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Silvinian

2025-12-14T18:08:24Z

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2025-11-06T21:51:19Z

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Silvinian

2025-09-23T06:50:47Z

Koyeniru: /* Nouns */

[[Category:Silvinian]]
[[Category:Conlangs]]
[[Category:Conlangs by Koyeniru]]

{{WIP}}

{{Infobox
|size=100px
|name=Silvinian
|native=Nyilvö
|script=Latin
|pronounce={{IPA|[ɲil.ʋə˦˨]}}
|creator=[[User:Koyeniru|Koyeniru]]
|date=2025
|morph=Agglutinative
|ms=Nominative
|wo=VOS default, but free word order
}}

'''Silvinian''' ([[wp:Endonym and Exonym|autoglossonym]]: '''Nyilvö''', <small>Silvinian: {{IPA|[ɲil.ʋə˦˨]}}</small>) is a '''[[personal language|personal]]''' conlang. Therefore, this language was made to express her creator's ideas and thoughts as truthfully and accurately as possible, as well as encompassing as few negative ideas as possible, most of them lacking a separate word, instead mostly relying on particles to express those meanings. Furthermore, this language has '''no intention of being fully naturalistic''', even though some naturalist thinking has been done during the conception of this language.

Grammatically and morphologically speaking, Silvinian is an '''agglutinative''', mostly suffixing '''VOS''' language, which makes use of '''postpositions''', and lacks '''"true" adjectives''', a function that is fulfilled by verbs. Verbs in this language have a very strict '''valency distinction''', especially for '''ambitransitives''', that may have two or more forms depending on their valency in-context.

__TOC__

==Phonology==
Silvinian distinguishes between '''16 to 25 consonants''', depending on whether allophones are counted or not, though the standard is to consider that there are '''18 consonants'''. Similarly for vowels, Silvinian can be analysed as having between '''6 and 8 vowels''', where the maximum range ('''8 vowels''') is considered to be the standard analysis.

===Consonants===
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 50%;"
|-
! rowspan=2; width: 20% |
! rowspan=2; width: 20% | Labial
! colspan=2; width: 20% | Coronal
! colspan=2; width: 20% | Dorsal
! rowspan=2; width: 20% | Glottal
|-
! <small>Dental</small>
! <small>Alveolar</small>
! <small>Palatal</small>{{ref label|palatal|1|a}}
! <small>Velar</small>
|-
! Nasal
| m
| colspan=2 | n̪~n
| (ɲ)
| ŋ
! background-color=#c0c0c0 |
|-
! Plosive
| p
| colspan=2 | t̪~t, d̪~d
| (c, ɟ)
| k
| ʔ
|-
! Fricative
| ɸ
| (θ, ð){{ref label|intervocalic|2|a}}
| s, z
| (ʃ, ʒ)
| x
| h
|-
! Approximant
| ʋ~w
| colspan=2 | l̪~l
| (ʎ), j
! background-color=#c0c0c0 |
! background-color=#c0c0c0 |
|-
! Rhotic
! background-color=#c0c0c0 |
| colspan=2 | r̪~r
! background-color=#c0c0c0 |
! background-color=#c0c0c0 |
! background-color=#c0c0c0 |
|}

:1. {{note label|palatal||a}} Palatal consonants (except {{IPA|/j/}}) are only allophones of coronals (except for {{IPA|[θ]}} and {{IPA|[ð]}}) followed by {{IPA|/j/}}.
:2. {{note label|intervocalic||a}} {{IPA|[θ]}} and {{IPA|[ð]}} are allophones of intervocalic {{IPA|/t/}} and {{IPA|/d/}}.

====Further notes====
* Syllable-final "n" might be dropped, nasalizing the preceding vowel, as in '''''"hatyön"''''', which is pronounced anywhere between '''{{IPA|[ha.ˈcɵn]}}''' and '''{{IPA|[ha.ˈcɵ̃]}}'''.
* Nasal consonants assimilate in place of articulation with the following consonants, and precedes nasalization in rule order, like in '''''"ándyas"''''', pronounced '''{{IPA|[æːɲ.ɟas]}}''', and not *'''{{IPA|[æ̃ː.ɟas]}}'''.
** The cluster '''{{IPA|[ɲɟ]}}''' (or any nasal-plosive cluster) can also be pronounced as a pre-nasalised stop like '''{{IPA|[<sup>ɲ</sup>ɟ]}}'''.
* Intervocalic non-geminated plosives lenite into fricatives (see [[#Consonant lenition|§Consonant lenition]] for more).

===Vowels===
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 20%;"
|-
! width: 25% |
! width: 25% | Front
! width: 25% | Central
! width: 25% | Back
|-
! High
| i, (ɪ){{ref label|shortui|1|a}}
!
| u, (ʊ){{ref label|shortui|1|b}}
|-
! Mid
| e
| (ə){{ref label|schwa|2|a}}, ɵ
| o
|-
! Low
| (æ){{ref label|ash|3|a}}
| a
| (ɒ){{ref label|ao|4|a}}
|}

:1. {{note label|shortui||a}} {{note label|shortui||b}} Short {{IPA|[i]}} and {{IPA|[u]}} can be pronounced as {{IPA|[ɪ]}} and {{IPA|[ʊ]}}
:2. {{note label|schwa||a}} {{IPA|[ə]}} is considered as an alternate realization of short {{IPA|[ɵ]}}, but is also used to "break" some consonant clusters.
:3. {{note label|ash||a}} {{IPA|[æ]}} is considered as an alternate realization of long {{IPA|[a]}}.
:4. {{note label|ao||a}} {{IPA|[ɒ]}} does not exist outside of diphthongs (see [[#Diphthongs|§Diphthongs]] for more).

====Vowel length====
In Silvinian, every vowel can be long, with '''length''' being written with an '''acute''', or with a double acute in the case of '''"ö"'''.

Furthermore, '''vowel length is contrastive''', meaning that the meaning of a word changes whether a vowel is short or long (this table does not indicate pitch accent):

{| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width:60%;"
|-
|+Minimal pairs
! width=10%; rowspan=2 | Vowel
! colspan=3 | Short vowel
! colspan=3 | Long vowel
|-
! width=15% | <small>Word</small>
! width=15% | <small>IPA</small>
! width=15% | <small>Meaning</small>
! width=15% | <small>Word</small>
! width=15% | <small>IPA</small>
! width=15% | <small>Meaning</small>
|-
! {{IPA|[a~æ]}}
| '''''sar'''''
| '''{{IPA|[sar]}}'''
| (living) fish
| '''''sár'''''
| '''{{IPA|[sæːr]}}'''
|
|-
! {{IPA|[e]}}
| '''''cyern'''''
| '''{{IPA|[kjern]}}'''
|
| '''''cyérn'''''
| '''{{IPA|[kjeːrn]}}'''
|
|-
! {{IPA|[ɪ~i]}}
| '''''mit'''''
| '''{{IPA|[mɪt]}}~{{IPA|[mɪθ]}}'''{{ref label|lenition|1|a}}
|
| '''''mít'''''
| '''{{IPA|[miːt]}}~{{IPA|[miːθ]}}'''{{ref label|lenition|1|b}}
|
|-
! {{IPA|[o]}}
| '''''ryon'''''
| '''{{IPA|[rjon]}}~{{IPA|[rjõ]}}'''
| circle
| '''''ryón'''''
| '''{{IPA|[rjoːn]}}~{{IPA|[rjõ]}}'''
|
|-
! {{IPA|[ʊ~u]}}
| '''''u'''''
| '''{{IPA|[ʊ]}}'''
|
| '''''ú'''''
| '''{{IPA|[uː]}}'''
|
|-
! {{IPA|[ə~ɵ]}}
| '''''sönt'''''
| '''{{IPA|[səⁿt]}}~{{IPA|[sə̃θ]}}{{ref label|lenition|1|c}}'''
|
| '''''sőnt'''''
| '''{{IPA|[sɵːⁿt]}}~{{IPA|[sɵ̃ːθ]}}{{ref label|lenition|1|d}}'''
|
|}

:1. {{note label|lenition||a}}{{note label|lenition||b}}{{note label|lenition||c}}{{note label|lenition||d}} The second pronunciation for each of those words correspond to the way they are pronounced before vowels.

====Diphthongs====
In theory, Silvinian has 8 diphthongs, which are:
* '''{{IPA|/aj/}}~{{IPA|/aɪ̯/}}'''
* '''{{IPA|/ej/}}~{{IPA|/eɪ̯/}}'''
* '''{{IPA|/oj/}}~{{IPA|/oɪ̯/}}'''
* '''{{IPA|/ɵj/}}~{{IPA|/ɵɪ̯/}}'''
* '''{{IPA|/aw/}}~{{IPA|/aʊ̯/}}'''
* '''{{IPA|/ew/}}~{{IPA|/eʊ̯/}}'''
* '''{{IPA|/ow/}}~{{IPA|/oʊ̯/}}'''
* '''{{IPA|/ɵw/}}~{{IPA|/ɵʊ̯/}}'''
In non-careful speech, however, some distinctions are loss, and some diphthongs even monophthongize.

{| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width:20%;"
|+ Diphthongs in careful and non-careful speech
|-
! width=50% | Careful speech
! width=50% | Non-careful speech
|-
| colspan=2 | '''{{IPA|/aj/}}~{{IPA|/aɪ̯/}}'''
|-
| '''{{IPA|/ej/}}~{{IPA|/eɪ̯/}}'''
| '''{{IPA|[eː]}}'''
|-
| '''{{IPA|/oj/}}~{{IPA|/oɪ̯/}}'''
| '''{{IPA|[ɒj]}}~{{IPA|[ɒɪ̯]}}''' > '''{{IPA|[aj]}}~{{IPA|[aɪ̯]}}'''
|-
| colspan=2 | '''{{IPA|/ɵj/}}~{{IPA|/ɵɪ̯/}}'''
|-
| colspan=2 | '''{{IPA|/aw/}}~{{IPA|/aʊ̯/}}'''
|-
| colspan=2 | '''{{IPA|/ew/}}~{{IPA|/eʊ̯/}}'''
|-
| '''{{IPA|/ow/}}~{{IPA|/oʊ̯/}}'''
| '''{{IPA|[oː]}}'''
|-
| colspan=2 | '''{{IPA|/ɵw/}}~{{IPA|/ɵʊ̯/}}'''
|}

===Consonant lenition===
====Vowel-triggered lenition====
In most cases, between vowels, '''plosives lenite''' and become fricatives, whether '''within a word''' (internal lenition) or '''across word boundaries''' (external lenition)

{| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 15%;"
|-
! width=50% | Initial
! width=50% | Lenited
|-
|{{IPA|/p/}}
|{{IPA|[ɸ]}}
|-
|{{IPA|/t/}}
|{{IPA|[θ]}}
|-
|{{IPA|/d/}}
|{{IPA|[ð]}}
|-
|{{IPA|/k/}}
|{{IPA|[x]}}
|}

=====Internal=====
Internal lenition can almost never be blocked, unless adding a '''"dyerá"''' just after the consonant, written as an apostrophe. The "dyerá", in this case, acts as an ultrashort schwa, which may or may not be pronounced.

Just like vowel length, lenition also creates minimal pairs, such as with '''''"cadá"''''' (pronounced '''{{IPA|[kaðæː]}}''') and '''''"cad'á"''''' (pronounced '''{{IPA|[kad(ə̆)æː]}}'''), although those are very much rarer.

=====External=====
External lenition (a type of '''external sandhi''') happens when a word ends in VP, and the following word starts with V where:
* V is a vowel
* P is a plosive
It can '''never be blocked''', except in very rare cases involving certain particles.

====Consonant-triggered lenition====
In addition to intervocalic lenition, some consonant-initial words can cause lenition, which, in this case, is very similar to '''assimilation''', and follow the same patterns as intervocalic lenition.

In this case, consonant lenition happens when the '''word ends in "iP"''' and the '''following word starts with "F"''', where F is a '''fricative'''. One very good example of a lenition trigger is the particle '''''"sá"''''', with '''''"fáid sa"''''' being pronounced as '''{{IPA|[ɸæːjð‿sa]}}'''

===Phonotactics===
====Syllable structure====
The maximum syllable structure is '''CSVVC''', where:
* C is a consonant (it can be any sound, as long it doesn't break the following rule)
* S is an approximant, nasal, plosive (if the previous consonant is a fricative) or rhotic (the only restriction to this is that 2 consonants with the same manner of articulation can't follow each other, so '''"svei"''' is valid, but *'''"mnis"''' isn't)
* V is a vowel (the second vowel in a syllable can only be {{IPA|/ɪ/}} or {{IPA|/ʊ/}} and their long equivalents {{IPA|/iː/}} and {{IPA|/uː/}})

Word-finally, an additional fricative can be added if the last consonant is a plosive

===Pitch accent===
Silvinian has a rather complex system of accentuation, with words taking one of 3 tones:
* '''Falling tone''' or '''dyinás spinyas''' (litt. tone falling), corresponding to '''{{IPA|[V˦˨]}}''' and written with a grave in tonal orthography (or as a caron if the vowel is long).
* '''Rising tone''' or '''dyinás kőrisyas''' (litt. tone standing or tone rising), corresponding to '''{{IPA|[V˨˦]}}''' and written with an underdot in tonal orthography.
* '''Creaking tone''' or '''dyinás plúyas''' (litt. tone moving), corresponding to '''{{IPA|[V̰˦]}}''' and written with a tilde in tonal orthography.

Additionally, pitch accent is influenced by a moraic system, with the accent falling on the 4th mora from the start of the word:
* Syllables with a short vowel count as '''1 mora'''.
* Syllables with a long vowel or a short diphthong (short vowel + semivowel) count as '''2 morae'''.
* Syllables with a long diphthong (long vowel + semivowel) count as '''3 morae'''.

If a word has less than 4 morae, however, the accent falls on the last mora of the word.

Pitch accent can also help to differentiate homophones:
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 30%;"
|-
! width=25% | Word
! width=25% | Tone
! width=25% | IPA
! width=25% | Meaning
|-
| '''''dyócs'''''/'''''dyǒcs'''''
| Falling
| '''{{IPA|[ɟoks˦˨]}}'''
| stone
|-
| '''''dyócs'''''/'''''dyó͏̣cs'''''
| Rising
| '''{{IPA|[ɟoks˨˦]}}'''
| fir tree
|-
| '''''dyócs'''''/'''''dyṍcs'''''
| Creaking
| '''{{IPA|[ɟ{{CGJ|o|̰}}ks˦]}}'''
| stealth
|}

Furthermore, pitch accent mostly '''sticks to the root'''. This means that the pitch accent remains on the root at all costs, even if prefixes might otherwise shift the accent.

==Orthography==
===Letter charts===
Silvinian uses 30 letters, with 13 of them representing vowels and 17 letters representing consonants:
<div style="display:inline-grid; margin-right:2em;">
{| class=wikitable style="text-align: center; width: 30%; vertical-align: top;"
|+ Consonants
|-
! Letter
! Name
! style="border-right: solid 2px black;" | Sound
! Letter
! Name
! Sound
|-
| '''c'''
| '''''cás'''''
| style="border-right: solid 2px black;" | '''{{IPA|[k]}}'''
| '''p'''
| '''''pás'''''
| '''{{IPA|[p]}}'''
|-
| '''d'''
| '''''dás'''''
| style="border-right: solid 2px black;" | '''{{IPA|[d]}}'''
| '''q'''
| '''''qás'''''
| '''{{IPA|[ʔ]}}'''
|-
| '''f'''
| '''''fí'''''
| style="border-right: solid 2px black;" | '''{{IPA|[ɸ]}}'''
| '''r'''
| '''''rái'''''
| '''{{IPA|[r]}}'''
|-
| '''h'''
| '''''hí'''''
| style="border-right: solid 2px black;" | '''{{IPA|[h]}}'''
| '''s'''
| '''''sí'''''
| '''{{IPA|[s]}}'''
|-
| '''j'''
| '''''jí'''''
| style="border-right: solid 2px black;" | '''{{IPA|[x]}}'''
| '''t'''
| '''''tás'''''
| '''{{IPA|[t]}}'''
|-
| '''l'''
| '''''lái'''''
| style="border-right: solid 2px black;" | '''{{IPA|[l]}}'''
| '''v'''
| '''''vái'''''
| '''{{IPA|[w]}}'''
|-
| '''m'''
| '''''mí'''''
| style="border-right: solid 2px black;" | '''{{IPA|[m]}}'''
| '''y'''
| '''''yái'''''
| '''{{IPA|[j]}}'''
|-
| '''n'''
| '''''ní'''''
| style="border-right: solid 2px black;" | '''{{IPA|[n]}}'''
| '''z'''
| '''''zí'''''
| '''{{IPA|[z]}}'''
|-
| '''ŋ'''
| '''''ŋí'''''
| style="border-right: solid 2px black;" | '''{{IPA|[ŋ]}}'''
|}
</div>
<div style="display:inline-grid; margin-right:2em;">
{| class=wikitable style="text-align: center; width: 30%; vertical-align: top;"
|+ Short vowels
|-
! width=33% | Letter
! width=33% | Name
! width=33% | Sound
|-
| '''a'''
| '''''a'''''
| '''{{IPA|[a]}}'''
|-
| '''e'''
| '''''e'''''
| '''{{IPA|[e]}}'''
|-
| '''i'''
| '''''i'''''
| '''{{IPA|[ɪ]}}'''
|-
| '''o'''
| '''''o'''''
| '''{{IPA|[o]}}'''
|-
| '''ö'''
| '''''ö'''''
| '''{{IPA|[ə]}}'''
|-
| '''u'''
| '''''u'''''
| '''{{IPA|[ʊ]}}'''
|-
| '''<nowiki>'</nowiki>'''
| '''''dyerá'''''
| '''{{IPA|[ə̆~∅]}}'''
|}
</div>
<div style="display:inline-grid; margin-right:2em;">
{| class=wikitable style="text-align: center; width: 30%; vertical-align: top;"
|+ Long vowels
|-
! width=33% | Letter
! width=33% | Name
! width=33% | Sound
|-
| '''á'''
| '''''a táus'''''
| '''{{IPA|[æː]}}'''
|-
| '''é'''
| '''''e táus'''''
| '''{{IPA|[eː]}}'''
|-
| '''í'''
| '''''i táus'''''
| '''{{IPA|[iː]}}'''
|-
| '''ó'''
| '''''o táus'''''
| '''{{IPA|[oː]}}'''
|-
| '''ő'''
| '''''ö táus'''''
| '''{{IPA|[ɵː]}}'''
|-
| '''ú'''
| '''''u táus'''''
| '''{{IPA|[uː]}}'''
|}
</div>

===Tonal orthography===
Pitch accent is generally not marked when using the '''base orthography'''.

However, a special orthography called the '''tonal orthography''' is used only to mark pitch accent, and keeps all the other letters from the base orthography.

As stated in [[#Pitch accent|§Pitch accent]], the tones are written as such:
* '''Grave''' for the "falling tone" (or a '''caron''' if the vowel is long).
* '''Underdot''' for the "rising tone".
* '''Tilde''' for the "creaking tone".

===Capitalization===
Silvinian has a '''very minimal capitalization system'''. Uppercase letters only appear at the beginning of '''proper nouns'''.

==Morphology==
As stated in the introduction, Silvinian is an '''agglutinative''' language, which primarily makes use of '''suffixes''', although '''circumfixes''' are also used, especially for valency operations and derivation. The language makes a clear distinction between '''transitive, intransitive and ditransitive verbs''', with verbs having different forms depending on the number of objects the verb takes in-context. Furthermore, Silvinian makes a difference between '''roots and affixes''', with a system of '''root-bound accent'''.

===Nouns===
Silvinian has '''3 genders''' ('''animate, inanimate and abstract'''), although none of them actually influence the '''declension patterns''' (some differences may however appear, but there are no major differences). Nouns have a rich morphology, inflecting for '''8 cases''' and '''3 numbers''', and can also take multiple '''possession markers'''.
====Inflection====
=====Cases=====
Silvinian nouns can inflect for one of '''8 cases''', each of them having a different role.
======Nominative======
The '''nominative case''' is the '''base, unmarked case''' of any Silvinian noun. This case marks the '''subject of most verbs''', as well as the '''predicate of copular constructions'''.
======Accusative======
The '''accusative case''' is used to mark count nouns as '''direct objects''', although it can also be used for mass nouns.
======Partitive======
The '''partitive case''' is used to express '''partialness''', and can also be used to mark mass nouns as '''direct objects''', though the accusative can sometimes be used for that.
======Genitive======
The '''genitive case''' marks '''possessors''' of nouns. It can also be used with nominatives and accusatives to form non-verbal '''subjective and objective genitives'''.
======Dative======
The '''dative case''' is used to mark the '''indirect object''', as well as in '''dative constructions for verbs of feeling'''.
======Adpositional======
The '''adpositional''' or '''compound case''' is used to mark objects of adpositions, and is as well used for compounding .
======Essive======
The '''essive case''' is a '''multiuse case'''. It can be used to mark:
* '''States of being'''
* '''Comparisons''' (with the particle '''''"ái"''''')
* '''Temporality''' (with nouns related to time)
======Abessive======
The '''abessive case''' is used to mark '''a lack of an object''' or '''an absence'''
----
=====Numbers=====
Noun numbers in Silvinian are highly '''dependant on the countability''' of said noun. For instance, the numbers a count noun can inflect for are different from the ones a mass noun can inflect for:

{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center; width:28%"
|-
! width=25% |
! width=25% | Count noun
! width=25% | Mass noun
! width=25% | Collective noun
|-
! Singulative
| colspan="2" style="color:#009901;" | Can inflect
|-
! Duative/Dual
| style="color:#009901;" | Can inflect
| style="color:#680100;" | Can not inflect
|-
! Plurative
| colspan="2" style="color:#009901;" | Can inflect
|-
! Collective
| style="color:#680100;" | Can not inflect
| style="color:#009901;" | Can inflect
|}