container
* '''lani''' (''lan'') - n - work; labor; task

{{col-break}}

=== ''e/i'' stems ===

Regular:

* '''eneb''' (''neb'') - n - name; title
* '''eqesh''' (''ʔeʃ'') - n - house; building; apartment
* '''eyem''' (''jem'') - n - food; sustenance
:: '''yemek''' (''jem'') - v - eat; consume

Irregular:

* '''agi''' (''giʔ'') - n - tool, instrument
:: '''gira''' (''giʔ'') - v - use a tool
* '''irha''' (''rih'') - n - every; each
* '''menshi''' (''menʃ'') - n - beginning; initiation; start

{{col-break}}

=== ''u'' stems ===

Regular:

* '''ugum''' (''gum'') - n - sand
* '''umur''' (''mur'') - n - doom; death
:: '''murra''' (''mur'') - v - die; perish; pass away
* '''uyush''' (''juʃ'') - n - left [side]

Irregular:

* '''guna''' (''gun'') - n - day; 24 hours
* '''ura''' (''ʔur'') - n - water; liquid
* '''urru''' (''rur'') - n - repercussion; reaction; echo; reverberation

{{col-end}}

== Number ==

'''Amal''' nouns can be singular, dual, or plural.

* '''kup-a''' - dog >> '''kup-ik''' - (two) dogs >> '''kup-im''' - dogs

* '''na-''' - collection of things
** '''heti''' (tree) >> '''nahet''' (forest)
** '''kupa''' (dog) >> '''nakupa''' (dog pack) >> '''nakupik''' (two packs of dogs)

[[wp:Mass_noun|Mass nouns]] include liquids, powders, and substances, such as '''ura''' (water), '''ugum''' (sand), and '''heti''' (wood). They do not normally require determiners or the plural. However, one may add these to indicate specific examples or different types:

* '''buqura''' — this water (e.g. in the cup)
* '''hetim''' — woods (e.g. various kinds)

== Gender ==

'''Amal''' distinguishes animate-inanimate gender in 3rd person pronominal suffixes. '''-u''' and '''-um''' are used for animate singular and plural respectively, whereas '''-a''' and '''-am''' are used for inanimate. '''-il''' is neuter singular and can refer to either animate or inanimate, as well as obviative. Animacy depends on whether the referent is living, or able to move independently. The case endings are not effected by animacy. Nouns can typically be ranked by animacy on a continuum from most animate (a human) to least animate (an abstraction) :

:: Human > Child > Animal >> Natural Force > Object > Abstraction

'''Amal''' does not have a [[wp:Grammatical_gender#Overview|masculine–feminine gender]] based distinctions. However, where desired, masculine individuals may be distinguished by the suffix '''-ul,''' and feminine ones by '''-en'''.

* '''dashin''' - "sibling" >> '''dashul''' - "brother" >> '''dashen''' "sister"

== Case ==

== Pronouns ==

Pronouns in '''Amal''' are marked for number, person, and case. There are three persons. The stand-alone personal pronouns are not used widely as the person is evident from the personal verb ending. They are used for emphasis only in their simple form as the verb form itself already points to the person. This is similar to Spanish where a person will say '''''comprendo''''' - "I understand" instead of '''''Yo comprendo''''' - "I understand".

{| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 300px;"
!
! ''suffix''
! ''independant''
! ''English''
|-align=center
! 1s
| '''-an'''
| '''ana'''
| ''I''
|-align=center
! 2s
| '''-ti / -e'''
| '''ti'''
| ''you; thou''
|-align=center
! 3s.ANIM
| '''-u / -il'''
| '''il'''
| ''she; he; it''
|-align=center
! 3s.INAN
| '''-a'''
| '''il'''
| ''it''
|-align=center
! 1pl
| '''-uk'''
| '''nuk'''
| ''we''
|-align=center
! 2pl
| '''-ut / -í'''
| '''tum'''
| ''you (all)''
|-align=center
! 3pl.ANIM
| '''-um'''
| '''hum'''
| ''they''
|-align=center
! 3pl.INAN
| '''-am'''
| '''hum'''
| ''they''
|}

=== case ===

{| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 600px;"
!
! ''nominative''
! ''accusative''
! ''genitive''
! ''dative''
! ''comitative''
|-align=center
! 1s
| '''-an'''
| '''eyan'''
| '''nai'''
| '''iban'''
| '''anak'''
|-align=center
! 2s
| '''-ti''' / '''-e'''
| '''eti''' / '''eye'''
| '''tai'''
| '''ibti'''
| '''akti'''
|-align=center
! 3s
| '''-u''' / '''-il'''
| '''eyu'''
| '''lai'''
| '''ilib''' *
| '''ilak'''
|-align=center
! 1p
| '''-uk'''
| '''eyuk'''
| '''kai'''
| '''ibuk'''
| '''ukha'''
|-align=center
! 2p
| '''-ut''' / '''-í'''
| '''eyut'''
| '''ai'''
| '''ibut'''
| '''utak'''
|-align=center
! 3p
| '''-um'''
| '''eyum'''
| '''mai'''
| '''imbu''' *
| '''umak'''
|}

* '''imbu''' and '''ilib''' are results of [[wp:Metathesis_(linguistics)|metathesis]], a common occurrence in '''Amal'''.

==== direct object incorporation ====

Direct object pronouns are incorporated to the verb inflection. So, instead of '''eyu aryeshan''' (I saw her), '''aryeshanu''' is grammatical. The [[wp:Object_(grammar)|DO]] pronouns are not used when the object is specified. So, instead of '''kawalu aryeshanu''' (I saw (it) the horse), '''kawalu aryeshan''' is grammatical.

{| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 400px;"
|-
! verb
! tense / aspect / mood
! subject
! object
|-
| '''ary''' || '''-esh''' || '''-an''' || '''-u'''
|-
| see || simple past || 1s || 3s.ANIM
|-
| colspan="4" style="text-align: center;" | '''aryeshanu'''
|-
| colspan="4" style="text-align: center;" | /ˈaɾʲɛʃɑnu/
|-
| colspan="4" style="text-align: center;" | ''I saw her.''
|}

==== pronominal suffixes ====

These are suffixes that cannot stand alone but are attached to the end of a verb, used to identify subject and object.

{| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 600px;"
! S/O
! ''none''
! ''me''
! ''you''
! ''him/her/it''
! ''us''
! ''you (pl)''
! ''them''
|-align=center
! ''I''
| '''-an'''
| '''-'''
| '''-anti'''
| '''-anu'''
| '''-anuk''' *
| '''-anut'''
| '''-anum'''
|-align=center
! ''you''
| '''-ti''' / '''-e'''
| '''-eyan'''
| '''-'''
| '''-eyu'''
| '''-eyuk'''
| '''-eyut''' *
| '''-eyum'''
|-align=center
! ''he/she/it''
| '''-u''' / '''-il'''
| '''-ilan'''
| '''-ile''' / '''-uti'''
| '''-ilu'''
| '''-iluk'''
| '''-ilut'''
| '''-ilum'''
|-align=center
! ''we''
| '''-uk'''
| '''-'''
| '''-ukti'''
| '''-uku'''
| '''-'''
| '''-ukut'''
| '''-ukum'''
|-align=center
! ''you (pl)''
| '''-ut''' / '''-í'''
| '''-utan'''
| '''-'''
| '''-utu'''
| '''-utuk'''
| '''-'''
| '''-utum'''
|-align=center
! ''they''
| '''-um'''
| '''-uman'''
| '''-umti'''
| '''-umu'''
| '''-umuk'''
| '''-umut'''
| '''-'''
|}

If no subject suffix is given anywhere in the sentence, third person can be assumed.

== Determiners ==

There are a limited number of deictics and quantifiers:

{{col-begin}}
{{col-break}}
* '''bu- / be-''' - this (these)
* '''shu- / she-''' - that (those)
* '''daha''' - more
* '''hiwa''' - less; fewer
* '''irha''' - every; each
* '''iyin''' - same
{{col-break}}
* '''kesh''' - few; a little
* '''mu-''' – other; another
* '''ne''' - none
* '''shuk''' - many; much
* '''tun''' - all
* '''we-''' – some; any
{{col-end}}

Unlike most modifiers, these appear before the noun: '''bumul''' (''this man''); '''irha tashida''' (''at each city'').

There are not, strictly speaking, any indefinite pronouns; but there are indefinite expressions, built from the above modifiers plus words like '''na''' (''thing''), '''eqin''' (''person''), '''eren''' (''hour''), '''guna''' (''day''). Expressions like '''irha eqin''' (''every person'') may be taken as equivalent to “everyone, everybody”. Time expressions are no exception: ‘now’ corresponds to expressions like '''bara''' (''this time''); or '''beren''' (''this hour''); '''irha guna''' (''every day; always''); '''wera''' (''sometimes'') etc. Choose the time period according to the meaning: you may swat flies away “every minute”, but kingdoms rise and fall “every age”.

= Prepositions =

'''Amal''' lacks a morphological preposition. To express locative concepts in '''Amal''' one mostly make use of one of the following case suffixes:

{{col-begin}}
{{col-break}}
* '''-da''' - locative (in, at, on)
::
* '''kayan eshda nai'''
: COP-1s house-LOC 1s.GEN
: ''I'm in my house.'' / ''I'm at home.''
{{col-break}}
* '''-sha''' - ablative (from, away from)
::
* '''halum essha mai'''
: walk-3pl house-ABL 3pl.GEN
: ''They're going away from their home.''
{{col-end}}

'''Amal''' uses nouns to express more complex spatial relationships (these words are adverbs in English) this means that for example the word '''tumda''' should be interpreted as something like the ''everwhere place'' or ''all places''. And a phase like '''tumda aryanti''' (meaning ''I see you everywhere'') is literally ''I see you in all places''. Likewise '''aryanti uyushda nai''' (meaning ''I see you to my left'') is literally ''I see you in my left area''.

= Conjunctions =

Coordinate clauses can be formed with a number of conjunctions, which describe the relationship between the clauses:

* '''ta''' - also; and
* '''ila''' - but; however
* '''ye''' - or; either; whichever
* '''yela''' - neither; nor

* '''hata''' - so that; in order to/that
* '''hema''' - both
* '''ki''' - if; whether
* '''pa''' - then; consequently; so
* '''shun''' - reason; cause; because

The first four of the above conjunctions can also be used to connect noun phrases or modifiers.

= Adjectives =

Amal does not have adjectives as a distinct part of speech. Instead, many intransitive verbs can be used as adjectives, in which case they follow the noun they modify.
{{col-begin}}
{{col-break}}
* '''dishkata yasha'''
: /dɪʃkata jaʃa/
: coat be.wet-3s
: ''The coat is wet.'' [The wet coat.]
{{col-break}}
* '''pila kita'''
: /pila kita/
: elephant be.old-3s
: ''The elephant is old.'' [The old elephant.]
{{col-end}}

A few adjectivizing suffixes:

* '''-eshb(a)''' - past participle (e.g. '''biseshba''' ‘trusted’)
* '''-ya / -ai''' - genitive ('''kawalya''' ‘horse’s)
* '''-iy(a)''' - adjectivization ('''dishiya''' ‘foreign’)
* '''-da''' - locative ('''bagada''' ‘in the garden’)
* '''-ha / -ak''' - possessing; instrumental ('''kawalha''' ‘having/using a horse’)
* '''-úl''' - without ('''eshúl''' ‘without a house’, ‘homeless’) [abessive]
* '''ne-''' - negative ('''nebiseshba''' ‘untrustworthy’)

The causative -'''ed''' can be applied to attributive verbs: '''niwed''' ‘whiten’, '''sared''' ‘quicken’.

Adjectives normally follow the noun.

= Numbers =

= Questions =

There are a number of interrogative words that are used to introduce questions:

{{col-begin}}
{{col-break}}
* '''ma''' - what; which
* '''man''' - who; whom
* '''manai''' - whose; of whom
* '''mara''' - when
{{col-break}}
* '''mada''' - where
* '''mawa''' - how
* '''mabak''' - how much/many
* '''shum(a)''' - why
{{col-end}}

* '''mara yemuruk?''' - when eat-TENT-1pl - ''When might we eat?''

* '''shum kaye buda?''' - why be-2s here - ''Why are you here?''

Any statement can become a polar question by adding the interrogative suffix '''-em''' to the verb construction.

* '''yashemu?''' - be.wet-INT-3s - ''Is it wet?''

* '''shabemumti?''' - know-INT-3pl-2s - ''Do they know you?''

= Verbal Morphology =

The verbal inflection of '''Amal''' is quite simple. There are only two tenses, non-past, and past (present corresponds to the [[wp:Imperfective_aspect|imperfective aspect]], and past tense could also be analyzed as the [[wp:Perfective_aspect|perfective aspect]]), each marked for person and number. There are three aspects (inceptive, repetitive, and durative) as well as various moods and voices that are also marked on the verb (usually between the verb root and the person).

{| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 800px;"
! ''form''
! ''suffix''
! ''verb''
! ''IPA''
! ''gloss''
! ''English''
|-align=center
| Infinitive
| '''-ek'''
| '''yemek'''
| /ˈjɛmek/
| eat-INF
| ''to eat''
|-align=center
| Passive Participle
| '''-eshb'''
| '''yemeshbu'''
| /ˈjɛmɛʃbu/
| eat-PPP-3s
| ''It was eaten.'' ''Eaten''
|-align=center
| Past Tense
| '''-esh'''
| '''yemeshan'''
| /jɛmˈeʃan/
| eat-PST-1s
| ''I ate.''
|-align=center
| Reportative
| '''-un'''
| '''yemunum'''
| /ˈjɛmunum/
| eat-REP-3pl
| ''They are said to be eating.''
|-align=center
| Desiderative
| '''-ash'''
| '''yemashut'''
| /ˈjɛmaʃʊt/
| eat-DES-2pl
| ''You (all) want to eat''
|-align=center
| Indicative
| '''-'''
| '''yeman'''
| /ˈjɛman/
| eat-1s
| ''I eat''
|-align=center
| Interrogative
| '''-em'''
| '''yememti'''
| /ˈjɛmemti/
| eat-Q-2s
| ''Are you eating?''
|-align=center
| Negative
| '''-la'''
| '''yemukla'''
| /ˈjɛmuklɑ/
| eat-1pl-NEG
| ''We do not eat''
|-align=center
| Obligative
| '''-id'''
| '''yemidum'''
| /ˈjɛmidum/
| eat-OBL-3pl
| ''They are obliged to eat.''
|-align=center
| Tentative
| '''-ur'''
| '''yemuru'''
| /ˈjɛmuɾu/
| eat-TENT-3s
| ''She may (be) eat(ing)''
|-align=center
| Durative
| '''-ab'''
| '''yemeshabu'''
| /ˈjɛmeʃabu/
| eat-PST-DUR-3s
| ''He was eating''
|-align=center
| Inceptive
| '''-ud'''
| '''yemudeshuk'''
| /jɛmˈudeʃuk/
| eat-INC-PST-1pl
| ''We began to eat''
|-align=center
| Repetitive
| '''-al'''
| '''yemalu'''
| /ˈjɛmalu/
| eat-REP-3s
| ''She keeps (on) eating''
|-align=center
| Causative
| '''-ed'''
| '''yemedanu'''
| /ˈjɛmedanu/
| eat-CAUS-1s-3s
| ''I feed him.''
|-align=center
| Passive
| '''-eb'''
| '''tawi yemebu'''
| /tawi ˈjɛmedanu/
| chicken eat-PASS-3s
| ''The chicken is eaten.''
|-align=center
| Reflexive
| '''-eg'''
| '''aryegum'''
| /arʲˈegum/
| see_REFL-3pl
| ''They see each other''
|}

=== Tense ===

The only marked tense being the past tense, the suffix '''-esh''' appears between the verb root and the subject-object construction.

=== Mood ===

There is a set of modal suffixes, similar to our auxiliary verbs:

* The tentative -'''ur''' (sometimes called suggestive, future, probable future, or presumptive) indicates that an action is possible or uncertain, or even that it is unsuccessful: '''haleshuru''' ''He tried to walk''

* The desiderative -'''ash''' expresses that the action is desired by someone -- usually the subject ('''halashan''' ''I want to go''), but sometimes the speaker or a third party ('''halashile''' ''it’s desirable that you go'')

=== Aspect ===

There is also a set of aspect suffixes, which give details about the action’s placement in time:

* The inceptive -'''ud''' signals the beginning of an action
* The repetitive -'''al''' indicates that the action was repeated or habitual
* The durative -'''ab''', like our progressive, indicates that the action was or is in progress

=== Voice ===

The various voices are sometimes combined with other verb modifiers.

{{col-begin}}
{{col-break}}
* '''tawi yemeshu'''
:: fowl eat-PST-3s
:: ''The chicken ate.'' / ''The chicken has eaten.''
{{col-break}}
* '''tawi yemebu'''
:: fowl eat-PASS-3s
:: ''The chicken is eaten.''
{{col-break}}
* '''tawi yemeshbu'''
:: fowl eat-PPP-3s
:: ''The chicken was eaten.''
{{col-end}}

= Copular Verbs =

There are two copular verbs, both of which can be dropped in most cases. They differ in use based on permanence, '''hara''' [[Amal/verbs#hara|(''which is irregular'')]] being permanent or essential, and '''kayek''' being temporary, or fleeting.

Here are a few examples of their uses:
{{col-begin}}
{{col-break}}
* '''ilha tulak ta nasak'''
:: 3s-COP tall-COM and thin-COM
:: ''He is tall and thin.''

* '''han Yuhanu'''
:: COP-1s John
:: ''I am John.''
{{col-break}}
* '''kayeshuk serada'''
:: COP-PST-1pl seat-LOC
:: ''We were in the seat(s).'' / ''We were seated.''

* '''kayum tanyeraminim'''
:: COP-3pl dish-wash-AG-PL
:: ''They are dishwasher(s).''
{{col-end}}

= resources =

* ahdictionary.com/word/indoeurop.html
* en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Turkish/Cases
* en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atlantean_language
* en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Category:Hungarian_morphemes
* hungarianreference.com
* imp.lss.wisc.edu/~jrvalent/ais301/Grammar/InflMorphology/nouns001.htm
* jimhenry.conlang.org/gzb/deriv.htm
* jimhenry.conlang.org/gzb/nxcgtx.htm
* lrc.la.utexas.edu/lex/semantic
* zompist.com/wedei.html
* fluentinturkish.com/grammar/grammatical-cases
* cromwell-intl.com/turkish/

[[Category:Conlangs]]

User:Masako

2026-03-15T23:55:18Z

Masako:

*[[Kala|main Kala page]]
:: My main project; this page replaces the old bulky category.
 
*[[Vasca|La rena de Vasca]]
:: a con-nation that I work on very infrequently
 
*[[Miyu|Miyu page]]
:: a minimalist conlang
 
*[[Kerusha|Kerusha page]]
:: a side project, just for fun

 
* / ŋ ɲ ʃ ɦ ɬ ʔ ɛ ɪ ʊ ʷ ʲ ᵐ ⁿ ᵑ ˈ ː t͡ʃ t͡s t͡ɬ /
* < á é í ñ ó ú š>
* [ ← ↖ ↺ ↷ ↴ ]
 
Elsewhere on the web:
* [https://footballbatsandmore.wordpress.com/ My blog]
* [https://twitter.com/tlacamazatl My twitter]
* [http://tlacamazatl.tumblr.com/ My tumblr]
 
*[[User:Masako/naho|naho]]
**[[User:Masako/naho/tatse|tatse]]
*[[User:Masako/pataka|pataka]]
*[[User:Masako/sandbox|sandbox]]
*[[User:Masako/links|my useful links page]]

User talk:Khemehekis

2026-02-13T02:41:18Z

Masako: /* Klingon Lexicon */ new section

Sorry! I'm currently working on the pages and I got confused!
Thanks for letting me know.
Charlie
:OK! You're welcome! [[User:Khemehekis|Khemehekis]] ([[User talk:Khemehekis|talk]]) 18:37, 9 September 2024 (PDT)

== Klingon Lexicon ==

Just an opinion, but having every possible number listed is not helpful and is actually not how most lexicons work. My advice would be to delete any that are not specific/special forms. [[User:Masako|masako]] ([[User talk:Masako|talk]])

Kala/lexicon

2026-01-27T02:36:41Z

Masako:

__NOTOC__

''See also:'' [[Kala/affixes|Kala word formation]], [[Kala/lexicon/theme|Kala thematic lexicon]], [[Kala/roots|Kala root words]], and [[Kala/etymology|Kala etymological lexicon]]

{{Template:Nkala2}}

* '''pa''' - although; even though; even if
* '''pampana''' - rain all around; rain storm
* '''pampu''' - chestnut
* '''pata''' - lay brick; make ~ / brick
* '''pataka''' - alphabetic order
* '''pati''' - eggplant, aubergine
* '''pato''' - duck
* '''panta''' - marsh; swamp; wetlands; glade
* '''panto''' - tomato
* '''paka''' - stupid; foolish; silly; clumsy
* '''pako''' - be fresh; new; young; meso-
* '''pakomya''' - renew; renovate; refresh; reform
* '''pakyo''' - storm; violent commotion
* '''panki''' - hemp; cannabis
* '''pami''' - invent; invention; concoct
* '''pamua''' - not enough; insufficient; inadequate; lack
* '''pamya''' - okra
* '''pamye''' - whip; lash; flog
* '''pana''' - rain; rainy
* '''panaku''' - Neptune (rain planet)
* '''pano''' - cloth; woven material; textiles
* '''panu''' - pastry; steamed bun; cake; torte; pie
* '''panya''' - rodent (rat; mouse; hamster; guinea pig)
* '''panye''' - be shirtless; having a bare torso, barechested
* '''pasa''' - nausea; feel sick; disgust
* '''pasi''' - bronze; brass; copper alloy
* '''pasipi''' - Pacific (Ocean)
* '''pasua''' - expand; inflate; swelling
* '''pasue''' - drain; divert water; run dry; drought
* '''paha''' - be evil; fierce; vicious; ugly; coarse
* '''pahe''' - against; touching (LOC)
* '''pahi''' - be compatible; conform; tolerate
* '''paho''' - dock; pier; wharf
* '''pahu''' - burst; crack; breach
* '''patsa''' - grate; shred
* '''patse''' - be horrifying; atrocious; terrible
* '''patsi''' - breed livestock; herd
* '''patsiko''' - herder; shepherd; rancher
* '''patsu''' - penalize; punish
* '''patla''' - field; pasture; plain
* '''patle''' - act spoiled; throw tantrum
* '''patli''' - birch (silver ~); white poplar
* '''patlo''' - broom; brush; sweep
* '''pala / -pa''' - can; may; be possible; be able to (POT)
* '''pale''' - sale; sell
* '''palenti''' - Fahrenheit
* '''pali''' - be saved/spared from (something)
* '''palo''' - cane; staff; walking stick
* '''pa'a''' - be well-ordered; regular; organized
* '''pa'e''' - apart from; other than; except for
* '''pa'o''' - eight; 8
* '''pa'u''' - tree bark
* '''paihyao''' - the 36 least common syllables
* '''paue''' - be bland; tedious
* '''paye''' - after (TEMP); subsequent
* '''payeko''' - superhuman; exceptional; superhero
* '''payo / -pyao''' - crooked; warped; unbalanced (.warp)
* '''peta''' - map; chart; draft; cartographic
* '''pete''' - ring; hoop; loop; (chain) link
* '''peti''' - bird; avian (flightless)
* '''peka''' - bat (animal)
* '''peko''' - bacon; salt-cured meat
* '''penka''' - impetus; impulse; be impulsive
* '''penko''' - study intensively; dig into; delve
* '''penku''' - conjunction; connective
* '''pemao''' - chess / play ~
* '''pena''' - go about; busy oneself; occupy oneself
* '''penua''' - continent; island
* '''penya''' - grapple; scuffle; wrestle
* '''penyo''' - hot pepper; jalapeño; chili; paprika
* '''pesa''' - bolt of cloth; twine
* '''pese''' - gland
* '''peha''' - drill; penetrate; puncture
* '''pehu''' - admire; revere
* '''petsa''' - be delicate; soft; tender (inexperienced); mild
* '''petsi''' - basement; cellar
* '''petso / pya''' - abdomen; belly; stomach
* '''petsohue ''' - crawling; slithering (on the belly)
* '''petle''' - noise imitative of a fart; raspberry
* '''pela''' - cancel; cancellation
* '''pelansu''' - France
* '''pele''' - volcano; volcanic; erupt
* '''pelo''' - advance; improve; progress
* '''peua''' - admit defeat; concede
* '''peya / -pe''' - particle; piece of; dot; speck; spot; bit; point; stump (.part)
* '''peyo''' - metaphor; analogy
* '''pita''' - be void; hollow; empty; blank
* '''pitamya''' - hollow out; empty out
* '''pite''' - manatee; walrus
* '''pito''' - navel; belly button
* '''pinta''' - act tactfully; tactful; discreet
* '''pinto''' - swallow it whole; act without thinking
* '''pika''' - bullet; shot; shell; ball
* '''pikya''' - scaffolding; frame; rack; framework
* '''pikyamue''' - be useless; futile
* '''pinka''' - biscuit; cookie; cracker; roll
* '''pima''' - buttermilk
* '''pinya''' - industrious, diligent, hardworking
* '''pisa''' - savage act; outrage; atrocity
* '''pitsa''' - pancake; pizza
* '''pitsi''' - owe; be in debt; under obligation
* '''pitsu''' - hall; museum; auditorium
* '''pitle''' - discriminate; discrimination
* '''pila''' - crush; grind; pulverize
* '''pili''' - hyena
* '''piua''' - loquat (fruit; tree; color)
* '''piyo''' - bee; honeybee; wasp
* '''piyohyo''' - honey; nectar
* '''po / -po''' - so; consequently; thus; as a result (.result)
* '''pota''' - run away in fear; flee
* '''pote''' - mortgage; pawn; detain in custody
* '''poti''' - goat; ram
* '''poto''' - image; picture; photograph
* '''ponto''' - cannon; gun; artillery (fire ~)
* '''poka''' - seal; pinniped
* '''poke''' - obscure; confuse; mix up; blur; mislead
* '''poko''' - bladder; urinate; urine
* '''poku''' - cost; fee; price; charge
* '''ponka''' - appreciate; enjoy; be grateful
* '''ponkapa''' - cider; hard ~
* '''poma''' - apple (fruit; tree; color)
* '''pomo''' - handle; grip; knob; latch
* '''pono''' - face powder
* '''posa''' - divorce
* '''poso''' - bind; bandage
* '''posu''' - award; prize; reward
* '''potsa''' - blot; erase; wipe out
* '''potsi''' - chrysanthemum; daisy
* '''potso''' - caustic potash; potassium hydroxide
* '''potsu''' - lay siege to, besiege
* '''pola''' - shovel; spade; spatula (kitchen utensil)
* '''poli''' - force; violence
* '''polo''' - hops; seed cones
* '''poya''' - complain; grumble; grievance
* '''poye''' - ally with; form an alliance with
* '''poyo''' - rich; abundant; wealthy
* '''pumpa''' - be idle; lazy; negligent; careless
* '''puta''' - be wrong; false
* '''pute''' - deficiency; deficit
* '''puti''' - mint; spearmint
* '''punta''' - betray; rebel; revolt
* '''puntahe''' - underground; subterranean; covert
* '''puka''' - be corrupt; decay; rot
* '''puki''' - vulva; clitoris
* '''puku / -pu''' - attire; clothes; wear (.wear)
* '''pukue''' - blowfish; puffer
* '''pukya''' - pomegranate (fruit; tree)
* '''punka''' - fruit; fruit tree
* '''punku''' - indignant; resentment
* '''punkumua''' - be resentful; embittered
* '''puna''' - dirt; earth; land; soil; mud
* '''punaku''' - Earth (dirt planet)
* '''punamo''' - terrestrial
* '''punu''' - minute; moment
* '''punya''' - jab; poke; stab (fuck)
* '''punye''' - numerator
* '''pusa''' - flutter; flap; sway; oscillate
* '''pusu''' - shake; shock; vibrate
* '''pusue''' - be superfluous or useless; superfluities
* '''puha''' - lung
* '''puhe''' - impatient; eager to; anxious to
* '''puheka''' - be restless; uneasy; discontent
* '''puhyo''' - the 44 second most common syllables
* '''putsi''' - intercept; waylay; ambush
* '''putsu''' - goblin; monster; phantom; demon
* '''pula''' - cauldron; kettle; pot
* '''pulo''' - crystallization; crystalline; crystal
* '''puampo''' - misinterpret; misread; misunderstand
* '''puata''' - deprive; to withhold; to hold sth back
* '''puaka''' - forehead; skull; temples
* '''puama / pama''' - afternoon; dusk; evening (p.m.)
* '''puana''' - deity; spiritual; ghost
* '''puani''' - bank; beach; coast; shore
* '''puatli''' - calf (of the leg)
* '''pue''' - after; back; behind; rear; beyond (LOC)
* '''pueto''' - be ready/willing do sth
* '''puetsa''' - mantis; octopus
* '''puya''' - enchantment; magic; charm
* '''pyampatse''' - chatty; talkative; garrulous
* '''pyampu''' - bridge of the nose
* '''pyata''' - appeal to; invoke; solicit; petition
* '''pyaka''' - tiger
* '''pyano''' - piano; play ~
* '''pyasa''' - custom; convention; be popular; common
* '''pyasi''' - menstruation; a woman's period
* '''pyasu''' - trajectory; mean; diameter
* '''pyatse''' - chat; gossip; spin a yarn; chew the rag/fat
* '''pyempu''' - paramour; lover; illicit romance
* '''pyeta''' - egg; ovum; spawn; fetus
* '''pyetampu''' - egg-shaped; oval
* '''pyete''' - be slimy (of rotten food); viscous
* '''pyela''' - share; together; total; altogether
* '''pyota''' - cube; block; be square; cubic
* '''pyotanka''' - cube (12 barrels) (250 gal / 1135.2 L)
* '''pyoki / -pyo''' - disease; be ill; be sick (.ill)
* '''pyonka''' - be parallel; parallelogram
* '''pyona''' - be brittle; fragile; crisp; crunchy
* '''pyoho''' - flea; mite; tick
* '''pyotsi''' - tail or caudal fin or feathers
* '''pyola''' - rotate; revolve; spin; whirl; roll
* '''pyolo''' - business; office
* '''pyo'o''' - multiply by itself; square
* '''mpato''' - military fortress; fortification; defensive post
* '''mpaka''' - border; boundary; frontier; line
* '''mpako''' - band; strip; ribbon
* '''mpana''' - be wide; broad; extensive; vast; width
* '''mpano''' - clamp; pincers; pliers; tongs
* '''mpasu''' - make do; manage; get by with
* '''mpaha''' - be valuable; costly; expensive
* '''mpahe''' - integrate; synthesize
* '''mpahua''' - edible plant
* '''mpatso''' - comfort; console; stroke; caress
* '''mpale''' - turn over; flip over; overturn; capsize
* '''mpali''' - balloon; hot air balloon
* '''mpalo''' - the 56 most common syllables
* '''mpa'a''' - film; movie; cinema
* '''mpeka''' - frog; toad
* '''mpekue''' - off the beaten track (go ~)
* '''mpeli''' - wilderness; uncultivated; wild
* '''mpelo''' - buzzard
* '''mpika''' - pitch; sap; gummy ~; resin
* '''mpiko''' - black eagle; condor; vulture
* '''mpiku''' - glue; gum; rubber
* '''mpina''' - sound nice; be euphonic
* '''mpisi''' - rainbow; colored arch; bridge
* '''mpila''' - ball (game); sphere
* '''mpopi''' - poppy; opium
* '''mpoka''' - squid; ink fish; cuttlefish
* '''mponi''' - ethnicity; folk; people
* '''mpoho''' - gift; a present; an offering
* '''mpuku''' - be complicated; complex; intricate
* '''mpuni''' - ostrich
* '''mpunu''' - straight; not bent
* '''mpunya''' - lock-eyes; see eye-to-eye
* '''mputsa''' - cheese
* '''mpula''' - lamp; lantern; light
* '''mpuli''' - fluff; lint (feel nervous)
* '''ta''' - you (2sg)
* '''tapa''' - lid; top; cover; canopy; roof; ceiling
* '''tapi''' - swing; seesaw; trapeze
* '''tapo''' - shoulder; upper arm; branch
* '''tapu''' - be ample; buxom; shapely
* '''tapua''' - rectangle; be square-like
* '''tapya''' - follow; accompany
* '''tapye''' - take (something, someone) seriously
* '''tapyo''' - cassava (leaves)
* '''tampai''' - set up a stall; make plans for a project
* '''tampi''' - taboo; to avoid sth (as taboo)
* '''tantanya''' - shatter; fragment
* '''tantama''' - fine; well
* '''tanti''' - truck; bus
* '''taka / o-''' - esteem; respect; honor
* '''takatlo''' - honorable; honored person
* '''take''' - scenery; scene; landscape; view
* '''taki''' - coat; jacket; robe; cape
* '''tako''' - be content; satisfied
* '''taku''' - brother
* '''takue''' - demand; request; coerce
* '''tanka''' - eagle; falcon; hawk
* '''tanko''' - group; organization; team
* '''tankola''' - join a (group)
* '''tanku''' - you - each other
* '''tam''' - you (all) (2pl)
* '''tammueko''' - freeloader/rider; moocher
* '''tama''' - be good; well; proper; fine; complete
* '''tame''' - be fried; pan-fry; sauté
* '''tami''' - yourselves (2pl.REFL)
* '''tamo''' - be aware of; familiar with; know about
* '''tamoha''' - be expert; have experience
* '''tamua''' - distinguish; identify; recognize
* '''tamya''' - copy; duplicate; transcribe
* '''tamye''' - radar (antenna; detector; echo)
* '''tamyo''' - your(s) (2pl.POSS)
* '''tana''' - fight; war; battle; combat
* '''tanakyo''' - dojo; martial arts training academy
* '''tanamo''' - battlefield; boxing ring; wrestling mat
* '''tane''' - enjoy; benefit; have the use of
* '''tani''' - gully; ravine; valley; nadir; canyon; gutter
* '''tano''' - describe; depict; portray; description
* '''tanu''' - plate; dish; tray; shallow container; bowl
* '''tanunka''' - a large plate or platter (142 in / 90.322 cm)
* '''tanua''' - chat; converse; dialogue; talk
* '''tanya''' - damage; break; ruin; destroy
* '''tanye''' - carpet; mat; rug
* '''tasa''' - hunt; seek; look for; search
* '''tase''' - consulate; embassy; diplomacy
* '''tasi''' - be comical; funny; amusing
* '''taso''' - be firm; hard; stable and steady; level
* '''taha / -ha / -ka''' - be big; large; grand (AUG)
* '''tahaso''' - larger than human
* '''tahe''' - below; beneath; under (LOC)
* '''tahela''' - descend; get down; go below
* '''tahi''' - son; boy
* '''tahue''' - nephew
* '''tahya''' - grandson
* '''tatsa''' - basin; wide-mouthed jar or pot
* '''tatse''' - preposition
* '''tatsi''' - stand; set up; establish
* '''tatso''' - drift about; wander; roam
* '''tatsu''' - glyph; logogram; letter
* '''tatli / tli-''' - collective plural (COL); group; pack
* '''tatlo''' - regain; get back; replace
* '''tala''' - return; come (back); arrive; approach
* '''tale''' - pronounce; pronunciation; emit sound
* '''tali''' - church; shrine; temple
* '''talo''' - be patient; patience
* '''ta'i''' - yourself (2sg.REFL)
* '''ta'o / -tao''' - two; 2; pair of; both (.pair)
* '''taua''' - anticipate; expect; foresee
* '''taue''' - cousin (male)
* '''taya''' - husband; man
* '''taye''' - since; from the end (TEMP)
* '''tayo''' - your(s) (2sg.POSS)
* '''te / -nte''' - of (belonging to; = GEN); about
* '''tepe''' - conceal; cover; shield; shelter
* '''tepo''' - non-spectrum colors
* '''tepu''' - scales (of fish)
* '''tepumua''' - scales
* '''tepua''' - spectrum colors
* '''tepye''' - beat; knead; pulse
* '''tenta''' - curtain; partition; screen
* '''teki''' - be combative; enemy; hostile
* '''teko''' - bottle; pitcher; vase
* '''tekonka''' - bottle (10.6 fl oz / 0.3 L)
* '''teku''' - underestimate; underrate; undervalue
* '''tekue''' - order; call for; request
* '''tekyo''' - dough; noodle; pasta
* '''tenka''' - fix; mend; patch; repair
* '''teme''' - impress; make an impression
* '''temu''' - nurture; raise; foster; tend
* '''tena''' - you X me
* '''tenya''' - be elegant; in good taste; refined
* '''tenyo''' - heaven; paradise
* '''tese''' - endure; to suffer; hardships; withstand
* '''tesempa''' - December
* '''tesue''' - encourage; motivate; support
* '''tehi''' - edit; retouch; fix up; alter
* '''tetsa''' - implicate; involve
* '''tetsi''' - fluke; leech; Hirudinea
* '''tetsu''' - dates (fruit; tree; color); jujube
* '''tetla''' - you X it
* '''tetlo''' - bring up a situation
* '''tela''' - cut up (in pieces); shred; slice; chop
* '''tele''' - shave; scrape; peel
* '''teli''' - ass; donkey; mule
* '''telo''' - you X her/him
* '''te'e''' - kick; trample; tread on
* '''teua''' - take on; undertake; assume; shoulder
* '''teue''' - reign (enthroned)
* '''teya / -te''' - propose; request (PREC); suggest
* '''teye''' - clause; phrase; sentence
* '''teyo''' - call on; find; look for (sb)
* '''tipa''' - align; fit; be suitable
* '''tipe''' - be counterfeit; fake; forge
* '''tipu''' - bottom; lowest part; seabed
* '''tipua''' - decline; drop; fall
* '''tipuakuhi''' - meteor (falling small planet)
* '''tinta''' - act; play role of ~
* '''tinto''' - extend; reach; stretch
* '''tika''' - cane; rattan; vine
* '''tike''' - tag; label (small inscription)
* '''tiko''' - clove (Eugenia aromatica)
* '''tiku''' - extract; withdraw; pick-up
* '''tinka''' - more likely than not; quite possible; on the cards
* '''tima''' - bleed; blood
* '''timamua''' - be cruel, be bloody
* '''timu''' - east
* '''tina''' - bend; fold; twist; be bent
* '''tinamya''' - make bent; bend; cause to be twisted
* '''tini''' - spiral; whirlpool
* '''tiniha''' - hurricane
* '''tinua''' - be firm; resolute; strong
* '''tisi''' - bulk; volume
* '''tiha / ti-''' - multiply (math.); multiplication; multi- (MUL)
* '''tihe''' - be dense; crowded; viscous
* '''titsua''' - swagger; walk with a wide stance
* '''tila''' - finger; indicate; toe; point
* '''tilanka''' - width of a finger (¾ in / 1.905 cm)
* '''tile''' - circumstances; situation; state; condition
* '''tili''' - stain; sully; tarnish
* '''tilo''' - railway; track; train
* '''ti'u''' - fig (Ficus carica)
* '''ti'a''' - grammatical aspect
* '''tiua''' - ramble incoherently; rant
* '''tiya''' - bread; make bread
* '''tiyasu''' - bakery; bread shop
* '''tiye''' - medal prize; trophy
* '''tiyo''' - netherworld; hades; infernal
* '''to''' - manner; method; way (.way)
* '''topa''' - bed; couch; mattress
* '''topanka''' - sleeping mat, or bed (2.152 yd / 1.82 m)
* '''tope''' - firearm; gun; rifle
* '''topi''' - ankle bone; ankle
* '''topo''' - door; entrance; gate
* '''toponyo''' - lock; locking mechanism
* '''topu''' - jump; bounce; hop
* '''topue''' - undertow; be dragged down
* '''topye''' - parasite; drone
* '''tompo''' - martial art; military skill
* '''tontolo''' - case the joint; explore/search way/path
* '''tonta''' - permafrost; tundra; layer of frozen soil
* '''tontaso''' - tundra
* '''tok''' - no way
* '''toka''' - tone; manner of speaking; mood
* '''toki''' - convex; protrude; bulge
* '''toko''' - be devoted; fidelity; loyal; loyalty
* '''toku''' - settle (a dispute); resolve; solve
* '''tokua''' - every way
* '''tokue''' - puncture; pierce; prick; penetrate
* '''tokya''' - inspect; examine; look over/around
* '''tokyo''' - be brave; bold; courage
* '''tonke''' - enter without permission; trespass; invade
* '''toma''' - deplete; exhaust; use-up; run out
* '''tomi''' - characteristic; distinctive feature; trait; aspect
* '''tomo''' - offer; supply; provide; furnish
* '''tomu''' - be frugal; thrifty; economical
* '''tomua''' - hire; rent; charter; lease out; (slave)
* '''tona''' - tuna; flounder
* '''tono''' - emote; emotion; feel; sentiment
* '''tonua''' - allophone; allophony
* '''tonya''' - collapse; disintegrate; crumble
* '''tonye''' - be automatic; involuntary
* '''tosa''' - waste; squander; dissipate; splurge
* '''tosi''' - dice; die
* '''toso''' - be clumsy
* '''tosu''' - fragrant; sweet smelling; aromatic; perfume
* '''tohe''' - always (or routinely) cooperate or agree with
* '''tohi''' - broccoli; cauliflower
* '''toho / -ho''' - assert; claim; state; declare (ASS)
* '''tohu''' - bean; pea; legume
* '''totsi''' - investment; to invest
* '''totso''' - eavesdrop; monitor (secretly)
* '''totsue''' - feeling after cracking one's back
* '''totsuya''' - Germany
* '''totla''' - be accurate; be exact; be precise
* '''tola''' - any way; some way
* '''toli''' - entice; tempt; seduce; allure
* '''tolo / -to''' - path; route; course; passage
* '''to'o''' - pay; compensate
* '''toua''' - arbitrate; mediate
* '''toue''' - smoke; mist; vapor; puff
* '''toya''' - awareness; conscience; thinking
* '''ntatasi''' - experience chaotic fits
* '''ntaka''' - energy; fortitude
* '''ntaku / -ku''' - sibling (.sibling)
* '''ntame''' - hymn; slogan; matra
* '''ntane''' - internet; network; web
* '''ntasa''' - equator; circle around any sphere; round; ring
* '''ntasi''' - be excited; excite; agitate
* '''ntaha''' - ancestor; elder
* '''ntahi / -hi''' - child; offspring
* '''ntahue / -hue''' - sibling's child (nibbling)
* '''ntahya / -hya''' - grandchild; descendant; heir; be ~
* '''ntatsa''' - pick a lock; pry open; enter violently
* '''ntalo''' - deliberate; consider
* '''nta'i''' - baby; infant
* '''ntaua''' - derogatory sense; negative connotation
* '''ntaue / -ue''' - cousin
* '''ntaya''' - spouse; loved one
* '''ntaye''' - overgrown; unkempt (of hair); matted
* '''ntela''' - sever; cut off; separate
* '''ntelo''' - interact; interplay; interrelated
* '''nte'o / nte- / inte-''' - million; 10^6 / mega (1000000) / micro (0.000001)
* '''nteyo''' - call sb away from a task/work
* '''ntimu''' - lemon
* '''nto''' - yes; really (in response to a negative question or statement)
* '''ntopa''' - break through; make a breakthrough
* '''ntopi''' - cliché; stereotype; truism
* '''ntoka''' - button; fasten; knot
* '''ntoma''' - habit; addiction; be addicted
* '''ntome''' - preserve; maintain; conserve
* '''ntomua''' - trauma; emotional distress
* '''ntosa''' - butcher, slaughter, massacre
* '''ntolo''' - locket; medallion; pendant
* '''ka''' - question marker
* '''kapa''' - be adequate; enough; suffice
* '''kapi''' - be ugly; repulsive; not nice
* '''kapo''' - relationship; connection; involvement
* '''kapu''' - basket; box; bucket; container
* '''kapua''' - barrel; cask; tun
* '''kapuanka''' - barrel (21 gal / 94.6 L)
* '''kapya''' - receive; accept; collect
* '''kapye''' - card (small stiff paper)
* '''kapyo''' - gull; seagull
* '''kampa''' - cheers!; a toast
* '''kampo''' - catch cold; (common) cold
* '''kata''' - essence; nature; universe
* '''kate''' - calligraphy; handwriting; penmanship
* '''katemya''' - write in calligraphy
* '''kati''' - be ancient; old; paleo-; classic
* '''kato''' - two story building
* '''kanta''' - be generous; magnanimous
* '''kanti''' - deceive; cheat; swindle
* '''kanto''' - mourn; grieve; lament
* '''kanka''' - corn; maize
* '''kankano''' - sweetie; lovey
* '''kanke''' - be rigid; inflexible; hard; stiff
* '''kanki''' - flu; influenza
* '''kanko''' - print; publish; publication; periodical
* '''kanku''' - they - each other
* '''kankuali''' - excavate; farm
* '''kam''' - they; them (3pl)
* '''kama / -ku''' - city; town; village (.town)
* '''kamaha''' - city; metropolis
* '''kamahi''' - village; hamlet
* '''kamatlonku''' - neighbor
* '''kame''' - be artless; innocent; naive
* '''kami''' - themselves (3pl.REFL)
* '''kamo / -po''' - entail; lead to; result in
* '''kamu''' - dictionary; encyclopedia; lexicon
* '''kamue''' - general; commander; military leader
* '''kamya''' - stun; shock; bewilder; bewitch
* '''kamyo''' - their(s) (3pl.POSS)
* '''kanna''' - queen; chiefess
* '''kana / -kan''' - lead; leading; leadership; leader (.chief)
* '''kanata''' - Canada
* '''kanata''' - king; chief
* '''kane''' - dispel; refute; repudiate
* '''kani''' - sausage
* '''kano''' - my dear; my darling
* '''kanu''' - stringed instrument; play ~
* '''kanue''' - canvas (sail; painting surface)
* '''kanyo''' - question; ask; raise a question
* '''kasa''' - bamboo; parasol; umbrella
* '''kase''' - announce; report; newspaper; to pass
* '''kasi''' - infection; infect; influence
* '''kasu''' - lend; loan; borrow
* '''kaha''' - paper; document; letter; page; site
* '''kaho''' - operculum; a covering flap (of skin)
* '''kahu''' - furniture
* '''kahue''' - mirage; shadow
* '''kahyo''' - porcelain; ceramic
* '''katsa''' - glass; windshield; window
* '''katse''' - subjunctive; assumptive
* '''katsi''' - dignity; sanctity; worth
* '''katso''' - meal; meal time
* '''katsu''' - be modest; self-effacing; modest remarks
* '''katsua''' - slip; slide; slippery; polished
* '''katsue''' - owner; master; host
* '''katla''' - catapult; launch; eject (from a plane); shoot
* '''katlo''' - take risk; hazard; venture
* '''kala / -tla''' - language; talk; say; speak
* '''kale''' - investigate; scout; explore
* '''kali''' - slant; slope; incline; oblique; lean
* '''kalo''' - substitute for; replace; supersede
* '''ka'a''' - crab; to walk sideways; crab-wise
* '''ka'e''' - to; towards; at (dative; directional DAT)
* '''ka'ela''' - go toward; move in the direction of
* '''ka'o''' - seven; 7
* '''ka'u''' - sit cross-legged
* '''kaua''' - coffee
* '''kauaso''' - coffee cup
* '''kaue''' - chin; jaw (look at sb)
* '''kaya / -ku''' - earth; planet; world (.world)
* '''kaye''' - until; up to; as far as (TEMP)
* '''kayo''' - lose; lost; loss; misplace
* '''ke''' - object particle (O); (comparative COMP) than
* '''kepyo''' - ticket; ballot; bank note
* '''kempo''' - constitution; law; statute
* '''keta''' - behave; conduct oneself
* '''keti''' - compose; think up
* '''keto''' - migrate; migration; mobile; portable
* '''kenta''' - capital city for a seat of government
* '''kenko''' - humble; humility; modesty
* '''kema''' - work; labor; task; job
* '''kemeta''' - Egypt
* '''kemi''' - passive; inactive
* '''kemu''' - experience; undergo
* '''kena''' - circle; be circular; spherical
* '''kenaku''' - Saturn (ring/circle planet)
* '''kenaya''' - abugida or alphasyllabary based on circles
* '''kenua''' - denim; jeans
* '''kenyelo''' - homework; extra credit; tutoring session
* '''kesa''' - keep score; tally; calculate; compute
* '''kese''' - be obscene; coarse; vulgar
* '''keso''' - image; form; figure; visualization
* '''keha''' - body (human); health; anatomy
* '''kehe''' - shark
* '''kehi''' - hiccup; belch; burp
* '''keho''' - alarm; alert; warning signal
* '''kehu''' - tasty; savory; yummy
* '''ketsa / -ke''' - doubt; suspicion (dubitative DUB)
* '''ketsahu''' - dismiss, reject, repudiate
* '''ketsi''' - rough; coarse (in texture)
* '''ketsu''' - unruly; rude; boorish; crude
* '''ketsua''' - resolution; decision; statement of intent
* '''ketla''' - red
* '''ketle''' - chain; linked
* '''kele''' - shackles; fetters; manacle
* '''keli''' - pity; pitiable; pitiful
* '''kelo''' - castrate; a castrate; neuter
* '''ke'e''' - so; such; such a degree
* '''keua''' - abandon; discard; spurn; forsake
* '''keue''' - be permanent; constant; fixed
* '''keya''' - gram (unit of mass) (ounce; pound; ton)
* '''keye''' - course; class; lesson
* '''keyo''' - description; qualification; adjective
* '''ki / -i / -ki''' - reflexive (REFL); self (essence)
* '''kipa''' - gums; inner mouth
* '''kipe''' - favor; favorite; darling
* '''kipo''' - aspire; hope; wish
* '''kipu''' - mood; mental state; frame of mind
* '''kipue''' - palate; roof of the mouth
* '''kimputa''' - velar sound; sound articulated at the soft palate
* '''kita''' - north
* '''kiti''' - accelerate; expedite; speed-up
* '''kito''' - subsist; survive
* '''kinta''' - be rampant; run wild; spree
* '''kinte''' - invert; swapped; upside-down
* '''kinti''' - squirrel
* '''kinto''' - spanner; lever (on a machine); wrench
* '''kinkitso''' - be frantic; unnerved
* '''kinkiyo''' - quickly; rapidly
* '''kima''' - at the minimum; at the very least
* '''kimu''' - duty; responsibility; obligation
* '''kimyo''' - strange; odd; weird; unusual
* '''kina''' - mammal
* '''kine''' - dry mucus, booger
* '''kinu''' - lapis lazuli; azure (gem; color; stone)
* '''kinua''' - metal working or casting of some kind
* '''kinya''' - silver; coins
* '''kinyahi''' - platinum; little silver
* '''kinyo''' - intervene; get involved
* '''kisa''' - tear; split; separate; rip
* '''kisi''' - deny; disclaim; disavow
* '''kiso''' - base; foundation; root; radical (chemistry)
* '''kisua''' - root of plant
* '''kisue''' - soda water
* '''kiha''' - be high; tall; above average; long
* '''kiho''' - as things allow; opportune/ity moment
* '''kihu''' - weather; climate; atmosphere; situation
* '''kihua''' - be clear; fine (weather)
* '''kihya''' - root; source; origin
* '''kihyo''' - business; trade; commerce
* '''kitsa''' - dark; darkly; darkness
* '''kitse''' - graffiti; scrawl; scribble
* '''kitsi''' - texture; grain (of wood)
* '''kitla''' - create; invent; make-up
* '''kitlako''' - craftsman; inventor
* '''kili''' - giraffe
* '''ki'i''' - screech; shriek; chirp or peep (onom)
* '''kiue''' - stink; odor; pungent aroma; smelly
* '''kiya''' - self-awareness; be self aware
* '''kiyo / kyo''' - be fast; rapid; quick; velocity
* '''kiyola''' - speed-up; hurry
* '''ko / -ko / -tlo''' - agentive (AG); individual; person
* '''kopa''' - fungi; mushroom
* '''kope''' - baste (cookery); grease; oil; petroleum
* '''kopi''' - bridge; crosspiece
* '''kopo''' - fermentation; yeast
* '''kopu''' - knock on a door; rap on something
* '''kompa''' - mold; mildew; fungi
* '''kompo''' - seaweed
* '''kota''' - details; particulars
* '''kote''' - divulge; leak out
* '''koto''' - drum beat; rhythm; tempo; play ~
* '''konte''' - convey; distribute; send; allocate
* '''konto''' - flow (the movement of liquid); current
* '''konka''' - born out of wedlock; be illegitimate
* '''konke''' - blank space on form; space between words
* '''koma''' - conceal; hide away (lurk); stalk
* '''komi''' - be allergic; allergy
* '''komo''' - barn; stall; stable; shed; corral
* '''komu''' - advertise; a commercial; advertisement
* '''konko'a''' - quietly; silently
* '''kona''' - dress; skirt
* '''kone''' - awe; intimidate
* '''koni''' - skunk
* '''kono''' - gray; stone; rock; ash
* '''konoheua''' - comet (sky-stone)
* '''konotla''' - stone word; noun; verb; number
* '''konu''' - aspiration; ambition; to volunteer
* '''konya''' - dregs; draff; pickled in wine; rotten; messy; ruined
* '''kosa''' - cut down; mow; eliminate; scythe; sickle
* '''kosi''' - be formal; be official; be ceremonial
* '''koso''' - assure; guarantee
* '''koha''' - wistfulness; nostalgia; be homesick
* '''kohe''' - plateau; bluff; mesa
* '''koho''' - float; drift; be buoyant
* '''kohu''' - fog; mist; vapor; steam
* '''kohue''' - regret; repent; feel remorse
* '''kohya''' - castrate; fig. emasculate; neuter
* '''kotsa''' - spiteful person (male or female)..."bitch"
* '''kotse''' - factory; plant; workshop
* '''kotsi / -tsi''' - evidence; proof; prove
* '''kotso''' - earthenware; ceramic
* '''kotsu''' - clavicle; collarbone
* '''kotle''' - pine; fir tree
* '''kotlo''' - boiler; pan; pot
* '''kola''' - someone; anyone
* '''koli''' - extremity; tag along; tail
* '''kolo''' - notch; groove; indentation; hole; concave
* '''koua''' - republic
* '''koya''' - apologize; remorse; sorry
* '''koye''' - be deliberate; on purpose
* '''koyo''' - whose; of who
* '''ku''' - and; also; too; as well (clause level)
* '''kupa''' - die; death; (be) dead
* '''kupe''' - arthropod; tick
* '''kupi''' - nipple; teat (on baby's bottle)
* '''kupu''' - butterfly; moth
* '''kupusu''' - earthquake
* '''kupue''' - curve; curved line; indirect; in a roundabout way
* '''kupye / -pye''' - be excessive; too many/much; exceed (EXC)
* '''kumpu''' - rational number
* '''kuta''' - fence; wall
* '''kutanka''' - Uranus (eagle planet)
* '''kute''' - bite; sting (of insect)
* '''kuti''' - thump; bang; pound
* '''kutikue''' - be thunderous; cacophonous
* '''kuto''' - mathematics; mathematical; math
* '''kunta''' - army; military force
* '''kuntahe''' - moon set
* '''kuntauela''' - navy; naval force
* '''kunke''' - negative number
* '''kuma''' - bear
* '''kumata''' - boar; male bear
* '''kumana''' - sow; female bear
* '''kume / -me''' - cancel; repeal; undo; reversative “undo” (REV)
* '''kumu / -mua''' - include; inclusion; with; by; using (COM comitative)
* '''kuna''' - excrete; expel; defecate; shit; manure
* '''kuni''' - lucid dream
* '''kunuaya''' - moon rise
* '''kunya''' - arise; come into being; form; appear
* '''kunye''' - moon; lunar; satellite
* '''kusa''' - bird; avian (that flies)
* '''kusu''' - push (away); press; shove; squeeze
* '''kusunyo''' - clasp; brooch; fibula
* '''kuha''' - cook; prepare food
* '''kuhakyo''' - culinary-school; chef’s academy
* '''kuhasa''' - kitchen; room for food preparation
* '''kuhi''' - hold; grasp; clench (one's fist)
* '''kuhu''' - object; differ; challenge; protest
* '''kuhua''' - meet; meeting
* '''kuhya''' - decimal; fraction
* '''kutsa''' - spoon; ladle
* '''kutsanka''' - spoonful (0.363 fl oz / 2.1 tsp / 10.35 ml)
* '''kutsaha''' - large spoon (0.52 fl oz / 3 tsp / 15 ml)
* '''kutsi''' - prawn; shrimp
* '''kutsu / -tsu''' - flesh; meat
* '''kutsunka''' - cut of flesh (1.3 lb / 0.59 kg)
* '''kutsunai''' - carnivore (meat eat)
* '''kutsua''' - invite; invitation
* '''kutla''' - be lumpy; rock pile; uneven
* '''kutle''' - niter; saltpeter; potassium nitrate
* '''kula''' - take up time; spend time
* '''kule''' - keep; tower
* '''kulempula''' - lighthouse; shore beacon
* '''kuli''' - soul; spirit; vigor
* '''ku'a''' - to subdue; to overthrow
* '''ku'u''' - cereal; grain
* '''ku'unka''' - for weighing harvest (14 lb / 6.53 kg)
* '''kua / -kua''' - everything; every; all (INCL)
* '''kuampa''' - rush about on errands; be kept on the run; be frantic
* '''kuampo''' - egotistical; arrogant; brassy
* '''kuate''' - double; twin (identical/fraternal)
* '''kuanta''' - lenient; spacious; wide
* '''kuanto''' - cherry (tree; wood)
* '''kuanka''' - irrigate; wash with water
* '''kuama''' - always; forever
* '''kuami''' - eel; water snake
* '''kuana''' - peach (fruit; tree; color)
* '''kuanu''' - bush; woody plant; shrub
* '''kuasi''' - ore; mine; mineral
* '''kuasu''' - arbitrary; subjective
* '''kuaha / -ua''' - study; science; -ology
* '''kuatse''' - opossum
* '''kuatla''' - reptile; snake
* '''kuatlatloha''' - grass snake
* '''kuale''' - be relevant; related to an event or subject
* '''kualemue''' - be irrelevant; to be superfluous
* '''kuali''' - drill; bore; dig into
* '''kualinua''' - cultivate; farm
* '''kualo''' - beat with the fist; cudgel; hammer
* '''kuaya''' - praise; applaud; cheer
* '''kuepa''' - escape; run away; flee
* '''kueta''' - spring (vernal)
* '''kueti''' - accuse; charge; indict
* '''kuena''' - staple food; essential crop
* '''kuenu''' - pinch; clutch; wring
* '''kuetsa''' - cigarette
* '''kuetso''' - stroll; amble; walk leisurely
* '''kuetsu''' - precious; valuable; rare
* '''kuetla''' - thresh; flail; thrash
* '''kuela''' - excel; surpass; exceed
* '''kueli''' - rights; legal entitlement
* '''kuelo''' - gorge; strait; ravine; isthmus
* '''kuua''' - district; region; ward
* '''kuya''' - green; foliage; verdant
* '''kuye''' - grab; catch; arrest; snatch; scratch
* '''kuyo''' - intrinsic to sth; inherent; native; essential; innate
* '''kya / -kya''' - imperative (IMP) / co-hortative (HORT)
* '''kyapo''' - arachnid; spider
* '''kyanki''' - refrain; abstain; avert
* '''kyanko''' - kohl; grey mineral; eye liner/makeup; stibnite; antimony
* '''kyasu''' - confer; grant; bestow
* '''kyaho''' - practice; train; drill
* '''kyatlo''' - commander; officer in charge
* '''kyali''' - spear; lance; pike
* '''kyalo''' - gem; jewel; precious stone; glitter
* '''kyalokai''' - ruby (gem; color)
* '''kyaua''' - be belligerent
* '''kye''' - indirect speech particle
* '''kyepe''' - be diagonal; sharp turn; zigzag
* '''kyeha''' - get along well; compatible
* '''kyehu''' - leisure; take a break
* '''kyetsa''' - mustard; wasabi
* '''kyela''' - wreath; garland
* '''kyele''' - bang (hair); fashionable; mane; crest
* '''kye'o''' - hundred thousand; 10^5
* '''kye'u''' - gills of fish
* '''kyo''' - hurry up! Quickly!
* '''kyopa''' - match; tool start a fire
* '''kyopo''' - afraid; fear; frighten
* '''kyompi''' - fine powder; dust
* '''kyota''' - be crazy; deranged; insane; demented
* '''kyonko''' - flavoring; seasoning; spice
* '''kyoma''' - barren place; desert
* '''kyomaso''' - desert type
* '''kyomi''' - interest; interested; be interesting
* '''kyono''' - comforting habit or ritual
* '''kyosa''' - sex; copulation; fornicate
* '''kyoso''' - compete; competition; match
* '''kyosu''' - raid; carry out a raid; invade; infest
* '''kyohi''' - refuse; decline; reject
* '''kyohu / -hu''' - be drastic; extreme; aggressive
* '''kyohua''' - exchange; swap; trade; transpose
* '''kyotlo''' - coyote
* '''kyoli''' - spacing; distance; interval; length
* '''kyo'a''' - quiet; silence; soundless
* '''nka''' - emphatic negative
* '''nkapa''' - alcohol; ale; beer; lager; liquor
* '''nkapi''' - kiss; kiss
* '''nkampo''' - segment into equal pieces
* '''nkata''' - agree; consent; approve
* '''nkati''' - groom; preen
* '''nkatila''' - length of a finger (3 ½ in / 8.89 cm)
* '''nkanaua''' - rope used for measuring length, distance, or width
* '''nkanu''' - be short (in height and from end edge)
* '''nkasa / nka''' - measure; measurement
* '''nkasampa''' - small plot (.342 ac / 0.1382 ha)
* '''nkasu''' - intrude; to charge in; to gate-crash
* '''nkahi''' - mollusks; crustaceans; shellfish; lobster
* '''nkaho''' - culm; stem; stalk
* '''nkatsa''' - move liquid or gas; pump; reciprocating motion
* '''nkatsayo''' - wagon load (1.4 ton / 2800 lb. / 1270 kg)
* '''nkatsi''' - wedge; peg; post; stake
* '''nkatso''' - spy; secret agent
* '''nkatsunku''' - jar (0.3 gal / 1.3 L)
* '''nkatle''' - 1000 paces (½ mi / 792 m)
* '''nkalo''' - pronoun
* '''nka'e''' - in spite of; regardless of
* '''nkayala''' - length of a pace, step (2.6 ft / 0.792 m)
* '''nkayempa''' - a small table (21.172 in / 136.582 cm)
* '''nkayo''' - week (7 days)
* '''nkayoma''' - one day’s walk (23 mi / 37.01 km)
* '''nke / -nke / -k''' - negative (NEG); no; not
* '''nkepa''' - charge (military term); sudden attack
* '''nkeni''' - visit; be guest; patronize
* '''nketa''' - turquoise; tophus (gem; color)
* '''nkela''' - whether (or not); if; is or isn't
* '''nkeli''' - cassia or cinnamon
* '''nkelo''' - block; hinder; obstruct; thwart; prevent; stunted
* '''nkina''' - steep incline; water chute; sluice
* '''nkisi''' - famished look; sallow complexion (color of a vegetable)
* '''nkiha''' - judge; discriminate; discern
* '''nkihua''' - be lengthy; be long (duration)
* '''nkitso''' - be stressed; be tense; be nervous
* '''nkila''' - blink; glance; appear in a flash; reveal more
* '''nkilo''' - be bright; clear; resonant; distinct
* '''nkiye''' - vegetables
* '''nkopa''' - delusion; paranoia
* '''nkompa''' - exercise; sports; athletics
* '''nkota''' - maple; sycamore
* '''nkoma''' - raise; hoist; rise
* '''nkomo''' - storehouse; warehouse
* '''nkosa''' - late summer (serotinal)
* '''nkoha''' - shake (a part of one's body); shrug (shoulders)
* '''nkohe''' - fossil resin; gem; color
* '''nkotsi''' - march; parade; demonstration
* '''nkotso''' - persist; persevere; stick to sth
* '''nkola''' - choose; decide; select
* '''nkolo''' - are (unit of area) (acre)
* '''nkoyasua''' - sheep’s skin (piece) (0.132 oz / 3.75 g)
* '''nkoyo''' - lamb; sheep
* '''nkuta''' - cage; coop; pen
* '''nkute''' - instinct; intuition; innate
* '''nkumu''' - burden; cumbersome; difficult
* '''nkusa''' - sneeze; act of sneezing
* '''nkusu''' - eclipse; sink
* '''nkula''' - rose (flower; shrub); thorny bush
* '''ma / -m / -lo''' - and; also; too; as well (CONJ)
* '''mampu''' - duct; pipe; straw; tube
* '''mata''' - kill; murder
* '''mate''' - be distressed; grieved; uneasy
* '''mato''' - touch; contact; access; feel
* '''manta''' - logic; principle
* '''manti''' - facial tissue; napkin; paper towel; handkerchief
* '''maka''' - music; play ~; tune
* '''makatlo''' - musician; instrumentalist; composer
* '''mako''' - absorb; assimilate; ingest
* '''maku''' - rest; sleep
* '''makumu''' - fall asleep; drift off
* '''makusa''' - bedroom; sleep-room
* '''makua''' - iron; press; smooth out
* '''makue''' - initiation ceremony; rite of passage
* '''makya''' - meddle; interfere; tamper (with); mess
* '''manka''' - chill; be cold; cool
* '''manki''' - tungsten; wolfram (chemistry)
* '''mamyalo''' - brownish(ly)
* '''mana''' - force; power; strength; be strong
* '''mane''' - prohibit; forbid; ban
* '''mano''' - chicken; fowl; poultry
* '''manoha''' - turkey (big chicken)
* '''manye''' - manage; handle; run; deal with
* '''manyo''' - size; height; stature
* '''manyokue''' - similar size to human
* '''manyoso''' - size type
* '''masa''' - cervine; deer; elk; moose; gazelle
* '''masata''' - stag; male deer
* '''masana''' - doe; female deer
* '''mase''' - dance; move music; flicker (flame)
* '''masi''' - door/window frame
* '''masu''' - countryside; areas outside the city
* '''masua''' - pipe (smoking utensil)
* '''masue''' - be nimble; agile; lithe; graceful
* '''maha / mpa''' - add; more (than); increase / many; much; a lot of (.many)
* '''mahe''' - between; among (intrative INTR)
* '''mahi''' - needle (for sewing); thorn
* '''mahu''' - be sensible; make sense; logical
* '''mahya''' - use both hands; between hands
* '''matsa''' - nonsense; ridiculous talk; gibberish
* '''matse''' - blend; mix; various; stir; merge
* '''matsi''' - perception; perceive; perceptive
* '''matso''' - brushstroke; pen mark
* '''matsu''' - victory; success; win; triumph
* '''matsua''' - be flavored; smell; hint of; taste
* '''matla''' - broth; casserole; soup
* '''matle''' - statue; sculpture; carve
* '''mala / -mpo''' - bad; be unfavorable; unpleasant (.bad)
* '''male''' - to display; to exhibit
* '''mali''' - be fictitious; be theoretical; be virtual
* '''malo''' - brown
* '''ma'atsu''' - March
* '''ma'ayo''' - May
* '''ma'e''' - before; in front (of) (LOC)
* '''ma'ela''' - precede others; in advance
* '''ma'o''' - four; 4
* '''ma'u''' - spicy hot (taste); fig. biting (criticism)
* '''maua / -hua''' - flower; plant; bloom; sprout
* '''mauanai''' - herbivore (plant eat)
* '''maue''' - as soon as; when (TEMP)
* '''maya''' - fluid; water; be wet
* '''mayamo''' - aquatic (water place)
* '''mayatla''' - water word; adposition; particle
* '''maye''' - before (TEMP)
* '''mayo / -nyo''' - apparatus; device; equipment; tool (INSTR)
* '''meta''' - meter (unit of length) (inch; foot; yard)
* '''mete''' - be ambiguous; unclear; vague
* '''meka''' - be holy; sacred
* '''menka''' - cotton; flax
* '''memuela''' - raspberries scattered around / a bunch of raspberries
* '''mesa''' - example; precedent; model; for instance
* '''mesi''' - superstition; be superstitious
* '''mesika''' - Mexico
* '''meha''' - hit; slap; strike; spank
* '''mehu''' - vacuum
* '''metse''' - cricket; grasshopper; locust
* '''metsi''' - adopt; switch over to; replace
* '''metsu''' - to open the eyes (wide)
* '''metla''' - flute; sound of wind; whistle; play ~
* '''metle''' - knuckle; joint
* '''mela''' - continue; endure; last
* '''meli''' - kowtow; prostrate; bow
* '''me'a''' - be neat; even; level; identical; simultaneous
* '''meua''' - accomplish; achieve; finish; succeed
* '''meya''' - refined language; poetic genre
* '''mi / -mi''' - few; some; small amount; handful; paucal plural; indefinite (PAU/INDEF)
* '''mita''' - canine; dog
* '''mitahi''' - puppy; young dog
* '''mito''' - confess; admit; come clean
* '''minta''' - sample; specimen
* '''minte''' - keepsake; souvenir; memorabilia
* '''mika''' - clippers; scissors; shears
* '''mina''' - south
* '''misa''' - highway; road; street
* '''misu''' - copper
* '''misusi''' - copper acetate; blue-green patina
* '''mitse''' - disappear; vanish
* '''mitsu''' - stare at; fix attention on sth
* '''mitla''' - arrow; dart
* '''mitli''' - suit; tunic; tuxedo
* '''mila''' - word; language component; morpheme
* '''milo''' - bubble; foam; suds
* '''miya''' - core; pit; stone; dig out the center
* '''miyo''' - hair salon; hair dresser's shop
* '''mota''' - recall; bring mind; reminisce
* '''moto''' - remember; memory
* '''monto''' - trunk; torso
* '''mok''' - nowhere
* '''moka''' - flour; wheat; be white-faced
* '''moko''' - lizard (reptile w/ legs)
* '''mokomunta''' - chameleon
* '''moku''' - pillow; rest one's head
* '''mokua''' - everywhere
* '''monka''' - expert; adept; experienced; a professional
* '''momoliko''' - country bumpkin; hick; yokel; rube
* '''mona''' - safe; secure; safety; security
* '''mono''' - blonde; fair
* '''mosa''' - adventure; foray; take risks
* '''mosi''' - whetstone; millstone; hammerstone; grindstone
* '''moso''' - steward (of a household), head servant
* '''moha''' - far; distant; remote
* '''mohe''' - install; place; put
* '''mohi''' - discredit; smear sb's name; bring shame upon
* '''mohu / -(mo) / -hue''' - location; place; where; site; venue; locus
* '''motsa''' - banana
* '''motsi''' - bag; pouch; sack; purse; pocket
* '''motso''' - undulation; wave; ripple (effect); tide
* '''motsua''' - creepy; unnerving; disturbing
* '''motsue''' - violate s/o or s/th
* '''motla''' - trash; throw away; dispose of
* '''motlo''' - engine; motor; machine
* '''mola''' - somewhere
* '''mole''' - apricot (fruit; tree; color)
* '''moli / -lao''' - forest; trees / distant future (DIS)
* '''moliso''' - forest type
* '''molo''' - cod; haddock (fish)
* '''mo'a''' - explicit explanation; specify
* '''mo'i''' - soap; lather; foam
* '''moue''' - plastic; synthetic resin; plastic cement
* '''moya / -ya''' - mark; symbol; write; spell
* '''moyo''' - heart; mind; center; core
* '''muta''' - back; spine; dorsal; vertebrae
* '''muti''' - fad; fashion
* '''muto''' - sexiness; sexy; sensual; voluptuous
* '''munta''' - change; alter; transform; rearrange; revise; convert
* '''muka''' - facing; towards sb/st
* '''muku''' - blade; weapon; arms; knife
* '''mukuhi''' - knife; awl
* '''mukua''' - be infinite; endless; boundless; inexhaustible
* '''mumuku''' - cutlery; knives
* '''muna''' - care; concern; important; worry
* '''mune''' - breast; chest; cleavage
* '''muni''' - itch; itchiness
* '''muno''' - table of contents
* '''munua''' - culture; civilization; cultural
* '''munya''' - wander about unhurriedly; linger; loiter
* '''munye''' - be a problem; be a hassle; be difficult
* '''muha''' - monk; nun
* '''muhe''' - sadness; grief; be sad
* '''muhi''' - environment; surrounding area; ecology
* '''muhiso''' - ecosystem type
* '''muhya''' - neutral; apolitical; unbiased
* '''mutsa''' - society
* '''mutsi''' - urgent; emergency
* '''mutsu''' - friction; rubbing; chafing; fig. disharmony; conflict
* '''mutsue''' - disappointed; lose hope; despair
* '''mutla''' - be absolute; unconditional
* '''mula / -mu''' - begin; initial; start; inchoative aspect (INCH)
* '''muli''' - comfortable; at ease
* '''mu'e''' - rhombus; diamond
* '''mue'o''' - ten thousand; 10^4
* '''muapa''' - set apart for a particular use; appropriate
* '''muata''' - manners; be polite (ness)
* '''muate''' - be early; prior; be timely; in advance
* '''muati''' - risk one's life; be in extreme danger
* '''muaka''' - dump; pour; empty out; gush
* '''muana''' - ocean; sea
* '''muanaso''' - oceanic; marine type
* '''muanahi''' - salt lake
* '''muanya''' - opening made by parting; gap; hole; ditch
* '''muasi''' - be parallel; of equal rank; simultaneous
* '''muaye''' - soot; carbon black; lampblack
* '''muena''' - clams and crabs; seafood
* '''muesa''' - organization; agency; institution
* '''muetlo''' - sweat; perspiration
* '''muela''' - raspberry
* '''muele''' - direction; orientation
* '''muya / -mya / -mye''' - cause; do; make (causative CAUS) / duplicative “redo; again” (DUP)
* '''mya''' - as …as; equative case (EQU)
* '''myata''' - to hint at; to imply; sth hidden
* '''myaku''' - heartbeat; pulse
* '''myana''' - variety; variation; vary
* '''myano''' - alliteration; rhythmic sequence
* '''myasu''' - aim; alignment; target
* '''myatsua''' - point out mistakes or weak points for correction
* '''myali''' - symphony; orchestra
* '''mya'a''' - meow; cat noise (onom)
* '''myeta / mye-''' - season
* '''myeto''' - show fear or surprise on face
* '''myetonyo''' - scarecrow
* '''myeka''' - neck; throat; voice
* '''myena''' - extent; surface (area)
* '''myene''' - be dazed; stare blankly; distracted
* '''myela''' - media; information; communication
* '''myelamutsa''' - social media
* '''myonta / -myo''' - allow; permit (permissive PERM)
* '''myokua''' - software (computer)
* '''myoso''' - component; element; constituent
* '''na''' - I; me (1sg)
* '''napa''' - grape; raisin
* '''nape''' - be cooperative; cooperate; collaborate
* '''napi''' - be mundane; routine; common
* '''napo''' - turnip
* '''napya''' - wine
* '''napye''' - be scarred; bruise; pockmark
* '''nampa''' - blouse; shirt; vest
* '''nampu''' - fountain; spring
* '''nata / nta''' - family member; relative (.kin)
* '''nati''' - belief; myth; religion
* '''nato''' - straight (direction)
* '''nante''' - be seldom; rare
* '''nakkan''' - chiefess; queen
* '''naka / -na''' - female; woman (FEM)
* '''nako''' - peck; tap; pick at
* '''naku''' - sister
* '''nanka''' - emphasizing disgust; (interj. of contempt)
* '''nankata''' - treaty; agreement; promise; pact
* '''nanku''' - we - each other
* '''nam''' - we (1pl)
* '''nama''' - mature; grow; growth; ripen
* '''nami''' - ourselves (1pl.REFL)
* '''namya''' - belong; be in proper place
* '''namyo''' - our(s) (1pl.POSS)
* '''nanyahi''' - whiteish; snowy; snow drift
* '''nasa''' - be born; give birth
* '''nasi''' - pear (fruit; tree; color)
* '''naso''' - dragon
* '''nasua''' - climax; orgasm; upsurge
* '''naha''' - creek; river; stream
* '''nahaso''' - freshwater (river)
* '''nahe''' - inside; interior; during; within (LOC)
* '''nahela''' - enter; go into
* '''nahi''' - daughter; girl
* '''naho''' - grammar; order; rule
* '''nahu''' - coincidence; coincidental; to coincide
* '''nahuma''' - hippopotamus
* '''nahue''' - niece
* '''nahya''' - granddaughter
* '''nahye''' - intermittent; off and on; stop-go
* '''natsa''' - draw; paint; drawing; painting
* '''natsi''' - poem; poetry; verse
* '''natso''' - puzzle; riddle; enigma
* '''natsu''' - summer (estival)
* '''natsua''' - let go; release; unleash
* '''natla''' - put on airs; self-important; high and mighty; be ostentatious
* '''natli''' - palm tree
* '''natlo''' - plum; prune (fruit; tree; color)
* '''nala''' - illuminate; light; shine; glow
* '''nalala''' - light-up; illuminate
* '''nale''' - fork; pitchfork; prong
* '''nalo''' - grin; laugh; smile
* '''na'anku''' - we (but not you) - each other
* '''na'am''' - we (but not you) (1pl.excl)
* '''na'ami''' - ourselves (1pl.excl.REFL)
* '''na'amyo''' - our(s) (1pl.excl.POSS)
* '''na'i''' - myself (1sg.REFL)
* '''na'o''' - one; 1
* '''naua''' - rope; bind together; twist around; cord; string; braid
* '''naualo''' - get someone involved in one's trouble
* '''naue''' - cousin (female)
* '''naya''' - wife; woman
* '''naye''' - during; while (TEMP)
* '''nayo''' - my / mine (1sg.POSS)
* '''ne''' - indirect object particle
* '''nepa''' - tunnel; underground passage
* '''neta''' - I X you
* '''neto''' - saw (for cutting wood)
* '''neko''' - cat; feline
* '''neku''' - winter (hibernal)
* '''nekua''' - cupboard; pantry
* '''nekya''' - make reprisals; retaliate; revenge
* '''nema''' - knee; patella
* '''neme''' - take over; ~ duties; ~ responsibilities
* '''nesa''' - system; organization; form
* '''nehe''' - fingernail; toenail; scratch
* '''netsa''' - be advantageous; have advantages
* '''netsi''' - helix; screw; be spiral
* '''netla''' - I X it
* '''neli''' - be lethargic; listless; unenergetic; sluggish
* '''nelo''' - I X her/him
* '''neua''' - advise; urge; try persuade; exhort
* '''neya / -ne''' - ought to; suggest (PROP)
* '''ni''' - by (passive particle)
* '''nipa''' - stretch back while extending legs
* '''nipi''' - be curious; inquisitive
* '''nipo''' - compel; force
* '''nipue''' - be dull (not sharp); blunt
* '''nipya''' - louse
* '''nita''' - exclaim; insert; interject
* '''nika''' - acerbity; be bitter; tart
* '''niki''' - persevere with; persist in; insist on
* '''niko''' - experiment; examination; test
* '''niku''' - muscle; tendon
* '''nikua''' - wind; coil; wrap
* '''nikya''' - swallow; take in
* '''ninka''' - television; watch ~
* '''nime''' - appoint; assign; designate
* '''nimu''' - fondle; fidget; play w
* '''nisa''' - compare; contrast; ratio
* '''nisi''' - west
* '''nisu''' - lacquer; varnish; transparent paint
* '''niha / -ni''' - good; pleasant; regular / منيح
* '''nihi''' - glutton; greedy; piggish
* '''nihono''' - Japan
* '''nitlo''' - sodium carbonate; soda ash
* '''nila''' - blue
* '''niua''' - depot; garden; yard
* '''niya / -nya''' - goal; purpose; reason
* '''niye''' - undergarment; underwear
* '''niyo''' - be contained; content; substance
* '''no / -n''' - thing; object; accusative case (ACC)
* '''nopa''' - pull; stretch; draw sth out
* '''nopi''' - pile; stack; heap
* '''nota''' - lie; horizon(tal)
* '''noto''' - compassion; sympathize; sympathy; condolence
* '''nok''' - nothing
* '''noka''' - beak; bill; mouth
* '''noki''' - be vertical; erect; upright; perpendicular
* '''noko / -nko''' - continue unchanged; remain; proceed; progressive (PROG)
* '''nokua''' - everything
* '''nokye''' - agriculture; conduct ~; cultivate
* '''noma''' - thing; matter; object; noun
* '''nomahi''' - atom
* '''nomo''' - be fond of; like; prefer (things)
* '''nomya''' - act; action; activity; take action / imperative (IMP)
* '''nomye''' - item; product; commodity
* '''nomyempa''' - general merchandise
* '''nonya''' - controversy; dispute
* '''nonyoko''' - survive; be resilient
* '''nosa''' - subject; theme; topic
* '''noho''' - chickpea; garbanzo; hummus
* '''nohya''' - bundle; pack; wrap
* '''notsa''' - ride horseback; mount; cavalry
* '''notli''' - hotel; inn; tavern
* '''nola''' - something; anything
* '''nolo''' - be cursed; be jinxed (slang)
* '''nouempa''' - November
* '''noya''' - be happy; pleased
* '''nupa''' - trash; garbage; waste
* '''nuta''' - be tedious; convoluted; boring; pedantic
* '''nute''' - warn; admonish; advise against sth
* '''nuti''' - well; mineshaft; pit
* '''nuka''' - joke; banter; tease; mock
* '''nuku''' - detest; dislike; hate
* '''nukuhu''' - detest; be disgusted by
* '''numu''' - style; standard; pattern
* '''nusu''' - steal; pilfer; snatch
* '''nutsu''' - unbelievable; be incredible; dubious
* '''nula''' - lick; lap (up)
* '''nulo''' - smear; daub; apply
* '''nua / -nua''' - frequent; often; regular (FREQ)
* '''nuesi''' - flood; submerge; drown; torrent
* '''nya / nya'e''' - for; benefactive (BEN); purpose of; in order
* '''nyata''' - focus; concentrate; be attentive; specialize
* '''nyaku''' - hike; trek; arduous journey
* '''nyakua''' - by all means; by any means
* '''nyanku''' - whale
* '''nyamu''' - mosquito; fly; gnat
* '''nyana''' - algorithm; program (computer); function
* '''nyasa''' - gratitude; appreciation; thank you
* '''nyase''' - eyelashes
* '''nyahe''' - by means of; per; via
* '''nyahi''' - white; snow
* '''nyahikyo''' - snowstorm; blizzard
* '''nyatsa''' - expose; reveal; lay bare; show
* '''nyale''' - anchor; moor; touch at
* '''nyali''' - tenet; principle; precept
* '''nyalo''' - call; number; telephone
* '''nya'o''' - five hundred; 500
* '''nyaua''' - virus; infectious organism
* '''nyaue / nyao''' - outside of; exterior to (LOC)
* '''nyauela''' - go outside; exit; leave
* '''nyepa''' - cloud
* '''nyepaku''' - Venus (cloud planet)
* '''nyete''' - open; start; turn on
* '''nyema''' - century
* '''nyemi''' - cape; headland; promontory; peninsula
* '''nyehue''' - overcast; cloudy; shady (bad mood)
* '''nyetsi''' - be traditional; archetype; typical; classic
* '''nyetle''' - quote; cite as evidence
* '''nyela''' - arrowhead
* '''nyelakue''' - be pointed; direct
* '''nyeli''' - pink; rose
* '''nyelo''' - be extra; remainder; surplus
* '''nye'o / nye- / inye-''' - hundred; 100 / hecto (100) / centi (0.01)
* '''nyeua''' - dove; pigeon
* '''nyo (tle)''' - why; because of; due to
* '''nyopa''' - poor; impoverished
* '''nyota''' - thirst; be thirsty
* '''nyoto''' - write quickly; jot
* '''nyoki''' - dumpling; pot-sticker
* '''nyonka''' - choke (on); choke up; suffocate; strangle
* '''nyoma''' - rice
* '''nyome''' - beige; tan; khaki
* '''nyoso''' - squat; crouch
* '''nyotlo''' - nut; seed; embryo
* '''nyoli''' - antelope; gnu; wildebeest
* '''nyolo''' - ant; insect
* '''sapa''' - boot; footwear; shoe
* '''sapo''' - be light; easy; gentle; soft (not heavy)
* '''sampa''' - property; estate; plot
* '''sampe''' - barefoot; be without shoes
* '''sata''' - administer; govern; manage; control; direct
* '''sati''' - sadism; sadistic
* '''sato''' - sense; perceive; be aware of; detect
* '''santahe''' - sunset
* '''santo''' - trunk; chest; large box
* '''saka''' - gender; sex
* '''saku''' - deadlock; result in a stalemate; impasse
* '''sanka''' - delta (geography)
* '''sama''' - sun; star; solar; stellar
* '''samo''' - hold to account; require explanation
* '''samuaya''' - sunrise
* '''samya''' - exhale; blow; puff
* '''sana''' - health; hygiene; welfare
* '''sane''' - cover; sheath; encase; overlap
* '''sanyepa''' - nebula
* '''sanyo''' - era (19 years)
* '''saha''' - annals; history
* '''sahapo''' - be historical; recorded
* '''sahe''' - across; opposite; other side (LOC)
* '''sahi / -si''' - color; hue; shade; “color of ~” (color)
* '''sahimpa''' - multicolored; polychrome
* '''saho''' - be drunk; intoxicated
* '''sahya''' - be right; correct; proper
* '''sahye''' - stand side by side; be juxtaposed
* '''satsa''' - weave; knit
* '''satsama''' - sunny; sunshine all around
* '''satse''' - brake (when driving)
* '''satsi''' - recruit; cast; enlist
* '''satsu''' - scrub; rub; scour
* '''satlo''' - membrane; diaphragm
* '''satloso''' - membrane type
* '''sala / -sa''' - chamber; room; section; “room for/of ~” (room)
* '''sale''' - gesture; sign; signal
* '''sali''' - native; person from a particular place
* '''salo''' - press; push down; keep under (control)
* '''sa'o''' - nine; 9
* '''sa'u''' - odds and ends; bits and bobs; junk
* '''saua''' - damp(ness); humid(ity); moist(ness); wet
* '''saue''' - drip; sprinkle; trickle; leak; spill
* '''saya''' - still; calm; not moving; peace; tranquil
* '''saye''' - along (a line); motion on/toward
* '''sayo''' - calendar month (19 days)
* '''sayoma''' - calendar; date
* '''sepa''' - injury; wound; hurt; wound; injure
* '''sepu''' - mill; grain mill; millstone
* '''sempe''' - whisker; unkempt
* '''sempo''' - abacus; plan; scheme
* '''seta''' - be flat; silk; smooth
* '''setempa''' - September
* '''seto''' - olive
* '''senta''' - mimic; satirize; mock; irony; sarcasm
* '''sentipua''' - ponytail
* '''sento''' - leftovers (food); salad
* '''seka''' - be dry; sharp; strict
* '''seko''' - scorpion
* '''seku''' - to plan; to lay out; to design; policy
* '''sekua''' - follow the trail of; track; trace
* '''sekyo''' - bacterium; germ
* '''senko''' - fleece; wool; woolen
* '''senku''' - think poorly of someone
* '''semue''' - bald; hairless
* '''semye''' - explain; comment; annotate
* '''sena''' - liter (unit of volume) (pint; gallon)
* '''senu''' - hair
* '''senuma''' - horse’s hair (0.06 gr / 3.75 mg)
* '''senumua''' - with hair
* '''senya''' - eyebrow; upper margin
* '''senyo''' - trip/hip hop
* '''sehe''' - freight transport; cargo; transported goods
* '''setsi''' - sage
* '''sela''' - waterfall; cascade; rapids
* '''selo''' - hoof; cloven
* '''seua''' - care for; tend to; nurse
* '''seya''' - seal; sign; stamp
* '''seye''' - dowry; trousseau
* '''sipa''' - do harm to; cause trouble
* '''sipanya''' - Spain
* '''sipi''' - acne; pimple; zit; wart
* '''sipo''' - be fat; lard; grease
* '''simpa''' - be anxious; neurosis; anxiety
* '''simpu''' - clam; mussel; oyster
* '''sita''' - accompany; be with; keep company
* '''sinta''' - financial credit
* '''sinto''' - be deep; depth
* '''sika''' - sip; smack one's lips; suck; savor
* '''siko''' - gypsum; plaster; drywall
* '''siku''' - an unforeseen event; accident; misfortune
* '''sikue''' - pig; pork; swine; hog
* '''sikyo''' - womb; placenta; uterus
* '''sinka''' - lion
* '''sima''' - sit; take a seat
* '''simo''' - hole; pit; abyss; hell
* '''simya''' - spend; pay out; expense
* '''sina''' - station in life; status
* '''sino''' - curl (hair); crimp; roll up
* '''sinya''' - indoctrinate; brainwash
* '''sihya''' - desire; longing; appetite; craving
* '''sitsa''' - heat; be hot; warm
* '''sitsi''' - support; sustain; uphold
* '''sitla''' - lawn; meadow; sod; turf
* '''sila''' - arteries; veins; blood vessel
* '''sile''' - bell; sounding of a bell as a signal
* '''sili''' - skim (through a book); dip into; dabble
* '''silo''' - tender; puerile; soft and immature
* '''si'i''' - crow; raven
* '''siua''' - nerve; bundle of neurons
* '''siue''' - herb; leaf; petal; bud
* '''siya''' - act without a plan; improvise (slang)
* '''siye''' - adapt; adjust; get used to sth
* '''so''' - class; category; kind “type/kind of ~” (type)
* '''sopa''' - balcony; patio; terrace
* '''sota''' - sow; scatter; spread; broadcast; disperse
* '''soto''' - speed; rate; velocity
* '''sonto''' - quartz; topaz (gem; color)
* '''sok''' - no kind
* '''soka''' - introduce; introduction
* '''soki''' - be muddy; mud; clay
* '''soko''' - rescue; pluck from danger
* '''soku''' - attribute; property
* '''sokua''' - every kind
* '''sokue''' - font; typeface; typeset
* '''sokyo''' - helium
* '''sonka''' - ode; eulogy; praise in writing
* '''some''' - be dyed; be stained; be tinted
* '''sono''' - partridge
* '''sonu''' - outcome; result; conclusion; as a result
* '''sonya''' - dream; imagine
* '''sonyo''' - wrist; curl
* '''sonyoma''' - daydream; lost in thought
* '''sohi / -so''' - species; type
* '''soho / -tlai''' - crop; harvest; yield / immediate future (IMM)
* '''sohua''' - digest; digestion; digestive
* '''sotsi''' - dish; platter; specific food
* '''sotso''' - surgical operation; operation; surgery
* '''sotla''' - foot; heel
* '''sotlanka''' - foot (meas)
* '''sola''' - some kind
* '''sole''' - gelatin; jelly
* '''soli''' - badger; ferret
* '''solo''' - socks; stockings; tights
* '''so'o''' - that kind; type
* '''soya''' - omit; delete; leave out
* '''soye''' - index; list
* '''soyo''' - be abstract; abstraction
* '''supa''' - prescription; recipe; formula; cookbook
* '''supye''' - butter; cream; extract
* '''suta''' - live; reside; dwell; inhabit; settle
* '''sutako''' - inhabitant; resident
* '''sunta''' - trend; tendency
* '''suntamya''' - influence; cause to/a trend
* '''suntamyako''' - influencer; trend setter
* '''suka''' - acid; sour; vinegar
* '''suke''' - lane; alley
* '''suku / -su''' - market; shop; store; “market/shop of/for ~” (shop)
* '''suma''' - window
* '''sumatepe''' - window blinds
* '''sume''' - catfish; catlet; sheat; sheatfish
* '''sumi''' - repress emotional expression
* '''sumu''' - puff; spout; spray; spurt
* '''sumya''' - reputation; goodwill; fame
* '''sune''' - shin
* '''sunu''' - poison; narcotics; venom
* '''suha''' - mouth; taste; tongue
* '''sutsa''' - pollute; infected; nasty
* '''sutse''' - register; enroll; log in
* '''sutsi''' - recommend; recommendation
* '''sutsu''' - muttering; whisper; mouthing words
* '''sutsuku''' - marketplace; bazaar
* '''sula''' - melt; fuse; dissolve
* '''suli''' - tired; weary; strain; wear out; taxing
* '''sulo''' - pelican; ibis
* '''su'u''' - still; calm; quiet; not moving; static; stasis
* '''su'umya''' - calm; soothe; console
* '''suata''' - account; bill; debt
* '''suatala''' - pay off/settle (a debt)
* '''suante''' - lime (fruit; tree; color)
* '''suaki''' - hare; rabbit
* '''suama''' - sew; seam; mend; stitch
* '''suani''' - be absent-minded; preoccupied; inattentive
* '''suala''' - be heavy
* '''suepa''' - blister; bleb (watery blister)
* '''sueni''' - mortar; concrete; cement
* '''sueho''' - surf; the sound of waves
* '''suetsa''' - marrow; quintessence; pith
* '''suele''' - water lily (pad); lotus
* '''sueliye''' - Sweden
* '''sueye''' - stone beam; horizontal stone slab ; feldspar (geology)
* '''suya''' - wipe (up/down); clean thoroughly
* '''suyo''' - goiter; tumor; lump
* '''hapa''' - retain; preserve; reserve; reservations
* '''hape''' - pellet; pill; chunk
* '''hapyo''' - catch; seize; capture
* '''hampi''' - cure; heal; treat; therapy
* '''hata''' - error; mistake
* '''hate''' - develop; make full use of; evolve
* '''hati''' - gardens; park
* '''hato''' - breed; incubate; hatch
* '''haka''' - drawers; pants; trousers
* '''hakama''' - be protective; defensive; defensively
* '''hake''' - peel; skin; flay; shuck; shell
* '''haki''' - true; real; authentic
* '''hako''' - you're welcome
* '''haku''' - vomit; regurgitate; throw up
* '''hakue''' - lime (calcium oxide); lime ash
* '''hakyo / -kyo''' - college; school; university
* '''hanka''' - fold; crease; wrinkle; pucker
* '''hanko''' - heather; ivy
* '''hanku''' - be tough and durable; tenacious
* '''hama''' - protect; defend; safeguard; protection
* '''hami''' - be pregnant; to carry a child
* '''hamo''' - hook; barb; check or tick mark
* '''hamu''' - ash; bit by bit
* '''hamya''' - medical procedure
* '''hanmoya''' - Kala adaptation of Hangul
* '''hana''' - emit; give off; send out (up; forth)
* '''hane''' - change sides; politically; turncoat
* '''hani''' - extent; range; scope; limit; spectrum
* '''hano''' - pitch a camp; camp; to stay in ~
* '''hanu''' - edition; version
* '''hanua''' - senile; senility; old aged
* '''hanya''' - country; nation; state; national; region
* '''hanyo''' - magnet; magnetic body
* '''hasa''' - personal; private; secret
* '''hase''' - derive; derivative; derivation
* '''hasi''' - chopsticks; eating utensils
* '''haso''' - special; unique; distinguished
* '''haso'u''' - unique feature type
* '''hasu''' - conjecture; guess; supposition; assumption
* '''hasua''' - edge; brink; lip; margin; rim; side
* '''hasue''' - alkaline soil; salt; brine; halogen (chemistry); crass
* '''hatsa''' - luck; fate; fortune; chance
* '''hatse''' - ladder
* '''hatsu''' - fever; temperature; pyrexia
* '''hatla''' - living thing (any plant or animal)
* '''hala''' - informal greeting (between friends)
* '''hale''' - rudder; helm; vane; tiller
* '''hali''' - wonder; marvel
* '''halo''' - argue; debate; dispute; quibble
* '''ha'o''' - three; 3
* '''haua''' - believe; confidence; trust
* '''hauanketlo''' - heathen; pagan; heretic; apostate
* '''haue''' - carrot; radish
* '''haya / -hya''' - animal; beast
* '''hayanka''' - for weighing animals (196 lb / 89 kg)
* '''heta''' - fell; chop down (tree)
* '''hetala''' - felled; cut timber
* '''hete''' - grave; tomb; mausoleum
* '''heto''' - guide; (give) direct(s); coach
* '''heki''' - oregano (plant/flavor)
* '''heko''' - congratulate; congratulations
* '''hekua''' - cliff; rock face
* '''henka''' - bias; prejudice
* '''hema''' - tent; net; tarp; pavilion
* '''heme''' - tremble; shiver; shake; vibrate
* '''hemya''' - stutter; stammer (speech impediment)
* '''hena''' - extra time; have~; spend ~
* '''henyo''' - resist; oppose; be opposite; fend off
* '''hetsu''' - cool with water
* '''hela''' - comb (fine-toothed)
* '''he'u''' - munitions / ordnance factory; arsenal
* '''heua''' - air; oxygen; sky
* '''heya / -he''' - need; necessity; require (NEC)
* '''hipa''' - infiltrate; sneak into
* '''hita''' - throw; cast; expel; pelt
* '''hitanyo''' - atlatl (spear-thrower)
* '''hite''' - inflect (in grammar); decline; conjugate
* '''hinte''' - hurl; hurtle; fling; toss
* '''hinto / -nua''' - rate; frequency
* '''hika''' - wait; wait for; pause
* '''hiki''' - be short; brief; soon (duration)
* '''hiku''' - eaves; ledge or brim
* '''hima''' - statistics; counted items
* '''hina''' - here; this place (by me) (PROX)
* '''hini''' - reed; rush
* '''hinya''' - be disdainful; ungrateful
* '''hisa''' - share; have in common
* '''hiso''' - arsenic (trioxide)
* '''hisu''' - department; branch; section; division
* '''hitsua''' - just; morally fair; righteous
* '''hila''' - analyze; analysis; parse
* '''hilo''' - plaza; public square
* '''hiua''' - unobtrusive; inconspicuous; insignificant; non-eye catching
* '''hiyo''' - prolific; fertile; high yield; rich
* '''hope''' - blush; flushed; redden
* '''hopu''' - busy; despondent; hurried
* '''hote''' - an offering, sacrifice
* '''hoto''' - mole; talpid
* '''hoka''' - custard; pudding
* '''hoko''' - trench; moat
* '''hoku''' - bulge; knob; protrude
* '''homa''' - inform; notice; notify; note; message
* '''homu''' - platform; stage
* '''hono''' - harbor; port
* '''honu / -hai''' - turtle (sea) / remote past (REM)
* '''honu[hi]ku''' - Pluto ((little) turtle planet)
* '''hosa''' - radiation; rays of radiation
* '''hosi''' - cactus; nopal; succulent
* '''hoso''' - hold; keep; store
* '''hotso''' - roach; cockroach
* '''hola''' - cloth; towel; headscarf
* '''holo''' - dig; excavate; scoop out
* '''houa''' - nitrogen
* '''hoya''' - be clever; intelligent; wise; smart
* '''hoyo''' - his/her(s) (3sg.POSS)
* '''humpa''' - differentiate; distinguish; discriminate
* '''huta''' - bury; buried; interred
* '''hute''' - flush (out); purge; rinse
* '''huka''' - slash; swift cut with a blade
* '''huke''' - chaff; grain husk; worthless thing
* '''huku''' - courteously wait everyone sit before eating
* '''huma''' - be insubordinate; defy
* '''huna''' - be confused; be mixed up
* '''hunu''' - pollen
* '''husa''' - goose; swan
* '''husu''' - artichoke
* '''hutse''' - cell (biology)
* '''hutsi''' - gruel; oatmeal; porridge
* '''hutsu''' - go out to eat/drink
* '''huli''' - moan; hum; mutter; mumble; murmur
* '''hue'o / hue- / ihue-''' - billion; 10^9 / giga (1000000000) / nano (0.000000001)
* '''huata''' - shelf; stair; story
* '''huato''' - move about; to and fro
* '''huaka''' - tear down; demolish; dismantle; displace
* '''huamyo''' - perverse; unreasonable; absurd; ridiculous
* '''huanu''' - illusion, fantasy, mirage
* '''huasi''' - talc; talcum
* '''huatso''' - midnight
* '''huatla''' - acorn; oak
* '''huala''' - important; vital; main
* '''huali''' - to inherit; to carry on; to succeed
* '''huaye''' - rub against; smear; associate with
* '''huepu''' - apex; peak; summit; zenith
* '''hueta''' - testicle
* '''hueto''' - ingratiate oneself with; to pander to
* '''hueko''' - companion; fellow; friend
* '''huenka''' - flick; twang; flip; snap
* '''huesa''' - company; firm; enterprise; corporation
* '''huetsi''' - compass; determine direction
* '''huetla''' - peanut
* '''hueli''' - startle; surprise; amaze; astonish
* '''hueya''' - be a slut; floozy; prostitute; prostitution
* '''hueye''' - an outing; a night out; a soirée
* '''huye''' - be deep; profound; abstruse
* '''hyata''' - grandfather
* '''hyanta / hya-''' - grandparent
* '''hyana''' - grandmother
* '''hyala''' - cucumber
* '''hyali''' - dairy; milk
* '''hya'o''' - weird; unusual
* '''hyepo''' - set; tune; calibrate; fix; adjust; modulate
* '''hyeka''' - sand; beach; finely ground rock; gravel
* '''hyeko''' - balance; equilibrium
* '''hyeku''' - kidney
* '''hyema''' - break with both hands; adjust
* '''hyesu''' - esophagus
* '''hyesua''' - beetle; small piece of wood
* '''hyele''' - attract; titillate
* '''hyo''' - well; filled pause in speech
* '''hyota / -hyo''' - juice; lotion; extract; cream
* '''hyoto''' - benefit; effectiveness; efficiency
* '''hyoka''' - attack; strike
* '''hyoko''' - bulb; bulbous; bloated
* '''hyonka''' - miss; fail (to hit)
* '''hyome''' - surface; top-side
* '''hyotsi''' - flint; strike ~; ~stone
* '''hyotso''' - elasticity; elastic force; spring
* '''tsapa''' - effort; trouble; endeavor; struggle
* '''tsampa''' - jump the gun; make a false start
* '''tsampe''' - be disabled; injured; unable to move; cripple
* '''tsampi''' - pale; wan
* '''tsampo''' - bait; lure
* '''tsampu''' - iodine जंबुकी
* '''tsata''' - council; committee; parliament
* '''tsatako''' - councilor; member of parliament
* '''tsate''' - knot; entangle; coil
* '''tsati''' - hornet
* '''tsato''' - chaotic; messy; in disorder
* '''tsanta''' - usurp; overstep one's authority
* '''tsanti''' - premise; precondition; prerequisite; presupposition
* '''tsanto''' - practice of meditation
* '''tsaka''' - house; residence; reside
* '''tsakanka''' - width/area of a house (15.74 yd / 14.4 m)
* '''tsaki''' - chewing gum
* '''tsaku''' - idea; thought; conception
* '''tsanka''' - tire; bored with; be fed up of; tired
* '''tsanko''' - ape; monkey; primate
* '''tsama''' - pretend; feign; play a role
* '''tsame''' - accumulate; collect; gather; cluster
* '''tsami''' - pluck; pull off; pull out; unplug; extract
* '''tsamo''' - reef; coral reef; shoal rock
* '''tsamu''' - abstain from food; fast
* '''tsana''' - meditation; meditate
* '''tsane''' - pavilion; gazebo; roofed tent
* '''tsani''' - story; tale; tell ~
* '''tsaniko''' - lecturer; speaker; storyteller
* '''tsanua''' - outlook; prospect; look ahead; look forward to
* '''tsanye''' - starter button; on switch
* '''tsasu''' - cursive writing
* '''tsasuama''' - sandwiches scattered about / a sandwich tray
* '''tsahe''' - for (in exchange for)
* '''tsatla''' - pop knuckles; crack bones
* '''tsatle''' - crane; egret; heron
* '''tsatli''' - pineapple
* '''tsala''' - dip; paste; sauce
* '''tsale''' - splinter; shard; slice; sliver
* '''tsali''' - crime; offense; fault
* '''tsalo''' - clear; transparent
* '''tsa'a''' - beaver
* '''tsa'atli''' - epoch; 6859 years (19 uepya)
* '''tsa'e''' - across; through; pass
* '''tsa'i / tsai''' - tea (leaves; plant)
* '''tsa'o''' - six; 6
* '''tsa'u''' - household duties; housework; chore
* '''tsaua''' - complexion; looks; appearance
* '''tsaue''' - so long as; provided that
* '''tsaya / -tsa''' - damn (general invective)
* '''tsaye''' - during; start to end (TEMP)
* '''tsayo''' - automobile; carriage; vehicle (motor); cart; wagon
* '''tsepa''' - please
* '''tsepo''' - dissect; parse
* '''tsempe''' - rape; violate; force
* '''tseta''' - cross (over); intersect; meeting point
* '''tseti''' - serious; severe; critical
* '''tseto''' - modern; current; up-to-date
* '''tsenta''' - overdo it; overcook; exaggerate
* '''tsento''' - diagnosis; determine cause
* '''tseka''' - pull; draw near; tug; tow; yank
* '''tseke''' - poppy plant; carnation
* '''tseko''' - wood charcoal; coal; carbon
* '''tsekope''' - coke; coal product
* '''tseku''' - early spring (prevernal)
* '''tsekua''' - condense; solidify; coagulate; clot (of blood)
* '''tsenka''' - orange (fruit; tree; color)
* '''tsenki''' - stirrup
* '''tsenku''' - idiom; colloquial
* '''tsema''' - crowded to bursting point; filled to overflowing
* '''tseme''' - drawer; tier; tray
* '''tsemu''' - jam; marmalade
* '''tsemua''' - candle; illuminate; wax
* '''tsena''' - funeral; encoffin a corpse; carry burial
* '''tsene''' - lightning; thunderbolt
* '''tseno''' - thigh; crotch
* '''tsenye''' - sediment; deposit (geology)
* '''tsenyo''' - oval; ellipse; be elliptic
* '''tsesa''' - apron
* '''tseha''' - workbench; counter; stall
* '''tsehue''' - pick teeth; toothpick
* '''tsetla''' - building in poor repair; dilapidated
* '''tsela''' - philosophic theory; philosophy
* '''tsele''' - iron; steel
* '''tseloso''' - Celsius
* '''tse'e / -tse''' - appear; seem
* '''tse'o / tse- / itse-''' - trillion; 10^12 / tera (1000000000000) / pico (0.000000000001)
* '''tseua''' - longevity; ability live long; long lived
* '''tseue''' - nail; spike; screw
* '''tseya''' - expect; presume; think (sth is likely)
* '''tseye''' - be exhilarated; be stimulated; be invigorated
* '''tseyo''' - loose; loosen; relax
* '''tsipa''' - be ephemeral; not constant; temporary
* '''tsipe''' - basic; fundamental; main; elementary
* '''tsipi''' - mercury; mercuric
* '''tsipu''' - humiliate; to bully; push around; tease
* '''tsipue / -tsue''' - be late; delayed; slow
* '''tsipuela''' - slow down; delay
* '''tsimpa''' - be lame; limp; hobble
* '''tsimpu''' - pyramid (geometry)
* '''tsita''' - remove; take away; withdraw
* '''tsite''' - deserve; be worthy of; merit
* '''tsiti''' - sparrow
* '''tsito''' - position; attitude; posture; stance
* '''tsinti''' - stingray
* '''tsika''' - economy; economic
* '''tsike''' - bobcat; wildcat (Lynx rufus)
* '''tsiko''' - furnace; oven; stove
* '''tsiku''' - pave; lay out (stones); spread out ~
* '''tsikue''' - habit; custom; usual practice; tradition
* '''tsinka''' - be at a negative angle
* '''tsinku''' - mathematical analysis; calculus
* '''tsima''' - hour; o'clock; time
* '''tsimua''' - be vicious; fierce; ominous; inauspicious
* '''tsina''' - tame; domesticate; docile
* '''tsine''' - key; button (strike)
* '''tsini''' - sugar; sugarcane
* '''tsinu''' - arouse; provoke; erogenous
* '''tsinya''' - stagnate; staunch; heal; remain ceased; unchanged
* '''tsinyo''' - slop; swill; bilge
* '''tsisa''' - pump (up); inflate
* '''tsise''' - unfamiliar at first ; an acquired taste
* '''tsisi''' - embroider; embroidery
* '''tsisima''' - hourly; regularly
* '''tsisu''' - coefficient; factor; modulus; ratio
* '''tsihanyo''' - China
* '''tsiha'o''' - triangle
* '''tsihi''' - mercy; empathize
* '''tsihua''' - undertaking; project; activity; program
* '''tsihue''' - hedgehog; porcupine
* '''tsihyo''' - discharge of the eyes; rheum
* '''tsitla''' - adorn; festoon; garland; decorate
* '''tsitle''' - rattle(-drum); destabilize
* '''tsitli''' - farm; ranch
* '''tsitlinka''' - farm, ranch (5.22 ac / 2.12 ha)
* '''tsila''' - lip; outer mouth
* '''tsile''' - tribulation; trial; adversity; torment
* '''tsili''' - tailor; make clothes
* '''tsilo''' - be naked; bare; uncovered; exposed; nude
* '''tsi'e''' - famine; shortage of food; starve
* '''tsi'u''' - transitive; transitivity
* '''tsiua''' - lake; pond; pool
* '''tsiuaso''' - freshwater (lake)
* '''tsiuahi''' - puddle
* '''tsiue''' - elbow
* '''tsiya''' - freedom; liberty; independent
* '''tsiyakyo''' - liberalism
* '''tsiye''' - unceasing; uninterrupted; constant
* '''tsiyo''' - corridor; aisle; hallway; passageway
* '''tso''' - already; since; previous; recent
* '''tsopa''' - pair; a mate; a couple; couple
* '''tsopi''' - retreat; withdraw; recede
* '''tsopo''' - prefer; preference
* '''tsopua''' - ulna (anatomy); bone of the forearm
* '''tsompa''' - worship; adoration / prayer
* '''tsompi''' - advance; onward; forge ahead
* '''tsota''' - breed; reproduce; propagate
* '''tsoto''' - surrender; capitulate; give up
* '''tsonta''' - teenager; adolescent
* '''tsoka''' - bump; collide with; strike
* '''tsoko''' - cacao; chocolate
* '''tsoku''' - be direct; immediate; straightforward
* '''tsonka''' - public; common; open; fair
* '''tsonku''' - frown; knit one's brow; scowl
* '''tsoma''' - tobacco (plant; leaves); smoke
* '''tsome''' - professional certification; certificate
* '''tsomo''' - stand or walk on tiptoe
* '''tsomye''' - smug; vain; shameless
* '''tsomyo''' - half of the day; a long time; quite a while
* '''tsonyo''' - alert; warn; police
* '''tsosi''' - silk
* '''tsoho''' - data; information; resource
* '''tsola''' - fox
* '''tsolo''' - lean meat; skinny and shriveled
* '''tsolokue''' - be emaciated; scrawny
* '''tsoua''' - be miserable; awkward; wretched; tragic
* '''tsoue''' - scandal; gossip
* '''tsoya / -tso''' - center; middle; mid-; half
* '''tsoye''' - sit with feet hanging
* '''tsoyo''' - one of a pair (missing ~)
* '''tsoyonka''' - used for navigation (11.5 mi / 18.5 km)
* '''tsupa''' - saliva; spit; drool
* '''tsupu''' - mead (honey wine)
* '''tsumpa''' - buy; purchase
* '''tsumpi''' - metallic oxide; burnt metal; metal ash; calx
* '''tsuta''' - backward; reverse
* '''tsute''' - slip and fall; stagger; stumble
* '''tsuto''' - be curly-haired
* '''tsunti''' - attend; take part in; participate
* '''tsuka''' - pride; hubris; arrogance
* '''tsuke''' - salt; pickle; cure (meat); marinade
* '''tsuki / ki-''' - next; order; sequence (ordinal); be subsequent (ORD)
* '''tsuko''' - outlet; vent
* '''tsuku''' - rumpled feathers; bedraggled; wet and limp
* '''tsukua''' - tassel; ribbon; bow
* '''tsukya''' - lap; cycle; complete
* '''tsunka''' - bug; insect; worm
* '''tsunke''' - channel; drainage; outflow
* '''tsunki''' - filter; strain; perforated screen
* '''tsunku''' - can; jar; pot; urn
* '''tsuma''' - metal
* '''tsumaku''' - Mercury (metal planet)
* '''tsume''' - mellow and rich; simple and kind; relaxed
* '''tsumi''' - guilt; sin; offense
* '''tsumu''' - be careful; cautious
* '''tsuna''' - join; connect; link up; communicate
* '''tsunya''' - penguin
* '''tsusu''' - export; output; send out; import
* '''tsuhu''' - candy; dessert; sweets
* '''tsula''' - celebration; party; social gathering; festival
* '''tsulanasa''' - birthday party
* '''tsule''' - wire; string; thread
* '''tsuli''' - currant; gooseberry
* '''tsulo''' - row; line of ~; series; arrange
* '''tsua / -tsua / tsu'a''' - almost; more-or-less; so-so; meh; average; good/bad
* '''tsu'u''' - cork; plug
* '''tsuama''' - sandwich; wrap
* '''tsuana''' - accept; endure with patience; agree with
* '''tsuasi''' - stock; share; capital for company
* '''tsuala''' - prosper; be prosperous
* '''tsuala'u''' - become prosperous
* '''tsuali''' - thunder; rumble
* '''tsuayo''' - adage; aphorism; maxim; proverb
* '''tsue''' - around; approximately
* '''tsuempa''' - wooden club (used to beat clothes in washing)
* '''tsueku''' - rinse one's mouth; gargle
* '''tsuemi''' - sideline; pastime; hobby
* '''tsuene''' - baboon
* '''tsuele''' - fern; bracken; brake (botany)
* '''tsuya''' - be main; principle; major; primary
* '''tsuye''' - take note of; pay attention to; heed
* '''tsuyo''' - armadillo
* '''tla''' - it (4sg)
* '''tlapa''' - horn; wind instrument; play ~
* '''tlapi''' - put on (clothes); don
* '''tlapo''' - siphon; seep
* '''tlapu''' - splash; splatter; rough; coarse; brutish
* '''tlapua''' - reckon; assess; estimate
* '''tlampa''' - be unfinished; incomplete
* '''tlampe''' - undress; remove clothing; take off; strip
* '''tlampi''' - distill; distillation
* '''tlati''' - clear-headed; sober
* '''tlato''' - recite rhythmically; chant; intone
* '''tlaka / -ta''' - male; man (MASC)
* '''tlaki''' - unimpeded; at ease; free from worry; fluent
* '''tlako''' - dither; hesitate; pace back and forth; irresolute
* '''tlaku''' - enmesh; wrap around; web; net
* '''tlakua''' - cricket; slug; snail
* '''tlakya''' - seminal fluid
* '''tlakyapo''' - cobweb; spider web
* '''tlakyo''' - watered-down drink; mixed-drink
* '''tlanka''' - level; grade; rank
* '''tlanku''' - they - each other
* '''tlam''' - them; those (4pl)
* '''tlama''' - anytime; sometime; whenever
* '''tlame''' - fishing net; cast ~
* '''tlami''' - themselves (4pl.REFL)
* '''tlamo''' - willow tree; poplar and willow
* '''tlamu''' - appetizer; side dish; easy job
* '''tlamyo''' - their(s) (4pl.POSS)
* '''tlana / -ko / -tlo''' - human; person; adult
* '''tlani''' - curse; damn; epithet
* '''tlanye''' - cart; chariot; carriage; buggy
* '''tlanyo''' - abuse; berate; mistreat
* '''tlasi''' - cough (up)
* '''tlaso''' - skin deep; be superficial; shallow
* '''tlaha''' - leave; depart; set out; (dis)embark
* '''tlahe''' - confluence; convergence
* '''tlahi''' - convenient; be easy; facilitate
* '''tlaho''' - to ease; to relieve; relief
* '''tlahu''' - attain; reach
* '''tlatsa''' - fire; flame; burn; spark
* '''tlatsaku''' - Mars (fire planet)
* '''tlatsamo''' - chimney; fireplace; hearth
* '''tlatso''' - be final; be last; time limit; deadline
* '''tlalatsa''' - wildfire
* '''tlale''' - tulip; lilac
* '''tlali''' - defeat; overpower; beat
* '''tlalo''' - certainly; of course; without doubt; obvious
* '''tla'a''' - likely; probable; presumable
* '''tla'e''' - around; encircling; surrounding (LOC)
* '''tla'i''' - itself (4sg.REFL)
* '''tlaya / -ya''' - marry; in-law; wed
* '''tlaye''' - according to; based on
* '''tlayo''' - its (4sg.POSS)
* '''tlepa''' - teach; instruct; educate
* '''tlepya''' - cobalt (chemistry); color
* '''tlempe''' - lymphatic fluid; lymph
* '''tleta''' - it X you
* '''tlenta''' - offal; mixed entrails; trivial matters
* '''tlekan''' - commander (thousand)
* '''tleke''' - fan
* '''tleki''' - boast; brag; exaggerative; pompous
* '''tlekono''' - slab; flagstone; slate
* '''tlekue''' - be mean; be petty; be cruel
* '''tlema''' - banner; flag; ensign
* '''tleme''' - disc; sheet; CD
* '''tlemi''' - sled; sledge; sleigh; bobsled
* '''tlemo''' - caravan; trailer
* '''tlemu''' - oar; paddle; row
* '''tlena''' - it X me
* '''tleno''' - log; piece of wood; timber; plank; stick; twig
* '''tlenye''' - suite; apartment; flat; hotel room
* '''tlenyo''' - millennium
* '''tlesa''' - ease; alleviate; moderate; allay; mitigate
* '''tlehe''' - esteemed; honest; candid; sincere
* '''tletsa''' - column; cylinder; beam; rod; pillar
* '''tletso''' - prism; prismatic lens
* '''tlela''' - bathe; clean; purify; wash
* '''tlelapo''' - be clean; tidy
* '''tlelo''' - it X her/him
* '''tle'o / tle- / itle-''' - thousand; 1000 / kilo (1000) / milli (0.001)
* '''tleya''' - radical; essential attribute (glyph)
* '''tleyo''' - province; state; territory; prefecture
* '''tlipa''' - ascot; cravat; necktie
* '''tlipenua''' - group of islands; archipelago
* '''tlipi''' - tie; bind or fasten together; kidnap; buckle
* '''tlipu''' - suspended by hanging; hung
* '''tlipua''' - glide; soar
* '''tlipya''' - pound; unit of mass (16 ounces)
* '''tlimpula''' - chandelier; collection of lamps
* '''tlintaha''' - ancestry; lineage; pedigree
* '''tlika''' - clan; family; kin
* '''tliki''' - sulfur; brimstone (color and element)
* '''tlinka''' - herring; mackerel; carp
* '''tlima''' - plough; plow; turn the soil; till
* '''tlimoli''' - tuft; tussock; clump of trees
* '''tlimu''' - blanket; rug
* '''tlina''' - stop; halt; cease
* '''tline''' - aluminum (chemistry)
* '''tlinya''' - phosphorus (chemistry); water in rocks
* '''tlinyo''' - resign; quit
* '''tlisa''' - glue; stick; paste
* '''tlisama''' - constellation; star cluster
* '''tlise''' - axis; axle
* '''tlisen(u)''' - lock of hair (0.013 oz / 0.375 g)
* '''tliso''' - vanilla; extract (fruit; tree; color)
* '''tlisua''' - bribe; bribery
* '''tliha''' - minced meat; pickled meat
* '''tlihanya''' - USA
* '''tlihya''' - beard; moustache
* '''tlitse''' - bitumen; asphalt; bituminous; tar
* '''tlitsi''' - reasoning; capacity of the human mind
* '''tlitso''' - cover with gold leaf; gild; gilt
* '''tlila''' - purple; violet
* '''tlilanyaloso ''' - multiple sets of eyes (groups of eyes type)
* '''tliua''' - novel; fiction
* '''tliuene''' - fleet; flotilla
* '''tliya''' - effect; efficacy; result
* '''tliyama''' - mountain range
* '''tlopa''' - forget; neglect; overlook
* '''tlope''' - expire; fall due; run out; end of term
* '''tlopye''' - rough and coarse; brutish; brutal
* '''tlompa''' - bomb; explosive; explode
* '''tlota''' - be in a correct attitude
* '''tlok''' - no one; nobody
* '''tloka''' - lie; tell an untruth
* '''tloke''' - rye (Secale cereale)
* '''tloko''' - syllable
* '''tloku''' - dome; be vaulted; arch
* '''tlokua''' - everybody; everyone
* '''tlokya''' - marble; crystalline limestone
* '''tlonki''' - solvent; solution; solute
* '''tlonku''' - keel; water wheel
* '''tloma''' - feather; plumage; plume
* '''tlomaso''' - feathers
* '''tlome''' - Romanize; Romanization
* '''tlomi''' - fascinate; attract; obsess; captivate
* '''tlomya''' - crawl; creep; lie prostrate
* '''tlona''' - feed; fuel; nourish
* '''tlono''' - be cramped; congested; stuffed
* '''tlonya''' - citron; grapefruit (fruit; tree)
* '''tlonye''' - accommodate; flexible; pragmatic
* '''tlosa''' - almond (fruit; tree; color)
* '''tlose''' - pestle; pound with a pestle
* '''tloha''' - grass; straw; weeds; hay
* '''tlohaso''' - grassland
* '''tlohi''' - salmon; trout
* '''tloho''' - fall behind; lag; backward; retrogress
* '''tlotsi''' - chives; onion; scallions
* '''tlotso''' - loot; plunder; rob
* '''tlotsua''' - corrode; erode; rust; eclipse
* '''tlola''' - intersperse; place between; wedge
* '''tlolo''' - cool / warm (medium temperature)
* '''tloloso''' - bothersome; annoying
* '''tloloha''' - be grassy; overgrown; unkempt
* '''tlo'e''' - tide of thought; Zeitgeist
* '''tlo'o''' - elephant
* '''tloua''' - dew; syrup; nectar
* '''tloue''' - vacation; to go on ~
* '''tloya''' - discover; uncover; find
* '''tloye''' - gnaw; pick at; wear down
* '''a''' - exist; be; yes (COP)
* '''apa''' - close; stop up; shut; obstruct; turn off
* '''apakipyo''' - autism
* '''api''' - unroll; unravel; unwind
* '''apika''' - Africa
* '''apila''' - April
* '''apo''' - grasp firmly; make the most of
* '''apu''' - be subsidiary; auxiliary; option
* '''apuha''' - Afghanistan
* '''apua''' - sing; song
* '''apya''' - be clean; neat; pure; not dirty
* '''apyo''' - celery
* '''ampa''' - at once; right away; already; as soon/early as (possible)
* '''ampe''' - arrange; set up; lay out; organize; collate
* '''ampi''' - mucus; snot; snivel
* '''ampu''' - smell; sniff; nose
* '''ata''' - be named; name (so called)
* '''ate''' - liver (organ)
* '''ati''' - be normal; ordinary; plain
* '''ato''' - that way (over there)
* '''anta''' - breathe; suck in; absorb; inhale
* '''anti''' - suspenders; garters; strap; sling
* '''anto''' - oath; pledge; swear
* '''aka''' - drive; move slightly; shift; steer
* '''akaso''' - movement type
* '''akai / -kai''' - deep red (.red)
* '''aki''' - autumn; fall (autumnal)
* '''akue / -kue''' - like; similar to; essive (ESS)
* '''akya''' - wake up; awaken; be awake
* '''anka''' - pelvis; hip joint
* '''anko''' - cipher; encode
* '''anku / -nku / -ku''' - reciprocate; reciprocal (RECP); mutual
* '''ama / -ma''' - time; moment; period
* '''amak''' - never; at no time
* '''ame''' - axe; hatchet
* '''ameyo''' - America
* '''ami''' - amylum; starch
* '''amo''' - transport; carry
* '''amonyo''' - handle (for carrying)
* '''amue / -mue''' - absence; be absent; lacking; without (abessive ABE)
* '''amya''' - be fond of; like; prefer (people)
* '''amyapo''' - be popular, be respected; well liked
* '''amyampa''' - fall in love with
* '''amyamua''' - be welcoming, be hospitable
* '''amye / mpe''' - be alone; lonely / limitative; terminative “up to; only; just” (TERM)
* '''amyo''' - comprised of; made of/from; consist (of)
* '''ana''' - brain; head; mind
* '''anapao''' - be hungover (warped-head)
* '''anapu''' - cap; hat; head covering
* '''anasua''' - scalp; top of skull
* '''anao''' - dwarf; pygmy; small person; midget
* '''ane''' - take care of; attend to; look after
* '''ani''' - ring (jewelry); bracelet
* '''ano''' - again; repeat; iteration; layer / redo (DUP)
* '''anu''' - ear; hear; listen
* '''anupake''' - earring
* '''anua''' - ask for quiet; request silence
* '''anue''' - tell; instruct; command
* '''anya''' - eye; look; see; sight; witness
* '''anyasa''' - ammonia
* '''anye''' - waist; lower back
* '''anyo''' - year (365/366 days)
* '''anyoli''' - yearly; annually
* '''asa''' - live; alive; living; life
* '''asi''' - salt
* '''asiya''' - Asia
* '''aso''' - broil; grill; roast; toast
* '''asua''' - hide; pelt; skin; fur; leather
* '''asuaseka''' - leather; dried skin
* '''asuaso''' - skin type
* '''aha''' - melody; tune; play ~
* '''ahe''' - dolphin; porpoise
* '''ahi / -hi''' - diminutive (DIM); few; be small
* '''ahiso''' - smaller than human type
* '''aho''' - chives; garlic; leak
* '''ahu''' - dam; weir; dike; embankment
* '''ahua''' - avocado (fruit; tree; color)
* '''ahya''' - potato; yam
* '''atsa''' - disc; rotate; wheel
* '''atsi / tsi-''' - angle; bend; corner
* '''atsu''' - be thick; chunky; solid; stocky
* '''atla''' - mean; average
* '''atlanti''' - Atlantic (Ocean)
* '''atle''' - salary; wage
* '''atli / -tli''' - future; future tense (FUT)
* '''atlo''' - fairness; justice; righteousness
* '''ala''' - wing
* '''alapo''' - Arabia
* '''alampi''' - runny nose; be snively
* '''alamua''' - with wings
* '''ale''' - barley; oats; wheat
* '''alo''' - be cunning; be sly
* '''a'i''' - worm or insect
* '''aoya''' - deep blue
* '''aue''' - no; not; polite negative response
* '''aya''' - be beautiful; be handsome; be pretty
* '''aye / -ye''' - past; past tense (PST)
* '''ayo''' - be/feel numb
* '''e''' - er; um; uh
* '''epuali''' - February
* '''epye''' - scrape; scratch; play w/ bow
* '''empa''' - run; flee; race
* '''empi''' - chalk; limestone; lye
* '''eta''' - you (P.2sg) | she/he X you
* '''etam''' - you (all) (P.2pl)
* '''ete''' - pen; pencil; writing brush
* '''eti''' - case; instance; occurrence; event
* '''eto''' - be shy; timid; bashful
* '''enta''' - record; take note; mark
* '''eka''' - affix: adhere; paste; append; attach
* '''ekam''' - them (P.3pl)
* '''eke / e-''' - object (in grammar); patient (P)
* '''eki''' - post horse; relay station
* '''enka''' - be narrow; tight; thin
* '''enkala''' - England
* '''enke''' - be simple; not complicated; easy
* '''enko''' - tin; cassiterite; tinstone; pewter
* '''enku''' - confidential; secret; hush-hush
* '''eme''' - verb tense
* '''emya''' - happen; occur; take place
* '''emye''' - thumb; big toe; unit of length; inch; width~ (1 1/3 in / 3.302 cm)
* '''emyo''' - walk in an awkward, drunken fashion
* '''ena''' - me (P.1sg) | she/he X me
* '''enam''' - us (P.1pl)
* '''ena'am''' - us (but not you) (P.1pl)
* '''eno''' - be angry at; be displeased and annoyed
* '''enomya''' - annoy; bother; disturb; harass; irritate
* '''enu''' - forecast; predict; estimate
* '''enua''' - get over sth; cheer up
* '''enue''' - stubborn; obstinate
* '''enya''' - mirror; reflect; reflection
* '''enye''' - zinc (chemistry)
* '''enyo''' - performance; exhibition; to perform
* '''esa''' - cushion; mat; pad
* '''esue''' - fail; lose
* '''ehe / me''' - but; yet; however
* '''ehua''' - worsen; impair; make worse
* '''ehue''' - be kind; generous; friendly
* '''ehya''' - be complete; intact; whole
* '''etsa''' - extent; degree (temperature etc.); rate
* '''etla''' - it (P.4sg) | she/he X it
* '''etlam''' - them (P.4pl)
* '''etle''' - postpone; defer; stall; stave off; prolong
* '''ela / -la''' - become; change into; turn into (MUT)
* '''ele / -tle / -le''' - relative clause marker (REL)
* '''eleno''' - harass; antagonize; pester
* '''elila''' - pink; rose
* '''elo''' - him/her (P.3sg)
* '''eua''' - fin (of a fish)
* '''eya''' - maybe; perhaps
* '''eyo''' - sure; ok; I get it; right; alright
* '''ipa''' - be different; distinct; not same/alike
* '''ipi''' - lentil
* '''ipu''' - dried meat; preserved fruit
* '''ipye''' - horn of animal; tusk; fang
* '''impi''' - ginger (fruit; tree; color)
* '''ita''' - how about it?; what do you think?
* '''ito''' - tree; wood
* '''itoku''' - Jupiter (wood planet)
* '''inta''' - even; so much so that
* '''inti''' - self-restraint; discipline
* '''ika''' - age; generation
* '''ike''' - gene; character; property; quality
* '''iko''' - this person
* '''iku''' - this much/many
* '''ikua''' - wolf down food; devour ravenously
* '''ikyo''' - inspire; incite; instigate
* '''inka''' - be still; calm; quiet; not moving
* '''inko''' - macaw; parrot; puffin
* '''ima''' - now; present; yet; this time
* '''imya''' - dialect; slang; vernacular
* '''ina / -nai''' - eat; food; sustenance
* '''inakua''' - omnivore (eat all)
* '''inamo''' - eat-place; dining room; restaurant
* '''inasa''' - eat-room; dining room
* '''inasu''' - food-market; grocery store; restaurant
* '''inu''' - beverage; drink; liquid
* '''inupa''' - drinkable
* '''inua''' - diet; food & drink
* '''inuaso''' - diet type
* '''inya''' - be hungry; hunger
* '''iso''' - this kind/type
* '''isu''' - peel; rind
* '''ihua''' - scold; shout at; rebuke
* '''itsa''' - adore; affection; love
* '''itsi / aitsi''' - chide; reprehend; admonish
* '''itla / i-''' - this (near me) (prox)
* '''itlo''' - be equal; even; same
* '''ila''' - sail; fly; navigate
* '''ilanyo''' - plane (fly-machine)
* '''ile''' - hollow at the back of the knee
* '''ilikyo''' - inspirational; promising
* '''ilima''' - immediately; instantly
* '''ilo''' - cave; cavern
* '''iua''' - knead; massage; rub
* '''iuai''' - unexpected turn of events; to pull off a coup; a breakthrough
* '''iya''' - besides; in addition; apart from that
* '''iye''' - if (but not); irrealis; what-if
* '''iyoma''' - today
* '''o''' - she; he (3sg)
* '''opa''' - be dangerous; danger; peril; endanger
* '''opi''' - belt; sash; strap
* '''opua / -pua''' - end; finish; complete (PFV)
* '''opya''' - symptom; indication
* '''opye''' - hug; embrace
* '''ota / tata''' - father
* '''oto''' - sound; (make) noise; tone; phone(me)
* '''otopa''' - October
* '''otomyeka''' - vowel
* '''otomyena''' - surface sound
* '''otosuha''' - consonant; the initial consonant
* '''ototla''' - onomatopoeia
* '''otoleka''' - attached sound
* '''otoua''' - phonology; study of sound in language
* '''onta / o-''' - parent
* '''onte''' - will; willpower; determination
* '''onti''' - toy; plaything
* '''onto''' - tread on; trample; stamp
* '''ok''' - none; nothing
* '''oka''' - bake; cook
* '''okama''' - capital; large/honored city
* '''okan''' - commander (hundred)
* '''oki''' - him/herself (3sg.REFL)
* '''oko''' - honorific reference; "yes sir/ma'am"
* '''oku''' - owl
* '''okutso''' - August
* '''okyo''' - clearing; glade
* '''onkayo''' - weekend; work week break
* '''onko''' - aloud; be loud
* '''oma''' - roar or howl; bellow of rage; yell; shout
* '''omanua''' - scream
* '''omasa''' - stag; large cervine; honored cervine
* '''omi''' - provost; chancellor; deputy
* '''omo''' - consider; ponder; think
* '''omonyo''' - computer; programmable device
* '''omya''' - cut; carve; engrave; chisel
* '''omyatloko''' - logosyllabary; logography; epigraphy
* '''omyo''' - perspective; view; opinion
* '''ona / nana''' - mother
* '''ono''' - delight
* '''onyo''' - learn; practice; study
* '''onyomo''' - school; workshop; laboratory
* '''onyosa''' - learn-room; classroom
* '''osa''' - know-how; savoir-faire
* '''oso''' - genitalia; groin
* '''oha''' - gape; yawn; open one's mouth
* '''ohaka''' - dislocate one's jaw
* '''ohe''' - active; energetic
* '''ohi''' - decrease; reduce; subtract; less (than)
* '''ohua''' - luxurious; extravagant; wasteful
* '''ohuaki''' - indulgence; whim
* '''ohya''' - drive; pilot; operate (a vehicle); refer to
* '''ohyo''' - evaluate; assess; examine
* '''otsi''' - comply with; abide by; obey
* '''otso''' - wolf; lupine
* '''otsokue''' - be ferocious; courageous
* '''otla''' - bird; avian
* '''otlaya''' - Australia
* '''otlo''' - falsely accuse; defame
* '''ola''' - gold (element; chemical; color)
* '''ole''' - crust; husk; shell; hull
* '''oleuene''' - ship's hull
* '''oli / -li''' - apiece; each; every
* '''olo''' - patrol; make one's rounds
* '''oloto''' - be noisy; loud; cacophonous; boisterous
* '''oloma''' - scream; exclaim
* '''oue''' - subtle; profound; sophisticated
* '''oya''' - black
* '''oye''' - restrain; restrict; bind
* '''oyo''' - bead; small round object; pearl
* '''u / -u''' - double for redundant syllable
* '''upa''' - anus; buttock
* '''upya / -pya''' - attempt; try (ATT)
* '''umpa''' - hinge; pivot; fulcrum
* '''umpu / -mpu''' - form; shape; dimension; outline (.shape)
* '''uta''' - deliver; hand in; hand over; submit
* '''ute''' - arm; armpit; forearm
* '''uto''' - organ (part of body tissue); apparatus
* '''unta''' - camel; llama
* '''uki''' - lead (chemical element)
* '''uko''' - be sumptuous; a luxury
* '''uku / -ku''' - amount; digit; number (NUM)
* '''ukuta''' - even number
* '''ukuna''' - odd number
* '''ukue''' - as many as; as much as
* '''ukya''' - ship mast; mast
* '''ukyana''' - pyrite; iron ore; fool's gold
* '''uma''' - equine; horse
* '''umata''' - stallion; male horse
* '''umanka''' - one day on horse (47 mi / 75.63 km)
* '''umana''' - mare; female horse
* '''umahi''' - foal; colt; young horse
* '''ume''' - man-made; artificial; synthetic
* '''umo''' - unify; unite; integrate; unity; combine; join
* '''umua''' - ache; pain; sorrow; be sore
* '''umye''' - electric(al/ity)
* '''umyopi''' - email
* '''unu''' - be callous; stone-faced; emotionless
* '''unua''' - address; destination for correspondence
* '''unya''' - comprehend; know; understand
* '''unye''' - nickel (chemistry)
* '''usa''' - stripe; streak; striation
* '''utsa''' - serve; service
* '''utse''' - exclude; ignore; leave out
* '''utsi''' - parsley
* '''utsu''' - outer space; empty; vacant; unoccupied
* '''utla''' - otter
* '''utli''' - casualty; victim (of an accident)
* '''ula / -la''' - any; indefinite; some~ (INDEF)
* '''ule''' - affect; produce a change in sth; act on
* '''uli''' - filling material; stuffing; lining; filling
* '''ulo''' - crop rotation; growth cycle
* '''uye''' - now and then; occasionally
* '''ua'a''' - spinach
* '''ua'e''' - above; over / on (LOC)
* '''ue'o / ue- / iue-''' - ten; 10 / deca (10) / deci (0.1)
* '''ua''' - or; either
* '''uapi''' - blemish; defect; flaw
* '''uapo''' - basin; sink
* '''uaponka''' - basin, sink (4.24 gal / 19.3 L)
* '''uapya''' - insult; ridicule; disgrace
* '''uampa''' - government; political; politics
* '''uampe''' - perfect; excellent; brought to the utmost degree
* '''uampu''' - cone; awl; bore
* '''uata''' - intestine; bowel; guts
* '''uati''' - verb
* '''uato''' - that way (near you)
* '''uanta''' - confer; consult; hold a conference
* '''uaka''' - ox; cow; bull; bovine
* '''uakahyo''' - cow's milk
* '''uakatsu''' - beef
* '''uaki''' - boil; stew; simmer
* '''uako''' - that person
* '''uaku''' - that much/many
* '''uakya''' - contradict; deny
* '''uanka''' - be uncooked; untreated; raw
* '''uanke''' - grid; mesh; lattice
* '''uanki''' - confine; imprison; jail
* '''uanko''' - euphemism; euphemistic
* '''uanku''' - spectacles; eyeglasses; -ocular; -scope
* '''uama''' - then
* '''uame''' - be certain; fixed; sure
* '''uamya''' - schedule; agenda; docket
* '''uana''' - there (by you) (MED)
* '''uane''' - trap; snare; trick; lure
* '''uani''' - alligator; crocodile; gavial
* '''uano''' - other thing; something else
* '''uanya''' - suffer a snub; to meet with a rebuff
* '''uanyo''' - bay; gulf (body of water)
* '''uassitsa''' - flask; thermos; bottle
* '''uasa''' - skill; profession; trade; craft
* '''uase''' - harmonize; harmonious; harmony
* '''uasi''' - acquire; obtain; get; take
* '''uaso''' - drinking glass (cup); jug; pot; vessel
* '''uasonka''' - cup (1.14 gal / 5.2 L)
* '''uahe''' - instead of; rather than
* '''uahi''' - be arbitrary; at will; at random
* '''uaho''' - feel absence; miss
* '''uahu''' - husky; burly; beefy; tall and strong
* '''uahya''' - tribe; confederation
* '''uatsa''' - welcome (when entering)
* '''uatse''' - correlate with; correspond to
* '''uatsi''' - fish; piscine
* '''uatla / ua-''' - that (by you) (med)
* '''uatli''' - inferior; of lower quality; inferior; shoddy; lousy; lame
* '''uala''' - really; truly; indeed; real; be true; as expected; sure enough
* '''uale''' - source material, raw material
* '''uali''' - chart; diagram; graph; scheme
* '''ualo''' - bring; fetch; get
* '''uaya''' - ascend; rise; climb; go up; ascent
* '''uaye / -uai / -nte''' - from (out/away) (LOC) / ablative (ABL)
* '''uayela''' - go away (from)
* '''uayo''' - set aside; isolate; separate
* '''ue''' - either X or Y
* '''uepu''' - musical score; sheet music
* '''uepya''' - age; 361 years (19 sanyo)
* '''ueta''' - uncle
* '''uete''' - amuse; entertain; make sb laugh
* '''ueti''' - remove sb from their post; to dismiss
* '''ueto''' - stellar system; galaxy
* '''uenta / ue-''' - parent's sibling
* '''uentana''' - warship; military vessel
* '''uente''' - bismuth
* '''uenti''' - fade; wither; wilt; listless
* '''uento''' - be prey; victim
* '''ueka''' - weigh; weight; measure; mass
* '''uekan''' - commander (ten)
* '''ueki''' - misfortune; crisis; critical situation; disaster
* '''ueko''' - barter; bargain
* '''ueku''' - review; look back; appraise
* '''uekya''' - squirm; wriggle; wiggle
* '''uenke / uek''' - neither X nor Y
* '''uenku''' - spleen
* '''uemi''' - barracks; castle; fortress
* '''uemye''' - be aloof; standoffish; unsociable
* '''uena''' - aunt
* '''uene''' - ship; boat; vessel; canoe
* '''ueni''' - blame; criticize; condemn
* '''ueno''' - ink; typeface
* '''uenya''' - strain after something; make efforts
* '''uenye''' - income; receipts; earnings; revenue
* '''uenyo''' - decade; period
* '''uesa''' - threaten; coerce; intimidate; flank
* '''uesi''' - function; role; capacity
* '''ueso''' - bone; skeleton
* '''uesomua''' - with bone (vertebrate)
* '''uesomue''' - without bone (invertebrate)
* '''uesohyo''' - gravy (bone juice)
* '''ueso'u''' - skeleton type
* '''ueha / -ue''' - desire; want; wish (DES)
* '''uehi''' - lofty; refined; exquisite
* '''uehyo''' - be available
* '''uetsa''' - balance up; offset; counterbalance
* '''uetse''' - toilet; outhouse; WC
* '''uetsi''' - dispirited downcast (idiom); in low spirits
* '''uetsu''' - abbreviate; contraction
* '''uetla''' - an upright drum; play ~
* '''uetlemu [ha]''' - galley (galleon)
* '''uetli''' - exponent (math.); power
* '''uela''' - sail (boat)
* '''uelo''' - bicycle; bike
* '''uelomo''' - bicycle-place; bike path; bike rack
* '''uelosu''' - bike / bicycle shop
* '''ueya''' - useful; fitting; effective
* '''ueyanke''' - useless; worthless; pointless
* '''ueye''' - be located; be situated; lie
* '''ueyo / -ue''' - intend; intent; intention (DES)
* '''ya''' - vocative particle (VOC)
* '''yapa''' - an extra or unexpected gift or benefit
* '''yape''' - exercise; do one's exercises
* '''yapo''' - build; erect; assemble
* '''yapu''' - be ashamed; disgrace; embarrassment
* '''yampa''' - be bored; fed up with sth; sick of sth
* '''yampo''' - mortar (bowl for grinding with pestle)
* '''yampu''' - snore; wheeze
* '''yata''' - farewell; greet; hello
* '''yate''' - leave behind; abandon; leave trace
* '''yatina''' - handful of feed (1.76 oz / 50 g)
* '''yato''' - hand; palm; fist
* '''yatonka''' - width of a hand (4 ¾ in / 12.065 cm)
* '''yanto''' - overwhelm; overpower; subdue
* '''yaka''' - appendage; leg; limb
* '''yakamiso ''' - number of appendages (a few legs type)
* '''yake''' - pursue; chase
* '''yako''' - berry; strawberry
* '''yakohai''' - cranberry
* '''yaku''' - translate; interpret
* '''yakua''' - leopard / jaguar
* '''yakue''' - sapphire (gem; color)
* '''yanka''' - be positive; be greater than zero; principle
* '''yankai''' - yellowish-red; dark orange
* '''yanki''' - be refreshed; perk up
* '''yankila''' - blueberry
* '''yanku''' - beg; implore; plead
* '''yama''' - mountain; hill
* '''yamato''' - mountaineering
* '''yamako''' - mountaineer
* '''yamahi''' - mound; bank of earth
* '''yame''' - abolish; annul; abrogate
* '''yamu''' - trapezium (geometry)
* '''yanna''' - soft/pastel yellow
* '''yana''' - yellow; saffron
* '''yanata''' - deep/bright yellow
* '''yanao''' - one by one; one after another; in turn
* '''yani''' - definition; meaning; symbolism
* '''yano''' - avoid; shun; evade
* '''yanu''' - be depressed; dispirited; dismayed; despondent
* '''yanuali''' - January
* '''yassaya''' - peaceful-wind
* '''yassitsa''' - warm breeze
* '''yasa''' - air; wind; (news, style); gas
* '''yasapyola''' - tornado; hurricane
* '''yasamua''' - with wind (plants)
* '''yasi''' - cosmetics; makeup
* '''yaso / -sue''' - prepare; get/be ready; preparative mood (PREP)
* '''yasu''' - bison; buffalo
* '''yasue''' - cheap; inexpensive; low
* '''yaha''' - be scarce; barren
* '''yahe''' - of (containing)
* '''yatsa''' - bridle; halter; reins; harness
* '''yatsi''' - bite; chew; tooth; ivory
* '''yatso''' - ferment; brew; make honey; liquor
* '''yatsua''' - sigh in regret or pity
* '''yala / -la''' - walk; go; travel; move
* '''yalanko''' - walking
* '''yale''' - door lock; key
* '''yali''' - excuse; forgive; pardon
* '''yalo''' - covet; envious; jealous
* '''ya'a''' - medicine; drug; cure
* '''ya'akyo''' - medical-school
* '''ya'e''' - near; close to (LOC)
* '''ya'o''' - five; 5
* '''yaua''' - reply; answer; return; respond; echo; react
* '''yaue''' - use; employ; apply; make use of
* '''yempa''' - table; desk; flat work surface
* '''yempu''' - handle; deal with; cope; get by with
* '''yeta''' - give; transfer; donate
* '''yete''' - extraneous; redundant; superfluous
* '''yeto''' - authority; authoritative; power
* '''yenta''' - smelt; refine metal; extract ore
* '''yente''' - aghast; consternation; horror
* '''yento''' - retire (from society, esp. from working)
* '''yeka''' - divide; separate; partition
* '''yeke''' - collar; neckband; neckline
* '''yeko''' - that person (over there)
* '''yeku''' - circulate; distribute; circulation; distribution
* '''yekua''' - cabinet; closet; wardrobe
* '''yenka''' - pitch (music); tone
* '''yema / -tao''' - both X and Y
* '''yemua''' - there (over there) (DIST)
* '''yena''' - coin; currency; money
* '''yeno''' - complete; fill; full; total
* '''yesa''' - soothe; be calm; relax
* '''yesi''' - jade; emerald; jadeite; feitsui; halcyon (gem; color)
* '''yeso''' - that kind (obscure)
* '''yesu''' - art; fine arts; painting; literature
* '''yetsa''' - cry; tear; weep
* '''yetsi''' - chair; seat; stool
* '''yetso''' - boar (wild)
* '''yetsu''' - fact; actual; real
* '''yetla / ye-''' - that (over there) (dist)
* '''yetlo''' - be malnourished and sickly in appearance
* '''yela''' - fart; talk nonsense; rubbish! (euphemism)
* '''yele''' - pedestal; plinth; saddle
* '''yeli''' - summarize; generalize; generalization
* '''yelo''' - freeze; hail; ice; sleet; frost
* '''yelopua''' - be frozen; solid
* '''yelomu''' - solidify; freeze
* '''ye'o''' - zero; 0
* '''yeua''' - taste; try; sample
* '''yeuaha''' - be curious; investigative; explorative
* '''yo''' - if X then Y
* '''yopi''' - mail; post (office)
* '''yompa''' - buy the whole batch/remainder
* '''yompako''' - sunrise; early morning
* '''yompe''' - specter; apparition
* '''yota''' - deduce; infer; derive; extrapolate
* '''yote''' - aid; assist; help
* '''yoti''' - game; play; sport
* '''yoto''' - in this way; so; thus
* '''yontasa''' - midwife; birthing nurse
* '''yontile''' - context (circumstance reading)
* '''yonto''' - be fanatical
* '''yoka''' - deck; floor; story
* '''yoke''' - load; lading (weight); burden; charge
* '''yoko''' - swim; wade
* '''yokomua''' - swimming
* '''yoku''' - glaze; layer of paint; edible coating
* '''yokua''' - contribution; donation; offer
* '''yonka''' - lava; magma
* '''yonkaya''' - Saturday (earth)
* '''yonkiya''' - diary; journal; log
* '''yonkunye''' - Monday (moon)
* '''yommaya''' - Wednesday (water)
* '''yoma''' - day; daytime
* '''yomatli''' - tomorrow
* '''yomali''' - daily; each/every day
* '''yomaye''' - yesterday
* '''yome''' - be famous; fame
* '''yomi''' - bow; weapon used for shooting arrows
* '''yomito''' - Thursday (tree)
* '''yomo''' - right side
* '''yomola''' - Friday (gold)
* '''yomu''' - read; study; count; recite
* '''yomua''' - dawn; daybreak; morning (a.m.)
* '''yona''' - book; letter; scroll; record
* '''yonaha''' - epic; novel
* '''yone''' - silt; sludge; ooze; slime
* '''yoneya''' - June
* '''yoni''' - ethic; moral; virtue
* '''yono''' - drama; play; theater
* '''yosama''' - Sunday (sun)
* '''yosi''' - deck of playing cards
* '''yoso''' - left side
* '''yosu / -hye''' - moss; lichen; coating (of tongue) / recent past (REC)
* '''yoha / -yo''' - have; possess (POSS); genitive (GEN)
* '''yoho''' - eyelid; flitter; blink
* '''yohua''' - night; nighttime
* '''yotsa''' - cheek; face
* '''yotso''' - midday; noon
* '''yotsu''' - larva; grub
* '''yotsua''' - journey; expedition; voyage
* '''yontsula''' - holiday; festival
* '''yotla''' - immerse; soak; steep; gradual
* '''yotlatsa''' - Tuesday (fire)
* '''yotli''' - gourd; melon; squash
* '''yola''' - rely on; depend on
* '''yole''' - zip; zipper
* '''yoleya''' - July
* '''yoli''' - stage; section; phase; period
* '''yolo''' - armor; shell
* '''yolopa''' - Europe
* '''yo'i''' - rib; ribcage
* '''youa''' - be weak; feeble

Kala/lexicon

2025-10-16T01:41:43Z

Masako:

__NOTOC__

''See also:'' [[Kala/affixes|Kala word formation]], [[Kala/lexicon/theme|Kala thematic lexicon]], [[Kala/roots|Kala root words]], and [[Kala/etymology|Kala etymological lexicon]]

{{Template:Nkala2}}

* '''pa''' - although; even though; even if
* '''pampana''' - rain all around; rain storm
* '''pampu''' - chestnut
* '''pata''' - lay brick; make ~ / brick
* '''pataka''' - alphabetic order
* '''pati''' - eggplant, aubergine
* '''pato''' - duck
* '''panta''' - marsh; swamp; wetlands; glade
* '''panto''' - tomato
* '''paka''' - stupid; foolish; silly; clumsy
* '''pako''' - be fresh; new; young; meso-
* '''pakomya''' - renew; renovate; refresh; reform
* '''pakyo''' - storm; violent commotion
* '''panki''' - hemp; cannabis
* '''pami''' - invent; invention; concoct
* '''pamua''' - not enough; insufficient; inadequate; lack
* '''pamya''' - okra
* '''pamye''' - whip; lash; flog
* '''pana''' - rain; rainy
* '''panaku''' - Neptune (rain planet)
* '''pano''' - cloth; woven material; textiles
* '''panu''' - pastry; steamed bun; cake; torte; pie
* '''panya''' - rodent (rat; mouse; hamster; guinea pig)
* '''panye''' - be shirtless; having a bare torso, barechested
* '''pasa''' - nausea; feel sick; disgust
* '''pasi''' - bronze; brass; copper alloy
* '''pasipi''' - Pacific (Ocean)
* '''pasua''' - expand; inflate; swelling
* '''pasue''' - drain; divert water; run dry; drought
* '''paha''' - be evil; fierce; vicious; ugly; coarse
* '''pahe''' - against; touching (LOC)
* '''pahi''' - be compatible; conform; tolerate
* '''paho''' - dock; pier; wharf
* '''pahu''' - burst; crack; breach
* '''patsa''' - grate; shred
* '''patse''' - be horrifying; atrocious; terrible
* '''patsi''' - breed livestock; herd
* '''patsiko''' - herder; shepherd; rancher
* '''patsu''' - penalize; punish
* '''patla''' - field; pasture; plain
* '''patle''' - act spoiled; throw tantrum
* '''patli''' - birch (silver ~); white poplar
* '''patlo''' - broom; brush; sweep
* '''pala / -pa''' - can; may; be possible; be able to (POT)
* '''pale''' - sale; sell
* '''palenti''' - Fahrenheit
* '''pali''' - be saved/spared from (something)
* '''palo''' - cane; staff; walking stick
* '''pa'a''' - be well-ordered; regular; organized
* '''pa'e''' - apart from; other than; except for
* '''pa'o''' - eight; 8
* '''pa'u''' - tree bark
* '''paihyao''' - the 36 least common syllables
* '''paue''' - be bland; tedious
* '''paye''' - after (TEMP)
* '''payeko''' - superhuman; exceptional; superhero
* '''payo / -pyao''' - crooked; warped; unbalanced (.warp)
* '''peta''' - map; chart; draft; cartographic
* '''pete''' - ring; hoop; loop; (chain) link
* '''peti''' - bird; avian (flightless)
* '''peka''' - bat (animal)
* '''peko''' - bacon; salt-cured meat
* '''penka''' - impetus; impulse; be impulsive
* '''penko''' - study intensively; dig into; delve
* '''penku''' - conjunction; connective
* '''pemao''' - chess / play ~
* '''pena''' - go about; busy oneself; occupy oneself
* '''penua''' - continent; island
* '''penya''' - grapple; scuffle; wrestle
* '''penyo''' - hot pepper; jalapeño; chili; paprika
* '''pesa''' - bolt of cloth; twine
* '''pese''' - gland
* '''peha''' - drill; penetrate; puncture
* '''pehu''' - admire; revere
* '''petsa''' - be delicate; soft; tender (inexperienced); mild
* '''petsi''' - basement; cellar
* '''petso / pya''' - abdomen; belly; stomach
* '''petsohue ''' - crawling; slithering (on the belly)
* '''petle''' - noise imitative of a fart; raspberry
* '''pela''' - cancel; cancellation
* '''pelansu''' - France
* '''pele''' - volcano; volcanic; erupt
* '''pelo''' - advance; improve; progress
* '''peua''' - admit defeat; concede
* '''peya / -pe''' - particle; piece of; dot; speck; spot; bit; point; stump (.part)
* '''peyo''' - metaphor; analogy
* '''pita''' - be void; hollow; empty; blank
* '''pitamya''' - hollow out; empty out
* '''pite''' - manatee; walrus
* '''pito''' - navel; belly button
* '''pinta''' - act tactfully; tactful; discreet
* '''pinto''' - swallow it whole; act without thinking
* '''pika''' - bullet; shot; shell; ball
* '''pikya''' - scaffolding; frame; rack; framework
* '''pikyamue''' - be useless; futile
* '''pinka''' - biscuit; cookie; cracker; roll
* '''pima''' - buttermilk
* '''pinya''' - industrious, diligent, hardworking
* '''pisa''' - savage act; outrage; atrocity
* '''pitsa''' - pancake; pizza
* '''pitsi''' - owe; be in debt; under obligation
* '''pitsu''' - hall; museum; auditorium
* '''pitle''' - discriminate; discrimination
* '''pila''' - crush; grind; pulverize
* '''pili''' - hyena
* '''piua''' - loquat (fruit; tree; color)
* '''piyo''' - bee; honeybee; wasp
* '''piyohyo''' - honey; nectar
* '''po / -po''' - so; consequently; thus; as a result (.result)
* '''pota''' - run away in fear; flee
* '''pote''' - mortgage; pawn; detain in custody
* '''poti''' - goat; ram
* '''poto''' - image; picture; photograph
* '''ponto''' - cannon; gun; artillery (fire ~)
* '''poka''' - seal; pinniped
* '''poke''' - obscure; confuse; mix up; blur; mislead
* '''poko''' - bladder; urinate; urine
* '''poku''' - cost; fee; price; charge
* '''ponka''' - appreciate; enjoy; be grateful
* '''ponkapa''' - cider; hard ~
* '''poma''' - apple (fruit; tree; color)
* '''pomo''' - handle; grip; knob; latch
* '''pono''' - face powder
* '''posa''' - divorce
* '''poso''' - bind; bandage
* '''posu''' - award; prize; reward
* '''potsa''' - blot; erase; wipe out
* '''potsi''' - chrysanthemum; daisy
* '''potso''' - caustic potash; potassium hydroxide
* '''potsu''' - lay siege to, besiege
* '''pola''' - shovel; spade; spatula (kitchen utensil)
* '''poli''' - force; violence
* '''polo''' - hops; seed cones
* '''poya''' - complain; grumble; grievance
* '''poye''' - ally with; form an alliance with
* '''poyo''' - rich; abundant; wealthy
* '''pumpa''' - be idle; lazy; negligent; careless
* '''puta''' - be wrong; false
* '''pute''' - deficiency; deficit
* '''puti''' - mint; spearmint
* '''punta''' - betray; rebel; revolt
* '''puntahe''' - underground; subterranean; covert
* '''puka''' - be corrupt; decay; rot
* '''puki''' - vulva; clitoris
* '''puku / -pu''' - attire; clothes; wear (.wear)
* '''pukue''' - blowfish; puffer
* '''pukya''' - pomegranate (fruit; tree)
* '''punka''' - fruit; fruit tree
* '''punku''' - indignant; resentment
* '''punkumua''' - be resentful; embittered
* '''puna''' - dirt; earth; land; soil; mud
* '''punaku''' - Earth (dirt planet)
* '''punamo''' - terrestrial
* '''punu''' - minute; moment
* '''punya''' - jab; poke; stab (fuck)
* '''punye''' - numerator
* '''pusa''' - flutter; flap; sway; oscillate
* '''pusu''' - shake; shock; vibrate
* '''pusue''' - be superfluous or useless; superfluities
* '''puha''' - lung
* '''puhe''' - impatient; eager to; anxious to
* '''puheka''' - be restless; uneasy; discontent
* '''puhyo''' - the 44 second most common syllables
* '''putsi''' - intercept; waylay; ambush
* '''putsu''' - goblin; monster; phantom; demon
* '''pula''' - cauldron; kettle; pot
* '''pulo''' - crystallization; crystalline; crystal
* '''puampo''' - misinterpret; misread; misunderstand
* '''puata''' - deprive; to withhold; to hold sth back
* '''puaka''' - forehead; skull; temples
* '''puama / pama''' - afternoon; dusk; evening (p.m.)
* '''puana''' - deity; spiritual; ghost
* '''puani''' - bank; beach; coast; shore
* '''puatli''' - calf (of the leg)
* '''pue''' - after; back; behind; rear; beyond (LOC)
* '''pueto''' - be ready/willing do sth
* '''puetsa''' - mantis; octopus
* '''puya''' - enchantment; magic; charm
* '''pyampatse''' - chatty; talkative; garrulous
* '''pyampu''' - bridge of the nose
* '''pyata''' - appeal to; invoke; solicit; petition
* '''pyaka''' - tiger
* '''pyano''' - piano; play ~
* '''pyasa''' - custom; convention; be popular; common
* '''pyasi''' - menstruation; a woman's period
* '''pyasu''' - trajectory; mean; diameter
* '''pyatse''' - chat; gossip; spin a yarn; chew the rag/fat
* '''pyempu''' - paramour; lover; illicit romance
* '''pyeta''' - egg; ovum; spawn; fetus
* '''pyetampu''' - egg-shaped; oval
* '''pyete''' - be slimy (of rotten food); viscous
* '''pyela''' - share; together; total; altogether
* '''pyota''' - cube; block; be square; cubic
* '''pyotanka''' - cube (12 barrels) (250 gal / 1135.2 L)
* '''pyoki / -pyo''' - disease; be ill; be sick (.ill)
* '''pyonka''' - be parallel; parallelogram
* '''pyona''' - be brittle; fragile; crisp; crunchy
* '''pyoho''' - flea; mite; tick
* '''pyotsi''' - tail or caudal fin or feathers
* '''pyola''' - rotate; revolve; spin; whirl; roll
* '''pyolo''' - business; office
* '''pyo'o''' - multiply by itself; square
* '''mpato''' - military fortress; fortification; defensive post
* '''mpaka''' - border; boundary; frontier; line
* '''mpako''' - band; strip; ribbon
* '''mpana''' - be wide; broad; extensive; vast; width
* '''mpano''' - clamp; pincers; pliers; tongs
* '''mpasu''' - make do; manage; get by with
* '''mpaha''' - be valuable; costly; expensive
* '''mpahe''' - integrate; synthesize
* '''mpahua''' - edible plant
* '''mpatso''' - comfort; console; stroke; caress
* '''mpale''' - turn over; flip over; overturn; capsize
* '''mpali''' - balloon; hot air balloon
* '''mpalo''' - the 56 most common syllables
* '''mpa'a''' - film; movie; cinema
* '''mpeka''' - frog; toad
* '''mpekue''' - off the beaten track (go ~)
* '''mpeli''' - wilderness; uncultivated; wild
* '''mpelo''' - buzzard
* '''mpika''' - pitch; sap; gummy ~; resin
* '''mpiko''' - black eagle; condor; vulture
* '''mpiku''' - glue; gum; rubber
* '''mpina''' - sound nice; be euphonic
* '''mpisi''' - rainbow; colored arch; bridge
* '''mpila''' - ball (game); sphere
* '''mpopi''' - poppy; opium
* '''mpoka''' - squid; ink fish; cuttlefish
* '''mponi''' - ethnicity; folk; people
* '''mpoho''' - gift; a present; an offering
* '''mpuku''' - be complicated; complex; intricate
* '''mpuni''' - ostrich
* '''mpunu''' - straight; not bent
* '''mpunya''' - lock-eyes; see eye-to-eye
* '''mputsa''' - cheese
* '''mpula''' - lamp; lantern; light
* '''mpuli''' - fluff; lint (feel nervous)
* '''ta''' - you (2sg)
* '''tapa''' - lid; top; cover; canopy; roof; ceiling
* '''tapi''' - swing; seesaw; trapeze
* '''tapo''' - shoulder; upper arm; branch
* '''tapu''' - be ample; buxom; shapely
* '''tapua''' - rectangle; be square-like
* '''tapya''' - follow; accompany
* '''tapye''' - take (something, someone) seriously
* '''tapyo''' - cassava (leaves)
* '''tampai''' - set up a stall; make plans for a project
* '''tampi''' - taboo; to avoid sth (as taboo)
* '''tantanya''' - shatter; fragment
* '''tantama''' - fine; well
* '''tanti''' - truck; bus
* '''taka''' - esteem; respect; honor
* '''takatlo''' - honorable; honored person
* '''take''' - scenery; scene; landscape; view
* '''taki''' - coat; jacket; robe; cape
* '''tako''' - be content; satisfied
* '''taku''' - brother
* '''takue''' - demand; request; coerce
* '''tanka''' - eagle; falcon; hawk
* '''tanko''' - group; organization; team
* '''tankola''' - join a (group)
* '''tanku''' - you - each other
* '''tam''' - you (all) (2pl)
* '''tammueko''' - freeloader/rider; moocher
* '''tama''' - be good; well; proper; fine; complete
* '''tame''' - be fried; pan-fry; sauté
* '''tami''' - yourselves (2pl.REFL)
* '''tamo''' - be aware of; familiar with; know about
* '''tamoha''' - be expert; have experience
* '''tamua''' - distinguish; identify; recognize
* '''tamya''' - copy; duplicate; transcribe
* '''tamye''' - radar (antenna; detector; echo)
* '''tamyo''' - your(s) (2pl.POSS)
* '''tana''' - fight; war; battle; combat
* '''tanakyo''' - dojo; martial arts training academy
* '''tanamo''' - battlefield; boxing ring; wrestling mat
* '''tane''' - enjoy; benefit; have the use of
* '''tani''' - gully; ravine; valley; nadir; canyon; gutter
* '''tano''' - describe; depict; portray; description
* '''tanu''' - plate; dish; tray; shallow container; bowl
* '''tanunka''' - a large plate or platter (142 in / 90.322 cm)
* '''tanua''' - chat; converse; dialogue; talk
* '''tanya''' - damage; break; ruin; destroy
* '''tanye''' - carpet; mat; rug
* '''tasa''' - hunt; seek; look for; search
* '''tase''' - consulate; embassy; diplomacy
* '''tasi''' - be comical; funny; amusing
* '''taso''' - be firm; hard; stable and steady; level
* '''taha / -ha''' - be big; large; grand (AUG)
* '''tahaso''' - larger than human
* '''tahe''' - below; beneath; under (LOC)
* '''tahela''' - descend; get down; go below
* '''tahi''' - son; boy
* '''tahue''' - nephew
* '''tahya''' - grandson
* '''tatsa''' - basin; wide-mouthed jar or pot
* '''tatse''' - preposition
* '''tatsi''' - stand; set up; establish
* '''tatso''' - drift about; wander; roam
* '''tatsu''' - glyph; logogram; letter
* '''tatli / tli-''' - collective plural (COL); group; pack
* '''tatlo''' - regain; get back; replace
* '''tala''' - return; come (back); arrive; approach
* '''tale''' - pronounce; pronunciation; emit sound
* '''tali''' - church; shrine; temple
* '''talo''' - be patient; patience
* '''ta'i''' - yourself (2sg.REFL)
* '''ta'o / -tao''' - two; 2; pair of; both (.pair)
* '''taua''' - anticipate; expect; foresee
* '''taue''' - cousin (male)
* '''taya''' - husband; man
* '''taye''' - since; from the end (TEMP)
* '''tayo''' - your(s) (2sg.POSS)
* '''te''' - of (belonging to; = GEN); about
* '''tepe''' - conceal; cover; shield; shelter
* '''tepo''' - non-spectrum colors
* '''tepu''' - scales (of fish)
* '''tepumua''' - scales
* '''tepua''' - spectrum colors
* '''tepye''' - beat; knead; pulse
* '''tenta''' - curtain; partition; screen
* '''teki''' - be combative; enemy; hostile
* '''teko''' - bottle; pitcher; vase
* '''tekonka''' - bottle (10.6 fl oz / 0.3 L)
* '''teku''' - underestimate; underrate; undervalue
* '''tekue''' - order; call for; request
* '''tekyo''' - dough; noodle; pasta
* '''tenka''' - fix; mend; patch; repair
* '''teme''' - impress; make an impression
* '''temu''' - nurture; raise; foster; tend
* '''tena''' - you X me
* '''tenya''' - be elegant; in good taste; refined
* '''tenyo''' - heaven; paradise
* '''tese''' - endure; to suffer; hardships; withstand
* '''tesempa''' - December
* '''tesue''' - encourage; motivate; support
* '''tehi''' - edit; retouch; fix up; alter
* '''tetsa''' - implicate; involve
* '''tetsi''' - fluke; leech; Hirudinea
* '''tetsu''' - dates (fruit; tree; color); jujube
* '''tetla''' - you X it
* '''tetlo''' - bring up a situation
* '''tela''' - cut up (in pieces); shred; slice; chop
* '''tele''' - shave; scrape; peel
* '''teli''' - ass; donkey; mule
* '''telo''' - you X her/him
* '''te'e''' - kick; trample; tread on
* '''teua''' - take on; undertake; assume; shoulder
* '''teue''' - reign (enthroned)
* '''teya / -te''' - propose; request (PREC); suggest
* '''teye''' - clause; phrase; sentence
* '''teyo''' - call on; find; look for (sb)
* '''tipa''' - align; fit; be suitable
* '''tipe''' - be counterfeit; fake; forge
* '''tipu''' - bottom; lowest part; seabed
* '''tipua''' - decline; drop; fall
* '''tipuakuhi''' - meteor (falling small planet)
* '''tinta''' - act; play role of ~
* '''tinto''' - extend; reach; stretch
* '''tika''' - cane; rattan; vine
* '''tike''' - tag; label (small inscription)
* '''tiko''' - clove (Eugenia aromatica)
* '''tiku''' - extract; withdraw; pick-up
* '''tinka''' - more likely than not; quite possible; on the cards
* '''tima''' - bleed; blood
* '''timamua''' - be cruel, be bloody
* '''timu''' - east
* '''tina''' - bend; fold; twist; be bent
* '''tinamya''' - make bent; bend; cause to be twisted
* '''tini''' - spiral; whirlpool
* '''tiniha''' - hurricane
* '''tinua''' - be firm; resolute; strong
* '''tisi''' - bulk; volume
* '''tiha / ti-''' - multiply (math.); multiplication; multi- (MUL)
* '''tihe''' - be dense; crowded; viscous
* '''titsua''' - swagger; walk with a wide stance
* '''tila''' - finger; indicate; toe; point
* '''tilanka''' - width of a finger (¾ in / 1.905 cm)
* '''tile''' - circumstances; situation; state; condition
* '''tili''' - stain; sully; tarnish
* '''tilo''' - railway; track; train
* '''ti'u''' - fig (Ficus carica)
* '''ti'a''' - grammatical aspect
* '''tiua''' - ramble incoherently; rant
* '''tiya''' - bread; make bread
* '''tiyasu''' - bakery; bread shop
* '''tiye''' - medal prize; trophy
* '''tiyo''' - netherworld; hades; infernal
* '''to / -to''' - manner; method; way (.way)
* '''topa''' - bed; couch; mattress
* '''topanka''' - sleeping mat, or bed (2.152 yd / 1.82 m)
* '''tope''' - firearm; gun; rifle
* '''topi''' - ankle bone; ankle
* '''topo''' - door; entrance; gate
* '''toponyo''' - lock; locking mechanism
* '''topu''' - jump; bounce; hop
* '''topue''' - undertow; be dragged down
* '''topye''' - parasite; drone
* '''tompo''' - martial art; military skill
* '''tontolo''' - case the joint; explore/search way/path
* '''tonta''' - permafrost; tundra; layer of frozen soil
* '''tontaso''' - tundra
* '''tok''' - no way
* '''toka''' - tone; manner of speaking; mood
* '''toki''' - convex; protrude; bulge
* '''toko''' - be devoted; fidelity; loyal; loyalty
* '''toku''' - settle (a dispute); resolve; solve
* '''tokua''' - every way
* '''tokue''' - puncture; pierce; prick; penetrate
* '''tokya''' - inspect; examine; look over/around
* '''tokyo''' - be brave; bold; courage
* '''tonke''' - enter without permission; trespass; invade
* '''toma''' - deplete; exhaust; use-up; run out
* '''tomi''' - characteristic; distinctive feature; trait; aspect
* '''tomo''' - offer; supply; provide; furnish
* '''tomu''' - be frugal; thrifty; economical
* '''tomua''' - hire; rent; charter; lease out; (slave)
* '''tona''' - tuna; flounder
* '''tono''' - emote; emotion; feel; sentiment
* '''tonua''' - allophone; allophony
* '''tonya''' - collapse; disintegrate; crumble
* '''tonye''' - be automatic; involuntary
* '''tosa''' - waste; squander; dissipate; splurge
* '''tosi''' - dice; die
* '''toso''' - be clumsy
* '''tosu''' - fragrant; sweet smelling; aromatic; perfume
* '''tohe''' - always (or routinely) cooperate or agree with
* '''tohi''' - broccoli; cauliflower
* '''toho / -ho''' - assert; claim; state; declare (ASS)
* '''tohu''' - bean; pea; legume
* '''totsi''' - investment; to invest
* '''totso''' - eavesdrop; monitor (secretly)
* '''totsue''' - feeling after cracking one's back
* '''totsuya''' - Germany
* '''totla''' - be accurate; be exact; be precise
* '''tola''' - any way; some way
* '''toli''' - entice; tempt; seduce; allure
* '''tolo''' - path; route; course; passage
* '''to'o''' - pay; compensate
* '''toua''' - arbitrate; mediate
* '''toue''' - smoke; mist; vapor; puff
* '''toya''' - awareness; conscience; thinking
* '''ntatasi''' - experience chaotic fits
* '''ntaka''' - energy; fortitude
* '''ntaku / -ku''' - sibling (.sibling)
* '''ntame''' - hymn; slogan; matra
* '''ntane''' - internet; network; web
* '''ntasa''' - equator; circle around any sphere; round; ring
* '''ntasi''' - be excited; excite; agitate
* '''ntaha''' - ancestor; elder
* '''ntahi / -hi''' - child; offspring
* '''ntahue / -hue''' - sibling's child (nibbling)
* '''ntahya / -hya''' - grandchild; descendant; heir; be ~
* '''ntatsa''' - pick a lock; pry open; enter violently
* '''ntalo''' - deliberate; consider
* '''nta'i''' - baby; infant
* '''ntaua''' - derogatory sense; negative connotation
* '''ntaue / -ue''' - cousin
* '''ntaya''' - spouse; loved one
* '''ntaye''' - overgrown; unkempt (of hair); matted
* '''ntela''' - sever; cut off; separate
* '''ntelo''' - interact; interplay; interrelated
* '''nte'o / (i)nte-''' - million; 10^6 / mega (1000000) / micro (0.000001)
* '''nteyo''' - call sb away from a task/work
* '''ntimu''' - lemon
* '''nto''' - yes; really (in response to a negative question or statement)
* '''ntopa''' - break through; make a breakthrough
* '''ntopi''' - cliché; stereotype; truism
* '''ntoka''' - button; fasten; knot
* '''ntoma''' - habit; addiction; be addicted
* '''ntome''' - preserve; maintain; conserve
* '''ntomua''' - trauma; emotional distress
* '''ntosa''' - butcher, slaughter, massacre
* '''ntolo''' - locket; medallion; pendant
* '''ka''' - question marker
* '''kapa''' - be adequate; enough; suffice
* '''kapi''' - be ugly; repulsive; not nice
* '''kapo''' - relationship; connection; involvement
* '''kapu''' - basket; box; bucket; container
* '''kapua''' - barrel; cask; tun
* '''kapuanka''' - barrel (21 gal / 94.6 L)
* '''kapya''' - receive; accept; collect
* '''kapye''' - card (small stiff paper)
* '''kapyo''' - gull; seagull
* '''kampa''' - cheers!; a toast
* '''kampo''' - catch cold; (common) cold
* '''kata''' - essence; nature; universe
* '''kate''' - calligraphy; handwriting; penmanship
* '''katemya''' - write in calligraphy
* '''kati''' - be ancient; old; paleo-; classic
* '''kato''' - two story building
* '''kanta''' - be generous; magnanimous
* '''kanti''' - deceive; cheat; swindle
* '''kanto''' - mourn; grieve; lament
* '''kanka''' - corn; maize
* '''kankano''' - sweetie; lovey
* '''kanke''' - be rigid; inflexible; hard; stiff
* '''kanki''' - flu; influenza
* '''kanko''' - print; publish; publication; periodical
* '''kanku''' - they - each other
* '''kankuali''' - excavate; farm
* '''kam''' - they; them (3pl)
* '''kama / -ku''' - city; town; village (.town)
* '''kamaha''' - city; metropolis
* '''kamahi''' - village; hamlet
* '''kamatlonku''' - neighbor
* '''kame''' - be artless; innocent; naive
* '''kami''' - themselves (3pl.REFL)
* '''kamo''' - entail; lead to; result in
* '''kamu''' - dictionary; encyclopedia; lexicon
* '''kamue''' - general; commander; military leader
* '''kamya''' - stun; shock; bewilder; bewitch
* '''kamyo''' - their(s) (3pl.POSS)
* '''kanna''' - queen; chiefess
* '''kana / -kan''' - lead; leading; leadership; leader (.chief)
* '''kanata''' - Canada
* '''kanata''' - king; chief
* '''kane''' - dispel; refute; repudiate
* '''kani''' - sausage
* '''kano''' - my dear; my darling
* '''kanu''' - stringed instrument; play ~
* '''kanue''' - canvas (sail; painting surface)
* '''kanyo''' - question; ask; raise a question
* '''kasa''' - bamboo; parasol; umbrella
* '''kase''' - announce; report; newspaper; to pass
* '''kasi''' - infection; infect; influence
* '''kasu''' - lend; loan; borrow
* '''kaha''' - paper; document; letter; page; site
* '''kaho''' - operculum; a covering flap (of skin)
* '''kahu''' - furniture
* '''kahue''' - mirage; shadow
* '''kahyo''' - porcelain; ceramic
* '''katsa''' - glass; windshield; window
* '''katse''' - subjunctive; assumptive
* '''katsi''' - dignity; sanctity; worth
* '''katso''' - meal; meal time
* '''katsu''' - be modest; self-effacing; modest remarks
* '''katsua''' - slip; slide; slippery; polished
* '''katsue''' - owner; master; host
* '''katla''' - catapult; launch; eject (from a plane); shoot
* '''katlo''' - take risk; hazard; venture
* '''kala / -tla''' - language; talk; say; speak
* '''kale''' - investigate; scout; explore
* '''kali''' - slant; slope; incline; oblique; lean
* '''kalo''' - substitute for; replace; supersede
* '''ka'a''' - crab; to walk sideways; crab-wise
* '''ka'e''' - to; towards; at (dative; directional DAT)
* '''ka'ela''' - go toward; move in the direction of
* '''ka'o''' - seven; 7
* '''ka'u''' - sit cross-legged
* '''kaua''' - coffee
* '''kauaso''' - coffee cup
* '''kaue''' - chin; jaw (look at sb)
* '''kaya / -ku''' - earth; planet; world (.world)
* '''kaye''' - until; up to; as far as (TEMP)
* '''kayo''' - lose; lost; loss; misplace
* '''ke''' - object particle (O); (comparative COMP) than
* '''kepyo''' - ticket; ballot; bank note
* '''kempo''' - constitution; law; statute
* '''keta''' - behave; conduct oneself
* '''keti''' - compose; think up
* '''keto''' - migrate; migration; mobile; portable
* '''kenta''' - capital city for a seat of government
* '''kenko''' - humble; humility; modesty
* '''kema''' - work; labor; task; job
* '''kemeta''' - Egypt
* '''kemi''' - passive; inactive
* '''kemu''' - experience; undergo
* '''kena''' - circle; be circular; spherical
* '''kenaku''' - Saturn (ring/circle planet)
* '''kenaya''' - abugida or alphasyllabary based on circles
* '''kenua''' - denim; jeans
* '''kenyelo''' - homework; extra credit; tutoring session
* '''kesa''' - keep score; tally; calculate; compute
* '''kese''' - be obscene; coarse; vulgar
* '''keso''' - image; form; figure; visualization
* '''keha''' - body (human); health; anatomy
* '''kehe''' - shark
* '''kehi''' - hiccup; belch; burp
* '''keho''' - alarm; alert; warning signal
* '''kehu''' - tasty; savory; yummy
* '''ketsa / -ke''' - doubt; suspicion (dubitative DUB)
* '''ketsahu''' - dismiss, reject, repudiate
* '''ketsi''' - rough; coarse (in texture)
* '''ketsu''' - unruly; rude; boorish; crude
* '''ketsua''' - resolution; decision; statement of intent
* '''ketla''' - red
* '''ketle''' - chain; linked
* '''kele''' - shackles; fetters; manacle
* '''keli''' - pity; pitiable; pitiful
* '''kelo''' - castrate; a castrate; neuter
* '''ke'e''' - so; such; such a degree
* '''keua''' - abandon; discard; spurn; forsake
* '''keue''' - be permanent; constant; fixed
* '''keya''' - gram (unit of mass) (ounce; pound; ton)
* '''keye''' - course; class; lesson
* '''keyo''' - description; qualification; adjective
* '''ki / -i / -ki''' - reflexive (REFL); self (essence)
* '''kipa''' - gums; inner mouth
* '''kipe''' - favor; favorite; darling
* '''kipo''' - aspire; hope; wish
* '''kipu''' - mood; mental state; frame of mind
* '''kipue''' - palate; roof of the mouth
* '''kimputa''' - velar sound; sound articulated at the soft palate
* '''kita''' - north
* '''kiti''' - accelerate; expedite; speed-up
* '''kito''' - subsist; survive
* '''kinta''' - be rampant; run wild; spree
* '''kinte''' - invert; swapped; upside-down
* '''kinti''' - squirrel
* '''kinto''' - spanner; lever (on a machine); wrench
* '''kinkitso''' - be frantic; unnerved
* '''kinkiyo''' - quickly; rapidly
* '''kima''' - at the minimum; at the very least
* '''kimu''' - duty; responsibility; obligation
* '''kimyo''' - strange; odd; weird; unusual
* '''kina''' - mammal
* '''kine''' - dry mucus, booger
* '''kinu''' - lapis lazuli; azure (gem; color; stone)
* '''kinua''' - metal working or casting of some kind
* '''kinya''' - silver; coins
* '''kinyahi''' - platinum; little silver
* '''kinyo''' - intervene; get involved
* '''kisa''' - tear; split; separate; rip
* '''kisi''' - deny; disclaim; disavow
* '''kiso''' - base; foundation; root; radical (chemistry)
* '''kisua''' - root of plant
* '''kisue''' - soda water
* '''kiha''' - be high; tall; above average; long
* '''kiho''' - as things allow; opportune/ity moment
* '''kihu''' - weather; climate; atmosphere; situation
* '''kihua''' - be clear; fine (weather)
* '''kihya''' - root; source; origin
* '''kihyo''' - business; trade; commerce
* '''kitsa''' - dark; darkly; darkness
* '''kitse''' - graffiti; scrawl; scribble
* '''kitsi''' - texture; grain (of wood)
* '''kitla''' - create; invent; make-up
* '''kitlako''' - craftsman; inventor
* '''kili''' - giraffe
* '''ki'i''' - screech; shriek; chirp or peep (onom)
* '''kiue''' - stink; odor; pungent aroma; smelly
* '''kiya''' - self-awareness; be self aware
* '''kiyo / kyo''' - be fast; rapid; quick; velocity
* '''kiyola''' - speed-up; hurry
* '''ko / -ko / -tlo''' - agentive (AG); individual; person
* '''kopa''' - fungi; mushroom
* '''kope''' - baste (cookery); grease; oil; petroleum
* '''kopi''' - bridge; crosspiece
* '''kopo''' - fermentation; yeast
* '''kopu''' - knock on a door; rap on something
* '''kompa''' - mold; mildew; fungi
* '''kompo''' - seaweed
* '''kota''' - details; particulars
* '''kote''' - divulge; leak out
* '''koto''' - drum beat; rhythm; tempo; play ~
* '''konte''' - convey; distribute; send; allocate
* '''konto''' - flow (the movement of liquid); current
* '''konka''' - born out of wedlock; be illegitimate
* '''konke''' - blank space on form; space between words
* '''koma''' - conceal; hide away (lurk); stalk
* '''komi''' - be allergic; allergy
* '''komo''' - barn; stall; stable; shed; corral
* '''komu''' - advertise; a commercial; advertisement
* '''konko'a''' - quietly; silently
* '''kona''' - dress; skirt
* '''kone''' - awe; intimidate
* '''koni''' - skunk
* '''kono''' - gray; stone; rock; ash
* '''konoheua''' - comet (sky-stone)
* '''konotla''' - stone word; noun; verb; number
* '''konu''' - aspiration; ambition; to volunteer
* '''konya''' - dregs; draff; pickled in wine; rotten; messy; ruined
* '''kosa''' - cut down; mow; eliminate; scythe; sickle
* '''kosi''' - be formal; be official; be ceremonial
* '''koso''' - assure; guarantee
* '''koha''' - wistfulness; nostalgia; be homesick
* '''kohe''' - plateau; bluff; mesa
* '''koho''' - float; drift; be buoyant
* '''kohu''' - fog; mist; vapor; steam
* '''kohue''' - regret; repent; feel remorse
* '''kohya''' - castrate; fig. emasculate; neuter
* '''kotsa''' - spiteful person (male or female)..."bitch"
* '''kotse''' - factory; plant; workshop
* '''kotsi / -tsi''' - evidence; proof; prove
* '''kotso''' - earthenware; ceramic
* '''kotsu''' - clavicle; collarbone
* '''kotle''' - pine; fir tree
* '''kotlo''' - boiler; pan; pot
* '''kola''' - someone; anyone
* '''koli''' - extremity; tag along; tail
* '''kolo''' - notch; groove; indentation; hole; concave
* '''koua''' - republic
* '''koya''' - apologize; remorse; sorry
* '''koye''' - be deliberate; on purpose
* '''koyo''' - whose; of who
* '''ku''' - and; also; too; as well (clause level)
* '''kupa''' - die; death; (be) dead
* '''kupe''' - arthropod; tick
* '''kupi''' - nipple; teat (on baby's bottle)
* '''kupu''' - butterfly; moth
* '''kupusu''' - earthquake
* '''kupue''' - curve; curved line; indirect; in a roundabout way
* '''kupye / -pye''' - be excessive; too many/much; exceed (EXC)
* '''kumpu''' - rational number
* '''kuta''' - fence; wall
* '''kutanka''' - Uranus (eagle planet)
* '''kute''' - bite; sting (of insect)
* '''kuti''' - thump; bang; pound
* '''kutikue''' - be thunderous; cacophonous
* '''kuto''' - mathematics; mathematical; math
* '''kunta''' - army; military force
* '''kuntahe''' - moon set
* '''kuntauela''' - navy; naval force
* '''kunke''' - negative number
* '''kuma''' - bear
* '''kumata''' - boar; male bear
* '''kumana''' - sow; female bear
* '''kume / -me''' - cancel; repeal; undo; reversative “undo” (REV)
* '''kumu / -mua''' - include; inclusion; with; by; using (COM comitative)
* '''kuna''' - excrete; expel; defecate; shit; manure
* '''kuni''' - lucid dream
* '''kunuaya''' - moon rise
* '''kunya''' - arise; come into being; form; appear
* '''kunye''' - moon; lunar; satellite
* '''kusa''' - bird; avian (that flies)
* '''kusu''' - push (away); press; shove; squeeze
* '''kusunyo''' - clasp; brooch; fibula
* '''kuha''' - cook; prepare food
* '''kuhakyo''' - culinary-school; chef’s academy
* '''kuhasa''' - kitchen; room for food preparation
* '''kuhi''' - hold; grasp; clench (one's fist)
* '''kuhu''' - object; differ; challenge; protest
* '''kuhua''' - meet; meeting
* '''kuhya''' - decimal; fraction
* '''kutsa''' - spoon; ladle
* '''kutsanka''' - spoonful (0.363 fl oz / 2.1 tsp / 10.35 ml)
* '''kutsaha''' - large spoon (0.52 fl oz / 3 tsp / 15 ml)
* '''kutsi''' - prawn; shrimp
* '''kutsu / -tsu''' - flesh; meat
* '''kutsunka''' - cut of flesh (1.3 lb / 0.59 kg)
* '''kutsunai''' - carnivore (meat eat)
* '''kutsua''' - invite; invitation
* '''kutla''' - be lumpy; rock pile; uneven
* '''kutle''' - niter; saltpeter; potassium nitrate
* '''kula''' - take up time; spend time
* '''kule''' - keep; tower
* '''kulempula''' - lighthouse; shore beacon
* '''kuli''' - soul; spirit; vigor
* '''ku'a''' - to subdue; to overthrow
* '''ku'u''' - cereal; grain
* '''ku'unka''' - for weighing harvest (14 lb / 6.53 kg)
* '''kua / -kua''' - everything; every; all (INCL)
* '''kuampa''' - rush about on errands; be kept on the run; be frantic
* '''kuampo''' - egotistical; arrogant; brassy
* '''kuate''' - double; twin (identical/fraternal)
* '''kuanta''' - lenient; spacious; wide
* '''kuanto''' - cherry (tree; wood)
* '''kuanka''' - irrigate; wash with water
* '''kuama''' - always; forever
* '''kuami''' - eel; water snake
* '''kuana''' - peach (fruit; tree; color)
* '''kuanu''' - bush; woody plant; shrub
* '''kuasi''' - ore; mine; mineral
* '''kuasu''' - arbitrary; subjective
* '''kuaha / -ua''' - study; science; -ology
* '''kuatse''' - opossum
* '''kuatla''' - reptile; snake
* '''kuatlatloha''' - grass snake
* '''kuale''' - be relevant; related to an event or subject
* '''kualemue''' - be irrelevant; to be superfluous
* '''kuali''' - drill; bore; dig into
* '''kualinua''' - cultivate; farm
* '''kualo''' - beat with the fist; cudgel; hammer
* '''kuaya''' - praise; applaud; cheer
* '''kuepa''' - escape; run away; flee
* '''kueta''' - spring (vernal)
* '''kueti''' - accuse; charge; indict
* '''kuena''' - staple food; essential crop
* '''kuenu''' - pinch; clutch; wring
* '''kuetsa''' - cigarette
* '''kuetso''' - stroll; amble; walk leisurely
* '''kuetsu''' - precious; valuable; rare
* '''kuetla''' - thresh; flail; thrash
* '''kuela''' - excel; surpass; exceed
* '''kueli''' - rights; legal entitlement
* '''kuelo''' - gorge; strait; ravine; isthmus
* '''kuua''' - district; region; ward
* '''kuya''' - green; foliage; verdant
* '''kuye''' - grab; catch; arrest; snatch; scratch
* '''kuyo''' - intrinsic to sth; inherent; native; essential; innate
* '''kya / -kya''' - imperative (IMP) / co-hortative (HORT)
* '''kyapo''' - arachnid; spider
* '''kyanki''' - refrain; abstain; avert
* '''kyanko''' - kohl; grey mineral; eye liner/makeup; stibnite; antimony
* '''kyasu''' - confer; grant; bestow
* '''kyaho''' - practice; train; drill
* '''kyatlo''' - commander; officer in charge
* '''kyali''' - spear; lance; pike
* '''kyalo''' - gem; jewel; precious stone; glitter
* '''kyalokai''' - ruby (gem; color)
* '''kyaua''' - be belligerent
* '''kye''' - indirect speech particle
* '''kyepe''' - be diagonal; sharp turn; zigzag
* '''kyeha''' - get along well; compatible
* '''kyehu''' - leisure; take a break
* '''kyetsa''' - mustard; wasabi
* '''kyela''' - wreath; garland
* '''kyele''' - bang (hair); fashionable; mane; crest
* '''kye'o''' - hundred thousand ; 10^5
* '''kye'u''' - gills of fish
* '''kyo''' - hurry up! Quickly!
* '''kyopa''' - match; tool start a fire
* '''kyopo''' - afraid; fear; frighten
* '''kyompi''' - fine powder; dust
* '''kyota''' - be crazy; deranged; insane; demented
* '''kyonko''' - flavoring; seasoning; spice
* '''kyoma''' - barren place; desert
* '''kyomaso''' - desert type
* '''kyomi''' - interest; interested; be interesting
* '''kyono''' - comforting habit or ritual
* '''kyosa''' - sex; copulation; fornicate
* '''kyoso''' - compete; competition; match
* '''kyosu''' - raid; carry out a raid; invade; infest
* '''kyohi''' - refuse; decline; reject
* '''kyohu / -hu''' - be drastic; extreme; aggressive
* '''kyohua''' - exchange; swap; trade; transpose
* '''kyotlo''' - coyote
* '''kyoli''' - spacing; distance; interval; length
* '''kyo'a''' - quiet; silence; soundless
* '''nka''' - emphatic negative
* '''nkapa''' - alcohol; ale; beer; lager; liquor
* '''nkapi''' - kiss; kiss
* '''nkampo''' - segment into equal pieces
* '''nkata''' - agree; consent; approve
* '''nkati''' - groom; preen
* '''nkatila''' - length of a finger (3 ½ in / 8.89 cm)
* '''nkanaua''' - rope used for measuring length, distance, or width
* '''nkanu''' - be short (in height and from end edge)
* '''nkasa / nka''' - measure; measurement
* '''nkasampa''' - small plot (.342 ac / 0.1382 ha)
* '''nkasu''' - intrude; to charge in; to gate-crash
* '''nkahi''' - mollusks; crustaceans; shellfish; lobster
* '''nkaho''' - culm; stem; stalk
* '''nkatsa''' - move liquid or gas; pump; reciprocating motion
* '''nkatsayo''' - wagon load (1.4 ton / 2800 lb. / 1270 kg)
* '''nkatsi''' - wedge; peg; post; stake
* '''nkatso''' - spy; secret agent
* '''nkatsunku''' - jar (0.3 gal / 1.3 L)
* '''nkatle''' - 1000 paces (½ mi / 792 m)
* '''nkalo''' - pronoun
* '''nka'e''' - in spite of; regardless of
* '''nkayala''' - length of a pace, step (2.6 ft / 0.792 m)
* '''nkayempa''' - a small table (21.172 in / 136.582 cm)
* '''nkayo''' - week (7 days)
* '''nkayoma''' - one day’s walk (23 mi / 37.01 km)
* '''nke / -nke / -k''' - negative (NEG); no; not
* '''nkepa''' - charge (military term); sudden attack
* '''nkeni''' - visit; be guest; patronize
* '''nketa''' - turquoise; tophus (gem; color)
* '''nkela''' - whether (or not); if; is or isn't
* '''nkeli''' - cassia or cinnamon
* '''nkelo''' - block; hinder; obstruct; thwart; prevent; stunted
* '''nkina''' - steep incline; water chute; sluice
* '''nkisi''' - famished look; sallow complexion (color of a vegetable)
* '''nkiha''' - judge; discriminate; discern
* '''nkihua''' - be lengthy; be long (duration)
* '''nkitso''' - be stressed; be tense; be nervous
* '''nkila''' - blink; glance; appear in a flash; reveal more
* '''nkilo''' - be bright; clear; resonant; distinct
* '''nkiye''' - vegetables
* '''nkopa''' - delusion; paranoia
* '''nkompa''' - exercise; sports; athletics
* '''nkota''' - maple; sycamore
* '''nkoma''' - raise; hoist; rise
* '''nkomo''' - storehouse; warehouse
* '''nkosa''' - late summer (serotinal)
* '''nkoha''' - shake (a part of one's body); shrug (shoulders)
* '''nkohe''' - fossil resin; gem; color
* '''nkotsi''' - march; parade; demonstration
* '''nkotso''' - persist; persevere; stick to sth
* '''nkola''' - choose; decide; select
* '''nkolo''' - are (unit of area) (acre)
* '''nkoyasua''' - sheep’s skin (piece) (0.132 oz / 3.75 g)
* '''nkoyo''' - lamb; sheep
* '''nkuta''' - cage; coop; pen
* '''nkumu''' - burden; cumbersome; difficult
* '''nkusa''' - sneeze; act of sneezing
* '''nkusu''' - eclipse; sink
* '''nkula''' - rose (flower; shrub); thorny bush
* '''ma / -m / -lo''' - and; also; too; as well (CONJ)
* '''mampu''' - duct; pipe; straw; tube
* '''mata''' - kill; murder
* '''mate''' - be distressed; grieved; uneasy
* '''mato''' - touch; contact; access; feel
* '''manta''' - logic; principle
* '''manti''' - facial tissue; napkin; paper towel; handkerchief
* '''maka''' - music; play ~; tune
* '''makatlo''' - musician; instrumentalist; composer
* '''mako''' - absorb; assimilate; ingest
* '''maku''' - rest; sleep
* '''makumu''' - fall asleep; drift off
* '''makusa''' - bedroom; sleep-room
* '''makua''' - iron; press; smooth out
* '''makue''' - initiation ceremony; rite of passage
* '''makya''' - meddle; interfere; tamper (with); mess
* '''manka''' - chill; be cold; cool
* '''manki''' - tungsten; wolfram (chemistry)
* '''mamyalo''' - brownish(ly)
* '''mana''' - force; power; strength; be strong
* '''mane''' - prohibit; forbid; ban
* '''mano''' - chicken; fowl; poultry
* '''manoha''' - turkey (big chicken)
* '''manye''' - manage; handle; run; deal with
* '''manyo''' - size; height; stature
* '''manyokue''' - similar size to human
* '''manyoso''' - size type
* '''masa''' - cervine; deer; elk; moose; gazelle
* '''masata''' - stag; male deer
* '''masana''' - doe; female deer
* '''mase''' - dance; move music; flicker (flame)
* '''masi''' - door/window frame
* '''masu''' - countryside; areas outside the city
* '''masua''' - pipe (smoking utensil)
* '''masue''' - be nimble; agile; lithe; graceful
* '''maha / mpa''' - add; more (than); increase / many; much; a lot of (.many)
* '''mahe''' - between; among (intrative INTR)
* '''mahi''' - needle (for sewing); thorn
* '''mahu''' - be sensible; make sense; logical
* '''mahya''' - use both hands; between hands
* '''matsa''' - nonsense; ridiculous talk; gibberish
* '''matse''' - blend; mix; various; stir; merge
* '''matsi''' - perception; perceive; perceptive
* '''matso''' - brushstroke; pen mark
* '''matsu''' - victory; success; win; triumph
* '''matsua''' - be flavored; smell; hint of; taste
* '''matla''' - broth; casserole; soup
* '''matle''' - statue; sculpture; carve
* '''mala / -mpo''' - bad; be unfavorable; unpleasant (.bad)
* '''male''' - to display; to exhibit
* '''mali''' - be fictitious; be theoretical; be virtual
* '''malo''' - brown
* '''ma'atsu''' - March
* '''ma'ayo''' - May
* '''ma'e''' - before; in front (of) (LOC)
* '''ma'ela''' - precede others; in advance
* '''ma'o''' - four; 4
* '''ma'u''' - spicy hot (taste); fig. biting (criticism)
* '''maua / -hua''' - flower; plant; bloom; sprout
* '''mauanai''' - herbivore (plant eat)
* '''maue''' - as soon as; when (TEMP)
* '''maya''' - fluid; water; be wet
* '''mayamo''' - aquatic (water place)
* '''mayatla''' - water word; adposition; particle
* '''maye''' - before (TEMP)
* '''mayo / -nyo''' - apparatus; device; equipment; tool (INSTR)
* '''meta''' - meter (unit of length) (inch; foot; yard)
* '''mete''' - be ambiguous; unclear; vague
* '''meka''' - be holy; sacred
* '''menka''' - cotton; flax
* '''memuela''' - raspberries scattered around / a bunch of raspberries
* '''mesa''' - example; precedent; model; for instance
* '''mesi''' - superstition; be superstitious
* '''mesika''' - Mexico
* '''meha''' - hit; slap; strike; spank
* '''mehu''' - vacuum
* '''metse''' - cricket; grasshopper; locust
* '''metsi''' - adopt; switch over to; replace
* '''metsu''' - to open the eyes (wide)
* '''metla''' - flute; sound of wind; whistle; play ~
* '''metle''' - knuckle; joint
* '''mela''' - continue; endure; last
* '''meli''' - kowtow; prostrate; bow
* '''me'a''' - be neat; even; level; identical; simultaneous
* '''meua''' - accomplish; achieve; finish; succeed
* '''meya''' - refined language; poetic genre
* '''mi / -mi''' - few; some; small amount; handful; paucal plural; indefinite (PAU/INDEF)
* '''mita''' - canine; dog
* '''mitahi''' - puppy; young dog
* '''mito''' - confess; admit; come clean
* '''minta''' - sample; specimen
* '''minte''' - keepsake; souvenir; memorabilia
* '''mika''' - clippers; scissors; shears
* '''mina''' - south
* '''misa''' - highway; road; street
* '''misu''' - copper
* '''misusi''' - copper acetate; blue-green patina
* '''mitse''' - disappear; vanish
* '''mitsu''' - stare at; fix attention on sth
* '''mitla''' - arrow; dart
* '''mitli''' - suit; tunic; tuxedo
* '''mila''' - word; language component; morpheme
* '''milo''' - bubble; foam; suds
* '''miya''' - core; pit; stone; dig out the center
* '''miyo''' - hair salon; hair dresser's shop
* '''mo / -mo''' - location; place; where
* '''mota''' - recall; bring mind; reminisce
* '''moto''' - remember; memory
* '''monto''' - trunk; torso
* '''mok''' - nowhere
* '''moka''' - flour; wheat; be white-faced
* '''moko''' - lizard (reptile w/ legs)
* '''mokomunta''' - chameleon
* '''moku''' - pillow; rest one's head
* '''mokua''' - everywhere
* '''monka''' - expert; adept; experienced; a professional
* '''momoliko''' - country bumpkin; hick; yokel; rube
* '''mona''' - safe; secure; safety; security
* '''mono''' - blonde; fair
* '''mosa''' - adventure; foray; take risks
* '''mosi''' - whetstone; millstone; hammerstone; grindstone
* '''moso''' - steward (of a household), head servant
* '''moha''' - far; distant; remote
* '''mohe''' - install; place; put
* '''mohi''' - discredit; smear sb's name; bring shame upon
* '''motsa''' - banana
* '''motsi''' - bag; pouch; sack; purse; pocket
* '''motso''' - undulation; wave; ripple (effect); tide
* '''motsua''' - creepy; unnerving; disturbing
* '''motsue''' - violate s/o or s/th
* '''motla''' - trash; throw away; dispose of
* '''motlo''' - engine; motor; machine
* '''mola''' - somewhere
* '''mole''' - apricot (fruit; tree; color)
* '''moli''' - forest; trees
* '''moliso''' - forest type
* '''molo''' - cod; haddock (fish)
* '''mo'a''' - explicit explanation; specify
* '''mo'i''' - soap; lather; foam
* '''moue''' - plastic; synthetic resin; plastic cement
* '''moya / -ya''' - mark; symbol; write; spell
* '''moyo''' - heart; mind; center; core
* '''muta''' - back; spine; dorsal; vertebrae
* '''muti''' - fad; fashion
* '''muto''' - sexiness; sexy; sensual; voluptuous
* '''munta''' - change; alter; transform; rearrange; revise; convert
* '''muka''' - facing; towards sb/st
* '''muku''' - blade; weapon; arms; knife
* '''mukuhi''' - knife; awl
* '''mukua''' - be infinite; endless; boundless; inexhaustible
* '''mumuku''' - cutlery; knives
* '''muna''' - care; concern; important; worry
* '''mune''' - breast; chest; cleavage
* '''muni''' - itch; itchiness
* '''muno''' - table of contents
* '''munua''' - culture; civilization; cultural
* '''munya''' - wander about unhurriedly; linger; loiter
* '''munye''' - be a problem; be a hassle; be difficult
* '''muha''' - monk; nun
* '''muhe''' - sadness; grief; be sad
* '''muhi''' - environment; surrounding area; ecology
* '''muhiso''' - ecosystem type
* '''muhya''' - neutral; apolitical; unbiased
* '''mutsa''' - society
* '''mutsi''' - urgent; emergency
* '''mutsu''' - friction; rubbing; chafing; fig. disharmony; conflict
* '''mutsue''' - disappointed; lose hope; despair
* '''mutla''' - be absolute; unconditional
* '''mula / -mu''' - begin; initial; start; inchoative aspect (INCH)
* '''muli''' - comfortable; at ease
* '''mu'e''' - rhombus; diamond
* '''mue'o''' - ten thousand; 10^4
* '''muapa''' - set apart for a particular use; appropriate
* '''muata''' - manners; be polite (ness)
* '''muate''' - be early; prior; be timely; in advance
* '''muati''' - risk one's life; be in extreme danger
* '''muaka''' - dump; pour; empty out; gush
* '''muana''' - ocean; sea
* '''muanaso''' - oceanic; marine type
* '''muanahi''' - salt lake
* '''muanya''' - opening made by parting; gap; hole; ditch
* '''muasi''' - be parallel; of equal rank; simultaneous
* '''muaye''' - soot; carbon black; lampblack
* '''muena''' - clams and crabs; seafood
* '''muesa''' - organization; agency; institution
* '''muetlo''' - sweat; perspiration
* '''muela''' - raspberry
* '''muele''' - direction; orientation
* '''muya / -mya/-mye''' - cause; do; make (causative CAUS) / duplicative “redo; again” (DUP)
* '''mya''' - as …as; equative case (EQU)
* '''myata''' - to hint at; to imply; sth hidden
* '''myaku''' - heartbeat; pulse
* '''myana''' - variety; variation; vary
* '''myano''' - alliteration; rhythmic sequence
* '''myasu''' - aim; alignment; target
* '''myatsua''' - point out mistakes or weak points for correction
* '''myali''' - symphony; orchestra
* '''mya'a''' - meow; cat noise (onom)
* '''myeta / mye-''' - season
* '''myeto''' - show fear or surprise on face
* '''myetonyo''' - scarecrow
* '''myeka''' - neck; throat; voice
* '''myena''' - extent; surface (area)
* '''myene''' - be dazed; stare blankly; distracted
* '''myela''' - media; information; communication
* '''myelamutsa''' - social media
* '''myonta / -myo''' - allow; permit (permissive PERM)
* '''myokua''' - software (computer)
* '''myoso''' - component; element; constituent
* '''na''' - I; me (1sg)
* '''napa''' - grape; raisin
* '''nape''' - be cooperative; cooperate; collaborate
* '''napi''' - be mundane; routine; common
* '''napo''' - turnip
* '''napya''' - wine
* '''napye''' - be scarred; bruise; pockmark
* '''nampa''' - blouse; shirt; vest
* '''nampu''' - fountain; spring
* '''nata / nta''' - family member; relative (.kin)
* '''nati''' - belief; myth; religion
* '''nato''' - straight (direction)
* '''nante''' - be seldom; rare
* '''nakkan''' - chiefess; queen
* '''naka / -na''' - female; woman (FEM)
* '''nako''' - peck; tap; pick at
* '''naku''' - sister
* '''nanka''' - emphasizing disgust; (interj. of contempt)
* '''nankata''' - treaty; agreement; promise; pact
* '''nanku''' - we - each other
* '''nam''' - we (1pl)
* '''nama''' - mature; grow; growth; ripen
* '''nami''' - ourselves (1pl.REFL)
* '''namya''' - belong; be in proper place
* '''namyo''' - our(s) (1pl.POSS)
* '''nanyahi''' - whiteish; snowy; snow drift
* '''nasa''' - be born; give birth
* '''nasi''' - pear (fruit; tree; color)
* '''naso''' - dragon
* '''nasua''' - climax; orgasm; upsurge
* '''naha''' - creek; river; stream
* '''nahaso''' - freshwater (river)
* '''nahe''' - inside; interior; during; within (LOC)
* '''nahela''' - enter; go into
* '''nahi''' - daughter; girl
* '''naho''' - grammar; order; rule
* '''nahu''' - coincidence; coincidental; to coincide
* '''nahuma''' - hippopotamus
* '''nahue''' - niece
* '''nahya''' - granddaughter
* '''nahye''' - intermittent; off and on; stop-go
* '''natsa''' - draw; paint; drawing; painting
* '''natsi''' - poem; poetry; verse
* '''natso''' - puzzle; riddle; enigma
* '''natsu''' - summer (estival)
* '''natsua''' - let go; release; unleash
* '''natla''' - put on airs; self-important; high and mighty; be ostentatious
* '''natli''' - palm tree
* '''natlo''' - plum; prune (fruit; tree; color)
* '''nala''' - illuminate; light; shine; glow
* '''nalala''' - light-up; illuminate
* '''nale''' - fork; pitchfork; prong
* '''nalo''' - grin; laugh; smile
* '''na'anku''' - we (but not you) - each other
* '''na'am''' - we (but not you) (1pl.excl)
* '''na'ami''' - ourselves (1pl.excl.REFL)
* '''na'amyo''' - our(s) (1pl.excl.POSS)
* '''na'i''' - myself (1sg.REFL)
* '''na'o''' - one; 1
* '''naua''' - rope; bind together; twist around; cord; string; braid
* '''naualo''' - get someone involved in one's trouble
* '''naue''' - cousin (female)
* '''naya''' - wife; woman
* '''naye''' - during; while (TEMP)
* '''nayo''' - my / mine (1sg.POSS)
* '''ne''' - indirect object particle
* '''nepa''' - tunnel; underground passage
* '''neta''' - I X you
* '''neto''' - saw (for cutting wood)
* '''neko''' - cat; feline
* '''neku''' - winter (hibernal)
* '''nekua''' - cupboard; pantry
* '''nekya''' - make reprisals; retaliate; revenge
* '''nema''' - knee; patella
* '''neme''' - take over; ~ duties; ~ responsibilities
* '''nesa''' - system; organization; form
* '''nehe''' - fingernail; toenail; scratch
* '''netsa''' - be advantageous; have advantages
* '''netsi''' - helix; screw; be spiral
* '''netla''' - I X it
* '''neli''' - be lethargic; listless; unenergetic; sluggish
* '''nelo''' - I X her/him
* '''neua''' - advise; urge; try persuade; exhort
* '''neya / -ne''' - ought to; suggest (PROP)
* '''ni''' - by (passive particle)
* '''nipa''' - stretch back while extending legs
* '''nipi''' - be curious; inquisitive
* '''nipo''' - compel; force
* '''nipue''' - be dull (not sharp); blunt
* '''nipya''' - louse
* '''nita''' - exclaim; insert; interject
* '''nika''' - acerbity; be bitter; tart
* '''niki''' - persevere with; persist in; insist on
* '''niko''' - experiment; examination; test
* '''niku''' - muscle; tendon
* '''nikua''' - wind; coil; wrap
* '''nikya''' - swallow; take in
* '''ninka''' - television; watch ~
* '''nime''' - appoint; assign; designate
* '''nimu''' - fondle; fidget; play w
* '''nisa''' - compare; contrast; ratio
* '''nisi''' - west
* '''nisu''' - lacquer; varnish; transparent paint
* '''niha / -ni''' - good; pleasant; regular / منيح
* '''nihi''' - glutton; greedy; piggish
* '''nihono''' - Japan
* '''nitlo''' - sodium carbonate; soda ash
* '''nila''' - blue
* '''niua''' - depot; garden; yard
* '''niya''' - goal; purpose; reason
* '''niye''' - undergarment; underwear
* '''niyo''' - be contained; content; substance
* '''no / -n''' - thing; object; accusative case (ACC)
* '''nopa''' - pull; stretch; draw sth out
* '''nopi''' - pile; stack; heap
* '''nota''' - lie; horizon(tal)
* '''noto''' - compassion; sympathize; sympathy; condolence
* '''nok''' - nothing
* '''noka''' - beak; bill; mouth
* '''noki''' - be vertical; erect; upright; perpendicular
* '''noko / -nko''' - continue unchanged; remain; proceed; progressive (PROG)
* '''nokua''' - everything
* '''nokye''' - agriculture; conduct ~; cultivate
* '''noma''' - thing; matter; object; noun
* '''nomahi''' - atom
* '''nomo''' - be fond of; like; prefer (things)
* '''nomya''' - act; action; activity; take action
* '''nomye''' - item; product; commodity
* '''nomyempa''' - general merchandise
* '''nonya''' - controversy; dispute
* '''nonyoko''' - survive; be resilient
* '''nosa''' - subject; theme; topic
* '''noho''' - chickpea; garbanzo; hummus
* '''nohya''' - bundle; pack; wrap
* '''notsa''' - ride horseback; mount; cavalry
* '''notli''' - hotel; inn; tavern
* '''nola''' - something; anything
* '''nolo''' - be cursed; be jinxed (slang)
* '''nouempa''' - November
* '''noya''' - be happy; pleased
* '''nupa''' - trash; garbage; waste
* '''nuta''' - be tedious; convoluted; boring; pedantic
* '''nute''' - warn; admonish; advise against sth
* '''nuti''' - well; mineshaft; pit
* '''nuka''' - joke; banter; tease; mock
* '''nuku''' - detest; dislike; hate
* '''nukuhu''' - detest; be disgusted by
* '''numu''' - style; standard; pattern
* '''nusu''' - steal; pilfer; snatch
* '''nutsu''' - unbelievable; be incredible; dubious
* '''nula''' - lick; lap (up)
* '''nulo''' - smear; daub; apply
* '''nua / -nua''' - frequent; often; regular (FREQ)
* '''nuesi''' - flood; submerge; drown; torrent
* '''nya / nya'e''' - for; benefactive (BEN); purpose of; in order
* '''nyata''' - focus; concentrate; be attentive; specialize
* '''nyaku''' - hike; trek; arduous journey
* '''nyakua''' - by all means; by any means
* '''nyanku''' - whale
* '''nyamu''' - mosquito; fly; gnat
* '''nyana''' - algorithm; program (computer); function
* '''nyasa''' - gratitude; appreciation; thank you
* '''nyase''' - eyelashes
* '''nyahe''' - by means of; per; via
* '''nyahi''' - white; snow
* '''nyahikyo''' - snowstorm; blizzard
* '''nyatsa''' - expose; reveal; lay bare; show
* '''nyale''' - anchor; moor; touch at
* '''nyali''' - tenet; principle; precept
* '''nyalo''' - call; number; telephone
* '''nya'o''' - five hundred; 500
* '''nyaua''' - virus; infectious organism
* '''nyaue / nyao''' - outside of; exterior to (LOC)
* '''nyauela''' - go outside; exit; leave
* '''nye-''' - hecto (100)
* '''nyepa''' - cloud
* '''nyepaku''' - Venus (cloud planet)
* '''nyete''' - open; start; turn on
* '''nyema''' - century
* '''nyemi''' - cape; headland; promontory; peninsula
* '''nyehue''' - overcast; cloudy; shady (bad mood)
* '''nyetsi''' - be traditional; archetype; typical; classic
* '''nyetle''' - quote; cite as evidence
* '''nyela''' - arrowhead
* '''nyelakue''' - be pointed; direct
* '''nyeli''' - pink; rose
* '''nyelo''' - be extra; remainder; surplus
* '''nye'o''' - hundred; 100
* '''nyeua''' - dove; pigeon
* '''nyo (tle)''' - why; because of; due to
* '''nyopa''' - poor; impoverished
* '''nyota''' - thirst; be thirsty
* '''nyoto''' - write quickly; jot
* '''nyoki''' - dumpling; pot-sticker
* '''nyonka''' - choke (on); choke up; suffocate; strangle
* '''nyoma''' - rice
* '''nyome''' - beige; tan; khaki
* '''nyoso''' - squat; crouch
* '''nyotlo''' - nut; seed; embryo
* '''nyoli''' - antelope; gnu; wildebeest
* '''nyolo''' - ant; insect
* '''sapa''' - boot; footwear; shoe
* '''sapo''' - be light; easy; gentle; soft (not heavy)
* '''sampa''' - property; estate; plot
* '''sampe''' - barefoot; be without shoes
* '''sata''' - administer; govern; manage; control; direct
* '''sati''' - sadism; sadistic
* '''sato''' - sense; perceive; be aware of; detect
* '''santahe''' - sunset
* '''santo''' - trunk; chest; large box
* '''saka''' - gender; sex
* '''saku''' - deadlock; result in a stalemate; impasse
* '''sanka''' - delta (geography)
* '''sama''' - sun; star; solar; stellar
* '''samo''' - hold to account; require explanation
* '''samuaya''' - sunrise
* '''samya''' - exhale; blow; puff
* '''sana''' - health; hygiene; welfare
* '''sane''' - cover; sheath; encase; overlap
* '''sanyepa''' - nebula
* '''sanyo''' - era (19 years)
* '''saha''' - annals; history
* '''sahapo''' - be historical; recorded
* '''sahe''' - across; opposite; other side (LOC)
* '''sahi / -si''' - color; hue; shade; “color of ~” (color)
* '''sahimpa''' - multicolored; polychrome
* '''saho''' - be drunk; intoxicated
* '''sahya''' - be right; correct; proper
* '''sahye''' - stand side by side; be juxtaposed
* '''satsa''' - weave; knit
* '''satsama''' - sunny; sunshine all around
* '''satse''' - brake (when driving)
* '''satsi''' - recruit; cast; enlist
* '''satsu''' - scrub; rub; scour
* '''satlo''' - membrane; diaphragm
* '''satloso''' - membrane type
* '''sala / -sa''' - chamber; room; section; “room for/of ~” (room)
* '''sale''' - gesture; sign; signal
* '''sali''' - native; person from a particular place
* '''salo''' - press; push down; keep under (control)
* '''sa'o''' - nine; 9
* '''sa'u''' - odds and ends; bits and bobs; junk
* '''saua''' - damp(ness); humid(ity); moist(ness); wet
* '''saue''' - drip; sprinkle; trickle; leak; spill
* '''saya''' - still; calm; not moving; peace; tranquil
* '''saye''' - along (a line); motion on/toward
* '''sayo''' - calendar month (19 days)
* '''sayoma''' - calendar; date
* '''sepa''' - injury; wound; hurt; wound; injure
* '''sepu''' - mill; grain mill; millstone
* '''sempe''' - whisker; unkempt
* '''sempo''' - abacus; plan; scheme
* '''seta''' - be flat; silk; smooth
* '''setempa''' - September
* '''seto''' - olive
* '''senta''' - mimic; satirize; mock; irony; sarcasm
* '''sentipua''' - ponytail
* '''sento''' - leftovers (food); salad
* '''seka''' - be dry; sharp; strict
* '''seko''' - scorpion
* '''seku''' - to plan; to lay out; to design; policy
* '''sekua''' - follow the trail of; track; trace
* '''sekyo''' - bacterium; germ
* '''senko''' - fleece; wool; woolen
* '''senku''' - think poorly of someone
* '''semue''' - bald; hairless
* '''semye''' - explain; comment; annotate
* '''sena''' - liter (unit of volume) (pint; gallon)
* '''senu''' - hair
* '''senuma''' - horse’s hair (0.06 gr / 3.75 mg)
* '''senumua''' - with hair
* '''senya''' - eyebrow; upper margin
* '''senyo''' - trip/hip hop
* '''sehe''' - freight transport; cargo; transported goods
* '''setsi''' - sage
* '''sela''' - waterfall; cascade; rapids
* '''selo''' - hoof; cloven
* '''seua''' - care for; tend to; nurse
* '''seya''' - seal; sign; stamp
* '''seye''' - dowry; trousseau
* '''sipa''' - do harm to; cause trouble
* '''sipanya''' - Spain
* '''sipi''' - acne; pimple; zit; wart
* '''sipo''' - be fat; lard; grease
* '''simpa''' - be anxious; neurosis; anxiety
* '''simpu''' - clam; mussel; oyster
* '''sita''' - accompany; be with; keep company
* '''sinta''' - financial credit
* '''sinto''' - be deep; depth
* '''sika''' - sip; smack one's lips; suck; savor
* '''siko''' - gypsum; plaster; drywall
* '''siku''' - an unforeseen event; accident; misfortune
* '''sikue''' - pig; pork; swine; hog
* '''sikyo''' - womb; placenta; uterus
* '''sinka''' - lion
* '''sima''' - sit; take a seat
* '''simo''' - hole; pit; abyss; hell
* '''simya''' - spend; pay out; expense
* '''sina''' - station in life; status
* '''sino''' - curl (hair); crimp; roll up
* '''sinya''' - indoctrinate; brainwash
* '''sihya''' - desire; longing; appetite; craving
* '''sitsa''' - heat; be hot; warm
* '''sitsi''' - support; sustain; uphold
* '''sitla''' - lawn; meadow; sod; turf
* '''sila''' - arteries; veins; blood vessel
* '''sile''' - bell; sounding of a bell as a signal
* '''sili''' - skim (through a book); dip into; dabble
* '''silo''' - tender; puerile; soft and immature
* '''si'i''' - crow; raven
* '''siua''' - nerve; bundle of neurons
* '''siue''' - herb; leaf; petal; bud
* '''siya''' - act without a plan; improvise (slang)
* '''siye''' - adapt; adjust; get used to sth
* '''so / -so''' - class; category; kind “type/kind of ~” (type)
* '''sopa''' - balcony; patio; terrace
* '''sota''' - sow; scatter; spread; broadcast; disperse
* '''soto''' - speed; rate; velocity
* '''sonto''' - quartz; topaz (gem; color)
* '''sok''' - no kind
* '''soka''' - introduce; introduction
* '''soki''' - be muddy; mud; clay
* '''soko''' - rescue; pluck from danger
* '''soku''' - attribute; property
* '''sokua''' - every kind
* '''sokue''' - font; typeface; typeset
* '''sokyo''' - helium
* '''sonka''' - ode; eulogy; praise in writing
* '''some''' - be dyed; be stained; be tinted
* '''sono''' - partridge
* '''sonu''' - outcome; result; conclusion; as a result
* '''sonya''' - dream; imagine
* '''sonyo''' - wrist; curl
* '''sonyoma''' - daydream; lost in thought
* '''sohi''' - species; type
* '''soho''' - crop; harvest; yield
* '''sohua''' - digest; digestion; digestive
* '''sotsi''' - dish; platter; specific food
* '''sotso''' - surgical operation; operation; surgery
* '''sotla''' - foot; heel
* '''sotlanka''' - foot (meas)
* '''sola''' - some kind
* '''sole''' - gelatin; jelly
* '''soli''' - badger; ferret
* '''solo''' - socks; stockings; tights
* '''so'o''' - that kind; type
* '''soya''' - omit; delete; leave out
* '''soye''' - index; list
* '''soyo''' - be abstract; abstraction
* '''supa''' - prescription; recipe; formula; cookbook
* '''supye''' - butter; cream; extract
* '''suta''' - live; reside; dwell; inhabit; settle
* '''sutako''' - inhabitant; resident
* '''sunta''' - trend; tendency
* '''suntamya''' - influence; cause to/a trend
* '''suntamyako''' - influencer; trend setter
* '''suka''' - acid; sour; vinegar
* '''suke''' - lane; alley
* '''suku / -su''' - market; shop; store; “market/shop of/for ~” (shop)
* '''suma''' - window
* '''sumatepe''' - window blinds
* '''sume''' - catfish; catlet; sheat; sheatfish
* '''sumi''' - repress emotional expression
* '''sumu''' - puff; spout; spray; spurt
* '''sumya''' - reputation; goodwill; fame
* '''sune''' - shin
* '''sunu''' - poison; narcotics; venom
* '''suha''' - mouth; taste; tongue
* '''sutsa''' - pollute; infected; nasty
* '''sutse''' - register; enroll; log in
* '''sutsi''' - recommend; recommendation
* '''sutsu''' - muttering; whisper; mouthing words
* '''sutsuku''' - marketplace; bazaar
* '''sula''' - melt; fuse; dissolve
* '''suli''' - tired; weary; strain; wear out; taxing
* '''sulo''' - pelican; ibis
* '''su'u''' - still; calm; quiet; not moving; static; stasis
* '''su'umya''' - calm; soothe; console
* '''suata''' - account; bill; debt
* '''suatala''' - pay off/settle (a debt)
* '''suante''' - lime (fruit; tree; color)
* '''suaki''' - hare; rabbit
* '''suama''' - sew; seam; mend; stitch
* '''suani''' - be absent-minded; preoccupied; inattentive
* '''suala''' - be heavy
* '''suepa''' - blister; bleb (watery blister)
* '''sueni''' - mortar; concrete; cement
* '''sueho''' - surf; the sound of waves
* '''suetsa''' - marrow; quintessence; pith
* '''suele''' - water lily (pad); lotus
* '''sueliye''' - Sweden
* '''sueye''' - stone beam; horizontal stone slab ; feldspar (geology)
* '''suya''' - wipe (up/down); clean thoroughly
* '''suyo''' - goiter; tumor; lump
* '''hapa''' - retain; preserve; reserve; reservations
* '''hape''' - pellet; pill; chunk
* '''hapyo''' - catch; seize; capture
* '''hampi''' - cure; heal; treat; therapy
* '''hata''' - error; mistake
* '''hate''' - develop; make full use of; evolve
* '''hati''' - gardens; park
* '''hato''' - breed; incubate; hatch
* '''haka''' - drawers; pants; trousers
* '''hakama''' - be protective; defensive; defensively
* '''hake''' - peel; skin; flay; shuck; shell
* '''haki''' - true; real; authentic
* '''hako''' - you're welcome
* '''haku''' - vomit; regurgitate; throw up
* '''hakue''' - lime (calcium oxide); lime ash
* '''hakyo / -kyo''' - college; school; university
* '''hanka''' - fold; crease; wrinkle; pucker
* '''hanko''' - heather; ivy
* '''hanku''' - be tough and durable; tenacious
* '''hama''' - protect; defend; safeguard; protection
* '''hami''' - be pregnant; to carry a child
* '''hamo''' - hook; barb; check or tick mark
* '''hamu''' - ash; bit by bit
* '''hamya''' - medical procedure
* '''hanmoya''' - Kala adaptation of Hangul
* '''hana''' - emit; give off; send out (up; forth)
* '''hane''' - change sides; politically; turncoat
* '''hani''' - extent; range; scope; limit; spectrum
* '''hano''' - pitch a camp; camp; to stay in ~
* '''hanu''' - edition; version
* '''hanua''' - senile; senility; old aged
* '''hanya''' - country; nation; state; national; region
* '''hanyo''' - magnet; magnetic body
* '''hasa''' - personal; private; secret
* '''hase''' - derive; derivative; derivation
* '''hasi''' - chopsticks; eating utensils
* '''haso''' - special; unique; distinguished
* '''haso'u''' - unique feature type
* '''hasu''' - conjecture; guess; supposition; assumption
* '''hasua''' - edge; brink; lip; margin; rim; side
* '''hasue''' - alkaline soil; salt; brine; halogen (chemistry); crass
* '''hatsa''' - luck; fate; fortune; chance
* '''hatse''' - ladder
* '''hatsu''' - fever; temperature; pyrexia
* '''hatla''' - living thing (any plant or animal)
* '''hala''' - informal greeting (between friends)
* '''hale''' - rudder; helm; vane; tiller
* '''hali''' - wonder; marvel
* '''halo''' - argue; debate; dispute; quibble
* '''ha'o''' - three; 3
* '''haua''' - believe; confidence; trust
* '''hauanketlo''' - heathen; pagan; heretic; apostate
* '''haue''' - carrot; radish
* '''haya / -hya''' - animal; beast
* '''hayanka''' - for weighing animals (196 lb / 89 kg)
* '''heta''' - fell; chop down (tree)
* '''hetala''' - felled; cut timber
* '''hete''' - grave; tomb; mausoleum
* '''heto''' - guide; (give) direct(s); coach
* '''heki''' - oregano (plant/flavor)
* '''heko''' - congratulate; congratulations
* '''hekua''' - cliff; rock face
* '''henka''' - bias; prejudice
* '''hema''' - tent; net; tarp; pavilion
* '''heme''' - tremble; shiver; shake; vibrate
* '''hemya''' - stutter; stammer (speech impediment)
* '''hena''' - extra time; have~; spend ~
* '''henyo''' - resist; oppose; be opposite; fend off
* '''hetsu''' - cool with water
* '''hela''' - comb (fine-toothed)
* '''he'u''' - munitions / ordnance factory; arsenal
* '''heua''' - air; oxygen; sky
* '''heya / -he''' - need; necessity; require (NEC)
* '''hipa''' - infiltrate; sneak into
* '''hita''' - throw; cast; expel; pelt
* '''hitanyo''' - atlatl (spear-thrower)
* '''hite''' - inflect (in grammar); decline; conjugate
* '''hinte''' - hurl; hurtle; fling; toss
* '''hinto''' - rate; frequency
* '''hika''' - wait; wait for; pause
* '''hiki''' - be short; brief; soon (duration)
* '''hiku''' - eaves; ledge or brim
* '''hima''' - statistics; counted items
* '''hina''' - here; this place (by me) (PROX)
* '''hini''' - reed; rush
* '''hinya''' - be disdainful; ungrateful
* '''hisa''' - share; have in common
* '''hiso''' - arsenic (trioxide)
* '''hisu''' - department; branch; section; division
* '''hitsua''' - just; morally fair; righteous
* '''hila''' - analyze; analysis; parse
* '''hilo''' - plaza; public square
* '''hiua''' - unobtrusive; inconspicuous; insignificant; non-eye catching
* '''hiyo''' - prolific; fertile; high yield; rich
* '''hope''' - blush; flushed; redden
* '''hopu''' - busy; despondent; hurried
* '''hote''' - an offering, sacrifice
* '''hoto''' - mole; talpid
* '''hoka''' - custard; pudding
* '''hoko''' - trench; moat
* '''hoku''' - bulge; knob; protrude
* '''homa''' - inform; notice; notify; note; message
* '''homu''' - platform; stage
* '''hono''' - harbor; port
* '''honu''' - turtle (sea)
* '''honu[hi]ku''' - Pluto ((little) turtle planet)
* '''hosa''' - radiation; rays of radiation
* '''hosi''' - cactus; nopal; succulent
* '''hoso''' - hold; keep; store
* '''hotso''' - roach; cockroach
* '''hola''' - cloth; towel; headscarf
* '''holo''' - dig; excavate; scoop out
* '''houa''' - nitrogen
* '''hoya''' - be clever; intelligent; wise; smart
* '''hoyo''' - his/her(s) (3sg.POSS)
* '''humpa''' - differentiate; distinguish; discriminate
* '''huta''' - bury; buried; interred
* '''hute''' - flush (out); purge; rinse
* '''huka''' - slash; swift cut with a blade
* '''huke''' - chaff; grain husk; worthless thing
* '''huku''' - courteously wait everyone sit before eating
* '''huma''' - be insubordinate; defy
* '''huna''' - be confused; be mixed up
* '''hunu''' - pollen
* '''husa''' - goose; swan
* '''husu''' - artichoke
* '''hutse''' - cell (biology)
* '''hutsi''' - gruel; oatmeal; porridge
* '''hutsu''' - go out to eat/drink
* '''huli''' - moan; hum; mutter; mumble; murmur
* '''hue'o''' - billion; 10^9
* '''huata''' - shelf; stair; story
* '''huato''' - move about; to and fro
* '''huaka''' - tear down; demolish; dismantle; displace
* '''huamyo''' - perverse; unreasonable; absurd; ridiculous
* '''huanu''' - illusion, fantasy, mirage
* '''huasi''' - talc; talcum
* '''huatso''' - midnight
* '''huatla''' - acorn; oak
* '''huala''' - important; vital; main
* '''huali''' - to inherit; to carry on; to succeed
* '''huaye''' - rub against; smear; associate with
* '''hue / -hue''' - at; to; in (locative LOC)
* '''hue-''' - giga (1000000000)
* '''huepu''' - apex; peak; summit; zenith
* '''hueta''' - testicle
* '''hueto''' - ingratiate oneself with; to pander to
* '''hueko''' - companion; fellow; friend
* '''huenka''' - flick; twang; flip; snap
* '''huesa''' - company; firm; enterprise; corporation
* '''huetsi''' - compass; determine direction
* '''huetla''' - peanut
* '''hueli''' - startle; surprise; amaze; astonish
* '''hueya''' - be a slut; floozy; prostitute; prostitution
* '''hueye''' - an outing; a night out; a soirée
* '''huye''' - be deep; profound; abstruse
* '''hyata''' - grandfather
* '''hyanta / hya-''' - grandparent
* '''hyana''' - grandmother
* '''hyala''' - cucumber
* '''hyali''' - dairy; milk
* '''hya'o''' - weird; unusual
* '''hyepo''' - set; tune; calibrate; fix; adjust; modulate
* '''hyeka''' - sand; beach; finely ground rock; gravel
* '''hyeko''' - balance; equilibrium
* '''hyeku''' - kidney
* '''hyema''' - break with both hands; adjust
* '''hyesu''' - esophagus
* '''hyesua''' - beetle; small piece of wood
* '''hyele''' - attract; titillate
* '''hyo''' - well; filled pause in speech
* '''hyota / -hyo''' - juice; lotion; extract; cream
* '''hyoto''' - benefit; effectiveness; efficiency
* '''hyoka''' - attack; strike
* '''hyoko''' - bulb; bulbous; bloated
* '''hyonka''' - miss; fail (to hit)
* '''hyome''' - surface; top-side
* '''hyotsi''' - flint; strike ~; ~stone
* '''hyotso''' - elasticity; elastic force; spring
* '''tsapa''' - effort; trouble; endeavor; struggle
* '''tsampa''' - jump the gun; make a false start
* '''tsampe''' - be disabled; injured; unable to move; cripple
* '''tsampi''' - pale; wan
* '''tsampo''' - bait; lure
* '''tsampu''' - iodine जंबुकी
* '''tsata''' - council; committee; parliament
* '''tsatako''' - councilor; member of parliament
* '''tsate''' - knot; entangle; coil
* '''tsati''' - hornet
* '''tsato''' - chaotic; messy; in disorder
* '''tsanta''' - usurp; overstep one's authority
* '''tsanti''' - premise; precondition; prerequisite; presupposition
* '''tsanto''' - practice of meditation
* '''tsaka''' - house; residence; reside
* '''tsakanka''' - width/area of a house (15.74 yd / 14.4 m)
* '''tsaki''' - chewing gum
* '''tsaku''' - idea; thought; conception
* '''tsanka''' - tire; bored with; be fed up of; tired
* '''tsanko''' - ape; monkey; primate
* '''tsama''' - pretend; feign; play a role
* '''tsame''' - accumulate; collect; gather; cluster
* '''tsami''' - pluck; pull off; pull out; unplug; extract
* '''tsamo''' - reef; coral reef; shoal rock
* '''tsamu''' - abstain from food; fast
* '''tsana''' - meditation; meditate
* '''tsane''' - pavilion; gazebo; roofed tent
* '''tsani''' - story; tale; tell ~
* '''tsaniko''' - lecturer; speaker; storyteller
* '''tsanua''' - outlook; prospect; look ahead; look forward to
* '''tsanye''' - starter button; on switch
* '''tsasu''' - cursive writing
* '''tsasuama''' - sandwiches scattered about / a sandwich tray
* '''tsahe''' - for (in exchange for)
* '''tsatla''' - pop knuckles; crack bones
* '''tsatle''' - crane; egret; heron
* '''tsatli''' - pineapple
* '''tsala''' - dip; paste; sauce
* '''tsale''' - splinter; shard; slice; sliver
* '''tsali''' - crime; offense; fault
* '''tsalo''' - clear; transparent
* '''tsa'a''' - beaver
* '''tsa'atli''' - epoch; 6859 years (19 uepya)
* '''tsa'e''' - across; through; pass
* '''tsa'i / tsai''' - tea (leaves; plant)
* '''tsa'o''' - six; 6
* '''tsa'u''' - household duties; housework; chore
* '''tsaua''' - complexion; looks; appearance
* '''tsaue''' - so long as; provided that
* '''tsaya / -tsa''' - damn (general invective)
* '''tsaye''' - during; start to end (TEMP)
* '''tsayo''' - automobile; carriage; vehicle (motor); cart; wagon
* '''tse-''' - tera (1000000000000)
* '''tsepa''' - please
* '''tsepo''' - dissect; parse
* '''tsempe''' - rape; violate; force
* '''tseta''' - cross (over); intersect; meeting point
* '''tseti''' - serious; severe; critical
* '''tseto''' - modern; current; up-to-date
* '''tsenta''' - overdo it; overcook; exaggerate
* '''tsento''' - diagnosis; determine cause
* '''tseka''' - pull; draw near; tug; tow; yank
* '''tseke''' - poppy plant; carnation
* '''tseko''' - wood charcoal; coal; carbon
* '''tsekope''' - coke; coal product
* '''tseku''' - early spring (prevernal)
* '''tsekua''' - condense; solidify; coagulate; clot (of blood)
* '''tsenka''' - orange (fruit; tree; color)
* '''tsenki''' - stirrup
* '''tsenku''' - idiom; colloquial
* '''tsema''' - crowded to bursting point; filled to overflowing
* '''tseme''' - drawer; tier; tray
* '''tsemu''' - jam; marmalade
* '''tsemua''' - candle; illuminate; wax
* '''tsena''' - funeral; encoffin a corpse; carry burial
* '''tsene''' - lightning; thunderbolt
* '''tseno''' - thigh; crotch
* '''tsenye''' - sediment; deposit (geology)
* '''tsenyo''' - oval; ellipse; be elliptic
* '''tsesa''' - apron
* '''tseha''' - workbench; counter; stall
* '''tsehue''' - pick teeth; toothpick
* '''tsetla''' - building in poor repair; dilapidated
* '''tsela''' - philosophic theory; philosophy
* '''tsele''' - iron; steel
* '''tseloso''' - Celsius
* '''tse'e / -tse''' - appear; seem
* '''tse'o''' - trillion; 10^12
* '''tseua''' - longevity; ability live long; long lived
* '''tseue''' - nail; spike; screw
* '''tseya''' - expect; presume; think (sth is likely)
* '''tseye''' - be exhilarated; be stimulated; be invigorated
* '''tseyo''' - loose; loosen; relax
* '''tsipa''' - be ephemeral; not constant; temporary
* '''tsipe''' - basic; fundamental; main; elementary
* '''tsipi''' - mercury; mercuric
* '''tsipu''' - humiliate; to bully; push around; tease
* '''tsipue / -tsue''' - be late; delayed; slow
* '''tsipuela''' - slow down; delay
* '''tsimpa''' - be lame; limp; hobble
* '''tsimpu''' - pyramid (geometry)
* '''tsita''' - remove; take away; withdraw
* '''tsite''' - deserve; be worthy of; merit
* '''tsiti''' - sparrow
* '''tsito''' - position; attitude; posture; stance
* '''tsinti''' - stingray
* '''tsika''' - economy; economic
* '''tsike''' - bobcat; wildcat (Lynx rufus)
* '''tsiko''' - furnace; oven; stove
* '''tsiku''' - pave; lay out (stones); spread out ~
* '''tsikue''' - habit; custom; usual practice; tradition
* '''tsinka''' - be at a negative angle
* '''tsinku''' - mathematical analysis; calculus
* '''tsima''' - hour; o'clock; time
* '''tsimua''' - be vicious; fierce; ominous; inauspicious
* '''tsina''' - tame; domesticate; docile
* '''tsine''' - key; button (strike)
* '''tsini''' - sugar; sugarcane
* '''tsinu''' - arouse; provoke; erogenous
* '''tsinya''' - stagnate; staunch; heal; remain ceased; unchanged
* '''tsinyo''' - slop; swill; bilge
* '''tsisa''' - pump (up); inflate
* '''tsise''' - unfamiliar at first ; an acquired taste
* '''tsisi''' - embroider; embroidery
* '''tsisima''' - hourly; regularly
* '''tsisu''' - coefficient; factor; modulus; ratio
* '''tsihanyo''' - China
* '''tsiha'o''' - triangle
* '''tsihi''' - mercy; empathize
* '''tsihua''' - undertaking; project; activity; program
* '''tsihue''' - hedgehog; porcupine
* '''tsihyo''' - discharge of the eyes; rheum
* '''tsitla''' - adorn; festoon; garland; decorate
* '''tsitle''' - rattle(-drum); destabilize
* '''tsitli''' - farm; ranch
* '''tsitlinka''' - farm, ranch (5.22 ac / 2.12 ha)
* '''tsila''' - lip; outer mouth
* '''tsile''' - tribulation; trial; adversity; torment
* '''tsili''' - tailor; make clothes
* '''tsilo''' - be naked; bare; uncovered; exposed; nude
* '''tsi'e''' - famine; shortage of food; starve
* '''tsi'u''' - transitive; transitivity
* '''tsiua''' - lake; pond; pool
* '''tsiuaso''' - freshwater (lake)
* '''tsiuahi''' - puddle
* '''tsiue''' - elbow
* '''tsiya''' - freedom; liberty; independent
* '''tsiyakyo''' - liberalism
* '''tsiye''' - unceasing; uninterrupted; constant
* '''tsiyo''' - corridor; aisle; hallway; passageway
* '''tso''' - already; since; previous; recent
* '''tsopa''' - pair; a mate; a couple; couple
* '''tsopi''' - retreat; withdraw; recede
* '''tsopo''' - prefer; preference
* '''tsopua''' - ulna (anatomy); bone of the forearm
* '''tsompa''' - worship; adoration / prayer
* '''tsompi''' - advance; onward; forge ahead
* '''tsota''' - breed; reproduce; propagate
* '''tsoto''' - surrender; capitulate; give up
* '''tsonta''' - teenager; adolescent
* '''tsoka''' - bump; collide with; strike
* '''tsoko''' - cacao; chocolate
* '''tsoku''' - be direct; immediate; straightforward
* '''tsonka''' - public; common; open; fair
* '''tsonku''' - frown; knit one's brow; scowl
* '''tsoma''' - tobacco (plant; leaves); smoke
* '''tsome''' - professional certification; certificate
* '''tsomo''' - stand or walk on tiptoe
* '''tsomye''' - smug; vain; shameless
* '''tsomyo''' - half of the day; a long time; quite a while
* '''tsonyo''' - alert; warn; police
* '''tsosi''' - silk
* '''tsoho''' - data; information; resource
* '''tsola''' - fox
* '''tsolo''' - lean meat; skinny and shriveled
* '''tsolokue''' - be emaciated; scrawny
* '''tsoua''' - be miserable; awkward; wretched; tragic
* '''tsoue''' - scandal; gossip
* '''tsoya / -tso''' - center; middle; mid-; half
* '''tsoye''' - sit with feet hanging
* '''tsoyo''' - one of a pair (missing ~)
* '''tsoyonka''' - used for navigation (11.5 mi / 18.5 km)
* '''tsupa''' - saliva; spit; drool
* '''tsupu''' - mead (honey wine)
* '''tsumpa''' - buy; purchase
* '''tsumpi''' - metallic oxide; burnt metal; metal ash; calx
* '''tsuta''' - backward; reverse
* '''tsute''' - slip and fall; stagger; stumble
* '''tsuto''' - be curly-haired
* '''tsunti''' - attend; take part in; participate
* '''tsuka''' - pride; hubris; arrogance
* '''tsuke''' - salt; pickle; cure (meat); marinade
* '''tsuki / ki-''' - next; order; sequence (ordinal); be subsequent (ORD)
* '''tsuko''' - outlet; vent
* '''tsuku''' - rumpled feathers; bedraggled; wet and limp
* '''tsukua''' - tassel; ribbon; bow
* '''tsukya''' - lap; cycle; complete
* '''tsunka''' - bug; insect; worm
* '''tsunke''' - channel; drainage; outflow
* '''tsunki''' - filter; strain; perforated screen
* '''tsunku''' - can; jar; pot; urn
* '''tsuma''' - metal
* '''tsumaku''' - Mercury (metal planet)
* '''tsume''' - mellow and rich; simple and kind; relaxed
* '''tsumi''' - guilt; sin; offense
* '''tsumu''' - be careful; cautious
* '''tsuna''' - join; connect; link up; communicate
* '''tsunya''' - penguin
* '''tsusu''' - export; output; send out; import
* '''tsuhu''' - candy; dessert; sweets
* '''tsula''' - celebration; party; social gathering; festival
* '''tsulanasa''' - birthday party
* '''tsule''' - wire; string; thread
* '''tsuli''' - currant; gooseberry
* '''tsulo''' - row; line of ~; series; arrange
* '''tsua / -tsua / tsu'a''' - almost; more-or-less; so-so; meh; average; good/bad
* '''tsu'u''' - cork; plug
* '''tsuama''' - sandwich; wrap
* '''tsuana''' - accept; endure with patience; agree with
* '''tsuasi''' - stock; share; capital for company
* '''tsuala''' - prosper; be prosperous
* '''tsuala'u''' - become prosperous
* '''tsuali''' - thunder; rumble
* '''tsuayo''' - adage; aphorism; maxim; proverb
* '''tsue''' - around; approximately
* '''tsuempa''' - wooden club (used to beat clothes in washing)
* '''tsueku''' - rinse one's mouth; gargle
* '''tsuemi''' - sideline; pastime; hobby
* '''tsuene''' - baboon
* '''tsuele''' - fern; bracken; brake (botany)
* '''tsuya''' - be main; principle; major; primary
* '''tsuye''' - take note of; pay attention to; heed
* '''tsuyo''' - armadillo
* '''tla''' - it (4sg)
* '''tlapa''' - horn; wind instrument; play ~
* '''tlapi''' - put on (clothes); don
* '''tlapo''' - siphon; seep
* '''tlapu''' - splash; splatter; rough; coarse; brutish
* '''tlapua''' - reckon; assess; estimate
* '''tlampa''' - be unfinished; incomplete
* '''tlampe''' - undress; remove clothing; take off; strip
* '''tlampi''' - distill; distillation
* '''tlati''' - clear-headed; sober
* '''tlato''' - recite rhythmically; chant; intone
* '''tlaka / -ta''' - male; man (MASC)
* '''tlaki''' - unimpeded; at ease; free from worry; fluent
* '''tlako''' - dither; hesitate; pace back and forth; irresolute
* '''tlaku''' - enmesh; wrap around; web; net
* '''tlakua''' - cricket; slug; snail
* '''tlakya''' - seminal fluid
* '''tlakyapo''' - cobweb; spider web
* '''tlakyo''' - watered-down drink; mixed-drink
* '''tlanka''' - level; grade; rank
* '''tlanku''' - they - each other
* '''tlam''' - them; those (4pl)
* '''tlama''' - anytime; sometime; whenever
* '''tlame''' - fishing net; cast ~
* '''tlami''' - themselves (4pl.REFL)
* '''tlamo''' - willow tree; poplar and willow
* '''tlamu''' - appetizer; side dish; easy job
* '''tlamyo''' - their(s) (4pl.POSS)
* '''tlana''' - human; person; adult
* '''tlani''' - curse; damn; epithet
* '''tlanye''' - cart; chariot; carriage; buggy
* '''tlanyo''' - abuse; berate; mistreat
* '''tlasi''' - cough (up)
* '''tlaso''' - skin deep; be superficial; shallow
* '''tlaha''' - leave; depart; set out; (dis)embark
* '''tlahe''' - confluence; convergence
* '''tlahi''' - convenient; be easy; facilitate
* '''tlaho''' - to ease; to relieve; relief
* '''tlahu''' - attain; reach
* '''tlatsa''' - fire; flame; burn; spark
* '''tlatsaku''' - Mars (fire planet)
* '''tlatsamo''' - chimney; fireplace; hearth
* '''tlatso''' - be final; be last; time limit; deadline
* '''tlalatsa''' - wildfire
* '''tlale''' - tulip; lilac
* '''tlali''' - defeat; overpower; beat
* '''tlalo''' - certainly; of course; without doubt; obvious
* '''tla'a''' - likely; probable; presumable
* '''tla'e''' - around; encircling; surrounding (LOC)
* '''tla'i''' - itself (4sg.REFL)
* '''tlaya / -ya''' - marry; in-law; wed
* '''tlaye''' - according to; based on
* '''tlayo''' - its (4sg.POSS)
* '''tle-''' - kilo (1000)
* '''tlepa''' - teach; instruct; educate
* '''tlepya''' - cobalt (chemistry); color
* '''tlempe''' - lymphatic fluid; lymph
* '''tleta''' - it X you
* '''tlenta''' - offal; mixed entrails; trivial matters
* '''tlekan''' - commander (thousand)
* '''tleke''' - fan
* '''tleki''' - boast; brag; exaggerative; pompous
* '''tlekono''' - slab; flagstone; slate
* '''tlekue''' - be mean; be petty; be cruel
* '''tlema''' - banner; flag; ensign
* '''tleme''' - disc; sheet; CD
* '''tlemi''' - sled; sledge; sleigh; bobsled
* '''tlemo''' - caravan; trailer
* '''tlemu''' - oar; paddle; row
* '''tlena''' - it X me
* '''tleno''' - log; piece of wood; timber; plank; stick; twig
* '''tlenye''' - suite; apartment; flat; hotel room
* '''tlenyo''' - millennium
* '''tlesa''' - ease; alleviate; moderate; allay; mitigate
* '''tlehe''' - esteemed; honest; candid; sincere
* '''tletsa''' - column; cylinder; beam; rod; pillar
* '''tletso''' - prism; prismatic lens
* '''tlela''' - bathe; clean; purify; wash
* '''tlelapo''' - be clean; tidy
* '''tlelo''' - it X her/him
* '''tle'o''' - thousand; 1000
* '''tleya''' - radical; essential attribute (glyph)
* '''tleyo''' - province; state; territory; prefecture
* '''tlipa''' - ascot; cravat; necktie
* '''tlipenua''' - group of islands; archipelago
* '''tlipi''' - tie; bind or fasten together; kidnap; buckle
* '''tlipu''' - suspended by hanging; hung
* '''tlipua''' - glide; soar
* '''tlipya''' - pound; unit of mass (16 ounces)
* '''tlimpula''' - chandelier; collection of lamps
* '''tlintaha''' - ancestry; lineage; pedigree
* '''tlika''' - clan; family; kin
* '''tliki''' - sulfur; brimstone (color and element)
* '''tlinka''' - herring; mackerel; carp
* '''tlima''' - plough; plow; turn the soil; till
* '''tlimoli''' - tuft; tussock; clump of trees
* '''tlimu''' - blanket; rug
* '''tlina''' - stop; halt; cease
* '''tline''' - aluminum (chemistry)
* '''tlinya''' - phosphorus (chemistry); water in rocks
* '''tlinyo''' - resign; quit
* '''tlisa''' - glue; stick; paste
* '''tlisama''' - constellation; star cluster
* '''tlise''' - axis; axle
* '''tlisen(u)''' - lock of hair (0.013 oz / 0.375 g)
* '''tliso''' - vanilla; extract (fruit; tree; color)
* '''tlisua''' - bribe; bribery
* '''tliha''' - minced meat; pickled meat
* '''tlihanya''' - USA
* '''tlihya''' - beard; moustache
* '''tlitse''' - bitumen; asphalt; bituminous; tar
* '''tlitsi''' - reasoning; capacity of the human mind
* '''tlitso''' - cover with gold leaf; gild; gilt
* '''tlila''' - purple; violet
* '''tlilanyaloso ''' - multiple sets of eyes (groups of eyes type)
* '''tliua''' - novel; fiction
* '''tliuene''' - fleet; flotilla
* '''tliya''' - effect; efficacy; result
* '''tliyama''' - mountain range
* '''tlopa''' - forget; neglect; overlook
* '''tlope''' - expire; fall due; run out; end of term
* '''tlopye''' - rough and coarse; brutish; brutal
* '''tlompa''' - bomb; explosive; explode
* '''tlota''' - be in a correct attitude
* '''tlok''' - no one; nobody
* '''tloka''' - lie; tell an untruth
* '''tloke''' - rye (Secale cereale)
* '''tloko''' - syllable
* '''tloku''' - dome; be vaulted; arch
* '''tlokua''' - everybody; everyone
* '''tlokya''' - marble; crystalline limestone
* '''tlonki''' - solvent; solution; solute
* '''tlonku''' - keel; water wheel
* '''tloma''' - feather; plumage; plume
* '''tlomaso''' - feathers
* '''tlome''' - Romanize; Romanization
* '''tlomi''' - fascinate; attract; obsess; captivate
* '''tlomya''' - crawl; creep; lie prostrate
* '''tlona''' - feed; fuel; nourish
* '''tlono''' - be cramped; congested; stuffed
* '''tlonya''' - citron; grapefruit (fruit; tree)
* '''tlonye''' - accommodate; flexible; pragmatic
* '''tlosa''' - almond (fruit; tree; color)
* '''tlose''' - pestle; pound with a pestle
* '''tloha''' - grass; straw; weeds; hay
* '''tlohaso''' - grassland
* '''tlohi''' - salmon; trout
* '''tloho''' - fall behind; lag; backward; retrogress
* '''tlotsi''' - chives; onion; scallions
* '''tlotso''' - loot; plunder; rob
* '''tlotsua''' - corrode; erode; rust; eclipse
* '''tlola''' - intersperse; place between; wedge
* '''tlolo''' - cool / warm (medium temperature)
* '''tloloso''' - bothersome; annoying
* '''tloloha''' - be grassy; overgrown; unkempt
* '''tlo'e''' - tide of thought; Zeitgeist
* '''tlo'o''' - elephant
* '''tloua''' - dew; syrup; nectar
* '''tloue''' - vacation; to go on ~
* '''tloya''' - discover; uncover; find
* '''tloye''' - gnaw; pick at; wear down
* '''a''' - exist; be; yes (COP)
* '''apa''' - close; stop up; shut; obstruct; turn off
* '''apakipyo''' - autism
* '''api''' - unroll; unravel; unwind
* '''apika''' - Africa
* '''apila''' - April
* '''apo''' - grasp firmly; make the most of
* '''apu''' - be subsidiary; auxiliary; option
* '''apuha''' - Afghanistan
* '''apua''' - sing; song
* '''apya''' - be clean; neat; pure; not dirty
* '''apyo''' - celery
* '''ampa''' - at once; right away; already; as soon/early as (possible)
* '''ampe''' - arrange; set up; lay out; organize; collate
* '''ampi''' - mucus; snot; snivel
* '''ampu''' - smell; sniff; nose
* '''ata''' - be named; name (so called)
* '''ate''' - liver (organ)
* '''ati''' - be normal; ordinary; plain
* '''ato''' - that way (over there)
* '''anta''' - breathe; suck in; absorb; inhale
* '''anti''' - suspenders; garters; strap; sling
* '''anto''' - oath; pledge; swear
* '''aka''' - drive; move slightly; shift; steer
* '''akaso''' - movement type
* '''akai / -kai''' - deep red (.red)
* '''aki''' - autumn; fall (autumnal)
* '''akue / -kue''' - like; similar to; essive (ESS)
* '''akya''' - wake up; awaken; be awake
* '''anka''' - pelvis; hip joint
* '''anko''' - cipher; encode
* '''anku / -nku / -ku''' - reciprocate; reciprocal (RECP); mutual
* '''ama / -ma''' - time; moment; period
* '''amak''' - never; at no time
* '''ame''' - axe; hatchet
* '''ameyo''' - America
* '''ami''' - amylum; starch
* '''amo''' - transport; carry
* '''amonyo''' - handle (for carrying)
* '''amue / -mue''' - absence; be absent; lacking; without (abessive ABE)
* '''amya''' - be fond of; like; prefer (people)
* '''amyapo''' - be popular, be respected; well liked
* '''amyampa''' - fall in love with
* '''amyamua''' - be welcoming, be hospitable
* '''amye / mpe''' - be alone; lonely / limitative; terminative “up to; only; just” (TERM)
* '''amyo''' - comprised of; made of/from; consist (of)
* '''ana''' - brain; head; mind
* '''anapao''' - be hungover (warped-head)
* '''anapu''' - cap; hat; head covering
* '''anasua''' - scalp; top of skull
* '''anao''' - dwarf; pygmy; small person; midget
* '''ane''' - take care of; attend to; look after
* '''ani''' - ring (jewelry); bracelet
* '''ano''' - again; repeat; iteration; layer
* '''anu''' - ear; hear; listen
* '''anupake''' - earring
* '''anua''' - ask for quiet; request silence
* '''anue''' - tell; instruct; command
* '''anya''' - eye; look; see; sight; witness
* '''anyasa''' - ammonia
* '''anye''' - waist; lower back
* '''anyo''' - year (365/366 days)
* '''anyoli''' - yearly; annually
* '''asa''' - live; alive; living; life
* '''asi''' - salt
* '''asiya''' - Asia
* '''aso''' - broil; grill; roast; toast
* '''asua''' - hide; pelt; skin; fur; leather
* '''asuaseka''' - leather; dried skin
* '''asuaso''' - skin type
* '''aha''' - melody; tune; play ~
* '''ahe''' - dolphin; porpoise
* '''ahi / -hi''' - diminutive (DIM); few; be small
* '''ahiso''' - smaller than human type
* '''aho''' - chives; garlic; leak
* '''ahu''' - dam; weir; dike; embankment
* '''ahua''' - avocado (fruit; tree; color)
* '''ahya''' - potato; yam
* '''atsa''' - disc; rotate; wheel
* '''atsi / tsi-''' - angle; bend; corner
* '''atsu''' - be thick; chunky; solid; stocky
* '''atla''' - mean; average
* '''atlanti''' - Atlantic (Ocean)
* '''atle''' - salary; wage
* '''atli / -tli''' - future; future tense (FUT)
* '''atlo''' - fairness; justice; righteousness
* '''ala''' - wing
* '''alapo''' - Arabia
* '''alampi''' - runny nose; be snively
* '''alamua''' - with wings
* '''ale''' - barley; oats; wheat
* '''alo''' - be cunning; be sly
* '''a'i''' - worm or insect
* '''aoya''' - deep blue
* '''aya''' - be beautiful; be handsome; be pretty
* '''aye / -ye''' - past; past tense (PST)
* '''ayo''' - be/feel numb
* '''e''' - er; um; uh
* '''epuali''' - February
* '''epye''' - scrape; scratch; play w/ bow
* '''empa''' - run; flee; race
* '''empi''' - chalk; limestone; lye
* '''eta''' - you (P.2sg) | she/he X you
* '''etam''' - you (all) (P.2pl)
* '''ete''' - pen; pencil; writing brush
* '''eti''' - case; instance; occurrence; event
* '''eto''' - be shy; timid; bashful
* '''enta''' - record; take note; mark
* '''eka''' - affix: adhere; paste; append; attach
* '''ekam''' - them (P.3pl)
* '''eke / e-''' - object (in grammar); patient (P)
* '''eki''' - post horse; relay station
* '''enka''' - be narrow; tight; thin
* '''enkala''' - England
* '''enke''' - be simple; not complicated; easy
* '''enko''' - tin; cassiterite; tinstone; pewter
* '''enku''' - confidential; secret; hush-hush
* '''eme''' - verb tense
* '''emya''' - happen; occur; take place
* '''emye''' - thumb; big toe; unit of length; inch; width~ (1 1/3 in / 3.302 cm)
* '''emyo''' - walk in an awkward, drunken fashion
* '''ena''' - me (P.1sg) | she/he X me
* '''enam''' - us (P.1pl)
* '''ena'am''' - us (but not you) (P.1pl)
* '''eno''' - be angry at; be displeased and annoyed
* '''enomya''' - annoy; bother; disturb; harass; irritate
* '''enu''' - forecast; predict; estimate
* '''enua''' - get over sth; cheer up
* '''enue''' - stubborn; obstinate
* '''enya''' - mirror; reflect; reflection
* '''enye''' - zinc (chemistry)
* '''enyo''' - performance; exhibition; to perform
* '''esa''' - cushion; mat; pad
* '''esue''' - fail; lose
* '''ehe / me''' - but; yet; however
* '''ehua''' - worsen; impair; make worse
* '''ehue''' - be kind; generous; friendly
* '''ehya''' - be complete; intact; whole
* '''etsa''' - extent; degree (temperature etc.); rate
* '''etla''' - it (P.4sg) | she/he X it
* '''etlam''' - them (P.4pl)
* '''etle''' - postpone; defer; stall; stave off; prolong
* '''ela / -la''' - become; change into; turn into (MUT)
* '''ele / -tle / -le''' - relative clause marker (REL)
* '''eleno''' - harass; antagonize; pester
* '''elila''' - pink; rose
* '''elo''' - him/her (P.3sg)
* '''eua''' - fin (of a fish)
* '''eya''' - maybe; perhaps
* '''eyo''' - sure; ok; I get it; right; alright
* '''ipa''' - be different; distinct; not same/alike
* '''ipi''' - lentil
* '''ipu''' - dried meat; preserved fruit
* '''ipye''' - horn of animal; tusk; fang
* '''impi''' - ginger (fruit; tree; color)
* '''ita''' - how about it?; what do you think?
* '''ito''' - tree; wood
* '''itoku''' - Jupiter (wood planet)
* '''inta''' - even; so much so that
* '''inti''' - self-restraint; discipline
* '''ika''' - age; generation
* '''ike''' - gene; character; property; quality
* '''iko''' - this person
* '''iku''' - this much/many
* '''ikua''' - wolf down food; devour ravenously
* '''ikyo''' - inspire; incite; instigate
* '''inka''' - be still; calm; quiet; not moving
* '''inko''' - macaw; parrot; puffin
* '''ima''' - now; present; yet; this time
* '''imya''' - dialect; slang; vernacular
* '''ina / -nai''' - eat; food; sustenance
* '''inakua''' - omnivore (eat all)
* '''inamo''' - eat-place; dining room; restaurant
* '''inasa''' - eat-room; dining room
* '''inasu''' - food-market; grocery store; restaurant
* '''inu''' - beverage; drink; liquid
* '''inupa''' - drinkable
* '''inua''' - diet; food & drink
* '''inuaso''' - diet type
* '''inya''' - be hungry; hunger
* '''inye-''' - centi (0.01)
* '''iso''' - this kind/type
* '''isu''' - peel; rind
* '''ihua''' - scold; shout at; rebuke
* '''ihue-''' - nano (0.000000001)
* '''itsa''' - adore; affection; love
* '''itse-''' - pico (0.000000000001)
* '''itsi / aitsi''' - chide; reprehend; admonish
* '''itla / i-''' - this (near me) (prox)
* '''itle-''' - milli (0.001)
* '''itlo''' - be equal; even; same
* '''ila''' - sail; fly; navigate
* '''ilanyo''' - plane (fly-machine)
* '''ile''' - hollow at the back of the knee
* '''ilikyo''' - inspirational; promising
* '''ilima''' - immediately; instantly
* '''ilo''' - cave; cavern
* '''iua''' - knead; massage; rub
* '''iuai''' - unexpected turn of events; to pull off a coup; a breakthrough
* '''iue-''' - deci (0.1)
* '''iya''' - besides; in addition; apart from that
* '''iye''' - if (but not); irrealis; what-if
* '''iyoma''' - today
* '''o''' - she; he (3sg)
* '''opa''' - be dangerous; danger; peril; endanger
* '''opi''' - belt; sash; strap
* '''opua / -pua''' - end; finish; complete (PFV)
* '''opya''' - symptom; indication
* '''opye''' - hug; embrace
* '''ota / tata''' - father
* '''oto''' - sound; (make) noise; tone; phone(me)
* '''otopa''' - October
* '''otomyeka''' - vowel
* '''otomyena''' - surface sound
* '''otosuha''' - consonant; the initial consonant
* '''ototla''' - onomatopoeia
* '''otoleka''' - attached sound
* '''onta / o-''' - parent
* '''onte''' - will; willpower; determination
* '''onti''' - toy; plaything
* '''onto''' - tread on; trample; stamp
* '''ok''' - none; nothing
* '''oka''' - bake; cook
* '''okama''' - capital; large/honored city
* '''okan''' - commander (hundred)
* '''oki''' - him/herself (3sg.REFL)
* '''oko''' - honorific reference; "yes sir/ma'am"
* '''oku''' - owl
* '''okutso''' - August
* '''okyo''' - clearing; glade
* '''onkayo''' - weekend; work week break
* '''onko''' - aloud; be loud
* '''oma''' - roar or howl; bellow of rage; yell; shout
* '''omanua''' - scream
* '''omasa''' - stag; large cervine; honored cervine
* '''omi''' - provost; chancellor; deputy
* '''omo''' - consider; ponder; think
* '''omonyo''' - computer; programmable device
* '''omya''' - cut; carve; engrave; chisel
* '''omyatloko''' - logosyllabary; logography; epigraphy
* '''omyo''' - perspective; view; opinion
* '''ona / nana''' - mother
* '''ono''' - delight
* '''onyo''' - learn; practice; study
* '''onyomo''' - school; workshop; laboratory
* '''onyosa''' - learn-room; classroom
* '''osa''' - know-how; savoir-faire
* '''oso''' - genitalia; groin
* '''oha''' - gape; yawn; open one's mouth
* '''ohaka''' - dislocate one's jaw
* '''ohe''' - active; energetic
* '''ohi''' - decrease; reduce; subtract; less (than)
* '''ohua''' - luxurious; extravagant; wasteful
* '''ohuaki''' - indulgence; whim
* '''ohya''' - drive; pilot; operate (a vehicle); refer to
* '''ohyo''' - evaluate; assess; examine
* '''otsi''' - comply with; abide by; obey
* '''otso''' - wolf; lupine
* '''otsokue''' - be ferocious; courageous
* '''otla''' - bird; avian
* '''otlaya''' - Australia
* '''otlo''' - falsely accuse; defame
* '''ola''' - gold (element; chemical; color)
* '''ole''' - crust; husk; shell; hull
* '''oleuene''' - ship's hull
* '''oli / -li''' - apiece; each; every
* '''olo''' - patrol; make one's rounds
* '''oloto''' - be noisy; loud; cacophonous; boisterous
* '''oloma''' - scream; exclaim
* '''oue''' - subtle; profound; sophisticated
* '''oya''' - black
* '''oye''' - restrain; restrict; bind
* '''oyo''' - bead; small round object; pearl
* '''u / -u''' - double for redundant syllable
* '''upa''' - anus; buttock
* '''upya / -pya''' - attempt; try (ATT)
* '''umpa''' - hinge; pivot; fulcrum
* '''umpu / -mpu''' - form; shape; dimension; outline (.shape)
* '''uta''' - deliver; hand in; hand over; submit
* '''ute''' - arm; armpit; forearm
* '''uto''' - organ (part of body tissue); apparatus
* '''unta''' - camel; llama
* '''uki''' - lead (chemical element)
* '''uko''' - be sumptuous; a luxury
* '''uku / -ku''' - amount; digit; number (NUM)
* '''ukuta''' - even number
* '''ukuna''' - odd number
* '''ukue''' - as many as; as much as
* '''ukya''' - ship mast; mast
* '''ukyana''' - pyrite; iron ore; fool's gold
* '''uma''' - equine; horse
* '''umata''' - stallion; male horse
* '''umanka''' - one day on horse (47 mi / 75.63 km)
* '''umana''' - mare; female horse
* '''umahi''' - foal; colt; young horse
* '''ume''' - man-made; artificial; synthetic
* '''umo''' - unify; unite; integrate; unity; combine; join
* '''umua''' - ache; pain; sorrow; be sore
* '''umye''' - electric(al/ity)
* '''umyopi''' - email
* '''unu''' - be callous; stone-faced; emotionless
* '''unua''' - address; destination for correspondence
* '''unya''' - comprehend; know; understand
* '''unye''' - nickel (chemistry)
* '''usa''' - stripe; streak; striation
* '''utsa''' - serve; service
* '''utse''' - exclude; ignore; leave out
* '''utsi''' - parsley
* '''utsu''' - outer space; empty; vacant; unoccupied
* '''utla''' - otter
* '''utli''' - casualty; victim (of an accident)
* '''ula / -la''' - any; indefinite; some~ (INDEF)
* '''ule''' - affect; produce a change in sth; act on
* '''uli''' - filling material; stuffing; lining; filling
* '''ulo''' - crop rotation; growth cycle
* '''uye''' - now and then; occasionally
* '''ua'a''' - spinach
* '''ua'e''' - above; over / on (LOC)
* '''ue'o''' - ten; 10
* '''ua''' - or; either
* '''uapi''' - blemish; defect; flaw
* '''uapo''' - basin; sink
* '''uaponka''' - basin, sink (4.24 gal / 19.3 L)
* '''uapya''' - insult; ridicule; disgrace
* '''uampa''' - government; political; politics
* '''uampe''' - perfect; excellent; brought to the utmost degree
* '''uampu''' - cone; awl; bore
* '''uata''' - intestine; bowel; guts
* '''uati''' - verb
* '''uato''' - that way (near you)
* '''uanta''' - confer; consult; hold a conference
* '''uaka''' - ox; cow; bull; bovine
* '''uakahyo''' - cow's milk
* '''uakatsu''' - beef
* '''uaki''' - boil; stew; simmer
* '''uako''' - that person
* '''uaku''' - that much/many
* '''uakya''' - contradict; deny
* '''uanka''' - be uncooked; untreated; raw
* '''uanke''' - grid; mesh; lattice
* '''uanki''' - confine; imprison; jail
* '''uanko''' - euphemism; euphemistic
* '''uanku''' - spectacles; eyeglasses; -ocular; -scope
* '''uama''' - then
* '''uame''' - be certain; fixed; sure
* '''uamya''' - schedule; agenda; docket
* '''uana''' - there (by you) (MED)
* '''uane''' - trap; snare; trick; lure
* '''uani''' - alligator; crocodile; gavial
* '''uano''' - other thing; something else
* '''uanya''' - suffer a snub; to meet with a rebuff
* '''uanyo''' - bay; gulf (body of water)
* '''uassitsa''' - flask; thermos; bottle
* '''uasa''' - skill; profession; trade; craft
* '''uase''' - harmonize; harmonious; harmony
* '''uasi''' - acquire; obtain; get; take
* '''uaso''' - drinking glass (cup); jug; pot; vessel
* '''uasonka''' - cup (1.14 gal / 5.2 L)
* '''uahe''' - instead of; rather than
* '''uahi''' - be arbitrary; at will; at random
* '''uaho''' - feel absence; miss
* '''uahu''' - husky; burly; beefy; tall and strong
* '''uahya''' - tribe; confederation
* '''uatsa''' - welcome (when entering)
* '''uatse''' - correlate with; correspond to
* '''uatsi''' - fish; piscine
* '''uatla / ua-''' - that (by you) (med)
* '''uatli''' - inferior; of lower quality; inferior; shoddy; lousy; lame
* '''uala''' - really; truly; indeed; real; be true; as expected; sure enough
* '''uale''' - source material, raw material
* '''uali''' - chart; diagram; graph; scheme
* '''ualo''' - bring; fetch; get
* '''uaya''' - ascend; rise; climb; go up; ascent
* '''uaye / -uai / -nte''' - from (out/away) (LOC) / ablative (ABL)
* '''uayela''' - go away (from)
* '''uayo''' - set aside; isolate; separate
* '''ue''' - either X or Y
* '''ue-''' - deca (10)
* '''uepu''' - musical score; sheet music
* '''uepya''' - age; 361 years (19 sanyo)
* '''ueta''' - uncle
* '''uete''' - amuse; entertain; make sb laugh
* '''ueti''' - remove sb from their post; to dismiss
* '''ueto''' - stellar system; galaxy
* '''uenta / ue-''' - parent's sibling
* '''uentana''' - warship; military vessel
* '''uente''' - bismuth
* '''uenti''' - fade; wither; wilt; listless
* '''uento''' - be prey; victim
* '''ueka''' - weigh; weight; measure; mass
* '''uekan''' - commander (ten)
* '''ueki''' - misfortune; crisis; critical situation; disaster
* '''ueko''' - barter; bargain
* '''ueku''' - review; look back; appraise
* '''uekya''' - squirm; wriggle; wiggle
* '''uenke / uek''' - neither X nor Y
* '''uenku''' - spleen
* '''uemi''' - barracks; castle; fortress
* '''uemye''' - be aloof; standoffish; unsociable
* '''uena''' - aunt
* '''uene''' - ship; boat; vessel; canoe
* '''ueni''' - blame; criticize; condemn
* '''ueno''' - ink; typeface
* '''uenya''' - strain after something; make efforts
* '''uenye''' - income; receipts; earnings; revenue
* '''uenyo''' - decade; period
* '''uesa''' - threaten; coerce; intimidate; flank
* '''uesi''' - function; role; capacity
* '''ueso''' - bone; skeleton
* '''uesomua''' - with bone (vertebrate)
* '''uesomue''' - without bone (invertebrate)
* '''uesohyo''' - gravy (bone juice)
* '''ueso'u''' - skeleton type
* '''ueha / -ue''' - desire; want; wish (DES)
* '''uehi''' - lofty; refined; exquisite
* '''uehyo''' - be available
* '''uetsa''' - balance up; offset; counterbalance
* '''uetse''' - toilet; outhouse; WC
* '''uetsi''' - dispirited downcast (idiom); in low spirits
* '''uetsu''' - abbreviate; contraction
* '''uetla''' - an upright drum; play ~
* '''uetlemu [ha]''' - galley (galleon)
* '''uetli''' - exponent (math.); power
* '''uela''' - sail (boat)
* '''uelo''' - bicycle; bike
* '''uelomo''' - bicycle-place; bike path; bike rack
* '''uelosu''' - bike / bicycle shop
* '''ueya''' - useful; fitting; effective
* '''ueyanke''' - useless; worthless; pointless
* '''ueye''' - be located; be situated; lie
* '''ueyo / -ue''' - intend; intent; intention (DES)
* '''ya''' - vocative particle (VOC)
* '''yapa''' - an extra or unexpected gift or benefit
* '''yape''' - exercise; do one's exercises
* '''yapo''' - build; erect; assemble
* '''yapu''' - be ashamed; disgrace; embarrassment
* '''yampa''' - be bored; fed up with sth; sick of sth
* '''yampo''' - mortar (bowl for grinding with pestle)
* '''yampu''' - snore; wheeze
* '''yata''' - farewell; greet; hello
* '''yate''' - leave behind; abandon; leave trace
* '''yatina''' - handful of feed (1.76 oz / 50 g)
* '''yato''' - hand; palm; fist
* '''yatonka''' - width of a hand (4 ¾ in / 12.065 cm)
* '''yanto''' - overwhelm; overpower; subdue
* '''yaka''' - appendage; leg; limb
* '''yakamiso ''' - number of appendages (a few legs type)
* '''yake''' - pursue; chase
* '''yako''' - berry; strawberry
* '''yakohai''' - cranberry
* '''yaku''' - translate; interpret
* '''yakua''' - leopard / jaguar
* '''yakue''' - sapphire (gem; color)
* '''yanka''' - be positive; be greater than zero; principle
* '''yankai''' - yellowish-red; dark orange
* '''yanki''' - be refreshed; perk up
* '''yankila''' - blueberry
* '''yanku''' - beg; implore; plead
* '''yama''' - mountain; hill
* '''yamato''' - mountaineering
* '''yamako''' - mountaineer
* '''yamahi''' - mound; bank of earth
* '''yame''' - abolish; annul; abrogate
* '''yamu''' - trapezium (geometry)
* '''yanna''' - soft/pastel yellow
* '''yana''' - yellow; saffron
* '''yanata''' - deep/bright yellow
* '''yanao''' - one by one; one after another; in turn
* '''yani''' - definition; meaning; symbolism
* '''yano''' - avoid; shun; evade
* '''yanu''' - be depressed; dispirited; dismayed; despondent
* '''yanuali''' - January
* '''yassaya''' - peaceful-wind
* '''yassitsa''' - warm breeze
* '''yasa''' - air; wind; (news, style); gas
* '''yasapyola''' - tornado; hurricane
* '''yasamua''' - with wind (plants)
* '''yasi''' - cosmetics; makeup
* '''yaso / -sue''' - prepare; get/be ready; preparative mood (PREP)
* '''yasu''' - bison; buffalo
* '''yasue''' - cheap; inexpensive; low
* '''yaha''' - be scarce; barren
* '''yahe''' - of (containing)
* '''yatsa''' - bridle; halter; reins; harness
* '''yatsi''' - bite; chew; tooth; ivory
* '''yatso''' - ferment; brew; make honey; liquor
* '''yatsua''' - sigh in regret or pity
* '''yala / -la''' - walk; go; travel; move
* '''yalanko''' - walking
* '''yale''' - door lock; key
* '''yali''' - excuse; forgive; pardon
* '''yalo''' - covet; envious; jealous
* '''ya'a''' - medicine; drug; cure
* '''ya'akyo''' - medical-school
* '''ya'e''' - near; close to (LOC)
* '''ya'o''' - five; 5
* '''yaua''' - reply; answer; return; respond; echo
* '''yaue''' - use; employ; apply; make use of
* '''yempa''' - table; desk; flat work surface
* '''yempu''' - handle; deal with; cope; get by with
* '''yeta''' - give; transfer; donate
* '''yete''' - extraneous; redundant; superfluous
* '''yeto''' - authority; authoritative; power
* '''yenta''' - smelt; refine metal; extract ore
* '''yente''' - aghast; consternation; horror
* '''yento''' - retire (from society, esp. from working)
* '''yeka''' - divide; separate; partition
* '''yeke''' - collar; neckband; neckline
* '''yeko''' - that person (over there)
* '''yeku''' - circulate; distribute; circulation; distribution
* '''yekua''' - cabinet; closet; wardrobe
* '''yenka''' - pitch (music); tone
* '''yema''' - both X and Y
* '''yemua''' - there (over there) (DIST)
* '''yena''' - coin; currency; money
* '''yeno''' - complete; fill; full; total
* '''yesa''' - soothe; be calm; relax
* '''yesi''' - jade; emerald; jadeite; feitsui; halcyon (gem; color)
* '''yeso''' - that kind (obscure)
* '''yesu''' - art; fine arts; painting; literature
* '''yetsa''' - cry; tear; weep
* '''yetsi''' - chair; seat; stool
* '''yetso''' - boar (wild)
* '''yetsu''' - fact; actual; real
* '''yetla / ye-''' - that (over there) (dist)
* '''yetlo''' - be malnourished and sickly in appearance
* '''yela''' - fart; talk nonsense; rubbish! (euphemism)
* '''yele''' - pedestal; plinth; saddle
* '''yeli''' - summarize; generalize; generalization
* '''yelo''' - freeze; hail; ice; sleet; frost
* '''yelopua''' - be frozen; solid
* '''yelomu''' - solidify; freeze
* '''ye'o''' - zero; 0
* '''yeua''' - taste; try; sample
* '''yeuaha''' - be curious; investigative; explorative
* '''yo''' - if X then Y
* '''yopi''' - mail; post (office)
* '''yompa''' - buy the whole batch/remainder
* '''yompako''' - sunrise; early morning
* '''yompe''' - specter; apparition
* '''yota''' - deduce; infer; derive; extrapolate
* '''yote''' - aid; assist; help
* '''yoti''' - game; play; sport
* '''yoto''' - in this way; so; thus
* '''yontasa''' - midwife; birthing nurse
* '''yontile''' - context (circumstance reading)
* '''yonto''' - be fanatical
* '''yoka''' - deck; floor; story
* '''yoke''' - load; lading (weight); burden; charge
* '''yoko''' - swim; wade
* '''yokomua''' - swimming
* '''yoku''' - glaze; layer of paint; edible coating
* '''yokua''' - contribution; donation; offer
* '''yonka''' - lava; magma
* '''yonkaya''' - Saturday (earth)
* '''yonkiya''' - diary; journal; log
* '''yonkunye''' - Monday (moon)
* '''yommaya''' - Wednesday (water)
* '''yoma''' - day; daytime
* '''yomatli''' - tomorrow
* '''yomali''' - daily; each/every day
* '''yomaye''' - yesterday
* '''yome''' - be famous; fame
* '''yomi''' - bow; weapon used for shooting arrows
* '''yomito''' - Thursday (tree)
* '''yomo''' - right side
* '''yomola''' - Friday (gold)
* '''yomu''' - read; study; count; recite
* '''yomua''' - dawn; daybreak; morning (a.m.)
* '''yona''' - book; letter; scroll; record
* '''yonaha''' - epic; novel
* '''yone''' - silt; sludge; ooze; slime
* '''yoneya''' - June
* '''yoni''' - ethic; moral; virtue
* '''yono''' - drama; play; theater
* '''yosama''' - Sunday (sun)
* '''yosi''' - deck of playing cards
* '''yoso''' - left side
* '''yosu''' - moss; lichen; coating (of tongue)
* '''yoha / -yo''' - have; possess (POSS); genitive (GEN)
* '''yoho''' - eyelid; flitter; blink
* '''yohua''' - night; nighttime
* '''yotsa''' - cheek; face
* '''yotso''' - midday; noon
* '''yotsu''' - larva; grub
* '''yotsua''' - journey; expedition; voyage
* '''yontsula''' - holiday; festival
* '''yotla''' - immerse; soak; steep; gradual
* '''yotlatsa''' - Tuesday (fire)
* '''yotli''' - gourd; melon; squash
* '''yola''' - rely on; depend on
* '''yole''' - zip; zipper
* '''yoleya''' - July
* '''yoli''' - stage; section; phase; period
* '''yolo''' - armor; shell
* '''yolopa''' - Europe
* '''yo'i''' - rib; ribcage
* '''youa''' - be weak; feeble

Miyu

2025-05-06T14:03:00Z

Masako: /* family */

__NOTOC__

{{wip}}

:[[Miyu/lexicon|Lexicon]]
:[[Miyu/writing|Writing]]

= Introduction =

'''Miyu''' is an attempt to have a minimalist artlang in the spirit of Toki Pona that affords speakers more nuance, even with a reduced number of morphemes. Strict word order and and word compounding allow '''Miyu''' to be expansive and specific when necessary. Strict use of syntactic and lexical particles help to reduce sematic ambiguities.

Some key features:

:* [[wp:Subject–verb–object_word_order|Subject-Verb-Object word order]]
:* Highly [[wp:Analytic_language|analytical grammar]]
:* Invariable lexemes
:* Only 14 (base) sounds, 9 consonants, and 5 vowels
:* Simple [[wp:Phonotactics|phonotactics]], or [[wp:Syllable|syllable structure]] (C)V(N)
:* Only ~1000 core [[wp:Morpheme|morphemes]]
:* Easy-to-follow word [[wp:Compound_(linguistics)|compounding]]
:* Source languages are [[wp:List_of_languages_by_total_number_of_speakers|widely spoken/used]]

= Phonology =

'''Miyu''' has nine consonants (/p, t, k, s, m, n, l, j, w/) and five vowels (/a, e, i, o, u/). Stress is word final.

== consonants ==
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 300px;"
!
! Labial
! Coronal
! Dorsal
|-align=center
! Nasal
| m
| n
|
|-align=center
! Plosive
| p
| t
| k
|-align=center
! Fricative
|
| s
|
|-align=center
! Approximant
| w
| l
| j ('''y''')
|}

* The plosives /p t k/ are pronounced [b d ɡ] when in an unstressed syllable.
* {{IPA|[s]}} is in free variation with {{IPA|[z]}} and {{IPA|[ʃ]}}.
* {{IPA|[l]}} and {{IPA|[ɾ]}} are in [[wp:Free_variation|free variation]].

== vowels ==

Vowels in stressed syllables tend to be tense, and likewise unstressed ones tend to be more lax. Thus, for example, /i/ is realized as [i] or [ɪ] in stressed and unstressed syllables, respectively. Likewise, /e/ is realized as [e] or [ɛ], and so on.

{| class="wikitable"
|-
!''Vowels''!!Front!!Back
|- align="center"
!Close
|i~ɪ||u~ʊ
|- align="center"
!Mid
|e~ɛ||o~ɔ
|- align="center"
!Open
| colspan="2" |a~ə
|}

=== diphthongs ===

There are two diphthongs [ai̯] '''ai''', and [au̯] '''au'''. These typically occur word-finally.

== syllable structure ==

All syllables are of the form (C)V(N), that is, optional consonant + vowel + optional final nasal, or V, CV, VN, CVN.

=== syllables ===

{| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;"
|+ Valid syllables
! scope="col" |
! scope="col" | -a
! scope="col" | -ai
! scope="col" | -au
! scope="col" | -an
! scope="col" | -e
! scope="col" | -en
! scope="col" | -i
! scope="col" | -in
! scope="col" | -o
! scope="col" | -on
! scope="col" | -u
! scope="col" | -un
|-
! scope="row" | ∅-
| a
| ai
| au
| an
| e
| en
| i
| in
| o
| on
| u
| un
|-
! scope="row" | p-
| pa
| pai
| pau
| pan
| pe
| pen
| pi
| pin
| po
| pon
| pu
| pun
|-
! scope="row" | t-
| ta
| tai
| tau

| tan
| te
| ten
| ti
| tin
| to
| ton
| tu
| tun
|-
! scope="row" | k-
| ka
| kai
| kau
| kan
| ke
| ken
| ki
| kin
| ko
| kon
| ku
| kun
|-
! scope="row" | m-
| ma
| mai
| mau
| man
| me
| men
| mi
| min
| mo
| mon
| mu
| mun
|-
! scope="row" | n-
| na
| nai
| nau
| nan
| ne
| nen
| ni
| nin
| no
| non
| nu
| nun
|-
! scope="row" | s-
| sa
| sai
| sau
| san
| se
| sen
| si
| sin
| so
| son
| su
| sun
|-
! scope="row" | l-
| la
| lai
| lau
| lan
| le
| len
| li
| lin
| lo
| lon
| lu
| lun
|-
! scope="row" | w-
| wa
| wai
| style="background: #999" | –
| wan
| we
| wen
| wi
| win
| style="background: #999" | –
| style="background: #999" | –
| style="background: #999" | –
| style="background: #999" | –
|-
! scope="row" | y-
| ya
| style="background: #999" | –
| yau
| yan
| ye
| yen
| style="background: #999" | –
| style="background: #999" | –
| yo
| yon
| yu
| yun
|}

== phonotactics ==

A few syllables sequences are disallowed; /ji, wu, wo/. Also, a syllable-final nasal may not occur before /m/ or /n/ in the same root.

= Lexical Categories =

== Borrowing and Lexical Selection ==

=== family ===

Because of the ubiquity of a bilabial plosive and nasal being used for "father" and "mother" words respectively, the words used in '''Miyu''' sound, and look very familiar and possibly derived from any one of numerous languages. However, this section will explain how the '''Miyu''' words came to be, and indicate that all other words are gender neutral, unless modified by the gender affixes.

* [[Miyu/lexicon#apa|'''apa''']] - father; man; husband ('''-pa''' masculine gender)
: Mandarin: [[Wiktionary:爸#Chinese|爸]] /pa˥˩/
: Arabic: [[Wiktionary:أب#Arabic|أب]] /ʔab/
: Spanish: [[Wiktionary:padre#Spanish|padre]] /ˈpadɾe/
: English: [[Wiktionary:papa#English|papa]] /ˈpɑː.pə/
: Hindi: [[Wiktionary:पिता#Hindi|पिता]] /pɪ.t̪ɑː/

* [[Miyu/lexicon#uma|'''uma''']] - mother; woman; wife ('''-ma''' feminine gender)
: Mandarin: [[Wiktionary:媽#Chinese|媽]] /ma˥/
: Arabic: [[Wiktionary:أم#Etymology_2|أم]] /ʔumm/
: Spanish: [[Wiktionary:madre#Spanish|madre]] /ˈma.ð̞ɾe/
: English: [[Wiktionary:mama#English|mama]] /ˈmɑmə/
: Hindi: [[Wiktionary:माता#Hindi|माता]] /mɑː.t̪ɑː/

= Syntax =

[[wp:Classical_Arabic|Classical Arabic]] is primarily [[wp:Verb–subject–object|VSO]], but [[wp:Modern_Standard_Arabic|MSA]] (Modern Standard Arabic) tends to be [[wp:Subject–verb–object|SVO]], favoring full agreement over partial. [[wp:Chinese_grammar|Chinese]] is classified as an SVO language. Transitive verbs precede their objects in typical simple clauses, while the subject precedes the verb. [[wp:Spanish_grammar|Spanish]] unmarked word order for affirmative declarative sentences is SVO; however, as in other Romance languages, in practice, word order is mostly variable. [[wp:English_grammar|English]] word order is almost exclusively SVO. [[wp:Hindustani_grammar|Hindi]] is primarily an SOV language.

Based on the above information about the main source languages for '''Miyu''', it is primarily an SVO (subject-verb-object) language. Modifiers generally follow what they modify, as do prepositional phrases and subordinate clauses.

== Predication ==

'''Miyu''' uses a copula before nouns (or noun-like constructions/concepts) in predications, like '''wa kan apa''' ''“I am a man”'', but typically not before verbal constructions, including attributive verbs (i.e. adjectives). So, a sentence like '''wa kan pali''' ''“I am happy”'' would be grammatically incorrect but saying '''wa pali''' ''“I happy”'' is correct. Attributive verbs can be used as auxiliary verbs, or adverbs, such as '''wa pali ta''' ''“I am very happy”''.

== Nouns ==

=== Pronouns ===

== Particles ==

== Verbs ==

=== Copula ===

The '''Miyu''' [[wp:Copula_(linguistics)|copular verb]] is [[Miyu/lexicon#kana|'''kana''']]. This is the equivalent of English "to be" and all its forms—"am", "is", "are", "was", "were", etc. However, [[Miyu/lexicon#kana|'''kana''']] is normally only used when its complement is a noun or noun phrase. As noted above, predicate adjectives function as (attributive) verbs themselves, as does the locative preposition [[Miyu/lexicon#yu|'''yu''']], so in sentences where the predicate is an adjectival or locative phrase, [[Miyu/lexicon#kana|'''kana''']] is not required.

=== Tense, Aspect, Mood ===

== Questions ==

The interrogative particle '''ma''' is used in conjunction with various nouns, adverbs, and adjectives to form specific questions.

=== non-polar questions ===

{{col-begin}}
{{col-break}}
* '''ma''' - what; which
* '''ma ko''' - who, whom
* '''ma ko yo''' - whose, of whom
* '''ma an''' - when
{{col-break}}
* '''ma loka''' - where
* '''ma moto''' - how
* '''ma laka''' - how much, how many
* '''ma sapa''' - why
{{col-end}}

=== polar questions ===

Any statement can become a polar question by adding the interrogative particle '''ma''' at the end of the sentence.

{{col-begin}}
{{col-break}}
* '''wa wite le kasa'''
: 1S see PST house
: ''I saw the house.''
{{col-break}}
* '''ni wite le kasa ma'''
: 2S see PST house Q
: ''Did you see the house?''
{{col-end}}

== Number ==

{| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 500px;"
|+
|-
! Miyu
! number
! English
! Miyu
! number
! English
|-
| '''sunya''' || 0 || zero || [[Miyu/lexicon#na|'''na''']] || 7 || seven
|-
| [[Miyu/lexicon#wa|'''wa''']] || 1 || one || [[Miyu/lexicon#pa|'''pa''']] || 8 || eight
|-
| [[Miyu/lexicon#li|'''li''']] || 2 || two || [[Miyu/lexicon#nun|'''nun''']] || 9 || nine
|-
| [[Miyu/lexicon#san|'''san''']] || 3 || three || [[Miyu/lexicon#ye|'''ye''']] || 10 || ten
|-
| [[Miyu/lexicon#si|'''si''']] || 4 || four || [[Miyu/lexicon#aku|'''aku''']] || 100 || (one) hundred
|-
| [[Miyu/lexicon#pen|'''pen''']] || 5 || five || [[Miyu/lexicon#mila|'''mila''']] || 1000 || (one) thousand
|-
| [[Miyu/lexicon#we|'''we''']] || 6 || six || '' '' || '' '' || '' ''
|}

= Appendices =

Miyu/lexicon

2025-05-06T13:54:21Z

Masako: /* u */

__NOTOC__

== Abbreviations for Source Languages ==

{{col-begin}}
{{col-break}}

* '''ARA''' - Arabic
* '''ELL''' - Greek
* '''ENG''' - English
* '''FRE''' - French
* '''GER''' - German

{{col-break}}

* '''HIN''' - Hindi
* '''JPN''' - Japanese
* '''KOR''' - Korean
* '''MIY''' - [[Miyu|Miyu]]
* '''MUL''' - Multiple

{{col-break}}

* '''PIE''' - Proto-Indo-European
* '''SPA''' - Spanish
* '''TUR''' - Turkish
* '''ZHO''' - Mandarin

{{col-end}}

= Lexicon =

<center>
[[#a|a]] [[#e|e]] [[#i|i]] [[#k|k]] [[#l|l]] [[#m|m]] [[#n|n]] [[#o|o]] [[#p|p]] [[#s|s]] [[#t|t]] [[#u|u]] [[#w|w]] [[#y|y]]
</center>

== a ==

==== aku ====

* ('''JPN''' [[:wiktionary:百#Japanese|''hyaku'']])

:* ''n.'' a very many, lots, a lot; much
:* ''num.'' hundred; 100

note: also used as '''-ku'''

==== an ====

* ('''ARA''' [[:wiktionary:آن|''ʔān'']])

:* ''n.'' time; age; period; passing of events

==== anta ====

* ('''HIN''' [[:wiktionary:अँधेरा|''andherā'']])

:* ''n.'' a lack of light; obscurity
:* ''v.'' be dark; dim; obscure

==== awa ====

* ('''ARA''' [[:wiktionary:أو|''ʔaw'']])

:* ''conj.'' or; either; other
:* ''n.'' option; selection

==== ayo ====

* ('''ARA''' [[:wiktionary:أي|''ʔayy'']])

:* ''pro.'' any; which/whatever (INDEF)

== e ==

* ('''SPA / ZHO''' [[:wiktionary:y#Etymology_2_8|''e'']] / [[:wiktionary:和#Pronunciation_2|''hé'']])

:* ''conj.'' and; also; too; as well

== i ==

==== ila ====

* ('''ARA''' [[:wiktionary:إلى|''ʔilā'']])

:* ''prep.'' toward; at; in direction of; near; until
:* ''v.'' go (toward); walk; travel

==== in ====

* ('''ARA''' [[:wiktionary:إن|''ʔin'']])

:* ''conj.'' if (assuming that); (possible, not contrary to fact)

::* '''in [[Miyu/lexicon#ne|ne]]''' - if not; unless

==== ipin ====

* ('''ARA''' [[:wiktionary:ابن#Arabic|''ibn'']])

:* ''n.'' child; offspring; kid; daughter; son

note: Can also be '''pin'''.

::* '''pinapa''' ''n.'' son; nephew ([[Miyu/lexicon#ipin|pin]] + [[Miyu/lexicon#apa|apa]])
::* '''pinuma''' ''n.'' daughter; niece ([[Miyu/lexicon#ipin|pin]] + [[Miyu/lexicon#uma|uma]])

==== ita ====

* ('''ARA''' [[:wiktionary:إذا|''ʔiḏā'']])

:* ''conj.'' if (then); whether (therefore)

note: When used as the conditional particle in a conditional clause, it may be followed by a past-tense verb regardless of natural time-reference.

== k ==

==== kai ====

* ('''ZHO''' [[:wiktionary:該#Definitions|''gāi'']])

:* ''v.'' should; ought to; need to; have to
:* ''v.'' need; require; must

==== kali ====

* ('''ARA / SPA''' [[:wiktionary:حار|''ḥārr'']] / [[:wiktionary:cálido#Spanish|''cálido'']])

:* ''n.'' heat; warmth
:* ''v.'' heat; be hot; warm

==== kana ====

* ('''ARA''' [[:wiktionary:كان|''kāna'']])

:* ''n.'' existence; occurrence
:* ''v.'' be; exist; occur

note: can also be '''kan'''

==== kasa ====

* ('''SPA''' [[:wiktionary:casa#Spanish|''casa'']])

:* ''n.'' house; building
:* ''v.'' dwell; reside

==== ke ====

* ('''ZHO''' [[:wiktionary:個#Definitions|''gè'']])

:* ''part.'' number marker; referent

==== ko ====

* ('''JPN''' [[:wiktionary:個#Kanji|''ko'']])

:* ''n.'' person; individual; adult / he; she (3sg)

==== kono ====

* ('''SPA''' [[:wiktionary:conocer#Spanish|''conocer'']])

:* ''n.'' knowledge; awareness
:* ''v.'' know; be aware; understand

==== kula ====

* ('''ARA''' [[:wiktionary:كل|''kull'']])

:* ''n.'' all; whole; each; every
:* ''v.'' be complete; whole

==== kun ====

* ('''SPA / ZHO''' [[:wiktionary:con#Spanish|''con'']] / [[:wiktionary:跟#Definitions|''gēn'']])

:* ''prep.'' with; together; by means of
:* ''v.'' accompany; join
:* ''v.'' use; employ

== l ==

==== lalo ====

* ('''HIN''' [[:wiktionary:लाल|''lāl'']])

:* ''n.'' redness
:* ''v.'' be red

::* '''lalo poka''' ''n.'' pale red
::* '''lalo ta''' ''n.'' dark red

==== lapa ====

* ('''HEB''' [[:wiktionary:לבן|''lāḇān'']])

:* ''n.'' whiteness
:* ''v.'' be white; blank

note: can also be '''lapan'''

==== lawa ====

* ('''SPA''' [[:wiktionary:lavar#Spanish|''lavar'']])

:* ''v.'' wash; clean; wipe; clear

==== le ====

* ('''ZHO''' [[:wiktionary:了#Definitions|''le'']])

:* ''part.'' completive aspect particle (COMP)

==== li ====

* ('''ZHO''' [[:wiktionary:兩#Definitions|''liǎng'']])

:* ''num.'' two; 2; double; duo

==== lo ====

* ('''ZHO''' [[:wiktionary:摞#Definitions|''luò'']])

:* ''n.'' stack; pile
:* ''part.'' plural particle (PL)

==== lon ====

* ('''ARA''' [[:wiktionary:لون#Arabic|''lawn'']])

:* ''n.'' color; shade; hue

==== lu ====

* ('''ZHO''' [[:wiktionary:綠#Definitions|''lǜ'']])

:* ''n.'' green; greenness; verdant

== m ==

==== ma ====

* ('''ARA / ZHO''' [[:wiktionary:ما#Pronoun|''mā'']] / [[:wiktionary:嗎#Definitions|''ma'']])

:* ''part.'' interrogative particle [Q]
:* ''pro.'' what; that; which

==== me ====

* ('''FRE''' [[:wiktionary:mais#Conjunction_2|''mais'']])

:* ''conj.'' but; however; although; yet

== n ==

==== na ====

* ('''JPN''' [[:wiktionary:なな|''nana'']])

:* ''num.'' seven; 7

==== nasa ====

* ('''ARA''' [[:wiktionary:نظر#Arabic|''naẓara'']])

:* ''v.'' look; see; observe; watch; read

==== nai ====

* ('''JPN''' [[:wiktionary:内#Etymology_2|''nai'']])

:* ''prep.'' in(side); interior; during; among; middle

==== ne ====

* ('''ENG''' [[:wiktionary:nay#English|''nay'']])

:* ''part.'' no; not; negative; neither

==== ni ====

* ('''ZHO''' [[:wiktionary:你#Definitions|''nǐ'']])

:* ''pro.'' you (2sg)

==== nun ====

* ('''PIE''' [[:wiktionary:Reconstruction:Proto-Indo-European/h₁néwn̥|''h₁néwn̥'']])

:* ''num.'' nine; 9

== o ==

==== o ====

* ('''JPN''' [[:wiktionary:を#Etymology_2|''o'']])

:* ''part.'' direct object marker (DO)

==== oya ====

* ('''SPA''' [[:wiktionary:olla#Spanish|''olla'']])

:* ''n.'' pot; pan; kettle (vessel used for cooking or storing food)
:* ''n.'' stew (dish cooked by stewing)

== p ==

==== pa ====

* ('''ZHO''' [[:wiktionary:八#Definitions|''bā'']])

:* ''num.'' eight; 8

==== pali ====

* ('''ARA / SPA''' [[:wiktionary:فرح#Arabic|''fariḥa'']] / [[:wiktionary:feliz#Spanish|''feliz'']])

:* ''n.'' happiness; joy
:* ''v.'' be happy; cheerful; joyous

==== pan ====

* ('''SPA / ZHO''' [[:wiktionary:pan#Noun_40|''pan'']] / [[:wiktionary:飯#Definitions|''fàn'']])

:* ''n.'' food; bread; meal; sustenance

==== poka ====

* ('''SPA''' [[:wiktionary:poca#Spanish|''poca'']])

:* ''num.'' few; not many
:* ''v.'' be small; little

==== pen ====

* ('''ELL''' [[:wiktionary:πέντε#Numeral_2|''pénte'']])

:* ''num.'' five; 5

==== pon ====

* ('''ENG''' [[:wiktionary:phone#Etymology_1|''phone'']])

:* ''n.'' phone (mobile; smart)
:* ''v.'' use ~

== s ==

==== sa ====

* ('''ARA''' [[:wiktionary:س#Etymology_2|''sa-'']])

:* ''part.'' future tense (FUT); prospective aspect (PROS)

==== saki ====

* ('''ARA''' [[:wiktionary:شقيق|''šaqīq'']] / [[:wiktionary:أخ|''ʔaḵ'']])

:* ''n.'' sibling; cousin; shared (grand)parents

note: can also be '''aki'''

::* '''akipa''' ''n.'' brother; male cousin ([[Miyu/lexicon#saki|aki]] + [[Miyu/lexicon#apa|apa]])
::* '''akima''' ''n.'' sister; female cousin ([[Miyu/lexicon#saki|aki]] + [[Miyu/lexicon#uma|uma]])

==== san ====

* ('''ZHO''' [[:wiktionary:三#Definitions|''sān'']])

:* ''num.'' three; 3

==== sawa ====

* ('''ARA''' [[:wiktionary:زوج|''šaqīq'']])

:* ''n.'' spouse; husband; wife; sweetheart; mate; partner

::* '''sawapa''' ''n.'' husband; boyfriend ([[Miyu/lexicon#sawa|sawa]] + [[Miyu/lexicon#apa|apa]])
::* '''sawama''' ''n.'' wife; girlfriend ([[Miyu/lexicon#sawa|sawa]] + [[Miyu/lexicon#uma|uma]])

==== so ====

* ('''ENG / ZHO''' [[:wiktionary:so#Adverb|''so'']] / [[:wiktionary:所以#Conjunction|''suǒyǐ'']])

:* ''part.'' so; therefore; consequently

note: used as conjunction, adverb, and interjection

== t ==

==== ta ====

* ('''ZHO''' [[:wiktionary:大#Definitions|''dà'']])

:* ''v.'' be large; big; grand; in an extreme manner; greatly

==== te ====

* ('''SPA / ZHO''' [[:wiktionary:de#Preposition_32|''de'']] / [[:wiktionary:的#Definitions_2|''de'']])

:* ''prep.'' of; from; about

== u ==

==== u ====

* ('''ZHO''' [[:wiktionary:物#Definitions|''wù'']])

:* ''n.'' thing; entity; object; quality or concept

==== uma ====

* ('''ARA''' [[:wiktionary:أم|''ʔumm'']])

:* ''n.'' mother; woman; wife

::* '''-ma''' ''aff.'' marks the feminine of a noun

see also: [[Miyu#family|Family Terms]]

== w ==

==== wa ====

* ('''ARA''' / '''ZHO''' [[:wiktionary:واحد#Etymology|''wāḥid'']] / [[:wiktionary:我#Definitions|''wǒ'']])

:* ''num.'' one; 1; single; singular; alone
:* ''pro.'' I; me (1sg)

==== wan ====

* ('''ENG''' [[:wiktionary:want#Verb|''want'']])

:* ''v.'' want; desire; wish (for)

==== wata ====

* ('''ENG''' [[:wiktionary:water#Noun|''water'']])

:* ''n.'' water; liquid; fluid
:* ''v.'' be wet

== y ==

==== yamu ====

* ('''HIN''' [[:wiktionary:बैंगनी|''jāmunī'']])

:* ''n.'' purple; violet

==== yu ====

* ('''ZHO''' [[:wiktionary:于#Definitions|''yú'']])

:* ''prep.'' in; at; to; by; than; out of
:* ''n.'' place; location; point; spot

Miyu

2025-05-06T13:52:01Z

Masako: /* Lexical Categories */

__NOTOC__

{{wip}}

:[[Miyu/lexicon|Lexicon]]
:[[Miyu/writing|Writing]]

= Introduction =

'''Miyu''' is an attempt to have a minimalist artlang in the spirit of Toki Pona that affords speakers more nuance, even with a reduced number of morphemes. Strict word order and and word compounding allow '''Miyu''' to be expansive and specific when necessary. Strict use of syntactic and lexical particles help to reduce sematic ambiguities.

Some key features:

:* [[wp:Subject–verb–object_word_order|Subject-Verb-Object word order]]
:* Highly [[wp:Analytic_language|analytical grammar]]
:* Invariable lexemes
:* Only 14 (base) sounds, 9 consonants, and 5 vowels
:* Simple [[wp:Phonotactics|phonotactics]], or [[wp:Syllable|syllable structure]] (C)V(N)
:* Only ~1000 core [[wp:Morpheme|morphemes]]
:* Easy-to-follow word [[wp:Compound_(linguistics)|compounding]]
:* Source languages are [[wp:List_of_languages_by_total_number_of_speakers|widely spoken/used]]

= Phonology =

'''Miyu''' has nine consonants (/p, t, k, s, m, n, l, j, w/) and five vowels (/a, e, i, o, u/). Stress is word final.

== consonants ==
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 300px;"
!
! Labial
! Coronal
! Dorsal
|-align=center
! Nasal
| m
| n
|
|-align=center
! Plosive
| p
| t
| k
|-align=center
! Fricative
|
| s
|
|-align=center
! Approximant
| w
| l
| j ('''y''')
|}

* The plosives /p t k/ are pronounced [b d ɡ] when in an unstressed syllable.
* {{IPA|[s]}} is in free variation with {{IPA|[z]}} and {{IPA|[ʃ]}}.
* {{IPA|[l]}} and {{IPA|[ɾ]}} are in [[wp:Free_variation|free variation]].

== vowels ==

Vowels in stressed syllables tend to be tense, and likewise unstressed ones tend to be more lax. Thus, for example, /i/ is realized as [i] or [ɪ] in stressed and unstressed syllables, respectively. Likewise, /e/ is realized as [e] or [ɛ], and so on.

{| class="wikitable"
|-
!''Vowels''!!Front!!Back
|- align="center"
!Close
|i~ɪ||u~ʊ
|- align="center"
!Mid
|e~ɛ||o~ɔ
|- align="center"
!Open
| colspan="2" |a~ə
|}

=== diphthongs ===

There are two diphthongs [ai̯] '''ai''', and [au̯] '''au'''. These typically occur word-finally.

== syllable structure ==

All syllables are of the form (C)V(N), that is, optional consonant + vowel + optional final nasal, or V, CV, VN, CVN.

=== syllables ===

{| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;"
|+ Valid syllables
! scope="col" |
! scope="col" | -a
! scope="col" | -ai
! scope="col" | -au
! scope="col" | -an
! scope="col" | -e
! scope="col" | -en
! scope="col" | -i
! scope="col" | -in
! scope="col" | -o
! scope="col" | -on
! scope="col" | -u
! scope="col" | -un
|-
! scope="row" | ∅-
| a
| ai
| au
| an
| e
| en
| i
| in
| o
| on
| u
| un
|-
! scope="row" | p-
| pa
| pai
| pau
| pan
| pe
| pen
| pi
| pin
| po
| pon
| pu
| pun
|-
! scope="row" | t-
| ta
| tai
| tau

| tan
| te
| ten
| ti
| tin
| to
| ton
| tu
| tun
|-
! scope="row" | k-
| ka
| kai
| kau
| kan
| ke
| ken
| ki
| kin
| ko
| kon
| ku
| kun
|-
! scope="row" | m-
| ma
| mai
| mau
| man
| me
| men
| mi
| min
| mo
| mon
| mu
| mun
|-
! scope="row" | n-
| na
| nai
| nau
| nan
| ne
| nen
| ni
| nin
| no
| non
| nu
| nun
|-
! scope="row" | s-
| sa
| sai
| sau
| san
| se
| sen
| si
| sin
| so
| son
| su
| sun
|-
! scope="row" | l-
| la
| lai
| lau
| lan
| le
| len
| li
| lin
| lo
| lon
| lu
| lun
|-
! scope="row" | w-
| wa
| wai
| style="background: #999" | –
| wan
| we
| wen
| wi
| win
| style="background: #999" | –
| style="background: #999" | –
| style="background: #999" | –
| style="background: #999" | –
|-
! scope="row" | y-
| ya
| style="background: #999" | –
| yau
| yan
| ye
| yen
| style="background: #999" | –
| style="background: #999" | –
| yo
| yon
| yu
| yun
|}

== phonotactics ==

A few syllables sequences are disallowed; /ji, wu, wo/. Also, a syllable-final nasal may not occur before /m/ or /n/ in the same root.

= Lexical Categories =

== Borrowing and Lexical Selection ==

=== family ===

Because of the ubiquity of a bilabial plosive and nasal being used for "father" and "mother" words respectively, the words used in '''Miyu''' sound, and look very familiar and possibly derived from any one of numerous languages. However, this section will explain how the '''Miyu''' words came to be, and indicate that all other words are gender neutral, unless modified by the gender affixes.

* '''apa''' - father; man; husband ('''-pa''' masculine gender)
: Mandarin: [[Wiktionary:爸#Chinese|爸]] /pa˥˩/
: Arabic: [[Wiktionary:أب#Arabic|أب]] /ʔab/
: Spanish: [[Wiktionary:padre#Spanish|padre]] /ˈpadɾe/
: English: [[Wiktionary:papa#English|papa]] /ˈpɑː.pə/
: Hindi: [[Wiktionary:पिता#Hindi|पिता]] /pɪ.t̪ɑː/

* '''uma''' - mother; woman; wife ('''-ma''' feminine gender)
: Mandarin: [[Wiktionary:媽#Chinese|媽]] /ma˥/
: Arabic: [[Wiktionary:أم#Etymology_2|أم]] /ʔumm/
: Spanish: [[Wiktionary:madre#Spanish|madre]] /ˈma.ð̞ɾe/
: English: [[Wiktionary:mama#English|mama]] /ˈmɑmə/
: Hindi: [[Wiktionary:माता#Hindi|माता]] /mɑː.t̪ɑː/

= Syntax =

[[wp:Classical_Arabic|Classical Arabic]] is primarily [[wp:Verb–subject–object|VSO]], but [[wp:Modern_Standard_Arabic|MSA]] (Modern Standard Arabic) tends to be [[wp:Subject–verb–object|SVO]], favoring full agreement over partial. [[wp:Chinese_grammar|Chinese]] is classified as an SVO language. Transitive verbs precede their objects in typical simple clauses, while the subject precedes the verb. [[wp:Spanish_grammar|Spanish]] unmarked word order for affirmative declarative sentences is SVO; however, as in other Romance languages, in practice, word order is mostly variable. [[wp:English_grammar|English]] word order is almost exclusively SVO. [[wp:Hindustani_grammar|Hindi]] is primarily an SOV language.

Based on the above information about the main source languages for '''Miyu''', it is primarily an SVO (subject-verb-object) language. Modifiers generally follow what they modify, as do prepositional phrases and subordinate clauses.

== Predication ==

'''Miyu''' uses a copula before nouns (or noun-like constructions/concepts) in predications, like '''wa kan apa''' ''“I am a man”'', but typically not before verbal constructions, including attributive verbs (i.e. adjectives). So, a sentence like '''wa kan pali''' ''“I am happy”'' would be grammatically incorrect but saying '''wa pali''' ''“I happy”'' is correct. Attributive verbs can be used as auxiliary verbs, or adverbs, such as '''wa pali ta''' ''“I am very happy”''.

== Nouns ==

=== Pronouns ===

== Particles ==

== Verbs ==

=== Copula ===

The '''Miyu''' [[wp:Copula_(linguistics)|copular verb]] is [[Miyu/lexicon#kana|'''kana''']]. This is the equivalent of English "to be" and all its forms—"am", "is", "are", "was", "were", etc. However, [[Miyu/lexicon#kana|'''kana''']] is normally only used when its complement is a noun or noun phrase. As noted above, predicate adjectives function as (attributive) verbs themselves, as does the locative preposition [[Miyu/lexicon#yu|'''yu''']], so in sentences where the predicate is an adjectival or locative phrase, [[Miyu/lexicon#kana|'''kana''']] is not required.

=== Tense, Aspect, Mood ===

== Questions ==

The interrogative particle '''ma''' is used in conjunction with various nouns, adverbs, and adjectives to form specific questions.

=== non-polar questions ===

{{col-begin}}
{{col-break}}
* '''ma''' - what; which
* '''ma ko''' - who, whom
* '''ma ko yo''' - whose, of whom
* '''ma an''' - when
{{col-break}}
* '''ma loka''' - where
* '''ma moto''' - how
* '''ma laka''' - how much, how many
* '''ma sapa''' - why
{{col-end}}

=== polar questions ===

Any statement can become a polar question by adding the interrogative particle '''ma''' at the end of the sentence.

{{col-begin}}
{{col-break}}
* '''wa wite le kasa'''
: 1S see PST house
: ''I saw the house.''
{{col-break}}
* '''ni wite le kasa ma'''
: 2S see PST house Q
: ''Did you see the house?''
{{col-end}}

== Number ==

{| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 500px;"
|+
|-
! Miyu
! number
! English
! Miyu
! number
! English
|-
| '''sunya''' || 0 || zero || [[Miyu/lexicon#na|'''na''']] || 7 || seven
|-
| [[Miyu/lexicon#wa|'''wa''']] || 1 || one || [[Miyu/lexicon#pa|'''pa''']] || 8 || eight
|-
| [[Miyu/lexicon#li|'''li''']] || 2 || two || [[Miyu/lexicon#nun|'''nun''']] || 9 || nine
|-
| [[Miyu/lexicon#san|'''san''']] || 3 || three || [[Miyu/lexicon#ye|'''ye''']] || 10 || ten
|-
| [[Miyu/lexicon#si|'''si''']] || 4 || four || [[Miyu/lexicon#aku|'''aku''']] || 100 || (one) hundred
|-
| [[Miyu/lexicon#pen|'''pen''']] || 5 || five || [[Miyu/lexicon#mila|'''mila''']] || 1000 || (one) thousand
|-
| [[Miyu/lexicon#we|'''we''']] || 6 || six || '' '' || '' '' || '' ''
|}

= Appendices =

Miyu/lexicon

2025-05-06T13:35:24Z

Masako: /* u */

__NOTOC__

== Abbreviations for Source Languages ==

{{col-begin}}
{{col-break}}

* '''ARA''' - Arabic
* '''ELL''' - Greek
* '''ENG''' - English
* '''FRE''' - French
* '''GER''' - German

{{col-break}}

* '''HIN''' - Hindi
* '''JPN''' - Japanese
* '''KOR''' - Korean
* '''MIY''' - [[Miyu|Miyu]]
* '''MUL''' - Multiple

{{col-break}}

* '''PIE''' - Proto-Indo-European
* '''SPA''' - Spanish
* '''TUR''' - Turkish
* '''ZHO''' - Mandarin

{{col-end}}

= Lexicon =

<center>
[[#a|a]] [[#e|e]] [[#i|i]] [[#k|k]] [[#l|l]] [[#m|m]] [[#n|n]] [[#o|o]] [[#p|p]] [[#s|s]] [[#t|t]] [[#u|u]] [[#w|w]] [[#y|y]]
</center>

== a ==

==== aku ====

* ('''JPN''' [[:wiktionary:百#Japanese|''hyaku'']])

:* ''n.'' a very many, lots, a lot; much
:* ''num.'' hundred; 100

note: also used as '''-ku'''

==== an ====

* ('''ARA''' [[:wiktionary:آن|''ʔān'']])

:* ''n.'' time; age; period; passing of events

==== anta ====

* ('''HIN''' [[:wiktionary:अँधेरा|''andherā'']])

:* ''n.'' a lack of light; obscurity
:* ''v.'' be dark; dim; obscure

==== awa ====

* ('''ARA''' [[:wiktionary:أو|''ʔaw'']])

:* ''conj.'' or; either; other
:* ''n.'' option; selection

==== ayo ====

* ('''ARA''' [[:wiktionary:أي|''ʔayy'']])

:* ''pro.'' any; which/whatever (INDEF)

== e ==

* ('''SPA / ZHO''' [[:wiktionary:y#Etymology_2_8|''e'']] / [[:wiktionary:和#Pronunciation_2|''hé'']])

:* ''conj.'' and; also; too; as well

== i ==

==== ila ====

* ('''ARA''' [[:wiktionary:إلى|''ʔilā'']])

:* ''prep.'' toward; at; in direction of; near; until
:* ''v.'' go (toward); walk; travel

==== in ====

* ('''ARA''' [[:wiktionary:إن|''ʔin'']])

:* ''conj.'' if (assuming that); (possible, not contrary to fact)

::* '''in [[Miyu/lexicon#ne|ne]]''' - if not; unless

==== ipin ====

* ('''ARA''' [[:wiktionary:ابن#Arabic|''ibn'']])

:* ''n.'' child; offspring; kid; daughter; son

note: Can also be '''pin'''.

::* '''pinapa''' ''n.'' son; nephew ([[Miyu/lexicon#ipin|pin]] + [[Miyu/lexicon#apa|apa]])
::* '''pinuma''' ''n.'' daughter; niece ([[Miyu/lexicon#ipin|pin]] + [[Miyu/lexicon#uma|uma]])

==== ita ====

* ('''ARA''' [[:wiktionary:إذا|''ʔiḏā'']])

:* ''conj.'' if (then); whether (therefore)

note: When used as the conditional particle in a conditional clause, it may be followed by a past-tense verb regardless of natural time-reference.

== k ==

==== kai ====

* ('''ZHO''' [[:wiktionary:該#Definitions|''gāi'']])

:* ''v.'' should; ought to; need to; have to
:* ''v.'' need; require; must

==== kali ====

* ('''ARA / SPA''' [[:wiktionary:حار|''ḥārr'']] / [[:wiktionary:cálido#Spanish|''cálido'']])

:* ''n.'' heat; warmth
:* ''v.'' heat; be hot; warm

==== kana ====

* ('''ARA''' [[:wiktionary:كان|''kāna'']])

:* ''n.'' existence; occurrence
:* ''v.'' be; exist; occur

note: can also be '''kan'''

==== kasa ====

* ('''SPA''' [[:wiktionary:casa#Spanish|''casa'']])

:* ''n.'' house; building
:* ''v.'' dwell; reside

==== ke ====

* ('''ZHO''' [[:wiktionary:個#Definitions|''gè'']])

:* ''part.'' number marker; referent

==== ko ====

* ('''JPN''' [[:wiktionary:個#Kanji|''ko'']])

:* ''n.'' person; individual; adult / he; she (3sg)

==== kono ====

* ('''SPA''' [[:wiktionary:conocer#Spanish|''conocer'']])

:* ''n.'' knowledge; awareness
:* ''v.'' know; be aware; understand

==== kula ====

* ('''ARA''' [[:wiktionary:كل|''kull'']])

:* ''n.'' all; whole; each; every
:* ''v.'' be complete; whole

==== kun ====

* ('''SPA / ZHO''' [[:wiktionary:con#Spanish|''con'']] / [[:wiktionary:跟#Definitions|''gēn'']])

:* ''prep.'' with; together; by means of
:* ''v.'' accompany; join
:* ''v.'' use; employ

== l ==

==== lalo ====

* ('''HIN''' [[:wiktionary:लाल|''lāl'']])

:* ''n.'' redness
:* ''v.'' be red

::* '''lalo poka''' ''n.'' pale red
::* '''lalo ta''' ''n.'' dark red

==== lapa ====

* ('''HEB''' [[:wiktionary:לבן|''lāḇān'']])

:* ''n.'' whiteness
:* ''v.'' be white; blank

note: can also be '''lapan'''

==== lawa ====

* ('''SPA''' [[:wiktionary:lavar#Spanish|''lavar'']])

:* ''v.'' wash; clean; wipe; clear

==== le ====

* ('''ZHO''' [[:wiktionary:了#Definitions|''le'']])

:* ''part.'' completive aspect particle (COMP)

==== li ====

* ('''ZHO''' [[:wiktionary:兩#Definitions|''liǎng'']])

:* ''num.'' two; 2; double; duo

==== lo ====

* ('''ZHO''' [[:wiktionary:摞#Definitions|''luò'']])

:* ''n.'' stack; pile
:* ''part.'' plural particle (PL)

==== lon ====

* ('''ARA''' [[:wiktionary:لون#Arabic|''lawn'']])

:* ''n.'' color; shade; hue

==== lu ====

* ('''ZHO''' [[:wiktionary:綠#Definitions|''lǜ'']])

:* ''n.'' green; greenness; verdant

== m ==

==== ma ====

* ('''ARA / ZHO''' [[:wiktionary:ما#Pronoun|''mā'']] / [[:wiktionary:嗎#Definitions|''ma'']])

:* ''part.'' interrogative particle [Q]
:* ''pro.'' what; that; which

==== me ====

* ('''FRE''' [[:wiktionary:mais#Conjunction_2|''mais'']])

:* ''conj.'' but; however; although; yet

== n ==

==== na ====

* ('''JPN''' [[:wiktionary:なな|''nana'']])

:* ''num.'' seven; 7

==== nasa ====

* ('''ARA''' [[:wiktionary:نظر#Arabic|''naẓara'']])

:* ''v.'' look; see; observe; watch; read

==== nai ====

* ('''JPN''' [[:wiktionary:内#Etymology_2|''nai'']])

:* ''prep.'' in(side); interior; during; among; middle

==== ne ====

* ('''ENG''' [[:wiktionary:nay#English|''nay'']])

:* ''part.'' no; not; negative; neither

==== ni ====

* ('''ZHO''' [[:wiktionary:你#Definitions|''nǐ'']])

:* ''pro.'' you (2sg)

==== nun ====

* ('''PIE''' [[:wiktionary:Reconstruction:Proto-Indo-European/h₁néwn̥|''h₁néwn̥'']])

:* ''num.'' nine; 9

== o ==

==== o ====

* ('''JPN''' [[:wiktionary:を#Etymology_2|''o'']])

:* ''part.'' direct object marker (DO)

==== oya ====

* ('''SPA''' [[:wiktionary:olla#Spanish|''olla'']])

:* ''n.'' pot; pan; kettle (vessel used for cooking or storing food)
:* ''n.'' stew (dish cooked by stewing)

== p ==

==== pa ====

* ('''ZHO''' [[:wiktionary:八#Definitions|''bā'']])

:* ''num.'' eight; 8

==== pali ====

* ('''ARA / SPA''' [[:wiktionary:فرح#Arabic|''fariḥa'']] / [[:wiktionary:feliz#Spanish|''feliz'']])

:* ''n.'' happiness; joy
:* ''v.'' be happy; cheerful; joyous

==== pan ====

* ('''SPA / ZHO''' [[:wiktionary:pan#Noun_40|''pan'']] / [[:wiktionary:飯#Definitions|''fàn'']])

:* ''n.'' food; bread; meal; sustenance

==== poka ====

* ('''SPA''' [[:wiktionary:poca#Spanish|''poca'']])

:* ''num.'' few; not many
:* ''v.'' be small; little

==== pen ====

* ('''ELL''' [[:wiktionary:πέντε#Numeral_2|''pénte'']])

:* ''num.'' five; 5

==== pon ====

* ('''ENG''' [[:wiktionary:phone#Etymology_1|''phone'']])

:* ''n.'' phone (mobile; smart)
:* ''v.'' use ~

== s ==

==== sa ====

* ('''ARA''' [[:wiktionary:س#Etymology_2|''sa-'']])

:* ''part.'' future tense (FUT); prospective aspect (PROS)

==== saki ====

* ('''ARA''' [[:wiktionary:شقيق|''šaqīq'']] / [[:wiktionary:أخ|''ʔaḵ'']])

:* ''n.'' sibling; cousin; shared (grand)parents

note: can also be '''aki'''

::* '''akipa''' ''n.'' brother; male cousin ([[Miyu/lexicon#saki|aki]] + [[Miyu/lexicon#apa|apa]])
::* '''akima''' ''n.'' sister; female cousin ([[Miyu/lexicon#saki|aki]] + [[Miyu/lexicon#uma|uma]])

==== san ====

* ('''ZHO''' [[:wiktionary:三#Definitions|''sān'']])

:* ''num.'' three; 3

==== sawa ====

* ('''ARA''' [[:wiktionary:زوج|''šaqīq'']])

:* ''n.'' spouse; husband; wife; sweetheart; mate; partner

::* '''sawapa''' ''n.'' husband; boyfriend ([[Miyu/lexicon#sawa|sawa]] + [[Miyu/lexicon#apa|apa]])
::* '''sawama''' ''n.'' wife; girlfriend ([[Miyu/lexicon#sawa|sawa]] + [[Miyu/lexicon#uma|uma]])

==== so ====

* ('''ENG / ZHO''' [[:wiktionary:so#Adverb|''so'']] / [[:wiktionary:所以#Conjunction|''suǒyǐ'']])

:* ''part.'' so; therefore; consequently

note: used as conjunction, adverb, and interjection

== t ==

==== ta ====

* ('''ZHO''' [[:wiktionary:大#Definitions|''dà'']])

:* ''v.'' be large; big; grand; in an extreme manner; greatly

==== te ====

* ('''SPA / ZHO''' [[:wiktionary:de#Preposition_32|''de'']] / [[:wiktionary:的#Definitions_2|''de'']])

:* ''prep.'' of; from; about

== u ==

==== u ====

* ('''ZHO''' [[:wiktionary:物#Definitions|''wù'']])

:* ''n.'' thing; entity; object; quality or concept

==== uma ====

* ('''ARA''' [[:wiktionary:أم|''ʔumm'']])

:* ''n.'' mother; woman; wife

::* '''-ma''' ''aff.'' marks the feminine of a noun

== w ==

==== wa ====

* ('''ARA''' / '''ZHO''' [[:wiktionary:واحد#Etymology|''wāḥid'']] / [[:wiktionary:我#Definitions|''wǒ'']])

:* ''num.'' one; 1; single; singular; alone
:* ''pro.'' I; me (1sg)

==== wan ====

* ('''ENG''' [[:wiktionary:want#Verb|''want'']])

:* ''v.'' want; desire; wish (for)

==== wata ====

* ('''ENG''' [[:wiktionary:water#Noun|''water'']])

:* ''n.'' water; liquid; fluid
:* ''v.'' be wet

== y ==

==== yamu ====

* ('''HIN''' [[:wiktionary:बैंगनी|''jāmunī'']])

:* ''n.'' purple; violet

==== yu ====

* ('''ZHO''' [[:wiktionary:于#Definitions|''yú'']])

:* ''prep.'' in; at; to; by; than; out of
:* ''n.'' place; location; point; spot

Miyu/lexicon

2025-05-06T13:30:14Z

Masako: /* s */

__NOTOC__

== Abbreviations for Source Languages ==

{{col-begin}}
{{col-break}}

* '''ARA''' - Arabic
* '''ELL''' - Greek
* '''ENG''' - English
* '''FRE''' - French
* '''GER''' - German

{{col-break}}

* '''HIN''' - Hindi
* '''JPN''' - Japanese
* '''KOR''' - Korean
* '''MIY''' - [[Miyu|Miyu]]
* '''MUL''' - Multiple

{{col-break}}

* '''PIE''' - Proto-Indo-European
* '''SPA''' - Spanish
* '''TUR''' - Turkish
* '''ZHO''' - Mandarin

{{col-end}}

= Lexicon =

<center>
[[#a|a]] [[#e|e]] [[#i|i]] [[#k|k]] [[#l|l]] [[#m|m]] [[#n|n]] [[#o|o]] [[#p|p]] [[#s|s]] [[#t|t]] [[#u|u]] [[#w|w]] [[#y|y]]
</center>

== a ==

==== aku ====

* ('''JPN''' [[:wiktionary:百#Japanese|''hyaku'']])

:* ''n.'' a very many, lots, a lot; much
:* ''num.'' hundred; 100

note: also used as '''-ku'''

==== an ====

* ('''ARA''' [[:wiktionary:آن|''ʔān'']])

:* ''n.'' time; age; period; passing of events

==== anta ====

* ('''HIN''' [[:wiktionary:अँधेरा|''andherā'']])

:* ''n.'' a lack of light; obscurity
:* ''v.'' be dark; dim; obscure

==== awa ====

* ('''ARA''' [[:wiktionary:أو|''ʔaw'']])

:* ''conj.'' or; either; other
:* ''n.'' option; selection

==== ayo ====

* ('''ARA''' [[:wiktionary:أي|''ʔayy'']])

:* ''pro.'' any; which/whatever (INDEF)

== e ==

* ('''SPA / ZHO''' [[:wiktionary:y#Etymology_2_8|''e'']] / [[:wiktionary:和#Pronunciation_2|''hé'']])

:* ''conj.'' and; also; too; as well

== i ==

==== ila ====

* ('''ARA''' [[:wiktionary:إلى|''ʔilā'']])

:* ''prep.'' toward; at; in direction of; near; until
:* ''v.'' go (toward); walk; travel

==== in ====

* ('''ARA''' [[:wiktionary:إن|''ʔin'']])

:* ''conj.'' if (assuming that); (possible, not contrary to fact)

::* '''in [[Miyu/lexicon#ne|ne]]''' - if not; unless

==== ipin ====

* ('''ARA''' [[:wiktionary:ابن#Arabic|''ibn'']])

:* ''n.'' child; offspring; kid; daughter; son

note: Can also be '''pin'''.

::* '''pinapa''' ''n.'' son; nephew ([[Miyu/lexicon#ipin|pin]] + [[Miyu/lexicon#apa|apa]])
::* '''pinuma''' ''n.'' daughter; niece ([[Miyu/lexicon#ipin|pin]] + [[Miyu/lexicon#uma|uma]])

==== ita ====

* ('''ARA''' [[:wiktionary:إذا|''ʔiḏā'']])

:* ''conj.'' if (then); whether (therefore)

note: When used as the conditional particle in a conditional clause, it may be followed by a past-tense verb regardless of natural time-reference.

== k ==

==== kai ====

* ('''ZHO''' [[:wiktionary:該#Definitions|''gāi'']])

:* ''v.'' should; ought to; need to; have to
:* ''v.'' need; require; must

==== kali ====

* ('''ARA / SPA''' [[:wiktionary:حار|''ḥārr'']] / [[:wiktionary:cálido#Spanish|''cálido'']])

:* ''n.'' heat; warmth
:* ''v.'' heat; be hot; warm

==== kana ====

* ('''ARA''' [[:wiktionary:كان|''kāna'']])

:* ''n.'' existence; occurrence
:* ''v.'' be; exist; occur

note: can also be '''kan'''

==== kasa ====

* ('''SPA''' [[:wiktionary:casa#Spanish|''casa'']])

:* ''n.'' house; building
:* ''v.'' dwell; reside

==== ke ====

* ('''ZHO''' [[:wiktionary:個#Definitions|''gè'']])

:* ''part.'' number marker; referent

==== ko ====

* ('''JPN''' [[:wiktionary:個#Kanji|''ko'']])

:* ''n.'' person; individual; adult / he; she (3sg)

==== kono ====

* ('''SPA''' [[:wiktionary:conocer#Spanish|''conocer'']])

:* ''n.'' knowledge; awareness
:* ''v.'' know; be aware; understand

==== kula ====

* ('''ARA''' [[:wiktionary:كل|''kull'']])

:* ''n.'' all; whole; each; every
:* ''v.'' be complete; whole

==== kun ====

* ('''SPA / ZHO''' [[:wiktionary:con#Spanish|''con'']] / [[:wiktionary:跟#Definitions|''gēn'']])

:* ''prep.'' with; together; by means of
:* ''v.'' accompany; join
:* ''v.'' use; employ

== l ==

==== lalo ====

* ('''HIN''' [[:wiktionary:लाल|''lāl'']])

:* ''n.'' redness
:* ''v.'' be red

::* '''lalo poka''' ''n.'' pale red
::* '''lalo ta''' ''n.'' dark red

==== lapa ====

* ('''HEB''' [[:wiktionary:לבן|''lāḇān'']])

:* ''n.'' whiteness
:* ''v.'' be white; blank

note: can also be '''lapan'''

==== lawa ====

* ('''SPA''' [[:wiktionary:lavar#Spanish|''lavar'']])

:* ''v.'' wash; clean; wipe; clear

==== le ====

* ('''ZHO''' [[:wiktionary:了#Definitions|''le'']])

:* ''part.'' completive aspect particle (COMP)

==== li ====

* ('''ZHO''' [[:wiktionary:兩#Definitions|''liǎng'']])

:* ''num.'' two; 2; double; duo

==== lo ====

* ('''ZHO''' [[:wiktionary:摞#Definitions|''luò'']])

:* ''n.'' stack; pile
:* ''part.'' plural particle (PL)

==== lon ====

* ('''ARA''' [[:wiktionary:لون#Arabic|''lawn'']])

:* ''n.'' color; shade; hue

==== lu ====

* ('''ZHO''' [[:wiktionary:綠#Definitions|''lǜ'']])

:* ''n.'' green; greenness; verdant

== m ==

==== ma ====

* ('''ARA / ZHO''' [[:wiktionary:ما#Pronoun|''mā'']] / [[:wiktionary:嗎#Definitions|''ma'']])

:* ''part.'' interrogative particle [Q]
:* ''pro.'' what; that; which

==== me ====

* ('''FRE''' [[:wiktionary:mais#Conjunction_2|''mais'']])

:* ''conj.'' but; however; although; yet

== n ==

==== na ====

* ('''JPN''' [[:wiktionary:なな|''nana'']])

:* ''num.'' seven; 7

==== nasa ====

* ('''ARA''' [[:wiktionary:نظر#Arabic|''naẓara'']])

:* ''v.'' look; see; observe; watch; read

==== nai ====

* ('''JPN''' [[:wiktionary:内#Etymology_2|''nai'']])

:* ''prep.'' in(side); interior; during; among; middle

==== ne ====

* ('''ENG''' [[:wiktionary:nay#English|''nay'']])

:* ''part.'' no; not; negative; neither

==== ni ====

* ('''ZHO''' [[:wiktionary:你#Definitions|''nǐ'']])

:* ''pro.'' you (2sg)

==== nun ====

* ('''PIE''' [[:wiktionary:Reconstruction:Proto-Indo-European/h₁néwn̥|''h₁néwn̥'']])

:* ''num.'' nine; 9

== o ==

==== o ====

* ('''JPN''' [[:wiktionary:を#Etymology_2|''o'']])

:* ''part.'' direct object marker (DO)

==== oya ====

* ('''SPA''' [[:wiktionary:olla#Spanish|''olla'']])

:* ''n.'' pot; pan; kettle (vessel used for cooking or storing food)
:* ''n.'' stew (dish cooked by stewing)

== p ==

==== pa ====

* ('''ZHO''' [[:wiktionary:八#Definitions|''bā'']])

:* ''num.'' eight; 8

==== pali ====

* ('''ARA / SPA''' [[:wiktionary:فرح#Arabic|''fariḥa'']] / [[:wiktionary:feliz#Spanish|''feliz'']])

:* ''n.'' happiness; joy
:* ''v.'' be happy; cheerful; joyous

==== pan ====

* ('''SPA / ZHO''' [[:wiktionary:pan#Noun_40|''pan'']] / [[:wiktionary:飯#Definitions|''fàn'']])

:* ''n.'' food; bread; meal; sustenance

==== poka ====

* ('''SPA''' [[:wiktionary:poca#Spanish|''poca'']])

:* ''num.'' few; not many
:* ''v.'' be small; little

==== pen ====

* ('''ELL''' [[:wiktionary:πέντε#Numeral_2|''pénte'']])

:* ''num.'' five; 5

==== pon ====

* ('''ENG''' [[:wiktionary:phone#Etymology_1|''phone'']])

:* ''n.'' phone (mobile; smart)
:* ''v.'' use ~

== s ==

==== sa ====

* ('''ARA''' [[:wiktionary:س#Etymology_2|''sa-'']])

:* ''part.'' future tense (FUT); prospective aspect (PROS)

==== saki ====

* ('''ARA''' [[:wiktionary:شقيق|''šaqīq'']] / [[:wiktionary:أخ|''ʔaḵ'']])

:* ''n.'' sibling; cousin; shared (grand)parents

note: can also be '''aki'''

::* '''akipa''' ''n.'' brother; male cousin ([[Miyu/lexicon#saki|aki]] + [[Miyu/lexicon#apa|apa]])
::* '''akima''' ''n.'' sister; female cousin ([[Miyu/lexicon#saki|aki]] + [[Miyu/lexicon#uma|uma]])

==== san ====

* ('''ZHO''' [[:wiktionary:三#Definitions|''sān'']])

:* ''num.'' three; 3

==== sawa ====

* ('''ARA''' [[:wiktionary:زوج|''šaqīq'']])

:* ''n.'' spouse; husband; wife; sweetheart; mate; partner

::* '''sawapa''' ''n.'' husband; boyfriend ([[Miyu/lexicon#sawa|sawa]] + [[Miyu/lexicon#apa|apa]])
::* '''sawama''' ''n.'' wife; girlfriend ([[Miyu/lexicon#sawa|sawa]] + [[Miyu/lexicon#uma|uma]])

==== so ====

* ('''ENG / ZHO''' [[:wiktionary:so#Adverb|''so'']] / [[:wiktionary:所以#Conjunction|''suǒyǐ'']])

:* ''part.'' so; therefore; consequently

note: used as conjunction, adverb, and interjection

== t ==

==== ta ====

* ('''ZHO''' [[:wiktionary:大#Definitions|''dà'']])

:* ''v.'' be large; big; grand; in an extreme manner; greatly

==== te ====

* ('''SPA / ZHO''' [[:wiktionary:de#Preposition_32|''de'']] / [[:wiktionary:的#Definitions_2|''de'']])

:* ''prep.'' of; from; about

== u ==

==== u ====

* ('''ZHO''' [[:wiktionary:物#Definitions|''wù'']])

:* ''n.'' thing; entity; object; quality or concept

== w ==

==== wa ====

* ('''ARA''' / '''ZHO''' [[:wiktionary:واحد#Etymology|''wāḥid'']] / [[:wiktionary:我#Definitions|''wǒ'']])

:* ''num.'' one; 1; single; singular; alone
:* ''pro.'' I; me (1sg)

==== wan ====

* ('''ENG''' [[:wiktionary:want#Verb|''want'']])

:* ''v.'' want; desire; wish (for)

==== wata ====

* ('''ENG''' [[:wiktionary:water#Noun|''water'']])

:* ''n.'' water; liquid; fluid
:* ''v.'' be wet

== y ==

==== yamu ====

* ('''HIN''' [[:wiktionary:बैंगनी|''jāmunī'']])

:* ''n.'' purple; violet

==== yu ====

* ('''ZHO''' [[:wiktionary:于#Definitions|''yú'']])

:* ''prep.'' in; at; to; by; than; out of
:* ''n.'' place; location; point; spot

Miyu/lexicon

2025-05-01T16:24:50Z

Masako: /* i */

__NOTOC__

== Abbreviations for Source Languages ==

{{col-begin}}
{{col-break}}

* '''ARA''' - Arabic
* '''ELL''' - Greek
* '''ENG''' - English
* '''FRE''' - French
* '''GER''' - German

{{col-break}}

* '''HIN''' - Hindi
* '''JPN''' - Japanese
* '''KOR''' - Korean
* '''MIY''' - [[Miyu|Miyu]]
* '''MUL''' - Multiple

{{col-break}}

* '''PIE''' - Proto-Indo-European
* '''SPA''' - Spanish
* '''TUR''' - Turkish
* '''ZHO''' - Mandarin

{{col-end}}

= Lexicon =

<center>
[[#a|a]] [[#e|e]] [[#i|i]] [[#k|k]] [[#l|l]] [[#m|m]] [[#n|n]] [[#o|o]] [[#p|p]] [[#s|s]] [[#t|t]] [[#u|u]] [[#w|w]] [[#y|y]]
</center>

== a ==

==== aku ====

* ('''JPN''' [[:wiktionary:百#Japanese|''hyaku'']])

:* ''n.'' a very many, lots, a lot; much
:* ''num.'' hundred; 100

note: also used as '''-ku'''

==== an ====

* ('''ARA''' [[:wiktionary:آن|''ʔān'']])

:* ''n.'' time; age; period; passing of events

==== anta ====

* ('''HIN''' [[:wiktionary:अँधेरा|''andherā'']])

:* ''n.'' a lack of light; obscurity
:* ''v.'' be dark; dim; obscure

==== awa ====

* ('''ARA''' [[:wiktionary:أو|''ʔaw'']])

:* ''conj.'' or; either; other
:* ''n.'' option; selection

==== ayo ====

* ('''ARA''' [[:wiktionary:أي|''ʔayy'']])

:* ''pro.'' any; which/whatever (INDEF)

== e ==

* ('''SPA / ZHO''' [[:wiktionary:y#Etymology_2_8|''e'']] / [[:wiktionary:和#Pronunciation_2|''hé'']])

:* ''conj.'' and; also; too; as well

== i ==

==== ila ====

* ('''ARA''' [[:wiktionary:إلى|''ʔilā'']])

:* ''prep.'' toward; at; in direction of; near; until
:* ''v.'' go (toward); walk; travel

==== in ====

* ('''ARA''' [[:wiktionary:إن|''ʔin'']])

:* ''conj.'' if (assuming that); (possible, not contrary to fact)

::* '''in [[Miyu/lexicon#ne|ne]]''' - if not; unless

==== ipin ====

* ('''ARA''' [[:wiktionary:ابن#Arabic|''ibn'']])

:* ''n.'' child; offspring; kid; daughter; son

note: Can also be '''pin'''.

::* '''pinapa''' ''n.'' son; nephew ([[Miyu/lexicon#ipin|pin]] + [[Miyu/lexicon#apa|apa]])
::* '''pinuma''' ''n.'' daughter; niece ([[Miyu/lexicon#ipin|pin]] + [[Miyu/lexicon#uma|uma]])

==== ita ====

* ('''ARA''' [[:wiktionary:إذا|''ʔiḏā'']])

:* ''conj.'' if (then); whether (therefore)

note: When used as the conditional particle in a conditional clause, it may be followed by a past-tense verb regardless of natural time-reference.

== k ==

==== kai ====

* ('''ZHO''' [[:wiktionary:該#Definitions|''gāi'']])

:* ''v.'' should; ought to; need to; have to
:* ''v.'' need; require; must

==== kali ====

* ('''ARA / SPA''' [[:wiktionary:حار|''ḥārr'']] / [[:wiktionary:cálido#Spanish|''cálido'']])

:* ''n.'' heat; warmth
:* ''v.'' heat; be hot; warm

==== kana ====

* ('''ARA''' [[:wiktionary:كان|''kāna'']])

:* ''n.'' existence; occurrence
:* ''v.'' be; exist; occur

note: can also be '''kan'''

==== kasa ====

* ('''SPA''' [[:wiktionary:casa#Spanish|''casa'']])

:* ''n.'' house; building
:* ''v.'' dwell; reside

==== ke ====

* ('''ZHO''' [[:wiktionary:個#Definitions|''gè'']])

:* ''part.'' number marker; referent

==== ko ====

* ('''JPN''' [[:wiktionary:個#Kanji|''ko'']])

:* ''n.'' person; individual; adult / he; she (3sg)

==== kono ====

* ('''SPA''' [[:wiktionary:conocer#Spanish|''conocer'']])

:* ''n.'' knowledge; awareness
:* ''v.'' know; be aware; understand

==== kula ====

* ('''ARA''' [[:wiktionary:كل|''kull'']])

:* ''n.'' all; whole; each; every
:* ''v.'' be complete; whole

==== kun ====

* ('''SPA / ZHO''' [[:wiktionary:con#Spanish|''con'']] / [[:wiktionary:跟#Definitions|''gēn'']])

:* ''prep.'' with; together; by means of
:* ''v.'' accompany; join
:* ''v.'' use; employ

== l ==

==== lalo ====

* ('''HIN''' [[:wiktionary:लाल|''lāl'']])

:* ''n.'' redness
:* ''v.'' be red

::* '''lalo poka''' ''n.'' pale red
::* '''lalo ta''' ''n.'' dark red

==== lapa ====

* ('''HEB''' [[:wiktionary:לבן|''lāḇān'']])

:* ''n.'' whiteness
:* ''v.'' be white; blank

note: can also be '''lapan'''

==== lawa ====

* ('''SPA''' [[:wiktionary:lavar#Spanish|''lavar'']])

:* ''v.'' wash; clean; wipe; clear

==== le ====

* ('''ZHO''' [[:wiktionary:了#Definitions|''le'']])

:* ''part.'' completive aspect particle (COMP)

==== li ====

* ('''ZHO''' [[:wiktionary:兩#Definitions|''liǎng'']])

:* ''num.'' two; 2; double; duo

==== lo ====

* ('''ZHO''' [[:wiktionary:摞#Definitions|''luò'']])

:* ''n.'' stack; pile
:* ''part.'' plural particle (PL)

==== lon ====

* ('''ARA''' [[:wiktionary:لون#Arabic|''lawn'']])

:* ''n.'' color; shade; hue

==== lu ====

* ('''ZHO''' [[:wiktionary:綠#Definitions|''lǜ'']])

:* ''n.'' green; greenness; verdant

== m ==

==== ma ====

* ('''ARA / ZHO''' [[:wiktionary:ما#Pronoun|''mā'']] / [[:wiktionary:嗎#Definitions|''ma'']])

:* ''part.'' interrogative particle [Q]
:* ''pro.'' what; that; which

==== me ====

* ('''FRE''' [[:wiktionary:mais#Conjunction_2|''mais'']])

:* ''conj.'' but; however; although; yet

== n ==

==== na ====

* ('''JPN''' [[:wiktionary:なな|''nana'']])

:* ''num.'' seven; 7

==== nasa ====

* ('''ARA''' [[:wiktionary:نظر#Arabic|''naẓara'']])

:* ''v.'' look; see; observe; watch; read

==== nai ====

* ('''JPN''' [[:wiktionary:内#Etymology_2|''nai'']])

:* ''prep.'' in(side); interior; during; among; middle

==== ne ====

* ('''ENG''' [[:wiktionary:nay#English|''nay'']])

:* ''part.'' no; not; negative; neither

==== ni ====

* ('''ZHO''' [[:wiktionary:你#Definitions|''nǐ'']])

:* ''pro.'' you (2sg)

==== nun ====

* ('''PIE''' [[:wiktionary:Reconstruction:Proto-Indo-European/h₁néwn̥|''h₁néwn̥'']])

:* ''num.'' nine; 9

== o ==

==== o ====

* ('''JPN''' [[:wiktionary:を#Etymology_2|''o'']])

:* ''part.'' direct object marker (DO)

==== oya ====

* ('''SPA''' [[:wiktionary:olla#Spanish|''olla'']])

:* ''n.'' pot; pan; kettle (vessel used for cooking or storing food)
:* ''n.'' stew (dish cooked by stewing)

== p ==

==== pa ====

* ('''ZHO''' [[:wiktionary:八#Definitions|''bā'']])

:* ''num.'' eight; 8

==== pali ====

* ('''ARA / SPA''' [[:wiktionary:فرح#Arabic|''fariḥa'']] / [[:wiktionary:feliz#Spanish|''feliz'']])

:* ''n.'' happiness; joy
:* ''v.'' be happy; cheerful; joyous

==== pan ====

* ('''SPA / ZHO''' [[:wiktionary:pan#Noun_40|''pan'']] / [[:wiktionary:飯#Definitions|''fàn'']])

:* ''n.'' food; bread; meal; sustenance

==== poka ====

* ('''SPA''' [[:wiktionary:poca#Spanish|''poca'']])

:* ''num.'' few; not many
:* ''v.'' be small; little

==== pen ====

* ('''ELL''' [[:wiktionary:πέντε#Numeral_2|''pénte'']])

:* ''num.'' five; 5

==== pon ====

* ('''ENG''' [[:wiktionary:phone#Etymology_1|''phone'']])

:* ''n.'' phone (mobile; smart)
:* ''v.'' use ~

== s ==

==== sa ====

* ('''ARA''' [[:wiktionary:س#Etymology_2|''sa-'']])

:* ''part.'' future tense (FUT); prospective aspect (PROS)

==== saki ====

* ('''ARA''' [[:wiktionary:شقيق|''šaqīq'']] / [[:wiktionary:أخ|''ʔaḵ'']])

:* ''n.'' sibling; cousin; shared (grand)parents

note: can also be '''aki'''

::* '''akipa''' ''n.'' brother; male cousin ([[Miyu/lexicon#saki|aki]] + [[Miyu/lexicon#apa|apa]])
::* '''akima''' ''n.'' sister; female cousin ([[Miyu/lexicon#saki|aki]] + [[Miyu/lexicon#uma|uma]])

==== san ====

* ('''ZHO''' [[:wiktionary:三#Definitions|''sān'']])

:* ''num.'' three; 3

==== so ====

* ('''ENG / ZHO''' [[:wiktionary:so#Adverb|''so'']] / [[:wiktionary:所以#Conjunction|''suǒyǐ'']])

:* ''part.'' so; therefore; consequently

note: used as conjunction, adverb, and interjection

== t ==

==== ta ====

* ('''ZHO''' [[:wiktionary:大#Definitions|''dà'']])

:* ''v.'' be large; big; grand; in an extreme manner; greatly

==== te ====

* ('''SPA / ZHO''' [[:wiktionary:de#Preposition_32|''de'']] / [[:wiktionary:的#Definitions_2|''de'']])

:* ''prep.'' of; from; about

== u ==

==== u ====

* ('''ZHO''' [[:wiktionary:物#Definitions|''wù'']])

:* ''n.'' thing; entity; object; quality or concept

== w ==

==== wa ====

* ('''ARA''' / '''ZHO''' [[:wiktionary:واحد#Etymology|''wāḥid'']] / [[:wiktionary:我#Definitions|''wǒ'']])

:* ''num.'' one; 1; single; singular; alone
:* ''pro.'' I; me (1sg)

==== wan ====

* ('''ENG''' [[:wiktionary:want#Verb|''want'']])

:* ''v.'' want; desire; wish (for)

==== wata ====

* ('''ENG''' [[:wiktionary:water#Noun|''water'']])

:* ''n.'' water; liquid; fluid
:* ''v.'' be wet

== y ==

==== yamu ====

* ('''HIN''' [[:wiktionary:बैंगनी|''jāmunī'']])

:* ''n.'' purple; violet

==== yu ====

* ('''ZHO''' [[:wiktionary:于#Definitions|''yú'']])

:* ''prep.'' in; at; to; by; than; out of
:* ''n.'' place; location; point; spot

Miyu/lexicon

2025-05-01T16:12:50Z

Masako: /* ita */

__NOTOC__

== Abbreviations for Source Languages ==

{{col-begin}}
{{col-break}}

* '''ARA''' - Arabic
* '''ELL''' - Greek
* '''ENG''' - English
* '''FRE''' - French
* '''GER''' - German

{{col-break}}

* '''HIN''' - Hindi
* '''JPN''' - Japanese
* '''KOR''' - Korean
* '''MIY''' - [[Miyu|Miyu]]
* '''MUL''' - Multiple

{{col-break}}

* '''PIE''' - Proto-Indo-European
* '''SPA''' - Spanish
* '''TUR''' - Turkish
* '''ZHO''' - Mandarin

{{col-end}}

= Lexicon =

<center>
[[#a|a]] [[#e|e]] [[#i|i]] [[#k|k]] [[#l|l]] [[#m|m]] [[#n|n]] [[#o|o]] [[#p|p]] [[#s|s]] [[#t|t]] [[#u|u]] [[#w|w]] [[#y|y]]
</center>

== a ==

==== aku ====

* ('''JPN''' [[:wiktionary:百#Japanese|''hyaku'']])

:* ''n.'' a very many, lots, a lot; much
:* ''num.'' hundred; 100

note: also used as '''-ku'''

==== an ====

* ('''ARA''' [[:wiktionary:آن|''ʔān'']])

:* ''n.'' time; age; period; passing of events

==== anta ====

* ('''HIN''' [[:wiktionary:अँधेरा|''andherā'']])

:* ''n.'' a lack of light; obscurity
:* ''v.'' be dark; dim; obscure

==== awa ====

* ('''ARA''' [[:wiktionary:أو|''ʔaw'']])

:* ''conj.'' or; either; other
:* ''n.'' option; selection

==== ayo ====

* ('''ARA''' [[:wiktionary:أي|''ʔayy'']])

:* ''pro.'' any; which/whatever (INDEF)

== e ==

* ('''SPA / ZHO''' [[:wiktionary:y#Etymology_2_8|''e'']] / [[:wiktionary:和#Pronunciation_2|''hé'']])

:* ''conj.'' and; also; too; as well

== i ==

==== ila ====

* ('''ARA''' [[:wiktionary:إلى|''ʔilā'']])

:* ''prep.'' toward; at; in direction of; near; until
:* ''v.'' go (toward); walk; travel

==== in ====

* ('''ARA''' [[:wiktionary:إن|''ʔin'']])

:* ''conj.'' if (assuming that); (possible, not contrary to fact)

::* '''in [[Miyu/lexicon#ne|ne]]''' - if not; unless

==== ita ====

* ('''ARA''' [[:wiktionary:إذا|''ʔiḏā'']])

:* ''conj.'' if (then); whether (therefore)

note: When used as the conditional particle in a conditional clause, it may be followed by a past-tense verb regardless of natural time-reference.

== k ==

==== kai ====

* ('''ZHO''' [[:wiktionary:該#Definitions|''gāi'']])

:* ''v.'' should; ought to; need to; have to
:* ''v.'' need; require; must

==== kali ====

* ('''ARA / SPA''' [[:wiktionary:حار|''ḥārr'']] / [[:wiktionary:cálido#Spanish|''cálido'']])

:* ''n.'' heat; warmth
:* ''v.'' heat; be hot; warm

==== kana ====

* ('''ARA''' [[:wiktionary:كان|''kāna'']])

:* ''n.'' existence; occurrence
:* ''v.'' be; exist; occur

note: can also be '''kan'''

==== kasa ====

* ('''SPA''' [[:wiktionary:casa#Spanish|''casa'']])

:* ''n.'' house; building
:* ''v.'' dwell; reside

==== ke ====

* ('''ZHO''' [[:wiktionary:個#Definitions|''gè'']])

:* ''part.'' number marker; referent

==== ko ====

* ('''JPN''' [[:wiktionary:個#Kanji|''ko'']])

:* ''n.'' person; individual; adult / he; she (3sg)

==== kono ====

* ('''SPA''' [[:wiktionary:conocer#Spanish|''conocer'']])

:* ''n.'' knowledge; awareness
:* ''v.'' know; be aware; understand

==== kula ====

* ('''ARA''' [[:wiktionary:كل|''kull'']])

:* ''n.'' all; whole; each; every
:* ''v.'' be complete; whole

==== kun ====

* ('''SPA / ZHO''' [[:wiktionary:con#Spanish|''con'']] / [[:wiktionary:跟#Definitions|''gēn'']])

:* ''prep.'' with; together; by means of
:* ''v.'' accompany; join
:* ''v.'' use; employ

== l ==

==== lalo ====

* ('''HIN''' [[:wiktionary:लाल|''lāl'']])

:* ''n.'' redness
:* ''v.'' be red

::* '''lalo poka''' ''n.'' pale red
::* '''lalo ta''' ''n.'' dark red

==== lapa ====

* ('''HEB''' [[:wiktionary:לבן|''lāḇān'']])

:* ''n.'' whiteness
:* ''v.'' be white; blank

note: can also be '''lapan'''

==== lawa ====

* ('''SPA''' [[:wiktionary:lavar#Spanish|''lavar'']])

:* ''v.'' wash; clean; wipe; clear

==== le ====

* ('''ZHO''' [[:wiktionary:了#Definitions|''le'']])

:* ''part.'' completive aspect particle (COMP)

==== li ====

* ('''ZHO''' [[:wiktionary:兩#Definitions|''liǎng'']])

:* ''num.'' two; 2; double; duo

==== lo ====

* ('''ZHO''' [[:wiktionary:摞#Definitions|''luò'']])

:* ''n.'' stack; pile
:* ''part.'' plural particle (PL)

==== lon ====

* ('''ARA''' [[:wiktionary:لون#Arabic|''lawn'']])

:* ''n.'' color; shade; hue

==== lu ====

* ('''ZHO''' [[:wiktionary:綠#Definitions|''lǜ'']])

:* ''n.'' green; greenness; verdant

== m ==

==== ma ====

* ('''ARA / ZHO''' [[:wiktionary:ما#Pronoun|''mā'']] / [[:wiktionary:嗎#Definitions|''ma'']])

:* ''part.'' interrogative particle [Q]
:* ''pro.'' what; that; which

==== me ====

* ('''FRE''' [[:wiktionary:mais#Conjunction_2|''mais'']])

:* ''conj.'' but; however; although; yet

== n ==

==== na ====

* ('''JPN''' [[:wiktionary:なな|''nana'']])

:* ''num.'' seven; 7

==== nasa ====

* ('''ARA''' [[:wiktionary:نظر#Arabic|''naẓara'']])

:* ''v.'' look; see; observe; watch; read

==== nai ====

* ('''JPN''' [[:wiktionary:内#Etymology_2|''nai'']])

:* ''prep.'' in(side); interior; during; among; middle

==== ne ====

* ('''ENG''' [[:wiktionary:nay#English|''nay'']])

:* ''part.'' no; not; negative; neither

==== ni ====

* ('''ZHO''' [[:wiktionary:你#Definitions|''nǐ'']])

:* ''pro.'' you (2sg)

==== nun ====

* ('''PIE''' [[:wiktionary:Reconstruction:Proto-Indo-European/h₁néwn̥|''h₁néwn̥'']])

:* ''num.'' nine; 9

== o ==

==== o ====

* ('''JPN''' [[:wiktionary:を#Etymology_2|''o'']])

:* ''part.'' direct object marker (DO)

==== oya ====

* ('''SPA''' [[:wiktionary:olla#Spanish|''olla'']])

:* ''n.'' pot; pan; kettle (vessel used for cooking or storing food)
:* ''n.'' stew (dish cooked by stewing)

== p ==

==== pa ====

* ('''ZHO''' [[:wiktionary:八#Definitions|''bā'']])

:* ''num.'' eight; 8

==== pali ====

* ('''ARA / SPA''' [[:wiktionary:فرح#Arabic|''fariḥa'']] / [[:wiktionary:feliz#Spanish|''feliz'']])

:* ''n.'' happiness; joy
:* ''v.'' be happy; cheerful; joyous

==== pan ====

* ('''SPA / ZHO''' [[:wiktionary:pan#Noun_40|''pan'']] / [[:wiktionary:飯#Definitions|''fàn'']])

:* ''n.'' food; bread; meal; sustenance

==== poka ====

* ('''SPA''' [[:wiktionary:poca#Spanish|''poca'']])

:* ''num.'' few; not many
:* ''v.'' be small; little

==== pen ====

* ('''ELL''' [[:wiktionary:πέντε#Numeral_2|''pénte'']])

:* ''num.'' five; 5

==== pon ====

* ('''ENG''' [[:wiktionary:phone#Etymology_1|''phone'']])

:* ''n.'' phone (mobile; smart)
:* ''v.'' use ~

== s ==

==== sa ====

* ('''ARA''' [[:wiktionary:س#Etymology_2|''sa-'']])

:* ''part.'' future tense (FUT); prospective aspect (PROS)

==== saki ====

* ('''ARA''' [[:wiktionary:شقيق|''šaqīq'']] / [[:wiktionary:أخ|''ʔaḵ'']])

:* ''n.'' sibling; cousin; shared (grand)parents

note: can also be '''aki'''

::* '''akipa''' ''n.'' brother; male cousin ([[Miyu/lexicon#saki|aki]] + [[Miyu/lexicon#apa|apa]])
::* '''akima''' ''n.'' sister; female cousin ([[Miyu/lexicon#saki|aki]] + [[Miyu/lexicon#uma|uma]])

==== san ====

* ('''ZHO''' [[:wiktionary:三#Definitions|''sān'']])

:* ''num.'' three; 3

==== so ====

* ('''ENG / ZHO''' [[:wiktionary:so#Adverb|''so'']] / [[:wiktionary:所以#Conjunction|''suǒyǐ'']])

:* ''part.'' so; therefore; consequently

note: used as conjunction, adverb, and interjection

== t ==

==== ta ====

* ('''ZHO''' [[:wiktionary:大#Definitions|''dà'']])

:* ''v.'' be large; big; grand; in an extreme manner; greatly

==== te ====

* ('''SPA / ZHO''' [[:wiktionary:de#Preposition_32|''de'']] / [[:wiktionary:的#Definitions_2|''de'']])

:* ''prep.'' of; from; about

== u ==

==== u ====

* ('''ZHO''' [[:wiktionary:物#Definitions|''wù'']])

:* ''n.'' thing; entity; object; quality or concept

== w ==

==== wa ====

* ('''ARA''' / '''ZHO''' [[:wiktionary:واحد#Etymology|''wāḥid'']] / [[:wiktionary:我#Definitions|''wǒ'']])

:* ''num.'' one; 1; single; singular; alone
:* ''pro.'' I; me (1sg)

==== wan ====

* ('''ENG''' [[:wiktionary:want#Verb|''want'']])

:* ''v.'' want; desire; wish (for)

==== wata ====

* ('''ENG''' [[:wiktionary:water#Noun|''water'']])

:* ''n.'' water; liquid; fluid
:* ''v.'' be wet

== y ==

==== yamu ====

* ('''HIN''' [[:wiktionary:बैंगनी|''jāmunī'']])

:* ''n.'' purple; violet

==== yu ====

* ('''ZHO''' [[:wiktionary:于#Definitions|''yú'']])

:* ''prep.'' in; at; to; by; than; out of
:* ''n.'' place; location; point; spot

Miyu/lexicon

2025-05-01T16:10:43Z

Masako: /* w */

__NOTOC__

== Abbreviations for Source Languages ==

{{col-begin}}
{{col-break}}

* '''ARA''' - Arabic
* '''ELL''' - Greek
* '''ENG''' - English
* '''FRE''' - French
* '''GER''' - German

{{col-break}}

* '''HIN''' - Hindi
* '''JPN''' - Japanese
* '''KOR''' - Korean
* '''MIY''' - [[Miyu|Miyu]]
* '''MUL''' - Multiple

{{col-break}}

* '''PIE''' - Proto-Indo-European
* '''SPA''' - Spanish
* '''TUR''' - Turkish
* '''ZHO''' - Mandarin

{{col-end}}

= Lexicon =

<center>
[[#a|a]] [[#e|e]] [[#i|i]] [[#k|k]] [[#l|l]] [[#m|m]] [[#n|n]] [[#o|o]] [[#p|p]] [[#s|s]] [[#t|t]] [[#u|u]] [[#w|w]] [[#y|y]]
</center>

== a ==

==== aku ====

* ('''JPN''' [[:wiktionary:百#Japanese|''hyaku'']])

:* ''n.'' a very many, lots, a lot; much
:* ''num.'' hundred; 100

note: also used as '''-ku'''

==== an ====

* ('''ARA''' [[:wiktionary:آن|''ʔān'']])

:* ''n.'' time; age; period; passing of events

==== anta ====

* ('''HIN''' [[:wiktionary:अँधेरा|''andherā'']])

:* ''n.'' a lack of light; obscurity
:* ''v.'' be dark; dim; obscure

==== awa ====

* ('''ARA''' [[:wiktionary:أو|''ʔaw'']])

:* ''conj.'' or; either; other
:* ''n.'' option; selection

==== ayo ====

* ('''ARA''' [[:wiktionary:أي|''ʔayy'']])

:* ''pro.'' any; which/whatever (INDEF)

== e ==

* ('''SPA / ZHO''' [[:wiktionary:y#Etymology_2_8|''e'']] / [[:wiktionary:和#Pronunciation_2|''hé'']])

:* ''conj.'' and; also; too; as well

== i ==

==== ila ====

* ('''ARA''' [[:wiktionary:إلى|''ʔilā'']])

:* ''prep.'' toward; at; in direction of; near; until
:* ''v.'' go (toward); walk; travel

==== in ====

* ('''ARA''' [[:wiktionary:إن|''ʔin'']])

:* ''conj.'' if (assuming that); (possible, not contrary to fact)

::* '''in [[Miyu/lexicon#ne|ne]]''' - if not; unless

==== ita ====

* ('''ARA''' [[:wiktionary:إذا|''ʔiḏā'']])

:* ''conj.'' if (then); whether (therefore)

note: When used as the conditional particle in a conditional clause, it may be followed by a past-tense verb regardless of natural time-reference.

== k ==

==== kai ====

* ('''ZHO''' [[:wiktionary:該#Definitions|''gāi'']])

:* ''v.'' should; ought to; need to; have to
:* ''v.'' need; require; must

==== kali ====

* ('''ARA / SPA''' [[:wiktionary:حار|''ḥārr'']] / [[:wiktionary:cálido#Spanish|''cálido'']])

:* ''n.'' heat; warmth
:* ''v.'' heat; be hot; warm

==== kana ====

* ('''ARA''' [[:wiktionary:كان|''kāna'']])

:* ''n.'' existence; occurrence
:* ''v.'' be; exist; occur

note: can also be '''kan'''

==== kasa ====

* ('''SPA''' [[:wiktionary:casa#Spanish|''casa'']])

:* ''n.'' house; building
:* ''v.'' dwell; reside

==== ke ====

* ('''ZHO''' [[:wiktionary:個#Definitions|''gè'']])

:* ''part.'' number marker; referent

==== ko ====

* ('''JPN''' [[:wiktionary:個#Kanji|''ko'']])

:* ''n.'' person; individual; adult / he; she (3sg)

==== kono ====

* ('''SPA''' [[:wiktionary:conocer#Spanish|''conocer'']])

:* ''n.'' knowledge; awareness
:* ''v.'' know; be aware; understand

==== kula ====

* ('''ARA''' [[:wiktionary:كل|''kull'']])

:* ''n.'' all; whole; each; every
:* ''v.'' be complete; whole

==== kun ====

* ('''SPA / ZHO''' [[:wiktionary:con#Spanish|''con'']] / [[:wiktionary:跟#Definitions|''gēn'']])

:* ''prep.'' with; together; by means of
:* ''v.'' accompany; join
:* ''v.'' use; employ

== l ==

==== lalo ====

* ('''HIN''' [[:wiktionary:लाल|''lāl'']])

:* ''n.'' redness
:* ''v.'' be red

::* '''lalo poka''' ''n.'' pale red
::* '''lalo ta''' ''n.'' dark red

==== lapa ====

* ('''HEB''' [[:wiktionary:לבן|''lāḇān'']])

:* ''n.'' whiteness
:* ''v.'' be white; blank

note: can also be '''lapan'''

==== lawa ====

* ('''SPA''' [[:wiktionary:lavar#Spanish|''lavar'']])

:* ''v.'' wash; clean; wipe; clear

==== le ====

* ('''ZHO''' [[:wiktionary:了#Definitions|''le'']])

:* ''part.'' completive aspect particle (COMP)

==== li ====

* ('''ZHO''' [[:wiktionary:兩#Definitions|''liǎng'']])

:* ''num.'' two; 2; double; duo

==== lo ====

* ('''ZHO''' [[:wiktionary:摞#Definitions|''luò'']])

:* ''n.'' stack; pile
:* ''part.'' plural particle (PL)

==== lon ====

* ('''ARA''' [[:wiktionary:لون#Arabic|''lawn'']])

:* ''n.'' color; shade; hue

==== lu ====

* ('''ZHO''' [[:wiktionary:綠#Definitions|''lǜ'']])

:* ''n.'' green; greenness; verdant

== m ==

==== ma ====

* ('''ARA / ZHO''' [[:wiktionary:ما#Pronoun|''mā'']] / [[:wiktionary:嗎#Definitions|''ma'']])

:* ''part.'' interrogative particle [Q]
:* ''pro.'' what; that; which

==== me ====

* ('''FRE''' [[:wiktionary:mais#Conjunction_2|''mais'']])

:* ''conj.'' but; however; although; yet

== n ==

==== na ====

* ('''JPN''' [[:wiktionary:なな|''nana'']])

:* ''num.'' seven; 7

==== nasa ====

* ('''ARA''' [[:wiktionary:نظر#Arabic|''naẓara'']])

:* ''v.'' look; see; observe; watch; read

==== nai ====

* ('''JPN''' [[:wiktionary:内#Etymology_2|''nai'']])

:* ''prep.'' in(side); interior; during; among; middle

==== ne ====

* ('''ENG''' [[:wiktionary:nay#English|''nay'']])

:* ''part.'' no; not; negative; neither

==== ni ====

* ('''ZHO''' [[:wiktionary:你#Definitions|''nǐ'']])

:* ''pro.'' you (2sg)

==== nun ====

* ('''PIE''' [[:wiktionary:Reconstruction:Proto-Indo-European/h₁néwn̥|''h₁néwn̥'']])

:* ''num.'' nine; 9

== o ==

==== o ====

* ('''JPN''' [[:wiktionary:を#Etymology_2|''o'']])

:* ''part.'' direct object marker (DO)

==== oya ====

* ('''SPA''' [[:wiktionary:olla#Spanish|''olla'']])

:* ''n.'' pot; pan; kettle (vessel used for cooking or storing food)
:* ''n.'' stew (dish cooked by stewing)

== p ==

==== pa ====

* ('''ZHO''' [[:wiktionary:八#Definitions|''bā'']])

:* ''num.'' eight; 8

==== pali ====

* ('''ARA / SPA''' [[:wiktionary:فرح#Arabic|''fariḥa'']] / [[:wiktionary:feliz#Spanish|''feliz'']])

:* ''n.'' happiness; joy
:* ''v.'' be happy; cheerful; joyous

==== pan ====

* ('''SPA / ZHO''' [[:wiktionary:pan#Noun_40|''pan'']] / [[:wiktionary:飯#Definitions|''fàn'']])

:* ''n.'' food; bread; meal; sustenance

==== poka ====

* ('''SPA''' [[:wiktionary:poca#Spanish|''poca'']])

:* ''num.'' few; not many
:* ''v.'' be small; little

==== pen ====

* ('''ELL''' [[:wiktionary:πέντε#Numeral_2|''pénte'']])

:* ''num.'' five; 5

==== pon ====

* ('''ENG''' [[:wiktionary:phone#Etymology_1|''phone'']])

:* ''n.'' phone (mobile; smart)
:* ''v.'' use ~

== s ==

==== sa ====

* ('''ARA''' [[:wiktionary:س#Etymology_2|''sa-'']])

:* ''part.'' future tense (FUT); prospective aspect (PROS)

==== saki ====

* ('''ARA''' [[:wiktionary:شقيق|''šaqīq'']] / [[:wiktionary:أخ|''ʔaḵ'']])

:* ''n.'' sibling; cousin; shared (grand)parents

note: can also be '''aki'''

::* '''akipa''' ''n.'' brother; male cousin ([[Miyu/lexicon#saki|aki]] + [[Miyu/lexicon#apa|apa]])
::* '''akima''' ''n.'' sister; female cousin ([[Miyu/lexicon#saki|aki]] + [[Miyu/lexicon#uma|uma]])

==== san ====

* ('''ZHO''' [[:wiktionary:三#Definitions|''sān'']])

:* ''num.'' three; 3

==== so ====

* ('''ENG / ZHO''' [[:wiktionary:so#Adverb|''so'']] / [[:wiktionary:所以#Conjunction|''suǒyǐ'']])

:* ''part.'' so; therefore; consequently

note: used as conjunction, adverb, and interjection

== t ==

==== ta ====

* ('''ZHO''' [[:wiktionary:大#Definitions|''dà'']])

:* ''v.'' be large; big; grand; in an extreme manner; greatly

==== te ====

* ('''SPA / ZHO''' [[:wiktionary:de#Preposition_32|''de'']] / [[:wiktionary:的#Definitions_2|''de'']])

:* ''prep.'' of; from; about

== u ==

==== u ====

* ('''ZHO''' [[:wiktionary:物#Definitions|''wù'']])

:* ''n.'' thing; entity; object; quality or concept

== w ==

==== wa ====

* ('''ARA''' / '''ZHO''' [[:wiktionary:واحد#Etymology|''wāḥid'']] / [[:wiktionary:我#Definitions|''wǒ'']])

:* ''num.'' one; 1; single; singular; alone
:* ''pro.'' I; me (1sg)

==== wan ====

* ('''ENG''' [[:wiktionary:want#Verb|''want'']])

:* ''v.'' want; desire; wish (for)

==== wata ====

* ('''ENG''' [[:wiktionary:water#Noun|''water'']])

:* ''n.'' water; liquid; fluid
:* ''v.'' be wet

== y ==

==== yamu ====

* ('''HIN''' [[:wiktionary:बैंगनी|''jāmunī'']])

:* ''n.'' purple; violet

==== yu ====

* ('''ZHO''' [[:wiktionary:于#Definitions|''yú'']])

:* ''prep.'' in; at; to; by; than; out of
:* ''n.'' place; location; point; spot

Miyu/lexicon

2025-05-01T13:19:22Z

Masako: /* s */

__NOTOC__

== Abbreviations for Source Languages ==

{{col-begin}}
{{col-break}}

* '''ARA''' - Arabic
* '''ELL''' - Greek
* '''ENG''' - English
* '''FRE''' - French
* '''GER''' - German

{{col-break}}

* '''HIN''' - Hindi
* '''JPN''' - Japanese
* '''KOR''' - Korean
* '''MIY''' - [[Miyu|Miyu]]
* '''MUL''' - Multiple

{{col-break}}

* '''PIE''' - Proto-Indo-European
* '''SPA''' - Spanish
* '''TUR''' - Turkish
* '''ZHO''' - Mandarin

{{col-end}}

= Lexicon =

<center>
[[#a|a]] [[#e|e]] [[#i|i]] [[#k|k]] [[#l|l]] [[#m|m]] [[#n|n]] [[#o|o]] [[#p|p]] [[#s|s]] [[#t|t]] [[#u|u]] [[#w|w]] [[#y|y]]
</center>

== a ==

==== aku ====

* ('''JPN''' [[:wiktionary:百#Japanese|''hyaku'']])

:* ''n.'' a very many, lots, a lot; much
:* ''num.'' hundred; 100

note: also used as '''-ku'''

==== an ====

* ('''ARA''' [[:wiktionary:آن|''ʔān'']])

:* ''n.'' time; age; period; passing of events

==== anta ====

* ('''HIN''' [[:wiktionary:अँधेरा|''andherā'']])

:* ''n.'' a lack of light; obscurity
:* ''v.'' be dark; dim; obscure

==== awa ====

* ('''ARA''' [[:wiktionary:أو|''ʔaw'']])

:* ''conj.'' or; either; other
:* ''n.'' option; selection

==== ayo ====

* ('''ARA''' [[:wiktionary:أي|''ʔayy'']])

:* ''pro.'' any; which/whatever (INDEF)

== e ==

* ('''SPA / ZHO''' [[:wiktionary:y#Etymology_2_8|''e'']] / [[:wiktionary:和#Pronunciation_2|''hé'']])

:* ''conj.'' and; also; too; as well

== i ==

==== ila ====

* ('''ARA''' [[:wiktionary:إلى|''ʔilā'']])

:* ''prep.'' toward; at; in direction of; near; until
:* ''v.'' go (toward); walk; travel

==== in ====

* ('''ARA''' [[:wiktionary:إن|''ʔin'']])

:* ''conj.'' if (assuming that); (possible, not contrary to fact)

::* '''in [[Miyu/lexicon#ne|ne]]''' - if not; unless

==== ita ====

* ('''ARA''' [[:wiktionary:إذا|''ʔiḏā'']])

:* ''conj.'' if (then); whether (therefore)

note: When used as the conditional particle in a conditional clause, it may be followed by a past-tense verb regardless of natural time-reference.

== k ==

==== kai ====

* ('''ZHO''' [[:wiktionary:該#Definitions|''gāi'']])

:* ''v.'' should; ought to; need to; have to
:* ''v.'' need; require; must

==== kali ====

* ('''ARA / SPA''' [[:wiktionary:حار|''ḥārr'']] / [[:wiktionary:cálido#Spanish|''cálido'']])

:* ''n.'' heat; warmth
:* ''v.'' heat; be hot; warm

==== kana ====

* ('''ARA''' [[:wiktionary:كان|''kāna'']])

:* ''n.'' existence; occurrence
:* ''v.'' be; exist; occur

note: can also be '''kan'''

==== kasa ====

* ('''SPA''' [[:wiktionary:casa#Spanish|''casa'']])

:* ''n.'' house; building
:* ''v.'' dwell; reside

==== ke ====

* ('''ZHO''' [[:wiktionary:個#Definitions|''gè'']])

:* ''part.'' number marker; referent

==== ko ====

* ('''JPN''' [[:wiktionary:個#Kanji|''ko'']])

:* ''n.'' person; individual; adult / he; she (3sg)

==== kono ====

* ('''SPA''' [[:wiktionary:conocer#Spanish|''conocer'']])

:* ''n.'' knowledge; awareness
:* ''v.'' know; be aware; understand

==== kula ====

* ('''ARA''' [[:wiktionary:كل|''kull'']])

:* ''n.'' all; whole; each; every
:* ''v.'' be complete; whole

==== kun ====

* ('''SPA / ZHO''' [[:wiktionary:con#Spanish|''con'']] / [[:wiktionary:跟#Definitions|''gēn'']])

:* ''prep.'' with; together; by means of
:* ''v.'' accompany; join
:* ''v.'' use; employ

== l ==

==== lalo ====

* ('''HIN''' [[:wiktionary:लाल|''lāl'']])

:* ''n.'' redness
:* ''v.'' be red

::* '''lalo poka''' ''n.'' pale red
::* '''lalo ta''' ''n.'' dark red

==== lapa ====

* ('''HEB''' [[:wiktionary:לבן|''lāḇān'']])

:* ''n.'' whiteness
:* ''v.'' be white; blank

note: can also be '''lapan'''

==== lawa ====

* ('''SPA''' [[:wiktionary:lavar#Spanish|''lavar'']])

:* ''v.'' wash; clean; wipe; clear

==== le ====

* ('''ZHO''' [[:wiktionary:了#Definitions|''le'']])

:* ''part.'' completive aspect particle (COMP)

==== li ====

* ('''ZHO''' [[:wiktionary:兩#Definitions|''liǎng'']])

:* ''num.'' two; 2; double; duo

==== lo ====

* ('''ZHO''' [[:wiktionary:摞#Definitions|''luò'']])

:* ''n.'' stack; pile
:* ''part.'' plural particle (PL)

==== lon ====

* ('''ARA''' [[:wiktionary:لون#Arabic|''lawn'']])

:* ''n.'' color; shade; hue

==== lu ====

* ('''ZHO''' [[:wiktionary:綠#Definitions|''lǜ'']])

:* ''n.'' green; greenness; verdant

== m ==

==== ma ====

* ('''ARA / ZHO''' [[:wiktionary:ما#Pronoun|''mā'']] / [[:wiktionary:嗎#Definitions|''ma'']])

:* ''part.'' interrogative particle [Q]
:* ''pro.'' what; that; which

==== me ====

* ('''FRE''' [[:wiktionary:mais#Conjunction_2|''mais'']])

:* ''conj.'' but; however; although; yet

== n ==

==== na ====

* ('''JPN''' [[:wiktionary:なな|''nana'']])

:* ''num.'' seven; 7

==== nasa ====

* ('''ARA''' [[:wiktionary:نظر#Arabic|''naẓara'']])

:* ''v.'' look; see; observe; watch; read

==== nai ====

* ('''JPN''' [[:wiktionary:内#Etymology_2|''nai'']])

:* ''prep.'' in(side); interior; during; among; middle

==== ne ====

* ('''ENG''' [[:wiktionary:nay#English|''nay'']])

:* ''part.'' no; not; negative; neither

==== ni ====

* ('''ZHO''' [[:wiktionary:你#Definitions|''nǐ'']])

:* ''pro.'' you (2sg)

==== nun ====

* ('''PIE''' [[:wiktionary:Reconstruction:Proto-Indo-European/h₁néwn̥|''h₁néwn̥'']])

:* ''num.'' nine; 9

== o ==

==== o ====

* ('''JPN''' [[:wiktionary:を#Etymology_2|''o'']])

:* ''part.'' direct object marker (DO)

==== oya ====

* ('''SPA''' [[:wiktionary:olla#Spanish|''olla'']])

:* ''n.'' pot; pan; kettle (vessel used for cooking or storing food)
:* ''n.'' stew (dish cooked by stewing)

== p ==

==== pa ====

* ('''ZHO''' [[:wiktionary:八#Definitions|''bā'']])

:* ''num.'' eight; 8

==== pali ====

* ('''ARA / SPA''' [[:wiktionary:فرح#Arabic|''fariḥa'']] / [[:wiktionary:feliz#Spanish|''feliz'']])

:* ''n.'' happiness; joy
:* ''v.'' be happy; cheerful; joyous

==== pan ====

* ('''SPA / ZHO''' [[:wiktionary:pan#Noun_40|''pan'']] / [[:wiktionary:飯#Definitions|''fàn'']])

:* ''n.'' food; bread; meal; sustenance

==== poka ====

* ('''SPA''' [[:wiktionary:poca#Spanish|''poca'']])

:* ''num.'' few; not many
:* ''v.'' be small; little

==== pen ====

* ('''ELL''' [[:wiktionary:πέντε#Numeral_2|''pénte'']])

:* ''num.'' five; 5

==== pon ====

* ('''ENG''' [[:wiktionary:phone#Etymology_1|''phone'']])

:* ''n.'' phone (mobile; smart)
:* ''v.'' use ~

== s ==

==== sa ====

* ('''ARA''' [[:wiktionary:س#Etymology_2|''sa-'']])

:* ''part.'' future tense (FUT); prospective aspect (PROS)

==== saki ====

* ('''ARA''' [[:wiktionary:شقيق|''šaqīq'']] / [[:wiktionary:أخ|''ʔaḵ'']])

:* ''n.'' sibling; cousin; shared (grand)parents

note: can also be '''aki'''

::* '''akipa''' ''n.'' brother; male cousin ([[Miyu/lexicon#saki|aki]] + [[Miyu/lexicon#apa|apa]])
::* '''akima''' ''n.'' sister; female cousin ([[Miyu/lexicon#saki|aki]] + [[Miyu/lexicon#uma|uma]])

==== san ====

* ('''ZHO''' [[:wiktionary:三#Definitions|''sān'']])

:* ''num.'' three; 3

==== so ====

* ('''ENG / ZHO''' [[:wiktionary:so#Adverb|''so'']] / [[:wiktionary:所以#Conjunction|''suǒyǐ'']])

:* ''part.'' so; therefore; consequently

note: used as conjunction, adverb, and interjection

== t ==

==== ta ====

* ('''ZHO''' [[:wiktionary:大#Definitions|''dà'']])

:* ''v.'' be large; big; grand; in an extreme manner; greatly

==== te ====

* ('''SPA / ZHO''' [[:wiktionary:de#Preposition_32|''de'']] / [[:wiktionary:的#Definitions_2|''de'']])

:* ''prep.'' of; from; about

== u ==

==== u ====

* ('''ZHO''' [[:wiktionary:物#Definitions|''wù'']])

:* ''n.'' thing; entity; object; quality or concept

== w ==

==== wan ====

* ('''ENG''' [[:wiktionary:want#Verb|''want'']])

:* ''v.'' want; desire; wish (for)

==== wata ====

* ('''ENG''' [[:wiktionary:water#Noun|''water'']])

:* ''n.'' water; liquid; fluid
:* ''v.'' be wet

== y ==

==== yamu ====

* ('''HIN''' [[:wiktionary:बैंगनी|''jāmunī'']])

:* ''n.'' purple; violet

==== yu ====

* ('''ZHO''' [[:wiktionary:于#Definitions|''yú'']])

:* ''prep.'' in; at; to; by; than; out of
:* ''n.'' place; location; point; spot

Miyu/lexicon

2025-05-01T13:03:12Z

Masako: /* i */

__NOTOC__

== Abbreviations for Source Languages ==

{{col-begin}}
{{col-break}}

* '''ARA''' - Arabic
* '''ELL''' - Greek
* '''ENG''' - English
* '''FRE''' - French
* '''GER''' - German

{{col-break}}

* '''HIN''' - Hindi
* '''JPN''' - Japanese
* '''KOR''' - Korean
* '''MIY''' - [[Miyu|Miyu]]
* '''MUL''' - Multiple

{{col-break}}

* '''PIE''' - Proto-Indo-European
* '''SPA''' - Spanish
* '''TUR''' - Turkish
* '''ZHO''' - Mandarin

{{col-end}}

= Lexicon =

<center>
[[#a|a]] [[#e|e]] [[#i|i]] [[#k|k]] [[#l|l]] [[#m|m]] [[#n|n]] [[#o|o]] [[#p|p]] [[#s|s]] [[#t|t]] [[#u|u]] [[#w|w]] [[#y|y]]
</center>

== a ==

==== aku ====

* ('''JPN''' [[:wiktionary:百#Japanese|''hyaku'']])

:* ''n.'' a very many, lots, a lot; much
:* ''num.'' hundred; 100

note: also used as '''-ku'''

==== an ====

* ('''ARA''' [[:wiktionary:آن|''ʔān'']])

:* ''n.'' time; age; period; passing of events

==== anta ====

* ('''HIN''' [[:wiktionary:अँधेरा|''andherā'']])

:* ''n.'' a lack of light; obscurity
:* ''v.'' be dark; dim; obscure

==== awa ====

* ('''ARA''' [[:wiktionary:أو|''ʔaw'']])

:* ''conj.'' or; either; other
:* ''n.'' option; selection

==== ayo ====

* ('''ARA''' [[:wiktionary:أي|''ʔayy'']])

:* ''pro.'' any; which/whatever (INDEF)

== e ==

* ('''SPA / ZHO''' [[:wiktionary:y#Etymology_2_8|''e'']] / [[:wiktionary:和#Pronunciation_2|''hé'']])

:* ''conj.'' and; also; too; as well

== i ==

==== ila ====

* ('''ARA''' [[:wiktionary:إلى|''ʔilā'']])

:* ''prep.'' toward; at; in direction of; near; until
:* ''v.'' go (toward); walk; travel

==== in ====

* ('''ARA''' [[:wiktionary:إن|''ʔin'']])

:* ''conj.'' if (assuming that); (possible, not contrary to fact)

::* '''in [[Miyu/lexicon#ne|ne]]''' - if not; unless

==== ita ====

* ('''ARA''' [[:wiktionary:إذا|''ʔiḏā'']])

:* ''conj.'' if (then); whether (therefore)

note: When used as the conditional particle in a conditional clause, it may be followed by a past-tense verb regardless of natural time-reference.

== k ==

==== kai ====

* ('''ZHO''' [[:wiktionary:該#Definitions|''gāi'']])

:* ''v.'' should; ought to; need to; have to
:* ''v.'' need; require; must

==== kali ====

* ('''ARA / SPA''' [[:wiktionary:حار|''ḥārr'']] / [[:wiktionary:cálido#Spanish|''cálido'']])

:* ''n.'' heat; warmth
:* ''v.'' heat; be hot; warm

==== kana ====

* ('''ARA''' [[:wiktionary:كان|''kāna'']])

:* ''n.'' existence; occurrence
:* ''v.'' be; exist; occur

note: can also be '''kan'''

==== kasa ====

* ('''SPA''' [[:wiktionary:casa#Spanish|''casa'']])

:* ''n.'' house; building
:* ''v.'' dwell; reside

==== ke ====

* ('''ZHO''' [[:wiktionary:個#Definitions|''gè'']])

:* ''part.'' number marker; referent

==== ko ====

* ('''JPN''' [[:wiktionary:個#Kanji|''ko'']])

:* ''n.'' person; individual; adult / he; she (3sg)

==== kono ====

* ('''SPA''' [[:wiktionary:conocer#Spanish|''conocer'']])

:* ''n.'' knowledge; awareness
:* ''v.'' know; be aware; understand

==== kula ====

* ('''ARA''' [[:wiktionary:كل|''kull'']])

:* ''n.'' all; whole; each; every
:* ''v.'' be complete; whole

==== kun ====

* ('''SPA / ZHO''' [[:wiktionary:con#Spanish|''con'']] / [[:wiktionary:跟#Definitions|''gēn'']])

:* ''prep.'' with; together; by means of
:* ''v.'' accompany; join
:* ''v.'' use; employ

== l ==

==== lalo ====

* ('''HIN''' [[:wiktionary:लाल|''lāl'']])

:* ''n.'' redness
:* ''v.'' be red

::* '''lalo poka''' ''n.'' pale red
::* '''lalo ta''' ''n.'' dark red

==== lapa ====

* ('''HEB''' [[:wiktionary:לבן|''lāḇān'']])

:* ''n.'' whiteness
:* ''v.'' be white; blank

note: can also be '''lapan'''

==== lawa ====

* ('''SPA''' [[:wiktionary:lavar#Spanish|''lavar'']])

:* ''v.'' wash; clean; wipe; clear

==== le ====

* ('''ZHO''' [[:wiktionary:了#Definitions|''le'']])

:* ''part.'' completive aspect particle (COMP)

==== li ====

* ('''ZHO''' [[:wiktionary:兩#Definitions|''liǎng'']])

:* ''num.'' two; 2; double; duo

==== lo ====

* ('''ZHO''' [[:wiktionary:摞#Definitions|''luò'']])

:* ''n.'' stack; pile
:* ''part.'' plural particle (PL)

==== lon ====

* ('''ARA''' [[:wiktionary:لون#Arabic|''lawn'']])

:* ''n.'' color; shade; hue

==== lu ====

* ('''ZHO''' [[:wiktionary:綠#Definitions|''lǜ'']])

:* ''n.'' green; greenness; verdant

== m ==

==== ma ====

* ('''ARA / ZHO''' [[:wiktionary:ما#Pronoun|''mā'']] / [[:wiktionary:嗎#Definitions|''ma'']])

:* ''part.'' interrogative particle [Q]
:* ''pro.'' what; that; which

==== me ====

* ('''FRE''' [[:wiktionary:mais#Conjunction_2|''mais'']])

:* ''conj.'' but; however; although; yet

== n ==

==== na ====

* ('''JPN''' [[:wiktionary:なな|''nana'']])

:* ''num.'' seven; 7

==== nasa ====

* ('''ARA''' [[:wiktionary:نظر#Arabic|''naẓara'']])

:* ''v.'' look; see; observe; watch; read

==== nai ====

* ('''JPN''' [[:wiktionary:内#Etymology_2|''nai'']])

:* ''prep.'' in(side); interior; during; among; middle

==== ne ====

* ('''ENG''' [[:wiktionary:nay#English|''nay'']])

:* ''part.'' no; not; negative; neither

==== ni ====

* ('''ZHO''' [[:wiktionary:你#Definitions|''nǐ'']])

:* ''pro.'' you (2sg)

==== nun ====

* ('''PIE''' [[:wiktionary:Reconstruction:Proto-Indo-European/h₁néwn̥|''h₁néwn̥'']])

:* ''num.'' nine; 9

== o ==

==== o ====

* ('''JPN''' [[:wiktionary:を#Etymology_2|''o'']])

:* ''part.'' direct object marker (DO)

==== oya ====

* ('''SPA''' [[:wiktionary:olla#Spanish|''olla'']])

:* ''n.'' pot; pan; kettle (vessel used for cooking or storing food)
:* ''n.'' stew (dish cooked by stewing)

== p ==

==== pa ====

* ('''ZHO''' [[:wiktionary:八#Definitions|''bā'']])

:* ''num.'' eight; 8

==== pali ====

* ('''ARA / SPA''' [[:wiktionary:فرح#Arabic|''fariḥa'']] / [[:wiktionary:feliz#Spanish|''feliz'']])

:* ''n.'' happiness; joy
:* ''v.'' be happy; cheerful; joyous

==== pan ====

* ('''SPA / ZHO''' [[:wiktionary:pan#Noun_40|''pan'']] / [[:wiktionary:飯#Definitions|''fàn'']])

:* ''n.'' food; bread; meal; sustenance

==== poka ====

* ('''SPA''' [[:wiktionary:poca#Spanish|''poca'']])

:* ''num.'' few; not many
:* ''v.'' be small; little

==== pen ====

* ('''ELL''' [[:wiktionary:πέντε#Numeral_2|''pénte'']])

:* ''num.'' five; 5

==== pon ====

* ('''ENG''' [[:wiktionary:phone#Etymology_1|''phone'']])

:* ''n.'' phone (mobile; smart)
:* ''v.'' use ~

== s ==

==== saki ====

* ('''ARA''' [[:wiktionary:شقيق|''šaqīq'']] / [[:wiktionary:أخ|''ʔaḵ'']])

:* ''n.'' sibling; cousin; shared (grand)parents

note: can also be '''aki'''

::* '''akipa''' ''n.'' brother; male cousin ([[Miyu/lexicon#saki|aki]] + [[Miyu/lexicon#apa|apa]])
::* '''akima''' ''n.'' sister; female cousin ([[Miyu/lexicon#saki|aki]] + [[Miyu/lexicon#uma|uma]])

==== san ====

* ('''ZHO''' [[:wiktionary:三#Definitions|''sān'']])

:* ''num.'' three; 3

==== so ====

* ('''ENG / ZHO''' [[:wiktionary:so#Adverb|''so'']] / [[:wiktionary:所以#Conjunction|''suǒyǐ'']])

:* ''part.'' so; therefore; consequently

note: used as conjunction, adverb, and interjection

== t ==

==== ta ====

* ('''ZHO''' [[:wiktionary:大#Definitions|''dà'']])

:* ''v.'' be large; big; grand; in an extreme manner; greatly

==== te ====

* ('''SPA / ZHO''' [[:wiktionary:de#Preposition_32|''de'']] / [[:wiktionary:的#Definitions_2|''de'']])

:* ''prep.'' of; from; about

== u ==

==== u ====

* ('''ZHO''' [[:wiktionary:物#Definitions|''wù'']])

:* ''n.'' thing; entity; object; quality or concept

== w ==

==== wan ====

* ('''ENG''' [[:wiktionary:want#Verb|''want'']])

:* ''v.'' want; desire; wish (for)

==== wata ====

* ('''ENG''' [[:wiktionary:water#Noun|''water'']])

:* ''n.'' water; liquid; fluid
:* ''v.'' be wet

== y ==

==== yamu ====

* ('''HIN''' [[:wiktionary:बैंगनी|''jāmunī'']])

:* ''n.'' purple; violet

==== yu ====

* ('''ZHO''' [[:wiktionary:于#Definitions|''yú'']])

:* ''prep.'' in; at; to; by; than; out of
:* ''n.'' place; location; point; spot

Miyu/lexicon

2025-04-25T15:30:17Z

Masako: /* ko */

__NOTOC__

== Abbreviations for Source Languages ==

{{col-begin}}
{{col-break}}

* '''ARA''' - Arabic
* '''ELL''' - Greek
* '''ENG''' - English
* '''FRE''' - French
* '''GER''' - German

{{col-break}}

* '''HIN''' - Hindi
* '''JPN''' - Japanese
* '''KOR''' - Korean
* '''MIY''' - [[Miyu|Miyu]]
* '''MUL''' - Multiple

{{col-break}}

* '''PIE''' - Proto-Indo-European
* '''SPA''' - Spanish
* '''TUR''' - Turkish
* '''ZHO''' - Mandarin

{{col-end}}

= Lexicon =

<center>
[[#a|a]] [[#e|e]] [[#i|i]] [[#k|k]] [[#l|l]] [[#m|m]] [[#n|n]] [[#o|o]] [[#p|p]] [[#s|s]] [[#t|t]] [[#u|u]] [[#w|w]] [[#y|y]]
</center>

== a ==

==== aku ====

* ('''JPN''' [[:wiktionary:百#Japanese|''hyaku'']])

:* ''n.'' a very many, lots, a lot; much
:* ''num.'' hundred; 100

note: also used as '''-ku'''

==== an ====

* ('''ARA''' [[:wiktionary:آن|''ʔān'']])

:* ''n.'' time; age; period; passing of events

==== anta ====

* ('''HIN''' [[:wiktionary:अँधेरा|''andherā'']])

:* ''n.'' a lack of light; obscurity
:* ''v.'' be dark; dim; obscure

==== awa ====

* ('''ARA''' [[:wiktionary:أو|''ʔaw'']])

:* ''conj.'' or; either; other
:* ''n.'' option; selection

==== ayo ====

* ('''ARA''' [[:wiktionary:أي|''ʔayy'']])

:* ''pro.'' any; which/whatever (INDEF)

== e ==

* ('''SPA / ZHO''' [[:wiktionary:y#Etymology_2_8|''e'']] / [[:wiktionary:和#Pronunciation_2|''hé'']])

:* ''conj.'' and; also; too; as well

== i ==

==== ila ====

* ('''ARA''' [[:wiktionary:إلى|''ʔilā'']])

:* ''prep.'' toward; at; in direction of; near; until
:* ''v.'' go (toward); walk; travel

==== in ====

* ('''ARA''' [[:wiktionary:إن|''ʔin'']])

:* ''conj.'' if (assuming that); (possible, not contrary to fact)

::* '''in [[Miyu/lexicon#ne|ne]]''' - if not; unless

== k ==

==== kai ====

* ('''ZHO''' [[:wiktionary:該#Definitions|''gāi'']])

:* ''v.'' should; ought to; need to; have to
:* ''v.'' need; require; must

==== kali ====

* ('''ARA / SPA''' [[:wiktionary:حار|''ḥārr'']] / [[:wiktionary:cálido#Spanish|''cálido'']])

:* ''n.'' heat; warmth
:* ''v.'' heat; be hot; warm

==== kana ====

* ('''ARA''' [[:wiktionary:كان|''kāna'']])

:* ''n.'' existence; occurrence
:* ''v.'' be; exist; occur

note: can also be '''kan'''

==== kasa ====

* ('''SPA''' [[:wiktionary:casa#Spanish|''casa'']])

:* ''n.'' house; building
:* ''v.'' dwell; reside

==== ke ====

* ('''ZHO''' [[:wiktionary:個#Definitions|''gè'']])

:* ''part.'' number marker; referent

==== ko ====

* ('''JPN''' [[:wiktionary:個#Kanji|''ko'']])

:* ''n.'' person; individual; adult / he; she (3sg)

==== kono ====

* ('''SPA''' [[:wiktionary:conocer#Spanish|''conocer'']])

:* ''n.'' knowledge; awareness
:* ''v.'' know; be aware; understand

==== kula ====

* ('''ARA''' [[:wiktionary:كل|''kull'']])

:* ''n.'' all; whole; each; every
:* ''v.'' be complete; whole

==== kun ====

* ('''SPA / ZHO''' [[:wiktionary:con#Spanish|''con'']] / [[:wiktionary:跟#Definitions|''gēn'']])

:* ''prep.'' with; together; by means of
:* ''v.'' accompany; join
:* ''v.'' use; employ

== l ==

==== lalo ====

* ('''HIN''' [[:wiktionary:लाल|''lāl'']])

:* ''n.'' redness
:* ''v.'' be red

::* '''lalo poka''' ''n.'' pale red
::* '''lalo ta''' ''n.'' dark red

==== lapa ====

* ('''HEB''' [[:wiktionary:לבן|''lāḇān'']])

:* ''n.'' whiteness
:* ''v.'' be white; blank

note: can also be '''lapan'''

==== lawa ====

* ('''SPA''' [[:wiktionary:lavar#Spanish|''lavar'']])

:* ''v.'' wash; clean; wipe; clear

==== le ====

* ('''ZHO''' [[:wiktionary:了#Definitions|''le'']])

:* ''part.'' completive aspect particle (COMP)

==== li ====

* ('''ZHO''' [[:wiktionary:兩#Definitions|''liǎng'']])

:* ''num.'' two; 2; double; duo

==== lo ====

* ('''ZHO''' [[:wiktionary:摞#Definitions|''luò'']])

:* ''n.'' stack; pile
:* ''part.'' plural particle (PL)

==== lon ====

* ('''ARA''' [[:wiktionary:لون#Arabic|''lawn'']])

:* ''n.'' color; shade; hue

==== lu ====

* ('''ZHO''' [[:wiktionary:綠#Definitions|''lǜ'']])

:* ''n.'' green; greenness; verdant

== m ==

==== ma ====

* ('''ARA / ZHO''' [[:wiktionary:ما#Pronoun|''mā'']] / [[:wiktionary:嗎#Definitions|''ma'']])

:* ''part.'' interrogative particle [Q]
:* ''pro.'' what; that; which

==== me ====

* ('''FRE''' [[:wiktionary:mais#Conjunction_2|''mais'']])

:* ''conj.'' but; however; although; yet

== n ==

==== na ====

* ('''JPN''' [[:wiktionary:なな|''nana'']])

:* ''num.'' seven; 7

==== nasa ====

* ('''ARA''' [[:wiktionary:نظر#Arabic|''naẓara'']])

:* ''v.'' look; see; observe; watch; read

==== nai ====

* ('''JPN''' [[:wiktionary:内#Etymology_2|''nai'']])

:* ''prep.'' in(side); interior; during; among; middle

==== ne ====

* ('''ENG''' [[:wiktionary:nay#English|''nay'']])

:* ''part.'' no; not; negative; neither

==== ni ====

* ('''ZHO''' [[:wiktionary:你#Definitions|''nǐ'']])

:* ''pro.'' you (2sg)

==== nun ====

* ('''PIE''' [[:wiktionary:Reconstruction:Proto-Indo-European/h₁néwn̥|''h₁néwn̥'']])

:* ''num.'' nine; 9

== o ==

==== o ====

* ('''JPN''' [[:wiktionary:を#Etymology_2|''o'']])

:* ''part.'' direct object marker (DO)

==== oya ====

* ('''SPA''' [[:wiktionary:olla#Spanish|''olla'']])

:* ''n.'' pot; pan; kettle (vessel used for cooking or storing food)
:* ''n.'' stew (dish cooked by stewing)

== p ==

==== pa ====

* ('''ZHO''' [[:wiktionary:八#Definitions|''bā'']])

:* ''num.'' eight; 8

==== pali ====

* ('''ARA / SPA''' [[:wiktionary:فرح#Arabic|''fariḥa'']] / [[:wiktionary:feliz#Spanish|''feliz'']])

:* ''n.'' happiness; joy
:* ''v.'' be happy; cheerful; joyous

==== pan ====

* ('''SPA / ZHO''' [[:wiktionary:pan#Noun_40|''pan'']] / [[:wiktionary:飯#Definitions|''fàn'']])

:* ''n.'' food; bread; meal; sustenance

==== poka ====

* ('''SPA''' [[:wiktionary:poca#Spanish|''poca'']])

:* ''num.'' few; not many
:* ''v.'' be small; little

==== pen ====

* ('''ELL''' [[:wiktionary:πέντε#Numeral_2|''pénte'']])

:* ''num.'' five; 5

==== pon ====

* ('''ENG''' [[:wiktionary:phone#Etymology_1|''phone'']])

:* ''n.'' phone (mobile; smart)
:* ''v.'' use ~

== s ==

==== saki ====

* ('''ARA''' [[:wiktionary:شقيق|''šaqīq'']] / [[:wiktionary:أخ|''ʔaḵ'']])

:* ''n.'' sibling; cousin; shared (grand)parents

note: can also be '''aki'''

::* '''akipa''' ''n.'' brother; male cousin ([[Miyu/lexicon#saki|aki]] + [[Miyu/lexicon#apa|apa]])
::* '''akima''' ''n.'' sister; female cousin ([[Miyu/lexicon#saki|aki]] + [[Miyu/lexicon#uma|uma]])

==== san ====

* ('''ZHO''' [[:wiktionary:三#Definitions|''sān'']])

:* ''num.'' three; 3

==== so ====

* ('''ENG / ZHO''' [[:wiktionary:so#Adverb|''so'']] / [[:wiktionary:所以#Conjunction|''suǒyǐ'']])

:* ''part.'' so; therefore; consequently

note: used as conjunction, adverb, and interjection

== t ==

==== ta ====

* ('''ZHO''' [[:wiktionary:大#Definitions|''dà'']])

:* ''v.'' be large; big; grand; in an extreme manner; greatly

==== te ====

* ('''SPA / ZHO''' [[:wiktionary:de#Preposition_32|''de'']] / [[:wiktionary:的#Definitions_2|''de'']])

:* ''prep.'' of; from; about

== u ==

==== u ====

* ('''ZHO''' [[:wiktionary:物#Definitions|''wù'']])

:* ''n.'' thing; entity; object; quality or concept

== w ==

==== wan ====

* ('''ENG''' [[:wiktionary:want#Verb|''want'']])

:* ''v.'' want; desire; wish (for)

==== wata ====

* ('''ENG''' [[:wiktionary:water#Noun|''water'']])

:* ''n.'' water; liquid; fluid
:* ''v.'' be wet

== y ==

==== yamu ====

* ('''HIN''' [[:wiktionary:बैंगनी|''jāmunī'']])

:* ''n.'' purple; violet

==== yu ====

* ('''ZHO''' [[:wiktionary:于#Definitions|''yú'']])

:* ''prep.'' in; at; to; by; than; out of
:* ''n.'' place; location; point; spot

Miyu/lexicon

2025-04-16T14:35:01Z

Masako: /* a */

__NOTOC__

== Abbreviations for Source Languages ==

{{col-begin}}
{{col-break}}

* '''ARA''' - Arabic
* '''ELL''' - Greek
* '''ENG''' - English
* '''FRE''' - French
* '''GER''' - German

{{col-break}}

* '''HIN''' - Hindi
* '''JPN''' - Japanese
* '''KOR''' - Korean
* '''MIY''' - [[Miyu|Miyu]]
* '''MUL''' - Multiple

{{col-break}}

* '''PIE''' - Proto-Indo-European
* '''SPA''' - Spanish
* '''TUR''' - Turkish
* '''ZHO''' - Mandarin

{{col-end}}

= Lexicon =

<center>
[[#a|a]] [[#e|e]] [[#i|i]] [[#k|k]] [[#l|l]] [[#m|m]] [[#n|n]] [[#o|o]] [[#p|p]] [[#s|s]] [[#t|t]] [[#u|u]] [[#w|w]] [[#y|y]]
</center>

== a ==

==== aku ====

* ('''JPN''' [[:wiktionary:百#Japanese|''hyaku'']])

:* ''n.'' a very many, lots, a lot; much
:* ''num.'' hundred; 100

note: also used as '''-ku'''

==== an ====

* ('''ARA''' [[:wiktionary:آن|''ʔān'']])

:* ''n.'' time; age; period; passing of events

==== anta ====

* ('''HIN''' [[:wiktionary:अँधेरा|''andherā'']])

:* ''n.'' a lack of light; obscurity
:* ''v.'' be dark; dim; obscure

==== awa ====

* ('''ARA''' [[:wiktionary:أو|''ʔaw'']])

:* ''conj.'' or; either; other
:* ''n.'' option; selection

==== ayo ====

* ('''ARA''' [[:wiktionary:أي|''ʔayy'']])

:* ''pro.'' any; which/whatever (INDEF)

== e ==

* ('''SPA / ZHO''' [[:wiktionary:y#Etymology_2_8|''e'']] / [[:wiktionary:和#Pronunciation_2|''hé'']])

:* ''conj.'' and; also; too; as well

== i ==

==== ila ====

* ('''ARA''' [[:wiktionary:إلى|''ʔilā'']])

:* ''prep.'' toward; at; in direction of; near; until
:* ''v.'' go (toward); walk; travel

==== in ====

* ('''ARA''' [[:wiktionary:إن|''ʔin'']])

:* ''conj.'' if (assuming that); (possible, not contrary to fact)

::* '''in [[Miyu/lexicon#ne|ne]]''' - if not; unless

== k ==

==== kai ====

* ('''ZHO''' [[:wiktionary:該#Definitions|''gāi'']])

:* ''v.'' should; ought to; need to; have to
:* ''v.'' need; require; must

==== kali ====

* ('''ARA / SPA''' [[:wiktionary:حار|''ḥārr'']] / [[:wiktionary:cálido#Spanish|''cálido'']])

:* ''n.'' heat; warmth
:* ''v.'' heat; be hot; warm

==== kana ====

* ('''ARA''' [[:wiktionary:كان|''kāna'']])

:* ''n.'' existence; occurrence
:* ''v.'' be; exist; occur

note: can also be '''kan'''

==== kasa ====

* ('''SPA''' [[:wiktionary:casa#Spanish|''casa'']])

:* ''n.'' house; building
:* ''v.'' dwell; reside

==== ke ====

* ('''ZHO''' [[:wiktionary:個#Definitions|''gè'']])

:* ''part.'' number marker; referent

==== ko ====

* ('''JPN''' [[:wiktionary:個#Kanji|''ko'']])

:* ''n.'' person; individual; adult / he; she (3sg)

==== kula ====

* ('''ARA''' [[:wiktionary:كل|''kull'']])

:* ''n.'' all; whole; each; every
:* ''v.'' be complete; whole

==== kun ====

* ('''SPA / ZHO''' [[:wiktionary:con#Spanish|''con'']] / [[:wiktionary:跟#Definitions|''gēn'']])

:* ''prep.'' with; together; by means of
:* ''v.'' accompany; join
:* ''v.'' use; employ

== l ==

==== lalo ====

* ('''HIN''' [[:wiktionary:लाल|''lāl'']])

:* ''n.'' redness
:* ''v.'' be red

::* '''lalo poka''' ''n.'' pale red
::* '''lalo ta''' ''n.'' dark red

==== lapa ====

* ('''HEB''' [[:wiktionary:לבן|''lāḇān'']])

:* ''n.'' whiteness
:* ''v.'' be white; blank

note: can also be '''lapan'''

==== lawa ====

* ('''SPA''' [[:wiktionary:lavar#Spanish|''lavar'']])

:* ''v.'' wash; clean; wipe; clear

==== le ====

* ('''ZHO''' [[:wiktionary:了#Definitions|''le'']])

:* ''part.'' completive aspect particle (COMP)

==== li ====

* ('''ZHO''' [[:wiktionary:兩#Definitions|''liǎng'']])

:* ''num.'' two; 2; double; duo

==== lo ====

* ('''ZHO''' [[:wiktionary:摞#Definitions|''luò'']])

:* ''n.'' stack; pile
:* ''part.'' plural particle (PL)

==== lon ====

* ('''ARA''' [[:wiktionary:لون#Arabic|''lawn'']])

:* ''n.'' color; shade; hue

==== lu ====

* ('''ZHO''' [[:wiktionary:綠#Definitions|''lǜ'']])

:* ''n.'' green; greenness; verdant

== m ==

==== ma ====

* ('''ARA / ZHO''' [[:wiktionary:ما#Pronoun|''mā'']] / [[:wiktionary:嗎#Definitions|''ma'']])

:* ''part.'' interrogative particle [Q]
:* ''pro.'' what; that; which

==== me ====

* ('''FRE''' [[:wiktionary:mais#Conjunction_2|''mais'']])

:* ''conj.'' but; however; although; yet

== n ==

==== na ====

* ('''JPN''' [[:wiktionary:なな|''nana'']])

:* ''num.'' seven; 7

==== nasa ====

* ('''ARA''' [[:wiktionary:نظر#Arabic|''naẓara'']])

:* ''v.'' look; see; observe; watch; read

==== nai ====

* ('''JPN''' [[:wiktionary:内#Etymology_2|''nai'']])

:* ''prep.'' in(side); interior; during; among; middle

==== ne ====

* ('''ENG''' [[:wiktionary:nay#English|''nay'']])

:* ''part.'' no; not; negative; neither

==== ni ====

* ('''ZHO''' [[:wiktionary:你#Definitions|''nǐ'']])

:* ''pro.'' you (2sg)

==== nun ====

* ('''PIE''' [[:wiktionary:Reconstruction:Proto-Indo-European/h₁néwn̥|''h₁néwn̥'']])

:* ''num.'' nine; 9

== o ==

==== o ====

* ('''JPN''' [[:wiktionary:を#Etymology_2|''o'']])

:* ''part.'' direct object marker (DO)

==== oya ====

* ('''SPA''' [[:wiktionary:olla#Spanish|''olla'']])

:* ''n.'' pot; pan; kettle (vessel used for cooking or storing food)
:* ''n.'' stew (dish cooked by stewing)

== p ==

==== pa ====

* ('''ZHO''' [[:wiktionary:八#Definitions|''bā'']])

:* ''num.'' eight; 8

==== pali ====

* ('''ARA / SPA''' [[:wiktionary:فرح#Arabic|''fariḥa'']] / [[:wiktionary:feliz#Spanish|''feliz'']])

:* ''n.'' happiness; joy
:* ''v.'' be happy; cheerful; joyous

==== pan ====

* ('''SPA / ZHO''' [[:wiktionary:pan#Noun_40|''pan'']] / [[:wiktionary:飯#Definitions|''fàn'']])

:* ''n.'' food; bread; meal; sustenance

==== poka ====

* ('''SPA''' [[:wiktionary:poca#Spanish|''poca'']])

:* ''num.'' few; not many
:* ''v.'' be small; little

==== pen ====

* ('''ELL''' [[:wiktionary:πέντε#Numeral_2|''pénte'']])

:* ''num.'' five; 5

==== pon ====

* ('''ENG''' [[:wiktionary:phone#Etymology_1|''phone'']])

:* ''n.'' phone (mobile; smart)
:* ''v.'' use ~

== s ==

==== saki ====

* ('''ARA''' [[:wiktionary:شقيق|''šaqīq'']] / [[:wiktionary:أخ|''ʔaḵ'']])

:* ''n.'' sibling; cousin; shared (grand)parents

note: can also be '''aki'''

::* '''akipa''' ''n.'' brother; male cousin ([[Miyu/lexicon#saki|aki]] + [[Miyu/lexicon#apa|apa]])
::* '''akima''' ''n.'' sister; female cousin ([[Miyu/lexicon#saki|aki]] + [[Miyu/lexicon#uma|uma]])

==== san ====

* ('''ZHO''' [[:wiktionary:三#Definitions|''sān'']])

:* ''num.'' three; 3

==== so ====

* ('''ENG / ZHO''' [[:wiktionary:so#Adverb|''so'']] / [[:wiktionary:所以#Conjunction|''suǒyǐ'']])

:* ''part.'' so; therefore; consequently

note: used as conjunction, adverb, and interjection

== t ==

==== ta ====

* ('''ZHO''' [[:wiktionary:大#Definitions|''dà'']])

:* ''v.'' be large; big; grand; in an extreme manner; greatly

==== te ====

* ('''SPA / ZHO''' [[:wiktionary:de#Preposition_32|''de'']] / [[:wiktionary:的#Definitions_2|''de'']])

:* ''prep.'' of; from; about

== u ==

==== u ====

* ('''ZHO''' [[:wiktionary:物#Definitions|''wù'']])

:* ''n.'' thing; entity; object; quality or concept

== w ==

==== wan ====

* ('''ENG''' [[:wiktionary:want#Verb|''want'']])

:* ''v.'' want; desire; wish (for)

==== wata ====

* ('''ENG''' [[:wiktionary:water#Noun|''water'']])

:* ''n.'' water; liquid; fluid
:* ''v.'' be wet

== y ==

==== yamu ====

* ('''HIN''' [[:wiktionary:बैंगनी|''jāmunī'']])

:* ''n.'' purple; violet

==== yu ====

* ('''ZHO''' [[:wiktionary:于#Definitions|''yú'']])

:* ''prep.'' in; at; to; by; than; out of
:* ''n.'' place; location; point; spot

Miyu/lexicon

2025-04-16T14:26:19Z

Masako: /* saki */

__NOTOC__

== Abbreviations for Source Languages ==

{{col-begin}}
{{col-break}}

* '''ARA''' - Arabic
* '''ELL''' - Greek
* '''ENG''' - English
* '''FRE''' - French
* '''GER''' - German

{{col-break}}

* '''HIN''' - Hindi
* '''JPN''' - Japanese
* '''KOR''' - Korean
* '''MIY''' - [[Miyu|Miyu]]
* '''MUL''' - Multiple

{{col-break}}

* '''PIE''' - Proto-Indo-European
* '''SPA''' - Spanish
* '''TUR''' - Turkish
* '''ZHO''' - Mandarin

{{col-end}}

= Lexicon =

<center>
[[#a|a]] [[#e|e]] [[#i|i]] [[#k|k]] [[#l|l]] [[#m|m]] [[#n|n]] [[#o|o]] [[#p|p]] [[#s|s]] [[#t|t]] [[#u|u]] [[#w|w]] [[#y|y]]
</center>

== a ==

==== aku ====

* ('''JPN''' [[:wiktionary:百#Japanese|''hyaku'']])

:* ''n.'' a very many, lots, a lot; much
:* ''num.'' hundred; 100

note: also used as '''-ku'''

==== an ====

* ('''ARA''' [[:wiktionary:آن|''ʔān'']])

:* ''n.'' time; age; period; passing of events

==== anta ====

* ('''HIN''' [[:wiktionary:अँधेरा|''andherā'']])

:* ''n.'' a lack of light; obscurity
:* ''v.'' be dark; dim; obscure

== e ==

* ('''SPA / ZHO''' [[:wiktionary:y#Etymology_2_8|''e'']] / [[:wiktionary:和#Pronunciation_2|''hé'']])

:* ''conj.'' and; also; too; as well

== i ==

==== ila ====

* ('''ARA''' [[:wiktionary:إلى|''ʔilā'']])

:* ''prep.'' toward; at; in direction of; near; until
:* ''v.'' go (toward); walk; travel

==== in ====

* ('''ARA''' [[:wiktionary:إن|''ʔin'']])

:* ''conj.'' if (assuming that); (possible, not contrary to fact)

::* '''in [[Miyu/lexicon#ne|ne]]''' - if not; unless

== k ==

==== kai ====

* ('''ZHO''' [[:wiktionary:該#Definitions|''gāi'']])

:* ''v.'' should; ought to; need to; have to
:* ''v.'' need; require; must

==== kali ====

* ('''ARA / SPA''' [[:wiktionary:حار|''ḥārr'']] / [[:wiktionary:cálido#Spanish|''cálido'']])

:* ''n.'' heat; warmth
:* ''v.'' heat; be hot; warm

==== kana ====

* ('''ARA''' [[:wiktionary:كان|''kāna'']])

:* ''n.'' existence; occurrence
:* ''v.'' be; exist; occur

note: can also be '''kan'''

==== kasa ====

* ('''SPA''' [[:wiktionary:casa#Spanish|''casa'']])

:* ''n.'' house; building
:* ''v.'' dwell; reside

==== ke ====

* ('''ZHO''' [[:wiktionary:個#Definitions|''gè'']])

:* ''part.'' number marker; referent

==== ko ====

* ('''JPN''' [[:wiktionary:個#Kanji|''ko'']])

:* ''n.'' person; individual; adult / he; she (3sg)

==== kula ====

* ('''ARA''' [[:wiktionary:كل|''kull'']])

:* ''n.'' all; whole; each; every
:* ''v.'' be complete; whole

==== kun ====

* ('''SPA / ZHO''' [[:wiktionary:con#Spanish|''con'']] / [[:wiktionary:跟#Definitions|''gēn'']])

:* ''prep.'' with; together; by means of
:* ''v.'' accompany; join
:* ''v.'' use; employ

== l ==

==== lalo ====

* ('''HIN''' [[:wiktionary:लाल|''lāl'']])

:* ''n.'' redness
:* ''v.'' be red

::* '''lalo poka''' ''n.'' pale red
::* '''lalo ta''' ''n.'' dark red

==== lapa ====

* ('''HEB''' [[:wiktionary:לבן|''lāḇān'']])

:* ''n.'' whiteness
:* ''v.'' be white; blank

note: can also be '''lapan'''

==== lawa ====

* ('''SPA''' [[:wiktionary:lavar#Spanish|''lavar'']])

:* ''v.'' wash; clean; wipe; clear

==== le ====

* ('''ZHO''' [[:wiktionary:了#Definitions|''le'']])

:* ''part.'' completive aspect particle (COMP)

==== li ====

* ('''ZHO''' [[:wiktionary:兩#Definitions|''liǎng'']])

:* ''num.'' two; 2; double; duo

==== lo ====

* ('''ZHO''' [[:wiktionary:摞#Definitions|''luò'']])

:* ''n.'' stack; pile
:* ''part.'' plural particle (PL)

==== lon ====

* ('''ARA''' [[:wiktionary:لون#Arabic|''lawn'']])

:* ''n.'' color; shade; hue

==== lu ====

* ('''ZHO''' [[:wiktionary:綠#Definitions|''lǜ'']])

:* ''n.'' green; greenness; verdant

== m ==

==== ma ====

* ('''ARA / ZHO''' [[:wiktionary:ما#Pronoun|''mā'']] / [[:wiktionary:嗎#Definitions|''ma'']])

:* ''part.'' interrogative particle [Q]
:* ''pro.'' what; that; which

==== me ====

* ('''FRE''' [[:wiktionary:mais#Conjunction_2|''mais'']])

:* ''conj.'' but; however; although; yet

== n ==

==== na ====

* ('''JPN''' [[:wiktionary:なな|''nana'']])

:* ''num.'' seven; 7

==== nasa ====

* ('''ARA''' [[:wiktionary:نظر#Arabic|''naẓara'']])

:* ''v.'' look; see; observe; watch; read

==== nai ====

* ('''JPN''' [[:wiktionary:内#Etymology_2|''nai'']])

:* ''prep.'' in(side); interior; during; among; middle

==== ne ====

* ('''ENG''' [[:wiktionary:nay#English|''nay'']])

:* ''part.'' no; not; negative; neither

==== ni ====

* ('''ZHO''' [[:wiktionary:你#Definitions|''nǐ'']])

:* ''pro.'' you (2sg)

==== nun ====

* ('''PIE''' [[:wiktionary:Reconstruction:Proto-Indo-European/h₁néwn̥|''h₁néwn̥'']])

:* ''num.'' nine; 9

== o ==

==== o ====

* ('''JPN''' [[:wiktionary:を#Etymology_2|''o'']])

:* ''part.'' direct object marker (DO)

==== oya ====

* ('''SPA''' [[:wiktionary:olla#Spanish|''olla'']])

:* ''n.'' pot; pan; kettle (vessel used for cooking or storing food)
:* ''n.'' stew (dish cooked by stewing)

== p ==

==== pa ====

* ('''ZHO''' [[:wiktionary:八#Definitions|''bā'']])

:* ''num.'' eight; 8

==== pali ====

* ('''ARA / SPA''' [[:wiktionary:فرح#Arabic|''fariḥa'']] / [[:wiktionary:feliz#Spanish|''feliz'']])

:* ''n.'' happiness; joy
:* ''v.'' be happy; cheerful; joyous

==== pan ====

* ('''SPA / ZHO''' [[:wiktionary:pan#Noun_40|''pan'']] / [[:wiktionary:飯#Definitions|''fàn'']])

:* ''n.'' food; bread; meal; sustenance

==== poka ====

* ('''SPA''' [[:wiktionary:poca#Spanish|''poca'']])

:* ''num.'' few; not many
:* ''v.'' be small; little

==== pen ====

* ('''ELL''' [[:wiktionary:πέντε#Numeral_2|''pénte'']])

:* ''num.'' five; 5

==== pon ====

* ('''ENG''' [[:wiktionary:phone#Etymology_1|''phone'']])

:* ''n.'' phone (mobile; smart)
:* ''v.'' use ~

== s ==

==== saki ====

* ('''ARA''' [[:wiktionary:شقيق|''šaqīq'']] / [[:wiktionary:أخ|''ʔaḵ'']])

:* ''n.'' sibling; cousin; shared (grand)parents

note: can also be '''aki'''

::* '''akipa''' ''n.'' brother; male cousin ([[Miyu/lexicon#saki|aki]] + [[Miyu/lexicon#apa|apa]])
::* '''akima''' ''n.'' sister; female cousin ([[Miyu/lexicon#saki|aki]] + [[Miyu/lexicon#uma|uma]])

==== san ====

* ('''ZHO''' [[:wiktionary:三#Definitions|''sān'']])

:* ''num.'' three; 3

==== so ====

* ('''ENG / ZHO''' [[:wiktionary:so#Adverb|''so'']] / [[:wiktionary:所以#Conjunction|''suǒyǐ'']])

:* ''part.'' so; therefore; consequently

note: used as conjunction, adverb, and interjection

== t ==

==== ta ====

* ('''ZHO''' [[:wiktionary:大#Definitions|''dà'']])

:* ''v.'' be large; big; grand; in an extreme manner; greatly

==== te ====

* ('''SPA / ZHO''' [[:wiktionary:de#Preposition_32|''de'']] / [[:wiktionary:的#Definitions_2|''de'']])

:* ''prep.'' of; from; about

== u ==

==== u ====

* ('''ZHO''' [[:wiktionary:物#Definitions|''wù'']])

:* ''n.'' thing; entity; object; quality or concept

== w ==

==== wan ====

* ('''ENG''' [[:wiktionary:want#Verb|''want'']])

:* ''v.'' want; desire; wish (for)

==== wata ====

* ('''ENG''' [[:wiktionary:water#Noun|''water'']])

:* ''n.'' water; liquid; fluid
:* ''v.'' be wet

== y ==

==== yamu ====

* ('''HIN''' [[:wiktionary:बैंगनी|''jāmunī'']])

:* ''n.'' purple; violet

==== yu ====

* ('''ZHO''' [[:wiktionary:于#Definitions|''yú'']])

:* ''prep.'' in; at; to; by; than; out of
:* ''n.'' place; location; point; spot

Miyu/lexicon

2025-04-10T15:43:46Z

Masako: /* san */

__NOTOC__

== Abbreviations for Source Languages ==

{{col-begin}}
{{col-break}}

* '''ARA''' - Arabic
* '''ELL''' - Greek
* '''ENG''' - English
* '''FRE''' - French
* '''GER''' - German

{{col-break}}

* '''HIN''' - Hindi
* '''JPN''' - Japanese
* '''KOR''' - Korean
* '''MIY''' - [[Miyu|Miyu]]
* '''MUL''' - Multiple

{{col-break}}

* '''PIE''' - Proto-Indo-European
* '''SPA''' - Spanish
* '''TUR''' - Turkish
* '''ZHO''' - Mandarin

{{col-end}}

= Lexicon =

<center>
[[#a|a]] [[#e|e]] [[#i|i]] [[#k|k]] [[#l|l]] [[#m|m]] [[#n|n]] [[#o|o]] [[#p|p]] [[#s|s]] [[#t|t]] [[#u|u]] [[#w|w]] [[#y|y]]
</center>

== a ==

==== aku ====

* ('''JPN''' [[:wiktionary:百#Japanese|''hyaku'']])

:* ''n.'' a very many, lots, a lot; much
:* ''num.'' hundred; 100

note: also used as '''-ku'''

==== an ====

* ('''ARA''' [[:wiktionary:آن|''ʔān'']])

:* ''n.'' time; age; period; passing of events

==== anta ====

* ('''HIN''' [[:wiktionary:अँधेरा|''andherā'']])

:* ''n.'' a lack of light; obscurity
:* ''v.'' be dark; dim; obscure

== e ==

* ('''SPA / ZHO''' [[:wiktionary:y#Etymology_2_8|''e'']] / [[:wiktionary:和#Pronunciation_2|''hé'']])

:* ''conj.'' and; also; too; as well

== i ==

==== ila ====

* ('''ARA''' [[:wiktionary:إلى|''ʔilā'']])

:* ''prep.'' toward; at; in direction of; near; until
:* ''v.'' go (toward); walk; travel

==== in ====

* ('''ARA''' [[:wiktionary:إن|''ʔin'']])

:* ''conj.'' if (assuming that); (possible, not contrary to fact)

::* '''in [[Miyu/lexicon#ne|ne]]''' - if not; unless

== k ==

==== kai ====

* ('''ZHO''' [[:wiktionary:該#Definitions|''gāi'']])

:* ''v.'' should; ought to; need to; have to
:* ''v.'' need; require; must

==== kali ====

* ('''ARA / SPA''' [[:wiktionary:حار|''ḥārr'']] / [[:wiktionary:cálido#Spanish|''cálido'']])

:* ''n.'' heat; warmth
:* ''v.'' heat; be hot; warm

==== kana ====

* ('''ARA''' [[:wiktionary:كان|''kāna'']])

:* ''n.'' existence; occurrence
:* ''v.'' be; exist; occur

note: can also be '''kan'''

==== kasa ====

* ('''SPA''' [[:wiktionary:casa#Spanish|''casa'']])

:* ''n.'' house; building
:* ''v.'' dwell; reside

==== ke ====

* ('''ZHO''' [[:wiktionary:個#Definitions|''gè'']])

:* ''part.'' number marker; referent

==== ko ====

* ('''JPN''' [[:wiktionary:個#Kanji|''ko'']])

:* ''n.'' person; individual; adult / he; she (3sg)

==== kula ====

* ('''ARA''' [[:wiktionary:كل|''kull'']])

:* ''n.'' all; whole; each; every
:* ''v.'' be complete; whole

==== kun ====

* ('''SPA / ZHO''' [[:wiktionary:con#Spanish|''con'']] / [[:wiktionary:跟#Definitions|''gēn'']])

:* ''prep.'' with; together; by means of
:* ''v.'' accompany; join
:* ''v.'' use; employ

== l ==

==== lalo ====

* ('''HIN''' [[:wiktionary:लाल|''lāl'']])

:* ''n.'' redness
:* ''v.'' be red

::* '''lalo poka''' ''n.'' pale red
::* '''lalo ta''' ''n.'' dark red

==== lapa ====

* ('''HEB''' [[:wiktionary:לבן|''lāḇān'']])

:* ''n.'' whiteness
:* ''v.'' be white; blank

note: can also be '''lapan'''

==== lawa ====

* ('''SPA''' [[:wiktionary:lavar#Spanish|''lavar'']])

:* ''v.'' wash; clean; wipe; clear

==== le ====

* ('''ZHO''' [[:wiktionary:了#Definitions|''le'']])

:* ''part.'' completive aspect particle (COMP)

==== li ====

* ('''ZHO''' [[:wiktionary:兩#Definitions|''liǎng'']])

:* ''num.'' two; 2; double; duo

==== lo ====

* ('''ZHO''' [[:wiktionary:摞#Definitions|''luò'']])

:* ''n.'' stack; pile
:* ''part.'' plural particle (PL)

==== lon ====

* ('''ARA''' [[:wiktionary:لون#Arabic|''lawn'']])

:* ''n.'' color; shade; hue

==== lu ====

* ('''ZHO''' [[:wiktionary:綠#Definitions|''lǜ'']])

:* ''n.'' green; greenness; verdant

== m ==

==== ma ====

* ('''ARA / ZHO''' [[:wiktionary:ما#Pronoun|''mā'']] / [[:wiktionary:嗎#Definitions|''ma'']])

:* ''part.'' interrogative particle [Q]
:* ''pro.'' what; that; which

==== me ====

* ('''FRE''' [[:wiktionary:mais#Conjunction_2|''mais'']])

:* ''conj.'' but; however; although; yet

== n ==

==== na ====

* ('''JPN''' [[:wiktionary:なな|''nana'']])

:* ''num.'' seven; 7

==== nasa ====

* ('''ARA''' [[:wiktionary:نظر#Arabic|''naẓara'']])

:* ''v.'' look; see; observe; watch; read

==== nai ====

* ('''JPN''' [[:wiktionary:内#Etymology_2|''nai'']])

:* ''prep.'' in(side); interior; during; among; middle

==== ne ====

* ('''ENG''' [[:wiktionary:nay#English|''nay'']])

:* ''part.'' no; not; negative; neither

==== ni ====

* ('''ZHO''' [[:wiktionary:你#Definitions|''nǐ'']])

:* ''pro.'' you (2sg)

==== nun ====

* ('''PIE''' [[:wiktionary:Reconstruction:Proto-Indo-European/h₁néwn̥|''h₁néwn̥'']])

:* ''num.'' nine; 9

== o ==

==== o ====

* ('''JPN''' [[:wiktionary:を#Etymology_2|''o'']])

:* ''part.'' direct object marker (DO)

==== oya ====

* ('''SPA''' [[:wiktionary:olla#Spanish|''olla'']])

:* ''n.'' pot; pan; kettle (vessel used for cooking or storing food)
:* ''n.'' stew (dish cooked by stewing)

== p ==

==== pa ====

* ('''ZHO''' [[:wiktionary:八#Definitions|''bā'']])

:* ''num.'' eight; 8

==== pali ====

* ('''ARA / SPA''' [[:wiktionary:فرح#Arabic|''fariḥa'']] / [[:wiktionary:feliz#Spanish|''feliz'']])

:* ''n.'' happiness; joy
:* ''v.'' be happy; cheerful; joyous

==== pan ====

* ('''SPA / ZHO''' [[:wiktionary:pan#Noun_40|''pan'']] / [[:wiktionary:飯#Definitions|''fàn'']])

:* ''n.'' food; bread; meal; sustenance

==== poka ====

* ('''SPA''' [[:wiktionary:poca#Spanish|''poca'']])

:* ''num.'' few; not many
:* ''v.'' be small; little

==== pen ====

* ('''ELL''' [[:wiktionary:πέντε#Numeral_2|''pénte'']])

:* ''num.'' five; 5

==== pon ====

* ('''ENG''' [[:wiktionary:phone#Etymology_1|''phone'']])

:* ''n.'' phone (mobile; smart)
:* ''v.'' use ~

== s ==

==== saki ====

* ('''ARA''' [[:wiktionary:شقيق|''šaqīq'']] / [[:wiktionary:أخ|''ʔaḵ'']])

:* ''n.'' sibling; cousin; shared (grand)parents

note: can also be '''aki'''

==== san ====

* ('''ZHO''' [[:wiktionary:三#Definitions|''sān'']])

:* ''num.'' three; 3

==== so ====

* ('''ENG / ZHO''' [[:wiktionary:so#Adverb|''so'']] / [[:wiktionary:所以#Conjunction|''suǒyǐ'']])

:* ''part.'' so; therefore; consequently

note: used as conjunction, adverb, and interjection

== t ==

==== ta ====

* ('''ZHO''' [[:wiktionary:大#Definitions|''dà'']])

:* ''v.'' be large; big; grand; in an extreme manner; greatly

==== te ====

* ('''SPA / ZHO''' [[:wiktionary:de#Preposition_32|''de'']] / [[:wiktionary:的#Definitions_2|''de'']])

:* ''prep.'' of; from; about

== u ==

==== u ====

* ('''ZHO''' [[:wiktionary:物#Definitions|''wù'']])

:* ''n.'' thing; entity; object; quality or concept

== w ==

==== wan ====

* ('''ENG''' [[:wiktionary:want#Verb|''want'']])

:* ''v.'' want; desire; wish (for)

==== wata ====

* ('''ENG''' [[:wiktionary:water#Noun|''water'']])

:* ''n.'' water; liquid; fluid
:* ''v.'' be wet

== y ==

==== yamu ====

* ('''HIN''' [[:wiktionary:बैंगनी|''jāmunī'']])

:* ''n.'' purple; violet

==== yu ====

* ('''ZHO''' [[:wiktionary:于#Definitions|''yú'']])

:* ''prep.'' in; at; to; by; than; out of
:* ''n.'' place; location; point; spot

Miyu/lexicon

2025-04-10T15:39:34Z

Masako: /* pa */

__NOTOC__

== Abbreviations for Source Languages ==

{{col-begin}}
{{col-break}}

* '''ARA''' - Arabic
* '''ELL''' - Greek
* '''ENG''' - English
* '''FRE''' - French
* '''GER''' - German

{{col-break}}

* '''HIN''' - Hindi
* '''JPN''' - Japanese
* '''KOR''' - Korean
* '''MIY''' - [[Miyu|Miyu]]
* '''MUL''' - Multiple

{{col-break}}

* '''PIE''' - Proto-Indo-European
* '''SPA''' - Spanish
* '''TUR''' - Turkish
* '''ZHO''' - Mandarin

{{col-end}}

= Lexicon =

<center>
[[#a|a]] [[#e|e]] [[#i|i]] [[#k|k]] [[#l|l]] [[#m|m]] [[#n|n]] [[#o|o]] [[#p|p]] [[#s|s]] [[#t|t]] [[#u|u]] [[#w|w]] [[#y|y]]
</center>

== a ==

==== aku ====

* ('''JPN''' [[:wiktionary:百#Japanese|''hyaku'']])

:* ''n.'' a very many, lots, a lot; much
:* ''num.'' hundred; 100

note: also used as '''-ku'''

==== an ====

* ('''ARA''' [[:wiktionary:آن|''ʔān'']])

:* ''n.'' time; age; period; passing of events

==== anta ====

* ('''HIN''' [[:wiktionary:अँधेरा|''andherā'']])

:* ''n.'' a lack of light; obscurity
:* ''v.'' be dark; dim; obscure

== e ==

* ('''SPA / ZHO''' [[:wiktionary:y#Etymology_2_8|''e'']] / [[:wiktionary:和#Pronunciation_2|''hé'']])

:* ''conj.'' and; also; too; as well

== i ==

==== ila ====

* ('''ARA''' [[:wiktionary:إلى|''ʔilā'']])

:* ''prep.'' toward; at; in direction of; near; until
:* ''v.'' go (toward); walk; travel

==== in ====

* ('''ARA''' [[:wiktionary:إن|''ʔin'']])

:* ''conj.'' if (assuming that); (possible, not contrary to fact)

::* '''in [[Miyu/lexicon#ne|ne]]''' - if not; unless

== k ==

==== kai ====

* ('''ZHO''' [[:wiktionary:該#Definitions|''gāi'']])

:* ''v.'' should; ought to; need to; have to
:* ''v.'' need; require; must

==== kali ====

* ('''ARA / SPA''' [[:wiktionary:حار|''ḥārr'']] / [[:wiktionary:cálido#Spanish|''cálido'']])

:* ''n.'' heat; warmth
:* ''v.'' heat; be hot; warm

==== kana ====

* ('''ARA''' [[:wiktionary:كان|''kāna'']])

:* ''n.'' existence; occurrence
:* ''v.'' be; exist; occur

note: can also be '''kan'''

==== kasa ====

* ('''SPA''' [[:wiktionary:casa#Spanish|''casa'']])

:* ''n.'' house; building
:* ''v.'' dwell; reside

==== ke ====

* ('''ZHO''' [[:wiktionary:個#Definitions|''gè'']])

:* ''part.'' number marker; referent

==== ko ====

* ('''JPN''' [[:wiktionary:個#Kanji|''ko'']])

:* ''n.'' person; individual; adult / he; she (3sg)

==== kula ====

* ('''ARA''' [[:wiktionary:كل|''kull'']])

:* ''n.'' all; whole; each; every
:* ''v.'' be complete; whole

==== kun ====

* ('''SPA / ZHO''' [[:wiktionary:con#Spanish|''con'']] / [[:wiktionary:跟#Definitions|''gēn'']])

:* ''prep.'' with; together; by means of
:* ''v.'' accompany; join
:* ''v.'' use; employ

== l ==

==== lalo ====

* ('''HIN''' [[:wiktionary:लाल|''lāl'']])

:* ''n.'' redness
:* ''v.'' be red

::* '''lalo poka''' ''n.'' pale red
::* '''lalo ta''' ''n.'' dark red

==== lapa ====

* ('''HEB''' [[:wiktionary:לבן|''lāḇān'']])

:* ''n.'' whiteness
:* ''v.'' be white; blank

note: can also be '''lapan'''

==== lawa ====

* ('''SPA''' [[:wiktionary:lavar#Spanish|''lavar'']])

:* ''v.'' wash; clean; wipe; clear

==== le ====

* ('''ZHO''' [[:wiktionary:了#Definitions|''le'']])

:* ''part.'' completive aspect particle (COMP)

==== li ====

* ('''ZHO''' [[:wiktionary:兩#Definitions|''liǎng'']])

:* ''num.'' two; 2; double; duo

==== lo ====

* ('''ZHO''' [[:wiktionary:摞#Definitions|''luò'']])

:* ''n.'' stack; pile
:* ''part.'' plural particle (PL)

==== lon ====

* ('''ARA''' [[:wiktionary:لون#Arabic|''lawn'']])

:* ''n.'' color; shade; hue

==== lu ====

* ('''ZHO''' [[:wiktionary:綠#Definitions|''lǜ'']])

:* ''n.'' green; greenness; verdant

== m ==

==== ma ====

* ('''ARA / ZHO''' [[:wiktionary:ما#Pronoun|''mā'']] / [[:wiktionary:嗎#Definitions|''ma'']])

:* ''part.'' interrogative particle [Q]
:* ''pro.'' what; that; which

==== me ====

* ('''FRE''' [[:wiktionary:mais#Conjunction_2|''mais'']])

:* ''conj.'' but; however; although; yet

== n ==

==== na ====

* ('''JPN''' [[:wiktionary:なな|''nana'']])

:* ''num.'' seven; 7

==== nasa ====

* ('''ARA''' [[:wiktionary:نظر#Arabic|''naẓara'']])

:* ''v.'' look; see; observe; watch; read

==== nai ====

* ('''JPN''' [[:wiktionary:内#Etymology_2|''nai'']])

:* ''prep.'' in(side); interior; during; among; middle

==== ne ====

* ('''ENG''' [[:wiktionary:nay#English|''nay'']])

:* ''part.'' no; not; negative; neither

==== ni ====

* ('''ZHO''' [[:wiktionary:你#Definitions|''nǐ'']])

:* ''pro.'' you (2sg)

==== nun ====

* ('''PIE''' [[:wiktionary:Reconstruction:Proto-Indo-European/h₁néwn̥|''h₁néwn̥'']])

:* ''num.'' nine; 9

== o ==

==== o ====

* ('''JPN''' [[:wiktionary:を#Etymology_2|''o'']])

:* ''part.'' direct object marker (DO)

==== oya ====

* ('''SPA''' [[:wiktionary:olla#Spanish|''olla'']])

:* ''n.'' pot; pan; kettle (vessel used for cooking or storing food)
:* ''n.'' stew (dish cooked by stewing)

== p ==

==== pa ====

* ('''ZHO''' [[:wiktionary:八#Definitions|''bā'']])

:* ''num.'' eight; 8

==== pali ====

* ('''ARA / SPA''' [[:wiktionary:فرح#Arabic|''fariḥa'']] / [[:wiktionary:feliz#Spanish|''feliz'']])

:* ''n.'' happiness; joy
:* ''v.'' be happy; cheerful; joyous

==== pan ====

* ('''SPA / ZHO''' [[:wiktionary:pan#Noun_40|''pan'']] / [[:wiktionary:飯#Definitions|''fàn'']])

:* ''n.'' food; bread; meal; sustenance

==== poka ====

* ('''SPA''' [[:wiktionary:poca#Spanish|''poca'']])

:* ''num.'' few; not many
:* ''v.'' be small; little

==== pen ====

* ('''ELL''' [[:wiktionary:πέντε#Numeral_2|''pénte'']])

:* ''num.'' five; 5

==== pon ====

* ('''ENG''' [[:wiktionary:phone#Etymology_1|''phone'']])

:* ''n.'' phone (mobile; smart)
:* ''v.'' use ~

== s ==

==== saki ====

* ('''ARA''' [[:wiktionary:شقيق|''šaqīq'']] / [[:wiktionary:أخ|''ʔaḵ'']])

:* ''n.'' sibling; cousin; shared (grand)parents

note: can also be '''aki'''

==== san ====

* ('''ZHO''' [[:wiktionary:三#Definitions|''sān'']])

:* ''num.'' three; 3

== t ==

==== ta ====

* ('''ZHO''' [[:wiktionary:大#Definitions|''dà'']])

:* ''v.'' be large; big; grand; in an extreme manner; greatly

==== te ====

* ('''SPA / ZHO''' [[:wiktionary:de#Preposition_32|''de'']] / [[:wiktionary:的#Definitions_2|''de'']])

:* ''prep.'' of; from; about

== u ==

==== u ====

* ('''ZHO''' [[:wiktionary:物#Definitions|''wù'']])

:* ''n.'' thing; entity; object; quality or concept

== w ==

==== wan ====

* ('''ENG''' [[:wiktionary:want#Verb|''want'']])

:* ''v.'' want; desire; wish (for)

==== wata ====

* ('''ENG''' [[:wiktionary:water#Noun|''water'']])

:* ''n.'' water; liquid; fluid
:* ''v.'' be wet

== y ==

==== yamu ====

* ('''HIN''' [[:wiktionary:बैंगनी|''jāmunī'']])

:* ''n.'' purple; violet

==== yu ====

* ('''ZHO''' [[:wiktionary:于#Definitions|''yú'']])

:* ''prep.'' in; at; to; by; than; out of
:* ''n.'' place; location; point; spot

Miyu/lexicon

2025-04-10T15:37:12Z

Masako: /* Lexicon */

__NOTOC__

== Abbreviations for Source Languages ==

{{col-begin}}
{{col-break}}

* '''ARA''' - Arabic
* '''ELL''' - Greek
* '''ENG''' - English
* '''FRE''' - French
* '''GER''' - German

{{col-break}}

* '''HIN''' - Hindi
* '''JPN''' - Japanese
* '''KOR''' - Korean
* '''MIY''' - [[Miyu|Miyu]]
* '''MUL''' - Multiple

{{col-break}}

* '''PIE''' - Proto-Indo-European
* '''SPA''' - Spanish
* '''TUR''' - Turkish
* '''ZHO''' - Mandarin

{{col-end}}

= Lexicon =

<center>
[[#a|a]] [[#e|e]] [[#i|i]] [[#k|k]] [[#l|l]] [[#m|m]] [[#n|n]] [[#o|o]] [[#p|p]] [[#s|s]] [[#t|t]] [[#u|u]] [[#w|w]] [[#y|y]]
</center>

== a ==

==== aku ====

* ('''JPN''' [[:wiktionary:百#Japanese|''hyaku'']])

:* ''n.'' a very many, lots, a lot; much
:* ''num.'' hundred; 100

note: also used as '''-ku'''

==== an ====

* ('''ARA''' [[:wiktionary:آن|''ʔān'']])

:* ''n.'' time; age; period; passing of events

==== anta ====

* ('''HIN''' [[:wiktionary:अँधेरा|''andherā'']])

:* ''n.'' a lack of light; obscurity
:* ''v.'' be dark; dim; obscure

== e ==

* ('''SPA / ZHO''' [[:wiktionary:y#Etymology_2_8|''e'']] / [[:wiktionary:和#Pronunciation_2|''hé'']])

:* ''conj.'' and; also; too; as well

== i ==

==== ila ====

* ('''ARA''' [[:wiktionary:إلى|''ʔilā'']])

:* ''prep.'' toward; at; in direction of; near; until
:* ''v.'' go (toward); walk; travel

==== in ====

* ('''ARA''' [[:wiktionary:إن|''ʔin'']])

:* ''conj.'' if (assuming that); (possible, not contrary to fact)

::* '''in [[Miyu/lexicon#ne|ne]]''' - if not; unless

== k ==

==== kai ====

* ('''ZHO''' [[:wiktionary:該#Definitions|''gāi'']])

:* ''v.'' should; ought to; need to; have to
:* ''v.'' need; require; must

==== kali ====

* ('''ARA / SPA''' [[:wiktionary:حار|''ḥārr'']] / [[:wiktionary:cálido#Spanish|''cálido'']])

:* ''n.'' heat; warmth
:* ''v.'' heat; be hot; warm

==== kana ====

* ('''ARA''' [[:wiktionary:كان|''kāna'']])

:* ''n.'' existence; occurrence
:* ''v.'' be; exist; occur

note: can also be '''kan'''

==== kasa ====

* ('''SPA''' [[:wiktionary:casa#Spanish|''casa'']])

:* ''n.'' house; building
:* ''v.'' dwell; reside

==== ke ====

* ('''ZHO''' [[:wiktionary:個#Definitions|''gè'']])

:* ''part.'' number marker; referent

==== ko ====

* ('''JPN''' [[:wiktionary:個#Kanji|''ko'']])

:* ''n.'' person; individual; adult / he; she (3sg)

==== kula ====

* ('''ARA''' [[:wiktionary:كل|''kull'']])

:* ''n.'' all; whole; each; every
:* ''v.'' be complete; whole

==== kun ====

* ('''SPA / ZHO''' [[:wiktionary:con#Spanish|''con'']] / [[:wiktionary:跟#Definitions|''gēn'']])

:* ''prep.'' with; together; by means of
:* ''v.'' accompany; join
:* ''v.'' use; employ

== l ==

==== lalo ====

* ('''HIN''' [[:wiktionary:लाल|''lāl'']])

:* ''n.'' redness
:* ''v.'' be red

::* '''lalo poka''' ''n.'' pale red
::* '''lalo ta''' ''n.'' dark red

==== lapa ====

* ('''HEB''' [[:wiktionary:לבן|''lāḇān'']])

:* ''n.'' whiteness
:* ''v.'' be white; blank

note: can also be '''lapan'''

==== lawa ====

* ('''SPA''' [[:wiktionary:lavar#Spanish|''lavar'']])

:* ''v.'' wash; clean; wipe; clear

==== le ====

* ('''ZHO''' [[:wiktionary:了#Definitions|''le'']])

:* ''part.'' completive aspect particle (COMP)

==== li ====

* ('''ZHO''' [[:wiktionary:兩#Definitions|''liǎng'']])

:* ''num.'' two; 2; double; duo

==== lo ====

* ('''ZHO''' [[:wiktionary:摞#Definitions|''luò'']])

:* ''n.'' stack; pile
:* ''part.'' plural particle (PL)

==== lon ====

* ('''ARA''' [[:wiktionary:لون#Arabic|''lawn'']])

:* ''n.'' color; shade; hue

==== lu ====

* ('''ZHO''' [[:wiktionary:綠#Definitions|''lǜ'']])

:* ''n.'' green; greenness; verdant

== m ==

==== ma ====

* ('''ARA / ZHO''' [[:wiktionary:ما#Pronoun|''mā'']] / [[:wiktionary:嗎#Definitions|''ma'']])

:* ''part.'' interrogative particle [Q]
:* ''pro.'' what; that; which

==== me ====

* ('''FRE''' [[:wiktionary:mais#Conjunction_2|''mais'']])

:* ''conj.'' but; however; although; yet

== n ==

==== na ====

* ('''JPN''' [[:wiktionary:なな|''nana'']])

:* ''num.'' seven; 7

==== nasa ====

* ('''ARA''' [[:wiktionary:نظر#Arabic|''naẓara'']])

:* ''v.'' look; see; observe; watch; read

==== nai ====

* ('''JPN''' [[:wiktionary:内#Etymology_2|''nai'']])

:* ''prep.'' in(side); interior; during; among; middle

==== ne ====

* ('''ENG''' [[:wiktionary:nay#English|''nay'']])

:* ''part.'' no; not; negative; neither

==== ni ====

* ('''ZHO''' [[:wiktionary:你#Definitions|''nǐ'']])

:* ''pro.'' you (2sg)

==== nun ====

* ('''PIE''' [[:wiktionary:Reconstruction:Proto-Indo-European/h₁néwn̥|''h₁néwn̥'']])

:* ''num.'' nine; 9

== o ==

==== o ====

* ('''JPN''' [[:wiktionary:を#Etymology_2|''o'']])

:* ''part.'' direct object marker (DO)

==== oya ====

* ('''SPA''' [[:wiktionary:olla#Spanish|''olla'']])

:* ''n.'' pot; pan; kettle (vessel used for cooking or storing food)
:* ''n.'' stew (dish cooked by stewing)

== p ==

==== pa ====

* ('''ZHO''' [[:wiktionary:八#Definitions|''bā'']])

:* ''num.'' eight; 8

==== pan ====

* ('''SPA / ZHO''' [[:wiktionary:pan#Noun_40|''pan'']] / [[:wiktionary:飯#Definitions|''fàn'']])

:* ''n.'' food; bread; meal; sustenance

==== poka ====

* ('''SPA''' [[:wiktionary:poca#Spanish|''poca'']])

:* ''num.'' few; not many
:* ''v.'' be small; little

==== pen ====

* ('''ELL''' [[:wiktionary:πέντε#Numeral_2|''pénte'']])

:* ''num.'' five; 5

==== pon ====

* ('''ENG''' [[:wiktionary:phone#Etymology_1|''phone'']])

:* ''n.'' phone (mobile; smart)
:* ''v.'' use ~

== s ==

==== saki ====

* ('''ARA''' [[:wiktionary:شقيق|''šaqīq'']] / [[:wiktionary:أخ|''ʔaḵ'']])

:* ''n.'' sibling; cousin; shared (grand)parents

note: can also be '''aki'''

==== san ====

* ('''ZHO''' [[:wiktionary:三#Definitions|''sān'']])

:* ''num.'' three; 3

== t ==

==== ta ====

* ('''ZHO''' [[:wiktionary:大#Definitions|''dà'']])

:* ''v.'' be large; big; grand; in an extreme manner; greatly

==== te ====

* ('''SPA / ZHO''' [[:wiktionary:de#Preposition_32|''de'']] / [[:wiktionary:的#Definitions_2|''de'']])

:* ''prep.'' of; from; about

== u ==

==== u ====

* ('''ZHO''' [[:wiktionary:物#Definitions|''wù'']])

:* ''n.'' thing; entity; object; quality or concept

== w ==

==== wan ====

* ('''ENG''' [[:wiktionary:want#Verb|''want'']])

:* ''v.'' want; desire; wish (for)

==== wata ====

* ('''ENG''' [[:wiktionary:water#Noun|''water'']])

:* ''n.'' water; liquid; fluid
:* ''v.'' be wet

== y ==

==== yamu ====

* ('''HIN''' [[:wiktionary:बैंगनी|''jāmunī'']])

:* ''n.'' purple; violet

==== yu ====

* ('''ZHO''' [[:wiktionary:于#Definitions|''yú'']])

:* ''prep.'' in; at; to; by; than; out of
:* ''n.'' place; location; point; spot

Miyu/lexicon

2025-04-09T18:16:00Z

Masako: /* ta */

__NOTOC__

== Abbreviations for Source Languages ==

{{col-begin}}
{{col-break}}

* '''ARA''' - Arabic
* '''ELL''' - Greek
* '''ENG''' - English
* '''FRE''' - French
* '''GER''' - German

{{col-break}}

* '''HIN''' - Hindi
* '''JPN''' - Japanese
* '''KOR''' - Korean
* '''MIY''' - [[Miyu|Miyu]]
* '''MUL''' - Multiple

{{col-break}}

* '''PIE''' - Proto-Indo-European
* '''SPA''' - Spanish
* '''TUR''' - Turkish
* '''ZHO''' - Mandarin

{{col-end}}

= Lexicon =

<center>
[[#a|a]] [[#e|e]] [[#i|i]] [[#k|k]] [[#l|l]] [[#m|m]] [[#n|n]] [[#o|o]] [[#p|p]] [[#s|s]] [[#t|t]] [[#u|u]] [[#w|w]] [[#y|y]]
</center>

== a ==

==== aku ====

* ('''JPN''' [[:wiktionary:百#Japanese|''hyaku'']])

:* ''n.'' a very many, lots, a lot; much
:* ''num.'' hundred; 100

note: also used as '''-ku'''

==== an ====

* ('''ARA''' [[:wiktionary:آن|''ʔān'']])

:* ''n.'' time; age; period; passing of events

==== anta ====

* ('''HIN''' [[:wiktionary:अँधेरा|''andherā'']])

:* ''n.'' a lack of light; obscurity
:* ''v.'' be dark; dim; obscure

== e ==

* ('''SPA''' [[:wiktionary:y#Etymology_2_8|''e'']] / '''ZHO''' [[:wiktionary:和#Pronunciation_2|''hé'']])

:* ''conj.'' and; also; too; as well

== i ==

==== ila ====

* ('''ARA''' [[:wiktionary:إلى|''ʔilā'']])

:* ''prep.'' toward; at; in direction of; near; until
:* ''v.'' go (toward); walk; travel

==== in ====

* ('''ARA''' [[:wiktionary:إن|''ʔin'']])

:* ''conj.'' if (assuming that); (possible, not contrary to fact)

::* '''in [[Miyu/lexicon#ne|ne]]''' - if not; unless

== k ==

==== kai ====

* ('''ZHO''' [[:wiktionary:該#Definitions|''gāi'']])

:* ''v.'' should; ought to; need to; have to
:* ''v.'' need; require; must

==== kali ====

* ('''ARA/SPA''' [[:wiktionary:حار|''ḥārr'']] / [[:wiktionary:cálido#Spanish|''cálido'']])

:* ''n.'' heat; warmth
:* ''v.'' heat; be hot; warm

==== kana ====

* ('''ARA''' [[:wiktionary:كان|''kāna'']])

:* ''n.'' existence; occurrence
:* ''v.'' be; exist; occur

note: can also be '''kan'''

==== kasa ====

* ('''SPA''' [[:wiktionary:casa#Spanish|''casa'']])

:* ''n.'' house; building
:* ''v.'' dwell; reside

==== ke ====

* ('''ZHO''' [[:wiktionary:個#Definitions|''gè'']])

:* ''part.'' number marker; referent

==== ko ====

* ('''JPN''' [[:wiktionary:個#Kanji|''ko'']])

:* ''n.'' person; individual; adult / he; she (3sg)

==== kula ====

* ('''ARA''' [[:wiktionary:كل|''kull'']])

:* ''n.'' all; whole; each; every
:* ''v.'' be complete; whole

==== kun ====

* ('''SPA/ZHO''' [[:wiktionary:con#Spanish|''con'']]/[[:wiktionary:跟#Definitions|''gēn'']])

:* ''prep.'' with; together; by means of
:* ''v.'' accompany; join
:* ''v.'' use; employ

== l ==

==== lalo ====

* ('''HIN''' [[:wiktionary:लाल|''lāl'']])

:* ''n.'' redness
:* ''v.'' be red

::* '''lalo poka''' ''n.'' pale red
::* '''lalo ta''' ''n.'' dark red

==== lapa ====

* ('''HEB''' [[:wiktionary:לבן|''lāḇān'']])

:* ''n.'' whiteness
:* ''v.'' be white; blank

note: can also be '''lapan'''

==== lawa ====

* ('''SPA''' [[:wiktionary:lavar#Spanish|''lavar'']])

:* ''v.'' wash; clean; wipe; clear

==== le ====

* ('''ZHO''' [[:wiktionary:了#Definitions|''le'']])

:* ''part.'' completive aspect particle (COMP)

==== li ====

* ('''ZHO''' [[:wiktionary:兩#Definitions|''liǎng'']])

:* ''num.'' two; 2; double; duo

==== lo ====

* ('''ZHO''' [[:wiktionary:摞#Definitions|''luò'']])

:* ''n.'' stack; pile
:* ''part.'' plural particle (PL)

==== lon ====

* ('''ARA''' [[:wiktionary:لون#Arabic|''lawn'']])

:* ''n.'' color; shade; hue

==== lu ====

* ('''ZHO''' [[:wiktionary:綠#Definitions|''lǜ'']])

:* ''n.'' green; greenness; verdant

== m ==

==== ma ====

* ('''ARA/ZHO''' [[:wiktionary:ما#Pronoun|''mā'']]/[[:wiktionary:嗎#Definitions|''ma'']])

:* ''part.'' interrogative particle [Q]
:* ''pro.'' what; that; which

==== me ====

* ('''FRE''' [[:wiktionary:mais#Conjunction_2|''mais'']])

:* ''conj.'' but; however; although; yet

== n ==

==== na ====

* ('''JPN''' [[:wiktionary:なな|''nana'']])

:* ''num.'' seven; 7

==== nasa ====

* ('''ARA''' [[:wiktionary:نظر#Arabic|''naẓara'']])

:* ''v.'' look; see; observe; watch; read

==== nai ====

* ('''JPN''' [[:wiktionary:内#Etymology_2|''nai'']])

:* ''prep.'' in(side); interior; during; among; middle

==== ne ====

* ('''ENG''' [[:wiktionary:nay#English|''nay'']])

:* ''part.'' no; not; negative; neither

==== ni ====

* ('''ZHO''' [[:wiktionary:你#Definitions|''nǐ'']])

:* ''pro.'' you (2sg)

==== nun ====

* ('''PIE''' [[:wiktionary:Reconstruction:Proto-Indo-European/h₁néwn̥|''h₁néwn̥'']])

:* ''num.'' nine; 9

== o ==

==== o ====

* ('''JPN''' [[:wiktionary:を#Etymology_2|''o'']])

:* ''part.'' direct object marker (DO)

==== oya ====

* ('''SPA''' [[:wiktionary:olla#Spanish|''olla'']])

:* ''n.'' pot; pan; kettle (vessel used for cooking or storing food)
:* ''n.'' stew (dish cooked by stewing)

== p ==

==== pa ====

* ('''ZHO''' [[:wiktionary:八#Definitions|''bā'']])

:* ''num.'' eight; 8

==== pan ====

* ('''SPA/ZHO''' [[:wiktionary:pan#Noun_40|''pan'']]/[[:wiktionary:飯#Definitions|''fàn'']])

:* ''n.'' food; bread; meal; sustenance

==== poka ====

* ('''SPA''' [[:wiktionary:poca#Spanish|''poca'']])

:* ''num.'' few; not many
:* ''v.'' be small; little

==== pen ====

* ('''ELL''' [[:wiktionary:πέντε#Numeral_2|''pénte'']])

:* ''num.'' five; 5

==== pon ====

* ('''ENG''' [[:wiktionary:phone#Etymology_1|''phone'']])

:* ''n.'' phone (mobile; smart)
:* ''v.'' use ~

== s ==

==== saki ====

* ('''ARA''' [[:wiktionary:شقيق|''šaqīq'']] / [[:wiktionary:أخ|''ʔaḵ'']])

:* ''n.'' sibling; cousin; shared (grand)parents

note: can also be '''aki'''

==== san ====

* ('''ZHO''' [[:wiktionary:三#Definitions|''sān'']])

:* ''num.'' three; 3

== t ==

==== ta ====

* ('''ZHO''' [[:wiktionary:大#Definitions|''dà'']])

:* ''v.'' be large; big; grand; in an extreme manner; greatly

==== te ====

* ('''SPA/ZHO''' [[:wiktionary:de#Preposition_32|''de'']] / [[:wiktionary:的#Definitions_2|''de'']])

:* ''prep.'' of; from; about

== u ==

==== u ====

* ('''ZHO''' [[:wiktionary:物#Definitions|''wù'']])

:* ''n.'' thing; entity; object; quality or concept

== w ==

==== wan ====

* ('''ENG''' [[:wiktionary:want#Verb|''want'']])

:* ''v.'' want; desire; wish (for)

==== wata ====

* ('''ENG''' [[:wiktionary:water#Noun|''water'']])

:* ''n.'' water; liquid; fluid
:* ''v.'' be wet

== y ==

==== yamu ====

* ('''HIN''' [[:wiktionary:बैंगनी|''jāmunī'']])

:* ''n.'' purple; violet

==== yu ====

* ('''ZHO''' [[:wiktionary:于#Definitions|''yú'']])

:* ''prep.'' in; at; to; by; than; out of
:* ''n.'' place; location; point; spot

Miyu/lexicon

2025-04-09T17:58:43Z

Masako: /* kai */

__NOTOC__

== Abbreviations for Source Languages ==

{{col-begin}}
{{col-break}}

* '''ARA''' - Arabic
* '''ELL''' - Greek
* '''ENG''' - English
* '''FRE''' - French
* '''GER''' - German

{{col-break}}

* '''HIN''' - Hindi
* '''JPN''' - Japanese
* '''KOR''' - Korean
* '''MIY''' - [[Miyu|Miyu]]
* '''MUL''' - Multiple

{{col-break}}

* '''PIE''' - Proto-Indo-European
* '''SPA''' - Spanish
* '''TUR''' - Turkish
* '''ZHO''' - Mandarin

{{col-end}}

= Lexicon =

<center>
[[#a|a]] [[#e|e]] [[#i|i]] [[#k|k]] [[#l|l]] [[#m|m]] [[#n|n]] [[#o|o]] [[#p|p]] [[#s|s]] [[#t|t]] [[#u|u]] [[#w|w]] [[#y|y]]
</center>

== a ==

==== aku ====

* ('''JPN''' [[:wiktionary:百#Japanese|''hyaku'']])

:* ''n.'' a very many, lots, a lot; much
:* ''num.'' hundred; 100

note: also used as '''-ku'''

==== an ====

* ('''ARA''' [[:wiktionary:آن|''ʔān'']])

:* ''n.'' time; age; period; passing of events

==== anta ====

* ('''HIN''' [[:wiktionary:अँधेरा|''andherā'']])

:* ''n.'' a lack of light; obscurity
:* ''v.'' be dark; dim; obscure

== e ==

* ('''SPA''' [[:wiktionary:y#Etymology_2_8|''e'']] / '''ZHO''' [[:wiktionary:和#Pronunciation_2|''hé'']])

:* ''conj.'' and; also; too; as well

== i ==

==== ila ====

* ('''ARA''' [[:wiktionary:إلى|''ʔilā'']])

:* ''prep.'' toward; at; in direction of; near; until
:* ''v.'' go (toward); walk; travel

==== in ====

* ('''ARA''' [[:wiktionary:إن|''ʔin'']])

:* ''conj.'' if (assuming that); (possible, not contrary to fact)

::* '''in [[Miyu/lexicon#ne|ne]]''' - if not; unless

== k ==

==== kai ====

* ('''ZHO''' [[:wiktionary:該#Definitions|''gāi'']])

:* ''v.'' should; ought to; need to; have to
:* ''v.'' need; require; must

==== kali ====

* ('''ARA/SPA''' [[:wiktionary:حار|''ḥārr'']] / [[:wiktionary:cálido#Spanish|''cálido'']])

:* ''n.'' heat; warmth
:* ''v.'' heat; be hot; warm

==== kana ====

* ('''ARA''' [[:wiktionary:كان|''kāna'']])

:* ''n.'' existence; occurrence
:* ''v.'' be; exist; occur

note: can also be '''kan'''

==== kasa ====

* ('''SPA''' [[:wiktionary:casa#Spanish|''casa'']])

:* ''n.'' house; building
:* ''v.'' dwell; reside

==== ke ====

* ('''ZHO''' [[:wiktionary:個#Definitions|''gè'']])

:* ''part.'' number marker; referent

==== ko ====

* ('''JPN''' [[:wiktionary:個#Kanji|''ko'']])

:* ''n.'' person; individual; adult / he; she (3sg)

==== kula ====

* ('''ARA''' [[:wiktionary:كل|''kull'']])

:* ''n.'' all; whole; each; every
:* ''v.'' be complete; whole

==== kun ====

* ('''SPA/ZHO''' [[:wiktionary:con#Spanish|''con'']]/[[:wiktionary:跟#Definitions|''gēn'']])

:* ''prep.'' with; together; by means of
:* ''v.'' accompany; join
:* ''v.'' use; employ

== l ==

==== lalo ====

* ('''HIN''' [[:wiktionary:लाल|''lāl'']])

:* ''n.'' redness
:* ''v.'' be red

::* '''lalo poka''' ''n.'' pale red
::* '''lalo ta''' ''n.'' dark red

==== lapa ====

* ('''HEB''' [[:wiktionary:לבן|''lāḇān'']])

:* ''n.'' whiteness
:* ''v.'' be white; blank

note: can also be '''lapan'''

==== lawa ====

* ('''SPA''' [[:wiktionary:lavar#Spanish|''lavar'']])

:* ''v.'' wash; clean; wipe; clear

==== le ====

* ('''ZHO''' [[:wiktionary:了#Definitions|''le'']])

:* ''part.'' completive aspect particle (COMP)

==== li ====

* ('''ZHO''' [[:wiktionary:兩#Definitions|''liǎng'']])

:* ''num.'' two; 2; double; duo

==== lo ====

* ('''ZHO''' [[:wiktionary:摞#Definitions|''luò'']])

:* ''n.'' stack; pile
:* ''part.'' plural particle (PL)

==== lon ====

* ('''ARA''' [[:wiktionary:لون#Arabic|''lawn'']])

:* ''n.'' color; shade; hue

==== lu ====

* ('''ZHO''' [[:wiktionary:綠#Definitions|''lǜ'']])

:* ''n.'' green; greenness; verdant

== m ==

==== ma ====

* ('''ARA/ZHO''' [[:wiktionary:ما#Pronoun|''mā'']]/[[:wiktionary:嗎#Definitions|''ma'']])

:* ''part.'' interrogative particle [Q]
:* ''pro.'' what; that; which

==== me ====

* ('''FRE''' [[:wiktionary:mais#Conjunction_2|''mais'']])

:* ''conj.'' but; however; although; yet

== n ==

==== na ====

* ('''JPN''' [[:wiktionary:なな|''nana'']])

:* ''num.'' seven; 7

==== nasa ====

* ('''ARA''' [[:wiktionary:نظر#Arabic|''naẓara'']])

:* ''v.'' look; see; observe; watch; read

==== nai ====

* ('''JPN''' [[:wiktionary:内#Etymology_2|''nai'']])

:* ''prep.'' in(side); interior; during; among; middle

==== ne ====

* ('''ENG''' [[:wiktionary:nay#English|''nay'']])

:* ''part.'' no; not; negative; neither

==== ni ====

* ('''ZHO''' [[:wiktionary:你#Definitions|''nǐ'']])

:* ''pro.'' you (2sg)

==== nun ====

* ('''PIE''' [[:wiktionary:Reconstruction:Proto-Indo-European/h₁néwn̥|''h₁néwn̥'']])

:* ''num.'' nine; 9

== o ==

==== o ====

* ('''JPN''' [[:wiktionary:を#Etymology_2|''o'']])

:* ''part.'' direct object marker (DO)

==== oya ====

* ('''SPA''' [[:wiktionary:olla#Spanish|''olla'']])

:* ''n.'' pot; pan; kettle (vessel used for cooking or storing food)
:* ''n.'' stew (dish cooked by stewing)

== p ==

==== pa ====

* ('''ZHO''' [[:wiktionary:八#Definitions|''bā'']])

:* ''num.'' eight; 8

==== pan ====

* ('''SPA/ZHO''' [[:wiktionary:pan#Noun_40|''pan'']]/[[:wiktionary:飯#Definitions|''fàn'']])

:* ''n.'' food; bread; meal; sustenance

==== poka ====

* ('''SPA''' [[:wiktionary:poca#Spanish|''poca'']])

:* ''num.'' few; not many
:* ''v.'' be small; little

==== pen ====

* ('''ELL''' [[:wiktionary:πέντε#Numeral_2|''pénte'']])

:* ''num.'' five; 5

==== pon ====

* ('''ENG''' [[:wiktionary:phone#Etymology_1|''phone'']])

:* ''n.'' phone (mobile; smart)
:* ''v.'' use ~

== s ==

==== saki ====

* ('''ARA''' [[:wiktionary:شقيق|''šaqīq'']] / [[:wiktionary:أخ|''ʔaḵ'']])

:* ''n.'' sibling; cousin; shared (grand)parents

note: can also be '''aki'''

==== san ====

* ('''ZHO''' [[:wiktionary:三#Definitions|''sān'']])

:* ''num.'' three; 3

== t ==

==== ta ====

* ('''ZHO''' [[:wiktionary:大#Definitions|''dà'']])

:* ''v.'' be large; big; grand; in an extreme manner; greatly

== u ==

==== u ====

* ('''ZHO''' [[:wiktionary:物#Definitions|''wù'']])

:* ''n.'' thing; entity; object; quality or concept

== w ==

==== wan ====

* ('''ENG''' [[:wiktionary:want#Verb|''want'']])

:* ''v.'' want; desire; wish (for)

==== wata ====

* ('''ENG''' [[:wiktionary:water#Noun|''water'']])

:* ''n.'' water; liquid; fluid
:* ''v.'' be wet

== y ==

==== yamu ====

* ('''HIN''' [[:wiktionary:बैंगनी|''jāmunī'']])

:* ''n.'' purple; violet

==== yu ====

* ('''ZHO''' [[:wiktionary:于#Definitions|''yú'']])

:* ''prep.'' in; at; to; by; than; out of
:* ''n.'' place; location; point; spot

Miyu/lexicon

2025-04-08T19:02:11Z

Masako: /* yamu */

Miyu

2025-04-08T18:58:57Z

Masako: /* Copula */

__NOTOC__

{{wip}}

:[[Miyu/lexicon|Lexicon]]
:[[Miyu/writing|Writing]]

= Introduction =

'''Miyu''' is an attempt to have a minimalist artlang in the spirit of Toki Pona that affords speakers more nuance, even with a reduced number of morphemes. Strict word order and and word compounding allow '''Miyu''' to be expansive and specific when necessary. Strict use of syntactic and lexical particles help to reduce sematic ambiguities.

Some key features:

:* [[wp:Subject–verb–object_word_order|Subject-Verb-Object word order]]
:* Highly [[wp:Analytic_language|analytical grammar]]
:* Invariable lexemes
:* Only 14 (base) sounds, 9 consonants, and 5 vowels
:* Simple [[wp:Phonotactics|phonotactics]], or [[wp:Syllable|syllable structure]] (C)V(N)
:* Only ~1000 core [[wp:Morpheme|morphemes]]
:* Easy-to-follow word [[wp:Compound_(linguistics)|compounding]]
:* Source languages are [[wp:List_of_languages_by_total_number_of_speakers|widely spoken/used]]

= Phonology =

'''Miyu''' has nine consonants (/p, t, k, s, m, n, l, j, w/) and five vowels (/a, e, i, o, u/). Stress is word final.

== consonants ==
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 300px;"
!
! Labial
! Coronal
! Dorsal
|-align=center
! Nasal
| m
| n
|
|-align=center
! Plosive
| p
| t
| k
|-align=center
! Fricative
|
| s
|
|-align=center
! Approximant
| w
| l
| j ('''y''')
|}

* The plosives /p t k/ are pronounced [b d ɡ] when in an unstressed syllable.
* {{IPA|[s]}} is in free variation with {{IPA|[z]}} and {{IPA|[ʃ]}}.
* {{IPA|[l]}} and {{IPA|[ɾ]}} are in [[wp:Free_variation|free variation]].

== vowels ==

Vowels in stressed syllables tend to be tense, and likewise unstressed ones tend to be more lax. Thus, for example, /i/ is realized as [i] or [ɪ] in stressed and unstressed syllables, respectively. Likewise, /e/ is realized as [e] or [ɛ], and so on.

{| class="wikitable"
|-
!''Vowels''!!Front!!Back
|- align="center"
!Close
|i~ɪ||u~ʊ
|- align="center"
!Mid
|e~ɛ||o~ɔ
|- align="center"
!Open
| colspan="2" |a~ə
|}

=== diphthongs ===

There are two diphthongs [ai̯] '''ai''', and [au̯] '''au'''. These typically occur word-finally.

== syllable structure ==

All syllables are of the form (C)V(N), that is, optional consonant + vowel + optional final nasal, or V, CV, VN, CVN.

=== syllables ===

{| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;"
|+ Valid syllables
! scope="col" |
! scope="col" | -a
! scope="col" | -ai
! scope="col" | -au
! scope="col" | -an
! scope="col" | -e
! scope="col" | -en
! scope="col" | -i
! scope="col" | -in
! scope="col" | -o
! scope="col" | -on
! scope="col" | -u
! scope="col" | -un
|-
! scope="row" | ∅-
| a
| ai
| au
| an
| e
| en
| i
| in
| o
| on
| u
| un
|-
! scope="row" | p-
| pa
| pai
| pau
| pan
| pe
| pen
| pi
| pin
| po
| pon
| pu
| pun
|-
! scope="row" | t-
| ta
| tai
| tau

| tan
| te
| ten
| ti
| tin
| to
| ton
| tu
| tun
|-
! scope="row" | k-
| ka
| kai
| kau
| kan
| ke
| ken
| ki
| kin
| ko
| kon
| ku
| kun
|-
! scope="row" | m-
| ma
| mai
| mau
| man
| me
| men
| mi
| min
| mo
| mon
| mu
| mun
|-
! scope="row" | n-
| na
| nai
| nau
| nan
| ne
| nen
| ni
| nin
| no
| non
| nu
| nun
|-
! scope="row" | s-
| sa
| sai
| sau
| san
| se
| sen
| si
| sin
| so
| son
| su
| sun
|-
! scope="row" | l-
| la
| lai
| lau
| lan
| le
| len
| li
| lin
| lo
| lon
| lu
| lun
|-
! scope="row" | w-
| wa
| wai
| style="background: #999" | –
| wan
| we
| wen
| wi
| win
| style="background: #999" | –
| style="background: #999" | –
| style="background: #999" | –
| style="background: #999" | –
|-
! scope="row" | y-
| ya
| style="background: #999" | –
| yau
| yan
| ye
| yen
| style="background: #999" | –
| style="background: #999" | –
| yo
| yon
| yu
| yun
|}

== phonotactics ==

A few syllables sequences are disallowed; /ji, wu, wo/. Also, a syllable-final nasal may not occur before /m/ or /n/ in the same root.

= Lexical Categories =

= Syntax =

[[wp:Classical_Arabic|Classical Arabic]] is primarily [[wp:Verb–subject–object|VSO]], but [[wp:Modern_Standard_Arabic|MSA]] (Modern Standard Arabic) tends to be [[wp:Subject–verb–object|SVO]], favoring full agreement over partial. [[wp:Chinese_grammar|Chinese]] is classified as an SVO language. Transitive verbs precede their objects in typical simple clauses, while the subject precedes the verb. [[wp:Spanish_grammar|Spanish]] unmarked word order for affirmative declarative sentences is SVO; however, as in other Romance languages, in practice, word order is mostly variable. [[wp:English_grammar|English]] word order is almost exclusively SVO. [[wp:Hindustani_grammar|Hindi]] is primarily an SOV language.

Based on the above information about the main source languages for '''Miyu''', it is primarily an SVO (subject-verb-object) language. Modifiers generally follow what they modify, as do prepositional phrases and subordinate clauses.

== Predication ==

'''Miyu''' uses a copula before nouns (or noun-like constructions/concepts) in predications, like '''wa kan apa''' ''“I am a man”'', but typically not before verbal constructions, including attributive verbs (i.e. adjectives). So, a sentence like '''wa kan pali''' ''“I am happy”'' would be grammatically incorrect but saying '''wa pali''' ''“I happy”'' is correct. Attributive verbs can be used as auxiliary verbs, or adverbs, such as '''wa pali ta''' ''“I am very happy”''.

== Nouns ==

=== Pronouns ===

== Particles ==

== Verbs ==

=== Copula ===

The '''Miyu''' [[wp:Copula_(linguistics)|copular verb]] is [[Miyu/lexicon#kana|'''kana''']]. This is the equivalent of English "to be" and all its forms—"am", "is", "are", "was", "were", etc. However, [[Miyu/lexicon#kana|'''kana''']] is normally only used when its complement is a noun or noun phrase. As noted above, predicate adjectives function as (attributive) verbs themselves, as does the locative preposition [[Miyu/lexicon#yu|'''yu''']], so in sentences where the predicate is an adjectival or locative phrase, [[Miyu/lexicon#kana|'''kana''']] is not required.

=== Tense, Aspect, Mood ===

== Questions ==

The interrogative particle '''ma''' is used in conjunction with various nouns, adverbs, and adjectives to form specific questions.

=== non-polar questions ===

{{col-begin}}
{{col-break}}
* '''ma''' - what; which
* '''ma ko''' - who, whom
* '''ma ko yo''' - whose, of whom
* '''ma an''' - when
{{col-break}}
* '''ma loka''' - where
* '''ma moto''' - how
* '''ma laka''' - how much, how many
* '''ma sapa''' - why
{{col-end}}

=== polar questions ===

Any statement can become a polar question by adding the interrogative particle '''ma''' at the end of the sentence.

{{col-begin}}
{{col-break}}
* '''wa wite le kasa'''
: 1S see PST house
: ''I saw the house.''
{{col-break}}
* '''ni wite le kasa ma'''
: 2S see PST house Q
: ''Did you see the house?''
{{col-end}}

== Number ==

{| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 500px;"
|+
|-
! Miyu
! number
! English
! Miyu
! number
! English
|-
| '''sunya''' || 0 || zero || [[Miyu/lexicon#na|'''na''']] || 7 || seven
|-
| [[Miyu/lexicon#wa|'''wa''']] || 1 || one || [[Miyu/lexicon#pa|'''pa''']] || 8 || eight
|-
| [[Miyu/lexicon#li|'''li''']] || 2 || two || [[Miyu/lexicon#nun|'''nun''']] || 9 || nine
|-
| [[Miyu/lexicon#san|'''san''']] || 3 || three || [[Miyu/lexicon#ye|'''ye''']] || 10 || ten
|-
| [[Miyu/lexicon#si|'''si''']] || 4 || four || [[Miyu/lexicon#aku|'''aku''']] || 100 || (one) hundred
|-
| [[Miyu/lexicon#pen|'''pen''']] || 5 || five || [[Miyu/lexicon#mila|'''mila''']] || 1000 || (one) thousand
|-
| [[Miyu/lexicon#we|'''we''']] || 6 || six || '' '' || '' '' || '' ''
|}

= Appendices =

Miyu

2025-04-08T18:57:10Z

Masako: /* Verbs */

__NOTOC__

{{wip}}

:[[Miyu/lexicon|Lexicon]]
:[[Miyu/writing|Writing]]

= Introduction =

'''Miyu''' is an attempt to have a minimalist artlang in the spirit of Toki Pona that affords speakers more nuance, even with a reduced number of morphemes. Strict word order and and word compounding allow '''Miyu''' to be expansive and specific when necessary. Strict use of syntactic and lexical particles help to reduce sematic ambiguities.

Some key features:

:* [[wp:Subject–verb–object_word_order|Subject-Verb-Object word order]]
:* Highly [[wp:Analytic_language|analytical grammar]]
:* Invariable lexemes
:* Only 14 (base) sounds, 9 consonants, and 5 vowels
:* Simple [[wp:Phonotactics|phonotactics]], or [[wp:Syllable|syllable structure]] (C)V(N)
:* Only ~1000 core [[wp:Morpheme|morphemes]]
:* Easy-to-follow word [[wp:Compound_(linguistics)|compounding]]
:* Source languages are [[wp:List_of_languages_by_total_number_of_speakers|widely spoken/used]]

= Phonology =

'''Miyu''' has nine consonants (/p, t, k, s, m, n, l, j, w/) and five vowels (/a, e, i, o, u/). Stress is word final.

== consonants ==
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 300px;"
!
! Labial
! Coronal
! Dorsal
|-align=center
! Nasal
| m
| n
|
|-align=center
! Plosive
| p
| t
| k
|-align=center
! Fricative
|
| s
|
|-align=center
! Approximant
| w
| l
| j ('''y''')
|}

* The plosives /p t k/ are pronounced [b d ɡ] when in an unstressed syllable.
* {{IPA|[s]}} is in free variation with {{IPA|[z]}} and {{IPA|[ʃ]}}.
* {{IPA|[l]}} and {{IPA|[ɾ]}} are in [[wp:Free_variation|free variation]].

== vowels ==

Vowels in stressed syllables tend to be tense, and likewise unstressed ones tend to be more lax. Thus, for example, /i/ is realized as [i] or [ɪ] in stressed and unstressed syllables, respectively. Likewise, /e/ is realized as [e] or [ɛ], and so on.

{| class="wikitable"
|-
!''Vowels''!!Front!!Back
|- align="center"
!Close
|i~ɪ||u~ʊ
|- align="center"
!Mid
|e~ɛ||o~ɔ
|- align="center"
!Open
| colspan="2" |a~ə
|}

=== diphthongs ===

There are two diphthongs [ai̯] '''ai''', and [au̯] '''au'''. These typically occur word-finally.

== syllable structure ==

All syllables are of the form (C)V(N), that is, optional consonant + vowel + optional final nasal, or V, CV, VN, CVN.

=== syllables ===

{| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;"
|+ Valid syllables
! scope="col" |
! scope="col" | -a
! scope="col" | -ai
! scope="col" | -au
! scope="col" | -an
! scope="col" | -e
! scope="col" | -en
! scope="col" | -i
! scope="col" | -in
! scope="col" | -o
! scope="col" | -on
! scope="col" | -u
! scope="col" | -un
|-
! scope="row" | ∅-
| a
| ai
| au
| an
| e
| en
| i
| in
| o
| on
| u
| un
|-
! scope="row" | p-
| pa
| pai
| pau
| pan
| pe
| pen
| pi
| pin
| po
| pon
| pu
| pun
|-
! scope="row" | t-
| ta
| tai
| tau

| tan
| te
| ten
| ti
| tin
| to
| ton
| tu
| tun
|-
! scope="row" | k-
| ka
| kai
| kau
| kan
| ke
| ken
| ki
| kin
| ko
| kon
| ku
| kun
|-
! scope="row" | m-
| ma
| mai
| mau
| man
| me
| men
| mi
| min
| mo
| mon
| mu
| mun
|-
! scope="row" | n-
| na
| nai
| nau
| nan
| ne
| nen
| ni
| nin
| no
| non
| nu
| nun
|-
! scope="row" | s-
| sa
| sai
| sau
| san
| se
| sen
| si
| sin
| so
| son
| su
| sun
|-
! scope="row" | l-
| la
| lai
| lau
| lan
| le
| len
| li
| lin
| lo
| lon
| lu
| lun
|-
! scope="row" | w-
| wa
| wai
| style="background: #999" | –
| wan
| we
| wen
| wi
| win
| style="background: #999" | –
| style="background: #999" | –
| style="background: #999" | –
| style="background: #999" | –
|-
! scope="row" | y-
| ya
| style="background: #999" | –
| yau
| yan
| ye
| yen
| style="background: #999" | –
| style="background: #999" | –
| yo
| yon
| yu
| yun
|}

== phonotactics ==

A few syllables sequences are disallowed; /ji, wu, wo/. Also, a syllable-final nasal may not occur before /m/ or /n/ in the same root.

= Lexical Categories =

= Syntax =

[[wp:Classical_Arabic|Classical Arabic]] is primarily [[wp:Verb–subject–object|VSO]], but [[wp:Modern_Standard_Arabic|MSA]] (Modern Standard Arabic) tends to be [[wp:Subject–verb–object|SVO]], favoring full agreement over partial. [[wp:Chinese_grammar|Chinese]] is classified as an SVO language. Transitive verbs precede their objects in typical simple clauses, while the subject precedes the verb. [[wp:Spanish_grammar|Spanish]] unmarked word order for affirmative declarative sentences is SVO; however, as in other Romance languages, in practice, word order is mostly variable. [[wp:English_grammar|English]] word order is almost exclusively SVO. [[wp:Hindustani_grammar|Hindi]] is primarily an SOV language.

Based on the above information about the main source languages for '''Miyu''', it is primarily an SVO (subject-verb-object) language. Modifiers generally follow what they modify, as do prepositional phrases and subordinate clauses.

== Predication ==

'''Miyu''' uses a copula before nouns (or noun-like constructions/concepts) in predications, like '''wa kan apa''' ''“I am a man”'', but typically not before verbal constructions, including attributive verbs (i.e. adjectives). So, a sentence like '''wa kan pali''' ''“I am happy”'' would be grammatically incorrect but saying '''wa pali''' ''“I happy”'' is correct. Attributive verbs can be used as auxiliary verbs, or adverbs, such as '''wa pali ta''' ''“I am very happy”''.

== Nouns ==

=== Pronouns ===

== Particles ==

== Verbs ==

=== Copula ===

The Miyu [[wp:Copula_(linguistics)|copular verb]] is [[Miyu/lexicon#kana|'''kana''']]. This is the equivalent of English "to be" and all its forms—"am", "is", "are", "was", "were", etc. However, [[Miyu/lexicon#kana|'''kana''']] is normally only used when its complement is a noun or noun phrase. As noted above, predicate adjectives function as (attributive) verbs themselves, as does the locative preposition '''x''', so in sentences where the predicate is an adjectival or locative phrase, [[Miyu/lexicon#kana|'''kana''']] is not required.

=== Tense, Aspect, Mood ===

== Questions ==

The interrogative particle '''ma''' is used in conjunction with various nouns, adverbs, and adjectives to form specific questions.

=== non-polar questions ===

{{col-begin}}
{{col-break}}
* '''ma''' - what; which
* '''ma ko''' - who, whom
* '''ma ko yo''' - whose, of whom
* '''ma an''' - when
{{col-break}}
* '''ma loka''' - where
* '''ma moto''' - how
* '''ma laka''' - how much, how many
* '''ma sapa''' - why
{{col-end}}

=== polar questions ===

Any statement can become a polar question by adding the interrogative particle '''ma''' at the end of the sentence.

{{col-begin}}
{{col-break}}
* '''wa wite le kasa'''
: 1S see PST house
: ''I saw the house.''
{{col-break}}
* '''ni wite le kasa ma'''
: 2S see PST house Q
: ''Did you see the house?''
{{col-end}}

== Number ==

{| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 500px;"
|+
|-
! Miyu
! number
! English
! Miyu
! number
! English
|-
| '''sunya''' || 0 || zero || [[Miyu/lexicon#na|'''na''']] || 7 || seven
|-
| [[Miyu/lexicon#wa|'''wa''']] || 1 || one || [[Miyu/lexicon#pa|'''pa''']] || 8 || eight
|-
| [[Miyu/lexicon#li|'''li''']] || 2 || two || [[Miyu/lexicon#nun|'''nun''']] || 9 || nine
|-
| [[Miyu/lexicon#san|'''san''']] || 3 || three || [[Miyu/lexicon#ye|'''ye''']] || 10 || ten
|-
| [[Miyu/lexicon#si|'''si''']] || 4 || four || [[Miyu/lexicon#aku|'''aku''']] || 100 || (one) hundred
|-
| [[Miyu/lexicon#pen|'''pen''']] || 5 || five || [[Miyu/lexicon#mila|'''mila''']] || 1000 || (one) thousand
|-
| [[Miyu/lexicon#we|'''we''']] || 6 || six || '' '' || '' '' || '' ''
|}

= Appendices =

Miyu/lexicon

2025-04-08T18:50:04Z

Masako: /* na */

User:Masako/pataka

2025-04-08T18:48:24Z

Masako: /* wa */

en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:Wikitext

= Heading 1 =

* In syllable codas, {{IPA|[ʃ]}} replaces {{IPA|[s]}}.
* In syllable codas, {{IPA|[ʒ]}} replaces {{IPA|[z]}}.
* {{IPA|[β]}} and {{IPA|[ʙ]}} are in free variation.
* {{IPA|[ʁ]}} and {{IPA|[ʀ]}} are in free variation.

Because of its small phoneme inventory, '''Miyu''' allows for extensive allophonic variation. For example, /p t k/ may be pronounced [b d ɡ] as well as [p t k], /s/ as [z] or [ʃ] as well as [s], /l/ as [ɾ] as well as [l], and vowels may be either long or short.

== Heading 2 ==
=== Heading 3 ===
==== Heading 4 ====

<nowiki>

{{col-begin}}
{{col-break}}

words

{{col-break}}

ety

{{col-break}}

abbs

{{col-end}}

</nowiki>

===== Heading 5 =====
====== Heading 6 ======

: = indentation

* Item1
* Item4
** Sub-item 4 a)
*** Sub-item 4 a) 1.
**** Sub-item 4 a) 1. i)
** Sub-item 4 b)
* Item5

# Item1
# Item4
## Sub-item 1
### Sub-sub-item
#### Sub-sub-sub-item
## Sub-item 2
# Item5

; Term : Definition1

; Term
: Definition1
: Definition2
: Definition3

To ''italicize text'', put two consecutive apostrophes on each side of it.

Three apostrophes each side will '''bold the text'''.

Five consecutive apostrophes on each side (two for italics plus three for bold) produces '''''bold italics'''''.

'''''Italic and bold formatting''''' works correctly only within a single line.

For text as {{smallcaps|small caps}}, use the template {{tl|smallcaps}}.

* [[WP:Lingua Franca Nova|LFN]]

* [[Wiktionary:亡|tokomo]]

= old / wrong =

'''Kalo''' is intended to be a minimalist [[wp:Artistic_language|artlang]], not an [[wp:International_auxiliary_language|auxlang]]. It draws primarily on vocabulary from the five most spoken languages in the world; [[wp:List_of_languages_by_number_of_native_speakers|Mandarin, Spanish, English, and Arabic]] ('''Hindi''' is used sparingly although it is spoken by more speakers than Arabic). The grammar is mostly isolating with very few elements of inflection, mostly to show plurality or possession.

'''Kalo''' is NOT meant to mimic, replace, or be inspired by Toki Pona or any [[wp:International_auxiliary_language|IAL]]. Any similarities are based on design aesthetic coincidences and the minimalist nature of the language.

Voiced plosives and affricates, and /f/ occur only in the Southern Tujia dialects.
[n] and [l] are in free variation.
[ɲ] is an allophone of /n/.
/x/ has allophones [ç] before /i/ and [ɸ] before /u/.

=== writing ===

[[File:Kaloji.png|thumb|alt=All of the Kalo syllables in Hangul|right|upright=0.75|Kalo Hangul]]

[[File:Kaloji2.png|thumb|alt=A katakana method for writing Kalo|right|upright=0.75|Kalo Katakana]]

== allophony ==
The nasal at the end of a syllable can be pronounced as any nasal stop, though it is normally assimilated to the following consonant. That is, it typically occurs as an [n] before /t/ or /s/, as an [m] before /p/, as an [ŋ] before /k/, and as an [ɲ] before /j/. Because of its small phoneme inventory, '''kalo''' allows for quite a lot of allophonic variation. For example, /p t k/ may be pronounced [b d ɡ] as well as [p t k], /s/ as [z] or [ʃ] as well as [s], /l/ as [ɾ] as well as [l], and vowels may be either long or short. Both its sound inventory and phonotactics (patterns of possible sound combinations) are found in the majority of human languages and are therefore readily accessible.

= Syntax =

* '''wa kome''' - 1S eat - ''I eat.'' (SV)
:
* '''wa amo ko''' - 1S love 3S - ''I love her.'' (SVO)
:
* '''o mala amo''' - DO woman love - ''The woman is loved.'' (OV)

= Nouns =

Nouns only decline for number and possession. They are altered with '''-lo''' to show plurality, and possessiveness with '''-yo'''.

== pronouns ==

'''kalo''' has three basic pronouns; '''wa''' [1sg], '''ni''' [2sg], and '''ko''' [3sg]. These do not indicate gender. These can be made plural using the suffix "'''-lo'''", and possessive with "'''-yo'''".

{| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 500px;"
!
! singular
! plural
! possessive
|-align=center
! 1st person
| '''wa''' I; me
| '''walo''' we; us
| '''wayo''' my; mine; our(s)
|-align=center
! 2nd person
| '''ni''' you
| '''nilo''' you (all)
| '''niyo''' your(s)
|-align=center
! 3rd person
| '''ko''' he; she; him; her; it
| '''kolo''' they; them; those
| '''koyo''' their(s)
|}

* '''walo wite ni''' - 1pl see 2s - ''We see you.''

* '''kolo ne kono wa''' - 3pl NEG know 1s - ''They don't know me.''

= Verbs =

Verbs do not change and are only ever modified by particles.

* '''maka''' - do; make; cause (from [[wiktionary:make|make]])
* '''yo''' - possess; have; hold (from [[wiktionary:有#Definitions|有]])

== tense, aspect, and mood ==

Past tense is indicated by the particle '''le''' ([[wiktionary:了|了]]) following the verb. Future tense is indicated by the particle '''sa''' ([[wiktionary:س#Etymology_2|سَـ]]).

{| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 400px;"
|-−
!tense/mood !! particle !! example !! translation
|-
|present || - || '''wa ila''' || ''I go''
|-
|past || '''le''' || '''wa ila le''' || ''I went''
|-
|future || '''sa''' || '''wa ila sa''' || ''I will go''
|-
|conditional || '''kisa''' || '''wa ila kisa''' || ''I would go''
|}

* '''ko ne kome le''' - 3sg NEG eat PST - ''He didn't eat.''

* '''walo wite sa ko''' - 1pl see FUT 3sg - ''We will see her.''

== positional verbs ==

'''Kalo''' does not use prepositions, but instead uses positional verbs as auxiliaries. These are also used as temporal adverbs in certain situations.

* '''yu''' - in; at; within; inside; during; between | from ([[wiktionary:于|于]])
* '''ila''' - be toward; at; in the direction of; go; walk; travel | from ([[wiktionary:إلى|إلى]])

= Particles =

== determiners ==

Determiners in '''kalo''' precede the noun they modify.

=== deixis ===

* '''pu''' - this; these
* '''su''' - that; those

=== amount ===

* '''aku''' - many; much (one hundred)
* '''kula''' - all; every; each
* '''ne''' - no; none; zero
* '''poka''' - some; several; a few
::
* '''meno''' - less; fewer / few; a little
* '''maso''' - more

=== other-ness ===

* '''asi''' - such
* '''ayo''' - whichever; whatever
* '''oto''' - other
* '''tonye''' - same

= Number =

When numbers one through ten occur independently, the indicator "'''ke'''" precedes the number.

* '''ko yo le o kasa ke li'''
: 3s have PST O house NUM two
: ''She had two houses.''

* '''wa wite o nano ke si'''
: 1s see O man NUM four 
: ''I see four men.''

== Higher Numbers ==

* '''yewa''' - 11; eleven
* '''yeli''' - 12; twelve
* '''liye''' - 20; twenty
* '''liyesi''' - 24; twenty-four
* '''kuyeli''' - 112; one-hundred-twelve
* '''sankuweyepen''' - 365; three-hundred-sixty-five

__NOTOC__

<center>
[[#ka|ka]] [[#sa|sa]] [[#ta|ta]] [[#na|na]] [[#pa|pa]] [[#ma|ma]] [[#ya|ya]] [[#la|la]] [[#wa|wa]] [[#a|a i u e o]]
</center>

= ka =

* '''kisa''' /ˈki.sa/ from SPA [[wiktionary:quizá#Spanish|quizá]]
: ''part'' - perhaps; maybe; if; conditional particle [COND]

* '''kute''' /ˈku.te/ from FRE [[wiktionary:écouter|écouter]]
: ''v'' - listen; hear

* '''kono''' /ˈko.no/ from SPA [[wiktionary:conocer#Spanish|conocer]]
: ''n'' - knowledge; awareness; understanding; recognition
: ''v'' - know; understand; be aware (of); recognize

* '''kome''' /ˈko.me/ from SPA [[wiktionary:comer#Spanish|comer]]
: ''v'' - eat; consume; drink

= sa =

* '''sa''' /sa/ from ARA [[wiktionary:س#Etymology_2|سَـ]]
: ''part'' - future tense particle [FUT]

* '''saka/na''' /ˈsa.ka.na/ from ARA [[wiktionary:سخن|سخن]]
: ''v'' - be hot; be warm; burn
: ''n'' - heat; warmth / fire

* '''sana''' /ˈsa.na/ from ARA [[wiktionary:سنة|سنة]]
: ''n'' - year; 365 days

* '''sapa''' /ˈsa.pa/ from ARA [[wiktionary:سبب|سبب]]
: ''n'' - cause; reason; purpose; rationale; motive

* '''salama''' /sa.ˈla.ma/ from ARA [[wiktionary:سلم#Arabic|سلم]]
: ''n'' - peace; calm; tranquility; quiet
: ''v'' - be peaceful; be calm
: ''intj'' - Peace! Hey! Hi!

* '''sawa''' /ˈsa.wa/ from ARA [[wiktionary:زوج|زوج]]
: ''n'' - spouse; husband; wife; sweetheart; mate
: ''v'' - marry

* '''si''' /si/ from ZHO [[wiktionary:四#Definitions|四]]
: ''num'' - four; 4

* '''siya''' /ˈsi.ja/ from ZHO [[wiktionary:下#Definitions|下]]
: ''prep'' - below; under; beneath
: ''v'' - be under; be lower

* '''su''' /su/ from TUR [[wiktionary:şu#Turkish|şu]]
: ''part'' - that; those (over there)

* '''sunya''' /ˈsun.ja/ from HIN [[wiktionary:शून्य|शून्य]]
: ''num'' - zero; 0
: ''n'' - nothing
: ''v'' - be empty; be void

* '''se''' /se/ from SPA [[wiktionary:se#Spanish|se]]
: ''pro'' - reflexive / reciprocal pronoun

* '''sosa''' /ˈso.sa/ from SPA [[wiktionary:salsa#Spanish|salsa]]
: ''n'' - juice; sauce; gravy; dressing

= ta =

* '''tanka''' /ˈtaŋ.ka/ from ENG/GER [[wiktionary:thank|thank]]/[[wiktionary:danke#German|danke]]
: ''v'' - to thank; show appreciation; express gratitude
: ''part/intj'' - thank you; thanks

* '''tapo''' /ˈta.po/ from ZHO [[wiktionary:打破|打破]]
: ''v'' - damage; wreck; break; destroy
: ''n'' - destruction; damage

* '''tipa''' /ˈti.pa/ (or '''tupa''' /ˈtu.pa/) from ARA [[wiktionary:طيب|طيب]] (or [[wiktionary:טוב|טוב]])
: ''v'' - be good; pleasant; agreeable; nice; sweet; OK
: ''intj'' - great! good! thanks! OK! cool! yay!

* '''tiya''' /ˈti.ja/ from SPA [[wiktionary:tía#Spanish|tía]]
: ''n'' - aunt/uncle; extended family

* '''te''' /te/ from SPA/ZHO [[wiktionary:de#Etymology_2_10|de]]/[[wiktionary:的#Definitions_2|的]]
: ''v'' - to move away from
: ''prep'' - of; from

* '''tenpo''' /ˈtem.po/ from SPA [[wiktionary:tiempo#Spanish|tiempo]]
: ''n'' - time; moment; period

* '''tela''' or '''talo''' /ˈte.la/ or /ˈta.lo/ from ENG [[wiktionary:tell|tell]]
: ''n'' - language; talk; speech
: ''v'' - talk; speak; discuss; say; tell

* '''tonpa''' /ˈtom.pa/ from ZHO [[wiktionary:同胞#Mandarin|同胞]]
: ''n'' - sibling; compatriot; friend

* '''tonye''' /ˈto.ɲe/ (or '''ton''' /ton/) from ZHO [[wiktionary:同一#Mandarin|同一]]
: ''v'' - be identical; same; equivalent; equal

= na =

* '''nai''' /naɪ/ from ZHO [[wiktionary:內#Japanese|內]]
: ''v'' - be inside; within
: ''prep'' - inside; within; during; while

* '''nano''' /ˈna.no/ from ZHO [[wiktionary:男#Definitions|男]]
: ''n'' - man; male

* '''nama''' /ˈna.ma/ from ARA [[wiktionary:نام#Verb|نام]]
: ''v'' - sleep; rest; relax

* '''naya''' /ˈna.ja/ from HIN [[wiktionary:नया|नया]]
: ''v'' - be new; fresh; young

* '''nalu''' /ˈna.lu/ from JPN [[wiktionary:なる|なる]]
: ''v'' - succeed; finish; complete; accomplish; become; turn into

* '''ni''' /ni/ from ZHO [[wiktionary:你#Definitions|你]]
: ''pro'' - you [2sg]

* '''nun''' /nun/ from PIE [[wiktionary:Reconstruction:Proto-Indo-European/h₁néwn̥|h₁néwn̥]]
: ''num'' - nine; 9

* '''ne''' /ne/ from ENG [[wiktionary:nay#Interjection|nay]]
: ''part'' - no; not; negative [NEG]

* '''nesi''' /ˈne.si/ from SPA [[wiktionary:necesitar#Spanish|necesitar]]
: ''v'' - need; require; must
: ''n'' - obligation; need

* '''nen/ka''' /ˈnen.ka/ from ZHO [[wiktionary:能#Definitions|能]]
: ''v'' - be able to; be capable; be possible
: ''n'' - potential; possibility; capability

* '''note''' /ˈno.te/ from SPA [[wiktionary:noche#Spanish|noche]]
: ''n'' - night; darkness

= pa =

* '''pa''' /pa/ from ZHO [[wiktionary:八|八]]
: ''num'' - eight; 8

* '''pan''' /pan/ from SPA/ZHO [[wiktionary:pan#Spanish|pan]]/[[wiktionary:飯|飯]]
: ''n'' - bread; food; sustenance

* '''pala''' /ˈpa.la/ from SPA [[wiktionary:palabra#Spanish|palabra]]
: ''n'' - word; morpheme; lexeme

* '''pina''' /ˈpi.na/ from ARA [[wiktionary:ابن|ابن]]
: ''n'' - child; offspring; kid

* '''pu''' /pu/ from TUR [[wiktionary:bu#Turkish|bu]]
: ''part'' - this; these (here)

* '''pula''' /ˈpu.la/ from HIN [[wiktionary:बुरा|बुरा]]
: ''n'' - evil
: ''v'' - be bad; spoiled; be broken; to break down; be wicked; be evil

* '''pen''' /pen/ from ELL [[wiktionary:πέντε#Greek|πέντε]]
: ''num'' - five; 5

* '''po''' /po/ from SPA [[wiktionary:por#Spanish|por]]
: ''prep'' - by; for; [be] about
: ''v'' - [go] through; [move] across

* '''poka''' /ˈpo.ka/ from SPA [[wiktionary:poco#Spanish|poca]]
: ''v'' - be small; little
: ''v'' - be few; less

* '''ponte''' /ˈpon.te/ from ENG [[wiktionary:ponder|ponder]]
: ''v'' - think; ponder; consider; weigh
: ''n'' - thought; idea; consideration

* '''pone''' /ˈpo.ne/ from SPA [[wiktionary:poner|poner]]
: ''v'' - to put, to place, to set

= ma =

* '''ma''' /ma/ from ZHO [[wiktionary:嗎#Chinese|嗎]]
: ''part'' - interrogative particle [Q]

* '''maka''' /ˈma.ka/ from ENG [[wiktionary:make|make]]
: ''n'' - cause; action; happening
: ''v'' - do; make; cause; happen

* '''maso''' /ˈma.so/ from SPA [[wiktionary:más#Spanish|más]]
: ''part'' - more; again
: ''n'' - layer; repetition; addition
: ''v'' - add; repeat; layer

* '''mala''' /ˈma.la/ from ARA [[wiktionary:امرأة|امرأة]]
: ''n'' - woman; female; wife

* '''mila''' /ˈmi.la/ from SPA [[wiktionary:mil#Spanish|mil]]
: ''num'' - thousand; 1000

* '''muki''' /ˈmu.ki/ from ARA [[wiktionary:مهم|مهم]]
: ''n'' - importance; significance
: ''v'' - be important; matter

* '''muna''' /ˈmu.na/ from ENG [[wiktionary:moon#English|moon]]
: ''n'' - moon; month

* '''me''' /me/ from FRE [[wiktionary:mais#French|mais]]
: ''part'' - but; however; although

* '''moto''' /ˈmo.to/ from SPA [[wiktionary:modo#Spanish|modo]]
: ''n'' - mood; manner; way; method

= ya =

* '''ya''' /ja/ from ARA [[wiktionary:يا#Arabic|يا]]
: ''part'' - vocative marker [VOC]; hey; let's ~

* '''yati''' /ˈja.ti/ from ARA [[wiktionary:يد|يد]]
: ''n'' - hand; arm
: ''v'' - give; transfer

* '''yapu''' /ˈja.pu/ from ARA [[wiktionary:عفا|عفا]]
: ''n'' - pardon; excuse; forgiveness
: ''v'' - pardon; excuse; forgive

* '''yame''' /ˈja.me/ from ARA [[wiktionary:جمع|جمع]]
: ''n'' - collection; gathering; group; set
: ''v'' - gather; collect; assemble; unite

* '''yu''' /ju/ from ZHO [[wiktionary:於#Definitions|于]]
: ''v'' - be in; at; out of
: ''prep'' - in; at; to; by; than; out of

* '''yuma''' /ˈju.ma/ from ARA [[wiktionary:يوم#Arabic|يوم]]
: ''n'' - day; daylight; 24 hour period

* '''ye''' /je/ from KOR [[wiktionary:열#Korean|열]]
: ''num'' - ten; 10

* '''yeko''' /ˈje.ko/ from ZHO [[wiktionary:以後#Chinese|以后]]
: ''prep'' - back; behind; rear; afterwards; after; later
: ''adv'' - from now on; henceforth

* '''yo''' /jo/ from ZHO [[wiktionary:有#Definitions|有]]
: ''v'' - have; possess; carry; hold; keep

= la =

* '''laka''' /ˈla.ka/ from ARA [[wiktionary:رقم|رقم]]
: ''n'' - number; digit; amount
: ''v'' - count; enumerate

* '''lata''' /ˈla.ta/ from SPA [[wiktionary:lata#Spanish|lata]]
: ''n'' - box; bucket; basket; container; vessel
: ''v'' - carry; tote; transport

* '''li''' /li/ from ZHO [[wiktionary:兩#Definitions|兩]]
: ''num'' - two; double; duo
: ''pro'' - some; a few

* '''le''' /le/ from ZHO [[wiktionary:了|了]]
: ''part'' - past tense marker [PST]

* '''loka''' /ˈlo.ka/ from SPA [[wiktionary:local#Spanish|local]]
: ''n'' - place; location; point; spot

= wa =

* '''wa''' /wa/ from ARA/ZHO [[wiktionary:واحد|واحد]]/[[wiktionary:我|我]]
: ''pro'' - I; me [1sg]
: ''num'' - one; 1; single
: ''v'' - be alone; be singular

* '''waya''' /ˈwa.ja/ from HIN [[wiktionary:वयस्क|वयस्क]]
: ''v'' - grow; mature; develop
: ''n'' - adult; mature thing

* '''wino''' /ˈwi.no/ from SPA [[wiktionary:vino#Spanish|vino]]
: ''n'' - alcohol; beer; wine
: ''v'' - drink ~

* '''we''' /we/ from PIE [[wiktionary:econstruction:Proto-Indo-European/swéḱs|swéḱs]]
: ''num'' - six; 6

* '''weko''' /ˈwe.ko/ from SPA [[wiktionary:hueco|hueco]]
: ''n'' - door, hole, orifice, window; port

* '''wento''' /ˈwen.to/ from SPA [[wiktionary:viento|viento]]
: ''n'' - air; wind; void; essence; spirit

* '''wela''' /ˈwe.la/ from SPA [[wiktionary:fuera#Spanish|fuera]]
: ''prep'' - outside; exterior
: ''v'' - leave; exit

= a =

* '''alima''' /a.ˈli.ma/ from ARA [[wiktionary:علم|علم]]
: ''v'' - to discern, to find out, to learn
: ''n'' - learning; education; knowledge

* '''amo''' /ˈa.mo/ from SPA [[wiktionary:amor#Spanish|amor]]
: ''n'' - love; affection; adoration
: ''v'' - love; adore; like

* '''ante''' /ˈan.te/ from SPA [[wiktionary:ante#Spanish|ante]]
: ''n'' - front side; chest; fore area
: ''prep'' - before; in front; forward; ahead

* '''asi''' /ˈa.si/ from SPA [[wiktionary:así#Spanish|así]]
: ''part'' - like this/that; as [such]; thus; so

* '''awa''' /ˈa.wa/ from ARA [[wiktionary:أو|أو]]
: ''part'' - either; or; other

* '''ayo''' /ˈa.jo/ from ARA [[wiktionary:أي|أي]]
:''part'' - whichever; whatever; something [INDEF]

* '''e''' /e/ from SPA/ZHO [[wiktionary:e#Etymology_2_17|e]]/[[wiktionary:和#Definitions_2|和]]
: ''part'' - and; also; too

* '''ila''' /ˈi.la/ from ARA [[wiktionary:إلى|إلى]]
: ''prep'' - toward; at; in direction of
: ''v'' - go (toward); walk; travel

* '''o''' /o/ from JPN [[wiktionary:を#Etymology_2|を]]
: ''part'' - direct object particle

* wikitravel.org/en/Spanish_phrasebook
* en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Category:Phrasebooks_by_language

A working phrasebook for [[Kalo]].

= Essentials =

* '''ola''' - Used for "hello; goodbye; farewell; welcome" (analogous to [[wiktionary:aloha#Hawaiian|aloha]])

* '''kan/a''' - "yes; it is"
* '''ne''' - "no; it is not"

* '''yapu wa''' - "Excuse me."
* '''nenka ma''' - "Please." [''lit'': is (it) possible?]
:: by extension "Do you mind?"
* '''tanka (ta)''' - "Thank you (very much)."
* '''tipa''' - "(That's) OK."

= Greetings & Goodbyes =

* '''ola yuma''' - "Good morning/day/afternoon"
* '''ola note''' - "Good evening/night"
* '''salama''' - "Hey/Hi/Hello/Bye"

== Civilities ==

* '''moto (niyo) ma''' - manner 2s.POSS Q - ''How are you?''
** '''tipa''' - "Good/OK/Fine."
** '''...''' - "Not bad."

* '''tenpo ta ne wite''' - time big no see - ''Long time no see''

Miyu/lexicon

2025-04-08T18:35:02Z

Masako: /* wata */

Miyu/lexicon

2025-04-08T18:34:18Z

Masako: /* w */

Miyu/lexicon

2025-04-08T18:28:45Z

Masako: /* saki */

Miyu/lexicon

2025-04-08T18:26:52Z

Masako: /* s */

Miyu/writing

2025-04-04T23:25:03Z

Masako:

If desired, an adaptation of Hangul may be used to write [[Miyu|'''Miyu''']].

* <big><big>ㄱ ㄴ ㄷ ㄹ ㅁ ㅂ ㅅ ㅇ</big></big>
: '''k n t l m p s -'''

* <big><big>ㅏ ㅑ ㅓ ㅕ ㅗ ㅘ ㅛ ㅜ ㅝ ㅟ ㅠ ㅡ ㅣ</big></big>
: '''a ya e ye o wa yo u we wi yu - i'''

The reasoning for this adaptation is as follows:

* Hangul is:
# Compact
# Easily learned
# Adaptable to the phonology of [[Miyu|'''Miyu''']]
# Written easily in vertical or horizontal lines
# Compatible with almost all operating systems
# Aesthetically pleasing

== Syllables ==

[[File:Kate a.png]]

=== Syllables with final N ===

[[File:Kate an.png]]

==== Examples ====

* <big><big>와 로 너 도마 사 </big></big>
: '''wa lo ne toma sa'''
: 1 pl NEG consume PRSP
: ''We will not eat.''

Miyu/writing

2025-04-04T23:16:51Z

Masako: /* Examples */

If desired, an adaptation of Hangul may be used to write [[Miyu|'''Miyu''']].

* <big><big>ㄱ ㄴ ㄷ ㄹ ㅁ ㅂ ㅅ ㅇ</big></big>
: '''k n t l m p s -'''

* <big><big>ㅏ ㅑ ㅓ ㅕ ㅗ ㅘ ㅛ ㅜ ㅝ ㅟ ㅠ ㅡ ㅣ</big></big>
: '''a ya e ye o wa yo u we wi yu - i'''

== Syllables ==

[[File:Kate a.png]]

=== Syllables with final N ===

[[File:Kate an.png]]

==== Examples ====

* <big><big>와 로 너 도마 사 </big></big>
: '''wa lo ne toma sa'''
: 1 pl NEG consume PRSP
: ''We will not eat.''

Miyu/writing

2025-04-04T23:15:31Z

Masako: Replaced content with "If desired, an adaptation of Hangul may be used to write '''Miyu'''. * <big><big>ㄱ ㄴ ㄷ ㄹ ㅁ ㅂ ㅅ ㅇ</big></big> : '''k n t l m p s -''' * <big><big>ㅏ ㅑ ㅓ ㅕ ㅗ ㅘ ㅛ ㅜ ㅝ ㅟ ㅠ ㅡ ㅣ</big></big> : '''a ya e ye o wa yo u we wi yu - i''' == Syllables == File:Kate a.png === Syllables with final N === File:Kate an.png ==== Examples ==== * <font fa..."

File:Kate an.png

2025-04-04T23:14:03Z

Masako:

File:Kate a.png

2025-04-04T23:13:01Z

Masako:

User:Masako/pataka

2025-04-04T23:10:01Z

Masako: /* writing */

en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:Wikitext

= Heading 1 =

* In syllable codas, {{IPA|[ʃ]}} replaces {{IPA|[s]}}.
* In syllable codas, {{IPA|[ʒ]}} replaces {{IPA|[z]}}.
* {{IPA|[β]}} and {{IPA|[ʙ]}} are in free variation.
* {{IPA|[ʁ]}} and {{IPA|[ʀ]}} are in free variation.

Because of its small phoneme inventory, '''Miyu''' allows for extensive allophonic variation. For example, /p t k/ may be pronounced [b d ɡ] as well as [p t k], /s/ as [z] or [ʃ] as well as [s], /l/ as [ɾ] as well as [l], and vowels may be either long or short.

== Heading 2 ==
=== Heading 3 ===
==== Heading 4 ====

<nowiki>

{{col-begin}}
{{col-break}}

words

{{col-break}}

ety

{{col-break}}

abbs

{{col-end}}

</nowiki>

===== Heading 5 =====
====== Heading 6 ======

: = indentation

* Item1
* Item4
** Sub-item 4 a)
*** Sub-item 4 a) 1.
**** Sub-item 4 a) 1. i)
** Sub-item 4 b)
* Item5

# Item1
# Item4
## Sub-item 1
### Sub-sub-item
#### Sub-sub-sub-item
## Sub-item 2
# Item5

; Term : Definition1

; Term
: Definition1
: Definition2
: Definition3

To ''italicize text'', put two consecutive apostrophes on each side of it.

Three apostrophes each side will '''bold the text'''.

Five consecutive apostrophes on each side (two for italics plus three for bold) produces '''''bold italics'''''.

'''''Italic and bold formatting''''' works correctly only within a single line.

For text as {{smallcaps|small caps}}, use the template {{tl|smallcaps}}.

* [[WP:Lingua Franca Nova|LFN]]

* [[Wiktionary:亡|tokomo]]

= old / wrong =

'''Kalo''' is intended to be a minimalist [[wp:Artistic_language|artlang]], not an [[wp:International_auxiliary_language|auxlang]]. It draws primarily on vocabulary from the five most spoken languages in the world; [[wp:List_of_languages_by_number_of_native_speakers|Mandarin, Spanish, English, and Arabic]] ('''Hindi''' is used sparingly although it is spoken by more speakers than Arabic). The grammar is mostly isolating with very few elements of inflection, mostly to show plurality or possession.

'''Kalo''' is NOT meant to mimic, replace, or be inspired by Toki Pona or any [[wp:International_auxiliary_language|IAL]]. Any similarities are based on design aesthetic coincidences and the minimalist nature of the language.

Voiced plosives and affricates, and /f/ occur only in the Southern Tujia dialects.
[n] and [l] are in free variation.
[ɲ] is an allophone of /n/.
/x/ has allophones [ç] before /i/ and [ɸ] before /u/.

=== writing ===

[[File:Kaloji.png|thumb|alt=All of the Kalo syllables in Hangul|right|upright=0.75|Kalo Hangul]]

[[File:Kaloji2.png|thumb|alt=A katakana method for writing Kalo|right|upright=0.75|Kalo Katakana]]

== allophony ==
The nasal at the end of a syllable can be pronounced as any nasal stop, though it is normally assimilated to the following consonant. That is, it typically occurs as an [n] before /t/ or /s/, as an [m] before /p/, as an [ŋ] before /k/, and as an [ɲ] before /j/. Because of its small phoneme inventory, '''kalo''' allows for quite a lot of allophonic variation. For example, /p t k/ may be pronounced [b d ɡ] as well as [p t k], /s/ as [z] or [ʃ] as well as [s], /l/ as [ɾ] as well as [l], and vowels may be either long or short. Both its sound inventory and phonotactics (patterns of possible sound combinations) are found in the majority of human languages and are therefore readily accessible.

= Syntax =

* '''wa kome''' - 1S eat - ''I eat.'' (SV)
:
* '''wa amo ko''' - 1S love 3S - ''I love her.'' (SVO)
:
* '''o mala amo''' - DO woman love - ''The woman is loved.'' (OV)

= Nouns =

Nouns only decline for number and possession. They are altered with '''-lo''' to show plurality, and possessiveness with '''-yo'''.

== pronouns ==

'''kalo''' has three basic pronouns; '''wa''' [1sg], '''ni''' [2sg], and '''ko''' [3sg]. These do not indicate gender. These can be made plural using the suffix "'''-lo'''", and possessive with "'''-yo'''".

{| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 500px;"
!
! singular
! plural
! possessive
|-align=center
! 1st person
| '''wa''' I; me
| '''walo''' we; us
| '''wayo''' my; mine; our(s)
|-align=center
! 2nd person
| '''ni''' you
| '''nilo''' you (all)
| '''niyo''' your(s)
|-align=center
! 3rd person
| '''ko''' he; she; him; her; it
| '''kolo''' they; them; those
| '''koyo''' their(s)
|}

* '''walo wite ni''' - 1pl see 2s - ''We see you.''

* '''kolo ne kono wa''' - 3pl NEG know 1s - ''They don't know me.''

= Verbs =

Verbs do not change and are only ever modified by particles.

* '''maka''' - do; make; cause (from [[wiktionary:make|make]])
* '''yo''' - possess; have; hold (from [[wiktionary:有#Definitions|有]])

== tense, aspect, and mood ==

Past tense is indicated by the particle '''le''' ([[wiktionary:了|了]]) following the verb. Future tense is indicated by the particle '''sa''' ([[wiktionary:س#Etymology_2|سَـ]]).

{| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 400px;"
|-−
!tense/mood !! particle !! example !! translation
|-
|present || - || '''wa ila''' || ''I go''
|-
|past || '''le''' || '''wa ila le''' || ''I went''
|-
|future || '''sa''' || '''wa ila sa''' || ''I will go''
|-
|conditional || '''kisa''' || '''wa ila kisa''' || ''I would go''
|}

* '''ko ne kome le''' - 3sg NEG eat PST - ''He didn't eat.''

* '''walo wite sa ko''' - 1pl see FUT 3sg - ''We will see her.''

== positional verbs ==

'''Kalo''' does not use prepositions, but instead uses positional verbs as auxiliaries. These are also used as temporal adverbs in certain situations.

* '''yu''' - in; at; within; inside; during; between | from ([[wiktionary:于|于]])
* '''ila''' - be toward; at; in the direction of; go; walk; travel | from ([[wiktionary:إلى|إلى]])

= Particles =

== determiners ==

Determiners in '''kalo''' precede the noun they modify.

=== deixis ===

* '''pu''' - this; these
* '''su''' - that; those

=== amount ===

* '''aku''' - many; much (one hundred)
* '''kula''' - all; every; each
* '''ne''' - no; none; zero
* '''poka''' - some; several; a few
::
* '''meno''' - less; fewer / few; a little
* '''maso''' - more

=== other-ness ===

* '''asi''' - such
* '''ayo''' - whichever; whatever
* '''oto''' - other
* '''tonye''' - same

= Number =

When numbers one through ten occur independently, the indicator "'''ke'''" precedes the number.

* '''ko yo le o kasa ke li'''
: 3s have PST O house NUM two
: ''She had two houses.''

* '''wa wite o nano ke si'''
: 1s see O man NUM four 
: ''I see four men.''

== Higher Numbers ==

* '''yewa''' - 11; eleven
* '''yeli''' - 12; twelve
* '''liye''' - 20; twenty
* '''liyesi''' - 24; twenty-four
* '''kuyeli''' - 112; one-hundred-twelve
* '''sankuweyepen''' - 365; three-hundred-sixty-five

__NOTOC__

<center>
[[#ka|ka]] [[#sa|sa]] [[#ta|ta]] [[#na|na]] [[#pa|pa]] [[#ma|ma]] [[#ya|ya]] [[#la|la]] [[#wa|wa]] [[#a|a i u e o]]
</center>

= ka =

* '''kisa''' /ˈki.sa/ from SPA [[wiktionary:quizá#Spanish|quizá]]
: ''part'' - perhaps; maybe; if; conditional particle [COND]

* '''kute''' /ˈku.te/ from FRE [[wiktionary:écouter|écouter]]
: ''v'' - listen; hear

* '''kono''' /ˈko.no/ from SPA [[wiktionary:conocer#Spanish|conocer]]
: ''n'' - knowledge; awareness; understanding; recognition
: ''v'' - know; understand; be aware (of); recognize

* '''kome''' /ˈko.me/ from SPA [[wiktionary:comer#Spanish|comer]]
: ''v'' - eat; consume; drink

= sa =

* '''sa''' /sa/ from ARA [[wiktionary:س#Etymology_2|سَـ]]
: ''part'' - future tense particle [FUT]

* '''saka/na''' /ˈsa.ka.na/ from ARA [[wiktionary:سخن|سخن]]
: ''v'' - be hot; be warm; burn
: ''n'' - heat; warmth / fire

* '''sana''' /ˈsa.na/ from ARA [[wiktionary:سنة|سنة]]
: ''n'' - year; 365 days

* '''sapa''' /ˈsa.pa/ from ARA [[wiktionary:سبب|سبب]]
: ''n'' - cause; reason; purpose; rationale; motive

* '''salama''' /sa.ˈla.ma/ from ARA [[wiktionary:سلم#Arabic|سلم]]
: ''n'' - peace; calm; tranquility; quiet
: ''v'' - be peaceful; be calm
: ''intj'' - Peace! Hey! Hi!

* '''sawa''' /ˈsa.wa/ from ARA [[wiktionary:زوج|زوج]]
: ''n'' - spouse; husband; wife; sweetheart; mate
: ''v'' - marry

* '''si''' /si/ from ZHO [[wiktionary:四#Definitions|四]]
: ''num'' - four; 4

* '''siya''' /ˈsi.ja/ from ZHO [[wiktionary:下#Definitions|下]]
: ''prep'' - below; under; beneath
: ''v'' - be under; be lower

* '''su''' /su/ from TUR [[wiktionary:şu#Turkish|şu]]
: ''part'' - that; those (over there)

* '''sunya''' /ˈsun.ja/ from HIN [[wiktionary:शून्य|शून्य]]
: ''num'' - zero; 0
: ''n'' - nothing
: ''v'' - be empty; be void

* '''se''' /se/ from SPA [[wiktionary:se#Spanish|se]]
: ''pro'' - reflexive / reciprocal pronoun

* '''sosa''' /ˈso.sa/ from SPA [[wiktionary:salsa#Spanish|salsa]]
: ''n'' - juice; sauce; gravy; dressing

= ta =

* '''tanka''' /ˈtaŋ.ka/ from ENG/GER [[wiktionary:thank|thank]]/[[wiktionary:danke#German|danke]]
: ''v'' - to thank; show appreciation; express gratitude
: ''part/intj'' - thank you; thanks

* '''tapo''' /ˈta.po/ from ZHO [[wiktionary:打破|打破]]
: ''v'' - damage; wreck; break; destroy
: ''n'' - destruction; damage

* '''tipa''' /ˈti.pa/ (or '''tupa''' /ˈtu.pa/) from ARA [[wiktionary:طيب|طيب]] (or [[wiktionary:טוב|טוב]])
: ''v'' - be good; pleasant; agreeable; nice; sweet; OK
: ''intj'' - great! good! thanks! OK! cool! yay!

* '''tiya''' /ˈti.ja/ from SPA [[wiktionary:tía#Spanish|tía]]
: ''n'' - aunt/uncle; extended family

* '''te''' /te/ from SPA/ZHO [[wiktionary:de#Etymology_2_10|de]]/[[wiktionary:的#Definitions_2|的]]
: ''v'' - to move away from
: ''prep'' - of; from

* '''tenpo''' /ˈtem.po/ from SPA [[wiktionary:tiempo#Spanish|tiempo]]
: ''n'' - time; moment; period

* '''tela''' or '''talo''' /ˈte.la/ or /ˈta.lo/ from ENG [[wiktionary:tell|tell]]
: ''n'' - language; talk; speech
: ''v'' - talk; speak; discuss; say; tell

* '''tonpa''' /ˈtom.pa/ from ZHO [[wiktionary:同胞#Mandarin|同胞]]
: ''n'' - sibling; compatriot; friend

* '''tonye''' /ˈto.ɲe/ (or '''ton''' /ton/) from ZHO [[wiktionary:同一#Mandarin|同一]]
: ''v'' - be identical; same; equivalent; equal

= na =

* '''nai''' /naɪ/ from ZHO [[wiktionary:內#Japanese|內]]
: ''v'' - be inside; within
: ''prep'' - inside; within; during; while

* '''nano''' /ˈna.no/ from ZHO [[wiktionary:男#Definitions|男]]
: ''n'' - man; male

* '''nama''' /ˈna.ma/ from ARA [[wiktionary:نام#Verb|نام]]
: ''v'' - sleep; rest; relax

* '''naya''' /ˈna.ja/ from HIN [[wiktionary:नया|नया]]
: ''v'' - be new; fresh; young

* '''nalu''' /ˈna.lu/ from JPN [[wiktionary:なる|なる]]
: ''v'' - succeed; finish; complete; accomplish; become; turn into

* '''ni''' /ni/ from ZHO [[wiktionary:你#Definitions|你]]
: ''pro'' - you [2sg]

* '''nun''' /nun/ from PIE [[wiktionary:Reconstruction:Proto-Indo-European/h₁néwn̥|h₁néwn̥]]
: ''num'' - nine; 9

* '''ne''' /ne/ from ENG [[wiktionary:nay#Interjection|nay]]
: ''part'' - no; not; negative [NEG]

* '''nesi''' /ˈne.si/ from SPA [[wiktionary:necesitar#Spanish|necesitar]]
: ''v'' - need; require; must
: ''n'' - obligation; need

* '''nen/ka''' /ˈnen.ka/ from ZHO [[wiktionary:能#Definitions|能]]
: ''v'' - be able to; be capable; be possible
: ''n'' - potential; possibility; capability

* '''note''' /ˈno.te/ from SPA [[wiktionary:noche#Spanish|noche]]
: ''n'' - night; darkness

= pa =

* '''pa''' /pa/ from ZHO [[wiktionary:八|八]]
: ''num'' - eight; 8

* '''pan''' /pan/ from SPA/ZHO [[wiktionary:pan#Spanish|pan]]/[[wiktionary:飯|飯]]
: ''n'' - bread; food; sustenance

* '''pala''' /ˈpa.la/ from SPA [[wiktionary:palabra#Spanish|palabra]]
: ''n'' - word; morpheme; lexeme

* '''pina''' /ˈpi.na/ from ARA [[wiktionary:ابن|ابن]]
: ''n'' - child; offspring; kid

* '''pu''' /pu/ from TUR [[wiktionary:bu#Turkish|bu]]
: ''part'' - this; these (here)

* '''pula''' /ˈpu.la/ from HIN [[wiktionary:बुरा|बुरा]]
: ''n'' - evil
: ''v'' - be bad; spoiled; be broken; to break down; be wicked; be evil

* '''pen''' /pen/ from ELL [[wiktionary:πέντε#Greek|πέντε]]
: ''num'' - five; 5

* '''po''' /po/ from SPA [[wiktionary:por#Spanish|por]]
: ''prep'' - by; for; [be] about
: ''v'' - [go] through; [move] across

* '''poka''' /ˈpo.ka/ from SPA [[wiktionary:poco#Spanish|poca]]
: ''v'' - be small; little
: ''v'' - be few; less

* '''ponte''' /ˈpon.te/ from ENG [[wiktionary:ponder|ponder]]
: ''v'' - think; ponder; consider; weigh
: ''n'' - thought; idea; consideration

* '''pone''' /ˈpo.ne/ from SPA [[wiktionary:poner|poner]]
: ''v'' - to put, to place, to set

= ma =

* '''ma''' /ma/ from ZHO [[wiktionary:嗎#Chinese|嗎]]
: ''part'' - interrogative particle [Q]

* '''maka''' /ˈma.ka/ from ENG [[wiktionary:make|make]]
: ''n'' - cause; action; happening
: ''v'' - do; make; cause; happen

* '''maso''' /ˈma.so/ from SPA [[wiktionary:más#Spanish|más]]
: ''part'' - more; again
: ''n'' - layer; repetition; addition
: ''v'' - add; repeat; layer

* '''mala''' /ˈma.la/ from ARA [[wiktionary:امرأة|امرأة]]
: ''n'' - woman; female; wife

* '''mila''' /ˈmi.la/ from SPA [[wiktionary:mil#Spanish|mil]]
: ''num'' - thousand; 1000

* '''muki''' /ˈmu.ki/ from ARA [[wiktionary:مهم|مهم]]
: ''n'' - importance; significance
: ''v'' - be important; matter

* '''muna''' /ˈmu.na/ from ENG [[wiktionary:moon#English|moon]]
: ''n'' - moon; month

* '''me''' /me/ from FRE [[wiktionary:mais#French|mais]]
: ''part'' - but; however; although

* '''moto''' /ˈmo.to/ from SPA [[wiktionary:modo#Spanish|modo]]
: ''n'' - mood; manner; way; method

= ya =

* '''ya''' /ja/ from ARA [[wiktionary:يا#Arabic|يا]]
: ''part'' - vocative marker [VOC]; hey; let's ~

* '''yati''' /ˈja.ti/ from ARA [[wiktionary:يد|يد]]
: ''n'' - hand; arm
: ''v'' - give; transfer

* '''yapu''' /ˈja.pu/ from ARA [[wiktionary:عفا|عفا]]
: ''n'' - pardon; excuse; forgiveness
: ''v'' - pardon; excuse; forgive

* '''yame''' /ˈja.me/ from ARA [[wiktionary:جمع|جمع]]
: ''n'' - collection; gathering; group; set
: ''v'' - gather; collect; assemble; unite

* '''yu''' /ju/ from ZHO [[wiktionary:於#Definitions|于]]
: ''v'' - be in; at; out of
: ''prep'' - in; at; to; by; than; out of

* '''yuma''' /ˈju.ma/ from ARA [[wiktionary:يوم#Arabic|يوم]]
: ''n'' - day; daylight; 24 hour period

* '''ye''' /je/ from KOR [[wiktionary:열#Korean|열]]
: ''num'' - ten; 10

* '''yeko''' /ˈje.ko/ from ZHO [[wiktionary:以後#Chinese|以后]]
: ''prep'' - back; behind; rear; afterwards; after; later
: ''adv'' - from now on; henceforth

* '''yo''' /jo/ from ZHO [[wiktionary:有#Definitions|有]]
: ''v'' - have; possess; carry; hold; keep

= la =

* '''laka''' /ˈla.ka/ from ARA [[wiktionary:رقم|رقم]]
: ''n'' - number; digit; amount
: ''v'' - count; enumerate

* '''lata''' /ˈla.ta/ from SPA [[wiktionary:lata#Spanish|lata]]
: ''n'' - box; bucket; basket; container; vessel
: ''v'' - carry; tote; transport

* '''li''' /li/ from ZHO [[wiktionary:兩#Definitions|兩]]
: ''num'' - two; double; duo
: ''pro'' - some; a few

* '''le''' /le/ from ZHO [[wiktionary:了|了]]
: ''part'' - past tense marker [PST]

* '''loka''' /ˈlo.ka/ from SPA [[wiktionary:local#Spanish|local]]
: ''n'' - place; location; point; spot

= wa =

* '''wa''' /wa/ from ARA/ZHO [[wiktionary:واحد|واحد]]/[[wiktionary:我|我]]
: ''pro'' - I; me [1sg]
: ''num'' - one; 1; single
: ''v'' - be alone; be singular

* '''wan''' /wan/ from ENG [[wiktionary:want#Verb|want]]
: ''v'' - want; desire; wish for

* '''waya''' /ˈwa.ja/ from HIN [[wiktionary:वयस्क|वयस्क]]
: ''v'' - grow; mature; develop
: ''n'' - adult; mature thing

* '''wite''' /ˈwi.te/ from PIE [[wiktionary:econstruction:Proto-Indo-European/weyd-|weyd]]
: ''v'' - look; see; observe; watch; read

* '''wino''' /ˈwi.no/ from SPA [[wiktionary:vino#Spanish|vino]]
: ''n'' - alcohol; beer; wine
: ''v'' - drink ~

* '''we''' /we/ from PIE [[wiktionary:econstruction:Proto-Indo-European/swéḱs|swéḱs]]
: ''num'' - six; 6

* '''weko''' /ˈwe.ko/ from SPA [[wiktionary:hueco|hueco]]
: ''n'' - door, hole, orifice, window; port

* '''wento''' /ˈwen.to/ from SPA [[wiktionary:viento|viento]]
: ''n'' - air; wind; void; essence; spirit

* '''wela''' /ˈwe.la/ from SPA [[wiktionary:fuera#Spanish|fuera]]
: ''prep'' - outside; exterior
: ''v'' - leave; exit

= a =

* '''alima''' /a.ˈli.ma/ from ARA [[wiktionary:علم|علم]]
: ''v'' - to discern, to find out, to learn
: ''n'' - learning; education; knowledge

* '''amo''' /ˈa.mo/ from SPA [[wiktionary:amor#Spanish|amor]]
: ''n'' - love; affection; adoration
: ''v'' - love; adore; like

* '''ante''' /ˈan.te/ from SPA [[wiktionary:ante#Spanish|ante]]
: ''n'' - front side; chest; fore area
: ''prep'' - before; in front; forward; ahead

* '''asi''' /ˈa.si/ from SPA [[wiktionary:así#Spanish|así]]
: ''part'' - like this/that; as [such]; thus; so

* '''awa''' /ˈa.wa/ from ARA [[wiktionary:أو|أو]]
: ''part'' - either; or; other

* '''ayo''' /ˈa.jo/ from ARA [[wiktionary:أي|أي]]
:''part'' - whichever; whatever; something [INDEF]

* '''e''' /e/ from SPA/ZHO [[wiktionary:e#Etymology_2_17|e]]/[[wiktionary:和#Definitions_2|和]]
: ''part'' - and; also; too

* '''ila''' /ˈi.la/ from ARA [[wiktionary:إلى|إلى]]
: ''prep'' - toward; at; in direction of
: ''v'' - go (toward); walk; travel

* '''o''' /o/ from JPN [[wiktionary:を#Etymology_2|を]]
: ''part'' - direct object particle

* wikitravel.org/en/Spanish_phrasebook
* en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Category:Phrasebooks_by_language

A working phrasebook for [[Kalo]].

= Essentials =

* '''ola''' - Used for "hello; goodbye; farewell; welcome" (analogous to [[wiktionary:aloha#Hawaiian|aloha]])

* '''kan/a''' - "yes; it is"
* '''ne''' - "no; it is not"

* '''yapu wa''' - "Excuse me."
* '''nenka ma''' - "Please." [''lit'': is (it) possible?]
:: by extension "Do you mind?"
* '''tanka (ta)''' - "Thank you (very much)."
* '''tipa''' - "(That's) OK."

= Greetings & Goodbyes =

* '''ola yuma''' - "Good morning/day/afternoon"
* '''ola note''' - "Good evening/night"
* '''salama''' - "Hey/Hi/Hello/Bye"

== Civilities ==

* '''moto (niyo) ma''' - manner 2s.POSS Q - ''How are you?''
** '''tipa''' - "Good/OK/Fine."
** '''...''' - "Not bad."

* '''tenpo ta ne wite''' - time big no see - ''Long time no see''

Miyu/writing

2025-04-04T22:59:56Z

Masako:

{| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 400px;"
!
! ''k/g''
! ''n''
! ''t/d''
! ''l/r''
! ''m''
! ''p/b''
! ''s''
! ''a''
! ''y''
! ''w''
|-align=center
! a
| <big><big>가</big></big>
| <big><big>나</big></big>
| <big><big>다</big></big>
| <big><big>라</big></big>
| <big><big>마</big></big>
| <big><big>바</big></big>
| <big><big>사</big></big>
| <big><big>아</big></big>
| <big><big>야</big></big>
| <big><big>와</big></big>
|-align=center
! e
| <big><big>거</big></big>
| <big><big>너</big></big>
| <big><big>더</big></big>
| <big><big>러</big></big>
| <big><big>머</big></big>
| <big><big>버</big></big>
| <big><big>서</big></big>
| <big><big>어</big></big>
| <big><big>여</big></big>
| <big><big>워</big></big>
|-align=center
! o
| <big><big>고</big></big>
| <big><big>노</big></big>
| <big><big>도</big></big>
| <big><big>로</big></big>
| <big><big>모</big></big>
| <big><big>보</big></big>
| <big><big>소</big></big>
| <big><big>오</big></big>
| <big><big>요</big></big>
| <big><big>-</big></big>
|-align=center
! u
| <big><big>구</big></big>
| <big><big>누</big></big>
| <big><big>두</big></big>
| <big><big>루</big></big>
| <big><big>무</big></big>
| <big><big>부</big></big>
| <big><big>수</big></big>
| <big><big>우</big></big>
| <big><big>유</big></big>
| <big><big>-</big></big>
|-align=center
! i
| <big><big>기</big></big>
| <big><big>니</big></big>
| <big><big>디</big></big>
| <big><big>리</big></big>
| <big><big>미</big></big>
| <big><big>비</big></big>
| <big><big>시</big></big>
| <big><big>이</big></big>
| <big><big>-</big></big>
| <big><big>위</big></big>
|}

{| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 400px;"
!
! ''k/g''
! ''n''
! ''t/d''
! ''l/r''
! ''m''
! ''p/b''
! ''s''
! ''a''
! ''y''
! ''w''
|-align=center
! an
| <big><big>간</big></big>
| <big><big>난</big></big>
| <big><big>단</big></big>
| <big><big>란</big></big>
| <big><big>만</big></big>
| <big><big>반</big></big>
| <big><big>산</big></big>
| <big><big>안</big></big>
| <big><big>얀</big></big>
| <big><big>완</big></big>
|-align=center
! en
| <big><big>건</big></big>
| <big><big>넌</big></big>
| <big><big>던</big></big>
| <big><big>런</big></big>
| <big><big>먼</big></big>
| <big><big>번</big></big>
| <big><big>선</big></big>
| <big><big>언</big></big>
| <big><big>연</big></big>
| <big><big>원</big></big>
|-align=center
! on
| <big><big>곤</big></big>
| <big><big>논</big></big>
| <big><big>돈</big></big>
| <big><big>론</big></big>
| <big><big>몬</big></big>
| <big><big>본</big></big>
| <big><big>손</big></big>
| <big><big>온</big></big>
| <big><big>욘</big></big>
| <big><big>-</big></big>
|-align=center
! un
| <big><big>군</big></big>
| <big><big>눈</big></big>
| <big><big>둔</big></big>
| <big><big>룬</big></big>
| <big><big>문</big></big>
| <big><big>분</big></big>
| <big><big>순</big></big>
| <big><big>운</big></big>
| <big><big>윤</big></big>
| <big><big>-</big></big>
|-align=center
! in
| <big><big>긴</big></big>
| <big><big>닌</big></big>
| <big><big>딘</big></big>
| <big><big>린</big></big>
| <big><big>민</big></big>
| <big><big>빈</big></big>
| <big><big>신</big></big>
| <big><big>인</big></big>
| <big><big>-</big></big>
| <big><big>윈</big></big>
|}

Miyu/lexicon

2025-04-03T18:24:48Z

Masako: /* p */

Miyu/lexicon

2025-04-03T18:15:02Z

Masako: /* oya */

Miyu/lexicon

2025-04-03T18:09:07Z

Masako: /* n */

Miyu/lexicon

2025-04-03T18:01:00Z

Masako: /* ma */

Miyu/lexicon

2025-04-03T17:33:28Z

Masako: /* ma */

Miyu/lexicon

2025-04-03T17:33:09Z

Masako: /* lo */

Miyu/lexicon

2025-04-01T17:03:53Z

Masako: /* kun */

User:Masako/pataka

2025-04-01T17:03:15Z

Masako: /* ka */

en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:Wikitext

= Heading 1 =

* In syllable codas, {{IPA|[ʃ]}} replaces {{IPA|[s]}}.
* In syllable codas, {{IPA|[ʒ]}} replaces {{IPA|[z]}}.
* {{IPA|[β]}} and {{IPA|[ʙ]}} are in free variation.
* {{IPA|[ʁ]}} and {{IPA|[ʀ]}} are in free variation.

Because of its small phoneme inventory, '''Miyu''' allows for extensive allophonic variation. For example, /p t k/ may be pronounced [b d ɡ] as well as [p t k], /s/ as [z] or [ʃ] as well as [s], /l/ as [ɾ] as well as [l], and vowels may be either long or short.

== Heading 2 ==
=== Heading 3 ===
==== Heading 4 ====

<nowiki>

{{col-begin}}
{{col-break}}

words

{{col-break}}

ety

{{col-break}}

abbs

{{col-end}}

</nowiki>

===== Heading 5 =====
====== Heading 6 ======

: = indentation

* Item1
* Item4
** Sub-item 4 a)
*** Sub-item 4 a) 1.
**** Sub-item 4 a) 1. i)
** Sub-item 4 b)
* Item5

# Item1
# Item4
## Sub-item 1
### Sub-sub-item
#### Sub-sub-sub-item
## Sub-item 2
# Item5

; Term : Definition1

; Term
: Definition1
: Definition2
: Definition3

To ''italicize text'', put two consecutive apostrophes on each side of it.

Three apostrophes each side will '''bold the text'''.

Five consecutive apostrophes on each side (two for italics plus three for bold) produces '''''bold italics'''''.

'''''Italic and bold formatting''''' works correctly only within a single line.

For text as {{smallcaps|small caps}}, use the template {{tl|smallcaps}}.

* [[WP:Lingua Franca Nova|LFN]]

* [[Wiktionary:亡|tokomo]]

= old / wrong =

'''Kalo''' is intended to be a minimalist [[wp:Artistic_language|artlang]], not an [[wp:International_auxiliary_language|auxlang]]. It draws primarily on vocabulary from the five most spoken languages in the world; [[wp:List_of_languages_by_number_of_native_speakers|Mandarin, Spanish, English, and Arabic]] ('''Hindi''' is used sparingly although it is spoken by more speakers than Arabic). The grammar is mostly isolating with very few elements of inflection, mostly to show plurality or possession.

'''Kalo''' is NOT meant to mimic, replace, or be inspired by Toki Pona or any [[wp:International_auxiliary_language|IAL]]. Any similarities are based on design aesthetic coincidences and the minimalist nature of the language.

Voiced plosives and affricates, and /f/ occur only in the Southern Tujia dialects.
[n] and [l] are in free variation.
[ɲ] is an allophone of /n/.
/x/ has allophones [ç] before /i/ and [ɸ] before /u/.

=== writing ===

[[File:Kaloji.png|thumb|alt=All of the Kalo syllables in Hangul|right|upright=0.75|Kalo Hangul]]

If desired, an adaptation of Hangul may be used to write '''Kalo'''.

* <big><big>ㄱ ㄴ ㄷ ㄹ ㅁ ㅂ ㅅ ㅇ</big></big>
: '''k n t l m p s -'''

* <big><big>ㅏ ㅑ ㅓ ㅕ ㅗ ㅘ ㅛ ㅜ ㅝ ㅟ ㅠ ㅡ ㅣ</big></big>
: '''a ya e ye o wa yo u we wi yu - i'''

==== Examples ====

* <big><big>와로 너 고머 사 </big></big>
: '''walo ne kome sa'''
: 1pl NEG eat FUT 
: ''We will not eat.''

[[File:Kaloji2.png|thumb|alt=A katakana method for writing Kalo|right|upright=0.75|Kalo Katakana]]

== allophony ==
The nasal at the end of a syllable can be pronounced as any nasal stop, though it is normally assimilated to the following consonant. That is, it typically occurs as an [n] before /t/ or /s/, as an [m] before /p/, as an [ŋ] before /k/, and as an [ɲ] before /j/. Because of its small phoneme inventory, '''kalo''' allows for quite a lot of allophonic variation. For example, /p t k/ may be pronounced [b d ɡ] as well as [p t k], /s/ as [z] or [ʃ] as well as [s], /l/ as [ɾ] as well as [l], and vowels may be either long or short. Both its sound inventory and phonotactics (patterns of possible sound combinations) are found in the majority of human languages and are therefore readily accessible.

= Syntax =

* '''wa kome''' - 1S eat - ''I eat.'' (SV)
:
* '''wa amo ko''' - 1S love 3S - ''I love her.'' (SVO)
:
* '''o mala amo''' - DO woman love - ''The woman is loved.'' (OV)

= Nouns =

Nouns only decline for number and possession. They are altered with '''-lo''' to show plurality, and possessiveness with '''-yo'''.

== pronouns ==

'''kalo''' has three basic pronouns; '''wa''' [1sg], '''ni''' [2sg], and '''ko''' [3sg]. These do not indicate gender. These can be made plural using the suffix "'''-lo'''", and possessive with "'''-yo'''".

{| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 500px;"
!
! singular
! plural
! possessive
|-align=center
! 1st person
| '''wa''' I; me
| '''walo''' we; us
| '''wayo''' my; mine; our(s)
|-align=center
! 2nd person
| '''ni''' you
| '''nilo''' you (all)
| '''niyo''' your(s)
|-align=center
! 3rd person
| '''ko''' he; she; him; her; it
| '''kolo''' they; them; those
| '''koyo''' their(s)
|}

* '''walo wite ni''' - 1pl see 2s - ''We see you.''

* '''kolo ne kono wa''' - 3pl NEG know 1s - ''They don't know me.''

= Verbs =

Verbs do not change and are only ever modified by particles.

* '''maka''' - do; make; cause (from [[wiktionary:make|make]])
* '''yo''' - possess; have; hold (from [[wiktionary:有#Definitions|有]])

== tense, aspect, and mood ==

Past tense is indicated by the particle '''le''' ([[wiktionary:了|了]]) following the verb. Future tense is indicated by the particle '''sa''' ([[wiktionary:س#Etymology_2|سَـ]]).

{| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 400px;"
|-−
!tense/mood !! particle !! example !! translation
|-
|present || - || '''wa ila''' || ''I go''
|-
|past || '''le''' || '''wa ila le''' || ''I went''
|-
|future || '''sa''' || '''wa ila sa''' || ''I will go''
|-
|conditional || '''kisa''' || '''wa ila kisa''' || ''I would go''
|}

* '''ko ne kome le''' - 3sg NEG eat PST - ''He didn't eat.''

* '''walo wite sa ko''' - 1pl see FUT 3sg - ''We will see her.''

== positional verbs ==

'''Kalo''' does not use prepositions, but instead uses positional verbs as auxiliaries. These are also used as temporal adverbs in certain situations.

* '''yu''' - in; at; within; inside; during; between | from ([[wiktionary:于|于]])
* '''ila''' - be toward; at; in the direction of; go; walk; travel | from ([[wiktionary:إلى|إلى]])

= Particles =

== determiners ==

Determiners in '''kalo''' precede the noun they modify.

=== deixis ===

* '''pu''' - this; these
* '''su''' - that; those

=== amount ===

* '''aku''' - many; much (one hundred)
* '''kula''' - all; every; each
* '''ne''' - no; none; zero
* '''poka''' - some; several; a few
::
* '''meno''' - less; fewer / few; a little
* '''maso''' - more

=== other-ness ===

* '''asi''' - such
* '''ayo''' - whichever; whatever
* '''oto''' - other
* '''tonye''' - same

= Number =

When numbers one through ten occur independently, the indicator "'''ke'''" precedes the number.

* '''ko yo le o kasa ke li'''
: 3s have PST O house NUM two
: ''She had two houses.''

* '''wa wite o nano ke si'''
: 1s see O man NUM four 
: ''I see four men.''

== Higher Numbers ==

* '''yewa''' - 11; eleven
* '''yeli''' - 12; twelve
* '''liye''' - 20; twenty
* '''liyesi''' - 24; twenty-four
* '''kuyeli''' - 112; one-hundred-twelve
* '''sankuweyepen''' - 365; three-hundred-sixty-five

__NOTOC__

<center>
[[#ka|ka]] [[#sa|sa]] [[#ta|ta]] [[#na|na]] [[#pa|pa]] [[#ma|ma]] [[#ya|ya]] [[#la|la]] [[#wa|wa]] [[#a|a i u e o]]
</center>

= ka =

* '''kisa''' /ˈki.sa/ from SPA [[wiktionary:quizá#Spanish|quizá]]
: ''part'' - perhaps; maybe; if; conditional particle [COND]

* '''kute''' /ˈku.te/ from FRE [[wiktionary:écouter|écouter]]
: ''v'' - listen; hear

* '''kono''' /ˈko.no/ from SPA [[wiktionary:conocer#Spanish|conocer]]
: ''n'' - knowledge; awareness; understanding; recognition
: ''v'' - know; understand; be aware (of); recognize

* '''kome''' /ˈko.me/ from SPA [[wiktionary:comer#Spanish|comer]]
: ''v'' - eat; consume; drink

= sa =

* '''sa''' /sa/ from ARA [[wiktionary:س#Etymology_2|سَـ]]
: ''part'' - future tense particle [FUT]

* '''saka/na''' /ˈsa.ka.na/ from ARA [[wiktionary:سخن|سخن]]
: ''v'' - be hot; be warm; burn
: ''n'' - heat; warmth / fire

* '''sana''' /ˈsa.na/ from ARA [[wiktionary:سنة|سنة]]
: ''n'' - year; 365 days

* '''sapa''' /ˈsa.pa/ from ARA [[wiktionary:سبب|سبب]]
: ''n'' - cause; reason; purpose; rationale; motive

* '''salama''' /sa.ˈla.ma/ from ARA [[wiktionary:سلم#Arabic|سلم]]
: ''n'' - peace; calm; tranquility; quiet
: ''v'' - be peaceful; be calm
: ''intj'' - Peace! Hey! Hi!

* '''sawa''' /ˈsa.wa/ from ARA [[wiktionary:زوج|زوج]]
: ''n'' - spouse; husband; wife; sweetheart; mate
: ''v'' - marry

* '''si''' /si/ from ZHO [[wiktionary:四#Definitions|四]]
: ''num'' - four; 4

* '''siya''' /ˈsi.ja/ from ZHO [[wiktionary:下#Definitions|下]]
: ''prep'' - below; under; beneath
: ''v'' - be under; be lower

* '''su''' /su/ from TUR [[wiktionary:şu#Turkish|şu]]
: ''part'' - that; those (over there)

* '''sunya''' /ˈsun.ja/ from HIN [[wiktionary:शून्य|शून्य]]
: ''num'' - zero; 0
: ''n'' - nothing
: ''v'' - be empty; be void

* '''se''' /se/ from SPA [[wiktionary:se#Spanish|se]]
: ''pro'' - reflexive / reciprocal pronoun

* '''sosa''' /ˈso.sa/ from SPA [[wiktionary:salsa#Spanish|salsa]]
: ''n'' - juice; sauce; gravy; dressing

= ta =

* '''tanka''' /ˈtaŋ.ka/ from ENG/GER [[wiktionary:thank|thank]]/[[wiktionary:danke#German|danke]]
: ''v'' - to thank; show appreciation; express gratitude
: ''part/intj'' - thank you; thanks

* '''tapo''' /ˈta.po/ from ZHO [[wiktionary:打破|打破]]
: ''v'' - damage; wreck; break; destroy
: ''n'' - destruction; damage

* '''tipa''' /ˈti.pa/ (or '''tupa''' /ˈtu.pa/) from ARA [[wiktionary:طيب|طيب]] (or [[wiktionary:טוב|טוב]])
: ''v'' - be good; pleasant; agreeable; nice; sweet; OK
: ''intj'' - great! good! thanks! OK! cool! yay!

* '''tiya''' /ˈti.ja/ from SPA [[wiktionary:tía#Spanish|tía]]
: ''n'' - aunt/uncle; extended family

* '''te''' /te/ from SPA/ZHO [[wiktionary:de#Etymology_2_10|de]]/[[wiktionary:的#Definitions_2|的]]
: ''v'' - to move away from
: ''prep'' - of; from

* '''tenpo''' /ˈtem.po/ from SPA [[wiktionary:tiempo#Spanish|tiempo]]
: ''n'' - time; moment; period

* '''tela''' or '''talo''' /ˈte.la/ or /ˈta.lo/ from ENG [[wiktionary:tell|tell]]
: ''n'' - language; talk; speech
: ''v'' - talk; speak; discuss; say; tell

* '''tonpa''' /ˈtom.pa/ from ZHO [[wiktionary:同胞#Mandarin|同胞]]
: ''n'' - sibling; compatriot; friend

* '''tonye''' /ˈto.ɲe/ (or '''ton''' /ton/) from ZHO [[wiktionary:同一#Mandarin|同一]]
: ''v'' - be identical; same; equivalent; equal

= na =

* '''nai''' /naɪ/ from ZHO [[wiktionary:內#Japanese|內]]
: ''v'' - be inside; within
: ''prep'' - inside; within; during; while

* '''nano''' /ˈna.no/ from ZHO [[wiktionary:男#Definitions|男]]
: ''n'' - man; male

* '''nama''' /ˈna.ma/ from ARA [[wiktionary:نام#Verb|نام]]
: ''v'' - sleep; rest; relax

* '''naya''' /ˈna.ja/ from HIN [[wiktionary:नया|नया]]
: ''v'' - be new; fresh; young

* '''nalu''' /ˈna.lu/ from JPN [[wiktionary:なる|なる]]
: ''v'' - succeed; finish; complete; accomplish; become; turn into

* '''ni''' /ni/ from ZHO [[wiktionary:你#Definitions|你]]
: ''pro'' - you [2sg]

* '''nun''' /nun/ from PIE [[wiktionary:Reconstruction:Proto-Indo-European/h₁néwn̥|h₁néwn̥]]
: ''num'' - nine; 9

* '''ne''' /ne/ from ENG [[wiktionary:nay#Interjection|nay]]
: ''part'' - no; not; negative [NEG]

* '''nesi''' /ˈne.si/ from SPA [[wiktionary:necesitar#Spanish|necesitar]]
: ''v'' - need; require; must
: ''n'' - obligation; need

* '''nen/ka''' /ˈnen.ka/ from ZHO [[wiktionary:能#Definitions|能]]
: ''v'' - be able to; be capable; be possible
: ''n'' - potential; possibility; capability

* '''note''' /ˈno.te/ from SPA [[wiktionary:noche#Spanish|noche]]
: ''n'' - night; darkness

= pa =

* '''pa''' /pa/ from ZHO [[wiktionary:八|八]]
: ''num'' - eight; 8

* '''pan''' /pan/ from SPA/ZHO [[wiktionary:pan#Spanish|pan]]/[[wiktionary:飯|飯]]
: ''n'' - bread; food; sustenance

* '''pala''' /ˈpa.la/ from SPA [[wiktionary:palabra#Spanish|palabra]]
: ''n'' - word; morpheme; lexeme

* '''pina''' /ˈpi.na/ from ARA [[wiktionary:ابن|ابن]]
: ''n'' - child; offspring; kid

* '''pu''' /pu/ from TUR [[wiktionary:bu#Turkish|bu]]
: ''part'' - this; these (here)

* '''pula''' /ˈpu.la/ from HIN [[wiktionary:बुरा|बुरा]]
: ''n'' - evil
: ''v'' - be bad; spoiled; be broken; to break down; be wicked; be evil

* '''pen''' /pen/ from ELL [[wiktionary:πέντε#Greek|πέντε]]
: ''num'' - five; 5

* '''po''' /po/ from SPA [[wiktionary:por#Spanish|por]]
: ''prep'' - by; for; [be] about
: ''v'' - [go] through; [move] across

* '''poka''' /ˈpo.ka/ from SPA [[wiktionary:poco#Spanish|poca]]
: ''v'' - be small; little
: ''v'' - be few; less

* '''ponte''' /ˈpon.te/ from ENG [[wiktionary:ponder|ponder]]
: ''v'' - think; ponder; consider; weigh
: ''n'' - thought; idea; consideration

* '''pone''' /ˈpo.ne/ from SPA [[wiktionary:poner|poner]]
: ''v'' - to put, to place, to set

= ma =

* '''ma''' /ma/ from ZHO [[wiktionary:嗎#Chinese|嗎]]
: ''part'' - interrogative particle [Q]

* '''maka''' /ˈma.ka/ from ENG [[wiktionary:make|make]]
: ''n'' - cause; action; happening
: ''v'' - do; make; cause; happen

* '''maso''' /ˈma.so/ from SPA [[wiktionary:más#Spanish|más]]
: ''part'' - more; again
: ''n'' - layer; repetition; addition
: ''v'' - add; repeat; layer

* '''mala''' /ˈma.la/ from ARA [[wiktionary:امرأة|امرأة]]
: ''n'' - woman; female; wife

* '''mila''' /ˈmi.la/ from SPA [[wiktionary:mil#Spanish|mil]]
: ''num'' - thousand; 1000

* '''muki''' /ˈmu.ki/ from ARA [[wiktionary:مهم|مهم]]
: ''n'' - importance; significance
: ''v'' - be important; matter

* '''muna''' /ˈmu.na/ from ENG [[wiktionary:moon#English|moon]]
: ''n'' - moon; month

* '''me''' /me/ from FRE [[wiktionary:mais#French|mais]]
: ''part'' - but; however; although

* '''moto''' /ˈmo.to/ from SPA [[wiktionary:modo#Spanish|modo]]
: ''n'' - mood; manner; way; method

= ya =

* '''ya''' /ja/ from ARA [[wiktionary:يا#Arabic|يا]]
: ''part'' - vocative marker [VOC]; hey; let's ~

* '''yati''' /ˈja.ti/ from ARA [[wiktionary:يد|يد]]
: ''n'' - hand; arm
: ''v'' - give; transfer

* '''yapu''' /ˈja.pu/ from ARA [[wiktionary:عفا|عفا]]
: ''n'' - pardon; excuse; forgiveness
: ''v'' - pardon; excuse; forgive

* '''yame''' /ˈja.me/ from ARA [[wiktionary:جمع|جمع]]
: ''n'' - collection; gathering; group; set
: ''v'' - gather; collect; assemble; unite

* '''yu''' /ju/ from ZHO [[wiktionary:於#Definitions|于]]
: ''v'' - be in; at; out of
: ''prep'' - in; at; to; by; than; out of

* '''yuma''' /ˈju.ma/ from ARA [[wiktionary:يوم#Arabic|يوم]]
: ''n'' - day; daylight; 24 hour period

* '''ye''' /je/ from KOR [[wiktionary:열#Korean|열]]
: ''num'' - ten; 10

* '''yeko''' /ˈje.ko/ from ZHO [[wiktionary:以後#Chinese|以后]]
: ''prep'' - back; behind; rear; afterwards; after; later
: ''adv'' - from now on; henceforth

* '''yo''' /jo/ from ZHO [[wiktionary:有#Definitions|有]]
: ''v'' - have; possess; carry; hold; keep

= la =

* '''laka''' /ˈla.ka/ from ARA [[wiktionary:رقم|رقم]]
: ''n'' - number; digit; amount
: ''v'' - count; enumerate

* '''lata''' /ˈla.ta/ from SPA [[wiktionary:lata#Spanish|lata]]
: ''n'' - box; bucket; basket; container; vessel
: ''v'' - carry; tote; transport

* '''li''' /li/ from ZHO [[wiktionary:兩#Definitions|兩]]
: ''num'' - two; double; duo
: ''pro'' - some; a few

* '''le''' /le/ from ZHO [[wiktionary:了|了]]
: ''part'' - past tense marker [PST]

* '''loka''' /ˈlo.ka/ from SPA [[wiktionary:local#Spanish|local]]
: ''n'' - place; location; point; spot

= wa =

* '''wa''' /wa/ from ARA/ZHO [[wiktionary:واحد|واحد]]/[[wiktionary:我|我]]
: ''pro'' - I; me [1sg]
: ''num'' - one; 1; single
: ''v'' - be alone; be singular

* '''wan''' /wan/ from ENG [[wiktionary:want#Verb|want]]
: ''v'' - want; desire; wish for

* '''waya''' /ˈwa.ja/ from HIN [[wiktionary:वयस्क|वयस्क]]
: ''v'' - grow; mature; develop
: ''n'' - adult; mature thing

* '''wite''' /ˈwi.te/ from PIE [[wiktionary:econstruction:Proto-Indo-European/weyd-|weyd]]
: ''v'' - look; see; observe; watch; read

* '''wino''' /ˈwi.no/ from SPA [[wiktionary:vino#Spanish|vino]]
: ''n'' - alcohol; beer; wine
: ''v'' - drink ~

* '''we''' /we/ from PIE [[wiktionary:econstruction:Proto-Indo-European/swéḱs|swéḱs]]
: ''num'' - six; 6

* '''weko''' /ˈwe.ko/ from SPA [[wiktionary:hueco|hueco]]
: ''n'' - door, hole, orifice, window; port

* '''wento''' /ˈwen.to/ from SPA [[wiktionary:viento|viento]]
: ''n'' - air; wind; void; essence; spirit

* '''wela''' /ˈwe.la/ from SPA [[wiktionary:fuera#Spanish|fuera]]
: ''prep'' - outside; exterior
: ''v'' - leave; exit

= a =

* '''alima''' /a.ˈli.ma/ from ARA [[wiktionary:علم|علم]]
: ''v'' - to discern, to find out, to learn
: ''n'' - learning; education; knowledge

* '''amo''' /ˈa.mo/ from SPA [[wiktionary:amor#Spanish|amor]]
: ''n'' - love; affection; adoration
: ''v'' - love; adore; like

* '''ante''' /ˈan.te/ from SPA [[wiktionary:ante#Spanish|ante]]
: ''n'' - front side; chest; fore area
: ''prep'' - before; in front; forward; ahead

* '''asi''' /ˈa.si/ from SPA [[wiktionary:así#Spanish|así]]
: ''part'' - like this/that; as [such]; thus; so

* '''awa''' /ˈa.wa/ from ARA [[wiktionary:أو|أو]]
: ''part'' - either; or; other

* '''ayo''' /ˈa.jo/ from ARA [[wiktionary:أي|أي]]
:''part'' - whichever; whatever; something [INDEF]

* '''e''' /e/ from SPA/ZHO [[wiktionary:e#Etymology_2_17|e]]/[[wiktionary:和#Definitions_2|和]]
: ''part'' - and; also; too

* '''ila''' /ˈi.la/ from ARA [[wiktionary:إلى|إلى]]
: ''prep'' - toward; at; in direction of
: ''v'' - go (toward); walk; travel

* '''o''' /o/ from JPN [[wiktionary:を#Etymology_2|を]]
: ''part'' - direct object particle

* wikitravel.org/en/Spanish_phrasebook
* en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Category:Phrasebooks_by_language

A working phrasebook for [[Kalo]].

= Essentials =

* '''ola''' - Used for "hello; goodbye; farewell; welcome" (analogous to [[wiktionary:aloha#Hawaiian|aloha]])

* '''kan/a''' - "yes; it is"
* '''ne''' - "no; it is not"

* '''yapu wa''' - "Excuse me."
* '''nenka ma''' - "Please." [''lit'': is (it) possible?]
:: by extension "Do you mind?"
* '''tanka (ta)''' - "Thank you (very much)."
* '''tipa''' - "(That's) OK."

= Greetings & Goodbyes =

* '''ola yuma''' - "Good morning/day/afternoon"
* '''ola note''' - "Good evening/night"
* '''salama''' - "Hey/Hi/Hello/Bye"

== Civilities ==

* '''moto (niyo) ma''' - manner 2s.POSS Q - ''How are you?''
** '''tipa''' - "Good/OK/Fine."
** '''...''' - "Not bad."

* '''tenpo ta ne wite''' - time big no see - ''Long time no see''

User:Masako/pataka

2025-04-01T17:01:56Z

Masako: /* questions */

en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:Wikitext

= Heading 1 =

* In syllable codas, {{IPA|[ʃ]}} replaces {{IPA|[s]}}.
* In syllable codas, {{IPA|[ʒ]}} replaces {{IPA|[z]}}.
* {{IPA|[β]}} and {{IPA|[ʙ]}} are in free variation.
* {{IPA|[ʁ]}} and {{IPA|[ʀ]}} are in free variation.

Because of its small phoneme inventory, '''Miyu''' allows for extensive allophonic variation. For example, /p t k/ may be pronounced [b d ɡ] as well as [p t k], /s/ as [z] or [ʃ] as well as [s], /l/ as [ɾ] as well as [l], and vowels may be either long or short.

== Heading 2 ==
=== Heading 3 ===
==== Heading 4 ====

<nowiki>

{{col-begin}}
{{col-break}}

words

{{col-break}}

ety

{{col-break}}

abbs

{{col-end}}

</nowiki>

===== Heading 5 =====
====== Heading 6 ======

: = indentation

* Item1
* Item4
** Sub-item 4 a)
*** Sub-item 4 a) 1.
**** Sub-item 4 a) 1. i)
** Sub-item 4 b)
* Item5

# Item1
# Item4
## Sub-item 1
### Sub-sub-item
#### Sub-sub-sub-item
## Sub-item 2
# Item5

; Term : Definition1

; Term
: Definition1
: Definition2
: Definition3

To ''italicize text'', put two consecutive apostrophes on each side of it.

Three apostrophes each side will '''bold the text'''.

Five consecutive apostrophes on each side (two for italics plus three for bold) produces '''''bold italics'''''.

'''''Italic and bold formatting''''' works correctly only within a single line.

For text as {{smallcaps|small caps}}, use the template {{tl|smallcaps}}.

* [[WP:Lingua Franca Nova|LFN]]

* [[Wiktionary:亡|tokomo]]

= old / wrong =

'''Kalo''' is intended to be a minimalist [[wp:Artistic_language|artlang]], not an [[wp:International_auxiliary_language|auxlang]]. It draws primarily on vocabulary from the five most spoken languages in the world; [[wp:List_of_languages_by_number_of_native_speakers|Mandarin, Spanish, English, and Arabic]] ('''Hindi''' is used sparingly although it is spoken by more speakers than Arabic). The grammar is mostly isolating with very few elements of inflection, mostly to show plurality or possession.

'''Kalo''' is NOT meant to mimic, replace, or be inspired by Toki Pona or any [[wp:International_auxiliary_language|IAL]]. Any similarities are based on design aesthetic coincidences and the minimalist nature of the language.

Voiced plosives and affricates, and /f/ occur only in the Southern Tujia dialects.
[n] and [l] are in free variation.
[ɲ] is an allophone of /n/.
/x/ has allophones [ç] before /i/ and [ɸ] before /u/.

=== writing ===

[[File:Kaloji.png|thumb|alt=All of the Kalo syllables in Hangul|right|upright=0.75|Kalo Hangul]]

If desired, an adaptation of Hangul may be used to write '''Kalo'''.

* <big><big>ㄱ ㄴ ㄷ ㄹ ㅁ ㅂ ㅅ ㅇ</big></big>
: '''k n t l m p s -'''

* <big><big>ㅏ ㅑ ㅓ ㅕ ㅗ ㅘ ㅛ ㅜ ㅝ ㅟ ㅠ ㅡ ㅣ</big></big>
: '''a ya e ye o wa yo u we wi yu - i'''

==== Examples ====

* <big><big>와로 너 고머 사 </big></big>
: '''walo ne kome sa'''
: 1pl NEG eat FUT 
: ''We will not eat.''

[[File:Kaloji2.png|thumb|alt=A katakana method for writing Kalo|right|upright=0.75|Kalo Katakana]]

== allophony ==
The nasal at the end of a syllable can be pronounced as any nasal stop, though it is normally assimilated to the following consonant. That is, it typically occurs as an [n] before /t/ or /s/, as an [m] before /p/, as an [ŋ] before /k/, and as an [ɲ] before /j/. Because of its small phoneme inventory, '''kalo''' allows for quite a lot of allophonic variation. For example, /p t k/ may be pronounced [b d ɡ] as well as [p t k], /s/ as [z] or [ʃ] as well as [s], /l/ as [ɾ] as well as [l], and vowels may be either long or short. Both its sound inventory and phonotactics (patterns of possible sound combinations) are found in the majority of human languages and are therefore readily accessible.

= Syntax =

* '''wa kome''' - 1S eat - ''I eat.'' (SV)
:
* '''wa amo ko''' - 1S love 3S - ''I love her.'' (SVO)
:
* '''o mala amo''' - DO woman love - ''The woman is loved.'' (OV)

= Nouns =

Nouns only decline for number and possession. They are altered with '''-lo''' to show plurality, and possessiveness with '''-yo'''.

== pronouns ==

'''kalo''' has three basic pronouns; '''wa''' [1sg], '''ni''' [2sg], and '''ko''' [3sg]. These do not indicate gender. These can be made plural using the suffix "'''-lo'''", and possessive with "'''-yo'''".

{| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 500px;"
!
! singular
! plural
! possessive
|-align=center
! 1st person
| '''wa''' I; me
| '''walo''' we; us
| '''wayo''' my; mine; our(s)
|-align=center
! 2nd person
| '''ni''' you
| '''nilo''' you (all)
| '''niyo''' your(s)
|-align=center
! 3rd person
| '''ko''' he; she; him; her; it
| '''kolo''' they; them; those
| '''koyo''' their(s)
|}

* '''walo wite ni''' - 1pl see 2s - ''We see you.''

* '''kolo ne kono wa''' - 3pl NEG know 1s - ''They don't know me.''

= Verbs =

Verbs do not change and are only ever modified by particles.

* '''maka''' - do; make; cause (from [[wiktionary:make|make]])
* '''yo''' - possess; have; hold (from [[wiktionary:有#Definitions|有]])

== tense, aspect, and mood ==

Past tense is indicated by the particle '''le''' ([[wiktionary:了|了]]) following the verb. Future tense is indicated by the particle '''sa''' ([[wiktionary:س#Etymology_2|سَـ]]).

{| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 400px;"
|-−
!tense/mood !! particle !! example !! translation
|-
|present || - || '''wa ila''' || ''I go''
|-
|past || '''le''' || '''wa ila le''' || ''I went''
|-
|future || '''sa''' || '''wa ila sa''' || ''I will go''
|-
|conditional || '''kisa''' || '''wa ila kisa''' || ''I would go''
|}

* '''ko ne kome le''' - 3sg NEG eat PST - ''He didn't eat.''

* '''walo wite sa ko''' - 1pl see FUT 3sg - ''We will see her.''

== positional verbs ==

'''Kalo''' does not use prepositions, but instead uses positional verbs as auxiliaries. These are also used as temporal adverbs in certain situations.

* '''yu''' - in; at; within; inside; during; between | from ([[wiktionary:于|于]])
* '''ila''' - be toward; at; in the direction of; go; walk; travel | from ([[wiktionary:إلى|إلى]])

= Particles =

== determiners ==

Determiners in '''kalo''' precede the noun they modify.

=== deixis ===

* '''pu''' - this; these
* '''su''' - that; those

=== amount ===

* '''aku''' - many; much (one hundred)
* '''kula''' - all; every; each
* '''ne''' - no; none; zero
* '''poka''' - some; several; a few
::
* '''meno''' - less; fewer / few; a little
* '''maso''' - more

=== other-ness ===

* '''asi''' - such
* '''ayo''' - whichever; whatever
* '''oto''' - other
* '''tonye''' - same

= Number =

When numbers one through ten occur independently, the indicator "'''ke'''" precedes the number.

* '''ko yo le o kasa ke li'''
: 3s have PST O house NUM two
: ''She had two houses.''

* '''wa wite o nano ke si'''
: 1s see O man NUM four 
: ''I see four men.''

== Higher Numbers ==

* '''yewa''' - 11; eleven
* '''yeli''' - 12; twelve
* '''liye''' - 20; twenty
* '''liyesi''' - 24; twenty-four
* '''kuyeli''' - 112; one-hundred-twelve
* '''sankuweyepen''' - 365; three-hundred-sixty-five

__NOTOC__

<center>
[[#ka|ka]] [[#sa|sa]] [[#ta|ta]] [[#na|na]] [[#pa|pa]] [[#ma|ma]] [[#ya|ya]] [[#la|la]] [[#wa|wa]] [[#a|a i u e o]]
</center>

= ka =

* '''kai''' /kaɪ̯/ from ZHO [[wiktionary:該#Definitions|該]]
: ''v'' - should; ought to; need to; have to

* '''kisa''' /ˈki.sa/ from SPA [[wiktionary:quizá#Spanish|quizá]]
: ''part'' - perhaps; maybe; if; conditional particle [COND]

* '''kute''' /ˈku.te/ from FRE [[wiktionary:écouter|écouter]]
: ''v'' - listen; hear

* '''kun''' /kun/ from SPA/ZHO [[wiktionary:con#Spanish|con]]/[[wiktionary:跟#Definitions|跟]]
: ''prep'' - with; by means of
: ''v'' - use; employ

* '''ke''' /ke/ from ZHO [[wiktionary:個#Definitions|個]]
: ''part'' - number marker

* '''ko''' /ko/ from JAP [[wiktionary:個#Japanese|個]]
: ''n'' - person; individual
: ''pro'' - he; she [3sg]

* '''kono''' /ˈko.no/ from SPA [[wiktionary:conocer#Spanish|conocer]]
: ''n'' - knowledge; awareness; understanding; recognition
: ''v'' - know; understand; be aware (of); recognize

* '''kome''' /ˈko.me/ from SPA [[wiktionary:comer#Spanish|comer]]
: ''v'' - eat; consume; drink

* '''koyo''' /ˈko.jo/ from '''KALO'''
: ''part'' - whose; of who(m)

= sa =

* '''sa''' /sa/ from ARA [[wiktionary:س#Etymology_2|سَـ]]
: ''part'' - future tense particle [FUT]

* '''saka/na''' /ˈsa.ka.na/ from ARA [[wiktionary:سخن|سخن]]
: ''v'' - be hot; be warm; burn
: ''n'' - heat; warmth / fire

* '''sana''' /ˈsa.na/ from ARA [[wiktionary:سنة|سنة]]
: ''n'' - year; 365 days

* '''sapa''' /ˈsa.pa/ from ARA [[wiktionary:سبب|سبب]]
: ''n'' - cause; reason; purpose; rationale; motive

* '''salama''' /sa.ˈla.ma/ from ARA [[wiktionary:سلم#Arabic|سلم]]
: ''n'' - peace; calm; tranquility; quiet
: ''v'' - be peaceful; be calm
: ''intj'' - Peace! Hey! Hi!

* '''sawa''' /ˈsa.wa/ from ARA [[wiktionary:زوج|زوج]]
: ''n'' - spouse; husband; wife; sweetheart; mate
: ''v'' - marry

* '''si''' /si/ from ZHO [[wiktionary:四#Definitions|四]]
: ''num'' - four; 4

* '''siya''' /ˈsi.ja/ from ZHO [[wiktionary:下#Definitions|下]]
: ''prep'' - below; under; beneath
: ''v'' - be under; be lower

* '''su''' /su/ from TUR [[wiktionary:şu#Turkish|şu]]
: ''part'' - that; those (over there)

* '''sunya''' /ˈsun.ja/ from HIN [[wiktionary:शून्य|शून्य]]
: ''num'' - zero; 0
: ''n'' - nothing
: ''v'' - be empty; be void

* '''se''' /se/ from SPA [[wiktionary:se#Spanish|se]]
: ''pro'' - reflexive / reciprocal pronoun

* '''sosa''' /ˈso.sa/ from SPA [[wiktionary:salsa#Spanish|salsa]]
: ''n'' - juice; sauce; gravy; dressing

= ta =

* '''tanka''' /ˈtaŋ.ka/ from ENG/GER [[wiktionary:thank|thank]]/[[wiktionary:danke#German|danke]]
: ''v'' - to thank; show appreciation; express gratitude
: ''part/intj'' - thank you; thanks

* '''tapo''' /ˈta.po/ from ZHO [[wiktionary:打破|打破]]
: ''v'' - damage; wreck; break; destroy
: ''n'' - destruction; damage

* '''tipa''' /ˈti.pa/ (or '''tupa''' /ˈtu.pa/) from ARA [[wiktionary:طيب|طيب]] (or [[wiktionary:טוב|טוב]])
: ''v'' - be good; pleasant; agreeable; nice; sweet; OK
: ''intj'' - great! good! thanks! OK! cool! yay!

* '''tiya''' /ˈti.ja/ from SPA [[wiktionary:tía#Spanish|tía]]
: ''n'' - aunt/uncle; extended family

* '''te''' /te/ from SPA/ZHO [[wiktionary:de#Etymology_2_10|de]]/[[wiktionary:的#Definitions_2|的]]
: ''v'' - to move away from
: ''prep'' - of; from

* '''tenpo''' /ˈtem.po/ from SPA [[wiktionary:tiempo#Spanish|tiempo]]
: ''n'' - time; moment; period

* '''tela''' or '''talo''' /ˈte.la/ or /ˈta.lo/ from ENG [[wiktionary:tell|tell]]
: ''n'' - language; talk; speech
: ''v'' - talk; speak; discuss; say; tell

* '''tonpa''' /ˈtom.pa/ from ZHO [[wiktionary:同胞#Mandarin|同胞]]
: ''n'' - sibling; compatriot; friend

* '''tonye''' /ˈto.ɲe/ (or '''ton''' /ton/) from ZHO [[wiktionary:同一#Mandarin|同一]]
: ''v'' - be identical; same; equivalent; equal

= na =

* '''nai''' /naɪ/ from ZHO [[wiktionary:內#Japanese|內]]
: ''v'' - be inside; within
: ''prep'' - inside; within; during; while

* '''nano''' /ˈna.no/ from ZHO [[wiktionary:男#Definitions|男]]
: ''n'' - man; male

* '''nama''' /ˈna.ma/ from ARA [[wiktionary:نام#Verb|نام]]
: ''v'' - sleep; rest; relax

* '''naya''' /ˈna.ja/ from HIN [[wiktionary:नया|नया]]
: ''v'' - be new; fresh; young

* '''nalu''' /ˈna.lu/ from JPN [[wiktionary:なる|なる]]
: ''v'' - succeed; finish; complete; accomplish; become; turn into

* '''ni''' /ni/ from ZHO [[wiktionary:你#Definitions|你]]
: ''pro'' - you [2sg]

* '''nun''' /nun/ from PIE [[wiktionary:Reconstruction:Proto-Indo-European/h₁néwn̥|h₁néwn̥]]
: ''num'' - nine; 9

* '''ne''' /ne/ from ENG [[wiktionary:nay#Interjection|nay]]
: ''part'' - no; not; negative [NEG]

* '''nesi''' /ˈne.si/ from SPA [[wiktionary:necesitar#Spanish|necesitar]]
: ''v'' - need; require; must
: ''n'' - obligation; need

* '''nen/ka''' /ˈnen.ka/ from ZHO [[wiktionary:能#Definitions|能]]
: ''v'' - be able to; be capable; be possible
: ''n'' - potential; possibility; capability

* '''note''' /ˈno.te/ from SPA [[wiktionary:noche#Spanish|noche]]
: ''n'' - night; darkness

= pa =

* '''pa''' /pa/ from ZHO [[wiktionary:八|八]]
: ''num'' - eight; 8

* '''pan''' /pan/ from SPA/ZHO [[wiktionary:pan#Spanish|pan]]/[[wiktionary:飯|飯]]
: ''n'' - bread; food; sustenance

* '''pala''' /ˈpa.la/ from SPA [[wiktionary:palabra#Spanish|palabra]]
: ''n'' - word; morpheme; lexeme

* '''pina''' /ˈpi.na/ from ARA [[wiktionary:ابن|ابن]]
: ''n'' - child; offspring; kid

* '''pu''' /pu/ from TUR [[wiktionary:bu#Turkish|bu]]
: ''part'' - this; these (here)

* '''pula''' /ˈpu.la/ from HIN [[wiktionary:बुरा|बुरा]]
: ''n'' - evil
: ''v'' - be bad; spoiled; be broken; to break down; be wicked; be evil

* '''pen''' /pen/ from ELL [[wiktionary:πέντε#Greek|πέντε]]
: ''num'' - five; 5

* '''po''' /po/ from SPA [[wiktionary:por#Spanish|por]]
: ''prep'' - by; for; [be] about
: ''v'' - [go] through; [move] across

* '''poka''' /ˈpo.ka/ from SPA [[wiktionary:poco#Spanish|poca]]
: ''v'' - be small; little
: ''v'' - be few; less

* '''ponte''' /ˈpon.te/ from ENG [[wiktionary:ponder|ponder]]
: ''v'' - think; ponder; consider; weigh
: ''n'' - thought; idea; consideration

* '''pone''' /ˈpo.ne/ from SPA [[wiktionary:poner|poner]]
: ''v'' - to put, to place, to set

= ma =

* '''ma''' /ma/ from ZHO [[wiktionary:嗎#Chinese|嗎]]
: ''part'' - interrogative particle [Q]

* '''maka''' /ˈma.ka/ from ENG [[wiktionary:make|make]]
: ''n'' - cause; action; happening
: ''v'' - do; make; cause; happen

* '''maso''' /ˈma.so/ from SPA [[wiktionary:más#Spanish|más]]
: ''part'' - more; again
: ''n'' - layer; repetition; addition
: ''v'' - add; repeat; layer

* '''mala''' /ˈma.la/ from ARA [[wiktionary:امرأة|امرأة]]
: ''n'' - woman; female; wife

* '''mila''' /ˈmi.la/ from SPA [[wiktionary:mil#Spanish|mil]]
: ''num'' - thousand; 1000

* '''muki''' /ˈmu.ki/ from ARA [[wiktionary:مهم|مهم]]
: ''n'' - importance; significance
: ''v'' - be important; matter

* '''muna''' /ˈmu.na/ from ENG [[wiktionary:moon#English|moon]]
: ''n'' - moon; month

* '''me''' /me/ from FRE [[wiktionary:mais#French|mais]]
: ''part'' - but; however; although

* '''moto''' /ˈmo.to/ from SPA [[wiktionary:modo#Spanish|modo]]
: ''n'' - mood; manner; way; method

= ya =

* '''ya''' /ja/ from ARA [[wiktionary:يا#Arabic|يا]]
: ''part'' - vocative marker [VOC]; hey; let's ~

* '''yati''' /ˈja.ti/ from ARA [[wiktionary:يد|يد]]
: ''n'' - hand; arm
: ''v'' - give; transfer

* '''yapu''' /ˈja.pu/ from ARA [[wiktionary:عفا|عفا]]
: ''n'' - pardon; excuse; forgiveness
: ''v'' - pardon; excuse; forgive

* '''yame''' /ˈja.me/ from ARA [[wiktionary:جمع|جمع]]
: ''n'' - collection; gathering; group; set
: ''v'' - gather; collect; assemble; unite

* '''yu''' /ju/ from ZHO [[wiktionary:於#Definitions|于]]
: ''v'' - be in; at; out of
: ''prep'' - in; at; to; by; than; out of

* '''yuma''' /ˈju.ma/ from ARA [[wiktionary:يوم#Arabic|يوم]]
: ''n'' - day; daylight; 24 hour period

* '''ye''' /je/ from KOR [[wiktionary:열#Korean|열]]
: ''num'' - ten; 10

* '''yeko''' /ˈje.ko/ from ZHO [[wiktionary:以後#Chinese|以后]]
: ''prep'' - back; behind; rear; afterwards; after; later
: ''adv'' - from now on; henceforth

* '''yo''' /jo/ from ZHO [[wiktionary:有#Definitions|有]]
: ''v'' - have; possess; carry; hold; keep

= la =

* '''laka''' /ˈla.ka/ from ARA [[wiktionary:رقم|رقم]]
: ''n'' - number; digit; amount
: ''v'' - count; enumerate

* '''lata''' /ˈla.ta/ from SPA [[wiktionary:lata#Spanish|lata]]
: ''n'' - box; bucket; basket; container; vessel
: ''v'' - carry; tote; transport

* '''li''' /li/ from ZHO [[wiktionary:兩#Definitions|兩]]
: ''num'' - two; double; duo
: ''pro'' - some; a few

* '''le''' /le/ from ZHO [[wiktionary:了|了]]
: ''part'' - past tense marker [PST]

* '''loka''' /ˈlo.ka/ from SPA [[wiktionary:local#Spanish|local]]
: ''n'' - place; location; point; spot

= wa =

* '''wa''' /wa/ from ARA/ZHO [[wiktionary:واحد|واحد]]/[[wiktionary:我|我]]
: ''pro'' - I; me [1sg]
: ''num'' - one; 1; single
: ''v'' - be alone; be singular

* '''wan''' /wan/ from ENG [[wiktionary:want#Verb|want]]
: ''v'' - want; desire; wish for

* '''waya''' /ˈwa.ja/ from HIN [[wiktionary:वयस्क|वयस्क]]
: ''v'' - grow; mature; develop
: ''n'' - adult; mature thing

* '''wite''' /ˈwi.te/ from PIE [[wiktionary:econstruction:Proto-Indo-European/weyd-|weyd]]
: ''v'' - look; see; observe; watch; read

* '''wino''' /ˈwi.no/ from SPA [[wiktionary:vino#Spanish|vino]]
: ''n'' - alcohol; beer; wine
: ''v'' - drink ~

* '''we''' /we/ from PIE [[wiktionary:econstruction:Proto-Indo-European/swéḱs|swéḱs]]
: ''num'' - six; 6

* '''weko''' /ˈwe.ko/ from SPA [[wiktionary:hueco|hueco]]
: ''n'' - door, hole, orifice, window; port

* '''wento''' /ˈwen.to/ from SPA [[wiktionary:viento|viento]]
: ''n'' - air; wind; void; essence; spirit

* '''wela''' /ˈwe.la/ from SPA [[wiktionary:fuera#Spanish|fuera]]
: ''prep'' - outside; exterior
: ''v'' - leave; exit

= a =

* '''alima''' /a.ˈli.ma/ from ARA [[wiktionary:علم|علم]]
: ''v'' - to discern, to find out, to learn
: ''n'' - learning; education; knowledge

* '''amo''' /ˈa.mo/ from SPA [[wiktionary:amor#Spanish|amor]]
: ''n'' - love; affection; adoration
: ''v'' - love; adore; like

* '''ante''' /ˈan.te/ from SPA [[wiktionary:ante#Spanish|ante]]
: ''n'' - front side; chest; fore area
: ''prep'' - before; in front; forward; ahead

* '''asi''' /ˈa.si/ from SPA [[wiktionary:así#Spanish|así]]
: ''part'' - like this/that; as [such]; thus; so

* '''awa''' /ˈa.wa/ from ARA [[wiktionary:أو|أو]]
: ''part'' - either; or; other

* '''ayo''' /ˈa.jo/ from ARA [[wiktionary:أي|أي]]
:''part'' - whichever; whatever; something [INDEF]

* '''e''' /e/ from SPA/ZHO [[wiktionary:e#Etymology_2_17|e]]/[[wiktionary:和#Definitions_2|和]]
: ''part'' - and; also; too

* '''ila''' /ˈi.la/ from ARA [[wiktionary:إلى|إلى]]
: ''prep'' - toward; at; in direction of
: ''v'' - go (toward); walk; travel

* '''o''' /o/ from JPN [[wiktionary:を#Etymology_2|を]]
: ''part'' - direct object particle

* wikitravel.org/en/Spanish_phrasebook
* en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Category:Phrasebooks_by_language

A working phrasebook for [[Kalo]].

= Essentials =

* '''ola''' - Used for "hello; goodbye; farewell; welcome" (analogous to [[wiktionary:aloha#Hawaiian|aloha]])

* '''kan/a''' - "yes; it is"
* '''ne''' - "no; it is not"

* '''yapu wa''' - "Excuse me."
* '''nenka ma''' - "Please." [''lit'': is (it) possible?]
:: by extension "Do you mind?"
* '''tanka (ta)''' - "Thank you (very much)."
* '''tipa''' - "(That's) OK."

= Greetings & Goodbyes =

* '''ola yuma''' - "Good morning/day/afternoon"
* '''ola note''' - "Good evening/night"
* '''salama''' - "Hey/Hi/Hello/Bye"

== Civilities ==

* '''moto (niyo) ma''' - manner 2s.POSS Q - ''How are you?''
** '''tipa''' - "Good/OK/Fine."
** '''...''' - "Not bad."

* '''tenpo ta ne wite''' - time big no see - ''Long time no see''

Miyu

2025-04-01T17:01:27Z

Masako: /* Questions */

__NOTOC__

{{wip}}

:[[Miyu/lexicon|Lexicon]]
:[[Miyu/writing|Writing]]

= Introduction =

'''Miyu''' is an attempt to have a minimalist artlang in the spirit of Toki Pona that affords speakers more nuance, even with a reduced number of morphemes. Strict word order and and word compounding allow '''Miyu''' to be expansive and specific when necessary. Strict use of syntactic and lexical particles help to reduce sematic ambiguities.

Some key features:

:* [[wp:Subject–verb–object_word_order|Subject-Verb-Object word order]]
:* Highly [[wp:Analytic_language|analytical grammar]]
:* Invariable lexemes
:* Only 14 (base) sounds, 9 consonants, and 5 vowels
:* Simple [[wp:Phonotactics|phonotactics]], or [[wp:Syllable|syllable structure]] (C)V(N)
:* Only ~1000 core [[wp:Morpheme|morphemes]]
:* Easy-to-follow word [[wp:Compound_(linguistics)|compounding]]
:* Source languages are [[wp:List_of_languages_by_total_number_of_speakers|widely spoken/used]]

= Phonology =

'''Miyu''' has nine consonants (/p, t, k, s, m, n, l, j, w/) and five vowels (/a, e, i, o, u/). Stress is word final.

== consonants ==
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 300px;"
!
! Labial
! Coronal
! Dorsal
|-align=center
! Nasal
| m
| n
|
|-align=center
! Plosive
| p
| t
| k
|-align=center
! Fricative
|
| s
|
|-align=center
! Approximant
| w
| l
| j ('''y''')
|}

* The plosives /p t k/ are pronounced [b d ɡ] when in an unstressed syllable.
* {{IPA|[s]}} is in free variation with {{IPA|[z]}} and {{IPA|[ʃ]}}.
* {{IPA|[l]}} and {{IPA|[ɾ]}} are in [[wp:Free_variation|free variation]].

== vowels ==

Vowels in stressed syllables tend to be tense, and likewise unstressed ones tend to be more lax. Thus, for example, /i/ is realized as [i] or [ɪ] in stressed and unstressed syllables, respectively. Likewise, /e/ is realized as [e] or [ɛ], and so on.

{| class="wikitable"
|-
!''Vowels''!!Front!!Back
|- align="center"
!Close
|i~ɪ||u~ʊ
|- align="center"
!Mid
|e~ɛ||o~ɔ
|- align="center"
!Open
| colspan="2" |a~ə
|}

=== diphthongs ===

There are two diphthongs [ai̯] '''ai''', and [au̯] '''au'''. These typically occur word-finally.

== syllable structure ==

All syllables are of the form (C)V(N), that is, optional consonant + vowel + optional final nasal, or V, CV, VN, CVN.

=== syllables ===

{| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;"
|+ Valid syllables
! scope="col" |
! scope="col" | -a
! scope="col" | -ai
! scope="col" | -au
! scope="col" | -an
! scope="col" | -e
! scope="col" | -en
! scope="col" | -i
! scope="col" | -in
! scope="col" | -o
! scope="col" | -on
! scope="col" | -u
! scope="col" | -un
|-
! scope="row" | ∅-
| a
| ai
| au
| an
| e
| en
| i
| in
| o
| on
| u
| un
|-
! scope="row" | p-
| pa
| pai
| pau
| pan
| pe
| pen
| pi
| pin
| po
| pon
| pu
| pun
|-
! scope="row" | t-
| ta
| tai
| tau

| tan
| te
| ten
| ti
| tin
| to
| ton
| tu
| tun
|-
! scope="row" | k-
| ka
| kai
| kau
| kan
| ke
| ken
| ki
| kin
| ko
| kon
| ku
| kun
|-
! scope="row" | m-
| ma
| mai
| mau
| man
| me
| men
| mi
| min
| mo
| mon
| mu
| mun
|-
! scope="row" | n-
| na
| nai
| nau
| nan
| ne
| nen
| ni
| nin
| no
| non
| nu
| nun
|-
! scope="row" | s-
| sa
| sai
| sau
| san
| se
| sen
| si
| sin
| so
| son
| su
| sun
|-
! scope="row" | l-
| la
| lai
| lau
| lan
| le
| len
| li
| lin
| lo
| lon
| lu
| lun
|-
! scope="row" | w-
| wa
| wai
| style="background: #999" | –
| wan
| we
| wen
| wi
| win
| style="background: #999" | –
| style="background: #999" | –
| style="background: #999" | –
| style="background: #999" | –
|-
! scope="row" | y-
| ya
| style="background: #999" | –
| yau
| yan
| ye
| yen
| style="background: #999" | –
| style="background: #999" | –
| yo
| yon
| yu
| yun
|}

== phonotactics ==

A few syllables sequences are disallowed; /ji, wu, wo/. Also, a syllable-final nasal may not occur before /m/ or /n/ in the same root.

= Lexical Categories =

= Syntax =

[[wp:Classical_Arabic|Classical Arabic]] is primarily [[wp:Verb–subject–object|VSO]], but [[wp:Modern_Standard_Arabic|MSA]] (Modern Standard Arabic) tends to be [[wp:Subject–verb–object|SVO]], favoring full agreement over partial. [[wp:Chinese_grammar|Chinese]] is classified as an SVO language. Transitive verbs precede their objects in typical simple clauses, while the subject precedes the verb. [[wp:Spanish_grammar|Spanish]] unmarked word order for affirmative declarative sentences is SVO; however, as in other Romance languages, in practice, word order is mostly variable. [[wp:English_grammar|English]] word order is almost exclusively SVO. [[wp:Hindustani_grammar|Hindi]] is primarily an SOV language.

Based on the above information about the main source languages for '''Miyu''', it is primarily an SVO (subject-verb-object) language. Modifiers generally follow what they modify, as do prepositional phrases and subordinate clauses.

== Predication ==

'''Miyu''' uses a copula before nouns (or noun-like constructions/concepts) in predications, like '''wa kan apa''' ''“I am a man”'', but typically not before verbal constructions, including attributive verbs (i.e. adjectives). So, a sentence like '''wa kan pali''' ''“I am happy”'' would be grammatically incorrect but saying '''wa pali''' ''“I happy”'' is correct. Attributive verbs can be used as auxiliary verbs, or adverbs, such as '''wa pali ta''' ''“I am very happy”''.

== Nouns ==

=== Pronouns ===

== Particles ==

== Verbs ==

=== Tense, Aspect, Mood ===

== Questions ==

The interrogative particle '''ma''' is used in conjunction with various nouns, adverbs, and adjectives to form specific questions.

=== non-polar questions ===

{{col-begin}}
{{col-break}}
* '''ma''' - what; which
* '''ma ko''' - who, whom
* '''ma ko yo''' - whose, of whom
* '''ma an''' - when
{{col-break}}
* '''ma loka''' - where
* '''ma moto''' - how
* '''ma laka''' - how much, how many
* '''ma sapa''' - why
{{col-end}}

=== polar questions ===

Any statement can become a polar question by adding the interrogative particle '''ma''' at the end of the sentence.

{{col-begin}}
{{col-break}}
* '''wa wite le kasa'''
: 1S see PST house
: ''I saw the house.''
{{col-break}}
* '''ni wite le kasa ma'''
: 2S see PST house Q
: ''Did you see the house?''
{{col-end}}

== Number ==

{| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 500px;"
|+
|-
! Miyu
! number
! English
! Miyu
! number
! English
|-
| '''sunya''' || 0 || zero || [[Miyu/lexicon#na|'''na''']] || 7 || seven
|-
| [[Miyu/lexicon#wa|'''wa''']] || 1 || one || [[Miyu/lexicon#pa|'''pa''']] || 8 || eight
|-
| [[Miyu/lexicon#li|'''li''']] || 2 || two || [[Miyu/lexicon#nun|'''nun''']] || 9 || nine
|-
| [[Miyu/lexicon#san|'''san''']] || 3 || three || [[Miyu/lexicon#ye|'''ye''']] || 10 || ten
|-
| [[Miyu/lexicon#si|'''si''']] || 4 || four || [[Miyu/lexicon#aku|'''aku''']] || 100 || (one) hundred
|-
| [[Miyu/lexicon#pen|'''pen''']] || 5 || five || [[Miyu/lexicon#mila|'''mila''']] || 1000 || (one) thousand
|-
| [[Miyu/lexicon#we|'''we''']] || 6 || six || '' '' || '' '' || '' ''
|}

= Appendices =